Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 2079 963384 960924 2026-10-05T10:30:01Z Zita Zage (WMDE) 49688 963384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma/Header}} == Neman Ra’ayi kan Sabon Proposal: Inganta Hausa Wikiquote == Assalamu alaikum al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia, Ina so na sanar da ku cewa na gabatar da wani proposal a shirin tallafin (Nigeria National Funding Program) domin inganta aikin Hausa Wikiquote wanda yake a Incubator tun a shekarar 2022 amma har yanzu ba a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken Wikimedia project ba. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 18:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ===Support=== == Buƙatar Sake Amincewa da Ni a Matsayin Admin == Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Bayan cikar wa’adin watanni shida na hidimatawa a matsayin Admin na Hausa Wikimedians User Group kamar yadda tsarin ƙungiya ya tanada, ina miƙa buƙatata ga al’umma domin a sake duba yiwuwar ba ni wannan dama na wani sabon zango. Ina da ƙuduri da niyyar ci gaba da ba da gudummawata domin bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia tare da kiyaye gaskiya, adalci da haɗin kai. Ina roƙon al’umma da su sake ba ni amincewa domin ci gaba da hidima. Na gode da lokacinku da kulawarku. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 13:29, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] na amince sosai tare da goyan baya akan wannan kudiri me kyau [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 20:51, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) === Support === :@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]]na amince domin kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:03, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :na amince don ka cigaba da muhimmiyar aiki da ka faro wata shida da suka wuce. Allah ya kara basira da kwarin gwiwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:07, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya sosai, hakan ƙarin ci gaba ne a Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 13:41, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) * Ina goyon baya sosai akan hakan. Wannan cigaba ne ga Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 13:52, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) * Ina goyon bata dari bisa dari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:56, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya saboda wannan edita ya sake zama admin saboda ya cancanta kuma sake ba shi wannan damar zai ƙara haɓaka maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 20:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Sanarwa da Neman Goyon Baya == Barka da wannan lokaci Ina fatan kuna lafiya, zanyi amfani da wannan damar domin in sanar daku cewa muna shirin gudanar da campaign mai take "Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia should have", idan Allah ya yarda. Dan haka muke sanar daku tare da neman shawarar ku. Wannan campaign din zai kawo cigaba a ɓangaren ƙirƙira tare da inganta muƙalu da ake buƙata a Hausa Wikipedia. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:43, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Allah ya bada nasara ya kuma sa a cimma manufa [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 07:11, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Support Hakan na da Karanci dan haka wannan abu me kyau ne kwarai kuma muna goyon bayan Allah ya bada saa [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.206.75|105.112.206.75]] 09:18, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :* support Allah ya bada saa muna goyon baya :[[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:20, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Enah goyan bayanka [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] domin wanan campaign din zai kawo mana cigaba a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:47, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) '''Support''' Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaban al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 07:38, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) '''Support''' hakan yayi kuma yana da kyau, Allah ya bada sa'a da nasara akai [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 08:25, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) Support Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaan al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya mahmud maby (talk) 12:05 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari domin zai kawo ci gaba sosae a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 13:31, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ''' Support''' Ina goyon bayan yin hakan Allah ya tabbatar da alkhari. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:06, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan fatan Allah ya ba da Nasara [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|talk]]) 21:23, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ~~Ina goyan bayan hakan Allah ytabbatar da Alkairi~~ == Hausa Community Streets vox pop campaign== Barkan kuda wannan lokacin. Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa. muna shishirye shiryen kawo muku campaign Wanda zaiyi hira da mutanen arewacin nigeria akan yadda suka san Wikipedia da kuma yadda suma zasu fara gyara a cikinta. inda zaayi vidiyo din interview din a watsa a duniyar yanar gizo domin kowa ya gani kuma ya iya anfani dashi. a matsayina na content creator mai tasowa wannan damace sosai gamu hausawa baki daya. muna goyan bayanku zuwa wannan lokaci. mungode. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 08:04, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) #[[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:36, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Muna goyon bayan wannan kamfe saboda shine na farko a wannan manhaja ta Hausa, hakika zai kawo cigaba ga jama'a. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:39, 29 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) Sanarwa da Neman Goyan baya [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:50, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == WikiAcademics - Fadada Wikimedia a Jami'o'in Arewacin Najeriya == Assalamu alaikum, Kungiyar Hadaka Open Learning Network tana jagorantar wani aikin tallafi na Wikimedia Community Fund mai taken '''WikiAcademics''': Fadada Wikimedia a Jami’o’in Arewacin Najeriya". Manufar aikin: * Ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malaman jami’o’i su shiga aikin Wikipedia. * Samar da horo da koyarwa domin bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a Hausa Wikipedia. Cikakken bayani da aikace-aikace [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/WikiAcademics:Expanding_Wikimedia_in_Northern_Nigerian_Universities_(ID:_23544402) Na Nan]. Ku shiga, ku bada ra’ayi, ku taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi! '''Hadaka Open Learning Network''' == Hausa Vital Articles III – Sabon Shiri don Inganta Hausa Wikipedia == Sannunku masu ba da gudunmawa. Ina farin cikin sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia cewa, mun miƙa ƙarin wani shiri mai taken "Hausa Vital Articles III" ga Nigeria National Funding Program. Wannan shiri ne na cigaba daga inda muka tsaya a ayyukanmu na baya, wanda manufarsa ita ce mu ci gaba da haɓaka da kuma inganta muƙaloli (articles) masu matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin Hausa Wikipedia. Manufarmu ita ce mu tabbatar da cewa Hausa Wikipedia ta samu matsayin da ya kamata ta hanyar samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu karatu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 11:30, 8 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) === Sanarwa da neman goyon baya === Assalamu alaikum yan uwa da abokan arziki editoci na Hausa Wikipedia. Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku tare da neman goyon baya da shawarwari game da wani Rapid Grant mai taken '''Preserving Bauchi’s History and Culture Through Reliable Knowledge Creation on Wikimedia.''' da nake nema. Manufar wannan aiki ita ce tattara da rubuta tarihi da al'adu game da abinda ya shafi Bauchi da ta hanyar inganta tsofaffin muƙaloli da ƙirƙirar sabbin, bayanai, da hotuna a kan dandalan Wikimedia. Wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa tarihi da al’adun Bauchi sun samu tsari kuma sun kasance a bude ga kowa a duniya. [[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 06:58, 28 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks == Assalamualaikum Ina maku Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwa editors da kuma shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedis tare da fatan kowa yana lafiya amin. Bayan haka, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu shirya wani proposal mai taken:'''Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks''' da fatan zamu samu shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, harda ma gyare-gyaren ku. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 08:19, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ==Hausa Wiktionary Harmonization and Community Initiative Activities== Barkan mu,ina mai farin cikin gayyatarku zuwa wurin shirin dazamu gudanar na cigaban aikin mu dan habaka Hausa Wiktionary ta hanyar inganta kalmomi wanda ya kunshi daura hoto,daura Audio da wasu sabbin ayyuka ma kamar su Synonym da Anagrams.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 23:20, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] An fidda lokaci da wuri? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 09:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::Yanzu hakadai project din yana under review,kome ake ciki zamu sanar daku nan gaba. [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 13:36, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :::Ok nayi zatan har funding anyi, naji kace "gayyata". Na fahimta yanzu. Kamar neman goyon baya kenan ko? To Allah ya tabbatar da hakan ina goyon baya. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::::Ga link din discussion page domin nuna goyon baya:https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_talk:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Hausa_Wiktionary_Harmonization_and_Community_Initiative_Activities_(ID:_23550226)&action=edit&redlink=1. Nagode [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 12:20, 4 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Sanarwa akan biki zagayowar shekara ta wikidata == Barkan mu da war haka. Ina mai farin chikin sanar da jama'ar wannan tafiya ta wikipedia Hausa cewa muna kokarin kaddamar da bukata na neman tallafi don gudanar da wayar da kai akan wikidata a Adamawa da kuma Nasarawa dafatan Allah ya bamu nasara Amin. [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 01:48, 31 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia Voice For All == Barkan ku da wannan lokacin. Inama editocin Hausa fatan Alkhairi. nazo na sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen kawo muku campaign na mata a Wikipedia Hausa saboda haryanzu mun rasa kwararrun editoci mata a shafin mu, wanda idan muka duba wasu shafin Wikipedia zamuga yadda mata suke taka rawar gani sosai. da fatan wannan taro namu me taken Wikipedia Voice For All zai kawo cigaba ga matan mu editors. nagode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:59, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan shirin saboda karfafa mata akan ayyukan Wikipedia da kuma samun kwararrun editoci mata da masu wakilci ta bangaren mata. Allah ya bada Sa'a. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 21:06, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC) '''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan yunƙuri na karfafa muradin mata da bayyana tarihin su a Wikipedia. Na jima da ganin yadda gudummawar mata ke ƙaranci a cikin babbar kundin ilimi na duniya. Lokaci ya yi da za a gyara hakan. Allah ya Bada sa'a [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 21:03, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Global discussion on Welcome messages == <div lang{{=}}"en" dir{{=}}"ltr">Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.</div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for reaching out, the welcome messags sent by new user have Tutorials on it, for new users it's better for them know how to edit on our Wiki first before practicing it in order to avoid violations. :Thank you @[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] for reaching out. The welcome messages sent to new users contain tutorials. For new users, it's better for them to learn how to edit on our wiki first before practicing, in order to avoid violations. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 09:29, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DreamRimmer/MMS_list&oldid=29262336 --> == Murnar zagayowar Shakarar Wikidata a Gombe Network == Assalamu alaikum Muna farin cikin sanar da ku cewa Gombe Network zata yi murnar zagayowar shekarar wikidata ta goma sha uku, kuma muna so mu yi amfani da wanna rana don fassara abubuwan wikidata zuwa yaren Hausa. Muna neman fatan alkhairi da kuma shwawarwari daga wannan alummah mai albarka. mun gode [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:00, 15 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba == <section begin="server-switch" /><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' *Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|ha}}. *Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': *Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch" /> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 Satumba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == Neman Ci Gaba Da Zama Mai Gudanarwa == Assalamu alaikum yan’uwa masu bada gudunmawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia. Hakika ina daga cikin masu gudanarwa (administrators) a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, kuma ga shi wa'adin gudanarwata yana dab da ƙarewa, hakan ta sanya make fatan ci gaba da wannan aiki domin kula da tsari, tsafta, da kuma kare wannan shafi daga duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa. Saboda haka nake neman goyon bayan ku da amincewar ku domin in ci gaba da zama mai gudanarwa (administrator). Goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni da kuma al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya. Na gode. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 22:42, 26 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * :Ina bada goyon baya dari bisa dari [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 05:35, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * :'''Support''' Ina mai bayyana goyon bayana a bisa ci gaba da kasancewrsa admin a Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A&#39;isha A Ibrahim|A&#39;isha A Ibrahim]] ([[User talk:A&#39;isha A Ibrahim|talk]]) 13:40, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * '''Support''' hakika ka kasa ce edita mai bada gudummawa sosai a Hausa Wikipedia, dan haka sake baka wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ga shafin Hausa Wikipedia na bunƙasa shi, dan haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:54, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * '''Support''' Tabbas Ina goyon bayan ka sake kasancewa Admin a karo na biyu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 07:52, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * '''Support''' Ina goyon baya sosai domin cigaba da kula da ayyukan editici da kuma kawo cigaba wajan gyara ayyukan da suka saɓa ƙa'ida. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 12:11, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * '''Support''' Ina matukar goyon bayan wannan shawara ta sake zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia,sabi da ka kasance cikakken mai bada gudunmawa a Wikimedia baki daya don haka ina goyon bayan.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 13:16, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC) * Lallai wannan edita jajirtaccen ne wurin bada gudunmawa a wannan shafi na Wikipedia da sauran ƴan uwanta, ina goyon bayan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai gudanarwa a wannan shafi '''Support''' [[User:Hamza DK|Hamza DK]] ([[User talk:Hamza DK|talk]]) * Ina goyan bayan samun wannan dama a karo na biyu. Hakan karin jawo cigaba ne ga Hausawa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) * '''Support''' ina goyan bayan ka dan sake zama Admin saboda irin gudummawar da kake bayarwa.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 05:20, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *:Ina bada goyan baya akan ka zama mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewa da kuma gudunmawa da kake badawa a manhajar Wikipedia musamman a bangaren yaren Hausa. [[User:Captain1044|Captain1044]] ([[User talk:Captain1044|talk]]) 11:46, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Neman Goyon Bayan Zama Mai Gudanarwa (Administrator) == Salam, Dafatan kuna lafiya Yan uwa. ina mai neman goyon bayanku. na kasance mai gyara gyare a Wikipedia musan man ta Hausa tun 2019. inada sha'awar gyare gyare musan man akan abunda ya shafi ka'idojin rubutu, gaba dake tsakanin rubutu, saka manazarta da kuma gyara fassarori zuwa ga tabbacciyar ingantaciyar rubutu wanda za'a iya karantawa. Ina neman goyon bayanku. nagode. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 13:15, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :* '''Strongly Support SS ''' [[User:Omoty77|Omoty77]] ([[User talk:Omoty77|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :*:Gaskiya enah goyon bayan [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] kazama Admin sabo da ɗadewan da kayi kana bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 07:05, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :* '''Support''', ƙwararren edita ne kuma yana da kishi. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin. :[[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 18:53, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Walaikumus Salam ɗan uwa. Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina goyon bayan wannan editan ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan alkhairi [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 13:34, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina go yan baya dari bisa dari. Saboda mun yaba da yanda yake jajircewa wajen wayan ma sababbin editors Kai da kuma basu gudun mawa wajen basu Illumin da yakamata wajen yin ingan tacen editing yada yakamata. ([[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|Abubakar Yusuf Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 20:33, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)) * '''Support''' Gaskiya ina goyon bayan ka dan zama Admin dari bisa dari domin gudummawar da kake badawa a wikipedia.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 04:25, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) * '''Support''' Tabbas wannan babban edita ya cancanci ya zama edita domin ya daɗe yana bada gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, sannan yana da gurin bunƙasa maƙalolin shafin Hausa Wikipedia, bashi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce gare mu baki ɗaya na cigaba da bunƙasa shafin Hausa Wikipedia, dan Haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:41, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' ƙwararren edita ne da ya daɗe yana bada gudummowa. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) * {{s}} Tabbas Hausa Wikipedia na bukatan kwararrun editoci wanda suka dade suna bada gudummawa da jajircewa wajen kawo cigaba a wannan shafi. Saboda haka ina goyon bayan haka.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:21, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *:* ''' Support''' Ina goyan bayan bama wannan editan admin ganin dacewar shi da kuma dadewar shi yana bada gudunmawa *:[[User:Sadauki11|Sadauki11]] ([[User talk:Sadauki11|talk]]) 14:20, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Neman Zama Admin karo na biyu == Assalam, da fatan kuna lafiya. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku akan sabunta wa'adin zama Admin a karo na biyu domin kula da nagartaccin ayyuka da kuma tankaɗe ayyuka masu kyau. Nagode.. Bissalam. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 13:36, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Support ina mai goyon bayan haka 100% duba da irin koqsrin dakake na ganin an inganta muqalu da jajircewa gurin koyarda sabbin editors [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:24, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan sosai domin inganta hausa Wikipedia. Tabbas hakan zai kawo ci gaba [[User:Najeebbabi|Najeebbabi]] ([[User talk:Najeebbabi|talk]]) 13:42, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina goyon baya 100% domin jajirtaccen aikin da kakeyi a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Moherhh|Moherhh]] ([[User talk:Moherhh|talk]]) 13:47, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Ina goyon baya saboda jajircewa da kwazo na wannan edita. *Support [[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 15:19, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)Ina goyon bayan hakan saboda kwazo da jajircewa wannan editan *'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari *'''Support'''' Ina goyon baya [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:51, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *’’’Support’’’ Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa dari saboda hazaka da jajircewar wannan editan *'''Support''': Tabbas ina goyon bayan sake kasancewarka mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewarka wajen ganin an tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia daga dukkan wani koma baya. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 19:33, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :*'''Support''' support 100% [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' ina goyan bayan sosai, domin cigaba da ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) == Ku fadi ra'ayinku: zaben 2025 Kwamitin Amintattu == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Barkan mu, Lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu]] ya buɗe. 'Yan takara na neman kujeru biyu (2) a Kwamitin. Don duba cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a, da fatan za a ziyarci [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|shafin cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a]]. Ƙara koyo game da su ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|karanta bayanan aikace-aikacen su da kallon bidiyon takararsu]]. Lokacin da kun shirya, ku je zuwa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|shafin zabe na SecurePoll don kada kuri'a]]. '''Za a buɗe zaɓe daga 8 ga Oktoba a 00:00 UTC zuwa Oktoba 22 a 23:59 UTC.''' Gaisuwa mafi kyau, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Shugaba, Kwamitin Zabe<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == Sanarwa tare da neman goyon baya == Ƴan'uwa masu daraja dafatan kuna lafiya, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wiki Loves Africa 2026 In Kebbi and Niger insha Allah, muna neman goyon bayan ku tare da haɗin kai da kuma shawarwarin da kuke ganin ya dace nagode. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:55, 21 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Kakaranta muƙalar da ƙyau kafin ka wallafa ta == Assallamu'alaikum malam [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] Sannu da ƙokari kalura da abin da kake fassarawa kafin ka wallafa, wanan muƙalan mai suna [[Labarin inganci abinci na Tarayyar Turai: Tarihin sauye-sauyen]] bata da Ma'ana ko ƙadan kaje ka inganta ta dan Allah in koma baga inganta ta ba zan gogeta nan da kwana biyu nagode [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 14:00, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikifunctions will be deployed on your wiki on 2025-11-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi all, we want to let you know that [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] is coming to your project soon! When enabled, you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. Think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks! Please check out [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|these tutorials]] for more details. You’re also invited to [[:f:Special:CreateObject|create functions]] that you find useful, or [[:f:Wikifunctions:Suggest a function|ask for help from the Wikifunctions community]]. We would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels into your language, so that more users in your community can more easily reuse them on the project. You can also translate the messages for the Wikifunctions interface on TranslateWiki ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-wikilambda-ve&filter=%21translated&action=translate here for VisualEditor messages], and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-wikilambda-user&filter=%21translated&action=translate here for the Wikifunctions interface proper]). Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me [[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|on my talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> --[[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Hi all, unfortunately due to a technical problem we couldn't deploy Wikifunctions on your project. We will keep you updated about the next date of deployment. Thanks for your comprehension! [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:57, 6 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=29517140 --> == Neman masu sa kai don shiga da dama daga cikin kwamitocin motsi. == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Kowace shekara, yawanci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, da yawa daga cikin kwamitocin motsi suna neman sabbin masu sa kai. Kara karantawa game da kwamitocin akan shafukansu na Meta-wiki: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kwamitin Alaƙa (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Hukumar Ombuds (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kwamitin Binciken Harka (CRC)]] Aikace-aikacen kwamitocin suna buɗe 30 Oktoba 2025. Aikace-aikace don Kwamitin Alaƙa, da kuma aikace-aikacen Hukumar Ombuds kuma Kwamitin Binciken Harka ya rufe 11 Disamba 2025. Koyi yadda ake nema ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|ziyartar shafin alƙawari akan Meta-wiki]]. Aika zuwa shafin magana ko imel cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org tare da kowace tambaya da kuke da ita. Ga Tawagar Taimakon Kwamitin, <section end="announcement-content" /> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ko shawara == Assalamu Alaikum, Yan'uwa editocin Wikipedia, dafatan kuna lafiya, ina amfani da wannan damar domin na sanar da ku shirin mu na Wikipedia birthday @ 25 karkashin Kaduna Network, shirin zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu daga cikin makalolin Hausa Wikipedia da sauran su, dafatan zaku bamu goyon baya da haɗin kai [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 19:10, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Duplicate articles == Hello, this would be entirely in English as I do not speak or understand Hausa. These two articles are about the same topic, and I think they could be merged together: [[Ganuwar Benin]] and [[Benin Moat]]. I will suggest merging the contents of [[Ganuwar Benin]] into [[Benin Moat]] or whichever works best. Pinging editors who I think could handle this, anyone else could: {{ping|Uncle Bash007|Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Gwanki|Pharouqenr}} Thank you, and happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:18, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Thank you @[[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] i have noticed it, and [[Ganuwar Benin]] is more reliable than [[Benin Moat]]. So i have deleted [[Benin Moat]] now. And thank you for reaching out and wishing you all the best. :<nowiki></nowiki> [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 07:30, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] You could redirect [[Benin Moat]] to [[Ganuwar Benin]], since it is more or less the English name, instead of nuking it entirely. ::Happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:31, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Sanarwa, akan Zamar Karshen shekara a Gombe Network == Muna sanar da jama'ar mu chewa Wikimedia User Group Nigeria, Gombe Network, tana kokarin neman tallafi na gudanar da zaman karshen shekara don kara sanayya da fihimta game da shiryeshiryen mu na shekara mai zuwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 21:36, 14 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) == Neman admin akaro na biyu == {{Atop|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:21, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC)}} Ina neman goyon bayanku domkn kasancewa admin akaro na biyu domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na gari da kuma bada gudumuwa ta hanyar taimakon editoci. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 10:52, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) ===Support=== #'''Support''' Tabbas ina goyon baya sosai. Hakan zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 11:07, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' Haƙiƙa wannan edita ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin dake ƙoƙarin bunƙasa shafukan Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas sake ba shi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ta cigaba da tsaftace maƙalolin dake Hausa Wikipedia tare da inganta su dan haka ina goyon baya. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:15, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) #'''Goyan baya''' Ina mai goyan bayan ba ka damar mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu, duba da hakan zai taimaka wajen kara kawo cigaba da ma tsaftace Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) # Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa Dari domin cigaban Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 23:27, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) {{Abot}} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Neman Zama Admin Ƙaro Na Biyu == {{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:48, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}} Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Ina fatan kuna cikin ƙushien lafiya. Enah Wannan rubutu nawa ne domin sake gabatar da buƙatata karo na biyu na samun damar zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia. A baya na riga na gabatar da irin wannan buƙata, kuma a wannan karo ina ƙara jaddada sha’awata da ƙudirin da nake da shi na ci gaba da yi wa Hausa Wikipedia hidima. Na dade ina ba da gudunmawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira, gyarawa da inganta muƙaloli, tare da taimakawa sababbin masu gyara su fahimci ka’idoji da tsarin aikin Wikipedia. Ina da cikakken shiri da niyyar ɗaukar nauyin da ke tattare da matsayin Admin, musamman wajen kula da muƙaloli, da dakile masu lalata muƙala, da tabbatar da ingancin bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia. Ina roƙon Editors din Hausa Wikipedia da su sake duba wannan buƙata ta tare da ni, tare da ba ni wannan dama idan sun ga na cancanta. Zan yi farin cikin karɓar duk wata shawara ko gyara da za ta taimaka wajen inganta aikina Nagode. [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 09:46, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC) :Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina mai goyon bayan ka domin zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia saboda jajurcewar ka wajen inganta rubutan Hausa a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan Allah ya bada nasara ameen. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:23, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) ===Support=== #ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:42, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC) #Ina goyon baya sosai... hakan zai kawo cigaba [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:49, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC) # enah goyan bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyi sabo da jajir cewanka [[User:Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo|talk]]) 21:06, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC) #Kasancewar ka edita mai bada gudummawa a kusan koda yaushe, ina goyon baya domin sake baka damar zai ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 22:07, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC) # Ina goyon Bayan ka sake Zama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajircewar ka Hakan Zai Kara kawo cigaba sosae[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 22:14, 29 Disamba 2025 # ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia domin yana kawo wa [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 05:16, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC) # enah goyan bayanka kazama Admin karo na biyu sabo da ƙoƙarin da kake yi [[User:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|Asma,u Khamis hussaini]] ([[User talk:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|talk]]) 17:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Ifteehern|Ifteehern]] ([[User talk:Ifteehern|talk]]) 17:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya sosai sabida zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #Ina goyon baya, Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 17:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # ina goyan bayan kazama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajir cewarka [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:42, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyan bayan kasancewar ka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu a sakamakon irin jajircewa da gudummawar da kake bayarwa domin tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 18:22, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon bayan sake dawowar ka... Allah ya taimaka. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 18:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) {{Abot}} == Neman Admin a karo na biyu == {{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:47, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}} Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 10:00, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) === Support === #Ina goyon byan hakan domin zai kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 18:13, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #ina mai goyon bayen hakan domin hakan zai kawo cigaba gaba sosai a wikipedia [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) 21:11, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 22:03, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina Mai goyan bayan hakan #ina gonyon baya dari bisa dari dan zai kawo kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 22:06, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # ina mai bada goyon baya dari bisa dari akan wannan domin zai kawo cigaba sosai. [[User:Abdoulmerlic|Abdoulmerlic]] ([[User talk:Abdoulmerlic|talk]]) #'''Support''', duba da irin gudunmawarka a ko yaushe, hakan zai kawo cigaba wajen ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) # Ina goyon baya Dari bisa Dari [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 11:49, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 12:35, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon bayan ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 12:41, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) Ina Goyan bayan hakan domin zaya kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) #[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # ina gonyan baya dari bisa Dari kazamu admin Dan kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:33, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:49, 9 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #'''SUPPORT'''...Ina goyon bayan wannan Kuduri [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:45, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) {{Abot}} == Sanarwa == Muna sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia game da shirin '''Celebrating International Women’s Day Through The Wikimedia Projects 2026''', wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa wakilcin mata da haɓaka gudunmawar su a ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman a harshen Hausa. Muna maraba da ra’ayoyi da shawarwari daga al’umma. [[User:Sirjat|Sirjat]] ([[User talk:Sirjat|talk]]) 11:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == ==Logo don murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25== {{Atop|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 16:18, 22 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}} [[File:WP25 potential birthday logo-ha.svg|link=|thumb|right|280px|Logon murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25]] A cikin wannan watan Wikipedia ke cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da kafuwa. Inason yin amfani da wannan lokaci domin taya daukacin editocin Hausa Wikipedia murnar cikar wannan shekaru. Wannan babbar nasara ce garemu baki daya. Saboda murnar wannan lokacin, ina son mu canza logon mu domin taya Wikipedia murna. A nan gefe zaku iya ganin sabon hoton logon murnar, wanda aka fassara da Hausa daga logon Turanci wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta bada saboda murnar zagayowar lokacin. Idan kuna goyon bayan haka sai ku rubuta a nan ƙasa. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:03, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) === Support === # Ina goyon baya sosai domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 18:49, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 08:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Yayi kyau, ina goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 09:00, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #'''Support''' ina goyon baya [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya sosai, ina kuma taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 05:41, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) #Ina goyon Baya domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekara 25[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 13:33, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) {{Abot}} == SANARWA TARE DA NEMAN GOYON BAYA == Assalamu alailum, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wikipedia a jihar Niger insha Allah, wanda shirin zai bunƙasa shafukan Wikipedia da kuma yan'uwanta, sannan shirin zai bunƙasa samar da sabbin esitoci a Hausa Wikipedia. Allah ya bamu sa'a da nasara [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 12:26, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia == Assalamu Alaikum editoci masu albarka,fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya Allah yasa haka ne amin. Ina mai amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku da neman goyon bayanku game da kasancewa na admin a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. In a fatan mu cigaba da kasancewa lafiya amin ya Rabbal alamin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 10:52, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) === Support === # Ina goyon baya.. Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 16:05, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya. I support [[User:Anasysmart|Anasysmart]] ([[User talk:Anasysmart|talk]]) 07:12, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyan baya 100% ..Allah ya taimaka [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 09:59, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) # enah goyon bayanka kazama Admin sbd jajircewanka a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:14, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Sanarwa == assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa na editors, Ina sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal game da '''Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausaal Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausa'''. Idan akwai shawarwari ko ƙarin bayani a shirye nake da yin amfani da su. Nagode sosai. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 20:22, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) muna goyan bayan sa saboda jajir ciwar shi [[User:Musa650|Musa650]] ([[User talk:Musa650|talk]]) 07:19, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Sanarwa da neman goyon baya == Barkann mu da wannan lokacin yan'uwana editoci, muna shirin gudanar da wani taro nan bada jimawa ba a jihar Plateau, dan haka nake sanar da ku tare da neman shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, Nagode [[User:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu]] ([[User talk:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|talk]]) 20:25, 17 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == Bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwatarwa == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Ina rubuto maka ne domin sanar da kai cewa an buɗe lokacin bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwtarwa. Kana iya ba da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, 2026. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko cikin jerin matakai da za a ɗauka domin bitar shekara-shekara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Karanta ƙarin bayani kuma ka samu tattaunawa da za ka shiga a shafin UCoC a Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kwamitin Daidaita Aiwatar da Universal Code of Conduct]] (U4C) wata ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta sadaukar da kai wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaitaccen aiwatar da UCoC. Wannan bitar shekara-shekara an tsara ta kuma an aiwatar da ita ne ta hannun U4C. Don samun ƙarin bayani da kuma fahimtar nauyin da ke kan U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kana iya duba Kundin Tsarin U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan bayanin zuwa ga wasu mambobi a cikin al'ummarku inda ya dace. -- A cikin haɗin gwiwa da U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|tattaunawa]])<section end="announcement-content" /> 21:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Sanarwa game da shirin kaddamar da project na WikiFemme Learning Lab in Bauchi == Assalamu alaikum, Muna sanar da fara aikin WikiFemme Learning Lab In Bauchi, wani aikin Rapid Fund daga Wikimedia Community Fund da ke nufin ƙarfafa mata su shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman Wikipedia. Aikin zai ba da horo da tallafi don mata su koyi gyara da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ilimi, tare da rage gibi a wakilcin mata a cikin abun da ke kan Wikipedia. Muna gayyatar al’umma su ba da shawarwari da goyon baya domin tabbatar da nasarar wannan aiki da ƙara tasirinsa a Bauchi da kewaye. Na gode. [[User:Santa MMD|Santa MMD]] ([[User talk:Santa MMD|talk]]) 22:02, 27 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects == Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa da shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa Editors na wannan manhajar cewa, zamu rubuta proposal game da "'''Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects'''" muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwarin ku, Nagode sosai.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) == Lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia == Assalamu Alaikum sanunku da warhaka, ina shirya neman Wikimedia Rapid Fund don aiki a kan inganta **bayanan lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia**. Aikin, *"Bridging Women’s Health Knowledge in Hausa,"* zai ƙunshi fassara labarai masu kyau daga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar lafiyar uwa, lafiyar haila, lafiyar haihuwa, da cututtukan da ke shafar mata. Muna kuma shirin ɗaukar nauyin horo ta hanyar intanet da kuma aikin editing don tallafawa sabbin editoci da ƙwararru wajen koyon yadda ake fassara da inganta abubuwan lafiya ta amfani da nassoshi masu inganci. Wannan shiri zai faɗaɗa samun ingantattun bayanai game da lafiya a cikin Hausa Wikipedia musamman ga mata, sa' anan zai rage gibin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mata, da kuma ƙarfafa janyo sabin edtoci zuwa shiga cikin al'ummar Hausa Wikimedia. Muna maraba da ra'ayoyin al'umma kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, sha'awar shiga a matsayin edita ko mai ba da shawara, da duk wani shawarwari da za su iya taimakawa wajen inganta wannan aiki. Ra'ayoyinku za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika buƙatun al'umma kuma yana da tasiri mai ma'ana. [[User:Umabruka|Umabruka]] ([[User talk:Umabruka|talk]]) 20:54, 1 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 == Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 11:26, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia == Assalamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci a wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 22:49, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) ===Support=== #Ina goyon baya sosai. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 23:05, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) # enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:45, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) #:ina Mai goyon Baya Dari bisa Dari[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:08, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) #Ina goyon bayan zaman wannan ƙwararren edita ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia, domin ina da tabbacin zai taimaka da ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin da ke Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin maƙaƙolin, dan haka ina hoyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:11, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 # Ina Matugar Nuna goyon baya akan hakan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-85864-0|&#126;2026-85864-0]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-85864-0|talk]]) <span style=" color:Green ; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Muktee1494</span> # ina goyon baya don inganta wikipedia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 06:31, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya don kwazo day jajircewar wannan edita[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 08:19, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) #inagoyon baya dari bisa dari Allah yataimaka[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 21:36, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Wikimedia knowledge sharing in America University of Nigeria == Assalamu alaikum jama,a naxo ne domin in sanar da ku cewa na shirya wani aiki da zai wayar da kan jama'a game da harkar Wikimedia a Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya. Dake garin Adamawa Aikin yana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan Wikimedia da horar da sabbin editoci kan yadda za su ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikimedia. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarwarinku domin samun nasarar aikin. na gode. [[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 15:16, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) :Sannu da kokari, amma babu cikakken bayani game da aikin dan haka bamu san wacce irin shawara zamu bayar ba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 13:19, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Campaign in Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria == assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:00, 10 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) :Wa'alaika Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Ko zamu iya samun ƙarin bayani game da gangamin? Yana da kyau a rinka saka cikakken bayani saboda kada a samu hadaka wajen gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 13:21, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] An dakatar da maganar wannan aiki sai nan gaba. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 14:23, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Wiki For Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games == Assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwana editoci na wannan manhajar, ina mai sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal mai taken '''Wiki for Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games'''. Ina mai neman goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku.Nagode@[[User:Salahu Gwanki|Salahu Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Salahu Gwanki|talk]]) 18:39, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Taron Infectious Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria on Hausa Wikipedia == Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria. Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin lafiya. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:54, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 == Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 16:47, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Taron karawa juna sani na administrators == Assalam, Ina mai farin cikin sanarwa cewa zamu gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na masu kula da shafukan Hausa Wikipedia don kara gogewa game da ayyukan kula da shafukan Wikipedia. Wannan taro zai nunawa admin muhimmancin aikinsu musamman a wannan lokaci da bayanan karya ke da saukin yaduwa. Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 16:30, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State == Assalaalaikum, Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwana editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, inama kowa fatan alheri. Bayan haka, ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta proposal game da '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State''' insha Allahu. Muna neman shawarwarin ku da neman goyon bayan ku, da kuma ƙarin haske ko bayani. Nagode sosai, Sanarwa daga @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 15:59, 14 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Sanarwa == Assalamu alaikum ƴan'uwa masu albarka, ina amfani da wannan damar domin sanar da ku shirin mu na gudanar da taro a makarantun gaba da secondary a Daura, wannan wannan shirin insha Allah zai buƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia, Wikidata, sanya hotuna masu inganci uwa uba tare da samar da sabbin editoci masu sa kai a shafukan Hausa Wikipedia da ƴan'uwanta, ina neman goyon bayan ku. Na gode daga Yusuf Sa'adu [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:11, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 22:24, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-03-19_Wikipedias&oldid=30274835 --> == Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]]. We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community. * Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently <code>":n"</code>, e.g. <code>":0"</code>, <code>":1"</code>...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. <code>"book_reference-1"</code>). * Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name. * Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation). * Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. "title" or "last"+"first") – defined by the community. === Feedback === [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]]. '''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism. We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic. Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings. Thank you for participating!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|hira]])</bdi> 11:15, 19 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&oldid=30281362 --> == Shirye shiryen taron Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria == Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa mun fara shirye-shiryen gudanar da "campaign dinmu na Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria". Wannan taron zai kara inganta Hausa Wikipedia akan muƙalu da suka shafi Ilimi. Nagode [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:01, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Wiki For Women-Focused Digital Skills, Photo Walks, and Audio Recording in Kaduna Hausa Communities == Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, in yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan ina man barka da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, zan gudanar da taron karawa juna ilimi kamar yadda taken shi yake a sama. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku da kuma bada shawarwari da zasu ciya da wannan aiki gaba. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 15:30, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Hausa Wikipedia User Retention Workshop == Salamu Alaikum warahmatullah. yan uwa masu albarka. ina mana fatan alkahiri da kuma fatan an gama Azumi kuma anyi Sallah lafiya. mafi yawan cin lokaci muna hada taruka kuma muna kawo sabbin editoci.amma da an gama taron ko gasar shikenan saika ga wannna sabbin editocin sun daina gyara da kuma rubutu a Wikipedia. wannna matsala ce babba. muna da sama da editoci dubu arbain amma bamu da tsayyen editoci ko dari biyar. wannna taron zaiyi gyara akan haka. ina mai neman goyon bayanku dan wannan aiki. nagode sosai. ku bada shawarwarinku a kasan wannan rubutun. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:00, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Sanarwa Da Neman Goyon Baya == Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa da abokan arziki editor's na wannan gida mai Albarka ina yima kowa fatan Alkairi tare da fatan kowa yayi bikin sallah lafiya,ina mai amfani da wannan dama wajen neman goyon bayan ku akan proposal dana nema mai taken Documentin and Enhancing Agricultural and Environmental Vocabulary on Hausa Wiktionary . Wannan project zai cike gibin da muke dashi na karancin kalmomin da suka danganci noma da muhalli a Hausa Wiktionary. Bissalam mu kwana lafiya Allah ya sadamu da Alkairan sa.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 19:49, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Kamfe na Wikiquote a Daura == Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu gudanar da kamfe don wayar da kai game da WIkiquote a Daura a wannan zagaye. Da fatan zaku bamu gudummawa. Nagode [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 06:48, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Wikipedia Trend Video Awareness Campaigns== Salam, yan uwa. duba da koma baya da ake samu a Wikipedia da sauran yan uwanta. muke shirin kawo muku video awareness wanda zai zama kamar drama haka.domin samun hankali da kuma kulawar al'ummar mu dake anfani da shafuka na internet.ku fada mana ra'ayinku.<span style="white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200"><b>Aliyu shaba</b></span>]]^{[[User talk:Aliyu shaba|<span style="color:#ff0000"><b>Talk</b></span>]]} 16:30, 28 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons == Assalamualikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabannin wannan manhajar da ƴan uwansa editors Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa na rubuta proposal game da '''Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons''' wanda insha Allahu za'a gudanar da shi a Jihar Adamawa. Muna neman. Nagode sosai @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:20, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Wikimedia Awareness for educated/elite women in Northern Nigeria == Assalamu Alaikum, Ina mai mika gaisuwa ta girmamawa ga daukacin 'yan uwan wannan shafi. Na rubuta wannan wasika ne domin gabatar da shirinmu a hukumance, wanda zamu tsara domin fadakarwa da kuma karfafa gwiwar mata masana da masu ilimi a fadin Arewacin Najeriya. Babban burin wannan aiki shi ne samar da karin mata editoci a Wikipedia daga yankinmu, tare da daukaka matsayin mata wajen rike mukaman shugabanci a karkashin gidauniyar Wikimedia. Ta hanyar wannan horo, mahalarta za su samu kwarewa ba kawai a fannin gyara Wikipedia ba, har ma da karfin gwiwar taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan tafiya. [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Wikimedia_Awareness_for_educated/elite_women_in_Northern_Nigeria]] [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 11:49, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:11, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Neman Kasancewa Admin a karo na Uku == Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na uku domin cigaba da tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) === Support === #Ina goyon baya domin cigaban wikipidia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 21:19, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) #Ina goyon Bayan Hakan Dari bisa Dari Domin cigaban Wikipedia[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 21:30, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) #ina mai goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari dan kawo cigaba. [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 21:27, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) #[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari #Ina goyon baya sosai. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 21:38, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyen bayen hakan dari Bisa dari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai ~~ #Ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 22:18, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # Don cigaba da tsabtacewa gami da bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia, muna bukatar jajirtattu irinka.Lallai ina goyon bayan hakan [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) # enah goyon bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyu sbd jajircewan ka akan Kula da mukaloli a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:55, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa Dari sosai sosai[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 05:28, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya sosai domin Yana kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 05:57, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # Tabbas ka kasance daga cikin jajirtaccin Admins a Hausa Wikipedia, faruwar hakan nasara ce babba a wannan man haja. Fatan Alkhairi. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 06:13, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) # Ina goyon baya sosai saboda gudummawar da kake bayarwa a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 06:16, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:57, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </bdi> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mayu 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Taron Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project == Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna "Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project" Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi Kimiyya, Fasaha, Lissafi, da kuma Injiniyanci. [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:53, 7 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Taron Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs == Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna "Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs" Domin ingantawa da kuma dora hotuna a wiki Commons. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 17:48, 11 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State == Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa na editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedians, inama kowa fatan alheri tare sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta Grant project mai taken '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State'''. Dan haka muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwari ko gyara.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 17:30, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == SheSaid Hausa 2026- Phase IV == Assalam, Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na SheSaid na Hausa a karo na hudu wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin September zuwa Oktoba in Allah ya yarda. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:46, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Shirin gudanar da taron Cultivating Knowledge: Hausa Wikipedia Agriculture 2026 Campaign == Assalam, Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na Cultivating Knowledge:Hausa Wikipedia Agriculture 2026 Campaign na Hausa a karo na farko wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin September zuwa Oktoba in Allah ya yarda. Bissalam [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 17:03, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|hira]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Empowering Women Changing the World == Assalamu alaikum Al Umman Hausa Wikipedia naxo ne na sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Empowering Women Changing the World. Domin cigaban matan mu na Arewa kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin mata. Nagode [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Umar_Aliyu/Empowering_Women_Changing_the_World#Resources]] [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 12:03, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) </bdi> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Neman zama admin na din din din == assalamu alaikum ina neman goyon bayanku na kasan cewa admin na din din din domin tabbata da ingancin wannan man haja ta wikipedia da kuma taimakawa sabin editoci batare da samin tsaiko ba wajen gudanar da aiki nagode. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 19:50, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 16:52, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ina mai goyon baya ==Support== *Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:58, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari....[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 17:25, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya sosai. == Support == Ina goyon Bayan haka, sakamakon gudummuwar da kake badawa. [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 20:13, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari ~~~</nowiki> [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:05, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ::# support [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 17:39, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)ina mai goyon baya == Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia Should Have 2026 Campaign Phase II == Assalam, Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na '''Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia Should Have 2026 Campaign Phase II''' a karo na biyu wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin Disamba zuwa Janairu in Allah ya yarda. Bissalam, [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:30, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Preserving Hausa Indigenous Health Knowledge Through Wikipedia: Medicinal Plants, Traditional Practices and Indigenous Health Terminology == Assalamualaikum, Ina mai farincin amfani da wannan dama wajen sanar daku cewa muna shirin kaddamar da kamfen na '''Preserving Hausa Indigenous Health Knowledge Through Wikipedia: Medicinal Plants, Traditional Practices and Indigenous Health Terminology''' wanda zai gudana acikin watan Disamba [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:20, 5 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Wiki for Social Change by Addressing Women and Child Vulnerability through Open Knowledge and Community Engagement in Northern Nigeria == Assalamu Alaikum Jama'an wannan gida mai albarka. in mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa, akwai taron wayar da kai da kara wa juna sani daza mu gudanar a Jihar Taraba Jalingo insha'allahu daga shekaran nan zuwa farkon sekara mai zuwa. Muna bukatar shawar warin ku tare da neman goyon bayan ku. Fatan Allah yayi mana jagora amin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 11:13, 11 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Bilkisu mahmood == bilkisu mah [[User:Bilkeesi|Bilkeesi]] ([[User talk:Bilkeesi|talk]]) 14:13, 12 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Neman izinin zama admin na din din din == aslm ina mai neman goyon bayanku domin zama admin na din din din domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na kwarai a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 12:23, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC) ===Support=== * ina mai goyan bayan hakan dari bisa dari duba da Irin gudummuwar da kakebadawa a wannan kafa[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 12:31, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC) * Ina goyon baya saboda muhimmiyar gudummuwar da yake badawa a Hausa wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:25, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya sosai. Wannan editan ya cancanci wannan muƙamin. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 09:19, 20 Satumba 2026 (UTC) *Ina goyon baya sosai [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 10:47, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' * Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|ha}}. * Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': * Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Satumba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Neman Admin Na Din-din == Assalamu alaikum Jama'a barkan mu da wannan lokaci fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya. Inason inyi amfani da wannan damar don neman kasancewa admin (mai kula da shafuka a Hausa wikipedia) na din-din. Nayi admin na wucin gadi har sau biyu a Hausa wikipedia, wannan dalilin ne yasa nake ganin akwai bukatar in nema admin na din-din, don saukake mun ci gaba da ayyukan admin ba tare da wani mushaqqa ba. Fatan yan'uwa editoci zaku bani goyon baya domin samun damar ci gaba da ayyukan admin a Hausa wikipedia. Na gode, Ina ma kowa fatan nasara! [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 14:01, 17 Satumba 2026 (UTC) Ina mai goyon baya bisa wannan cigaba [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 09:01, 21 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Kamfen Faith and Knowledge in Hausa: Documenting Religious History, People and Heritage == Assalam. Muna farin cikin sanar daku kamfen da zamu gudanar cikin watan Disamba zuwa junairu mai taken '''Faith and Knowledge in Hausa: Documenting Religious History, People and Heritage''' kamfen din zai maida hankali wajan ƙirƙirar muƙalu da suka shafi addinai a Hausa Wikipedia. nagode [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 19:47, 21 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Wiki Economics - Za ku so ku taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aiki na ma'aunin lafiyar al'umma == Sannu kowa, ''An shirya wannan sigar ne da taimakon kayan aikin fassara ta atomatik da AI. Don Allah a gyara harshen, kalmomin fasaha ko abin da ke ciki; muna maraba da kowace taimako. Sigar Turanci tana biye a ƙasa.'' Sannu, ni Wikimedian ne daga Faransa da ke aiki kan yanayin karatu da gyare-gyare a cikin harkarmu. Na ga cewa muna rasa kayan aiki masu sauƙin amfani don ganin da kuma bibiyar lafiyar al'ummomin masu gyara a tsawon lokaci, don haka na fara Wiki Economics. Me ya sa Wiki Economics? Domin da farko ina amfani da alamomin tattalin arziki na ƙasa baki ɗaya wajen ƙirƙirar samfurin lafiyar al'umma (wannan shi ne wurin farawa na), amma ina ƙara wasu alamomi a hankali. Wannan sigar beta ce. Ina amfani da hawiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na rukunin farko na nazari, tare da sigogin harsuna da aka zaɓa don rufe yankuna, harsuna da girman al'umma daban-daban. Ba ta cika ba, saboda haka ana maraba musamman da ra’ayoyinku game da abubuwan da suka ɓace, matsaloli ko abubuwan gida da ke bayyana tsarin da ba a saba gani ba. Wannan rukunin na farko zai taimaka wajen gano matsaloli, bayanan da suka ɓace da muhimman abubuwan gida, kamfen, sauye-sauyen manufofi ko wani yanayi da zai iya bayyana tsarin da ba a saba gani ba. Manufar ita ce mu koyi daga ra’ayoyin al'ummomi kafin mu faɗaɗa ɗaukar bayanai. Da zarar an rufe nau'ikan Wikipedia yadda ya kamata, zan yi haka ga dukkan ayyukan Wikimedia. Wannan aiki ne na tallafa wa al'ummomi, ba rahoton hukuma na Wikimedia Foundation ba. Ba ya amfani da bayanan sirri, bayanan CheckUser ko API da ba na jama'a ba. Kowane sakamako yana ɗauke da lokacin bayanan, ma'anoni, hanya, tushe da taka-tsantsan. Wasu alamomi na iya kasancewa babu su ko ba su dace da wannan wiki ba, kuma bai kamata a ɗauki lokacin da bai cika ba a matsayin cikakkiyar yanayin shekara ba. Ana samun bayani da ma'anoni a [[m:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|shafin Wiki Economics na Meta-Wiki]]. Don ganin ƙididdiga: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/#choose-wiki zaɓi Wikipedia] ko ka shiga bayanin martabar hawiki kai tsaye: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/gdp?wiki=hawiki]. Zan yi farin ciki da ra’ayoyinku game da: * Shin ma'anoni sun dace da yadda wannan al'umma ke aiki? * Shin akwai hanyoyin sintiri/bita na gida, kamfen na bots, sauye-sauyen manufofi ko abubuwan da suka faru da ke bayyana ƙimomi marasa saba? * Waɗanne alamomi ne masu amfani, masu rikitarwa ko suka ɓace? Da fatan a raba ra'ayoyi ko a wannan shafi ko a [[m:Talk:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|shafin tattaunawar Wiki Economics a Meta-Wiki]]. Ana samun lambar tushe a [[github:schiste/wiki-economics|GitHub]]. Na gode da taimaka min wajen sa binciken ya zama mai amfani ga dukkan al'ummominmu. [[User:Schiste|Schiste]] ([[User talk:Schiste|talk]]) 12:28, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) === Wiki Economics - Would you like to help create a community health metrics tool === Hello everyone, Hi, I'm a French Wikimedian working on readership and editorship trends across our movement. I felt we were lacking accessible tools to look at and monitor the health of our editing communities over time, so I started Wiki Economics. Why Wiki Economics? I started by using macroeconomic indicators to model community health (that was my starting point), and I add other indicators over time. This is a beta. I am using hawiki as part of the first analysis batch, alongside language editions selected to cover different geographies, languages, and community sizes. It is not perfect and, as a result, your feedback about missing things, problems, or local events that explain unusual patterns is especially welcome. This first batch should help identify issues, missing information, and important local events, campaigns, policy changes, or other context that may explain unusual patterns. The goal is to learn from community feedback before expanding coverage. Once the Wikipedia editions are covered properly, I’ll do the same for all Wikimedia projects. This is a community-facing project, not an official Wikimedia Foundation report. It uses no private data, CheckUser data, or non-public APIs. Each result includes its snapshot, definitions, methods, provenance, and caveats. Some indicators may be unavailable or not applicable, and an incomplete period should not be read as a full-year trend. Background and definitions are on [[m:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|the Wiki Economics page on Meta-Wiki]]. To view the statistics: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/#choose-wiki choose a Wikipedia] or directly access hawiki’s profile: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/gdp?wiki=hawiki]. I would appreciate your feedback on: * Do the definitions match how this community works? * Are there local patrol/review mechanisms, bot campaigns, policy changes, or events that explain unusual values? * Which indicators are useful, misleading, or missing? Please share feedback either on this page or on [[m:Talk:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|the Wiki Economics talk page on Meta-Wiki]]. The codebase is available on [[github:schiste/wiki-economics|GitHub]]. Thank you for helping me make the analysis more useful to all our communities.[[User:Schiste|Schiste]] ([[User talk:Schiste|talk]]) 12:28, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067455 --> == Hausa Wikipedia Strengthening and Stub Articles Rebuilding & Hausa Wiktionary Edit-a-thon and Entries Clean-up == Jama'a Hausawa masu albarka barkan ku da kokari. Ina jinjina maku akan namijin aikin da kuke yi ba dare ba rana, na kara bukasa Wikipedia ta hausa. Kada in sha'afa ina mai sanar da ku zamu gabatar da taron Wikipedia ta hausa da kuma wiktionary don kara habaka Wikipedia hausa da wiktionary. Dubun godiya a gare ku. [[User:M I Idrees|M I Idrees]] ([[User talk:M I Idrees|talk]]) 09:01, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Wikiqoute Awareness in Daura == Assalam ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku zamu gudanar da taron wikiqoute a daura da fatan zaku samu damar halarta [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 12:59, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Hausa Green Ecosystem Translation Campaign == Assalamu Alaikum yan'uwa barka da wannan lokaci, ina sanar daku cewa na rubuta proposal mai taken "Hausa Green Ecosystem Translation Campaign" wanda zamu gudanar a watan Disamba in Allah ya yarda. [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 13:50, 26 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Wikipedia Training and Editathon at Amlak Technology CBT Center Gusau, Zamfara State == Assalamu Alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatahu. Ina farincin sanar daku akan project din danayi proposing metakin suna " Wikipedia Training and Editathon at Amlak Technology CBT center Gusau, Zamfara State" wanda zai kasan a watan December in Allah ya kaimana rai. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarware akan wannan project din. kofa abude take dan bada gudun mawan ku. Nagode. [[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|AY&#39;Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 13:43, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Tattaunawa Don Ciyar da Wikipedia Gaba== Salamullahi Alaikum. Ina Kanawa, Ina mutanen arewacin Nigeria. Ina anfani da wannan damar sanar daku cewa tattauna nanan zuwa Jihar Kano domin sanin yadda ake anfani da Wikipedia a arewacin Nigeria. Ina neman goyon bayan ku. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 16:41, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Neman Zaman Admin== Assalamualaikum ina Neman Zaman Admin a Hausa Wikipedia domin na samun damar ci gaba da aiwatar da aiyukan gudanarwa na bunkasa Hausa Wikipedia. Domin bani goyon baya a saka suna da bayani a kasa.[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 12:38, 29 Satumba 2026 (UTC) ==Closing the Gender Gap on Hausa Wikipedia== Assalamu Alaikum Al’uman wannan gida mai Albarka shuwagabani da yan uwana editoci ina muku barka da wannan lokaci. Ina sanar daku cewa zamu gudanar da wayar dakai na matan Hausa Wikipedia nan bada jimawa ba idan Allah ya kaimu ina Neman goyan bayan ku da shawarwarinku Nagode.[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 20:52, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) === Goyon baya === * ==Empowering Knowledge Through Wikimedia at American University of Nigeria== Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, ina yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan barkanku da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, muna shirin wayarda ilimin Wikipedia a jami’an American University dake garin Adamawa. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi Bissalam.[[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 21:01, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Creation and patrolling of Hausa sound in Hausa Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons == Assalamu alaikum, and Hello community member, I would like to seize this very opportunity to inform you that We currently apply for a project titled “Creation amd patrolling of Hausa sound in Hausa Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons” it is project that is designed to enroll participants, engage existing members coming together to acquire skills and knowledge on audio creation and patrolling base on Wikimedia guidelines policy. Furthermore, the project is design to take participants through a series of trainings to acquire skills about audio, licensing format, skills on using audio Wikimedia tools like spell4wiki and Lingua libre. Lasy, there are a lot to learn during the project training and workshops, feel free to join us or leave us a message, thank you [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(Yi Magana)</sup>]] 21:21, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices (Turn on beta in your Preferences settings) == ''(Apologies for typing in English)'' Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop? Since April 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. To try it out, make sure the beta feature is still enabled in your Preferences ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures Beta features] --> "Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices"). Then visit any Item on your mobile. Please test it and share your feedback while it's still in beta, so we can refine it for you before it goes live in the coming weeks. If you run into issues or have feedback, please share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]]. Happy editing on mobile. –[[User:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Zita Zage (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:29, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e6jx9hxda14vwdj9sf9qwl80dkg5zsr 0 2610 963116 944441 2026-10-04T18:49:00Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Etymology" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378465195|Islam]]" 963116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, Turanci: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. nx42rrd1hvef53kst79zgljqs3nnrsy 963119 963116 2026-10-04T18:51:25Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Influences on other religions" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378465195|Islam]]" 963119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, Turanci: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. [1] d4tdg1ymag0a3jgm4pzqkd82oy1paye 963121 963119 2026-10-04T18:52:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Influences on other religions */ 963121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, Turanci: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. rgo6e91ejokc3mm62sqmqper3la1p35 963122 963121 2026-10-04T18:52:34Z Baffa ali 47435 963122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, Turanci: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == i4fqelgwbzf19ti4ezth0nrckv3na2q 0 3989 963023 891803 2026-10-04T12:34:28Z Enthu2608 49655 /* Hotuna */ 963023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore 3 amk.jpg|thumb|siganfora tana da mahimmanchi]] '''Singafora''' ƙasa ne, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Tugu_Merlion,_Singapura.JPG|Tugu Merlion, Singapura File:Singapore_Merlion_BCT.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Merlion a Merlion Park kusa da Marina Bay, Singapore File:Toapayoh-stadium.JPG|Toa Payoh Stadium File:(SGP-Singapore) East-West Line Alstom Movia R151 1925-1926 @ Eunos 2026-08-07.jpg|Rail transport, Singapore File:(SGP-Singapore) SBS Transit SG3142S 116 2025-05-01.jpg|Bus transport, Singapore File:Singapore_(SG),_View_from_Marina_Bay_Sands,_Singapore_Flyer_--_2019_--_4720.jpg|Singapore File:Cirrus_clouds_over_the_Lower_Seletar_Reservoir_(333740180).jpg|Lower Seletar Reservoir File:Aerial_view_of_the_Civic_District,_Singapore_River_and_Central_Business_District,_Singapore_-_20080518.jpg|Singapore </gallery> {{Asiya}} {{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Singafora}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Asiya]] Cikakken Bayani Game da Singafora (Singapore) Singafora ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta da ke kudu maso gabashin nahiyar Asiya. Duk da cewa tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi samun ci gaban tattalin arziki, ilimi, fasaha da rayuwar al'umma. Babban birnin ƙasar shi ne Singapore, wanda kuma shi ne sunan ƙasar baki ɗaya. Tarihi An kafa Singafora a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci ta Birtaniya a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1819, lokacin da Sir Stamford Raffles ya kafa tashar kasuwanci ta Kamfanin East India Company. Kafin wannan lokaci, yankin yana ƙarƙashin masarautun Malay. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Japan ta mamaye Singafora daga shekarar 1942 zuwa 1945. Bayan yaƙin, Birtaniya ta sake karɓar ikon yankin. A shekarar 1959, Singafora ta sami ikon gudanar da mulkin kanta. Daga baya, a shekarar 1963, ta shiga Tarayyar Malaysia tare da Malaya, Sabah da Sarawak. Sai dai saboda sabanin siyasa da tattalin arziki, ta balle daga Malaysia a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1965, kuma ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken 'yanci. Yanayin ƙasa Singafora tana kudu da Malaysia, kuma tana rabuwa da ita ta mashigin Johor. A kudunta akwai mashigin Singapore wanda ya haɗa ta da Indonesia. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi babban tsibiri guda ɗaya da ƙananan tsibirai sama da sittin. Duk da ƙarancin faɗinta, gwamnati ta faɗaɗa ƙasar ta hanyar cike wasu sassan teku da ƙasa. Tsarin Mulki Singafora jamhuriya ce mai tsarin dimokiraɗiyya na majalisa. Shugaban ƙasa shi ne shugaban ƙasa. Firaminista shi ne shugaban gwamnati kuma ke gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum. Majalisar dokoki ce ke yin dokoki. Tattalin Arziki Singafora na cikin ƙasashen da suka fi arziki a duniya idan aka kwatanta kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum. Manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗaɗen shiga sun haɗa da: Kasuwancin duniya Harkokin banki da kuɗi Fasahar zamani Masana'antun lantarki Hada magunguna Tace da sarrafa man fetur Yawon buɗe ido Sufurin jiragen ruwa da na sama Tashar jiragen ruwan Singafora tana daga cikin mafi yawan aiki a duniya. Jama'a Yawan jama'ar Singafora ya haura miliyan 6. Manyan ƙabilun ƙasar sun haɗa da: Sinawa Malay Indiyawa Sauran ƙabilu Saboda haɗuwar al'adu daban-daban, ana gudanar da bukukuwa da al'adu iri-iri cikin lumana. Harsunan Hukuma Singafora tana da harsuna huɗu na hukuma: Turanci Malay Mandarin (Sinanci) Tamil Turanci shi ne harshen da aka fi amfani da shi wajen gwamnati, ilimi da kasuwanci. Addinai Ana da 'yancin bin addini a Singafora. Manyan addinai sun haɗa da: Buddha Kiristanci Musulunci Hindu Taoism Ilimi Tsarin ilimin Singafora yana daga cikin mafi inganci a duniya. Gwamnati tana saka jari sosai wajen ilimi, binciken kimiyya da fasaha. Lafiya Ƙasar tana da ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya, tare da manyan asibitoci da cibiyoyin binciken lafiya. Rayuwar jama'arta na daga cikin mafi tsawo a duniya. Sufuri Singafora ta shahara da: Jirgin ƙasa na MRT Motocin bas masu inganci Filin jirgin sama na Changi Airport, wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun filayen jiragen sama a duniya. Yawon Buɗe Ido Wasu daga cikin fitattun wuraren yawon buɗe ido sun haɗa da: Merlion Park Marina Bay Sands Gardens by the Bay Sentosa Island Singapore Zoo Universal Studios Singapore Muhimman Bayanai Babban birni: Singapore Nahiyar: Asiya Fadin ƙasa: Kimanin kilomita murabba'i 735 Kuɗi: Dalar Singafora (Singapore Dollar – SGD) Lokaci: UTC +8 Ranar samun 'yanci: 9 ga Agusta, 1965 Kammalawa Singafora ta zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe da dama saboda ci gabanta a fannonin ilimi, tattalin arziki, tsaro, tsafta, fasaha da ingantaccen shugabanci. Duk da ƙarancin faɗinta da rashin yalwar albarkatun ƙasa, ta samu ci gaba mai girma ta hanyar saka jari a ilimi, fasaha, kasuwanci da gudanar da mulki cikin tsari. 9q33021vmveikywr1tfvor0ptzw1e58 0 5804 963285 938900 2026-10-05T07:04:21Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Etymology and scope" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376249568|Agriculture]]" 963285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun ƙaruwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kuɗin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *tumatir. *[[Karas]]. *tattasai. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *salak. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *alaiyahu. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] == Etymology and scope == {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da yake noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'o'in suna noma amfanin gona har zuwa shekaru miliyan 60, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba aikin [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]]), tsutsa da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> tattalin arziki yana mai da hankali kan halayyar da hulɗar jami'an tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tattalin arziki ke aiki. Microeconomics yana nazarin abin da ake kallo a matsayin muhimman abubuwan tattalin arziki, gami da wakilan mutum da kasuwanni, hulɗar su, da kuma . * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  peqpx3n1k9srdkrlfvinu69rngl98ah 963286 963285 2026-10-05T07:05:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Etymology and scope */ 963286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun ƙaruwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kuɗin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *tumatir. *[[Karas]]. *tattasai. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *salak. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *alaiyahu. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] == Etymology and scope == {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da yake noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'o'in suna noma amfanin gona har zuwa shekaru miliyan 60, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba aikin [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]]), tsutsa da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  ab1sl79ylbof4f4uz0nt6fptz532wa0 963289 963286 2026-10-05T07:08:28Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376249568|Agriculture]]" 963289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun ƙaruwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kuɗin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *tumatir. *[[Karas]]. *tattasai. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *salak. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *alaiyahu. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] == Etymology and scope == {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da yake noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'o'in suna noma amfanin gona har zuwa shekaru miliyan 60, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba aikin [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]]), tsutsa da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb| <ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denham |first=T. P. |year=2003 |title=Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea |journal=Science |volume=301 |issue=5630 |pages=189–193 |doi=10.1126/science.1085255 |pmid=12817084 |s2cid=10644185 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014" /> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. {{ISBN|1-85728-538-7}}.</ref> An shuka auduga a karni na 5th-4th BC.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; A kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> Ruwa, juyawa na amfanin gona, da taki sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da taki na roba, magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  962wc6wkahv01zynd3dt21y7n995fh7 963290 963289 2026-10-05T07:11:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Juyin Juya Halin */ 963290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|thumb|right|]] [[File:Chapeltoun Mains Farm, East Ayrshire, Scotland. View from Bankend Farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Unload wheat by the combine Claas Lexion 584.jpg|thumb|noma Babar Sana,a ce]] Noma [[Hausawa]] na masa kirari "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki kowa ya taho kai ya taras, noma tushen [[arziki]]. *Menene Noma? [[File:TRADITIONAL FARMING.jpg|thumb|yadda ake huɗa kenan a lokacin noma]] [[File:Wheat farming in Nepal.jpg|thumb|Nuoman shinkafa]] '''Noma''' yana da kuma ma'anoni da dama kasancewar irin a Haka zalika, noma wata babbar hanya ce ta samun ƙaruwar [[tattalin arziki]] da al'ummai suka raja'a a kan ta.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/98433369/ZAMANI_ZO_MU_TAFI_ALADUN_HAUSAWA_A_DUNIYAR_INTANET</ref> A [[kasar Hausa]] ko kuwa, noma shi ne babbar hanya ta samun haɓakar [[tattalin arziki]]. Da noma ne [[Hausawa]] suka fi samun kuɗin shiga da [[abinci]] da ma kayayyakin da ake sarrafawa a [[masana'anta]] kamar [[tufafi]] da sauransu.<ref>https://muktarishehu.wordpress.com/2018/12/12/359/</ref> A wajen [[Hausawa]] musamman mazauna [[karkara]] noma ya zama tamkar wajibi (dole) a wajen Kuma kowanne Bahaushe, musamman ma magidanci.<ref>https://nounupdate.com/summaries/HAU117_summary.txt</ref> Kusan mu ce ma kowanne Bahaushe ya iya noma, ya kuma san yadda ake yin shi. Noma da Kiwo duk suna nufin abu daya ne a ma'anar da ilimin zamani ya samar.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/109636656/Kasuwanci_a_Duniyar_Intanet_%C6%98alubalen_Hausawan_%C6%98arni_na_21</ref> ==YADDA AKE NOMA.== [[Fayil:Tractors in Potato Field.jpg|thumb|yanda 'ake huɗa]] Kafin bayani game da yadda ake noma za mu dan tattauna ne a game da rabe-raben noma. Noma ya rabu zuwa gida biyu, kuma kowanne da irin yadda ake yin sa. *noman rani *noman damina. ==NOMAN RANI.== [[File:Crawfish Farming - Acadia Parish Louisiana 2020.jpg|thumb|Norman rani a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kare]] Noman rani, noma ne da ake yin shi a lokacin rani ba da damina ba. *ga yarda ake noman rani. Shi noman rani ana yin sa ne a wuraren da ruwa yake wadatacce kamar [[rafi]] , [[korama]] , da madatsun ruwa wato (dam). Da zarar ruwan sama ya ɗauke wato kaka ta yi, manoman rani za su fara ne da share gonakinsu, daga nan kuma sai su yi kaftu, su ja kwamame, sai su shuka abin da za su shuka a cikin kwamame. Suna yin amfani da injinan ban ruwa wajen bai wa shukokinsu ruwa, har su girma, su isa girbi. Akasarin abubuwan da ake nomawa a noman rani ana shuka su ne saboda sayarwa domin samun kudin shiga. Ga irin abubuwan da ake nomawa da rani. *[[kubewa]]. *[[albasa]]. *[[yalo]]. *tumatir. *[[Karas]]. *tattasai. *[[Rogo]][[File:Maize plantation.jpg|thumb|Shukar masara kenan data fara girma]][[masara]]. *[[File:Carrots - Daucus carota subsp. sativus.jpg|thumb|karas kenan]][[karas]]. *[[dankali]]. *salak. *[[lansir]]. *[[File:Spinach salad.jpg|thumb|alaiyahu]][[Wake]] *alaiyahu. *[[rake]]. *[[Waken suya]] *[[Dawa]] * * da dai sauran su. To, amma kuma ya danganta da yanayi na yadda kasa za ta iya ɗaukar abinda aka shuka a kan ta. Misali idan aka shuka wani abun a wani yankin ba lallai ya yi ba kamar yadda zai yi a wani yankin. ==NOMAN DAMINA.== Sabanin noman rani, shi noman damina ana yin sa ne a lokacin damina. *ga yadda ake yin noman damina. Da zarar an samu ruwan sama wato (damina ta fadi), manoma za su bazama gonakinsu domin yin huda da shuka. Akasari an fi shuka kayan abinci a wajen noman damina, to, amma akan shuka kayan sayarwa jefi-jefi. ==ABUBUWAN DA AKE NOMAWA DA DAMINA.== Na abinci akwai. *[[gero]] *[[File:Maize-teosinte.jpg|thumb|Masara idan ta girma ]][[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|Masara kenan gasassa bayan an noma ta]][[masara]] *[[dawa]] *[[shinkafa]] *[[maiwa]] da sauran su. Na sayarwa *[[File:2059513 data foodanddrink efd LGMA 0152.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa]][[dankali]] *[[wake]] *[[gyada]] *[[auduga]] *[[ridi]] da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fasaha]] == Etymology and scope == {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da yake noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'o'in suna noma amfanin gona har zuwa shekaru miliyan 60, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba aikin [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]]), tsutsa da kwari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb| <ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denham |first=T. P. |year=2003 |title=Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea |journal=Science |volume=301 |issue=5630 |pages=189–193 |doi=10.1126/science.1085255 |pmid=12817084 |s2cid=10644185 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014" /> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. {{ISBN|1-85728-538-7}}.</ref> An shuka auduga a karni na 5th-4th BC.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; A kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. An yi amfani da shinkafa ta Asiya shekaru 8,200-13,500 da suka gabata - dangane da ƙididdigar agogon kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da shi - a kan Kogin Pearl a kudancin China tare da asalin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya daga shinkafa ''Oryza rufipogon''.<ref name="pnas1">{{Cite journal |last=Molina |first=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> Ruwa, juyawa na amfanin gona, da taki sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da taki na roba, magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.</ref><ref>Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.) ''The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture'', Roli Books, New Delhi, p. 196</ref><ref == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  3saok9f9bwxudhwgfd5wtkrlmt8uobb 0 8618 963110 690317 2026-10-04T18:43:08Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372863301|Chinese]]" 963110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasar Sin''' na iya nufin:Mutanen China, mutanen da aka san su da China, ta hanyar ƙasa, zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila. * Wani abu da ya shafi [[Sin|China]] * Mutanen China, mutanen da aka san su da China, ta hanyar ƙasa, zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila ** [[Han Chinese|kabilar Han Sinawa]], babbar kabila a kasar Sin ** ''Zhonghua minzu'', ra'ayin ƙabilanci na ƙasar Sin ** Jerin kabilu a China, mutanen kabilu daban-daban a China ta zamani ** 'Yan tsiraru a China, mutanen da ba 'yan kabilar Han ba ne a China ta zamani ** Kabilu a tarihin kasar Sin, mutanen kabilu daban-daban a tarihin kasar Sin ** 'Yan ƙasar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China ** 'Yan ƙasar Jamhuriyar China ** 'Yan China da ke ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ke zaune a wajen manyan yankunan China, Hong Kong, Macau, da Taiwan * Harsunan Sinitic, babban reshe na dangin harsunan Sino-Tibet ** [[Sinanci|Harshen Sinanci]], rukuni na harsuna masu alaƙa da ake magana da su galibi a China, suna raba rubutun rubutu (harufan Sinanci a cikin nau'ikan gargajiya da masu sauƙi) *** Sinanci na yau da kullun, nau'in Mandarin na yau da kullun a babban yankin China, yayi kama da nau'in Mandarin na kasar Sin a Taiwan da Singapore *** An haɗa nau'ikan Sinanci, manyan ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin harsunan Sinanci *** Rubuce-rubucen Sinanci, rubuce-rubucen da ake amfani da su a harsunan Sinanci **** Haruffan Sinanci, tambarin da aka yi amfani da su wajen rubuta harsunan Gabashin Asiya * Abincin kasar Sin, salon abincin da ya samo asali daga kasar Sin ko kuma kayan da aka samo daga gare su * "Chinese", waƙa game da cin abinci daga Lily Allen daga ''It's Not Me, It's You'' == Duba kuma == * Tang Chinese (bambanci) * All pages with titles containing Sinanci {{Disambig}} 0tpgp5ahdi4nkcoq50t6vsp5rnptuki 963111 963110 2026-10-04T18:43:39Z Baffa ali 47435 963111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kasar Sin''' na iya nufin:Mutanen China, mutanen da aka san su da China, ta hanyar ƙasa, zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila. * Wani abu da ya shafi [[Sin|China]] * Mutanen China, mutanen da aka san su da China, ta hanyar ƙasa, zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila ** [[Han Chinese|kabilar Han Sinawa]], babbar kabila a kasar Sin ** ''Zhonghua minzu'', ra'ayin ƙabilanci na ƙasar Sin ** Jerin kabilu a China, mutanen kabilu daban-daban a China ta zamani ** 'Yan tsiraru a China, mutanen da ba 'yan kabilar Han ba ne a China ta zamani ** Kabilu a tarihin kasar Sin, mutanen kabilu daban-daban a tarihin kasar Sin ** 'Yan ƙasar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China ** 'Yan ƙasar Jamhuriyar China ** 'Yan China da ke ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ke zaune a wajen manyan yankunan China, Hong Kong, Macau, da Taiwan * Harsunan Sinitic, babban reshe na dangin harsunan Sino-Tibet ** [[Sinanci|Harshen Sinanci]], rukuni na harsuna masu alaƙa da ake magana da su galibi a China, suna raba rubutun rubutu (harufan Sinanci a cikin nau'ikan gargajiya da masu sauƙi) *** Sinanci na yau da kullun, nau'in Mandarin na yau da kullun a babban yankin China, yayi kama da nau'in Mandarin na kasar Sin a Taiwan da Singapore *** An haɗa nau'ikan Sinanci, manyan ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin harsunan Sinanci *** Rubuce-rubucen Sinanci, rubuce-rubucen da ake amfani da su a harsunan Sinanci **** Haruffan Sinanci, tambarin da aka yi amfani da su wajen rubuta harsunan Gabashin Asiya * Abincin kasar Sin, salon abincin da ya samo asali daga kasar Sin ko kuma kayan da aka samo daga gare su * "Chinese", waƙa game da cin abinci daga Lily Allen daga ''It's Not Me, It's You'' == Duba kuma == * Tang Chinese (bambanci) * All pages with titles containing Sinanci {{Disambig}} dkpd7cewbe690n1wfrsutc0r9vwgkb9 0 9365 963098 441305 2026-10-04T18:20:02Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ukwa ta Gabas''' [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Abia]], kudu maso gabashin [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukwa ta Gabas}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Abia]] Ukwa ta Gabas Ukwa ta Gabas (Turanci: Ukwa East) ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin Jihar Abia, a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Akwete. Ukwa ta Gabas tana cikin yankin Abia South na siyasar jihar, kuma tana kusa da iyakokin jihohin Rivers da Akwa Ibom. Tarihi Ukwa ta Gabas tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Abia. An ƙirƙiri ƙaramar hukumar a lokacin sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya, kuma daga baya ta kasance cikin tsarin gudanarwar Jihar Abia. Yankin yana da al'ummomin da galibinsu suke da alaƙa da mutanen Ndoki, waɗanda suke daga cikin al'ummomin Igbo na yankin. Garin Akwete ya shahara sosai saboda sana'ar saƙar Akwete, wadda ta kasance muhimmiyar al'ada da sana'a a yankin. Hedikwata Akwete ce hedikwatar Ukwa ta Gabas. Garin yana da muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin gudanarwa, kasuwanci da al'adun yankin. Akwete kuma sananne ne saboda kayan zane da ake saƙa da hannu, musamman Akwete cloth. Akwete tana kusan kilomita 18 daga Aba, kuma tana da kusanci da Port Harcourt. Yankin ƙasa da iyakoki Ukwa ta Gabas tana da fadin ƙasa kusan 280 km² bisa bayanan da ake amfani da su a bayanan LGA. Tana da iyaka da wasu yankuna na: Jihar Rivers zuwa yammacin yankin. Jihar Akwa Ibom zuwa gabas. Sauran ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Abia suna kewaye da sauran ɓangarorinta. Saboda matsayinta kusa da Rivers da Akwa Ibom, yankin yana da muhimmiyar alaƙa ta kasuwanci da sufuri da sauran sassan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Yawan jama'a Bisa sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2006, Ukwa ta Gabas tana da mutane 58,139, maza 29,410 da mata 28,729. Wannan adadi ne daga bayanan ƙidayar jama'a, kuma bai kamata a maye gurbinsa da hasashen yau ba tare da ingantaccen tushe ba. Bayanan National Bureau of Statistics kuma sun nuna cewa an yi hasashen yawan jama'ar Ukwa ta Gabas zai kai 61,365 a 2008, 63,044 a 2009, sannan 64,770 a 2010. Al'ummar yankin Mafi yawan mutanen yankin suna da alaƙa da al'ummar Ndoki da al'adun Igbo. Harshen Igbo yana da muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar jama'ar yankin, yayin da addinin Kiristanci yake daga cikin manyan addinan da ake bi. Haka kuma, wasu al'adun gargajiya na ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na rayuwar al'umma. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Ukwa ta Gabas ya dogara da ayyuka daban-daban, musamman: Noma Kamun kifi Kiwo Kasuwanci Saƙa Sana'o'in hannu Sassaƙa Cinikayyar amfanin gona da sauran kayayyaki. Noma da kasuwanci suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Saƙar Akwete Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara da Ukwa ta Gabas shi ne saƙar Akwete. Akwete cloth kayan zane ne da ake saƙa da hannu, kuma yana da muhimmiyar daraja a al'adun mutanen yankin. Sana'ar ta taimaka wajen samar da ayyukan yi da kuma adana al'adun gargajiya. Akwete ta zama sananniya saboda wannan sana'a har ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake danganta yankin da su. Albarkatun ƙasa Yankin Ukwa yana cikin wani yanki na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya da ke da albarkatun ƙasa daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai ayyukan tattalin arziki da suka shafi albarkatun ƙasa da noma. Sai dai ya kamata a bambanta Ukwa ta Gabas da Ukwa ta Yamma yayin magana kan man fetur, domin bayanan da ake samu kan samar da ɗanyen mai a yankin Ukwa ba koyaushe suke nufin Ukwa ta Gabas kai tsaye ba. Azumini Blue River Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da Ukwa ta Gabas shi ne Azumini Blue River. Wurin yana da muhimmiyar darajar yawon buɗe ido saboda yanayin ruwan da kuma kyawun muhalli. Sufuri Akwete da sauran al'ummomin Ukwa ta Gabas suna samun alaƙar sufuri da manyan biranen yankin, musamman Aba da Port Harcourt. Akwete tana kusan kilomita 18 daga Aba, wanda ya sanya Aba ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ga mazauna yankin. Ilimi Akwai makarantu na firamare da sakandare a cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Daga cikin wuraren ilimi da aka ambata a bayanan yankin akwai Akwete Central Primary School da Akwete Secondary Technical School. Gudanarwa da siyasa Ukwa ta Gabas tana ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙaramar hukuma na Najeriya. Shugaban ƙaramar hukuma da kansiloli ne ke kula da harkokin gudanarwar ƙaramar hukumar, yayin da al'ummomin gargajiya ke ci gaba da taka rawa wajen al'amuran al'adu da zamantakewa. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa akwai ward 10 da INEC ke amfani da su wajen harkokin zaɓe na ƙasa; wasu bayanan gudanarwar jihar kuma suna amfani da tsarin ward 14. Wasu muhimman bayanai Bayani Cikakken bayani Sunan Ukwa ta Gabas Turanci Ukwa East Jiha Jihar Abia Ƙasa Najeriya Hedikwata Akwete Yankin siyasa Abia South Fadin ƙasa Kimanin 280 km² Yawan jama'a (2006) 58,139 Babban al'umma Ndoki/Igbo Shahararriyar sana'a Saƙar Akwete Muhimmin wurin yawon buɗe ido Azumini Blue River Lokaci WAT (UTC+1) Manazarta National Population Commission / National Bureau of Statistics — bayanan ƙidayar jama'ar Najeriya. Abia State Government — bayanan gudanarwar Ukwa East Local Government. Bayanan Ukwa East da Akwete. Lura: Akwai wasu shafukan yanar gizo da suke bayar da lambobin yawan jama'a ko fadin ƙasa daban-daban. Don Hausa Wikipedia, ya fi kyau a dogara da 58,139 na ƙidayar 2006 daga bayanan ƙidayar jama'a, sannan a bayyana shekara a sarari, maimakon haɗa hasashe da ƙidaya. k3mn5c17ts580mcp9xtuwznkj3szp5u 0 9788 963101 441941 2026-10-04T18:30:05Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yewa ta Arewa''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce, dake a [[Jihar Ogun]], kudu maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== '''Yewa ta Arewa''' ({{lang-en|Yewa North}}), wadda a da ake kira '''Egbado ta Arewa''' (Egbado North), ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin [[Jihar Ogun]], a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Tana cikin [[Ogun ta Yamma]] kuma hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin [[Ayetoro]]. Yewa ta Arewa tana daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Ogun guda 20. Tana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 2,087, abin da ya sa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Ogun mafi girman faɗin ƙasa. == Tarihi == An kafa Yewa ta Arewa a shekarar [[1976]] a lokacin sauye-sauyen tsarin ƙananan hukumomi a Najeriya. A lokacin da aka kafa ta, ana kiranta '''Egbado North Local Government'''. Hedkwatarta tun daga lokacin tana garin Ayetoro. An kafa ƙaramar hukumar ne ƙarƙashin Local Government Edict No. 9 na shekarar 1976. Daga baya aka fara amfani da sunan '''Yewa''' maimakon '''Egbado''', kuma Yewa ta Arewa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ƙananan hukumomin yankin Yewa na Jihar Ogun. == Wuri da iyakoki == Yewa ta Arewa tana yammacin Jihar Ogun kuma tana da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Benin. A arewacinta tana iyaka da [[Imeko Afon]], a kudancinta da [[Yewa ta Kudu]], yayin da a gabas take da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi ciki har da [[Abeokuta ta Arewa]] da [[Ewekoro]]. Hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar, Ayetoro, tana a arewa maso gabashin yankin. Garin yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen harkokin gudanarwa da kasuwanci a yankin Yewa ta Arewa. == Yawan jama'a == A ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar [[2006]], an bayyana yawan jama'ar Yewa ta Arewa da kusan '''181,826''' a wasu bayanan ƙidayar da ake amfani da su. Saboda babu sabon cikakken ƙidayar jama'a na ƙasa da ya maye gurbin ƙidayar 2006, alkaluman yawan jama'a na yanzu kan bambanta gwargwadon hasashen da aka yi. == Ƙasa da yanayi == Yewa ta Arewa tana da faɗin fili mai yawa, tare da yankunan noma, dazuzzuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa. Yankin yana da yanayi na zafi da damina wanda ya dace da ayyukan noma. Girman filayen noma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman albarkatun tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Tattalin arziƙi == [[Noma]] shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna Yewa ta Arewa. Ana noma amfanin gona iri-iri kamar [[rogo]], [[masara]], [[wake]] da [[koko]]. Ayetoro da sauran garuruwa suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kasuwanci da rarraba kayayyakin amfanin gona. Baya ga noma, harkokin kasuwanci, kiwo, sarrafa kayan abinci da cinikayya da yankunan da ke kusa da iyakar Najeriya da Benin suna daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Jama'a da harshe == Mazauna Yewa ta Arewa galibi mutanen [[Yarbawa]] ne, musamman al'ummomin Yewa da Ketu. Ana magana da yarukan Yarbanci daban-daban a yankin, tare da [[Turanci]] a matsayin harshen hukuma. Addinai daban-daban suna da mabiya a yankin, ciki har da [[Musulunci]], [[Kiristanci]] da addinan gargajiyar Yarbawa. == Rukunin zaɓe == An raba Yewa ta Arewa zuwa mazabu ko gundumomin zaɓe da dama domin gudanar da harkokin siyasa da zaɓe. Daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da waɗannan gundumomi akwai: * Ayetoro Ward I * Ayetoro Ward II * Idofi * Sunwa * Ijoun * Eggua * Ohunbe * Igbogila/Ibese * Joga-Orile/Ibooro * Imasayi Wasu bayanai kan tsarin gundumomin zaɓe suna iya bambanta wajen rubuta sunaye ko haɗa wasu yankuna. == Muhimman garuruwa da ƙauyuka == Daga cikin muhimman wurare da ake samu a Yewa ta Arewa akwai: * [[Ayetoro]] * Eggua * Owode-Yewa * Imasayi * Igbokofin * Ibese * Ijoun * Ohunbe * Joga-Orile * Ibooro Ayetoro ita ce hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar kuma tana daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin gudanarwa da tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Sufuri == Hanyoyin mota suna haɗa Yewa ta Arewa da sauran sassan Jihar Ogun da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da ita. Saboda kusancinta da iyakar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Benin, yankin yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. == Siyasa da gudanarwa == Yewa ta Arewa tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma wadda ke da hedkwata a Ayetoro. Tana kuma cikin [[Gundumar Sanatan Ogun ta Yamma]], wadda ta ƙunshi wasu ƙananan hukumomin yammacin Jihar Ogun. == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Ogun]] * [[Yewa ta Kudu]] * [[Imeko Afon]] * [[Ayetoro]] * [[Ogun ta Yamma]] * [[Jamhuriyar Benin]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Ogun]] [[Rukuni:Yankin Ogun ta Yamma]] [[Rukuni:Yewa]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ogun]] adep3a5ybahyn4u1301gfujbxwpxsl0 0 12334 963020 956062 2026-10-04T12:20:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Male mallard duck 2.jpg|thumb|Mijin kwakwa]] [[File:Anas platyrhynchos male female.jpg|thumb|Kwakwa abakin ruwa]] [[File:Female Mallard Swimming.jpg|thumb|Kwakwa na wanka]] [[File:Anas platyrhynchos - Mallard 02.jpg|thumb|Kwakwa asaman iska]] '''Kwakkwa''' Ita ƙwaƙwa tana cikin tsuntsaye nau'in [[agwagwa]] don suna kama, wannan a ƙasa photo wata ƙwaƙwa ce kwance tana kiwo. [[File:Graugans_Anser_Anser.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Anatra nel parco .jpg|thumb|photon ƙwa-ƙwa]] (''kwákkwá'') ko '''agwagwa''' (''àgwáágwáá''<ref>Blench, Roger (2006). ''Archaeology, Language, and the African Past''. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759104662</ref>) (''Anas platyrhynchus'') [[tsuntsu]] ne.<ref>Isa Dutse da Roger Blench (2003). [http://www.rogerblench.info/ethnoscience/animals/birds/hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf Hausa names of some common birds around Hadejia-Nguru wetlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |date=2019-07-13 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-13 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Tsuntsu]] g42hynfcnlnbriazoe3enr79uyttbrv 0 12335 963071 956256 2026-10-04T16:02:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Comb.duck.2.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Comb Duck.svg|thumb|makwarwa]] [[File:Sarkidiornis sylvicola (Pato moñudo), Colombia (16372430426).jpg|thumb|makwarwa aruwa]] [[File:Knob-billed duck 1.jpg|thumb|Kwarwa]] '''Kwarwa''' (''Sarkidiornis melanota'') [[tsuntsu]] ne.<ref>Isa Dutse da Roger Blench (2003). [http://www.rogerblench.info/ethnoscience/animals/birds/hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf Hausa names of some common birds around Hadejia-Nguru wetlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |date=2019-07-13 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-13 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Tsuntsu]] bwhndgq1wcfpvwyy6i369amgsxnnt6e 0 12420 963239 956497 2026-10-05T03:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ruppells Griffon Vulture (4872536563).jpg|thumb|maiki]] [[File:Ruppell's Griffon Vultures and Maribou Storks (7513786892).jpg|thumb|Maiki suna wanka aruwa]] [[File:Ruppells Griffon Vulture (7006234850) (2).jpg|thumb|hoton kan maiki]] [[File:Ruppell's Griffon Vulture (Gyps rueppelli) (CWPG).jpg|thumb|Maiki a keji]] [[File:Nest & eggs (Tyrannidae).jpg|thumb|Kwan maiki]] '''Maiki''' (''Gyps rueppellii'') [[tsuntsu]] ne.<ref>Isa Dutse da Roger Blench (2003). [http://www.rogerblench.info/ethnoscience/animals/birds/hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf Hausa names of some common birds around Hadejia-Nguru wetlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |date=2019-07-13 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-13 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Tsuntsu]] s2eqp7ov05t7ixbbn2seevo4weoy712 0 12467 963386 63425 2026-10-05T10:43:16Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377897365|Finance]]" 963386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Kuɗi|kudi]]''' yana nufin gudanarwa, motsi, saka hannun jari, da tara kuɗi. "Finance" kuma yana nufin horo na ilimi wanda ke nazarin waɗannan. Dangane da girman ayyukan kudi, ana iya raba horo zuwa manyan rassa guda uku na mutum, kamfanoni, da na jama'a.{{Efn|The following are definitions of 'finance' offered by the authors indicated: * [https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eugene.fama/research/Theory%20of%20Finance/The%20Theory%20of%20Finance%20Preface%20and%20Table%20of%20Contents.pdf Fama and Miller]: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)." * [https://afajof.org/wp-content/uploads/files/historical-texts/guthmann-dougall-1940-ocr.pdf Guthmann and Dougall]: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators – that is, capitalists or property owners – as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income." * [https://www.wiley.com/en-in/Finance:+Capital+Markets,+Financial+Management,+and+Investment+Management-p-9780470407356 Drake and Fabozzi]: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty." * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1637242A/Frank_Walter_Paish F.W. Paish]: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted". * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL835181A/John_J._Hampton John J. Hampton]: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency". * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976723372 Howard and Upton]: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible". * [https://education.wbstraining.com/pluginfile.php/2808/mod_resource/content/1/PabloFernandez_Finance%20and%20Financial%20Economics.pdf Pablo Fernandez]: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and helps company managers make sound decisions regarding financing, investment, continuity, and other issues that affect the inflow and outflow of money, as well as the company's risk. It also helps individuals and institutions invest wisely and plan money-related matters effectively."}} A cikin "tsarin Kudin", ana sayen kadarori, siyarwa, ko siyarwa azaman kayan aiki na kudi, kamar kudade, rance, takardun shaida, hannun jari, zaɓuɓɓuka, makomar gaba, swaps, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana iya [[banki]], saka hannun jari, da inshora don kara darajar da rage asarar. A aikace, haɗari koyaushe suna cikin kowane mataki na kuɗi da ƙungiyoyi. Kasuwancin kuɗi da cibiyoyin suna tallafawa tsarin. Saboda fa'idarsa, akwai fannoni daban-daban na kuɗi a cikin harkar kuɗi. Gudanar da kadarori, kuɗi, haɗari da saka hannun jari yana nufin haɓaka ƙima da rage canjin yanayi . Binciken kuɗi yana tantance dorewa, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma ribar wani aiki ko ƙungiya. Wasu fannoni suna da fannoni daban-daban, kamar fannin kuɗi na lissafi, dokar kuɗi, tattalin arziki na kuɗi, injiniyan kuɗi da fasahar kuɗi . A wasu lokuta, ana iya gwada ka'idojin kuɗi ta amfani da hanyar kimiyya, wacce aka rufe ta da kuɗin gwaji . Tarihin farko na kudi ya yi daidai da tarihin farko na kudi, wanda shine [[Prehistory|prehistoric]]. Al'adun gargajiya da na zamani sun haɗa da ayyuka na asali na kudi, kamar banki, kasuwanci da lissafi, a cikin tattalin arzikin su. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa Tsarin kudi na duniya. A matsayin batun karatu, kudi yana da alaƙa da fannonin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (bincike na [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka) da kuma Gudanar da kasuwanci (gwamnatin albarkatun kungiyar don cimma burinta). An kafa shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a cikin kudi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gippel |first=Jennifer K |date=2012-11-07 |title=A revolution in finance? |journal=[[Australian Journal of Management]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |doi=10.1177/0312896212461034 |issn=0312-8962 |s2cid=154759424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A yau, ana nazarin kudi sosai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. == Tsarin kudi == [[File:1925.B&O.Railroad.Stock.Louis.Brandeis.jpg|right|thumb|Bond da aka bayar ta hanyar Baltimore da Ohio Railroad. Bonds wani nau'i ne na aro da kamfanoni ke amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukansu.]] [[File:Radium_Hill_share_certificate.jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar raba ta shekara ta 1913 da Kamfanin Radium Hill ya bayar]] [[File:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwancin musayar hannun jari na NYSE a cikin 1963, kafin gabatar da karatun lantarki da allo na kwamfuta]] [[File:Chicago_bot.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Masara na Chicago, 1993]] [[File:A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg|right|thumb|'Yan kasuwar mai, Houston, 2009]] Kamar yadda aka tsara, tsarin kudi ya ƙunshi kwararar babban birnin da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane da gidaje (kudin kuɗi na mutum), gwamnatoci (Kudin jama'a), da kasuwanci (Kudin kamfanoni). "Finance" don haka yana nazarin tsarin tura kudi daga masu ajiya da masu saka hannun jari zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke buƙatar shi.{{Efn|Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in timespace between production and consumption are then possible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael |last2=Price |first2=John |title=Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'? |journal=Economy and Society |date=2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=264–284 |doi=10.1080/030851400360497 |s2cid=145739812 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320050529/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} Masu adanawa da masu saka hannun jari suna da kuɗin da za su iya samun riba ko rabon kuɗi idan aka yi amfani da su. Kowane mutum, kamfanoni, da gwamnatoci dole ne su sami kuɗi daga tushen waje, kamar rance ko bashi, lokacin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don gudanar da ayyukansu. Gabaɗaya, wani bangare wanda kuɗin shiga ya wuce kuɗin da ya kashe na iya ba da rance ko saka hannun jari tare da manufar samun dawowar adalci. Hakazalika, wani bangare inda samun kudin shiga bai kai kasa da kashewa ba zai iya tara kudade yawanci a cikin daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu: (i) ta hanyar aro a cikin nau'in rance (mutane masu zaman kansu), ko ta hanyar sayar da takardun gwamnati ko kamfanoni; (ii) ta hanyar kamfani da ke sayar da daidaito, wanda ake kira hannun jari ko hannun jari (wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban: hannun jari na kowa). Masu mallakar duka takardun shaida da hannun jari na iya zama masu saka hannun jari - cibiyoyin kuɗi kamar bankunan saka hannun jari da asusun fansho - ko mutane masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ake kira Masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ko masu saka hannun hannun jari. (Dubi mahalarta kasuwar kudi.) Sau da yawa ba kai tsaye ba ne, ta hanyar matsakaiciyar kudi kamar [[banki]], ko ta hanyar sayen bayanan rubutu ko jingina (gidan ajiyar kamfanoni, jingina na gwamnati, ko jingina na juna) a cikin kasuwar jingina. Mai ba da rance yana karɓar riba, mai ba da ranta yana biyan riba mafi girma fiye da mai ba da rancen da ke karɓa, kuma matsakancin kuɗi yana samun bambanci don shirya rancen.<ref>See e.g., {{Cite web |last=Bank of Finland |author-link=Bank of Finland |title=Financial system |url=https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602105013/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |archive-date=2020-06-02 |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the financial system? |url=https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731162128/https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |archive-date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Economy}}</ref> Bankin yana tara ayyukan masu ba da bashi da masu ba da rance da yawa. Bankuna suna karɓar ajiya daga mutane da kamfanoni, suna biyan riba a kan waɗannan kudade. Bankin ya ba da rancen waɗannan ajiya ga masu ba da bashi, yana sauƙaƙa ma'amaloli tsakanin masu ba da rance da masu ba da rance iri-iri da kuma ba da damar daidaitaccen tsarin kuɗi. Zuba jari yawanci yana haifar da sayen hannun jari, ko dai takardun shaida ko ta hanyar asusun hadin gwiwa, misali. Kamfanoni galibi suna sayar da hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari don tara kudaden da ake buƙata a cikin hanyar "daidaitaccen kuɗi", kamar yadda ya bambanta da bashin da aka bayyana a sama. Tsakanin kudi a nan sune Bankunan saka hannun jari na farko kuma suna sauƙaƙa jerin kadarorin, yawanci hannun jari da jingina), musayar kadarorin (wanda ke ba da damar cinikin su daga baya), da masu ba da sabis na saka hannun jari daban-daban (ciki har da kudade na juna, kudaden fansho, Manajojin dukiya, da masu ba su hannun jari, yawanci suna ba da sabis ga masu saka hannun jari). Kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin hukumomi, da kuma Gudanar da kudade a wannan sikelin, ana kiransu "babban kudi". Cibiyoyin a nan suna fadada samfuran da aka bayar, tare da kasuwanci mai alaƙa, don haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka, swaps, da samfuran da suka tsara, da kuma kudade na musamman; wannan "injini na kudi" asalin lissafi ne, kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sune manyan masu ba da aiki na Masu sharhi masu yawa (ko "ƙididdiga", duba ƙasa). A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, Gudanar da haɗari, babban birnin sarrafawa, da bin doka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. == Yankunan kudi == Kamar yadda aka tsara, kudi ya ƙunshi fannoni uku: kudi na mutum, kudi na kamfanoni, da kuma kudi na jama'a. Wadannan, bi da bi, sun haɗu kuma suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban da ƙananan horo - galibi saka hannun jari, gudanar da haɗari, da kuma kudi mai yawa. === Kudin mutum === [[File:Wealth_Management_Consultation.jpg|thumb|Tattaunawar kula da dukiya - a nan, mai ba da shawara kan kudi yana ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki kan dabarun saka hannun jari da ya dace.]] Kudin mutum yana nufin aikin kasafin kuɗi don tabbatar da isasshen kudade don biyan bukatun asali, yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa akwai matakin haɗari kawai don rasa wannan babban birnin. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan kuɗi don ilimi, ba da kuɗi ga kayayyaki masu dorewa kamar su ƙasa da motoci, sayen inshora, saka hannun jari, da adanawa don ritaya. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan bashin ko wasu wajibai na bashi. Babban bangarorin kudi na mutum ana daukar su a matsayin samun kudin shiga, kashewa, adanawa, saka hannun jari, da kariya. Matakan da ke biyowa, kamar yadda Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kudi ta tsara, sun nuna cewa mutum zai fahimci shirin kudi na sirri bayan: * Sayen inshora don tabbatar da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba; * Fahimtar tasirin manufofin haraji, tallafi, ko azabtarwa akan gudanar da kudaden mutum; * Fahimtar tasirin bashi a kan matsayin kudi na mutum; * Ci gaba da shirin tanadi ko kudade don manyan sayayya (moto, ilimi, gida); * Shirya makomar kudi mai aminci a cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki; * Binciken asusun ajiya ko asusun ajiyar kuɗi; * Shirya don ritaya ko wasu kudade na dogon lokaci. === Kudin kamfanoni === Kudin kamfanoni yana hulɗa da ayyukan da manajoji ke ɗauka don haɓaka darajar kamfanin ga masu hannun jari, tushen kudade da Tsarin babban birnin kamfanoni, da kayan aiki da bincike da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba albarkatun kuɗi. Duk da yake kudaden kamfanoni sun bambanta da kudaden gudanarwa, wanda ke nazarin Gudanar da kudade na dukkan kamfanoni maimakon kamfanoni kadai, ra'ayoyin sun dace da matsalolin kudi na dukkan kamfanonin, kuma wannan yanki ana kiransa "kudin kasuwanci". Yawanci, "kudin kuɗi na kamfanoni" yana da alaƙa da burin dogon lokaci na haɓaka darajar kadarorin, hannun jari, da dawowarsa ga masu hannun jari, yayin da kuma daidaita haɗari da riba. Wannan ya ƙunshi manyan wurare uku: # Kasafin kuɗi na babban birnin: zaɓar waɗanne ayyukan da za a saka hannun jari a ciki - a nan, ƙayyade ƙimar daidai yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda hukunce-hukunce game da ƙimar dukiya na iya zama "yi ko karya". # Manufofin raba: amfani da kudade "ya wuce gona da iri - waɗannan za a sake saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwanci ko kuma a mayar da su ga masu hannun jari. # Tsarin babban birnin: yanke shawara kan cakuda kudade da za a yi amfani da su - a nan ƙoƙarin samun mafi kyawun haɗin babban birnin sake biyan bashin bashi vs farashin babban birnin. (Wannan ya kunshi fahimtar yadda kamfanin zai samar don gamsar da masu saka hannun jari, da kuma rage matsakaicin matsakaicin farashin babban birnin (WACC) ) don darajar kamfanin ta karu. ) Wannan na ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗin tare da banki na saka hannun jari da kasuwancin tsaro, kamar yadda yake a sama, a cikin cewa babban birnin da aka tara zai ƙunshi bashi, watau takardun kamfanoni, da daidaito, sau da yawa an jera hannun jari. Sake gudanar da haɗari a cikin kamfanoni, duba ƙasa. Manajojin kudi - watau kamar yadda suka bambanta da masu hada-hadar kudi na kamfanoni - suna mai da hankali kan abubuwan ''gajeren lokaci'' na riba, kwararar kuɗi, da "mana Gudanar da babban birnin aiki" (inventory, bashi da masu bashi), wanda ke damuwa game da ayyukan tallafin yau da kullun, kuma burin shine kiyaye ruwa, rage haɗari da haɓaka inganci tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da manufofinsa na kudi da aiki; watau: (1) zai iya ba da biyan bashin gajeren lokaci da kuma biyan bashin aiki na dogon lokaci, da kuma biyan kuɗi na gaba yana da isasshen bashin aiki. (Dubi Gudanar da Kudi da FP&amp;amp;A.) === Kudin jama'a === [[File:2023-federal-budget-breakdown.png|thumb|322x322px|CBO: 2023 Kudin Tarayyar Amurka]] Kudin jama'a yana nufin gudanar da kudade da ke da alaƙa da jihohi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa, da hukumomin gwamnati ko ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. Gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi hangen nesa na dogon lokaci game da yanke shawara na saka hannun jari wanda ke shafar ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wadannan lokutan dabarun na dogon lokaci yawanci sun kunshi shekaru biyar ko fiye. Kudin jama'a ya fi damuwa da: * Bayyana kudaden da ake buƙata na ƙungiyar jama'a; * Tushen (s) na kudaden shiga na wannan mahallin - daga haraji, da kuma wadanda ba haraji ba; * Tsarin kasafin kuɗi; * Bayar da bashin mallaka, ko takardun birni don ayyukan Ayyukan jama'a. Bankunan tsakiya, irin su Bankunan Tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Babban Bankin Turai da Bankin Ingila a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], 'yan wasa ne masu karfi a cikin kudaden jama'a. Suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da rance na ƙarshe da kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan yanayin kuɗi da bashi a cikin tattalin arziki. Kudin ci gaba, wanda ke da alaƙa, ya shafi saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan Ci gaban tattalin arziki da wata hukuma ta gwamnati (kusan) ta bayar ba tare da kasuwanci ba; waɗannan ayyukan ba za su iya samun kuɗi ba. Ana amfani da Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ayyukan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]]: kamfani mai zaman kansa yana ba da kuɗi a gaba, sannan ya jawo riba daga masu biyan haraji ko masu amfani. [[Kudin yanayi]], da kuma kudaden muhalli masu alaƙa, suna magance dabarun kudi, albarkatu da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. === Gudanar da saka hannun jari === [[File:Stock_Price_Listing_Numbers_on_a_Korean_Newspaper.jpg|thumb|Farashin hannun jari da aka jera a cikin jaridar Koriya]] [[Fayil:Stock_ticker.jpg|thumb|"Farin ciki kafin fashewar kumfa" - farashin kallo ta hanyar tef, jim kadan kafin Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:E-ticker.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da farashi na zamani. Wannan ababen more rayuwa yana tallafawa musayar zamani, yana tabbatar da farashi da alamomin tikiti masu alaƙa. Alamar ticker tana wakiltar saiti na musamman na haruffa da aka yi amfani da su don gano batun ma'amala ta kudi.]] Gudanar da saka hannun jari shine gudanar da kadarorin kwararru na "Tsaro" daban-daban - yawanci hannun jari da jingina, amma kuma wasu kadarori, kamar dukiya, kayayyaki da madadin saka hannun jari - don saduwa da takamaiman manufofin saka hannun jari don amfanin masu saka hannun jari. Kamar yadda yake a sama, masu saka hannun jari na iya zama cibiyoyi, kamar kamfanonin inshora, kudaden fansho, kamfanoni, kungiyoyin agaji, cibiyoyin ilimi, ko masu saka hannun jarin masu zaman kansu, ko dai kai tsaye ta hanyar kwangilar saka hannun jari ko, mafi yawanci, ta hanyar tsarin saka hannun jari kamar kudaden musayar, kudaden musanyawa, ko amincin saka hannun jari. A zuciyar gudanar da saka hannun jari shine rabon dukiya - rarraba bayyanar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan dukiya, da kuma tsakanin tsaron mutum a cikin kowane nau'in dukiya - kamar yadda ya dace da Manufofin saka hannun jari na abokin ciniki, bi da bi, aikin bayanin haɗari, burin saka hannun jari, da kuma sararin saka hannun jari (duba Bayanan mai saka hannun jari). A nan: * Inganta fayil shine tsari na zabar fayil mafi kyau da aka ba da manufofi da ƙuntatawa na abokin ciniki. * Binciken asali shine tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen kimantawa da kimantawa ga takardun mutum. * Binciken fasaha shine game da hasashen farashin kadarori na gaba tare da bayanan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Yufeng |last2=Liu |first2=Yang |last3=Zhou |first3=Guofu |last4=Zhu |first4=Yingzi |date=2021-05-21 |title=Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3850494 |location=[[Rochester, New York]] |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3850494 |s2cid=235195430 |ssrn=3850494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overlaid shine salon saka hannun jari na manajan fayil - gabaɗaya, mai aiki vs. mai wucewa, darajar vs girma, da ƙaramin ƙwanƙwasa vs. babban ƙwanƙusa - da dabarun saka hannun jari. A cikin fayil ɗin da aka samu da kyau, aikin saka hannun jari zai kasance, gabaɗaya, ya zama aikin haɗin kadarorin da aka zaɓa, yayin da ɗayan tsaro ba su da tasiri. Takamaiman tsarin ko falsafar zai kasance mai mahimmanci, dangane da yadda ya dace da sake zagayowar kasuwa. Baya ga wannan bambancin, mahimmin haɗarin da aka yi amfani da shi, manajojin saka hannun jari za su yi amfani da dabarun karewa daban-daban kamar yadda ya dace; waɗannan na iya danganta da fayil ɗin gaba ɗaya ko kuma ga ɗakunan mutum. Sau da yawa (maimakon haka) ana sarrafa fayilolin Bond ta hanyar daidaitawa ko rigakafi, yayin da don fayilolin da matsayi, 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da "Greeks" don auna sannan kuma rage ƙwarewa. A layi daya, manajoji - mai aiki da marasa aiki - za su sa ido kan kuskuren bin diddigin, don haka ragewa da kuma kawar da duk wani rashin aiki da "ma'auni" su. Ana sarrafa asusun adadi ta amfani da dabarun lissafi na kwamfuta (ƙaruwa, ilmantarwa na inji) maimakon hukuncin mutum. Gaskiyar ciniki yawanci ana sarrafa ta atomatik ta hanyar algorithms masu mahimmanci. === Gudanar da haɗari === [[File:Crowds_gathering_outside_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(4).jpg|thumb|Jama'a da suka taru a waje da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York bayan Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:Northern_Rock_Queue.jpg|thumb|Abokan ciniki suna layi a waje da reshen Northern Rock a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] don janye ajiyar su a lokacin Rikicin kudi na 2008]] Gudanar da haɗari, gabaɗaya, shine nazarin yadda za a sarrafa haɗari da daidaita yiwuwar riba; shine tsarin auna haɗari sannan kuma haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun sarrafa wannan haɗarin. Gudanar da Hadarin kudi shine aikin kare ƙimar kamfanoni daga haɗarin kuɗi, sau da yawa ta hanyar "haɓaka" ga waɗannan ta amfani da kayan kuɗi. Ana mai da hankali musamman kan haɗarin bashi da kasuwa, kuma a cikin bankunan, ta hanyar babban birnin, ya haɗa da haɗarin aiki. Gudanar da haɗarin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da kuɗin kamfanoni a hanyoyi biyu. Da farko, bayyanar kamfanoni ga haɗarin kasuwa shine sakamakon kai tsaye na saka hannun jari na baya da yanke shawara na kudade; yayin da haɗarin bashi ya fito ne daga manufofin bashi na kasuwanci kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar inshora na bashi da samarwa. Abu na biyu, duka horo suna da burin ingantawa ko aƙalla adanawa, darajar tattalin arzikin kamfanin, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin sun haɗu da kuma gudanar da haɗarin kasuwanci, yawanci yankin Gudanar da dabarun. A nan, kamfanoni suna ba da lokaci da ƙoƙari sosai ga hasashen, nazari da saka idanu kan aikin. (Dubi [[Gudanar da dukiya da alhakin|ALM]] da kula da baitulmalin.) Ga bankunan da sauran cibiyoyin sayar da kayayyaki, gudanar da hadari yana mai da hankali kan gudanarwa, kuma kamar yadda ya kamata, matsayi daban-daban da ma'aikatar ke riƙewa - duka matsayi na kasuwanci da bayyanar dogon lokaci - da kuma lissafi da saka idanu kan sakamakon Babban birnin tattalin arziki, da kuma babban birnin sarrafawa a karkashin Basel III. Lissafi a nan suna da ƙwarewar lissafi, kuma a cikin yankin kudi mai yawa kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Hadarin bashi yana cikin kasuwancin banki, amma Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna fuskantar hadarin bashi na abokin tarayya. Bankuna yawanci suna amfani da Ofishin Tsakiya "Risk Groups", yayin da "Ƙungiyoyin haɗari" na ofishin gaba ke ba da haɗari "hidimomi" (ko "magani") ga abokan ciniki. Masu inshora suna gudanar da haɗarin kansu tare da mai da hankali kan biyan kuɗi da ikon biyan da'awar: masu inshora na rayuwa sun fi damuwa da haɗarin rayuwa da haɗarin riba; masu inshora masu gajeren lokaci (inshora na dukiya, inshora na kiwon lafiya, inshora mai haɗari) suna jaddada ƙirar bala'i da haɗarin tashin hankali. Don da'awar da ake tsammani ana ajiye ajiya lokaci-lokaci, yayin da don shan asarar da ba a tsammani ba, ana kiyaye mafi ƙarancin matakin babban birnin. === Kuɗin adadi === [[File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png|alt=Dōjima Rice Exchange, the world's first futures exchange, established in Osaka in 1697.|right|thumb|Dōjima Rice Exchange, musayar gaba ta farko a duniya, wanda aka kafa a [[Osaka]] a cikin 1697]] Kuɗin adadi—wanda kuma ake kira "kuɗin lissafi"—ya haɗa da waɗannan ayyukan kuɗi inda ake buƙatar samfurin lissafi mai zurfi, <ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{Cite web |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-24 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kuma don haka ya yi karo da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama. # Kuɗin adadi sau da yawa yana kama da injiniyan kuɗi . Wannan fanni gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa kasuwancin da abokin ciniki ke jagoranta na banki - yana isar da kwangilolin OTC na musamman da "masu ban mamaki", da kuma tsara samfuran da mafita daban-daban da aka ambata - kuma ya ƙunshi ƙira da shirye-shirye don tallafawa ciniki na farko, da kuma shinge da gudanarwa na gaba. # Kuɗin adadi kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kula da haɗarin kuɗi a banki, kamar yadda aka ambata, duka dangane da wannan shingen, da kuma game da jarin tattalin arziki da kuma bin ƙa'idodi da Basel III . # "Quants" kuma suna da alhakin ginawa da kuma amfani da dabarun saka hannun jari a asusun adadi da aka ambata ; suna kuma shiga cikin saka hannun jari na adadi gabaɗaya, a fannoni kamar ƙirƙirar dabarun ciniki, da kuma ciniki ta atomatik, ciniki mai yawan gaske, ciniki na algorithmic, da ciniki na shirye-shirye . == Ka'idar kuɗi == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math> \sum_{t=1}^n \frac{FCFF_t}{(1+WACC_{t})^t} + \frac{\left[\frac{FCFF_{n+1}}{(WACC_{n+1}-g_{n+1})}\right]}{(1+WACC_{n})^n} </math>}} {{Small|[[Valuation using discounted cash flows#Basic formula for firm valuation using DCF model|DCF valuation formula]] widely applied in business and finance, since articulated [[The Theory of Investment Value|in 1938]]. Here, to get the [[business valuation|value of the firm]], its forecasted [[free cash flow]]s are discounted to the present using the [[weighted average cost of capital]] for the discount factor. For [[stock valuation|share valuation]] investors use the related [[dividend discount model]].}} |} Kuɗi - kamar yadda aka bayyana - yana bincika yadda ake gudanar da kuɗi da amfani da hanyoyin samun kuɗi, gami da shawarwarin da ke auna lokaci da haɗarin kwararar kuɗi da ake sa ran samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1 What Is Finance? |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-finance/pages/1-1-what-is-finance |access-date=3 September 2026 |website=Principles of Finance |publisher=OpenStax}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri takamaiman ka'ida a nan don fannoni daban-daban na aikace-aikace a cikin fannoni na gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (kuɗi) da [[lissafi mai amfani]] . === Kuɗin gudanarwa === Kuɗin gudanarwa reshe ne na kuɗi wanda ke hulɗa da ɓangarorin kuɗi na gudanar da kamfani, da kuma fannin kuɗi na yanke shawara kan gudanarwa a faɗin faɗin. Yana bayar da tushen ka'idar aikin da aka bayyana a sama, dangane da kansa game da amfani da dabarun kuɗi daban-daban na gudanarwa . Malaman da ke aiki a wannan fanni galibi suna aiki ne a sassan kuɗaɗen makarantun kasuwanci, a fannin lissafi, ko kuma a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa . Kayan aikin da aka tattauna kuma aka haɓaka suna da alaƙa da [[Management accouting|lissafin kuɗi na gudanarwa]] da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni : na farko yana ba da damar gudanarwa ta fahimta, don haka ta yi aiki a kan bayanan kuɗi da suka shafi riba da aiki; na biyun, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yana game da inganta tsarin kuɗi gabaɗaya, gami da tasirinsa ga babban jari. Saboda haka, muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kula da harkokin kuɗi sun haɗa da: * Kasafin kuɗi na babban jari * Tsarin babban birnin * Gudanar da jarin aiki * Gudanar da haɗari * Binciken kuɗi da rahotanni === Tattalin arzikin kuɗi === [[File:Markowitz_frontier.jpg|right|thumb| [[Harry Markowitz]] ne ya fara tsara " iyaka mai inganci ", a shekarar 1952 a matsayin wani tsari na samfuri a cikin ka'idar fayil ta zamani . A cikin samfurin Markowitz, fayil mai "ingantacce" yana da mafi kyawun riba mai yiwuwa don matakin haɗarinsa (wanda aka wakilta ta hanyar daidaitaccen karkacewar riba).]] [[File:MM2.png|right|thumb| Ka'idar Modigliani-Miller, wani muhimmin sashi na ka'idar kuɗi, an gabatar da ita a shekarar 1958; ita ce tushen tunanin zamani kan tsarin jari-hujja . Ko da leverage ( D/E ) ya ƙaru, matsakaicin farashin jari (k0) mai nauyi ya kasance iri ɗaya.]] Tattalin arzikin kuɗi reshe ne na [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin kuɗi, kamar farashi, ƙimar riba da hannun jari, sabanin ainihin masu canjin tattalin arziki, watau kayayyaki da ayyuka . Don haka ya ta'allaka ne akan farashi, yanke shawara, da kuma kula da haɗari a kasuwannin kuɗi, <ref name="Sharpe" /> kuma yana samar da yawancin samfuran kuɗi da ake amfani da su akai-akai. ( Tsarin tattalin arziki na kuɗi reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke amfani da dabarun tattalin arziki don [[Parametrization (geometry)|daidaita]] alaƙar da aka ba da shawara.) Wannan fanni yana da manyan fannoni guda biyu da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu: farashin kadarori da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni; na farko shine hangen nesa na masu samar da jari, wato masu zuba jari, da kuma na biyu na masu amfani da jari; bi da bi: # Ka'idar farashin kadarori ta haɓaka samfuran da ake amfani da su wajen tantance ƙimar rangwame mai dacewa da haɗari, da kuma a cikin abubuwan da aka samo daga farashi; kuma ya haɗa da ka'idar fayil da saka hannun jari da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da kadarori. Binciken ya bincika yadda masu zuba jari masu hankali za su yi amfani da haɗari su koma ga matsalar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, ta hanyar samar da mabuɗin " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori ". A nan, zato biyu na hankali da ingancin kasuwa suna haifar da ka'idar fayil ta zamani ( CAPM ), da kuma ka'idar Black-Scholes don kimanta zaɓi . A matakai mafi ci gaba—kuma sau da yawa a matsayin martani ga [[Tattalin arzikin duniya|matsalolin kuɗi]] —binciken yana faɗaɗa waɗannan samfuran "neoclassical" don haɗa abubuwan da suka faru inda zato ba su da tushe, ko kuma zuwa ga mafi yawan yanayi. # Sabanin haka, yawancin ka'idar kuɗi ta kamfanoni suna ɗaukar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin " tabbaci " ( ka'idar rabuwar Fisher, [[John Burr Williams|"ka'idar ƙimar saka hannun jari"]], da ka'idar Modigliani-Miller ). A nan, an ƙirƙiri ka'ida da hanyoyi don yanke shawara game da kuɗaɗen tallafi, rabon riba, da tsarin jari da aka tattauna a sama. Wani ci gaba da aka samu kwanan nan shi ne a haɗa rashin tabbas da abubuwan da za su iya faruwa - don haka abubuwa daban-daban na farashin kadarori - a cikin waɗannan shawarwarin, ta amfani da misali nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka na gaske . === Lissafi na kuɗi === {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math>\begin{align} C(S, t) &= N(d_1)S - N(d_2) Ke^{-r(T - t)} \\ d_1 &= \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{T - t}}\left[\ln\left(\frac{S}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)(T - t)\right] \\ d_2 &= d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{T - t} \\ \end{align}</math> [[Black–Scholes model#Black–Scholes formula|The Black–Scholes formula]] for the value of a [[call option]]. Although lately its use is [[Financial economics#Departures from normality|considered naive]], it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.<ref>[https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ "The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126125626/https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ |date=2021-11-26 }}, priceonomics.com</ref>}} |} [[File:OAS_valuation_tree_(es).png|thumb| Ana amfani da "bishiyoyi" sosai a fannin lissafin kuɗi; a nan ana amfani da shi wajen ƙididdige OAS . Sauran hanyoyin farashi da aka saba amfani da su sune kwaikwayon da PDEs . Ana amfani da waɗannan don saitunan da suka wuce waɗanda Black-Scholes ya tsara . Bayan rikicin, ko da a cikin waɗannan saitunan, bankuna suna amfani da samfuran canjin yanayi na gida da na stochastic don haɗa saman canjin yanayi, yayin da gyare-gyaren xVA suka dace da la'akari da takwarorinsu da jari.]] Lissafin kuɗi fanni ne na [[lissafi mai amfani]] da ya shafi kasuwannin kuɗi ; takardar digirin digirgir ta Louis Bachelier, wacce aka kare a shekarar 1900, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aikin ilimi na farko a wannan fanni. An fi mai da hankali kan tsarin kayan da aka samo asali - tare da mai da hankali sosai kan ƙimar riba - da kuma ƙirar haɗarin bashi - yayin da wasu muhimman fannoni suka haɗa da lissafin inshora da kuma kula da fayil ɗin adadi . Hakazalika, ana amfani da dabarun da aka ƙirƙiro don farashi da kuma kariyar nau'ikan kadarori daban-daban, na gwamnati, da na kamfanoni . Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangane da aiki, ana kiran fannin da kuɗi mai yawa da/ko kuɗin lissafi, kuma ya ƙunshi fannoni uku da aka tattauna. Manyan kayan aikin lissafi da dabarun su ne, daidai da haka: * don abubuwan da aka samo asali, Lissafin stochastic na Itô, kwaikwayo, da daidaitattun bambance-bambance na ɓangare ; duba tattaunawar da aka haɗa a cikin akwati game da samfurin Black-Scholes na samfurin da dabarun lambobi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yanzu * don gudanar da haɗari, ƙimar haɗari, gwajin damuwa da nazarin "masu hankali" (ta amfani da "Girkawa"); ilimin lissafi na asali ya ƙunshi samfuran gauraye, PCA, tarin canjin yanayi da copulas . <ref>See for example III.A.3, in Carol Alexander, ed. (2005). ''The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook''. PRMIA Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-9766097-0-4}}</ref> * a cikin waɗannan fannoni biyu, musamman ga matsalolin fayil, quants suna amfani da dabarun ingantawa masu inganci. A lissafi, waɗannan sun rabu zuwa rassan nazari guda biyu : farashin da aka samo asali yana amfani da yiwuwar rashin haɗari (ko yiwuwar farashin sulhu ), wanda aka nuna ta "Q"; yayin da haɗarin da gudanar da fayil gabaɗaya suna amfani da yiwuwar zahiri (ko ta zahiri ko ta actuarial), wanda aka nuna ta "P". Waɗannan suna da alaƙa ta hanyar " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori " da ke sama. Batun yana da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi, wanda, kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya mayar da hankali kan yawancin ka'idar da ke cikin lissafin kuɗi: gabaɗaya, lissafin kuɗi zai samo kuma ya faɗaɗa samfuran lissafi da aka ba da shawara. Kuɗin kwamfuta reshe ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta (wanda aka yi amfani da shi) wanda ke magance matsalolin da suka shafi sha'awa a fannin kuɗi, kuma musamman yana jaddada hanyoyin lambobi da aka yi amfani da su a nan. === Kuɗin gwaji === Kuɗin gwaji yana da nufin kafa yanayi daban-daban na kasuwa da muhalli don lura da gwaji da kuma samar da wata hanya ta kimiyya ta yadda za ta iya nazarin halayen wakilai da kuma halayen da suka haifar da kwararar ciniki, yaɗuwar bayanai, da tarawa, hanyoyin saita farashi, da kuma hanyoyin dawo da kaya. Masu bincike a fannin gwajin kuɗi suna nazarin yadda ka'idojin tattalin arzikin kuɗi na yanzu ke yin hasashen gaskiya kuma suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da su. Suna kuma da nufin gano sabbin ƙa'idodi don faɗaɗa waɗannan ka'idoji don yanke shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na gaba. Wannan bincike sau da yawa ya ƙunshi gudanar da kwaikwayon ciniki ko lura da ɗabi'un ɗan adam a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, gasa, da kuma kamar kasuwa. Nazarin harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a yana nuna yadda ''[[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]]'' masu zuba jari ko manajoji ke shafar yanke shawara da kasuwanni na kuɗi kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara wanda zai iya yin tasiri ko dai a kan wani ɓangare na fannoninsu mara kyau ko kuma mai kyau. Tare da ƙarin zurfafa bincike kan harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a, yana yiwuwa a haɗa abin da ke faruwa a kasuwannin kuɗi da bincike bisa ga ka'idar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahera |first=Syed Aliya |last2=Bansal |first2=Rohit |date=2018-05-08 |title=Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Qualitative Research in Financial Markets |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=210–251 |doi=10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028 |issn=1755-4179 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408144635/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Kuɗin ɗabi'a ya ƙaru a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don zama muhimmin ɓangare na kuɗi. A zamanin yau akwai buƙatar ƙarin nazari da kuma gwada tasirin ji a kan shawarwarin kuɗi. Musamman ma, domin yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a wuce kuɗin halayya zuwa kuɗin zamantakewa, wanda ke nazarin tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa, yadda ra'ayoyin kuɗi ke yaɗuwa, da kuma yadda hanyoyin zamantakewa ke shafar yanke shawara da sakamako na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirshleifer |first=David |date=2015 |title=Behavioral Finance |journal=Annual Review of Financial Economics |language=en |volume=7 |pages=133–159 |doi=10.1146/annurev-financial-092214-043752 |issn=1941-1367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harkokin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwa kamar: # Nazarin tarihi wanda ke nuna manyan karkacewa daga ka'idojin gargajiya; # Samfura na yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke shafar ciniki da farashi da kuma yadda yake shafar ciniki; # Hasashen bisa ga waɗannan hanyoyin; # Nazarin kasuwannin kadarori na gwaji da kuma amfani da samfura don hasashen gwaje-gwaje. An yi wa wani ɓangare na kuɗin ɗabi'a lakabi da kuɗin ɗabi'a na adadi, wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin lissafi da na ƙididdiga don fahimtar son zuciya na ɗabi'a tare da kimantawa. === Kuɗin kuɗi na Quantum === Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen. kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake amfani da ka'idoji da hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar lissafi da masana tattalin arziki suka bunkasa don magance matsalolin kudi. Yana wakiltar reshe da aka sani da econophysics . Kodayake hanyoyin lissafi masu yawa sun kasance a kusa da wasu lokuta kuma suna amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin aiwatarwa da sarrafa kwararar kuɗi, lissafi ne da ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan sabon yanayin. Ka'idar kudi ta dogara ne akan farashin kayan aiki na kudi, kamar farashin zaɓi na hannun jari. Yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar al'ummar kudi ba su da wani bayani na bincike. A sakamakon haka, hanyoyin lambobi da simulations na kwamfuta don warware waɗannan matsalolin sun karu. Wannan yanki na bincike an san shi da kudi na lissafi. Yawancin matsalolin kudi na lissafi suna da babban matsayi na rikitarwa na lissafi kuma suna da jinkiri don haɗuwa da mafita a kan kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Musamman, idan ya zo ga farashin zaɓi, akwai ƙarin rikitarwa sakamakon buƙatar amsawa ga kasuwannin da ke canzawa da sauri. Misali, don amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari marasa daidaituwa, lissafin dole ne ya kammala kafin canji na gaba a cikin kusan ci gaba da canza kasuwar hannun jari. A sakamakon haka, al'ummar kudi koyaushe suna neman hanyoyin da za su shawo kan matsalolin aikin da ke tasowa yayin zaɓuɓɓukan farashi. Wannan ya haifar da bincike wanda ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin lissafi don kudi. Mafi yawan nau'ikan kudi da aka fi amfani da su sune tsarin ci gaba mai yawa, tsarin binomial mai yawa, samfurin binomial da sauransu. Asalin kuɗi za a iya gano shi tun daga farkon kafa jihohi da cinikayya a [[zamanin Tagulla]] . An gano cewa an gano farkon shaidar kuɗi a tarihi a kusan shekara ta 3000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Bankuna sun samo asali ne daga [[Yammacin Asiya]], inda ake amfani da haikali da manyan fada a matsayin wurare masu aminci don adana kayayyaki masu daraja. Da farko, hatsi ne kawai mai daraja da za a iya ajiyewa, amma daga ƙarshe shanu da kayan tarihi sun shiga ciki. A wannan lokacin, birnin Uruk na Sumerian a [[Mesopotamia]] ya tallafa wa ciniki ta hanyar ba da rance da kuma amfani da riba. A cikin Sumerian, "sha'awa" shine ''mas'', wanda ke fassara zuwa "maraƙi". A [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Misra|Masar]], kalmomin da ake amfani da su don sha'awa, ''tokos'' da ''ms'' bi da bi, suna nufin "haihuwa". A cikin waɗannan al'adu, sha'awa ta nuna ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci, kuma da alama tana la'akari da hakan daga mahangar mai ba da bashi. Dokar Hammurabi (1792–1750 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) ta ƙunshi dokokin da ke kula da harkokin banki. Mutanen Babila sun saba da karɓar riba a kashi 20 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an yi amfani da harsashin cowrie a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a [[Sin|ƙasar Sin]] . Amfani da tsabar kudi a matsayin hanyar wakiltar kudi ya fara ne a cikin shekaru tsakanin 700 da 500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=babylon-coins.com |url=http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615134016/http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |archive-date=2021-06-15 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=babylon-coins.com}}</ref> Herodotus ya ambaci amfani da tsabar kudi a Lydia a kusa da 687 KZ kuma, a shekara ta 640 KZ, mutanen Lidiya sun fara amfani da tsalar kudi a ko'ina kuma sun bude shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus on Lydia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152131/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, birane a Girka ta gargajiya, kamar Aegina, [[Athens]], da Koranti, sun fara yin nasu tsabar kudi tsakanin 595 da 570 KZ. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, sake fasalin Lex Genucia ya haramta sha'awa a cikin 342 KZ, kodayake tanadin ya tafi ba tare da tilasta shi ba. A karkashin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], an saita rufin a kan kudaden shiga na 12%, kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Justinian an saukar da shi har ma zuwa tsakanin 4% da 8% .<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=History of Usury Prohibition – IslamiCity |url=https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409014040/https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=islamicity.org}}</ref> An buɗe musayar hannun jari ta farko a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a cikin 1531.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handelsbeurs |trans-title=Trade fair |url=https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/handelsbeurs |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Visit Antwerp |language=nl |quote=The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the world.}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kirkiro shahararrun musayar kamar London Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1773) da New York Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1793).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902213413/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=London Stock Exchange}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges |url=https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230415/https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin kudi na 2008 * Bayani game da kudi {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|last2=Jason Zweig}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John C. Bogle}} *   * {{Cite book|last2=Sharon Lechter}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Soros}} * {{Cite book|last3=Philip Arthur Fisher}} == Haɗin waje == * Magana ta Hypertextual Finance (Campbell Harvey) * Bayanan Kudi (Pierre Vernimmen) * [[Risk (magazine)|Risk.net]]/glossary" id="mwBf8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin kula da haɗarin kuɗi (Risk.net) * [[NASDAQ]].com/glossary" id="mwBgI" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (NASDAQ) * Kalmomin Maɓallin Kasuwanci (PIMCO) * [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ Kudin kamfanoni] (Aswath Damodaran) * albarkatun gudanar da kudi (James Van Horne) * Abubuwan da ke tattare da kudade na mutum (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, mymoney.gov) * albarkatun kudi na jama'a (Governance and Social Development Resource Center, gsdrc.org) [An adana 2023-06-02 a ] * albarkatun kula da haɗari (Cibiyar Hadari ta Duniya) [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5kw0d76a6va90smbed068xdy1yznlez 963387 963386 2026-10-05T10:44:59Z Baffa ali 47435 963387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Kuɗi|kudi]]''' yana nufin gudanarwa, motsi, saka hannun jari, da tara kuɗi. "Finance" kuma yana nufin horo na ilimi wanda ke nazarin waɗannan. Dangane da girman ayyukan kudi, ana iya raba horo zuwa manyan rassa guda uku na mutum, kamfanoni, da na jama'a.{{Efn|The following are definitions of 'finance' offered by the authors indicated: * [https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eugene.fama/research/Theory%20of%20Finance/The%20Theory%20of%20Finance%20Preface%20and%20Table%20of%20Contents.pdf Fama and Miller]: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)." * [https://afajof.org/wp-content/uploads/files/historical-texts/guthmann-dougall-1940-ocr.pdf Guthmann and Dougall]: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators – that is, capitalists or property owners – as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income." * [https://www.wiley.com/en-in/Finance:+Capital+Markets,+Financial+Management,+and+Investment+Management-p-9780470407356 Drake and Fabozzi]: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty." * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1637242A/Frank_Walter_Paish F.W. Paish]: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted". * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL835181A/John_J._Hampton John J. Hampton]: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency". * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976723372 Howard and Upton]: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible". * [https://education.wbstraining.com/pluginfile.php/2808/mod_resource/content/1/PabloFernandez_Finance%20and%20Financial%20Economics.pdf Pablo Fernandez]: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and helps company managers make sound decisions regarding financing, investment, continuity, and other issues that affect the inflow and outflow of money, as well as the company's risk. It also helps individuals and institutions invest wisely and plan money-related matters effectively."}} A cikin "tsarin Kudin", ana sayen kadarori, siyarwa, ko siyarwa azaman kayan aiki na kudi, kamar kudade, rance, takardun shaida, hannun jari, zaɓuɓɓuka, makomar gaba, swaps, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana iya [[banki]], saka hannun jari, da inshora don kara darajar da rage asarar. A aikace, haɗari koyaushe suna cikin kowane mataki na kuɗi da ƙungiyoyi. Kasuwancin kuɗi da cibiyoyin suna tallafawa tsarin. Saboda fa'idarsa, akwai fannoni daban-daban na kuɗi a cikin harkar kuɗi. Gudanar da kadarori, kuɗi, haɗari da saka hannun jari yana nufin haɓaka ƙima da rage canjin yanayi . Binciken kuɗi yana tantance dorewa, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma ribar wani aiki ko ƙungiya. Wasu fannoni suna da fannoni daban-daban, kamar fannin kuɗi na lissafi, dokar kuɗi, tattalin arziki na kuɗi, injiniyan kuɗi da fasahar kuɗi . A wasu lokuta, ana iya gwada ka'idojin kuɗi ta amfani da hanyar kimiyya, wacce aka rufe ta da kuɗin gwaji . Tarihin farko na kudi ya yi daidai da tarihin farko na kudi, wanda shine [[Prehistory|prehistoric]]. Al'adun gargajiya da na zamani sun haɗa da ayyuka na asali na kudi, kamar banki, kasuwanci da lissafi, a cikin tattalin arzikin su. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa Tsarin kudi na duniya. A matsayin batun karatu, kudi yana da alaƙa da fannonin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (bincike na [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka) da kuma Gudanar da kasuwanci (gwamnatin albarkatun kungiyar don cimma burinta). An kafa shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a cikin kudi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gippel |first=Jennifer K |date=2012-11-07 |title=A revolution in finance? |journal=[[Australian Journal of Management]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |doi=10.1177/0312896212461034 |issn=0312-8962 |s2cid=154759424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A yau, ana nazarin kudi sosai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. == Tsarin kudi == [[File:1925.B&O.Railroad.Stock.Louis.Brandeis.jpg|right|thumb|Bond da aka bayar ta hanyar Baltimore da Ohio Railroad. Bonds wani nau'i ne na aro da kamfanoni ke amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukansu.]] [[File:Radium_Hill_share_certificate.jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar raba ta shekara ta 1913 da Kamfanin Radium Hill ya bayar]] [[File:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwancin musayar hannun jari na NYSE a cikin 1963, kafin gabatar da karatun lantarki da allo na kwamfuta]] [[File:Chicago_bot.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Masara na Chicago, 1993]] [[File:A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg|right|thumb|'Yan kasuwar mai, Houston, 2009]] Kamar yadda aka tsara, tsarin kudi ya ƙunshi kwararar babban birnin da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane da gidaje (kudin kuɗi na mutum), gwamnatoci (Kudin jama'a), da kasuwanci (Kudin kamfanoni). "Finance" don haka yana nazarin tsarin tura kudi daga masu ajiya da masu saka hannun jari zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke buƙatar shi.{{Efn|Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in timespace between production and consumption are then possible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael |last2=Price |first2=John |title=Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'? |journal=Economy and Society |date=2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=264–284 |doi=10.1080/030851400360497 |s2cid=145739812 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320050529/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} Masu adanawa da masu saka hannun jari suna da kuɗin da za su iya samun riba ko rabon kuɗi idan aka yi amfani da su. Kowane mutum, kamfanoni, da gwamnatoci dole ne su sami kuɗi daga tushen waje, kamar rance ko bashi, lokacin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don gudanar da ayyukansu. Gabaɗaya, wani bangare wanda kuɗin shiga ya wuce kuɗin da ya kashe na iya ba da rance ko saka hannun jari tare da manufar samun dawowar adalci. Hakazalika, wani bangare inda samun kudin shiga bai kai kasa da kashewa ba zai iya tara kudade yawanci a cikin daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu: (i) ta hanyar aro a cikin nau'in rance (mutane masu zaman kansu), ko ta hanyar sayar da takardun gwamnati ko kamfanoni; (ii) ta hanyar kamfani da ke sayar da daidaito, wanda ake kira hannun jari ko hannun jari (wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban: hannun jari na kowa). Masu mallakar duka takardun shaida da hannun jari na iya zama masu saka hannun jari - cibiyoyin kuɗi kamar bankunan saka hannun jari da asusun fansho - ko mutane masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ake kira Masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ko masu saka hannun hannun jari. (Dubi mahalarta kasuwar kudi.) Sau da yawa ba kai tsaye ba ne, ta hanyar matsakaiciyar kudi kamar [[banki]], ko ta hanyar sayen bayanan rubutu ko jingina (gidan ajiyar kamfanoni, jingina na gwamnati, ko jingina na juna) a cikin kasuwar jingina. Mai ba da rance yana karɓar riba, mai ba da ranta yana biyan riba mafi girma fiye da mai ba da rancen da ke karɓa, kuma matsakancin kuɗi yana samun bambanci don shirya rancen.<ref>See e.g., {{Cite web |last=Bank of Finland |author-link=Bank of Finland |title=Financial system |url=https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602105013/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |archive-date=2020-06-02 |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the financial system? |url=https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731162128/https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |archive-date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Economy}}</ref> Bankin yana tara ayyukan masu ba da bashi da masu ba da rance da yawa. Bankuna suna karɓar ajiya daga mutane da kamfanoni, suna biyan riba a kan waɗannan kudade. Bankin ya ba da rancen waɗannan ajiya ga masu ba da bashi, yana sauƙaƙa ma'amaloli tsakanin masu ba da rance da masu ba da rance iri-iri da kuma ba da damar daidaitaccen tsarin kuɗi. Zuba jari yawanci yana haifar da sayen hannun jari, ko dai takardun shaida ko ta hanyar asusun hadin gwiwa, misali. Kamfanoni galibi suna sayar da hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari don tara kudaden da ake buƙata a cikin hanyar "daidaitaccen kuɗi", kamar yadda ya bambanta da bashin da aka bayyana a sama. Tsakanin kudi a nan sune Bankunan saka hannun jari na farko kuma suna sauƙaƙa jerin kadarorin, yawanci hannun jari da jingina), musayar kadarorin (wanda ke ba da damar cinikin su daga baya), da masu ba da sabis na saka hannun jari daban-daban (ciki har da kudade na juna, kudaden fansho, Manajojin dukiya, da masu ba su hannun jari, yawanci suna ba da sabis ga masu saka hannun jari). Kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin hukumomi, da kuma Gudanar da kudade a wannan sikelin, ana kiransu "babban kudi". Cibiyoyin a nan suna fadada samfuran da aka bayar, tare da kasuwanci mai alaƙa, don haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka, swaps, da samfuran da suka tsara, da kuma kudade na musamman; wannan "injini na kudi" asalin lissafi ne, kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sune manyan masu ba da aiki na Masu sharhi masu yawa (ko "ƙididdiga", duba ƙasa). A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, Gudanar da haɗari, babban birnin sarrafawa, da bin doka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. == Yankunan kudi == Kamar yadda aka tsara, kudi ya ƙunshi fannoni uku: kudi na mutum, kudi na kamfanoni, da kuma kudi na jama'a. Wadannan, bi da bi, sun haɗu kuma suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban da ƙananan horo - galibi saka hannun jari, gudanar da haɗari, da kuma kudi mai yawa. === Kudin mutum === [[File:Wealth_Management_Consultation.jpg|thumb|Tattaunawar kula da dukiya - a nan, mai ba da shawara kan kudi yana ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki kan dabarun saka hannun jari da ya dace.]] Kudin mutum yana nufin aikin kasafin kuɗi don tabbatar da isasshen kudade don biyan bukatun asali, yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa akwai matakin haɗari kawai don rasa wannan babban birnin. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan kuɗi don ilimi, ba da kuɗi ga kayayyaki masu dorewa kamar su ƙasa da motoci, sayen inshora, saka hannun jari, da adanawa don ritaya. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan bashin ko wasu wajibai na bashi. Babban bangarorin kudi na mutum ana daukar su a matsayin samun kudin shiga, kashewa, adanawa, saka hannun jari, da kariya. Matakan da ke biyowa, kamar yadda Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kudi ta tsara, sun nuna cewa mutum zai fahimci shirin kudi na sirri bayan: * Sayen inshora don tabbatar da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba; * Fahimtar tasirin manufofin haraji, tallafi, ko azabtarwa akan gudanar da kudaden mutum; * Fahimtar tasirin bashi a kan matsayin kudi na mutum; * Ci gaba da shirin tanadi ko kudade don manyan sayayya (moto, ilimi, gida); * Shirya makomar kudi mai aminci a cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki; * Binciken asusun ajiya ko asusun ajiyar kuɗi; * Shirya don ritaya ko wasu kudade na dogon lokaci. === Kudin kamfanoni === Kudin kamfanoni yana hulɗa da ayyukan da manajoji ke ɗauka don haɓaka darajar kamfanin ga masu hannun jari, tushen kudade da Tsarin babban birnin kamfanoni, da kayan aiki da bincike da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba albarkatun kuɗi. Duk da yake kudaden kamfanoni sun bambanta da kudaden gudanarwa, wanda ke nazarin Gudanar da kudade na dukkan kamfanoni maimakon kamfanoni kadai, ra'ayoyin sun dace da matsalolin kudi na dukkan kamfanonin, kuma wannan yanki ana kiransa "kudin kasuwanci". Yawanci, "kudin kuɗi na kamfanoni" yana da alaƙa da burin dogon lokaci na haɓaka darajar kadarorin, hannun jari, da dawowarsa ga masu hannun jari, yayin da kuma daidaita haɗari da riba. Wannan ya ƙunshi manyan wurare uku: # Kasafin kuɗi na babban birnin: zaɓar waɗanne ayyukan da za a saka hannun jari a ciki - a nan, ƙayyade ƙimar daidai yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda hukunce-hukunce game da ƙimar dukiya na iya zama "yi ko karya". # Manufofin raba: amfani da kudade "ya wuce gona da iri - waɗannan za a sake saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwanci ko kuma a mayar da su ga masu hannun jari. # Tsarin babban birnin: yanke shawara kan cakuda kudade da za a yi amfani da su - a nan ƙoƙarin samun mafi kyawun haɗin babban birnin sake biyan bashin bashi vs farashin babban birnin. (Wannan ya kunshi fahimtar yadda kamfanin zai samar don gamsar da masu saka hannun jari, da kuma rage matsakaicin matsakaicin farashin babban birnin (WACC) ) don darajar kamfanin ta karu. ) Wannan na ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗin tare da banki na saka hannun jari da kasuwancin tsaro, kamar yadda yake a sama, a cikin cewa babban birnin da aka tara zai ƙunshi bashi, watau takardun kamfanoni, da daidaito, sau da yawa an jera hannun jari. Sake gudanar da haɗari a cikin kamfanoni, duba ƙasa. Manajojin kudi - watau kamar yadda suka bambanta da masu hada-hadar kudi na kamfanoni - suna mai da hankali kan abubuwan ''gajeren lokaci'' na riba, kwararar kuɗi, da "mana Gudanar da babban birnin aiki" (inventory, bashi da masu bashi), wanda ke damuwa game da ayyukan tallafin yau da kullun, kuma burin shine kiyaye ruwa, rage haɗari da haɓaka inganci tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da manufofinsa na kudi da aiki; watau: (1) zai iya ba da biyan bashin gajeren lokaci da kuma biyan bashin aiki na dogon lokaci, da kuma biyan kuɗi na gaba yana da isasshen bashin aiki. (Dubi Gudanar da Kudi da FP&amp;amp;A.) === Kudin jama'a === [[File:2023-federal-budget-breakdown.png|thumb|322x322px|CBO: 2023 Kudin Tarayyar Amurka]] Kudin jama'a yana nufin gudanar da kudade da ke da alaƙa da jihohi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa, da hukumomin gwamnati ko ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. Gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi hangen nesa na dogon lokaci game da yanke shawara na saka hannun jari wanda ke shafar ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wadannan lokutan dabarun na dogon lokaci yawanci sun kunshi shekaru biyar ko fiye. Kudin jama'a ya fi damuwa da: * Bayyana kudaden da ake buƙata na ƙungiyar jama'a; * Tushen (s) na kudaden shiga na wannan mahallin - daga haraji, da kuma wadanda ba haraji ba; * Tsarin kasafin kuɗi; * Bayar da bashin mallaka, ko takardun birni don ayyukan Ayyukan jama'a. Bankunan tsakiya, irin su Bankunan Tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Babban Bankin Turai da Bankin Ingila a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], 'yan wasa ne masu karfi a cikin kudaden jama'a. Suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da rance na ƙarshe da kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan yanayin kuɗi da bashi a cikin tattalin arziki. Kudin ci gaba, wanda ke da alaƙa, ya shafi saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan Ci gaban tattalin arziki da wata hukuma ta gwamnati (kusan) ta bayar ba tare da kasuwanci ba; waɗannan ayyukan ba za su iya samun kuɗi ba. Ana amfani da Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ayyukan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]]: kamfani mai zaman kansa yana ba da kuɗi a gaba, sannan ya jawo riba daga masu biyan haraji ko masu amfani. [[Kudin yanayi]], da kuma kudaden muhalli masu alaƙa, suna magance dabarun kudi, albarkatu da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. === Gudanar da saka hannun jari === [[File:Stock_Price_Listing_Numbers_on_a_Korean_Newspaper.jpg|thumb|Farashin hannun jari da aka jera a cikin jaridar Koriya]] [[Fayil:Stock_ticker.jpg|thumb|"Farin ciki kafin fashewar kumfa" - farashin kallo ta hanyar tef, jim kadan kafin Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:E-ticker.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da farashi na zamani. Wannan ababen more rayuwa yana tallafawa musayar zamani, yana tabbatar da farashi da alamomin tikiti masu alaƙa. Alamar ticker tana wakiltar saiti na musamman na haruffa da aka yi amfani da su don gano batun ma'amala ta kudi.]] Gudanar da saka hannun jari shine gudanar da kadarorin kwararru na "Tsaro" daban-daban - yawanci hannun jari da jingina, amma kuma wasu kadarori, kamar dukiya, kayayyaki da madadin saka hannun jari - don saduwa da takamaiman manufofin saka hannun jari don amfanin masu saka hannun jari. Kamar yadda yake a sama, masu saka hannun jari na iya zama cibiyoyi, kamar kamfanonin inshora, kudaden fansho, kamfanoni, kungiyoyin agaji, cibiyoyin ilimi, ko masu saka hannun jarin masu zaman kansu, ko dai kai tsaye ta hanyar kwangilar saka hannun jari ko, mafi yawanci, ta hanyar tsarin saka hannun jari kamar kudaden musayar, kudaden musanyawa, ko amincin saka hannun jari. A zuciyar gudanar da saka hannun jari shine rabon dukiya - rarraba bayyanar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan dukiya, da kuma tsakanin tsaron mutum a cikin kowane nau'in dukiya - kamar yadda ya dace da Manufofin saka hannun jari na abokin ciniki, bi da bi, aikin bayanin haɗari, burin saka hannun jari, da kuma sararin saka hannun jari (duba Bayanan mai saka hannun jari). A nan: * Inganta fayil shine tsari na zabar fayil mafi kyau da aka ba da manufofi da ƙuntatawa na abokin ciniki. * Binciken asali shine tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen kimantawa da kimantawa ga takardun mutum. * Binciken fasaha shine game da hasashen farashin kadarori na gaba tare da bayanan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Yufeng |last2=Liu |first2=Yang |last3=Zhou |first3=Guofu |last4=Zhu |first4=Yingzi |date=2021-05-21 |title=Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3850494 |location=[[Rochester, New York]] |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3850494 |s2cid=235195430 |ssrn=3850494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overlaid shine salon saka hannun jari na manajan fayil - gabaɗaya, mai aiki vs. mai wucewa, darajar vs girma, da ƙaramin ƙwanƙwasa vs. babban ƙwanƙusa - da dabarun saka hannun jari. A cikin fayil ɗin da aka samu da kyau, aikin saka hannun jari zai kasance, gabaɗaya, ya zama aikin haɗin kadarorin da aka zaɓa, yayin da ɗayan tsaro ba su da tasiri. Takamaiman tsarin ko falsafar zai kasance mai mahimmanci, dangane da yadda ya dace da sake zagayowar kasuwa. Baya ga wannan bambancin, mahimmin haɗarin da aka yi amfani da shi, manajojin saka hannun jari za su yi amfani da dabarun karewa daban-daban kamar yadda ya dace; waɗannan na iya danganta da fayil ɗin gaba ɗaya ko kuma ga ɗakunan mutum. Sau da yawa (maimakon haka) ana sarrafa fayilolin Bond ta hanyar daidaitawa ko rigakafi, yayin da don fayilolin da matsayi, 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da "Greeks" don auna sannan kuma rage ƙwarewa. A layi daya, manajoji - mai aiki da marasa aiki - za su sa ido kan kuskuren bin diddigin, don haka ragewa da kuma kawar da duk wani rashin aiki da "ma'auni" su. Ana sarrafa asusun adadi ta amfani da dabarun lissafi na kwamfuta (ƙaruwa, ilmantarwa na inji) maimakon hukuncin mutum. Gaskiyar ciniki yawanci ana sarrafa ta atomatik ta hanyar algorithms masu mahimmanci. === Gudanar da haɗari === [[File:Crowds_gathering_outside_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(4).jpg|thumb|Jama'a da suka taru a waje da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York bayan Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:Northern_Rock_Queue.jpg|thumb|Abokan ciniki suna layi a waje da reshen Northern Rock a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] don janye ajiyar su a lokacin Rikicin kudi na 2008]] Gudanar da haɗari, gabaɗaya, shine nazarin yadda za a sarrafa haɗari da daidaita yiwuwar riba; shine tsarin auna haɗari sannan kuma haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun sarrafa wannan haɗarin. Gudanar da Hadarin kudi shine aikin kare ƙimar kamfanoni daga haɗarin kuɗi, sau da yawa ta hanyar "haɓaka" ga waɗannan ta amfani da kayan kuɗi. Ana mai da hankali musamman kan haɗarin bashi da kasuwa, kuma a cikin bankunan, ta hanyar babban birnin, ya haɗa da haɗarin aiki. Gudanar da haɗarin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da kuɗin kamfanoni a hanyoyi biyu. Da farko, bayyanar kamfanoni ga haɗarin kasuwa shine sakamakon kai tsaye na saka hannun jari na baya da yanke shawara na kudade; yayin da haɗarin bashi ya fito ne daga manufofin bashi na kasuwanci kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar inshora na bashi da samarwa. Abu na biyu, duka horo suna da burin ingantawa ko aƙalla adanawa, darajar tattalin arzikin kamfanin, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin sun haɗu da kuma gudanar da haɗarin kasuwanci, yawanci yankin Gudanar da dabarun. A nan, kamfanoni suna ba da lokaci da ƙoƙari sosai ga hasashen, nazari da saka idanu kan aikin. (Dubi [[Gudanar da dukiya da alhakin|ALM]] da kula da baitulmalin.) Ga bankunan da sauran cibiyoyin sayar da kayayyaki, gudanar da hadari yana mai da hankali kan gudanarwa, kuma kamar yadda ya kamata, matsayi daban-daban da ma'aikatar ke riƙewa - duka matsayi na kasuwanci da bayyanar dogon lokaci - da kuma lissafi da saka idanu kan sakamakon Babban birnin tattalin arziki, da kuma babban birnin sarrafawa a karkashin Basel III. Lissafi a nan suna da ƙwarewar lissafi, kuma a cikin yankin kudi mai yawa kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Hadarin bashi yana cikin kasuwancin banki, amma Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna fuskantar hadarin bashi na abokin tarayya. Bankuna yawanci suna amfani da Ofishin Tsakiya "Risk Groups", yayin da "Ƙungiyoyin haɗari" na ofishin gaba ke ba da haɗari "hidimomi" (ko "magani") ga abokan ciniki. Masu inshora suna gudanar da haɗarin kansu tare da mai da hankali kan biyan kuɗi da ikon biyan da'awar: masu inshora na rayuwa sun fi damuwa da haɗarin rayuwa da haɗarin riba; masu inshora masu gajeren lokaci (inshora na dukiya, inshora na kiwon lafiya, inshora mai haɗari) suna jaddada ƙirar bala'i da haɗarin tashin hankali. Don da'awar da ake tsammani ana ajiye ajiya lokaci-lokaci, yayin da don shan asarar da ba a tsammani ba, ana kiyaye mafi ƙarancin matakin babban birnin. === Kuɗin adadi === [[File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png|alt=Dōjima Rice Exchange, the world's first futures exchange, established in Osaka in 1697.|right|thumb|Dōjima Rice Exchange, musayar gaba ta farko a duniya, wanda aka kafa a [[Osaka]] a cikin 1697]] Kuɗin adadi—wanda kuma ake kira "kuɗin lissafi"—ya haɗa da waɗannan ayyukan kuɗi inda ake buƙatar samfurin lissafi mai zurfi, <ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{Cite web |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-24 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kuma don haka ya yi karo da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama. # Kuɗin adadi sau da yawa yana kama da injiniyan kuɗi . Wannan fanni gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa kasuwancin da abokin ciniki ke jagoranta na banki - yana isar da kwangilolin OTC na musamman da "masu ban mamaki", da kuma tsara samfuran da mafita daban-daban da aka ambata - kuma ya ƙunshi ƙira da shirye-shirye don tallafawa ciniki na farko, da kuma shinge da gudanarwa na gaba. # Kuɗin adadi kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kula da haɗarin kuɗi a banki, kamar yadda aka ambata, duka dangane da wannan shingen, da kuma game da jarin tattalin arziki da kuma bin ƙa'idodi da Basel III . # "Quants" kuma suna da alhakin ginawa da kuma amfani da dabarun saka hannun jari a asusun adadi da aka ambata ; suna kuma shiga cikin saka hannun jari na adadi gabaɗaya, a fannoni kamar ƙirƙirar dabarun ciniki, da kuma ciniki ta atomatik, ciniki mai yawan gaske, ciniki na algorithmic, da ciniki na shirye-shirye . == Ka'idar kuɗi == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math> \sum_{t=1}^n \frac{FCFF_t}{(1+WACC_{t})^t} + \frac{\left[\frac{FCFF_{n+1}}{(WACC_{n+1}-g_{n+1})}\right]}{(1+WACC_{n})^n} </math>}} {{Small|[[Valuation using discounted cash flows#Basic formula for firm valuation using DCF model|DCF valuation formula]] widely applied in business and finance, since articulated [[The Theory of Investment Value|in 1938]]. Here, to get the [[business valuation|value of the firm]], its forecasted [[free cash flow]]s are discounted to the present using the [[weighted average cost of capital]] for the discount factor. For [[stock valuation|share valuation]] investors use the related [[dividend discount model]].}} |} Kuɗi - kamar yadda aka bayyana - yana bincika yadda ake gudanar da kuɗi da amfani da hanyoyin samun kuɗi, gami da shawarwarin da ke auna lokaci da haɗarin kwararar kuɗi da ake sa ran samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1 What Is Finance? |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-finance/pages/1-1-what-is-finance |access-date=3 September 2026 |website=Principles of Finance |publisher=OpenStax}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri takamaiman ka'ida a nan don fannoni daban-daban na aikace-aikace a cikin fannoni na gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (kuɗi) da [[lissafi mai amfani]] . === Kuɗin gudanarwa === Kuɗin gudanarwa reshe ne na kuɗi wanda ke hulɗa da ɓangarorin kuɗi na gudanar da kamfani, da kuma fannin kuɗi na yanke shawara kan gudanarwa a faɗin faɗin. Yana bayar da tushen ka'idar aikin da aka bayyana a sama, dangane da kansa game da amfani da dabarun kuɗi daban-daban na gudanarwa . Malaman da ke aiki a wannan fanni galibi suna aiki ne a sassan kuɗaɗen makarantun kasuwanci, a fannin lissafi, ko kuma a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa . Kayan aikin da aka tattauna kuma aka haɓaka suna da alaƙa da [[Management accouting|lissafin kuɗi na gudanarwa]] da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni : na farko yana ba da damar gudanarwa ta fahimta, don haka ta yi aiki a kan bayanan kuɗi da suka shafi riba da aiki; na biyun, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yana game da inganta tsarin kuɗi gabaɗaya, gami da tasirinsa ga babban jari. Saboda haka, muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kula da harkokin kuɗi sun haɗa da: * Kasafin kuɗi na babban jari * Tsarin babban birnin * Gudanar da jarin aiki * Gudanar da haɗari * Binciken kuɗi da rahotanni === Tattalin arzikin kuɗi === [[File:Markowitz_frontier.jpg|right|thumb| [[Harry Markowitz]] ne ya fara tsara " iyaka mai inganci ", a shekarar 1952 a matsayin wani tsari na samfuri a cikin ka'idar fayil ta zamani . A cikin samfurin Markowitz, fayil mai "ingantacce" yana da mafi kyawun riba mai yiwuwa don matakin haɗarinsa (wanda aka wakilta ta hanyar daidaitaccen karkacewar riba).]] [[File:MM2.png|right|thumb| Ka'idar Modigliani-Miller, wani muhimmin sashi na ka'idar kuɗi, an gabatar da ita a shekarar 1958; ita ce tushen tunanin zamani kan tsarin jari-hujja . Ko da leverage ( D/E ) ya ƙaru, matsakaicin farashin jari (k0) mai nauyi ya kasance iri ɗaya.]] Tattalin arzikin kuɗi reshe ne na [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin kuɗi, kamar farashi, ƙimar riba da hannun jari, sabanin ainihin masu canjin tattalin arziki, watau kayayyaki da ayyuka . Don haka ya ta'allaka ne akan farashi, yanke shawara, da kuma kula da haɗari a kasuwannin kuɗi, <ref name="Sharpe" /> kuma yana samar da yawancin samfuran kuɗi da ake amfani da su akai-akai. ( Tsarin tattalin arziki na kuɗi reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke amfani da dabarun tattalin arziki don [[Parametrization (geometry)|daidaita]] alaƙar da aka ba da shawara.) Wannan fanni yana da manyan fannoni guda biyu da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu: farashin kadarori da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni; na farko shine hangen nesa na masu samar da jari, wato masu zuba jari, da kuma na biyu na masu amfani da jari; bi da bi: # Ka'idar farashin kadarori ta haɓaka samfuran da ake amfani da su wajen tantance ƙimar rangwame mai dacewa da haɗari, da kuma a cikin abubuwan da aka samo daga farashi; kuma ya haɗa da ka'idar fayil da saka hannun jari da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da kadarori. Binciken ya bincika yadda masu zuba jari masu hankali za su yi amfani da haɗari su koma ga matsalar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, ta hanyar samar da mabuɗin " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori ". A nan, zato biyu na hankali da ingancin kasuwa suna haifar da ka'idar fayil ta zamani ( CAPM ), da kuma ka'idar Black-Scholes don kimanta zaɓi . A matakai mafi ci gaba—kuma sau da yawa a matsayin martani ga [[Tattalin arzikin duniya|matsalolin kuɗi]] —binciken yana faɗaɗa waɗannan samfuran "neoclassical" don haɗa abubuwan da suka faru inda zato ba su da tushe, ko kuma zuwa ga mafi yawan yanayi. # Sabanin haka, yawancin ka'idar kuɗi ta kamfanoni suna ɗaukar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin " tabbaci " ( ka'idar rabuwar Fisher, [[John Burr Williams|"ka'idar ƙimar saka hannun jari"]], da ka'idar Modigliani-Miller ). A nan, an ƙirƙiri ka'ida da hanyoyi don yanke shawara game da kuɗaɗen tallafi, rabon riba, da tsarin jari da aka tattauna a sama. Wani ci gaba da aka samu kwanan nan shi ne a haɗa rashin tabbas da abubuwan da za su iya faruwa - don haka abubuwa daban-daban na farashin kadarori - a cikin waɗannan shawarwarin, ta amfani da misali nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka na gaske . === Lissafi na kuɗi === {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math>\begin{align} C(S, t) &= N(d_1)S - N(d_2) Ke^{-r(T - t)} \\ d_1 &= \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{T - t}}\left[\ln\left(\frac{S}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)(T - t)\right] \\ d_2 &= d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{T - t} \\ \end{align}</math> [[Black–Scholes model#Black–Scholes formula|The Black–Scholes formula]] for the value of a [[call option]]. Although lately its use is [[Financial economics#Departures from normality|considered naive]], it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.<ref>[https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ "The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126125626/https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ |date=2021-11-26 }}, priceonomics.com</ref>}} |} [[File:OAS_valuation_tree_(es).png|thumb| Ana amfani da "bishiyoyi" sosai a fannin lissafin kuɗi; a nan ana amfani da shi wajen ƙididdige OAS . Sauran hanyoyin farashi da aka saba amfani da su sune kwaikwayon da PDEs . Ana amfani da waɗannan don saitunan da suka wuce waɗanda Black-Scholes ya tsara . Bayan rikicin, ko da a cikin waɗannan saitunan, bankuna suna amfani da samfuran canjin yanayi na gida da na stochastic don haɗa saman canjin yanayi, yayin da gyare-gyaren xVA suka dace da la'akari da takwarorinsu da jari.]] Lissafin kuɗi fanni ne na [[lissafi mai amfani]] da ya shafi kasuwannin kuɗi ; takardar digirin digirgir ta Louis Bachelier, wacce aka kare a shekarar 1900, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aikin ilimi na farko a wannan fanni. An fi mai da hankali kan tsarin kayan da aka samo asali - tare da mai da hankali sosai kan ƙimar riba - da kuma ƙirar haɗarin bashi - yayin da wasu muhimman fannoni suka haɗa da lissafin inshora da kuma kula da fayil ɗin adadi . Hakazalika, ana amfani da dabarun da aka ƙirƙiro don farashi da kuma kariyar nau'ikan kadarori daban-daban, na gwamnati, da na kamfanoni . Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangane da aiki, ana kiran fannin da kuɗi mai yawa da/ko kuɗin lissafi, kuma ya ƙunshi fannoni uku da aka tattauna. Manyan kayan aikin lissafi da dabarun su ne, daidai da haka: * don abubuwan da aka samo asali, Lissafin stochastic na Itô, kwaikwayo, da daidaitattun bambance-bambance na ɓangare ; duba tattaunawar da aka haɗa a cikin akwati game da samfurin Black-Scholes na samfurin da dabarun lambobi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yanzu * don gudanar da haɗari, ƙimar haɗari, gwajin damuwa da nazarin "masu hankali" (ta amfani da "Girkawa"); ilimin lissafi na asali ya ƙunshi samfuran gauraye, PCA, tarin canjin yanayi da copulas . <ref>See for example III.A.3, in Carol Alexander, ed. (2005). ''The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook''. PRMIA Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-9766097-0-4}}</ref> * a cikin waɗannan fannoni biyu, musamman ga matsalolin fayil, quants suna amfani da dabarun ingantawa masu inganci. A lissafi, waɗannan sun rabu zuwa rassan nazari guda biyu : farashin da aka samo asali yana amfani da yiwuwar rashin haɗari (ko yiwuwar farashin sulhu ), wanda aka nuna ta "Q"; yayin da haɗarin da gudanar da fayil gabaɗaya suna amfani da yiwuwar zahiri (ko ta zahiri ko ta actuarial), wanda aka nuna ta "P". Waɗannan suna da alaƙa ta hanyar " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori " da ke sama. Batun yana da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi, wanda, kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya mayar da hankali kan yawancin ka'idar da ke cikin lissafin kuɗi: gabaɗaya, lissafin kuɗi zai samo kuma ya faɗaɗa samfuran lissafi da aka ba da shawara. Kuɗin kwamfuta reshe ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta (wanda aka yi amfani da shi) wanda ke magance matsalolin da suka shafi sha'awa a fannin kuɗi, kuma musamman yana jaddada hanyoyin lambobi da aka yi amfani da su a nan. === Kuɗin gwaji === Kuɗin gwaji yana da nufin kafa yanayi daban-daban na kasuwa da muhalli don lura da gwaji da kuma samar da wata hanya ta kimiyya ta yadda za ta iya nazarin halayen wakilai da kuma halayen da suka haifar da kwararar ciniki, yaɗuwar bayanai, da tarawa, hanyoyin saita farashi, da kuma hanyoyin dawo da kaya. Masu bincike a fannin gwajin kuɗi suna nazarin yadda ka'idojin tattalin arzikin kuɗi na yanzu ke yin hasashen gaskiya kuma suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da su. Suna kuma da nufin gano sabbin ƙa'idodi don faɗaɗa waɗannan ka'idoji don yanke shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na gaba. Wannan bincike sau da yawa ya ƙunshi gudanar da kwaikwayon ciniki ko lura da ɗabi'un ɗan adam a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, gasa, da kuma kamar kasuwa. Nazarin harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a yana nuna yadda ''[[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]]'' masu zuba jari ko manajoji ke shafar yanke shawara da kasuwanni na kuɗi kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara wanda zai iya yin tasiri ko dai a kan wani ɓangare na fannoninsu mara kyau ko kuma mai kyau. Tare da ƙarin zurfafa bincike kan harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a, yana yiwuwa a haɗa abin da ke faruwa a kasuwannin kuɗi da bincike bisa ga ka'idar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahera |first=Syed Aliya |last2=Bansal |first2=Rohit |date=2018-05-08 |title=Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Qualitative Research in Financial Markets |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=210–251 |doi=10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028 |issn=1755-4179 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408144635/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Kuɗin ɗabi'a ya ƙaru a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don zama muhimmin ɓangare na kuɗi. A zamanin yau akwai buƙatar ƙarin nazari da kuma gwada tasirin ji a kan shawarwarin kuɗi. Musamman ma, domin yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a wuce kuɗin halayya zuwa kuɗin zamantakewa, wanda ke nazarin tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa, yadda ra'ayoyin kuɗi ke yaɗuwa, da kuma yadda hanyoyin zamantakewa ke shafar yanke shawara da sakamako na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirshleifer |first=David |date=2015 |title=Behavioral Finance |journal=Annual Review of Financial Economics |language=en |volume=7 |pages=133–159 |doi=10.1146/annurev-financial-092214-043752 |issn=1941-1367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harkokin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwa kamar: # Nazarin tarihi wanda ke nuna manyan karkacewa daga ka'idojin gargajiya; # Samfura na yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke shafar ciniki da farashi da kuma yadda yake shafar ciniki; # Hasashen bisa ga waɗannan hanyoyin; # Nazarin kasuwannin kadarori na gwaji da kuma amfani da samfura don hasashen gwaje-gwaje. An yi wa wani ɓangare na kuɗin ɗabi'a lakabi da kuɗin ɗabi'a na adadi, wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin lissafi da na ƙididdiga don fahimtar son zuciya na ɗabi'a tare da kimantawa. === Kuɗin kuɗi na Quantum === Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen. kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake amfani da ka'idoji da hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar lissafi da masana tattalin arziki suka bunkasa don magance matsalolin kudi. Yana wakiltar reshe da aka sani da econophysics . Kodayake hanyoyin lissafi masu yawa sun kasance a kusa da wasu lokuta kuma suna amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin aiwatarwa da sarrafa kwararar kuɗi, lissafi ne da ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan sabon yanayin. Ka'idar kudi ta dogara ne akan farashin kayan aiki na kudi, kamar farashin zaɓi na hannun jari. Yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar al'ummar kudi ba su da wani bayani na bincike. A sakamakon haka, hanyoyin lambobi da simulations na kwamfuta don warware waɗannan matsalolin sun karu. Wannan yanki na bincike an san shi da kudi na lissafi. Yawancin matsalolin kudi na lissafi suna da babban matsayi na rikitarwa na lissafi kuma suna da jinkiri don haɗuwa da mafita a kan kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Musamman, idan ya zo ga farashin zaɓi, akwai ƙarin rikitarwa sakamakon buƙatar amsawa ga kasuwannin da ke canzawa da sauri. Misali, don amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari marasa daidaituwa, lissafin dole ne ya kammala kafin canji na gaba a cikin kusan ci gaba da canza kasuwar hannun jari. A sakamakon haka, al'ummar kudi koyaushe suna neman hanyoyin da za su shawo kan matsalolin aikin da ke tasowa yayin zaɓuɓɓukan farashi. Wannan ya haifar da bincike wanda ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin lissafi don kudi. Mafi yawan nau'ikan kudi da aka fi amfani da su sune tsarin ci gaba mai yawa, tsarin binomial mai yawa, samfurin binomial da sauransu. Asalin kuɗi za a iya gano shi tun daga farkon kafa jihohi da cinikayya a [[zamanin Tagulla]] . An gano cewa an gano farkon shaidar kuɗi a tarihi a kusan shekara ta 3000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Bankuna sun samo asali ne daga [[Yammacin Asiya]], inda ake amfani da haikali da manyan fada a matsayin wurare masu aminci don adana kayayyaki masu daraja. Da farko, hatsi ne kawai mai daraja da za a iya ajiyewa, amma daga ƙarshe shanu da kayan tarihi sun shiga ciki. A wannan lokacin, birnin Uruk na Sumerian a [[Mesopotamia]] ya tallafa wa ciniki ta hanyar ba da rance da kuma amfani da riba. A cikin Sumerian, "sha'awa" shine ''mas'', wanda ke fassara zuwa "maraƙi". A [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Misra|Masar]], kalmomin da ake amfani da su don sha'awa, ''tokos'' da ''ms'' bi da bi, suna nufin "haihuwa". A cikin waɗannan al'adu, sha'awa ta nuna ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci, kuma da alama tana la'akari da hakan daga mahangar mai ba da bashi. Dokar Hammurabi (1792–1750 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) ta ƙunshi dokokin da ke kula da harkokin banki. Mutanen Babila sun saba da karɓar riba a kashi 20 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an yi amfani da harsashin cowrie a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a [[Sin|ƙasar Sin]] . Amfani da tsabar kudi a matsayin hanyar wakiltar kudi ya fara ne a cikin shekaru tsakanin 700 da 500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=babylon-coins.com |url=http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615134016/http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |archive-date=2021-06-15 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=babylon-coins.com}}</ref> Herodotus ya ambaci amfani da tsabar kudi a Lydia a kusa da 687 KZ kuma, a shekara ta 640 KZ, mutanen Lidiya sun fara amfani da tsalar kudi a ko'ina kuma sun bude shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus on Lydia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152131/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, birane a Girka ta gargajiya, kamar Aegina, [[Athens]], da Koranti, sun fara yin nasu tsabar kudi tsakanin 595 da 570 KZ. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, sake fasalin Lex Genucia ya haramta sha'awa a cikin 342 KZ, kodayake tanadin ya tafi ba tare da tilasta shi ba. A karkashin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], an saita rufin a kan kudaden shiga na 12%, kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Justinian an saukar da shi har ma zuwa tsakanin 4% da 8% .<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=History of Usury Prohibition – IslamiCity |url=https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409014040/https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=islamicity.org}}</ref> An buɗe musayar hannun jari ta farko a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a cikin 1531.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handelsbeurs |trans-title=Trade fair |url=https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/handelsbeurs |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Visit Antwerp |language=nl |quote=The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the world.}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kirkiro shahararrun musayar kamar London Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1773) da New York Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1793).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902213413/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=London Stock Exchange}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges |url=https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230415/https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin kudi na 2008 * Bayani game da kudi {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|last2=Jason Zweig}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John C. Bogle}} *   * {{Cite book|last2=Sharon Lechter}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Soros}} * {{Cite book|last3=Philip Arthur Fisher}} == Haɗin waje == * Magana ta Hypertextual Finance (Campbell Harvey) * Bayanan Kudi (Pierre Vernimmen) * [[Risk (magazine)|Risk.net]]/glossary" id="mwBf8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin kula da haɗarin kuɗi (Risk.net) * [[NASDAQ]].com/glossary" id="mwBgI" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (NASDAQ) * Kalmomin Maɓallin Kasuwanci (PIMCO) * [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ Kudin kamfanoni] (Aswath Damodaran) * albarkatun gudanar da kudi (James Van Horne) * Abubuwan da ke tattare da kudade na mutum (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, mymoney.gov) * albarkatun kudi na jama'a (Governance and Social Development Resource Center, gsdrc.org) [An adana 2023-06-02 a ] * albarkatun kula da haɗari (Cibiyar Hadari ta Duniya) [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5lw845tb99spln3ouszqfab9c7afw5t 963388 963387 2026-10-05T10:50:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kuɗin kuɗi na Quantum */ 963388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Kuɗi|kudi]]''' yana nufin gudanarwa, motsi, saka hannun jari, da tara kuɗi. "Finance" kuma yana nufin horo na ilimi wanda ke nazarin waɗannan. Dangane da girman ayyukan kudi, ana iya raba horo zuwa manyan rassa guda uku na mutum, kamfanoni, da na jama'a.{{Efn|The following are definitions of 'finance' offered by the authors indicated: * [https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eugene.fama/research/Theory%20of%20Finance/The%20Theory%20of%20Finance%20Preface%20and%20Table%20of%20Contents.pdf Fama and Miller]: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)." * [https://afajof.org/wp-content/uploads/files/historical-texts/guthmann-dougall-1940-ocr.pdf Guthmann and Dougall]: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators – that is, capitalists or property owners – as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income." * [https://www.wiley.com/en-in/Finance:+Capital+Markets,+Financial+Management,+and+Investment+Management-p-9780470407356 Drake and Fabozzi]: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty." * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1637242A/Frank_Walter_Paish F.W. Paish]: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted". * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL835181A/John_J._Hampton John J. Hampton]: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency". * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976723372 Howard and Upton]: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible". * [https://education.wbstraining.com/pluginfile.php/2808/mod_resource/content/1/PabloFernandez_Finance%20and%20Financial%20Economics.pdf Pablo Fernandez]: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and helps company managers make sound decisions regarding financing, investment, continuity, and other issues that affect the inflow and outflow of money, as well as the company's risk. It also helps individuals and institutions invest wisely and plan money-related matters effectively."}} A cikin "tsarin Kudin", ana sayen kadarori, siyarwa, ko siyarwa azaman kayan aiki na kudi, kamar kudade, rance, takardun shaida, hannun jari, zaɓuɓɓuka, makomar gaba, swaps, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana iya [[banki]], saka hannun jari, da inshora don kara darajar da rage asarar. A aikace, haɗari koyaushe suna cikin kowane mataki na kuɗi da ƙungiyoyi. Kasuwancin kuɗi da cibiyoyin suna tallafawa tsarin. Saboda fa'idarsa, akwai fannoni daban-daban na kuɗi a cikin harkar kuɗi. Gudanar da kadarori, kuɗi, haɗari da saka hannun jari yana nufin haɓaka ƙima da rage canjin yanayi . Binciken kuɗi yana tantance dorewa, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma ribar wani aiki ko ƙungiya. Wasu fannoni suna da fannoni daban-daban, kamar fannin kuɗi na lissafi, dokar kuɗi, tattalin arziki na kuɗi, injiniyan kuɗi da fasahar kuɗi . A wasu lokuta, ana iya gwada ka'idojin kuɗi ta amfani da hanyar kimiyya, wacce aka rufe ta da kuɗin gwaji . Tarihin farko na kudi ya yi daidai da tarihin farko na kudi, wanda shine [[Prehistory|prehistoric]]. Al'adun gargajiya da na zamani sun haɗa da ayyuka na asali na kudi, kamar banki, kasuwanci da lissafi, a cikin tattalin arzikin su. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa Tsarin kudi na duniya. A matsayin batun karatu, kudi yana da alaƙa da fannonin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (bincike na [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka) da kuma Gudanar da kasuwanci (gwamnatin albarkatun kungiyar don cimma burinta). An kafa shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a cikin kudi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gippel |first=Jennifer K |date=2012-11-07 |title=A revolution in finance? |journal=[[Australian Journal of Management]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |doi=10.1177/0312896212461034 |issn=0312-8962 |s2cid=154759424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A yau, ana nazarin kudi sosai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. == Tsarin kudi == [[File:1925.B&O.Railroad.Stock.Louis.Brandeis.jpg|right|thumb|Bond da aka bayar ta hanyar Baltimore da Ohio Railroad. Bonds wani nau'i ne na aro da kamfanoni ke amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukansu.]] [[File:Radium_Hill_share_certificate.jpg|right|thumb|Takardar shaidar raba ta shekara ta 1913 da Kamfanin Radium Hill ya bayar]] [[File:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg|right|thumb|Kasuwancin musayar hannun jari na NYSE a cikin 1963, kafin gabatar da karatun lantarki da allo na kwamfuta]] [[File:Chicago_bot.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Masara na Chicago, 1993]] [[File:A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg|right|thumb|'Yan kasuwar mai, Houston, 2009]] Kamar yadda aka tsara, tsarin kudi ya ƙunshi kwararar babban birnin da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane da gidaje (kudin kuɗi na mutum), gwamnatoci (Kudin jama'a), da kasuwanci (Kudin kamfanoni). "Finance" don haka yana nazarin tsarin tura kudi daga masu ajiya da masu saka hannun jari zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke buƙatar shi.{{Efn|Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in timespace between production and consumption are then possible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael |last2=Price |first2=John |title=Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'? |journal=Economy and Society |date=2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=264–284 |doi=10.1080/030851400360497 |s2cid=145739812 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320050529/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/030851400360497 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} Masu adanawa da masu saka hannun jari suna da kuɗin da za su iya samun riba ko rabon kuɗi idan aka yi amfani da su. Kowane mutum, kamfanoni, da gwamnatoci dole ne su sami kuɗi daga tushen waje, kamar rance ko bashi, lokacin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don gudanar da ayyukansu. Gabaɗaya, wani bangare wanda kuɗin shiga ya wuce kuɗin da ya kashe na iya ba da rance ko saka hannun jari tare da manufar samun dawowar adalci. Hakazalika, wani bangare inda samun kudin shiga bai kai kasa da kashewa ba zai iya tara kudade yawanci a cikin daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu: (i) ta hanyar aro a cikin nau'in rance (mutane masu zaman kansu), ko ta hanyar sayar da takardun gwamnati ko kamfanoni; (ii) ta hanyar kamfani da ke sayar da daidaito, wanda ake kira hannun jari ko hannun jari (wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban: hannun jari na kowa). Masu mallakar duka takardun shaida da hannun jari na iya zama masu saka hannun jari - cibiyoyin kuɗi kamar bankunan saka hannun jari da asusun fansho - ko mutane masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ake kira Masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ko masu saka hannun hannun jari. (Dubi mahalarta kasuwar kudi.) Sau da yawa ba kai tsaye ba ne, ta hanyar matsakaiciyar kudi kamar [[banki]], ko ta hanyar sayen bayanan rubutu ko jingina (gidan ajiyar kamfanoni, jingina na gwamnati, ko jingina na juna) a cikin kasuwar jingina. Mai ba da rance yana karɓar riba, mai ba da ranta yana biyan riba mafi girma fiye da mai ba da rancen da ke karɓa, kuma matsakancin kuɗi yana samun bambanci don shirya rancen.<ref>See e.g., {{Cite web |last=Bank of Finland |author-link=Bank of Finland |title=Financial system |url=https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602105013/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/financial-stability/the-financial-system-in-brief/ |archive-date=2020-06-02 |access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the financial system? |url=https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731162128/https://www.ecnmy.org/learn/your-money/banking-and-finance/what-is-the-financial-system/ |archive-date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=Economy}}</ref> Bankin yana tara ayyukan masu ba da bashi da masu ba da rance da yawa. Bankuna suna karɓar ajiya daga mutane da kamfanoni, suna biyan riba a kan waɗannan kudade. Bankin ya ba da rancen waɗannan ajiya ga masu ba da bashi, yana sauƙaƙa ma'amaloli tsakanin masu ba da rance da masu ba da rance iri-iri da kuma ba da damar daidaitaccen tsarin kuɗi. Zuba jari yawanci yana haifar da sayen hannun jari, ko dai takardun shaida ko ta hanyar asusun hadin gwiwa, misali. Kamfanoni galibi suna sayar da hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari don tara kudaden da ake buƙata a cikin hanyar "daidaitaccen kuɗi", kamar yadda ya bambanta da bashin da aka bayyana a sama. Tsakanin kudi a nan sune Bankunan saka hannun jari na farko kuma suna sauƙaƙa jerin kadarorin, yawanci hannun jari da jingina), musayar kadarorin (wanda ke ba da damar cinikin su daga baya), da masu ba da sabis na saka hannun jari daban-daban (ciki har da kudade na juna, kudaden fansho, Manajojin dukiya, da masu ba su hannun jari, yawanci suna ba da sabis ga masu saka hannun jari). Kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin hukumomi, da kuma Gudanar da kudade a wannan sikelin, ana kiransu "babban kudi". Cibiyoyin a nan suna fadada samfuran da aka bayar, tare da kasuwanci mai alaƙa, don haɗawa da zaɓuɓɓuka, swaps, da samfuran da suka tsara, da kuma kudade na musamman; wannan "injini na kudi" asalin lissafi ne, kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sune manyan masu ba da aiki na Masu sharhi masu yawa (ko "ƙididdiga", duba ƙasa). A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, Gudanar da haɗari, babban birnin sarrafawa, da bin doka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. == Yankunan kudi == Kamar yadda aka tsara, kudi ya ƙunshi fannoni uku: kudi na mutum, kudi na kamfanoni, da kuma kudi na jama'a. Wadannan, bi da bi, sun haɗu kuma suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban da ƙananan horo - galibi saka hannun jari, gudanar da haɗari, da kuma kudi mai yawa. === Kudin mutum === [[File:Wealth_Management_Consultation.jpg|thumb|Tattaunawar kula da dukiya - a nan, mai ba da shawara kan kudi yana ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki kan dabarun saka hannun jari da ya dace.]] Kudin mutum yana nufin aikin kasafin kuɗi don tabbatar da isasshen kudade don biyan bukatun asali, yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa akwai matakin haɗari kawai don rasa wannan babban birnin. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan kuɗi don ilimi, ba da kuɗi ga kayayyaki masu dorewa kamar su ƙasa da motoci, sayen inshora, saka hannun jari, da adanawa don ritaya. Kudin mutum na iya haɗawa da biyan bashin ko wasu wajibai na bashi. Babban bangarorin kudi na mutum ana daukar su a matsayin samun kudin shiga, kashewa, adanawa, saka hannun jari, da kariya. Matakan da ke biyowa, kamar yadda Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kudi ta tsara, sun nuna cewa mutum zai fahimci shirin kudi na sirri bayan: * Sayen inshora don tabbatar da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba; * Fahimtar tasirin manufofin haraji, tallafi, ko azabtarwa akan gudanar da kudaden mutum; * Fahimtar tasirin bashi a kan matsayin kudi na mutum; * Ci gaba da shirin tanadi ko kudade don manyan sayayya (moto, ilimi, gida); * Shirya makomar kudi mai aminci a cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki; * Binciken asusun ajiya ko asusun ajiyar kuɗi; * Shirya don ritaya ko wasu kudade na dogon lokaci. === Kudin kamfanoni === Kudin kamfanoni yana hulɗa da ayyukan da manajoji ke ɗauka don haɓaka darajar kamfanin ga masu hannun jari, tushen kudade da Tsarin babban birnin kamfanoni, da kayan aiki da bincike da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba albarkatun kuɗi. Duk da yake kudaden kamfanoni sun bambanta da kudaden gudanarwa, wanda ke nazarin Gudanar da kudade na dukkan kamfanoni maimakon kamfanoni kadai, ra'ayoyin sun dace da matsalolin kudi na dukkan kamfanonin, kuma wannan yanki ana kiransa "kudin kasuwanci". Yawanci, "kudin kuɗi na kamfanoni" yana da alaƙa da burin dogon lokaci na haɓaka darajar kadarorin, hannun jari, da dawowarsa ga masu hannun jari, yayin da kuma daidaita haɗari da riba. Wannan ya ƙunshi manyan wurare uku: # Kasafin kuɗi na babban birnin: zaɓar waɗanne ayyukan da za a saka hannun jari a ciki - a nan, ƙayyade ƙimar daidai yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda hukunce-hukunce game da ƙimar dukiya na iya zama "yi ko karya". # Manufofin raba: amfani da kudade "ya wuce gona da iri - waɗannan za a sake saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwanci ko kuma a mayar da su ga masu hannun jari. # Tsarin babban birnin: yanke shawara kan cakuda kudade da za a yi amfani da su - a nan ƙoƙarin samun mafi kyawun haɗin babban birnin sake biyan bashin bashi vs farashin babban birnin. (Wannan ya kunshi fahimtar yadda kamfanin zai samar don gamsar da masu saka hannun jari, da kuma rage matsakaicin matsakaicin farashin babban birnin (WACC) ) don darajar kamfanin ta karu. ) Wannan na ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗin tare da banki na saka hannun jari da kasuwancin tsaro, kamar yadda yake a sama, a cikin cewa babban birnin da aka tara zai ƙunshi bashi, watau takardun kamfanoni, da daidaito, sau da yawa an jera hannun jari. Sake gudanar da haɗari a cikin kamfanoni, duba ƙasa. Manajojin kudi - watau kamar yadda suka bambanta da masu hada-hadar kudi na kamfanoni - suna mai da hankali kan abubuwan ''gajeren lokaci'' na riba, kwararar kuɗi, da "mana Gudanar da babban birnin aiki" (inventory, bashi da masu bashi), wanda ke damuwa game da ayyukan tallafin yau da kullun, kuma burin shine kiyaye ruwa, rage haɗari da haɓaka inganci tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da manufofinsa na kudi da aiki; watau: (1) zai iya ba da biyan bashin gajeren lokaci da kuma biyan bashin aiki na dogon lokaci, da kuma biyan kuɗi na gaba yana da isasshen bashin aiki. (Dubi Gudanar da Kudi da FP&amp;amp;A.) === Kudin jama'a === [[File:2023-federal-budget-breakdown.png|thumb|322x322px|CBO: 2023 Kudin Tarayyar Amurka]] Kudin jama'a yana nufin gudanar da kudade da ke da alaƙa da jihohi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa, da hukumomin gwamnati ko ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. Gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi hangen nesa na dogon lokaci game da yanke shawara na saka hannun jari wanda ke shafar ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wadannan lokutan dabarun na dogon lokaci yawanci sun kunshi shekaru biyar ko fiye. Kudin jama'a ya fi damuwa da: * Bayyana kudaden da ake buƙata na ƙungiyar jama'a; * Tushen (s) na kudaden shiga na wannan mahallin - daga haraji, da kuma wadanda ba haraji ba; * Tsarin kasafin kuɗi; * Bayar da bashin mallaka, ko takardun birni don ayyukan Ayyukan jama'a. Bankunan tsakiya, irin su Bankunan Tarayya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Babban Bankin Turai da Bankin Ingila a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], 'yan wasa ne masu karfi a cikin kudaden jama'a. Suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da rance na ƙarshe da kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan yanayin kuɗi da bashi a cikin tattalin arziki. Kudin ci gaba, wanda ke da alaƙa, ya shafi saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan Ci gaban tattalin arziki da wata hukuma ta gwamnati (kusan) ta bayar ba tare da kasuwanci ba; waɗannan ayyukan ba za su iya samun kuɗi ba. Ana amfani da Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ayyukan [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]]: kamfani mai zaman kansa yana ba da kuɗi a gaba, sannan ya jawo riba daga masu biyan haraji ko masu amfani. [[Kudin yanayi]], da kuma kudaden muhalli masu alaƙa, suna magance dabarun kudi, albarkatu da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. === Gudanar da saka hannun jari === [[File:Stock_Price_Listing_Numbers_on_a_Korean_Newspaper.jpg|thumb|Farashin hannun jari da aka jera a cikin jaridar Koriya]] [[Fayil:Stock_ticker.jpg|thumb|"Farin ciki kafin fashewar kumfa" - farashin kallo ta hanyar tef, jim kadan kafin Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:E-ticker.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da farashi na zamani. Wannan ababen more rayuwa yana tallafawa musayar zamani, yana tabbatar da farashi da alamomin tikiti masu alaƙa. Alamar ticker tana wakiltar saiti na musamman na haruffa da aka yi amfani da su don gano batun ma'amala ta kudi.]] Gudanar da saka hannun jari shine gudanar da kadarorin kwararru na "Tsaro" daban-daban - yawanci hannun jari da jingina, amma kuma wasu kadarori, kamar dukiya, kayayyaki da madadin saka hannun jari - don saduwa da takamaiman manufofin saka hannun jari don amfanin masu saka hannun jari. Kamar yadda yake a sama, masu saka hannun jari na iya zama cibiyoyi, kamar kamfanonin inshora, kudaden fansho, kamfanoni, kungiyoyin agaji, cibiyoyin ilimi, ko masu saka hannun jarin masu zaman kansu, ko dai kai tsaye ta hanyar kwangilar saka hannun jari ko, mafi yawanci, ta hanyar tsarin saka hannun jari kamar kudaden musayar, kudaden musanyawa, ko amincin saka hannun jari. A zuciyar gudanar da saka hannun jari shine rabon dukiya - rarraba bayyanar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan dukiya, da kuma tsakanin tsaron mutum a cikin kowane nau'in dukiya - kamar yadda ya dace da Manufofin saka hannun jari na abokin ciniki, bi da bi, aikin bayanin haɗari, burin saka hannun jari, da kuma sararin saka hannun jari (duba Bayanan mai saka hannun jari). A nan: * Inganta fayil shine tsari na zabar fayil mafi kyau da aka ba da manufofi da ƙuntatawa na abokin ciniki. * Binciken asali shine tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen kimantawa da kimantawa ga takardun mutum. * Binciken fasaha shine game da hasashen farashin kadarori na gaba tare da bayanan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Yufeng |last2=Liu |first2=Yang |last3=Zhou |first3=Guofu |last4=Zhu |first4=Yingzi |date=2021-05-21 |title=Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3850494 |location=[[Rochester, New York]] |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3850494 |s2cid=235195430 |ssrn=3850494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overlaid shine salon saka hannun jari na manajan fayil - gabaɗaya, mai aiki vs. mai wucewa, darajar vs girma, da ƙaramin ƙwanƙwasa vs. babban ƙwanƙusa - da dabarun saka hannun jari. A cikin fayil ɗin da aka samu da kyau, aikin saka hannun jari zai kasance, gabaɗaya, ya zama aikin haɗin kadarorin da aka zaɓa, yayin da ɗayan tsaro ba su da tasiri. Takamaiman tsarin ko falsafar zai kasance mai mahimmanci, dangane da yadda ya dace da sake zagayowar kasuwa. Baya ga wannan bambancin, mahimmin haɗarin da aka yi amfani da shi, manajojin saka hannun jari za su yi amfani da dabarun karewa daban-daban kamar yadda ya dace; waɗannan na iya danganta da fayil ɗin gaba ɗaya ko kuma ga ɗakunan mutum. Sau da yawa (maimakon haka) ana sarrafa fayilolin Bond ta hanyar daidaitawa ko rigakafi, yayin da don fayilolin da matsayi, 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da "Greeks" don auna sannan kuma rage ƙwarewa. A layi daya, manajoji - mai aiki da marasa aiki - za su sa ido kan kuskuren bin diddigin, don haka ragewa da kuma kawar da duk wani rashin aiki da "ma'auni" su. Ana sarrafa asusun adadi ta amfani da dabarun lissafi na kwamfuta (ƙaruwa, ilmantarwa na inji) maimakon hukuncin mutum. Gaskiyar ciniki yawanci ana sarrafa ta atomatik ta hanyar algorithms masu mahimmanci. === Gudanar da haɗari === [[File:Crowds_gathering_outside_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(4).jpg|thumb|Jama'a da suka taru a waje da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York bayan Hadarin Wall Street na 1929]] [[File:Northern_Rock_Queue.jpg|thumb|Abokan ciniki suna layi a waje da reshen Northern Rock a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] don janye ajiyar su a lokacin Rikicin kudi na 2008]] Gudanar da haɗari, gabaɗaya, shine nazarin yadda za a sarrafa haɗari da daidaita yiwuwar riba; shine tsarin auna haɗari sannan kuma haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun sarrafa wannan haɗarin. Gudanar da Hadarin kudi shine aikin kare ƙimar kamfanoni daga haɗarin kuɗi, sau da yawa ta hanyar "haɓaka" ga waɗannan ta amfani da kayan kuɗi. Ana mai da hankali musamman kan haɗarin bashi da kasuwa, kuma a cikin bankunan, ta hanyar babban birnin, ya haɗa da haɗarin aiki. Gudanar da haɗarin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da kuɗin kamfanoni a hanyoyi biyu. Da farko, bayyanar kamfanoni ga haɗarin kasuwa shine sakamakon kai tsaye na saka hannun jari na baya da yanke shawara na kudade; yayin da haɗarin bashi ya fito ne daga manufofin bashi na kasuwanci kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar inshora na bashi da samarwa. Abu na biyu, duka horo suna da burin ingantawa ko aƙalla adanawa, darajar tattalin arzikin kamfanin, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin sun haɗu da kuma gudanar da haɗarin kasuwanci, yawanci yankin Gudanar da dabarun. A nan, kamfanoni suna ba da lokaci da ƙoƙari sosai ga hasashen, nazari da saka idanu kan aikin. (Dubi [[Gudanar da dukiya da alhakin|ALM]] da kula da baitulmalin.) Ga bankunan da sauran cibiyoyin sayar da kayayyaki, gudanar da hadari yana mai da hankali kan gudanarwa, kuma kamar yadda ya kamata, matsayi daban-daban da ma'aikatar ke riƙewa - duka matsayi na kasuwanci da bayyanar dogon lokaci - da kuma lissafi da saka idanu kan sakamakon Babban birnin tattalin arziki, da kuma babban birnin sarrafawa a karkashin Basel III. Lissafi a nan suna da ƙwarewar lissafi, kuma a cikin yankin kudi mai yawa kamar yadda ke ƙasa. Hadarin bashi yana cikin kasuwancin banki, amma Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna fuskantar hadarin bashi na abokin tarayya. Bankuna yawanci suna amfani da Ofishin Tsakiya "Risk Groups", yayin da "Ƙungiyoyin haɗari" na ofishin gaba ke ba da haɗari "hidimomi" (ko "magani") ga abokan ciniki. Masu inshora suna gudanar da haɗarin kansu tare da mai da hankali kan biyan kuɗi da ikon biyan da'awar: masu inshora na rayuwa sun fi damuwa da haɗarin rayuwa da haɗarin riba; masu inshora masu gajeren lokaci (inshora na dukiya, inshora na kiwon lafiya, inshora mai haɗari) suna jaddada ƙirar bala'i da haɗarin tashin hankali. Don da'awar da ake tsammani ana ajiye ajiya lokaci-lokaci, yayin da don shan asarar da ba a tsammani ba, ana kiyaye mafi ƙarancin matakin babban birnin. === Kuɗin adadi === [[File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png|alt=Dōjima Rice Exchange, the world's first futures exchange, established in Osaka in 1697.|right|thumb|Dōjima Rice Exchange, musayar gaba ta farko a duniya, wanda aka kafa a [[Osaka]] a cikin 1697]] Kuɗin adadi—wanda kuma ake kira "kuɗin lissafi"—ya haɗa da waɗannan ayyukan kuɗi inda ake buƙatar samfurin lissafi mai zurfi, <ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{Cite web |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-24 |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kuma don haka ya yi karo da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama. # Kuɗin adadi sau da yawa yana kama da injiniyan kuɗi . Wannan fanni gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa kasuwancin da abokin ciniki ke jagoranta na banki - yana isar da kwangilolin OTC na musamman da "masu ban mamaki", da kuma tsara samfuran da mafita daban-daban da aka ambata - kuma ya ƙunshi ƙira da shirye-shirye don tallafawa ciniki na farko, da kuma shinge da gudanarwa na gaba. # Kuɗin adadi kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kula da haɗarin kuɗi a banki, kamar yadda aka ambata, duka dangane da wannan shingen, da kuma game da jarin tattalin arziki da kuma bin ƙa'idodi da Basel III . # "Quants" kuma suna da alhakin ginawa da kuma amfani da dabarun saka hannun jari a asusun adadi da aka ambata ; suna kuma shiga cikin saka hannun jari na adadi gabaɗaya, a fannoni kamar ƙirƙirar dabarun ciniki, da kuma ciniki ta atomatik, ciniki mai yawan gaske, ciniki na algorithmic, da ciniki na shirye-shirye . == Ka'idar kuɗi == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math> \sum_{t=1}^n \frac{FCFF_t}{(1+WACC_{t})^t} + \frac{\left[\frac{FCFF_{n+1}}{(WACC_{n+1}-g_{n+1})}\right]}{(1+WACC_{n})^n} </math>}} {{Small|[[Valuation using discounted cash flows#Basic formula for firm valuation using DCF model|DCF valuation formula]] widely applied in business and finance, since articulated [[The Theory of Investment Value|in 1938]]. Here, to get the [[business valuation|value of the firm]], its forecasted [[free cash flow]]s are discounted to the present using the [[weighted average cost of capital]] for the discount factor. For [[stock valuation|share valuation]] investors use the related [[dividend discount model]].}} |} Kuɗi - kamar yadda aka bayyana - yana bincika yadda ake gudanar da kuɗi da amfani da hanyoyin samun kuɗi, gami da shawarwarin da ke auna lokaci da haɗarin kwararar kuɗi da ake sa ran samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1 What Is Finance? |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-finance/pages/1-1-what-is-finance |access-date=3 September 2026 |website=Principles of Finance |publisher=OpenStax}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri takamaiman ka'ida a nan don fannoni daban-daban na aikace-aikace a cikin fannoni na gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] (kuɗi) da [[lissafi mai amfani]] . === Kuɗin gudanarwa === Kuɗin gudanarwa reshe ne na kuɗi wanda ke hulɗa da ɓangarorin kuɗi na gudanar da kamfani, da kuma fannin kuɗi na yanke shawara kan gudanarwa a faɗin faɗin. Yana bayar da tushen ka'idar aikin da aka bayyana a sama, dangane da kansa game da amfani da dabarun kuɗi daban-daban na gudanarwa . Malaman da ke aiki a wannan fanni galibi suna aiki ne a sassan kuɗaɗen makarantun kasuwanci, a fannin lissafi, ko kuma a fannin kimiyyar gudanarwa . Kayan aikin da aka tattauna kuma aka haɓaka suna da alaƙa da [[Management accouting|lissafin kuɗi na gudanarwa]] da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni : na farko yana ba da damar gudanarwa ta fahimta, don haka ta yi aiki a kan bayanan kuɗi da suka shafi riba da aiki; na biyun, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yana game da inganta tsarin kuɗi gabaɗaya, gami da tasirinsa ga babban jari. Saboda haka, muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kula da harkokin kuɗi sun haɗa da: * Kasafin kuɗi na babban jari * Tsarin babban birnin * Gudanar da jarin aiki * Gudanar da haɗari * Binciken kuɗi da rahotanni === Tattalin arzikin kuɗi === [[File:Markowitz_frontier.jpg|right|thumb| [[Harry Markowitz]] ne ya fara tsara " iyaka mai inganci ", a shekarar 1952 a matsayin wani tsari na samfuri a cikin ka'idar fayil ta zamani . A cikin samfurin Markowitz, fayil mai "ingantacce" yana da mafi kyawun riba mai yiwuwa don matakin haɗarinsa (wanda aka wakilta ta hanyar daidaitaccen karkacewar riba).]] [[File:MM2.png|right|thumb| Ka'idar Modigliani-Miller, wani muhimmin sashi na ka'idar kuɗi, an gabatar da ita a shekarar 1958; ita ce tushen tunanin zamani kan tsarin jari-hujja . Ko da leverage ( D/E ) ya ƙaru, matsakaicin farashin jari (k0) mai nauyi ya kasance iri ɗaya.]] Tattalin arzikin kuɗi reshe ne na [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]] wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin kuɗi, kamar farashi, ƙimar riba da hannun jari, sabanin ainihin masu canjin tattalin arziki, watau kayayyaki da ayyuka . Don haka ya ta'allaka ne akan farashi, yanke shawara, da kuma kula da haɗari a kasuwannin kuɗi, <ref name="Sharpe" /> kuma yana samar da yawancin samfuran kuɗi da ake amfani da su akai-akai. ( Tsarin tattalin arziki na kuɗi reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke amfani da dabarun tattalin arziki don [[Parametrization (geometry)|daidaita]] alaƙar da aka ba da shawara.) Wannan fanni yana da manyan fannoni guda biyu da aka fi mayar da hankali a kansu: farashin kadarori da kuma kuɗaɗen kamfanoni; na farko shine hangen nesa na masu samar da jari, wato masu zuba jari, da kuma na biyu na masu amfani da jari; bi da bi: # Ka'idar farashin kadarori ta haɓaka samfuran da ake amfani da su wajen tantance ƙimar rangwame mai dacewa da haɗari, da kuma a cikin abubuwan da aka samo daga farashi; kuma ya haɗa da ka'idar fayil da saka hannun jari da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da kadarori. Binciken ya bincika yadda masu zuba jari masu hankali za su yi amfani da haɗari su koma ga matsalar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, ta hanyar samar da mabuɗin " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori ". A nan, zato biyu na hankali da ingancin kasuwa suna haifar da ka'idar fayil ta zamani ( CAPM ), da kuma ka'idar Black-Scholes don kimanta zaɓi . A matakai mafi ci gaba—kuma sau da yawa a matsayin martani ga [[Tattalin arzikin duniya|matsalolin kuɗi]] —binciken yana faɗaɗa waɗannan samfuran "neoclassical" don haɗa abubuwan da suka faru inda zato ba su da tushe, ko kuma zuwa ga mafi yawan yanayi. # Sabanin haka, yawancin ka'idar kuɗi ta kamfanoni suna ɗaukar saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin " tabbaci " ( ka'idar rabuwar Fisher, [[John Burr Williams|"ka'idar ƙimar saka hannun jari"]], da ka'idar Modigliani-Miller ). A nan, an ƙirƙiri ka'ida da hanyoyi don yanke shawara game da kuɗaɗen tallafi, rabon riba, da tsarin jari da aka tattauna a sama. Wani ci gaba da aka samu kwanan nan shi ne a haɗa rashin tabbas da abubuwan da za su iya faruwa - don haka abubuwa daban-daban na farashin kadarori - a cikin waɗannan shawarwarin, ta amfani da misali nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka na gaske . === Lissafi na kuɗi === {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" |- style="text-align:left;" |{{smalldiv|:<math>\begin{align} C(S, t) &= N(d_1)S - N(d_2) Ke^{-r(T - t)} \\ d_1 &= \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{T - t}}\left[\ln\left(\frac{S}{K}\right) + \left(r + \frac{\sigma^2}{2}\right)(T - t)\right] \\ d_2 &= d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{T - t} \\ \end{align}</math> [[Black–Scholes model#Black–Scholes formula|The Black–Scholes formula]] for the value of a [[call option]]. Although lately its use is [[Financial economics#Departures from normality|considered naive]], it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.<ref>[https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ "The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126125626/https://priceonomics.com/the-history-of-the-black-scholes-formula/ |date=2021-11-26 }}, priceonomics.com</ref>}} |} [[File:OAS_valuation_tree_(es).png|thumb| Ana amfani da "bishiyoyi" sosai a fannin lissafin kuɗi; a nan ana amfani da shi wajen ƙididdige OAS . Sauran hanyoyin farashi da aka saba amfani da su sune kwaikwayon da PDEs . Ana amfani da waɗannan don saitunan da suka wuce waɗanda Black-Scholes ya tsara . Bayan rikicin, ko da a cikin waɗannan saitunan, bankuna suna amfani da samfuran canjin yanayi na gida da na stochastic don haɗa saman canjin yanayi, yayin da gyare-gyaren xVA suka dace da la'akari da takwarorinsu da jari.]] Lissafin kuɗi fanni ne na [[lissafi mai amfani]] da ya shafi kasuwannin kuɗi ; takardar digirin digirgir ta Louis Bachelier, wacce aka kare a shekarar 1900, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aikin ilimi na farko a wannan fanni. An fi mai da hankali kan tsarin kayan da aka samo asali - tare da mai da hankali sosai kan ƙimar riba - da kuma ƙirar haɗarin bashi - yayin da wasu muhimman fannoni suka haɗa da lissafin inshora da kuma kula da fayil ɗin adadi . Hakazalika, ana amfani da dabarun da aka ƙirƙiro don farashi da kuma kariyar nau'ikan kadarori daban-daban, na gwamnati, da na kamfanoni . Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangane da aiki, ana kiran fannin da kuɗi mai yawa da/ko kuɗin lissafi, kuma ya ƙunshi fannoni uku da aka tattauna. Manyan kayan aikin lissafi da dabarun su ne, daidai da haka: * don abubuwan da aka samo asali, Lissafin stochastic na Itô, kwaikwayo, da daidaitattun bambance-bambance na ɓangare ; duba tattaunawar da aka haɗa a cikin akwati game da samfurin Black-Scholes na samfurin da dabarun lambobi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yanzu * don gudanar da haɗari, ƙimar haɗari, gwajin damuwa da nazarin "masu hankali" (ta amfani da "Girkawa"); ilimin lissafi na asali ya ƙunshi samfuran gauraye, PCA, tarin canjin yanayi da copulas . <ref>See for example III.A.3, in Carol Alexander, ed. (2005). ''The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook''. PRMIA Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-9766097-0-4}}</ref> * a cikin waɗannan fannoni biyu, musamman ga matsalolin fayil, quants suna amfani da dabarun ingantawa masu inganci. A lissafi, waɗannan sun rabu zuwa rassan nazari guda biyu : farashin da aka samo asali yana amfani da yiwuwar rashin haɗari (ko yiwuwar farashin sulhu ), wanda aka nuna ta "Q"; yayin da haɗarin da gudanar da fayil gabaɗaya suna amfani da yiwuwar zahiri (ko ta zahiri ko ta actuarial), wanda aka nuna ta "P". Waɗannan suna da alaƙa ta hanyar " Asalin ka'idar farashin kadarori " da ke sama. Batun yana da alaƙa da tattalin arzikin kuɗi, wanda, kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya mayar da hankali kan yawancin ka'idar da ke cikin lissafin kuɗi: gabaɗaya, lissafin kuɗi zai samo kuma ya faɗaɗa samfuran lissafi da aka ba da shawara. Kuɗin kwamfuta reshe ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta (wanda aka yi amfani da shi) wanda ke magance matsalolin da suka shafi sha'awa a fannin kuɗi, kuma musamman yana jaddada hanyoyin lambobi da aka yi amfani da su a nan. === Kuɗin gwaji === Kuɗin gwaji yana da nufin kafa yanayi daban-daban na kasuwa da muhalli don lura da gwaji da kuma samar da wata hanya ta kimiyya ta yadda za ta iya nazarin halayen wakilai da kuma halayen da suka haifar da kwararar ciniki, yaɗuwar bayanai, da tarawa, hanyoyin saita farashi, da kuma hanyoyin dawo da kaya. Masu bincike a fannin gwajin kuɗi suna nazarin yadda ka'idojin tattalin arzikin kuɗi na yanzu ke yin hasashen gaskiya kuma suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da su. Suna kuma da nufin gano sabbin ƙa'idodi don faɗaɗa waɗannan ka'idoji don yanke shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na gaba. Wannan bincike sau da yawa ya ƙunshi gudanar da kwaikwayon ciniki ko lura da ɗabi'un ɗan adam a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, gasa, da kuma kamar kasuwa. Nazarin harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a yana nuna yadda ''[[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]]'' masu zuba jari ko manajoji ke shafar yanke shawara da kasuwanni na kuɗi kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen yanke shawara wanda zai iya yin tasiri ko dai a kan wani ɓangare na fannoninsu mara kyau ko kuma mai kyau. Tare da ƙarin zurfafa bincike kan harkokin kuɗi na ɗabi'a, yana yiwuwa a haɗa abin da ke faruwa a kasuwannin kuɗi da bincike bisa ga ka'idar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zahera |first=Syed Aliya |last2=Bansal |first2=Rohit |date=2018-05-08 |title=Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Qualitative Research in Financial Markets |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=210–251 |doi=10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028 |issn=1755-4179 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408144635/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028/full/html |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Kuɗin ɗabi'a ya ƙaru a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don zama muhimmin ɓangare na kuɗi. A zamanin yau akwai buƙatar ƙarin nazari da kuma gwada tasirin ji a kan shawarwarin kuɗi. Musamman ma, domin yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a wuce kuɗin halayya zuwa kuɗin zamantakewa, wanda ke nazarin tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa, yadda ra'ayoyin kuɗi ke yaɗuwa, da kuma yadda hanyoyin zamantakewa ke shafar yanke shawara da sakamako na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirshleifer |first=David |date=2015 |title=Behavioral Finance |journal=Annual Review of Financial Economics |language=en |volume=7 |pages=133–159 |doi=10.1146/annurev-financial-092214-043752 |issn=1941-1367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Harkokin kuɗi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwa kamar: # Nazarin tarihi wanda ke nuna manyan karkacewa daga ka'idojin gargajiya; # Samfura na yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke shafar ciniki da farashi da kuma yadda yake shafar ciniki; # Hasashen bisa ga waɗannan hanyoyin; # Nazarin kasuwannin kadarori na gwaji da kuma amfani da samfura don hasashen gwaje-gwaje. An yi wa wani ɓangare na kuɗin ɗabi'a lakabi da kuɗin ɗabi'a na adadi, wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin lissafi da na ƙididdiga don fahimtar son zuciya na ɗabi'a tare da kimantawa. === Kuɗin kuɗi na Quantum === Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen.<ref name="SIAM">See discussion here: {{cite web |url=https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424170544/https://www.siam.org/Portals/0/Student%20Programs/Thinking%20of%20a%20Career/brochure.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-24|url-status=dead |title=Careers in Applied Mathematics|publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake amfani da ka'idoji da hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar lissafi da masana tattalin arziki suka bunkasa don magance matsalolin kudi. Yana wakiltar reshe da aka sani da econophysics . Kodayake hanyoyin lissafi masu yawa sun kasance a kusa da wasu lokuta kuma suna amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi don fahimtar hanyoyin aiwatarwa da sarrafa kwararar kuɗi, lissafi ne da ke da mahimmanci a cikin wannan sabon yanayin. Ka'idar kudi ta dogara ne akan farashin kayan aiki na kudi, kamar farashin zaɓi na hannun jari. Yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar al'ummar kudi ba su da wani bayani na bincike. A sakamakon haka, hanyoyin lambobi da simulations na kwamfuta don warware waɗannan matsalolin sun karu. Wannan yanki na bincike an san shi da kudi na lissafi. Yawancin matsalolin kudi na lissafi suna da babban matsayi na rikitarwa na lissafi kuma suna da jinkiri don haɗuwa da mafita a kan kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Musamman, idan ya zo ga farashin zaɓi, akwai ƙarin rikitarwa sakamakon buƙatar amsawa ga kasuwannin da ke canzawa da sauri. Misali, don amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari marasa daidaituwa, lissafin dole ne ya kammala kafin canji na gaba a cikin kusan ci gaba da canza kasuwar hannun jari. A sakamakon haka, al'ummar kudi koyaushe suna neman hanyoyin da za su shawo kan matsalolin aikin da ke tasowa yayin zaɓuɓɓukan farashi. Wannan ya haifar da bincike wanda ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin lissafi don kudi. Mafi yawan nau'ikan kudi da aka fi amfani da su sune tsarin ci gaba mai yawa, tsarin binomial mai yawa, samfurin binomial da sauransu. Asalin kuɗi za a iya gano shi tun daga farkon kafa jihohi da cinikayya a [[zamanin Tagulla]] . An gano cewa an gano farkon shaidar kuɗi a tarihi a kusan shekara ta 3000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Bankuna sun samo asali ne daga [[Yammacin Asiya]], inda ake amfani da haikali da manyan fada a matsayin wurare masu aminci don adana kayayyaki masu daraja. Da farko, hatsi ne kawai mai daraja da za a iya ajiyewa, amma daga ƙarshe shanu da kayan tarihi sun shiga ciki. A wannan lokacin, birnin Uruk na Sumerian a [[Mesopotamia]] ya tallafa wa ciniki ta hanyar ba da rance da kuma amfani da riba. A cikin Sumerian, "sha'awa" shine ''mas'', wanda ke fassara zuwa "maraƙi". A [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Misra|Masar]], kalmomin da ake amfani da su don sha'awa, ''tokos'' da ''ms'' bi da bi, suna nufin "haihuwa". A cikin waɗannan al'adu, sha'awa ta nuna ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci, kuma da alama tana la'akari da hakan daga mahangar mai ba da bashi. Dokar Hammurabi (1792–1750 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) ta ƙunshi dokokin da ke kula da harkokin banki. Mutanen Babila sun saba da karɓar riba a kashi 20 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an yi amfani da harsashin cowrie a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a [[Sin|ƙasar Sin]] . Amfani da tsabar kudi a matsayin hanyar wakiltar kudi ya fara ne a cikin shekaru tsakanin 700 da 500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=babylon-coins.com |url=http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615134016/http://babylon-coins.com/tast1.html |archive-date=2021-06-15 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=babylon-coins.com}}</ref> Herodotus ya ambaci amfani da tsabar kudi a Lydia a kusa da 687 KZ kuma, a shekara ta 640 KZ, mutanen Lidiya sun fara amfani da tsalar kudi a ko'ina kuma sun bude shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus on Lydia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152131/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/81/herodotus-on-lydia/ |archive-date=2021-05-13 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, birane a Girka ta gargajiya, kamar Aegina, [[Athens]], da Koranti, sun fara yin nasu tsabar kudi tsakanin 595 da 570 KZ. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, sake fasalin Lex Genucia ya haramta sha'awa a cikin 342 KZ, kodayake tanadin ya tafi ba tare da tilasta shi ba. A karkashin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], an saita rufin a kan kudaden shiga na 12%, kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin Justinian an saukar da shi har ma zuwa tsakanin 4% da 8% .<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=History of Usury Prohibition – IslamiCity |url=https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409014040/https://www.islamicity.org/2773/history-of-usury-prohibition/ |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=islamicity.org}}</ref> An buɗe musayar hannun jari ta farko a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] a cikin 1531.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handelsbeurs |trans-title=Trade fair |url=https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/handelsbeurs |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Visit Antwerp |language=nl |quote=The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the world.}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kirkiro shahararrun musayar kamar London Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1773) da New York Stock Exchange (wanda aka kafa a 1793).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902213413/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/discover/lseg/our-history |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=London Stock Exchange}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges |url=https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230415/https://guides.loc.gov/wall-street-history/exchanges |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin kudi na 2008 * Bayani game da kudi {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|last2=Jason Zweig}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John C. Bogle}} *   * {{Cite book|last2=Sharon Lechter}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Soros}} * {{Cite book|last3=Philip Arthur Fisher}} == Haɗin waje == * Magana ta Hypertextual Finance (Campbell Harvey) * Bayanan Kudi (Pierre Vernimmen) * [[Risk (magazine)|Risk.net]]/glossary" id="mwBf8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin kula da haɗarin kuɗi (Risk.net) * [[NASDAQ]].com/glossary" id="mwBgI" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kalmomin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (NASDAQ) * Kalmomin Maɓallin Kasuwanci (PIMCO) * [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ Kudin kamfanoni] (Aswath Damodaran) * albarkatun gudanar da kudi (James Van Horne) * Abubuwan da ke tattare da kudade na mutum (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, mymoney.gov) * albarkatun kudi na jama'a (Governance and Social Development Resource Center, gsdrc.org) [An adana 2023-06-02 a ] * albarkatun kula da haɗari (Cibiyar Hadari ta Duniya) [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mxe9o55qj70kxtj5d2hn972qxt81xxn 0 15025 963340 828476 2026-10-05T08:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Mukuka''' ta kasance yar shirin fim ce ta Zambiya, darekta a tiyata da shirya wasanni, tana zaune ne a [[New York]]. Ita jakadiya ce ta al'adun Zambiya zuwa ga duniya da Kuma abunda ta koya a wasu guraren.<ref name=Ma/> == Farkon rayuwa da karatu== Mukuka an haife ta kuma ta girma ne a [[Zambiya]]. A [[International School of Lusaka]], ta samu [[IB Diploma]] daga na , ta tafi zuwa [[New York City]] dan cigaba da karatun aikin shirin fim inda ta karanci [[Master of Fine Arts]] degree akan Theater.<ref name=Ma/> == Aiki == Mukuka tayi wasa a New York, International (Zambian) da Jami'ar ([[Brooklyn College]]) theaters.<ref name=FA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bretadamsltd.net/content/client/female-actors/maria-mukuka/ |title=Maria Mukuka |publisher=BretAdamsLtd Artists Agency |access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> Ta fara wasan ta na farko ne a world’s largest solo theater festival amatsayin yar makaranta a New York acikin wani aiki da tasa wa suna "'''Race Free''" - wasan da ta tsara na kanta mai tsawon mintuna 40 Zishan Ugurlu, inda ta bayyana tasowar ta tun tana karama a Zambia da kuna New York amatsayin ta na mai ruwa biyu n'a al'ada da rayuwa<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://unitedsolo.org/us/racefree-2015-oct-2/ |title=Race Free |website=United Solo |access-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016213349/http://unitedsolo.org/us/racefree-2015-oct-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wanda akawa lakabi amatsayin mafi yawan ciniki. Wasan kuma an nuna shi a bitan New York Theater. Ta kuma yi wasanni da dama a [[The Tank (theater)|The Tank]] da [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thoughtgallery.org/events/alumnight/ |title=AlumNight |website=Thought Gallery |access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lamama.org/eighth-annual-alumnight/ |title=Eighth Annual ALUMNIGHT |date=October 2015 |website=La Mama |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045215/http://lamama.org/eighth-annual-alumnight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, both [[Off-off-Broadway]] venues. She also performs in [[Off-Broadway]] theaters.<ref name=Ma/> A gida a [[Zambia]], ta rubuta da tsare shirye-shiryen masu suna kamar: “''Chief Jones''” (2018) - wasan da ya bayyana sanayyar Kai a zamanin yanazu a Zambiya ta idanun al'adu, wanda samar dashi yasamu tallafi daga Gidauniyar USA Tow; da “''Swaggering Braggadocio''” (2017) aciki ta taka muhimman rawa, samar da fina-finai ya samu hadingwiwa taré da Modzi Arts, wanda farfajiya ce ta adabi dake Zambiya kuma Taonga Julia Kaseka ne ke kula da wurin, wani Darekta na adabi. Kuma takanyi hadin gwiwa da abokai na cikin gida.<ref name=Ma/> A Yunin 2020, Mukuka ta fito acikin wasan [[William Shakespeare]], "''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]''" wanda Saheem Ali yayi darekta, inda ta fito amatakin ''Queen's lady/servant''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publictheater.org/productions/season/1920/crediting/richard-ii-credits/ |title=Public: Present Richard II |publisher=Public Theater |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905202650/https://publictheater.org/productions/season/1920/crediting/richard-ii-credits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2020/06/18/the-public-theatre-announces-radio-drama-richard-ii/ |title=The Public Theatre Announces Radio Drama ‘Richard II’ |date=June 18, 2020 |publisher=American Theatre |access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/andr-holland-john-douglas-thompson-phylicia-rashad_91106.html |title=André Holland, John Douglas Thompson, Phylicia Rashad to Star in Richard II |author=David Gordon |date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=Theatermania |access-date=October 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dcmetrotheaterarts.com/2020/07/16/a-telling-and-powerful-serial-podcast-of-richard-ii-by-the-public-theater/ |title=A telling and powerful serial podcast of ‘Richard II’ by The Public Theater |author=Deb Miller |date=June 16, 2020 |publisher=DC Metro |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000940/https://dcmetrotheaterarts.com/2020/07/16/a-telling-and-powerful-serial-podcast-of-richard-ii-by-the-public-theater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> acikin Jerin shirye-shiryen [[Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)|Shakespeare in the Park]], wanda ya zamo mata kaka ta biyu data samu dama na fitowa acikin jerin shirye-shiryen acikin gidan rediyo na New York public, [[WNYC]] a dalilin [[Covid-19 pandemic]], ta dangana su ga [[Black Lives Matter Movement]]. Wasan an bada labarin ta daga [[Lupita Nyong’o]], wanda ta lashe kyautar [[Academy Awards]] yar Kenya da [[Phylicia Rashad]], [[John Douglas Thompson]], [[Estelle Parsons]] da sauran su.<ref name=Ma/> Ta taba fitowa a, [[Coriolanus]] daga William Shakespeare, wanda [[Daniel J. Sullivan|Daniel Sullivan]] yayi darekta, wanda ya lashe kyautar [[Tony Award]], wanda aka nuna a Augusta 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/show/coriolanus |title=Coriolanus Tickets: Delacorte Theater |publisher=New York Theatre Guide |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022092634/https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/show/coriolanus |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mukuka kuma malamar jami'a ce mai koyar da shiri a kwalejin Brooklyn College, [[The City University of New York]] da kuma Dialect Coach da kwarewa a African dialects na samarwar [[Off-Broadway]].<ref name=Ma>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2020/09/16/zambian-actress-maria-mukuka-cast-opposite-black-panther-star-lupita-nyongo-in-nyc-play/ |title=Zambian actress, Maria Mukuka, cast opposite “Black Panther” Star Lupita Nyong’o in NYC Play |date=September 16, 2020 |publisher=Lusaka Times |access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zimbabwe.shafaqna.com/EN/AL/821963 |title=Zambian actress, Maria Mukuka, cast opposite “Black Panther” Star Lupita Nyong’o in NYC Play |publisher=Lusaka Times |website=Zimbabwe News |access-date=October 12, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Fina-finai == * ''"Richard II"'' (2020) * ''"Coriolanus"'' (2019) * ''"Chief Jones"'' (2018) * ''"Swaggering Braggadocio"'' (2017) * ''"Race Free"'' (2015) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720091753/http://mariavmukuka.com/about About - Maria Mukuka] * [https://www.wnycstudios.org/people/maria-mukuka WNYCStudios: Maria Mukuka] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukuka, Maria}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5ntfsuvpg1c6df3riqnjup5afm8i073 0 18262 963104 443336 2026-10-04T18:34:42Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963104 wikitext text/x-wiki Iya{{Databox}}'''Rahat Khan''' (19 Disamba 1940 - 28 Agusta 2020) ɗan jarida ne ɗan [[Bangladesh]] kuma marubucin litattafai. Ya rubuta labarai fiye da 32. Ya kasance edita a ''jaridar Daily Ittefaq'' . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta adabi ta Bangla Academy a 1973 da kuma Ekushey Padak a 1996 ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh . Khan ya mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 2020 a [[Dhaka]] yana da shekara 79. {{Stub}} {{Infobox person | name = Rahat Khan | native_name = রাহাত খান | birth_date = 19 Disamba 1940 | birth_place = Tarail, Kishoreganj, Bengal Presidency, British India | death_date = 28 Agusta 2020 | death_place = Dhaka, Bangladesh | alma_mater = Jami'ar Dhaka | occupation = ɗan jarida, marubuci | years_active = 1969–2020 | known_for = Editan jaridar ''The Daily Ittefaq'' | awards = Kyautar Adabi ta Bangla Academy; Ekushey Padak }} '''Rahat Khan''' (19 Disamba 1940 – 28 Agusta 2020) ɗan jaridar ƙasar Bangladesh ne kuma marubucin adabi. Ya yi fice wajen rubuta gajerun labarai da litattafai, sannan ya shafe shekaru masu yawa yana aiki a harkar jarida. Ya kasance editan jaridar ''The Daily Ittefaq'', ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridun harshen Bengali. An haifi Rahat Khan a ranar 19 Disamba 1940 a ƙauyen Gabas Jawar, a ƙaramar hukumar Tarail ta gundumar Kishoreganj, wadda a lokacin take cikin Bengal Presidency na British India. Ya fara sha'awar rubutu tun yana yaro, kuma ya rubuta labarinsa na farko tun yana aji na uku. == Ilimi da koyarwa == Rahat Khan ya karanci tattalin arziki da falsafa a Ananda Mohan College, inda ya sami digirinsa. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dhaka, inda ya kammala karatunsa a fannin Harshen Bengali da Adabinsa a shekarar 1961. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aikin koyarwa na kimanin shekaru takwas a makarantu da kwalejoji daban-daban. Daga cikin wuraren da ya koyar akwai Nasirabad College da Jagannath College da Chattogram Government College. == Aikin jarida == Rahat Khan ya fara aikin jarida a shekarar 1969 a jaridar ''Dainik Sangbad''. Daga baya ya koma jaridar ''The Daily Ittefaq'', inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita sannan daga baya ya zama editan jaridar. Ya shafe fiye da shekaru arba'in yana da alaƙa da wannan jarida. A shekarar 2013, ya zama editan ''Dainik Bartoman''. Daga baya ya kuma riƙe matsayin edita a ''Dainik Protidiner Sangbad''. Bayan barinsa ''Ittefaq'', ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin edita na ''Dainik Bartoman''. Baya ga aikin jarida, ya kasance cikin shugabancin hukumar ''Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha'' (BSS), wato hukumar dillancin labarai ta ƙasar Bangladesh. == Aikin adabi == Rahat Khan ya shahara musamman wajen rubuta gajerun labarai da litattafai. Littafinsa na farko na tarin gajerun labarai, ''Anishchito Lokalay'', an wallafa shi a shekarar 1972. Bayan wannan, ya ci gaba da wallafa littattafai da dama. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: * ''Amal Dhabal Chakri'' * ''Chhaya Dampoti'' * ''Shohor'' * ''He Shunyota'' * ''He Anonter Pakhi'' * ''Modhyo Mather Khelowar'' * ''Ek Priyodorshini'' * ''Montrisobhar Patan'' * ''Dui Nari'' * ''Kolahol'' * ''Dilur Galpo'' Ayyukansa sun shafi rayuwar al'ummar Bangladesh, musamman rayuwar birane, dangantakar mutane, da matsalolin zamantakewa. Wasu daga cikin litattafansa kuma sun yi magana kan abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin Bangladesh da Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh. Littafin ''Dilur Galpo'' ya kuma taimaka wajen sanya sunansa cikin fitattun marubutan da suka rubuta adabin yara. == Kyaututtuka == Rahat Khan ya samu kyaututtuka da dama saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabi da aikin jarida. Daga cikin manyan kyaututtukan da ya samu akwai: * '''Kyautar Adabi ta Bangla Academy''' – 1973, saboda gudummawarsa wajen rubuta gajerun labarai. * '''Shuhrit Literary Award''' – 1975. * '''Sufi Motahar Hossain Award''' – 1979. * '''Mahbubullah Zebunnesa Trust Award''' – 1979. * '''Abul Mansur Memorial Award''' – 1980. * '''Humayun Qadir Memorial Award''' – 1982. * '''Trayi Literary Award''' – 1988. * '''Chetana Literary Award''' – 1989. * '''Ekushey Padak''' – 1996, ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo na farar hula da gwamnatin Bangladesh ke bayarwa. == Mutuwa == Rahat Khan ya rasu a ranar 28 Agusta 2020 a Dhaka, Bangladesh, yana da shekara 79. Kafin rasuwarsa, ya fuskanci matsalolin lafiya kuma an kai shi asibiti bayan samun rauni a haƙarƙarinsa da kuma matsalar numfashi. Rasuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga manyan jami'an Bangladesh, ciki har da Shugaba Abdul Hamid da Firaminista Sheikh Hasina, waɗanda suka bayyana muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar ga aikin jarida da adabin ƙasar. == Gadon da ya bari == Rahat Khan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubuta da 'yan jarida na Bangladesh na ƙarni na 20. Haɗin da ya yi tsakanin aikin jarida da adabi ya ba shi damar yin tasiri a fannonin biyu. Rubuce-rubucensa na gajerun labarai da litattafai sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na adabin Bengali na zamani, yayin da aikinsa a jaridu ya taimaka wajen haɓaka aikin jarida a Bangladesh. == Duba kuma == * [[Adabin Bengali]] * [[Bangladesh]] * [[The Daily Ittefaq]] * [[Jami'ar Dhaka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Marubutan Bangladesh]] [[Rukuni:'Yan jaridar Bangladesh]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1940]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen da suka mutu a 2020]] [[Rukuni:Masu karɓar Ekushey Padak]] [[Rukuni:Masu karɓar Kyautar Adabi ta Bangla Academy]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Marubutan Asiya]] 0wqx73y7yzddr2xjspintqabbj3qemj 0 18821 963390 674768 2026-10-05T10:57:49Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Bibliography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374829667|Marketing]]" 963390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]] '''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da yazo da cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]] ==Amfanin sa== ==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo== Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing </gallery> == Tarihin rayuwa == * Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi] * {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}} * Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a * {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}} * Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014 * Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002 * Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen.[1] kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} iwv1htp057yz994gx4dx2vly5lg51gl 963391 963390 2026-10-05T10:58:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 963391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]] '''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da yazo da cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]] ==Amfanin sa== ==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo== Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing </gallery> == Tarihin rayuwa == * Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi] * {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}} * Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a * {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}} * Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014 * Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 7mees3nihj86ac10ygdiwcodafin327 963392 963391 2026-10-05T10:59:49Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "See also" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374829667|Marketing]]" 963392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]] '''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da yazo da cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]] ==Amfanin sa== ==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo== Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing </gallery> == Tarihin rayuwa == * Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi] * {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}} * Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a * {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}} * Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014 * Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002 == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Account-based marketing]] * [[Advertising]] ** [[History of advertising]] ** [[Online Advertising]] ** [[Sex in Advertising]] * [[Advertising management]] * [[Affinity marketing]] * [[Agile marketing]] * [[American business history]] * [[B2B Marketing]] * [[Brand awareness]] * [[Consumer confusion]] * [[Consumer behaviour]] * [[Content marketing]] * [[Database marketing]] * [[Demand chain]] * [[Digital marketing]] * [[Email remarketing]] * [[Family in advertising]] * [[Guerrilla marketing]] * [[History of marketing]] * [[Internet marketing]] * [[List of marketing terms]] * [[Loyalty marketing]] * [[Macromarketing]] * [[Marketing management]] * [[Marketing mix]] * [[Marketing science]] * [[Marketing strategy]] * [[Micromarketing]] * [[Media manipulation]] * [[Meta marketing]] * [[Mobile marketing]] * [[Multicultural marketing]] * [[Product management]] * [[Product marketing]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[Public Sector Marketing]] * [[Real-time marketing]] * [[Return on marketing investment]] (ROMI) * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Search Engine Marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Smarketing]] * [[Societal marketing]] * [[Social media marketing]] * [[Sustainable market orientation]] * [[Visual marketing]] * [[Viral Marketing]] * [[Web marketing]] * [[Word-of-mouth marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Nau'o'in talla === <nowiki>*</nowiki> Kudin kuɗi ya haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin inji na inji ga ka'idar kuɗi, samar da sababbin hanyoyin da ra'ayoyi a fagen.[1] kudi kudi wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa, inda ake.{{Columns-list|* [[Agricultural marketing]] * [[Business marketing]] and [[industrial marketing]] * [[Destination marketing]] * [[Global marketing]] * [[Influencer marketing]] * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Social marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Hanyoyin tallace-tallace ko falsafanci === {{Columns-list|* [[History of marketing#The marketing orientation|Marketing orientation]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[History of marketing#Selling orientation|Selling orientation]] * [[Socially responsible marketing]] and [[corporate social responsibility]] * [[Relationship marketing]] and [[customer relationship management]]|colwidth=15em}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 16m4is48ignbkvz2lqn965w3c19yash 963393 963392 2026-10-05T11:01:13Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Nau'o'in talla */ 963393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]] '''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da yazo da cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]] ==Amfanin sa== ==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo== Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.<ref>https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing </gallery> == Tarihin rayuwa == * Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi] * {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}} * Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a * {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}} * Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014 * Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002 == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Account-based marketing]] * [[Advertising]] ** [[History of advertising]] ** [[Online Advertising]] ** [[Sex in Advertising]] * [[Advertising management]] * [[Affinity marketing]] * [[Agile marketing]] * [[American business history]] * [[B2B Marketing]] * [[Brand awareness]] * [[Consumer confusion]] * [[Consumer behaviour]] * [[Content marketing]] * [[Database marketing]] * [[Demand chain]] * [[Digital marketing]] * [[Email remarketing]] * [[Family in advertising]] * [[Guerrilla marketing]] * [[History of marketing]] * [[Internet marketing]] * [[List of marketing terms]] * [[Loyalty marketing]] * [[Macromarketing]] * [[Marketing management]] * [[Marketing mix]] * [[Marketing science]] * [[Marketing strategy]] * [[Micromarketing]] * [[Media manipulation]] * [[Meta marketing]] * [[Mobile marketing]] * [[Multicultural marketing]] * [[Product management]] * [[Product marketing]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[Public Sector Marketing]] * [[Real-time marketing]] * [[Return on marketing investment]] (ROMI) * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Search Engine Marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Smarketing]] * [[Societal marketing]] * [[Social media marketing]] * [[Sustainable market orientation]] * [[Visual marketing]] * [[Viral Marketing]] * [[Web marketing]] * [[Word-of-mouth marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Nau'o'in talla === <nowiki>*</nowiki> [[Agricultural marketing]] * [[Business marketing]] and [[industrial marketing]] * [[Destination marketing]] * [[Global marketing]] * [[Influencer marketing]] * [[Relationship marketing]] * [[Services marketing]] * [[Social marketing]]|colwidth=15em}} === Hanyoyin tallace-tallace ko falsafanci === {{Columns-list|* [[History of marketing#The marketing orientation|Marketing orientation]] * [[Production orientation]] * [[History of marketing#Selling orientation|Selling orientation]] * [[Socially responsible marketing]] and [[corporate social responsibility]] * [[Relationship marketing]] and [[customer relationship management]]|colwidth=15em}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ln7re277hirsr069rljxmhrtu2vazbj 0 20188 963100 736541 2026-10-04T18:28:45Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}}{{Stub}} [[Fayil:Patience Torlowei2.jpg|thumb|Patience Torlowei]] '''Patience Torlowei''' (An haifeta ranar 24 ga watan Julin shekara ta 1964). Yar ƙasar Najeriya ce kuma mai sana'ar ɗinki, itace ta ƙirƙiri (Esther Dress).<ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/5370/patience-returns.html</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da Karatu == An haifeta a jihar Enugu, iyayenta yan yaren Ijaw ne. [[File:Patience Torlowei2.jpg|thumb|Patience Torlowei]] Ta karanci (Textile art and Technology) a makarantar (Yaba college of Technology). Ta tafi ƙasar Belgium a Shekara ta 1989 domin yin aikin ɗinki, sannan ta samar da masana'arta ta dinki a shekara ta 2006 Mai suna (Patience Place).<ref>https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/10/01/history-on-a-hanger/</ref> '''Patience Torlowei''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1964) ’yar ƙasar Najeriya ce mai zanen kayan sawa, mai fasahar masaku da kuma mai tsara kayan ado. An fi saninta da ƙirƙirar rigar '''Esther Dress''', wata shahararriyar rigar fasaha da ta haɗa zanen kayan sawa da fasahar zane. Rigar ''Esther'' ita ce aikin haute couture na farko da wani mai zanen kaya ya ƙirƙira wanda ya shiga cikin tarin dindindin na [[National Museum of African Art]] na [[Smithsonian Institution]] a Washington, D.C. == Rayuwarta ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Patience Etipou Torlowei a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1964 a [[Enugu]], Najeriya. Iyayenta ’yan kabilar [[Ijaw]] ne. Ta girma a Najeriya kuma tun tana ƙaramar yarinya ta fuskanci abubuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikice da kuma sauye-sauyen zamantakewar ƙasar. Daga baya ta mayar da hankali kan fasaha da kere-kere, musamman fasahar masaku da kayan sawa. Torlowei ta yi karatu a [[Yaba College of Technology]] da ke [[Lagos]], inda ta karanci fannin '''Textile Arts and Technology'''. Ilimin da ta samu a wannan fanni ya ba ta tushe wajen fahimtar zane, yadudduka, launuka da yadda ake sarrafa masaku wajen ƙirƙirar kayan sawa. A shekarar 1989 ta koma [[Belgium]], inda ta shafe kusan shekaru 20. A lokacin da take Belgium ta ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarta a fannin ƙirar kayan sawa, musamman kayan amarya, kayan sawa na musamman da kayan cikin mata. == Farkon sana'a == Bayan ta kammala karatunta, Torlowei ta fara aiki a fannin ƙirar kayan sawa. A shekarar 2006 ta kafa layin kayan sawa na '''Patience Torlowei BVBA''' a Belgium. Kamfanin ya fara da samar da kayan amarya da sauran kayan sawa na musamman. A cikin ɗan lokaci, kayanta suka samu kasuwa a wasu ƙasashen Turai. Daga baya ta lura da ƙarancin kayan cikin amarya a kasuwa, kuma hakan ya sa ta ƙara mai da hankali kan ƙirar kayan lingerie. A shekarar 2008 ta koma Najeriya tare da burin faɗaɗa sana'arta da kuma amfani da ƙwarewarta wajen samar da ayyukan yi da horar da matasa. A Najeriya ta kafa '''Patience Please Nig. Ltd.''', wadda majiyar Smithsonian ta bayyana a matsayin kamfanin ƙera lingerie na farko da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya. Kamfanin ya kasance a [[Lagos]], inda Torlowei ta kuma ba matasa maza da mata marasa aikin yi horo kan sana'ar ƙera kayan sawa. == Esther Dress == Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan Patience Torlowei ita ce rigar '''Esther''', wadda aka ƙera a shekarar 2013. Rigar ba kawai kayan sawa ba ce; aikin fasaha ce da ke magana kan matsalolin muhalli, yaƙe-yaƙe, arzikin ma'adinai da wahalhalun da al'ummomin Afirka suka fuskanta. Rigar ''Esther'' doguwar rigar mata ce mai launin zinariya, wadda aka yi amfani da siliki, auduga, polyester da wasu kayan masaku wajen ƙerarta. A saman rigar akwai zane-zanen da ke nuna abubuwan da suka shafi gurɓacewar muhalli da wahalhalun da ake samu sakamakon hako man fetur da sauran albarkatun ƙasa. Zane-zanen da ke jikin rigar sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi [[Niger Delta]], cinikin lu'ulu'u masu alaƙa da rikici, yaƙe-yaƙe da hako ma'adinai a wasu sassan Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo da Afirka ta Kudu. Torlowei ta sanya wa rigar suna '''Esther''' ne domin girmama mahaifiyarta, wadda ta rasu wata ɗaya kafin ta fara aikin rigar. Ta bayyana cewa tunanin mahaifiyarta yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin. Launin zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi a rigar yana da ma'ana ta musamman. A cewar bayanin Smithsonian, zinariya tana wakiltar albarkatun da ake samu daga ƙasar Afirka da kuma dukiyar da nahiyar ke da ita. A lokaci guda, hotunan da aka zana a kan rigar suna nuna irin wahalhalun da wasu al'ummomi suka fuskanta saboda amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da rikice-rikice. == Shiga tarin Smithsonian == A shekarar 2014, ''Esther'' ta shiga cikin tarin dindindin na [[National Museum of African Art]] na Smithsonian Institution da ke Washington, D.C. Smithsonian ta bayyana ta a matsayin aikin haute couture na farko daga mai zanen kaya da aka karɓa cikin tarin gidan kayan tarihin. Rigar tana da lambar abu '''2014-28-1''' a cikin tarin gidan kayan tarihin. Smithsonian ta rubuta cewa aikin Torlowei yana ƙarƙashin fannin '''Textile and Fiber Arts'''. Wannan nasara ta sa aikin Torlowei ya samu muhimmiyar matsayi a tarihin haɗuwar kayan sawa, fasahar zane da fasahar Afirka a manyan gidajen kayan tarihi na duniya. == Baje kolin fasaha == A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2013, Torlowei ta halarci wani baje kolin kayan sawa mai taken '''Earth Matters, Fashion Matters''' wanda aka gudanar a National Museum of African Art na Smithsonian. An gayyaci masu zanen kaya takwas daga Afirka, Turai da Amurka domin ƙirƙirar kayan sawa da ke magana kan kare muhalli da amfani da kayan da suka dace da muhalli. ''Esther'' ita ce cibiyar gabatarwar Torlowei a wannan baje koli. Ta kuma ƙirƙiri wasu ayyuka kamar ''Daisy'', wadda ta yi amfani da abubuwan da suka shafi furanni da malam buɗe ido, da ''Evelyn'', wadda aka ƙera daga ƙananan ragowar yadudduka daga wurin aikinta. A shekarar 2019, ''Esther'' ta kasance cikin baje kolin '''I Am... Contemporary Women Artists of Africa''' a National Museum of African Art. Baje kolin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ayyukan mata masu fasaha daga Afirka. == Torlowei == A shekarar 2017, Patience Torlowei ta ƙaddamar da sabon alamar kayan sawa mai suna '''TORLOWEI'''. Alamar ta samo asali ne daga tarihin aikinta a fannin lingerie da couture da kuma al'adun sutura na Najeriya da Morocco. Alamar ta fi mayar da hankali kan kayan sawa masu alaƙa da lingerie, kayan sawa na zamani da kuma kayan da ke haɗa fasaha da sutura. Torlowei tana amfani da masana'antar masaku da fasahar ƙera kaya a matsayin hanyar bayyana kyawu, al'adu da gado. Aikin TORLOWEI yana da alaƙa da amfani da ƙwarewar masu sana'a da kuma ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idojin da suka shafi muhalli da ɗorewar kayan sawa. Kamfanin yana da wuraren aiki a Lagos da Tangier, Morocco, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun masu sana'a daga ƙasashe daban-daban. == Salon fasaharta == Salon Torlowei yana haɗa tsakanin '''kayan sawa, fasahar masaku da zane-zane'''. Ba ta ɗauki sutura a matsayin abin ado kawai ba, tana kuma amfani da ita wajen isar da saƙonni game da al'umma, muhalli, tarihi da al'adun Afirka. Ayyukanta suna nuna muhimmancin yadudduka, launuka da siffofi wajen bayyana tunani da motsin zuciya. ''Esther'' ta zama ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi bayyana wannan salon saboda ta haɗa kyawun rigar alfarma da labarin wahalhalun da al'ummomin Afirka suka fuskanta. == Tasiri da muhimmanci == Patience Torlowei ta samu matsayi na musamman a fannin kayan sawa na Najeriya saboda yadda ta haɗa ƙirar kaya da fasahar zane. Shigar ''Esther'' cikin tarin dindindin na National Museum of African Art ya ƙara nuna yadda kayan sawa na Afirka za su iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na fasahar zamani. Baya ga aikinta na ƙirƙirar kayan sawa, ta kuma taimaka wajen horar da matasa a Najeriya ta hanyar aikinta a masana'antar kayan sawa. Smithsonian ta bayyana cewa wuraren aikinta a Lagos sun ɗauki matasa maza da mata marasa aikin yi tare da ba su horo na sana'a. == Rayuwa da gado == Patience Torlowei ta ci gaba da amfani da ƙwarewarta wajen haɗa fasahar zamani da al'adun Afirka. Alamar TORLOWEI tana bayyana kanta a matsayin haɗin fasaha, al'adu da gado, yayin da ake amfani da tufafi da masaku a matsayin hanyar isar da ra'ayoyi da kuma adana abin da zai ci gaba da kasancewa ga al'ummomi na gaba. == Duba kuma == * [[Yaba College of Technology]] * [[National Museum of African Art]] * [[Smithsonian Institution]] * [[Masana'antar kayan sawa a Najeriya]] * [[Fasahar masaku]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://africa.si.edu/collection/object/nmafa_2014-28-1 Esther – National Museum of African Art] * [https://torlowei.com/en-ng/pages/our-story TORLOWEI – Our Story] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1964]] 1nmimjn5zy11bomli95vgtxbefw5ffo 0 21372 963273 960850 2026-10-05T06:33:16Z Nura Bello 24854 963273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Brian Tyree Henry''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1982) <ref name="int1">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Emma |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Discovery: Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry#_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908164645/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |publisher=Brant Publications}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Sean |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Who Plays Paper Boi The Rapper on 'Atlanta'? |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/atlanta-paper-boi-actor-brian-tyree-henry |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Thrillist}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a kan mataki da allo, ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Tony, Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu, da Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime guda uku. Henry ya zama sananne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na FX ''Atlanta'' (2016-2022), wanda ya sami gabatarwa don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin Comedy . Har ila yau, an zabi shi a matsayin baƙo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] This Is Us (2017) da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin Apple TV+ + iyakantaccen jerin Dope Thief (2025). Nasarar fim dinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2018 tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din Steve McQueen mai suna Widows da Barry Jenkins' romantic drama If Beale Street Could Talk . Tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin Child's Play (2019), ''Joker'' (2019), Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Bullet Train (2022), da ''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'': The New Empire (2024). Ya nuna Phastos a cikin fim din Marvel Cinematic Universe Eternals (2021), kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako don yin wasa da mutum mai baƙin ciki a fim din wasan kwaikwayo Causeway (2022). Ya kuma bayyana Jefferson Davis a cikin Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) da kuma ci gaba Spider-Man, Across the Spider- Versse (2023) da Megatron a cikin Transformers One (2024). A kan mataki, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Shakespeare a cikin Park samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' (2007), kafin ya fara bugawa Broadway a cikin asalin The Book of Mormon (2011). An zabi shi don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi duk da haka mai kula da tsaro a farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Kenneth Lonergan Lobby Hero (2018). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Henry a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1982, a Fayetteville, North Carolina kuma ya girma a wani bangare a Washington, DC. Mahaifinsa yana cikin soja, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Willow Dean Kearse, malami ce. Henry ya kammala karatu daga E. E. Smith High School a Fayetteville kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya a matsayin babban dan kasuwa wanda ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 2000s. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Yale . == Ayyuka == === 2007-2015: Farkon aiki === Henry ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki, tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasanni da yawa da kuma kiɗa. A shekara ta 2007, ya fito a matsayin Tybalt a cikin Shakespeare a cikin samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Park . Henry ya kuma bayyana a cikin Tarell Alvin McCraney's trilogy of plays, mai taken The Brother / Sister Plays . A shekara ta 2011, ya sami ci gaba da nasara a karon farko na Broadway a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin wasan kwaikwayo na The Book of Mormon a gaban Josh Gad da Andrew Rannells . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Henry ya fito a cikin shirin talabijin kamar ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' na [[NBC]], da kuma ''The Good Wife'' na [[CBS]] . A shekarar 2013, ya taka rawar da ta yi ta ɗan lokaci amma maimaituwa a matsayin Winston Scrapper a cikin fim ɗin HBO 's ''Boardwalk Empire'' wanda ya fito a cikin shirin " Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues ". A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin shirin fim na Steven Soderbergh mai suna ''The Knick'' as Larkin a cikin shirin "The Busy Flea". Ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na 2015 ''na Puerto Ricans a birnin Paris'' . === 2016–2018: Nasara da yabo === A shekarar 2016, Henry ya sami yabo da yabo daga manyan jaruman fim ɗin Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin shirin wasan barkwanci na FX ''mai suna Atlanta'' . Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin shirin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Shirin Barkwanci saboda rawar da ya taka a shirin " Woods ". Chase Hutchinson na ''Collider'' ya ayyana Henry a matsayin "mafi kyawun hali na shirin", yana rubutawa, "Haɗa [ ''Atlanta'' ] shine yanayin kasancewar Henry da raunin da yake nunawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani ɓangare na shirin wanda ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba tare da shi ba. Ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassan shirin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke aiki a yau don duk abin da ya samu a cikin mafi sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=May 9, 2022 |title=How 'Atlanta' & Brian Tyree Henry's Sense of Vulnerability Makes Paper Boi the Show's Best Character |url=https://collider.com/atlanta-brian-tyree-henry-paper-boi-best-character-reasons-why/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Dascious Brown a cikin shirin barkwanci na HBO ''Vice Principals'' . A shekarar 2017, Henry ya fito a matsayin Ricky a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo [[NBC|na NBC]] ''mai suna This Is Us'', wanda ya sami damar shiga gasar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Baƙo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo . A wannan shekarar ne ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Dustin Guy Defa ''mai suna Person to Person'' da kuma ''Crown Heights na Matt Ruskin mai suna Crown Heights'' . A shekarar 2018, ya koma Broadway a lokacin da Kenneth Lonergan 's ''Lobby Hero'' ya sake farfado da shi a gaban [[Chris Evans]], Bel Powley, da Michael Cera . David Rooney na ''jaridar The Hollywood Reporter'' ya yaba wa Henry a matsayin "mai kyau" kuma ya ambace shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=March 26, 2018 |title='Lobby Hero': Theater Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lobby-hero-theater-1097460/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon Tony Award na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tony Award Nominees - Artists - Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419230912/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |website=TonyAwards.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2018, Henry ya yi fice a fina-finansa guda bakwai. Ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Widows'' da Steve McQueen ya shirya, wanda ya nuna Jamal Manning, wani shugaban masu aikata laifuka kuma ɗan siyasa a [[Chicago]] . Alissa Wilkinson ta ''Vox'' ta ayyana cewa "Brian Tyree Henry ya ci gaba da tsayawa takararsa a matsayin jarumi da za a kalla, godiya ga bayyanarsa a nan a matsayin ɗan takarar siyasa mai kwarjini da barazana." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=November 16, 2018 |title=In Widows, Viola Davis's heist crew captivates even when the story stumbles |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/16/18069770/widows-review-mcqueen-viola-davis-liam-neeson |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins mai suna ''If Beale Street Could Talk'' wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin [[James Baldwin]] na shekarar 1974 mai suna iri ɗaya . Saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finan biyu, ya sami lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafawa . A wannan shekarar ne ya nuna Jefferson Davis a cikin fim ɗin jarumi mai rai ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' wanda ya sami kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Animated . A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na ''Hotel Artemis'', da kuma fim ɗin aikata laifuka mai suna ''White Boy Rick'' . === 2019 - yanzu === A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin Todd Phillips ''mai suna Joker'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Zack |date=June 12, 2019 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Teases 'Joker' Mother-Son Drama and That 'Quiet Place 2' Will Solve Monster Mystery |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/joker-quiet-place-2-plot-spoilers-bryan-tyree-henry-1202149492/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> fim ɗin tsoro na kimiyya mai suna ''Don't Let Go'' da kuma fim ɗin tsoro mai suna ''Child's Play'', wanda aka sake yin fim ɗin a shekarar 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Gabriel Bateman To Star As Andy In MGM's 'Child's Play' Remake, Joining Aubrey Plaza & Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/gabriel-bateman-aubrey-plaza-brian-tyree-henry-childs-play-remake-mgm-1202468306/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin ''The Outside Story'' da ''Superintelligence'' . A wannan lokacin ya kuma fito a cikin shirin fim mai suna BoJack Horseman na [[Netflix]], shirin HBO anthology ''Room 104'', kuma ya nuna Berry Gordy wani shiri na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Drunk History'' . Yana kuma da rawar da ya taka a baya a matsayin Armando a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] animation ''HouseBroken'' (2021), da kuma Elijah a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] animation ''Big Mouth'' (2022–2023). A shekarar 2021, ya fito a matsayin Bernie Hayes a cikin ''[[Godzilla da Kong|fim ɗin Godzilla da Kong]]'' tare da [[Millie Bobby Brown]] da kuma fim ɗin Phastos a cikin fim ɗin Marvel Studios ''Eternals'' wanda Chloe Zhao ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na David Leitch mai suna ''Bullet Train'' tare da [[Brad Pitt]] . A cikin rawar da ya taka a ƙarshe a shekarar, Henry ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lila Neugebauer mai suna A24 ''Causeway'' tare da [[Jennifer Lawrence]] a matsayin makaniki James Aucoin. Henry ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ya taka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award, Critics' Choice, Gotham Award, da kuma nadin Independent Spirit Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanfield |first=Ethan |date=October 29, 2022 |title='Tár' Leads Gotham Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gotham-awards-nominations-full-list-1235413626/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 22, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere,' 'TÁR' Lead Independent Spirit Award Nominations: See the Full List |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> A cikin wani sharhi da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Independent'', Adam White ya rubuta: "Henry ya nuna duk wani gibi a cikin labarin James kamar guduma." <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Adam |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Causeway review: Jennifer Lawrence reminds us all how good she is |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/causeway-film-review-jennifer-lawrence-b2217450.html |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mary Siroky, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ''mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi'', ta yaba wa aikin Henry kuma ta ce "yana da tushe sosai a nan har akwai lokutan da muke jin kamar muna shiga cikin rayuwarsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry Captivate in Causeway: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2022/11/causeway-review-jennifer-lawrence-apple-tv-plus/2/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Henry ya yi rawar Megatron ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin mai rairayi ''Transformers One'', wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Baƙar fata na farko da ya yi rawar. <ref name="TransformersOneCast">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 27, 2023 |title='Transformers' Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/transformers-animated-prequel-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-1235596692/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya zama sabon muryar Smokey Bear . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zumberge |first=Marianne |date=2024-02-27 |title=Smokey Bear voiced by Brian Tyree Henry in 80th anniversary PSA |url=https://buckrail.com/smokey-bear-voiced-by-brian-tyree-henry-in-80th-anniversary-psa/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Buckrail - Jackson Hole, news |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokey Bear travels through the decades for 80th anniversary ad {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/smokey-bear-travels-through-decades-80th-anniversary-ad/708414/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, an zaɓi Henry a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi da ba a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin ''The Batman Part II'', wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2027. <ref name="Part2KochHenry">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=May 14, 2026 |title=''The Batman: Part II'': Sebastian Koch, Brian Tyree Henry Join Cast of Matt Reeves Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514213310/https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 14, 2026 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Henry, Willow Deane Kearse, ta rasu a farkon shekarar 2016. An sadaukar da shirin ''Atlanta'' mai suna " Woods " ga ita. Mahaifinsa ya mutu ne a lokacin daukar fim din ''Dope Thief'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soloski |first=Alexis |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Isn't Hiding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/arts/television/brian-tyree-henry-dope-thief.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Daraja a cikin aikin kwaikwayo == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | † | Yana nuna fina-finan da ba a sake su ba tukuna |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- |2015 | scope="row" |''<nowiki/>'Yan Puerto Rico a birnin Paris'' |Spencer | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | scope="row" |''Mutum zuwa Mutum'' |Mike | |- | scope="row" |''Crown Heights'' |Clayton "Massup" Benton | |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | scope="row" |''Ba za a iya musanya kai ba'' |Benji | |- | scope="row" |''Iyali'' |Pete | |- | scope="row" |''Otal din Artemis'' |Honolulu/Lev | |- | scope="row" |''White Boy Rick'' |Mai ba da labari ga Mel "Roach" Jackson | |- | scope="row" |''Gwauraye'' |Jamal Manning | |- | scope="row" |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana'' |Daniel Carty | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | scope="row" |''Kada ka bar ka tafi'' |Garret Radcliff | |- | scope="row" |''Wasan Yara'' |Mai bincike Mike Norris | |- | scope="row" |''Joker'' |Carl | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labarin waje'' |Charles Young | |- | scope="row" |''Mai Girma'' |Dennis Caruso | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | scope="row" |''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Matar da ke cikin taga'' |Mai bincike Little | |- | scope="row" |''Rayuwa'' |Dancarino (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Har abada'' |Phastos | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Jirgin kasa mai harsashi'' |Lemon | |- | scope="row" |''Hanyar da ta haifar'' |James Aucoin | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | scope="row" |''Gishiri na Mai sihiri'' |Leo Matienne (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A fadin Spider-Verse'' |Jeff Morales (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider a ciki: Labarin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Godzilla x Kong: Sabon Daular'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Wutar Cikin Gida'' |Jason Crutchfield | |- | scope="row" |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya'' |D-16 / Megatron (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Zinariya''| {{N/a}} |Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" |2027| {{Pending film|[[Panic Carefully]]}} |TBA |Bayan samarwa |-| {{Pending film|[[Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse]]}} |Jeff Morales (murya) |A cikin samarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Spider-Man: Beyond The Spider-Verse Will Be "More Epic Than" Across The Spider-Verse Says Actor |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081437/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2028| {{Pending film|[[The Batman: Part II]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=May 14, 2026 |title=The Batman Part 2's Full Cast Including Scarlett Johansson & 4 New Additions Officially Revealed By Matt Reaves |url=https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514142137/https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |TBA| {{Pending film|[[Running (upcoming film)|Running]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Joins Spike Fearn In Gavin O'Connor Apple Film 'Running' |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/brian-tyree-henry-joins-running-movie-apple-1236859409/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Shari'a da Hanyar'' |Ben |Fim: "Dignity" |- ! scope="row" |''Na Ƙarshe na Na Tara'' |Uniform |Fim din talabijin |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''Matar kirki'' |Randall Simmons |Kashi: "Jirgin Kashi Biyu" |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Daular Boardwalk'' |Winston 'Scrapper' |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues" |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Wutsiyar'' |Larkin |Fim: "The Busy Flea" |- |2016–2017 ! scope="row" |''Mataimakin Shugabannin'' |Dascious Brown |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Littafi Mai Kyau", "Gin" da "Tiger Town" |- |2016–2022 ! scope="row" |''Atlanta'' |Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles |Babban rawar da take takawa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Yadda za a fita da kisan kai'' |Mai kare jama'a |Fim: "Ku yi kuka a wani wuri kuma" |- ! scope="row" |''Wannan Mu ne'' |Ricky |Fim: "Memphis" |- ! scope="row" |''Sanya Mic ɗin'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "David Arquette vs. Brian Tyree Henry da Jesse Tyler Ferguson vs. Chrissy Metz" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''BoJack Horseman'' |Cooper Wallace Jr. / Strib |Murya, labarin: "Labarin Amelia Earhart" |- ! scope="row" |''Gidan 104'' |Arnold |Fim: "Arnold" |- ! scope="row" |''Tarihin maye'' |Berry Gordy |Fim: "Masu Canjin Wasanni" |- |2021–2023 ! scope="row" |''Gidan da aka rushe'' |Armando |Murya, rawar da ake yi akai-akai |- |2022–2023 ! scope="row" |''Babban Bakin'' |Iliya / Shugaba |Murya, rawar da ake maimaitawa (lokaci 6-7) |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''aji na '09'' |Tajo Miller |Miniseries; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Brian Tyree Henry & Kate Mara To Star In FBI AI Limited Series 'Class Of '09' Set At FX |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/brian-tyree-henry-kate-mara-to-star-in-fbi-a-i-limited-class-of-09-fx-1234779205/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 ! scope="row" |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi'' |Ray Driscoll |Miniserie; babban rawar |- |2026 ! scope="row" |''Bass X Machina'' |Bass Reeves |Murya, jerin masu zuwa; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Adult Animated Series 'Bass X Machina' Gets Netflix Greenlight, Release Date |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/brian-tyree-henry-bass-x-machina-release-date-netflix-1236727712/ |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2007 ! scope="row" |''Romeo da Juliet'' |Tybalt |Shakespeare a cikin Gidan shakatawa |- ! scope="row" |''Girman 'yan uwa'' |Oshoosi | rowspan="3" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''A cikin Red da Brown Water'' |Egungun |- ! scope="row" |''Marcus; Ko Asirin Mai Daɗi'' |Oshoosi Size / Terrell |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''Littafin Mormon'' |Janar |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eugene O'Neill |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Ginin Solitude'' |Robert Woolfolk |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- |2018 ! scope="row" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby'' |William |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Helen Hayes |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Kwalejin | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Oscar Nominations 2023: The Full List |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/oscar-nominations-2023-list-1235495072/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Annie | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Kyakkyawan Murya a cikin Fasali |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=December 20, 2024 |title='The Wild Robot' Leads 2025 Annie Awards Nominations With 10 Nods |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/awards/annie-awards-2025-nominations-wild-robot-1236255475/ |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Fim na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'Roma,' 'Americans,' 'Mrs. Maisel' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama Desk | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama League | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako | rowspan="1" |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere' Leads With Eight Noms |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-1235438877/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta MTV | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mafi Kyawun Duo <small> (wanda aka raba tare da Lakeith Stanfield) </small> |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3109964/awards?ref_=nm_awd |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hoton Motion |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana''| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Wannan Mu ne'' (babban labari: "Memphis") <small> (aukuwa: "Memphis") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Atlanta'' (babban labari: "Woods") <small> (aukuwa: "Woods") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Babban Actor a cikin Limited Series ko Movie |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Award Winners 2018: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/awards/tony-award-winners-2018-complete-list-1202839347/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6oeqrf1a76csgdbpajm1m87pgc1yjx7 963275 963273 2026-10-05T06:34:46Z Nura Bello 24854 963275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Brian Tyree Henry''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1982) <ref name="int1">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Emma |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Discovery: Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry#_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908164645/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |publisher=Brant Publications}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Sean |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Who Plays Paper Boi The Rapper on 'Atlanta'? |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/atlanta-paper-boi-actor-brian-tyree-henry |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Thrillist}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a kan mataki da allo, ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Tony, Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu, da Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime guda uku. Henry ya zama sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na FX ''Atlanta'' (2016-2022), wanda ya sami gabatarwa don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin Comedy . Har ila yau, an zabi shi a matsayin baƙo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] This Is Us (2017) da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin Apple TV+ + iyakantaccen jerin Dope Thief (2025). Nasarar fim dinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2018 tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din Steve McQueen mai suna Widows da Barry Jenkins' romantic drama If Beale Street Could Talk . Tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin Child's Play (2019), ''Joker'' (2019), Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Bullet Train (2022), da ''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'': The New Empire (2024). Ya nuna Phastos a cikin fim din Marvel Cinematic Universe Eternals (2021), kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako don yin wasa da mutum mai baƙin ciki a fim din wasan kwaikwayo Causeway (2022). Ya kuma bayyana Jefferson Davis a cikin Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) da kuma ci gaba Spider-Man, Across the Spider- Versse (2023) da Megatron a cikin Transformers One (2024). A kan mataki, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Shakespeare a cikin Park samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' (2007), kafin ya fara bugawa Broadway a cikin asalin The Book of Mormon (2011). An zabi shi don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi duk da haka mai kula da tsaro a farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Kenneth Lonergan Lobby Hero (2018). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Henry a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1982, a Fayetteville, North Carolina kuma ya girma a wani bangare a Washington, DC. Mahaifinsa yana cikin soja, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Willow Dean Kearse, malami ce. Henry ya kammala karatu daga E. E. Smith High School a Fayetteville kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya a matsayin babban dan kasuwa wanda ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 2000s. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Yale . == Ayyuka == === 2007-2015: Farkon aiki === Henry ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki, tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasanni da yawa da kuma kiɗa. A shekara ta 2007, ya fito a matsayin Tybalt a cikin Shakespeare a cikin samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Park . Henry ya kuma bayyana a cikin Tarell Alvin McCraney's trilogy of plays, mai taken The Brother / Sister Plays . A shekara ta 2011, ya sami ci gaba da nasara a karon farko na Broadway a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin wasan kwaikwayo na The Book of Mormon a gaban Josh Gad da Andrew Rannells . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Henry ya fito a cikin shirin talabijin kamar ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' na [[NBC]], da kuma ''The Good Wife'' na [[CBS]] . A shekarar 2013, ya taka rawar da ta yi ta ɗan lokaci amma maimaituwa a matsayin Winston Scrapper a cikin fim ɗin HBO 's ''Boardwalk Empire'' wanda ya fito a cikin shirin " Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues ". A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin shirin fim na Steven Soderbergh mai suna ''The Knick'' as Larkin a cikin shirin "The Busy Flea". Ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na 2015 ''na Puerto Ricans a birnin Paris'' . === 2016–2018: Nasara da yabo === A shekarar 2016, Henry ya sami yabo da yabo daga manyan jaruman fim ɗin Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin shirin wasan barkwanci na FX ''mai suna Atlanta'' . Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin shirin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Shirin Barkwanci saboda rawar da ya taka a shirin " Woods ". Chase Hutchinson na ''Collider'' ya ayyana Henry a matsayin "mafi kyawun hali na shirin", yana rubutawa, "Haɗa [ ''Atlanta'' ] shine yanayin kasancewar Henry da raunin da yake nunawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani ɓangare na shirin wanda ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba tare da shi ba. Ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassan shirin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke aiki a yau don duk abin da ya samu a cikin mafi sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=May 9, 2022 |title=How 'Atlanta' & Brian Tyree Henry's Sense of Vulnerability Makes Paper Boi the Show's Best Character |url=https://collider.com/atlanta-brian-tyree-henry-paper-boi-best-character-reasons-why/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Dascious Brown a cikin shirin barkwanci na HBO ''Vice Principals'' . A shekarar 2017, Henry ya fito a matsayin Ricky a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo [[NBC|na NBC]] ''mai suna This Is Us'', wanda ya sami damar shiga gasar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Baƙo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo . A wannan shekarar ne ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Dustin Guy Defa ''mai suna Person to Person'' da kuma ''Crown Heights na Matt Ruskin mai suna Crown Heights'' . A shekarar 2018, ya koma Broadway a lokacin da Kenneth Lonergan 's ''Lobby Hero'' ya sake farfado da shi a gaban [[Chris Evans]], Bel Powley, da Michael Cera . David Rooney na ''jaridar The Hollywood Reporter'' ya yaba wa Henry a matsayin "mai kyau" kuma ya ambace shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=March 26, 2018 |title='Lobby Hero': Theater Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lobby-hero-theater-1097460/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon Tony Award na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tony Award Nominees - Artists - Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419230912/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |website=TonyAwards.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2018, Henry ya yi fice a fina-finansa guda bakwai. Ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Widows'' da Steve McQueen ya shirya, wanda ya nuna Jamal Manning, wani shugaban masu aikata laifuka kuma ɗan siyasa a [[Chicago]] . Alissa Wilkinson ta ''Vox'' ta ayyana cewa "Brian Tyree Henry ya ci gaba da tsayawa takararsa a matsayin jarumi da za a kalla, godiya ga bayyanarsa a nan a matsayin ɗan takarar siyasa mai kwarjini da barazana." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=November 16, 2018 |title=In Widows, Viola Davis's heist crew captivates even when the story stumbles |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/16/18069770/widows-review-mcqueen-viola-davis-liam-neeson |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins mai suna ''If Beale Street Could Talk'' wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin [[James Baldwin]] na shekarar 1974 mai suna iri ɗaya . Saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finan biyu, ya sami lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafawa . A wannan shekarar ne ya nuna Jefferson Davis a cikin fim ɗin jarumi mai rai ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' wanda ya sami kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Animated . A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na ''Hotel Artemis'', da kuma fim ɗin aikata laifuka mai suna ''White Boy Rick'' . === 2019 - yanzu === A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin Todd Phillips ''mai suna Joker'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Zack |date=June 12, 2019 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Teases 'Joker' Mother-Son Drama and That 'Quiet Place 2' Will Solve Monster Mystery |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/joker-quiet-place-2-plot-spoilers-bryan-tyree-henry-1202149492/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> fim ɗin tsoro na kimiyya mai suna ''Don't Let Go'' da kuma fim ɗin tsoro mai suna ''Child's Play'', wanda aka sake yin fim ɗin a shekarar 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Gabriel Bateman To Star As Andy In MGM's 'Child's Play' Remake, Joining Aubrey Plaza & Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/gabriel-bateman-aubrey-plaza-brian-tyree-henry-childs-play-remake-mgm-1202468306/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin ''The Outside Story'' da ''Superintelligence'' . A wannan lokacin ya kuma fito a cikin shirin fim mai suna BoJack Horseman na [[Netflix]], shirin HBO anthology ''Room 104'', kuma ya nuna Berry Gordy wani shiri na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Drunk History'' . Yana kuma da rawar da ya taka a baya a matsayin Armando a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] animation ''HouseBroken'' (2021), da kuma Elijah a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] animation ''Big Mouth'' (2022–2023). A shekarar 2021, ya fito a matsayin Bernie Hayes a cikin ''[[Godzilla da Kong|fim ɗin Godzilla da Kong]]'' tare da [[Millie Bobby Brown]] da kuma fim ɗin Phastos a cikin fim ɗin Marvel Studios ''Eternals'' wanda Chloe Zhao ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na David Leitch mai suna ''Bullet Train'' tare da [[Brad Pitt]] . A cikin rawar da ya taka a ƙarshe a shekarar, Henry ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lila Neugebauer mai suna A24 ''Causeway'' tare da [[Jennifer Lawrence]] a matsayin makaniki James Aucoin. Henry ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ya taka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award, Critics' Choice, Gotham Award, da kuma nadin Independent Spirit Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanfield |first=Ethan |date=October 29, 2022 |title='Tár' Leads Gotham Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gotham-awards-nominations-full-list-1235413626/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 22, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere,' 'TÁR' Lead Independent Spirit Award Nominations: See the Full List |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> A cikin wani sharhi da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Independent'', Adam White ya rubuta: "Henry ya nuna duk wani gibi a cikin labarin James kamar guduma." <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Adam |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Causeway review: Jennifer Lawrence reminds us all how good she is |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/causeway-film-review-jennifer-lawrence-b2217450.html |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mary Siroky, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ''mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi'', ta yaba wa aikin Henry kuma ta ce "yana da tushe sosai a nan har akwai lokutan da muke jin kamar muna shiga cikin rayuwarsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry Captivate in Causeway: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2022/11/causeway-review-jennifer-lawrence-apple-tv-plus/2/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Henry ya yi rawar Megatron ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin mai rairayi ''Transformers One'', wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Baƙar fata na farko da ya yi rawar. <ref name="TransformersOneCast">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 27, 2023 |title='Transformers' Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/transformers-animated-prequel-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-1235596692/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya zama sabon muryar Smokey Bear . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zumberge |first=Marianne |date=2024-02-27 |title=Smokey Bear voiced by Brian Tyree Henry in 80th anniversary PSA |url=https://buckrail.com/smokey-bear-voiced-by-brian-tyree-henry-in-80th-anniversary-psa/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Buckrail - Jackson Hole, news |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokey Bear travels through the decades for 80th anniversary ad {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/smokey-bear-travels-through-decades-80th-anniversary-ad/708414/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, an zaɓi Henry a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi da ba a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin ''The Batman Part II'', wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2027. <ref name="Part2KochHenry">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=May 14, 2026 |title=''The Batman: Part II'': Sebastian Koch, Brian Tyree Henry Join Cast of Matt Reeves Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514213310/https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 14, 2026 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Henry, Willow Deane Kearse, ta rasu a farkon shekarar 2016. An sadaukar da shirin ''Atlanta'' mai suna " Woods " ga ita. Mahaifinsa ya mutu ne a lokacin daukar fim din ''Dope Thief'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soloski |first=Alexis |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Isn't Hiding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/arts/television/brian-tyree-henry-dope-thief.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Daraja a cikin aikin kwaikwayo == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | † | Yana nuna fina-finan da ba a sake su ba tukuna |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- |2015 | scope="row" |''<nowiki/>'Yan Puerto Rico a birnin Paris'' |Spencer | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | scope="row" |''Mutum zuwa Mutum'' |Mike | |- | scope="row" |''Crown Heights'' |Clayton "Massup" Benton | |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | scope="row" |''Ba za a iya musanya kai ba'' |Benji | |- | scope="row" |''Iyali'' |Pete | |- | scope="row" |''Otal din Artemis'' |Honolulu/Lev | |- | scope="row" |''White Boy Rick'' |Mai ba da labari ga Mel "Roach" Jackson | |- | scope="row" |''Gwauraye'' |Jamal Manning | |- | scope="row" |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana'' |Daniel Carty | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | scope="row" |''Kada ka bar ka tafi'' |Garret Radcliff | |- | scope="row" |''Wasan Yara'' |Mai bincike Mike Norris | |- | scope="row" |''Joker'' |Carl | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labarin waje'' |Charles Young | |- | scope="row" |''Mai Girma'' |Dennis Caruso | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | scope="row" |''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Matar da ke cikin taga'' |Mai bincike Little | |- | scope="row" |''Rayuwa'' |Dancarino (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Har abada'' |Phastos | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Jirgin kasa mai harsashi'' |Lemon | |- | scope="row" |''Hanyar da ta haifar'' |James Aucoin | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | scope="row" |''Gishiri na Mai sihiri'' |Leo Matienne (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A fadin Spider-Verse'' |Jeff Morales (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider a ciki: Labarin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Godzilla x Kong: Sabon Daular'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Wutar Cikin Gida'' |Jason Crutchfield | |- | scope="row" |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya'' |D-16 / Megatron (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Zinariya''| {{N/a}} |Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" |2027| {{Pending film|[[Panic Carefully]]}} |TBA |Bayan samarwa |-| {{Pending film|[[Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse]]}} |Jeff Morales (murya) |A cikin samarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Spider-Man: Beyond The Spider-Verse Will Be "More Epic Than" Across The Spider-Verse Says Actor |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081437/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2028| {{Pending film|[[The Batman: Part II]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=May 14, 2026 |title=The Batman Part 2's Full Cast Including Scarlett Johansson & 4 New Additions Officially Revealed By Matt Reaves |url=https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514142137/https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |TBA| {{Pending film|[[Running (upcoming film)|Running]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Joins Spike Fearn In Gavin O'Connor Apple Film 'Running' |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/brian-tyree-henry-joins-running-movie-apple-1236859409/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Shari'a da Hanyar'' |Ben |Fim: "Dignity" |- ! scope="row" |''Na Ƙarshe na Na Tara'' |Uniform |Fim din talabijin |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''Matar kirki'' |Randall Simmons |Kashi: "Jirgin Kashi Biyu" |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Daular Boardwalk'' |Winston 'Scrapper' |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues" |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Wutsiyar'' |Larkin |Fim: "The Busy Flea" |- |2016–2017 ! scope="row" |''Mataimakin Shugabannin'' |Dascious Brown |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Littafi Mai Kyau", "Gin" da "Tiger Town" |- |2016–2022 ! scope="row" |''Atlanta'' |Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles |Babban rawar da take takawa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Yadda za a fita da kisan kai'' |Mai kare jama'a |Fim: "Ku yi kuka a wani wuri kuma" |- ! scope="row" |''Wannan Mu ne'' |Ricky |Fim: "Memphis" |- ! scope="row" |''Sanya Mic ɗin'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "David Arquette vs. Brian Tyree Henry da Jesse Tyler Ferguson vs. Chrissy Metz" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''BoJack Horseman'' |Cooper Wallace Jr. / Strib |Murya, labarin: "Labarin Amelia Earhart" |- ! scope="row" |''Gidan 104'' |Arnold |Fim: "Arnold" |- ! scope="row" |''Tarihin maye'' |Berry Gordy |Fim: "Masu Canjin Wasanni" |- |2021–2023 ! scope="row" |''Gidan da aka rushe'' |Armando |Murya, rawar da ake yi akai-akai |- |2022–2023 ! scope="row" |''Babban Bakin'' |Iliya / Shugaba |Murya, rawar da ake maimaitawa (lokaci 6-7) |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''aji na '09'' |Tajo Miller |Miniseries; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Brian Tyree Henry & Kate Mara To Star In FBI AI Limited Series 'Class Of '09' Set At FX |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/brian-tyree-henry-kate-mara-to-star-in-fbi-a-i-limited-class-of-09-fx-1234779205/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 ! scope="row" |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi'' |Ray Driscoll |Miniserie; babban rawar |- |2026 ! scope="row" |''Bass X Machina'' |Bass Reeves |Murya, jerin masu zuwa; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Adult Animated Series 'Bass X Machina' Gets Netflix Greenlight, Release Date |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/brian-tyree-henry-bass-x-machina-release-date-netflix-1236727712/ |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2007 ! scope="row" |''Romeo da Juliet'' |Tybalt |Shakespeare a cikin Gidan shakatawa |- ! scope="row" |''Girman 'yan uwa'' |Oshoosi | rowspan="3" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''A cikin Red da Brown Water'' |Egungun |- ! scope="row" |''Marcus; Ko Asirin Mai Daɗi'' |Oshoosi Size / Terrell |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''Littafin Mormon'' |Janar |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eugene O'Neill |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Ginin Solitude'' |Robert Woolfolk |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- |2018 ! scope="row" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby'' |William |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Helen Hayes |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Kwalejin | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Oscar Nominations 2023: The Full List |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/oscar-nominations-2023-list-1235495072/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Annie | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Kyakkyawan Murya a cikin Fasali |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=December 20, 2024 |title='The Wild Robot' Leads 2025 Annie Awards Nominations With 10 Nods |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/awards/annie-awards-2025-nominations-wild-robot-1236255475/ |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Fim na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'Roma,' 'Americans,' 'Mrs. Maisel' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama Desk | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama League | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako | rowspan="1" |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere' Leads With Eight Noms |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-1235438877/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta MTV | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mafi Kyawun Duo <small> (wanda aka raba tare da Lakeith Stanfield) </small> |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3109964/awards?ref_=nm_awd |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hoton Motion |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana''| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Wannan Mu ne'' (babban labari: "Memphis") <small> (aukuwa: "Memphis") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Atlanta'' (babban labari: "Woods") <small> (aukuwa: "Woods") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Babban Actor a cikin Limited Series ko Movie |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Award Winners 2018: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/awards/tony-award-winners-2018-complete-list-1202839347/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 94tntz48wj545lgxl1cixr8i4q6mr5p 963276 963275 2026-10-05T06:35:52Z Nura Bello 24854 963276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Brian Tyree Henry''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1982) <ref name="int1">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Emma |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Discovery: Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry#_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908164645/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |publisher=Brant Publications}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Sean |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Who Plays Paper Boi The Rapper on 'Atlanta'? |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/atlanta-paper-boi-actor-brian-tyree-henry |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Thrillist}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a kan mataki da allo, ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Tony, Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu, da Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime guda uku. Henry ya zama sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na FX ''Atlanta'' (2016-2022), wanda ya sami gabatarwa don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi ne a cikin jerin Comedy . Har ila yau, an zabi shi a matsayin baƙo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] This Is Us (2017) da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin Apple TV+ + iyakantaccen jerin Dope Thief (2025). Nasarar fim dinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2018 tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din Steve McQueen mai suna Widows da Barry Jenkins' romantic drama If Beale Street Could Talk . Tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin Child's Play (2019), ''Joker'' (2019), Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Bullet Train (2022), da ''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'': The New Empire (2024). Ya nuna Phastos a cikin fim din Marvel Cinematic Universe Eternals (2021), kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako don yin wasa da mutum mai baƙin ciki a fim din wasan kwaikwayo Causeway (2022). Ya kuma bayyana Jefferson Davis a cikin Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) da kuma ci gaba Spider-Man, Across the Spider- Versse (2023) da Megatron a cikin Transformers One (2024). A kan mataki, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Shakespeare a cikin Park samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' (2007), kafin ya fara bugawa Broadway a cikin asalin The Book of Mormon (2011). An zabi shi don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi duk da haka mai kula da tsaro a farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Kenneth Lonergan Lobby Hero (2018). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Henry a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1982, a Fayetteville, North Carolina kuma ya girma a wani bangare a Washington, DC. Mahaifinsa yana cikin soja, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Willow Dean Kearse, malami ce. Henry ya kammala karatu daga E. E. Smith High School a Fayetteville kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya a matsayin babban dan kasuwa wanda ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 2000s. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Yale . == Ayyuka == === 2007-2015: Farkon aiki === Henry ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki, tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasanni da yawa da kuma kiɗa. A shekara ta 2007, ya fito a matsayin Tybalt a cikin Shakespeare a cikin samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Park . Henry ya kuma bayyana a cikin Tarell Alvin McCraney's trilogy of plays, mai taken The Brother / Sister Plays . A shekara ta 2011, ya sami ci gaba da nasara a karon farko na Broadway a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin wasan kwaikwayo na The Book of Mormon a gaban Josh Gad da Andrew Rannells . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Henry ya fito a cikin shirin talabijin kamar ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' na [[NBC]], da kuma ''The Good Wife'' na [[CBS]] . A shekarar 2013, ya taka rawar da ta yi ta ɗan lokaci amma maimaituwa a matsayin Winston Scrapper a cikin fim ɗin HBO 's ''Boardwalk Empire'' wanda ya fito a cikin shirin " Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues ". A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin shirin fim na Steven Soderbergh mai suna ''The Knick'' as Larkin a cikin shirin "The Busy Flea". Ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na 2015 ''na Puerto Ricans a birnin Paris'' . === 2016–2018: Nasara da yabo === A shekarar 2016, Henry ya sami yabo da yabo daga manyan jaruman fim ɗin Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin shirin wasan barkwanci na FX ''mai suna Atlanta'' . Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin shirin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Shirin Barkwanci saboda rawar da ya taka a shirin " Woods ". Chase Hutchinson na ''Collider'' ya ayyana Henry a matsayin "mafi kyawun hali na shirin", yana rubutawa, "Haɗa [ ''Atlanta'' ] shine yanayin kasancewar Henry da raunin da yake nunawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani ɓangare na shirin wanda ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba tare da shi ba. Ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassan shirin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke aiki a yau don duk abin da ya samu a cikin mafi sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=May 9, 2022 |title=How 'Atlanta' & Brian Tyree Henry's Sense of Vulnerability Makes Paper Boi the Show's Best Character |url=https://collider.com/atlanta-brian-tyree-henry-paper-boi-best-character-reasons-why/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Dascious Brown a cikin shirin barkwanci na HBO ''Vice Principals'' . A shekarar 2017, Henry ya fito a matsayin Ricky a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo [[NBC|na NBC]] ''mai suna This Is Us'', wanda ya sami damar shiga gasar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Baƙo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo . A wannan shekarar ne ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Dustin Guy Defa ''mai suna Person to Person'' da kuma ''Crown Heights na Matt Ruskin mai suna Crown Heights'' . A shekarar 2018, ya koma Broadway a lokacin da Kenneth Lonergan 's ''Lobby Hero'' ya sake farfado da shi a gaban [[Chris Evans]], Bel Powley, da Michael Cera . David Rooney na ''jaridar The Hollywood Reporter'' ya yaba wa Henry a matsayin "mai kyau" kuma ya ambace shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=March 26, 2018 |title='Lobby Hero': Theater Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lobby-hero-theater-1097460/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon Tony Award na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tony Award Nominees - Artists - Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419230912/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |website=TonyAwards.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2018, Henry ya yi fice a fina-finansa guda bakwai. Ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Widows'' da Steve McQueen ya shirya, wanda ya nuna Jamal Manning, wani shugaban masu aikata laifuka kuma ɗan siyasa a [[Chicago]] . Alissa Wilkinson ta ''Vox'' ta ayyana cewa "Brian Tyree Henry ya ci gaba da tsayawa takararsa a matsayin jarumi da za a kalla, godiya ga bayyanarsa a nan a matsayin ɗan takarar siyasa mai kwarjini da barazana." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=November 16, 2018 |title=In Widows, Viola Davis's heist crew captivates even when the story stumbles |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/16/18069770/widows-review-mcqueen-viola-davis-liam-neeson |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins mai suna ''If Beale Street Could Talk'' wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin [[James Baldwin]] na shekarar 1974 mai suna iri ɗaya . Saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finan biyu, ya sami lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafawa . A wannan shekarar ne ya nuna Jefferson Davis a cikin fim ɗin jarumi mai rai ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' wanda ya sami kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Animated . A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na ''Hotel Artemis'', da kuma fim ɗin aikata laifuka mai suna ''White Boy Rick'' . === 2019 - yanzu === A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin Todd Phillips ''mai suna Joker'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Zack |date=June 12, 2019 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Teases 'Joker' Mother-Son Drama and That 'Quiet Place 2' Will Solve Monster Mystery |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/joker-quiet-place-2-plot-spoilers-bryan-tyree-henry-1202149492/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> fim ɗin tsoro na kimiyya mai suna ''Don't Let Go'' da kuma fim ɗin tsoro mai suna ''Child's Play'', wanda aka sake yin fim ɗin a shekarar 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Gabriel Bateman To Star As Andy In MGM's 'Child's Play' Remake, Joining Aubrey Plaza & Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/gabriel-bateman-aubrey-plaza-brian-tyree-henry-childs-play-remake-mgm-1202468306/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin ''The Outside Story'' da ''Superintelligence'' . A wannan lokacin ya kuma fito a cikin shirin fim mai suna BoJack Horseman na [[Netflix]], shirin HBO anthology ''Room 104'', kuma ya nuna Berry Gordy wani shiri na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Drunk History'' . Yana kuma da rawar da ya taka a baya a matsayin Armando a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] animation ''HouseBroken'' (2021), da kuma Elijah a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] animation ''Big Mouth'' (2022–2023). A shekarar 2021, ya fito a matsayin Bernie Hayes a cikin ''[[Godzilla da Kong|fim ɗin Godzilla da Kong]]'' tare da [[Millie Bobby Brown]] da kuma fim ɗin Phastos a cikin fim ɗin Marvel Studios ''Eternals'' wanda Chloe Zhao ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na David Leitch mai suna ''Bullet Train'' tare da [[Brad Pitt]] . A cikin rawar da ya taka a ƙarshe a shekarar, Henry ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lila Neugebauer mai suna A24 ''Causeway'' tare da [[Jennifer Lawrence]] a matsayin makaniki James Aucoin. Henry ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ya taka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award, Critics' Choice, Gotham Award, da kuma nadin Independent Spirit Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanfield |first=Ethan |date=October 29, 2022 |title='Tár' Leads Gotham Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gotham-awards-nominations-full-list-1235413626/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 22, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere,' 'TÁR' Lead Independent Spirit Award Nominations: See the Full List |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> A cikin wani sharhi da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Independent'', Adam White ya rubuta: "Henry ya nuna duk wani gibi a cikin labarin James kamar guduma." <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Adam |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Causeway review: Jennifer Lawrence reminds us all how good she is |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/causeway-film-review-jennifer-lawrence-b2217450.html |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mary Siroky, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ''mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi'', ta yaba wa aikin Henry kuma ta ce "yana da tushe sosai a nan har akwai lokutan da muke jin kamar muna shiga cikin rayuwarsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry Captivate in Causeway: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2022/11/causeway-review-jennifer-lawrence-apple-tv-plus/2/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Henry ya yi rawar Megatron ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin mai rairayi ''Transformers One'', wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Baƙar fata na farko da ya yi rawar. <ref name="TransformersOneCast">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 27, 2023 |title='Transformers' Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/transformers-animated-prequel-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-1235596692/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya zama sabon muryar Smokey Bear . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zumberge |first=Marianne |date=2024-02-27 |title=Smokey Bear voiced by Brian Tyree Henry in 80th anniversary PSA |url=https://buckrail.com/smokey-bear-voiced-by-brian-tyree-henry-in-80th-anniversary-psa/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Buckrail - Jackson Hole, news |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokey Bear travels through the decades for 80th anniversary ad {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/smokey-bear-travels-through-decades-80th-anniversary-ad/708414/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, an zaɓi Henry a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi da ba a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin ''The Batman Part II'', wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2027. <ref name="Part2KochHenry">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=May 14, 2026 |title=''The Batman: Part II'': Sebastian Koch, Brian Tyree Henry Join Cast of Matt Reeves Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514213310/https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 14, 2026 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Henry, Willow Deane Kearse, ta rasu a farkon shekarar 2016. An sadaukar da shirin ''Atlanta'' mai suna " Woods " ga ita. Mahaifinsa ya mutu ne a lokacin daukar fim din ''Dope Thief'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soloski |first=Alexis |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Isn't Hiding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/arts/television/brian-tyree-henry-dope-thief.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Daraja a cikin aikin kwaikwayo == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | † | Yana nuna fina-finan da ba a sake su ba tukuna |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- |2015 | scope="row" |''<nowiki/>'Yan Puerto Rico a birnin Paris'' |Spencer | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | scope="row" |''Mutum zuwa Mutum'' |Mike | |- | scope="row" |''Crown Heights'' |Clayton "Massup" Benton | |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | scope="row" |''Ba za a iya musanya kai ba'' |Benji | |- | scope="row" |''Iyali'' |Pete | |- | scope="row" |''Otal din Artemis'' |Honolulu/Lev | |- | scope="row" |''White Boy Rick'' |Mai ba da labari ga Mel "Roach" Jackson | |- | scope="row" |''Gwauraye'' |Jamal Manning | |- | scope="row" |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana'' |Daniel Carty | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | scope="row" |''Kada ka bar ka tafi'' |Garret Radcliff | |- | scope="row" |''Wasan Yara'' |Mai bincike Mike Norris | |- | scope="row" |''Joker'' |Carl | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labarin waje'' |Charles Young | |- | scope="row" |''Mai Girma'' |Dennis Caruso | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | scope="row" |''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Matar da ke cikin taga'' |Mai bincike Little | |- | scope="row" |''Rayuwa'' |Dancarino (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Har abada'' |Phastos | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Jirgin kasa mai harsashi'' |Lemon | |- | scope="row" |''Hanyar da ta haifar'' |James Aucoin | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | scope="row" |''Gishiri na Mai sihiri'' |Leo Matienne (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A fadin Spider-Verse'' |Jeff Morales (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider a ciki: Labarin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Godzilla x Kong: Sabon Daular'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Wutar Cikin Gida'' |Jason Crutchfield | |- | scope="row" |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya'' |D-16 / Megatron (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Zinariya''| {{N/a}} |Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" |2027| {{Pending film|[[Panic Carefully]]}} |TBA |Bayan samarwa |-| {{Pending film|[[Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse]]}} |Jeff Morales (murya) |A cikin samarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Spider-Man: Beyond The Spider-Verse Will Be "More Epic Than" Across The Spider-Verse Says Actor |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081437/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2028| {{Pending film|[[The Batman: Part II]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=May 14, 2026 |title=The Batman Part 2's Full Cast Including Scarlett Johansson & 4 New Additions Officially Revealed By Matt Reaves |url=https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514142137/https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |TBA| {{Pending film|[[Running (upcoming film)|Running]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Joins Spike Fearn In Gavin O'Connor Apple Film 'Running' |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/brian-tyree-henry-joins-running-movie-apple-1236859409/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Shari'a da Hanyar'' |Ben |Fim: "Dignity" |- ! scope="row" |''Na Ƙarshe na Na Tara'' |Uniform |Fim din talabijin |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''Matar kirki'' |Randall Simmons |Kashi: "Jirgin Kashi Biyu" |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Daular Boardwalk'' |Winston 'Scrapper' |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues" |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Wutsiyar'' |Larkin |Fim: "The Busy Flea" |- |2016–2017 ! scope="row" |''Mataimakin Shugabannin'' |Dascious Brown |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Littafi Mai Kyau", "Gin" da "Tiger Town" |- |2016–2022 ! scope="row" |''Atlanta'' |Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles |Babban rawar da take takawa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Yadda za a fita da kisan kai'' |Mai kare jama'a |Fim: "Ku yi kuka a wani wuri kuma" |- ! scope="row" |''Wannan Mu ne'' |Ricky |Fim: "Memphis" |- ! scope="row" |''Sanya Mic ɗin'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "David Arquette vs. Brian Tyree Henry da Jesse Tyler Ferguson vs. Chrissy Metz" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''BoJack Horseman'' |Cooper Wallace Jr. / Strib |Murya, labarin: "Labarin Amelia Earhart" |- ! scope="row" |''Gidan 104'' |Arnold |Fim: "Arnold" |- ! scope="row" |''Tarihin maye'' |Berry Gordy |Fim: "Masu Canjin Wasanni" |- |2021–2023 ! scope="row" |''Gidan da aka rushe'' |Armando |Murya, rawar da ake yi akai-akai |- |2022–2023 ! scope="row" |''Babban Bakin'' |Iliya / Shugaba |Murya, rawar da ake maimaitawa (lokaci 6-7) |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''aji na '09'' |Tajo Miller |Miniseries; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Brian Tyree Henry & Kate Mara To Star In FBI AI Limited Series 'Class Of '09' Set At FX |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/brian-tyree-henry-kate-mara-to-star-in-fbi-a-i-limited-class-of-09-fx-1234779205/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 ! scope="row" |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi'' |Ray Driscoll |Miniserie; babban rawar |- |2026 ! scope="row" |''Bass X Machina'' |Bass Reeves |Murya, jerin masu zuwa; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Adult Animated Series 'Bass X Machina' Gets Netflix Greenlight, Release Date |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/brian-tyree-henry-bass-x-machina-release-date-netflix-1236727712/ |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2007 ! scope="row" |''Romeo da Juliet'' |Tybalt |Shakespeare a cikin Gidan shakatawa |- ! scope="row" |''Girman 'yan uwa'' |Oshoosi | rowspan="3" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''A cikin Red da Brown Water'' |Egungun |- ! scope="row" |''Marcus; Ko Asirin Mai Daɗi'' |Oshoosi Size / Terrell |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''Littafin Mormon'' |Janar |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eugene O'Neill |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Ginin Solitude'' |Robert Woolfolk |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- |2018 ! scope="row" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby'' |William |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Helen Hayes |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Kwalejin | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Oscar Nominations 2023: The Full List |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/oscar-nominations-2023-list-1235495072/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Annie | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Kyakkyawan Murya a cikin Fasali |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=December 20, 2024 |title='The Wild Robot' Leads 2025 Annie Awards Nominations With 10 Nods |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/awards/annie-awards-2025-nominations-wild-robot-1236255475/ |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Fim na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'Roma,' 'Americans,' 'Mrs. Maisel' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama Desk | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama League | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako | rowspan="1" |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere' Leads With Eight Noms |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-1235438877/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta MTV | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mafi Kyawun Duo <small> (wanda aka raba tare da Lakeith Stanfield) </small> |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3109964/awards?ref_=nm_awd |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hoton Motion |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana''| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Wannan Mu ne'' (babban labari: "Memphis") <small> (aukuwa: "Memphis") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Atlanta'' (babban labari: "Woods") <small> (aukuwa: "Woods") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Babban Actor a cikin Limited Series ko Movie |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Award Winners 2018: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/awards/tony-award-winners-2018-complete-list-1202839347/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fn1ai3pz50yvfff7qarl45wm7hjfdo8 963278 963276 2026-10-05T06:36:58Z Nura Bello 24854 963278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Brian Tyree Henry''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1982) <ref name="int1">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Emma |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Discovery: Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry#_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908164645/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |publisher=Brant Publications}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Sean |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Who Plays Paper Boi The Rapper on 'Atlanta'? |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/atlanta-paper-boi-actor-brian-tyree-henry |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Thrillist}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a kan mataki da allo, ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Tony, Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu, da Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime guda uku. Henry ya zama sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na FX ''Atlanta'' (2016-2022), wanda ya sami gabatarwa don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi ne a cikin jerin Comedy . Har ila yau, an zabi shi a matsayin baƙo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] This Is Us (2017) da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin Apple TV+ + iyakantaccen jerin Dope Thief (2025). Nasarar fim dinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2018 tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din Steve McQueen mai suna Widows da Barry Jenkins' romantic drama If Beale Street Could Talk . Tun daga wancen lokacin ya bayyana a cikin Child's Play (2019), ''Joker'' (2019), Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Bullet Train (2022), da ''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'': The New Empire (2024). Ya nuna Phastos a cikin fim din Marvel Cinematic Universe Eternals (2021), kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako don yin wasa da mutum mai baƙin ciki a fim din wasan kwaikwayo Causeway (2022). Ya kuma bayyana Jefferson Davis a cikin Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) da kuma ci gaba Spider-Man, Across the Spider- Versse (2023) da Megatron a cikin Transformers One (2024). A kan mataki, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Shakespeare a cikin Park samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' (2007), kafin ya fara bugawa Broadway a cikin asalin The Book of Mormon (2011). An zabi shi don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi duk da haka mai kula da tsaro a farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Kenneth Lonergan Lobby Hero (2018). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Henry a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1982, a Fayetteville, North Carolina kuma ya girma a wani bangare a Washington, DC. Mahaifinsa yana cikin soja, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Willow Dean Kearse, malami ce. Henry ya kammala karatu daga E. E. Smith High School a Fayetteville kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya a matsayin babban dan kasuwa wanda ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 2000s. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Yale . == Ayyuka == === 2007-2015: Farkon aiki === Henry ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki, tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasanni da yawa da kuma kiɗa. A shekara ta 2007, ya fito a matsayin Tybalt a cikin Shakespeare a cikin samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Park . Henry ya kuma bayyana a cikin Tarell Alvin McCraney's trilogy of plays, mai taken The Brother / Sister Plays . A shekara ta 2011, ya sami ci gaba da nasara a karon farko na Broadway a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin wasan kwaikwayo na The Book of Mormon a gaban Josh Gad da Andrew Rannells . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Henry ya fito a cikin shirin talabijin kamar ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' na [[NBC]], da kuma ''The Good Wife'' na [[CBS]] . A shekarar 2013, ya taka rawar da ta yi ta ɗan lokaci amma maimaituwa a matsayin Winston Scrapper a cikin fim ɗin HBO 's ''Boardwalk Empire'' wanda ya fito a cikin shirin " Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues ". A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin shirin fim na Steven Soderbergh mai suna ''The Knick'' as Larkin a cikin shirin "The Busy Flea". Ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na 2015 ''na Puerto Ricans a birnin Paris'' . === 2016–2018: Nasara da yabo === A shekarar 2016, Henry ya sami yabo da yabo daga manyan jaruman fim ɗin Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin shirin wasan barkwanci na FX ''mai suna Atlanta'' . Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin shirin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Shirin Barkwanci saboda rawar da ya taka a shirin " Woods ". Chase Hutchinson na ''Collider'' ya ayyana Henry a matsayin "mafi kyawun hali na shirin", yana rubutawa, "Haɗa [ ''Atlanta'' ] shine yanayin kasancewar Henry da raunin da yake nunawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani ɓangare na shirin wanda ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba tare da shi ba. Ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassan shirin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke aiki a yau don duk abin da ya samu a cikin mafi sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=May 9, 2022 |title=How 'Atlanta' & Brian Tyree Henry's Sense of Vulnerability Makes Paper Boi the Show's Best Character |url=https://collider.com/atlanta-brian-tyree-henry-paper-boi-best-character-reasons-why/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Dascious Brown a cikin shirin barkwanci na HBO ''Vice Principals'' . A shekarar 2017, Henry ya fito a matsayin Ricky a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo [[NBC|na NBC]] ''mai suna This Is Us'', wanda ya sami damar shiga gasar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Baƙo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo . A wannan shekarar ne ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Dustin Guy Defa ''mai suna Person to Person'' da kuma ''Crown Heights na Matt Ruskin mai suna Crown Heights'' . A shekarar 2018, ya koma Broadway a lokacin da Kenneth Lonergan 's ''Lobby Hero'' ya sake farfado da shi a gaban [[Chris Evans]], Bel Powley, da Michael Cera . David Rooney na ''jaridar The Hollywood Reporter'' ya yaba wa Henry a matsayin "mai kyau" kuma ya ambace shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=March 26, 2018 |title='Lobby Hero': Theater Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lobby-hero-theater-1097460/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon Tony Award na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tony Award Nominees - Artists - Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419230912/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |website=TonyAwards.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2018, Henry ya yi fice a fina-finansa guda bakwai. Ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Widows'' da Steve McQueen ya shirya, wanda ya nuna Jamal Manning, wani shugaban masu aikata laifuka kuma ɗan siyasa a [[Chicago]] . Alissa Wilkinson ta ''Vox'' ta ayyana cewa "Brian Tyree Henry ya ci gaba da tsayawa takararsa a matsayin jarumi da za a kalla, godiya ga bayyanarsa a nan a matsayin ɗan takarar siyasa mai kwarjini da barazana." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=November 16, 2018 |title=In Widows, Viola Davis's heist crew captivates even when the story stumbles |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/16/18069770/widows-review-mcqueen-viola-davis-liam-neeson |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins mai suna ''If Beale Street Could Talk'' wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin [[James Baldwin]] na shekarar 1974 mai suna iri ɗaya . Saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finan biyu, ya sami lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafawa . A wannan shekarar ne ya nuna Jefferson Davis a cikin fim ɗin jarumi mai rai ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' wanda ya sami kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Animated . A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na ''Hotel Artemis'', da kuma fim ɗin aikata laifuka mai suna ''White Boy Rick'' . === 2019 - yanzu === A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin Todd Phillips ''mai suna Joker'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Zack |date=June 12, 2019 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Teases 'Joker' Mother-Son Drama and That 'Quiet Place 2' Will Solve Monster Mystery |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/joker-quiet-place-2-plot-spoilers-bryan-tyree-henry-1202149492/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> fim ɗin tsoro na kimiyya mai suna ''Don't Let Go'' da kuma fim ɗin tsoro mai suna ''Child's Play'', wanda aka sake yin fim ɗin a shekarar 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Gabriel Bateman To Star As Andy In MGM's 'Child's Play' Remake, Joining Aubrey Plaza & Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/gabriel-bateman-aubrey-plaza-brian-tyree-henry-childs-play-remake-mgm-1202468306/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin ''The Outside Story'' da ''Superintelligence'' . A wannan lokacin ya kuma fito a cikin shirin fim mai suna BoJack Horseman na [[Netflix]], shirin HBO anthology ''Room 104'', kuma ya nuna Berry Gordy wani shiri na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Drunk History'' . Yana kuma da rawar da ya taka a baya a matsayin Armando a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] animation ''HouseBroken'' (2021), da kuma Elijah a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] animation ''Big Mouth'' (2022–2023). A shekarar 2021, ya fito a matsayin Bernie Hayes a cikin ''[[Godzilla da Kong|fim ɗin Godzilla da Kong]]'' tare da [[Millie Bobby Brown]] da kuma fim ɗin Phastos a cikin fim ɗin Marvel Studios ''Eternals'' wanda Chloe Zhao ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na David Leitch mai suna ''Bullet Train'' tare da [[Brad Pitt]] . A cikin rawar da ya taka a ƙarshe a shekarar, Henry ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lila Neugebauer mai suna A24 ''Causeway'' tare da [[Jennifer Lawrence]] a matsayin makaniki James Aucoin. Henry ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ya taka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award, Critics' Choice, Gotham Award, da kuma nadin Independent Spirit Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanfield |first=Ethan |date=October 29, 2022 |title='Tár' Leads Gotham Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gotham-awards-nominations-full-list-1235413626/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 22, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere,' 'TÁR' Lead Independent Spirit Award Nominations: See the Full List |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> A cikin wani sharhi da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Independent'', Adam White ya rubuta: "Henry ya nuna duk wani gibi a cikin labarin James kamar guduma." <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Adam |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Causeway review: Jennifer Lawrence reminds us all how good she is |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/causeway-film-review-jennifer-lawrence-b2217450.html |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mary Siroky, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ''mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi'', ta yaba wa aikin Henry kuma ta ce "yana da tushe sosai a nan har akwai lokutan da muke jin kamar muna shiga cikin rayuwarsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry Captivate in Causeway: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2022/11/causeway-review-jennifer-lawrence-apple-tv-plus/2/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Henry ya yi rawar Megatron ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin mai rairayi ''Transformers One'', wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Baƙar fata na farko da ya yi rawar. <ref name="TransformersOneCast">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 27, 2023 |title='Transformers' Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/transformers-animated-prequel-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-1235596692/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya zama sabon muryar Smokey Bear . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zumberge |first=Marianne |date=2024-02-27 |title=Smokey Bear voiced by Brian Tyree Henry in 80th anniversary PSA |url=https://buckrail.com/smokey-bear-voiced-by-brian-tyree-henry-in-80th-anniversary-psa/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Buckrail - Jackson Hole, news |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokey Bear travels through the decades for 80th anniversary ad {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/smokey-bear-travels-through-decades-80th-anniversary-ad/708414/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, an zaɓi Henry a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi da ba a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin ''The Batman Part II'', wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2027. <ref name="Part2KochHenry">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=May 14, 2026 |title=''The Batman: Part II'': Sebastian Koch, Brian Tyree Henry Join Cast of Matt Reeves Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514213310/https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 14, 2026 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Henry, Willow Deane Kearse, ta rasu a farkon shekarar 2016. An sadaukar da shirin ''Atlanta'' mai suna " Woods " ga ita. Mahaifinsa ya mutu ne a lokacin daukar fim din ''Dope Thief'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soloski |first=Alexis |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Isn't Hiding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/arts/television/brian-tyree-henry-dope-thief.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Daraja a cikin aikin kwaikwayo == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | † | Yana nuna fina-finan da ba a sake su ba tukuna |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- |2015 | scope="row" |''<nowiki/>'Yan Puerto Rico a birnin Paris'' |Spencer | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | scope="row" |''Mutum zuwa Mutum'' |Mike | |- | scope="row" |''Crown Heights'' |Clayton "Massup" Benton | |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | scope="row" |''Ba za a iya musanya kai ba'' |Benji | |- | scope="row" |''Iyali'' |Pete | |- | scope="row" |''Otal din Artemis'' |Honolulu/Lev | |- | scope="row" |''White Boy Rick'' |Mai ba da labari ga Mel "Roach" Jackson | |- | scope="row" |''Gwauraye'' |Jamal Manning | |- | scope="row" |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana'' |Daniel Carty | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | scope="row" |''Kada ka bar ka tafi'' |Garret Radcliff | |- | scope="row" |''Wasan Yara'' |Mai bincike Mike Norris | |- | scope="row" |''Joker'' |Carl | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labarin waje'' |Charles Young | |- | scope="row" |''Mai Girma'' |Dennis Caruso | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | scope="row" |''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Matar da ke cikin taga'' |Mai bincike Little | |- | scope="row" |''Rayuwa'' |Dancarino (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Har abada'' |Phastos | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Jirgin kasa mai harsashi'' |Lemon | |- | scope="row" |''Hanyar da ta haifar'' |James Aucoin | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | scope="row" |''Gishiri na Mai sihiri'' |Leo Matienne (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A fadin Spider-Verse'' |Jeff Morales (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider a ciki: Labarin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Godzilla x Kong: Sabon Daular'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Wutar Cikin Gida'' |Jason Crutchfield | |- | scope="row" |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya'' |D-16 / Megatron (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Zinariya''| {{N/a}} |Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" |2027| {{Pending film|[[Panic Carefully]]}} |TBA |Bayan samarwa |-| {{Pending film|[[Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse]]}} |Jeff Morales (murya) |A cikin samarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Spider-Man: Beyond The Spider-Verse Will Be "More Epic Than" Across The Spider-Verse Says Actor |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081437/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2028| {{Pending film|[[The Batman: Part II]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=May 14, 2026 |title=The Batman Part 2's Full Cast Including Scarlett Johansson & 4 New Additions Officially Revealed By Matt Reaves |url=https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514142137/https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |TBA| {{Pending film|[[Running (upcoming film)|Running]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Joins Spike Fearn In Gavin O'Connor Apple Film 'Running' |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/brian-tyree-henry-joins-running-movie-apple-1236859409/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Shari'a da Hanyar'' |Ben |Fim: "Dignity" |- ! scope="row" |''Na Ƙarshe na Na Tara'' |Uniform |Fim din talabijin |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''Matar kirki'' |Randall Simmons |Kashi: "Jirgin Kashi Biyu" |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Daular Boardwalk'' |Winston 'Scrapper' |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues" |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Wutsiyar'' |Larkin |Fim: "The Busy Flea" |- |2016–2017 ! scope="row" |''Mataimakin Shugabannin'' |Dascious Brown |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Littafi Mai Kyau", "Gin" da "Tiger Town" |- |2016–2022 ! scope="row" |''Atlanta'' |Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles |Babban rawar da take takawa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Yadda za a fita da kisan kai'' |Mai kare jama'a |Fim: "Ku yi kuka a wani wuri kuma" |- ! scope="row" |''Wannan Mu ne'' |Ricky |Fim: "Memphis" |- ! scope="row" |''Sanya Mic ɗin'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "David Arquette vs. Brian Tyree Henry da Jesse Tyler Ferguson vs. Chrissy Metz" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''BoJack Horseman'' |Cooper Wallace Jr. / Strib |Murya, labarin: "Labarin Amelia Earhart" |- ! scope="row" |''Gidan 104'' |Arnold |Fim: "Arnold" |- ! scope="row" |''Tarihin maye'' |Berry Gordy |Fim: "Masu Canjin Wasanni" |- |2021–2023 ! scope="row" |''Gidan da aka rushe'' |Armando |Murya, rawar da ake yi akai-akai |- |2022–2023 ! scope="row" |''Babban Bakin'' |Iliya / Shugaba |Murya, rawar da ake maimaitawa (lokaci 6-7) |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''aji na '09'' |Tajo Miller |Miniseries; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Brian Tyree Henry & Kate Mara To Star In FBI AI Limited Series 'Class Of '09' Set At FX |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/brian-tyree-henry-kate-mara-to-star-in-fbi-a-i-limited-class-of-09-fx-1234779205/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 ! scope="row" |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi'' |Ray Driscoll |Miniserie; babban rawar |- |2026 ! scope="row" |''Bass X Machina'' |Bass Reeves |Murya, jerin masu zuwa; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Adult Animated Series 'Bass X Machina' Gets Netflix Greenlight, Release Date |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/brian-tyree-henry-bass-x-machina-release-date-netflix-1236727712/ |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2007 ! scope="row" |''Romeo da Juliet'' |Tybalt |Shakespeare a cikin Gidan shakatawa |- ! scope="row" |''Girman 'yan uwa'' |Oshoosi | rowspan="3" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''A cikin Red da Brown Water'' |Egungun |- ! scope="row" |''Marcus; Ko Asirin Mai Daɗi'' |Oshoosi Size / Terrell |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''Littafin Mormon'' |Janar |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eugene O'Neill |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Ginin Solitude'' |Robert Woolfolk |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- |2018 ! scope="row" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby'' |William |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Helen Hayes |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Kwalejin | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Oscar Nominations 2023: The Full List |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/oscar-nominations-2023-list-1235495072/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Annie | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Kyakkyawan Murya a cikin Fasali |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=December 20, 2024 |title='The Wild Robot' Leads 2025 Annie Awards Nominations With 10 Nods |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/awards/annie-awards-2025-nominations-wild-robot-1236255475/ |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Fim na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'Roma,' 'Americans,' 'Mrs. Maisel' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama Desk | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama League | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako | rowspan="1" |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere' Leads With Eight Noms |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-1235438877/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta MTV | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mafi Kyawun Duo <small> (wanda aka raba tare da Lakeith Stanfield) </small> |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3109964/awards?ref_=nm_awd |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hoton Motion |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana''| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Wannan Mu ne'' (babban labari: "Memphis") <small> (aukuwa: "Memphis") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Atlanta'' (babban labari: "Woods") <small> (aukuwa: "Woods") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Babban Actor a cikin Limited Series ko Movie |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Award Winners 2018: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/awards/tony-award-winners-2018-complete-list-1202839347/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p5xmdt6b6ddodzft38zzp1icpe4ux6f 963279 963278 2026-10-05T06:38:43Z Nura Bello 24854 963279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Brian Tyree Henry''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1982) <ref name="int1">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Emma |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Discovery: Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry#_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908164645/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/discovery-brian-tyree-henry |archive-date=September 8, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |publisher=Brant Publications}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Sean |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Who Plays Paper Boi The Rapper on 'Atlanta'? |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/atlanta-paper-boi-actor-brian-tyree-henry |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Thrillist}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a kan mataki da allo, ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Tony, Kyautar Actor, Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar guda biyu, da Kyautar Emmy ta Primetime guda uku. Henry ya zama sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na FX ''Atlanta'' (2016-2022), wanda ya sami gabatarwa don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi ne a cikin jerin Comedy . Har ila yau, an zabi shi a matsayin baƙo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[NBC]] This Is Us (2017) da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin Apple TV+ + iyakantaccen jerin Dope Thief (2025). Nasarar fim dinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2018 tare da rawar da ya taka a fim din Steve McQueen mai suna Widows da Barry Jenkins' romantic drama If Beale Street Could Talk . Tun daga wancen lokacin ya bayyana a cikin Child's Play (2019), ''Joker'' (2019), Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Bullet Train (2022), da ''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'': The New Empire (2024). Ya nuna Phastos a cikin fim din Marvel Cinematic Universe Eternals (2021), kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako don yin wasa da mutum mai baƙin ciki a fim din wasan kwaikwayo Causeway (2022). Ya kuma bayyana Jefferson Davis a cikin Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) da kuma ci gaba Spider-Man, Across the Spider- Versse (2023) da Megatron a cikin Transformers One (2024). A kan mataki, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Shakespeare a cikin Park samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' (2007), kafin ya fara bugawa Broadway a cikin asalin The Book of Mormon (2011). An zabi shi ne don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi duk da haka mai kula da tsaro a farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Kenneth Lonergan Lobby Hero (2018). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Henry a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1982, a Fayetteville, North Carolina kuma ya girma a wani bangare a Washington, DC. Mahaifinsa yana cikin soja, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Willow Dean Kearse, malami ce. Henry ya kammala karatu daga E. E. Smith High School a Fayetteville kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya a matsayin babban dan kasuwa wanda ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 2000s. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Yale . == Ayyuka == === 2007-2015: Farkon aiki === Henry ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki, tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasanni da yawa da kuma kiɗa. A shekara ta 2007, ya fito a matsayin Tybalt a cikin Shakespeare a cikin samar da ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Park . Henry ya kuma bayyana a cikin Tarell Alvin McCraney's trilogy of plays, mai taken The Brother / Sister Plays . A shekara ta 2011, ya sami ci gaba da nasara a karon farko na Broadway a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalin wasan kwaikwayo na The Book of Mormon a gaban Josh Gad da Andrew Rannells . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Henry ya fito a cikin shirin talabijin kamar ''Law &amp;amp; Order'' na [[NBC]], da kuma ''The Good Wife'' na [[CBS]] . A shekarar 2013, ya taka rawar da ta yi ta ɗan lokaci amma maimaituwa a matsayin Winston Scrapper a cikin fim ɗin HBO 's ''Boardwalk Empire'' wanda ya fito a cikin shirin " Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues ". A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin shirin fim na Steven Soderbergh mai suna ''The Knick'' as Larkin a cikin shirin "The Busy Flea". Ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na 2015 ''na Puerto Ricans a birnin Paris'' . === 2016–2018: Nasara da yabo === A shekarar 2016, Henry ya sami yabo da yabo daga manyan jaruman fim ɗin Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles a cikin shirin wasan barkwanci na FX ''mai suna Atlanta'' . Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin shirin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Shirin Barkwanci saboda rawar da ya taka a shirin " Woods ". Chase Hutchinson na ''Collider'' ya ayyana Henry a matsayin "mafi kyawun hali na shirin", yana rubutawa, "Haɗa [ ''Atlanta'' ] shine yanayin kasancewar Henry da raunin da yake nunawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani ɓangare na shirin wanda ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba tare da shi ba. Ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassan shirin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke aiki a yau don duk abin da ya samu a cikin mafi sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=May 9, 2022 |title=How 'Atlanta' & Brian Tyree Henry's Sense of Vulnerability Makes Paper Boi the Show's Best Character |url=https://collider.com/atlanta-brian-tyree-henry-paper-boi-best-character-reasons-why/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Dascious Brown a cikin shirin barkwanci na HBO ''Vice Principals'' . A shekarar 2017, Henry ya fito a matsayin Ricky a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo [[NBC|na NBC]] ''mai suna This Is Us'', wanda ya sami damar shiga gasar Primetime Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jarumin Baƙo a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo . A wannan shekarar ne ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Dustin Guy Defa ''mai suna Person to Person'' da kuma ''Crown Heights na Matt Ruskin mai suna Crown Heights'' . A shekarar 2018, ya koma Broadway a lokacin da Kenneth Lonergan 's ''Lobby Hero'' ya sake farfado da shi a gaban [[Chris Evans]], Bel Powley, da Michael Cera . David Rooney na ''jaridar The Hollywood Reporter'' ya yaba wa Henry a matsayin "mai kyau" kuma ya ambace shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=March 26, 2018 |title='Lobby Hero': Theater Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/lobby-hero-theater-1097460/ |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon Tony Award na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tony Award Nominees - Artists - Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419230912/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/artists/2018-04-30_brian_tyree_henry_lobby_hero.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |website=TonyAwards.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2018, Henry ya yi fice a fina-finansa guda bakwai. Ya fito a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Widows'' da Steve McQueen ya shirya, wanda ya nuna Jamal Manning, wani shugaban masu aikata laifuka kuma ɗan siyasa a [[Chicago]] . Alissa Wilkinson ta ''Vox'' ta ayyana cewa "Brian Tyree Henry ya ci gaba da tsayawa takararsa a matsayin jarumi da za a kalla, godiya ga bayyanarsa a nan a matsayin ɗan takarar siyasa mai kwarjini da barazana." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=November 16, 2018 |title=In Widows, Viola Davis's heist crew captivates even when the story stumbles |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/16/18069770/widows-review-mcqueen-viola-davis-liam-neeson |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins mai suna ''If Beale Street Could Talk'' wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin [[James Baldwin]] na shekarar 1974 mai suna iri ɗaya . Saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finan biyu, ya sami lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Fina-finai ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafawa . A wannan shekarar ne ya nuna Jefferson Davis a cikin fim ɗin jarumi mai rai ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' wanda ya sami kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Animated . A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na ''Hotel Artemis'', da kuma fim ɗin aikata laifuka mai suna ''White Boy Rick'' . === 2019 - yanzu === A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin Todd Phillips ''mai suna Joker'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Zack |date=June 12, 2019 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Teases 'Joker' Mother-Son Drama and That 'Quiet Place 2' Will Solve Monster Mystery |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/joker-quiet-place-2-plot-spoilers-bryan-tyree-henry-1202149492/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> fim ɗin tsoro na kimiyya mai suna ''Don't Let Go'' da kuma fim ɗin tsoro mai suna ''Child's Play'', wanda aka sake yin fim ɗin a shekarar 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=September 20, 2018 |title=Gabriel Bateman To Star As Andy In MGM's 'Child's Play' Remake, Joining Aubrey Plaza & Brian Tyree Henry |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/gabriel-bateman-aubrey-plaza-brian-tyree-henry-childs-play-remake-mgm-1202468306/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya fito a cikin ''The Outside Story'' da ''Superintelligence'' . A wannan lokacin ya kuma fito a cikin shirin fim mai suna BoJack Horseman na [[Netflix]], shirin HBO anthology ''Room 104'', kuma ya nuna Berry Gordy wani shiri na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Drunk History'' . Yana kuma da rawar da ya taka a baya a matsayin Armando a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] animation ''HouseBroken'' (2021), da kuma Elijah a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] animation ''Big Mouth'' (2022–2023). A shekarar 2021, ya fito a matsayin Bernie Hayes a cikin ''[[Godzilla da Kong|fim ɗin Godzilla da Kong]]'' tare da [[Millie Bobby Brown]] da kuma fim ɗin Phastos a cikin fim ɗin Marvel Studios ''Eternals'' wanda Chloe Zhao ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na David Leitch mai suna ''Bullet Train'' tare da [[Brad Pitt]] . A cikin rawar da ya taka a ƙarshe a shekarar, Henry ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lila Neugebauer mai suna A24 ''Causeway'' tare da [[Jennifer Lawrence]] a matsayin makaniki James Aucoin. Henry ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ya taka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award, Critics' Choice, Gotham Award, da kuma nadin Independent Spirit Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanfield |first=Ethan |date=October 29, 2022 |title='Tár' Leads Gotham Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gotham-awards-nominations-full-list-1235413626/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 22, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere,' 'TÁR' Lead Independent Spirit Award Nominations: See the Full List |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> A cikin wani sharhi da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Independent'', Adam White ya rubuta: "Henry ya nuna duk wani gibi a cikin labarin James kamar guduma." <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Adam |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Causeway review: Jennifer Lawrence reminds us all how good she is |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/causeway-film-review-jennifer-lawrence-b2217450.html |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mary Siroky, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ''mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi'', ta yaba wa aikin Henry kuma ta ce "yana da tushe sosai a nan har akwai lokutan da muke jin kamar muna shiga cikin rayuwarsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siroky |first=Mary |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry Captivate in Causeway: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2022/11/causeway-review-jennifer-lawrence-apple-tv-plus/2/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Henry ya yi rawar Megatron ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin mai rairayi ''Transformers One'', wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Baƙar fata na farko da ya yi rawar. <ref name="TransformersOneCast">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 27, 2023 |title='Transformers' Animated Prequel Sets Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and More Voice Cast |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/transformers-animated-prequel-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-1235596692/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya zama sabon muryar Smokey Bear . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zumberge |first=Marianne |date=2024-02-27 |title=Smokey Bear voiced by Brian Tyree Henry in 80th anniversary PSA |url=https://buckrail.com/smokey-bear-voiced-by-brian-tyree-henry-in-80th-anniversary-psa/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Buckrail - Jackson Hole, news |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smokey Bear travels through the decades for 80th anniversary ad {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/smokey-bear-travels-through-decades-80th-anniversary-ad/708414/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, an zaɓi Henry a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi da ba a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin ''The Batman Part II'', wanda aka shirya za a fitar a shekarar 2027. <ref name="Part2KochHenry">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=May 14, 2026 |title=''The Batman: Part II'': Sebastian Koch, Brian Tyree Henry Join Cast of Matt Reeves Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514213310/https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/movies/the-batman-part-ii-sebastian-koch-joins-cast/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 14, 2026 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Henry, Willow Deane Kearse, ta rasu a farkon shekarar 2016. An sadaukar da shirin ''Atlanta'' mai suna " Woods " ga ita. Mahaifinsa ya mutu ne a lokacin daukar fim din ''Dope Thief'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soloski |first=Alexis |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Isn't Hiding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/arts/television/brian-tyree-henry-dope-thief.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Daraja a cikin aikin kwaikwayo == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | † | Yana nuna fina-finan da ba a sake su ba tukuna |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- |2015 | scope="row" |''<nowiki/>'Yan Puerto Rico a birnin Paris'' |Spencer | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | scope="row" |''Mutum zuwa Mutum'' |Mike | |- | scope="row" |''Crown Heights'' |Clayton "Massup" Benton | |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | scope="row" |''Ba za a iya musanya kai ba'' |Benji | |- | scope="row" |''Iyali'' |Pete | |- | scope="row" |''Otal din Artemis'' |Honolulu/Lev | |- | scope="row" |''White Boy Rick'' |Mai ba da labari ga Mel "Roach" Jackson | |- | scope="row" |''Gwauraye'' |Jamal Manning | |- | scope="row" |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana'' |Daniel Carty | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A cikin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | scope="row" |''Kada ka bar ka tafi'' |Garret Radcliff | |- | scope="row" |''Wasan Yara'' |Mai bincike Mike Norris | |- | scope="row" |''Joker'' |Carl | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | scope="row" |''Labarin waje'' |Charles Young | |- | scope="row" |''Mai Girma'' |Dennis Caruso | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | scope="row" |''[[Godzilla da Kong]]'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Matar da ke cikin taga'' |Mai bincike Little | |- | scope="row" |''Rayuwa'' |Dancarino (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Har abada'' |Phastos | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | scope="row" |''Jirgin kasa mai harsashi'' |Lemon | |- | scope="row" |''Hanyar da ta haifar'' |James Aucoin | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | scope="row" |''Gishiri na Mai sihiri'' |Leo Matienne (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider-Man: A fadin Spider-Verse'' |Jeff Morales (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Spider a ciki: Labarin Spider-Verse'' |Jefferson Davis (murya) |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="4" |2024 | scope="row" |''Godzilla x Kong: Sabon Daular'' |Bernie Hayes | |- | scope="row" |''Wutar Cikin Gida'' |Jason Crutchfield | |- | scope="row" |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya'' |D-16 / Megatron (murya) | |- | scope="row" |''Zinariya''| {{N/a}} |Ba a sake shi ba |- | rowspan="2" |2027| {{Pending film|[[Panic Carefully]]}} |TBA |Bayan samarwa |-| {{Pending film|[[Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse]]}} |Jeff Morales (murya) |A cikin samarwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Spider-Man: Beyond The Spider-Verse Will Be "More Epic Than" Across The Spider-Verse Says Actor |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328081437/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-beyond-the-spider-verse-epic-brian-tyree-henry/ |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2028| {{Pending film|[[The Batman: Part II]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=May 14, 2026 |title=The Batman Part 2's Full Cast Including Scarlett Johansson & 4 New Additions Officially Revealed By Matt Reaves |url=https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514142137/https://screenrant.com/the-batman-2-cast-confirmed-matt-reeves/ |archive-date=May 14, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |TBA| {{Pending film|[[Running (upcoming film)|Running]]}} |TBA |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Joins Spike Fearn In Gavin O'Connor Apple Film 'Running' |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/brian-tyree-henry-joins-running-movie-apple-1236859409/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Shari'a da Hanyar'' |Ben |Fim: "Dignity" |- ! scope="row" |''Na Ƙarshe na Na Tara'' |Uniform |Fim din talabijin |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''Matar kirki'' |Randall Simmons |Kashi: "Jirgin Kashi Biyu" |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Daular Boardwalk'' |Winston 'Scrapper' |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Havre de Grace" da "Farewell Daddy Blues" |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Wutsiyar'' |Larkin |Fim: "The Busy Flea" |- |2016–2017 ! scope="row" |''Mataimakin Shugabannin'' |Dascious Brown |Abubuwan da suka faru: "Littafi Mai Kyau", "Gin" da "Tiger Town" |- |2016–2022 ! scope="row" |''Atlanta'' |Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles |Babban rawar da take takawa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Yadda za a fita da kisan kai'' |Mai kare jama'a |Fim: "Ku yi kuka a wani wuri kuma" |- ! scope="row" |''Wannan Mu ne'' |Ricky |Fim: "Memphis" |- ! scope="row" |''Sanya Mic ɗin'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "David Arquette vs. Brian Tyree Henry da Jesse Tyler Ferguson vs. Chrissy Metz" |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''BoJack Horseman'' |Cooper Wallace Jr. / Strib |Murya, labarin: "Labarin Amelia Earhart" |- ! scope="row" |''Gidan 104'' |Arnold |Fim: "Arnold" |- ! scope="row" |''Tarihin maye'' |Berry Gordy |Fim: "Masu Canjin Wasanni" |- |2021–2023 ! scope="row" |''Gidan da aka rushe'' |Armando |Murya, rawar da ake yi akai-akai |- |2022–2023 ! scope="row" |''Babban Bakin'' |Iliya / Shugaba |Murya, rawar da ake maimaitawa (lokaci 6-7) |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''aji na '09'' |Tajo Miller |Miniseries; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Brian Tyree Henry & Kate Mara To Star In FBI AI Limited Series 'Class Of '09' Set At FX |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/brian-tyree-henry-kate-mara-to-star-in-fbi-a-i-limited-class-of-09-fx-1234779205/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 ! scope="row" |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi'' |Ray Driscoll |Miniserie; babban rawar |- |2026 ! scope="row" |''Bass X Machina'' |Bass Reeves |Murya, jerin masu zuwa; babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Brian Tyree Henry Adult Animated Series 'Bass X Machina' Gets Netflix Greenlight, Release Date |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/brian-tyree-henry-bass-x-machina-release-date-netflix-1236727712/ |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2007 ! scope="row" |''Romeo da Juliet'' |Tybalt |Shakespeare a cikin Gidan shakatawa |- ! scope="row" |''Girman 'yan uwa'' |Oshoosi | rowspan="3" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''A cikin Red da Brown Water'' |Egungun |- ! scope="row" |''Marcus; Ko Asirin Mai Daɗi'' |Oshoosi Size / Terrell |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''Littafin Mormon'' |Janar |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eugene O'Neill |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Ginin Solitude'' |Robert Woolfolk |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a |- |2018 ! scope="row" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby'' |William |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Helen Hayes |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Kwalejin | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Oscar Nominations 2023: The Full List |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/oscar-nominations-2023-list-1235495072/ |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Annie | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Kyakkyawan Murya a cikin Fasali |''Masu canzawa Ɗaya''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=December 20, 2024 |title='The Wild Robot' Leads 2025 Annie Awards Nominations With 10 Nods |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/awards/annie-awards-2025-nominations-wild-robot-1236255475/ |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Fim na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'Roma,' 'Americans,' 'Mrs. Maisel' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama Desk | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/person/brian-tyree-henry-vault-0000116960 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Drama League | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako | rowspan="1" |''Hanyar da ta haifar''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Independent Spirit Awards Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere' Leads With Eight Noms |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/2023-independent-spirit-awards-nominations-1235438877/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta MTV | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mafi Kyawun Duo <small> (wanda aka raba tare da Lakeith Stanfield) </small> |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |title=Brian Tyree Henry - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3109964/awards?ref_=nm_awd |access-date=August 9, 2019 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hoton Motion |''Idan titin Beale zai iya magana''| {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | style="text-align:center;" |2017 |Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Wannan Mu ne'' (babban labari: "Memphis") <small> (aukuwa: "Memphis") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2018 |Mai ba da tallafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Atlanta'' (babban labari: "Woods") <small> (aukuwa: "Woods") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Babban Actor a cikin Limited Series ko Movie |''Ɓarawo mai ƙwayoyi''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-comedy-series |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | style="text-align:center;" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta Ƙungiya a cikin jerin Comedy |''Atlanta''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan |''Jarumi mai suna Lobby''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Award Winners 2018: The Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/awards/tony-award-winners-2018-complete-list-1202839347/ |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] opuzi0s5n4ojg7dp9fflwr78k4dpc50 4 21908 963168 962684 2026-10-04T21:27:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 963168 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:DerFlieger|DerFlieger]] |[[Special:Contributions/DerFlieger|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:LzerLive|LzerLive]] |[[Special:Contributions/LzerLive|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:ShaunSha|ShaunSha]] |[[Special:Contributions/ShaunSha|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:RealZeanon|RealZeanon]] |[[Special:Contributions/RealZeanon|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:L'rd Of The Fish|L'rd Of The Fish]] |[[Special:Contributions/L'rd Of The Fish|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Ibrohim tijani|Ibrohim tijani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrohim tijani|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Dollphenks|Dollphenks]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dollphenks|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |8 |[[User:ALwaysverify|ALwaysverify]] |[[Special:Contributions/ALwaysverify|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Priper|Priper]] |[[Special:Contributions/Priper|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Maelene77|Maelene77]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maelene77|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Yousufsalam01|Yousufsalam01]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yousufsalam01|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Abdoul Karim Ibrahim Abdoulaye79|Abdoul Karim Ibrahim Abdoulaye79]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdoul Karim Ibrahim Abdoulaye79|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Samuel Dunaevsky|Samuel Dunaevsky]] |[[Special:Contributions/Samuel Dunaevsky|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Jamblasted|Jamblasted]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jamblasted|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |15 |[[User:L3andr3 V3rt-Sapin|L3andr3 V3rt-Sapin]] |[[Special:Contributions/L3andr3 V3rt-Sapin|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Abashenkano|Abashenkano]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abashenkano|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Artinvestigator|Artinvestigator]] |[[Special:Contributions/Artinvestigator|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Muhali|Muhali]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhali|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Manny Emeaka|Manny Emeaka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Manny Emeaka|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |20 |[[User:B.A.Mindil|B.A.Mindil]] |[[Special:Contributions/B.A.Mindil|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Oweyeafu|Oweyeafu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Oweyeafu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Zache-test|Zache-test]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zache-test|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Meadowlark12345|Meadowlark12345]] |[[Special:Contributions/Meadowlark12345|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Syuaddict|Syuaddict]] |[[Special:Contributions/Syuaddict|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Orgganspender|Orgganspender]] |[[Special:Contributions/Orgganspender|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |26 |[[User:TBarmo|TBarmo]] |[[Special:Contributions/TBarmo|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Jajajshkwvjwdvq|Jajajshkwvjwdvq]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jajajshkwvjwdvq|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |28 |[[User:SQUA LEE|SQUA LEE]] |[[Special:Contributions/SQUA LEE|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |29 |[[User:2sabi|2sabi]] |[[Special:Contributions/2sabi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |30 |[[User:HonorTheKing|HonorTheKing]] |[[Special:Contributions/HonorTheKing|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Afddiary|Afddiary]] |[[Special:Contributions/Afddiary|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |32 |[[User:A person without name|A person without name]] |[[Special:Contributions/A person without name|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Chromista|Chromista]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chromista|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Uranusjr|Uranusjr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Uranusjr|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |35 |[[User:9545o38743|9545o38743]] |[[Special:Contributions/9545o38743|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Hassan rabiu|Hassan rabiu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassan rabiu|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |37 |[[User:SabaSajid|SabaSajid]] |[[Special:Contributions/SabaSajid|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |38 |[[User:LJX09loi|LJX09loi]] |[[Special:Contributions/LJX09loi|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Kaan 546|Kaan 546]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kaan 546|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Enthu2608|Enthu2608]] |[[Special:Contributions/Enthu2608|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |41 |[[User:U.S. Navy Veterans|U.S. Navy Veterans]] |[[Special:Contributions/U.S. Navy Veterans|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |42 |[[User:XmOffr1c!al77|XmOffr1c!al77]] |[[Special:Contributions/XmOffr1c!al77|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Hosbole|Hosbole]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hosbole|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Шилов Александр|Шилов Александр]] |[[Special:Contributions/Шилов Александр|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |45 |[[User:M Yushau|M Yushau]] |[[Special:Contributions/M Yushau|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Merci Kahubangwa|Merci Kahubangwa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Merci Kahubangwa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Chell Hill|Chell Hill]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chell Hill|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Sotkanmuna|Sotkanmuna]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sotkanmuna|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Jau12234|Jau12234]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jau12234|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Chhelp|Chhelp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chhelp|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Kjayant|Kjayant]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kjayant|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 4 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} bb3rwxl2hse2pc8ausdg1nydcqjr9id 0 30592 963403 824506 2026-10-05T11:38:36Z Rafiqueahmed33 49691 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 963403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:MCL_NAGASHIMA.jpg |thumb| Muhalli a California]] [[File:Trona_Pinnacles_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern,_California_(15473839840).jpg |thumb|California ]] [[File:Thumbnail-by-urls.jpg|thumb| Yanayi a cikin yanayin da ya dace tare da ƙasar birni.]] [[Fayil:Afree Environmental Services.jpg|thumb|Yanayin tsari group na environment]] [[Fayil:California in United States.svg|thumb|California a United States]] '''Ƙungiyoyin''' mahalli sun ƙunshi manyan nau'ikan halittu ne guda hudu da ke magana kai tsaye daga shafin albarkatun muhalli na Jihar Sacramento.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csus.edu/envs/resources/organizations.html|title=Environmental Organizations|last=California State University|first=Sacramento|website=www.csus.edu|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416191023/https://www.csus.edu/envs/resources/organizations.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna riƙe wasu ma'auni a cikin kansu, tana da tarihin bayar da gudummawa ga ''Sacramento'', da garuruwan makwabta. Ƙungiyoyi irin su waɗanda ke cikin Sacramento sun ƙware a kan yankunan ƙasa a kusa da birnin; yayin da wasu sun fi musamman, kamar National Environment Trust wacce kungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Kungiyoyi daban-daban suna hannun jama'a. Ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya 11 wasu ne kawai daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa da ke kewaye da ƙasar, amma waɗannan sun fi mayar da hankali ga waɗanda ke yankin Sacramento. Suna ba da taswirar hanya kan yadda mutumin da ke zaune a yankin Sacramento zai so ya shiga cikin tattaunawar muhalli. == - Ƙungiyoyin Sacramento: - Ƙungiyoyi sun fi mayar da hankali a cikin gida a kewayen birni. == === Conservancy kogin Amurka (ARC) === - ARC sun sami kansu suna aiki a yankunan da ke kusa da manyan kogin Amurka, da magudanan ruwan kogin Cosumnes .Kuma Sun ƙware a waɗannan fannoni, suna ba da ilimi ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka lissafa, kuma suna ba da damar kulawa daga jama'a don taimakawa kiyaye muhallin halittu. Suna riƙe da ƙima da yawa a cikin ƙungiyarsu, kamar yadda suke yin hakan shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Sannan Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali a cikin adanawa an san shi ne sanannen California Poppy, wanda ke da yanki na musamman ga California. Yawancin wasu dabi'u da aka bayyana daga shafin kungiyar sun kunshi:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arconservancy.org/about/|title=About|last=Conservancy|first=American River|website=American River Conservancy|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> • Ilimin Muhalli • Alakar haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki • Bambancin Muhalli da Al'adu • Maidowa da adana Buɗaɗɗen Sararin Sama + Halittu • Kulawa • Ilimi • Kiyayewa === California Native Plant Society (CNPS) === - Tare da surori sama da talatin da biyar a duk faɗin jihar California, sannan Kuma Ƙungiyar Tsirrai ta California ta ja hankalinta ga abin da suke kira "flora na asali" na California. Surori suna kewaye da yankunan jihar kamar yadda aka bayyana:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnps.org/chapters/map|title=California Native Plant Society Chapters|last=Native Plant Society|first=California|website=California Native Plant Society|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> • Bay Area & Peninsula • Gabar Tsakiya • Hamada da Gabashin Saliyo • Tsaunuka & Tsaunuka • Arewa Coast & Wine Country • Kudancin California & Baja • Kwari Babin sha'awa ta musamman -Kowace babi ya kware wajen yin ayyuka daban-daban a cikin kowane yanki domin kowannensu yana da nau'in tsiro nasa wanda yake fatan kiyayewa da kiyayewa har zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa. CNPS sun ƙware a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata don ci gaba da aikinsu na malamai da masu koyo game da tsire-tsire a kusa da California. Sannan Kuma Suna aiki wajen adanawa da fahimtar ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan flora na uku waɗanda kawai ake samu a California; amma duk da haka, ana samun su da wuya a samu da adanawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnps.org/about/history/accomplishments|title=California Native Plant Society Accomplishments {{!}} CNPS|last=Native Plant Society|first=California|website=California Native Plant Society|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> - A cikin yankin Sacramento, shi ne babi na farko da aka kafa a matsayin ɓangare na wannan ƙungiya kuma yana da babban mahimmanci da mayar da hankali kan kiyayewa da kiyayewa tare da nau'in [[shuka]] a kusa da yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacvalleycnps.org/|title=Sacramento Valley CNPS - Home|last=California Native Plant Society|first=Sacramento Valley|website=www.sacvalleycnps.org|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> === Cosumnes River Preserve (CRP) === - Gano tushen sa a Kudancin Sacramento [[County of St. Paul No. 19|County]] a cikin shekarata 1984, Cosumnes River Preserve ya sadaukar da aikinsa don tabbatar da wuraren da aka adana na kusan eka 46,000 na fili. Suna burin ci gaba da kiyaye rayayyun halittu da kula da kowane nau'in rayuwa; tabbatar da cewa an taimaka wa kowane nau'in da ke cikin hadari, da kuma bin matakin karfafa gwiwa ga jama'a. Kuma Suna ɗaukar kowane manufofin da ke taimaka wa manufofinsu kuma suna amfani da su don taimakawa tare da yawancin abokan tarayya da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙungiyar. Kuma Har ila yau, suna amfani da taimako daga abokan hulɗarsu don ƙara yawan aikin kulawa da ke iya faruwa a yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosumnes.org/about-the-preserve/|title=About the Cosumnes River Preserve – Cosumnes River Preserve|last=River Preserve|first=Consumnes|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> - Tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 690+ da aka tabbatar, adanar gida ce ga nau'ikan namun daji da yawa kuma yana ƙarfafa yawancin mafi kyawun hanyoyin daga jama'a don taimakawa rage wasu matsalolin da Kuma adanar ke zama mai saurin kamuwa da su.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosumnes.org/|title=Cosumnes River Preserve|last=River Preserve|first=Cosumnes|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> === Sacramento Audubon Society (SAS) === - Maraba da sababbin membobin yau da kullun, Sacramento Audubon Society yana mai da hankali kan kiyayewa da kiyaye nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ɗari huɗu waɗanda ke kan dogayen hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da wannan yanki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecosacramento.net/about-us/our-mission-and-history/|title=Our Mission and History|website=ECOS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayyukan su sun haɗa da: • Kare rayukan namun daji kamar tsuntsaye Ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a waɗanda ke yin tasiri ga sha'awar al'umma don taimakawa kare tsuntsaye • Ƙarfafa ilimin muhalli • Samar da hanyoyi dabam-dabam don taimakawa tare da kiyaye wuraren buɗe sararin samaniya. == - Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai na Sa-kai: Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba sa neman riba a matsayin babban burinsu. == === Majalisar muhalli na Sacramento (ECOS). === - Majalisar Muhalli ta Sacramento kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) wacce ta kware a yankin Sacramento. Tare da alaƙa da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin membobi, da kuma duk wani daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke son yin aiki tare da wannan ƙungiyar don gabatarwa da kuma riƙe dorewa ga muhalli, mazaunanta da yanayin muhalli. Sannan Kuma An rarraba manufofinsu da manufofinsu kamar haka: • Haɓaka da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Ci gaban Smart • Inganta ingancin iska da rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi don rage sauyin yanayi • Ƙaddamar da dabarun kiyayewa na yanki • Samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha na yanki don buƙatun muhalli da na birni • Samun daidaito a cikin gidaje, lafiyar jama'a, da damar tattalin arziki Tun lokacin da aka kafa tarihi ta hanyar inganta matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, Kuma ECOS ta kafa kanta tare da manufofinta don inganta ingancin iska da dorewa na yankunan da ke kusa da Sacramento, ciki har da sabuwar manufa da aka kafa ta hanyar samar da hanyar sufuri mai lafiya da tsabta ga yankin Sacramento. === National Environmental Trust (NET) === - An kafa wannan kungiya a shekara ta 1994 a birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], kuma ta yi suna a cikin al'umma a matsayin taimako da kuma kula da bayanai game da ayyukan zamani a cikin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/38b202f76ec44681810ad14facc9a6b4-national-environmental-trust-washington|title=National Environmental Trust|website=www.idealist.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416214649/https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/38b202f76ec44681810ad14facc9a6b4-national-environmental-trust-washington|url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi kutse a babban gidan yanar gizon su na yanzu, to amma da fatan nan ba da jimawa ba za a sake kunna shi kuma a dawo da shi. Sannan Kuma An san su don ayyukansu na yanzu a fagen muhalli don kiyaye bayanan yau akan: • Dumamar Duniya • Lafiyar Muhalli • Dazuzzuka na kasa • Kiyaye Ruwa • Batun Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Waɗannan su ne ayyukansu na yanzu a kusa da yankin ba kawai Sacramento ba; amma saboda matsayinsu na kungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan wadannan nau'o'in da sauransu, Kuma sun sami kansu a cikin wani babban tattaunawa da aka gabatar a cikin ma'auni na kasa. === Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Muhalli ta Amirka (AAEA). === - Kasancewa tare da ilmantarwa; kuma an kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1985, manufofin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Muhalli na Amirka ta Afirka a matsayin mai zaman kanta ta sami kanta ta kai ga al'ummomin Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma ƙoƙarin shigar da su cikin ayyukan muhalli. Suna taimakawa sanar da al'umma game da motsin muhalli da ke ci gaba da gudana a cikin ƙasa. Kuma Har ila yau, suna riƙe yawancin ayyukansu don mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin kare dabbobi da tsire-tsire muhallin halittu. - AAEA kuma ta sami kanta tana yaƙi da rashin adalci da al'amuran wariyar launin fata ta hanyar aiwatar da hanyoyin magance muhalli. Suna maraba da duk jinsin da ke da sha'awar taimakawa wajen shiga cikin tafiyarsu don inganta al'ummomin Amurkawa na Afirka ba kawai a kusa da Sacramento ba, har ma da na kusa da jihar. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kuxrcvqebsczhrm09rlf2xcghfqqbsh 0 33184 963254 447768 2026-10-05T04:53:57Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Wassani */ 963254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Gombe Stadium Pantami 07.jpg|thumb|Hoton filin wasan ƙwallon Pantami.]] Filin '''wasa na Pantami filin wasa''' ne mai girmar daukan mutane har 12,000<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201105170902.html</ref> , filin na unguwar Pantami a [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana amfani da shi galibi don horarwa da wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] na [[Gombe United F.C.|Gombe United FC]] amma kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin bukukuwan jaha da ma na kasa iri-iri, kamar taron addini, siyasa da zamantakewa. Filin wasa ne na gida na [[Gombe United F.C.|Gombe United FC]] kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin wasanni na zamani a ƙasar. An buɗe shi a shekara ta 2010.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/n3bn-pantami-stadium-gombe-in-dire-need-of-maintenance/</ref> ==Wassani== Tsarin yana alfahari da manyan wurare guda uku waɗanda ke ɗaukar filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na roba, waƙar tartan don wasannin motsa jiki da gidan motsa jiki da aka gina don haɓakawa da haɓaka ci gaban wasanni a cikin jihar Gombe.<ref><nowiki>https://dailytrust.com/n3bn-pantami-stadium-gombe-in-dire-need-of-maintenance</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jihar Gombe]] hxogta1eqkz0gnne556t6g2mi407moo 0 33205 963181 912705 2026-10-04T21:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Droste Festival 2024-Logan February-00498.jpg|thumb|Logan February]] [[Fayil:Logan February.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Droste Festival 2024-Logan February-00498.jpg|thumb|Logan February]] '''Logan February''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1999) ɗan [[Najeriya]] ne haifaffen jihar anambra<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loganfebruary.com/bio/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204200826/https://www.loganfebruary.com/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , marubuci, mai bitar kiɗa, mawaƙi, kuma mai fafutukar [[LGBT|LGBTQ]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Logan Fabrairu a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra ta]] [[Najeriya]] a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1999, kuma ya girma a [[Ibadan]].<ref>Masinga, Nkateko (1 April 2019). "Curating From The Perspective Of The Other: A Dialogue With [[Logan February]]. Africa in Dialogue. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref><ref>Gänsler, Katrin (27 October 2019). "Literatur festival in Lagos: Rückbesinnung auf Herkunft und Identität" (in German). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref><ref>Mordi, Melissa (13 May 2019). "[[Logan February]]: Poet "In Glorious Bloom. The Guardian Nigeria. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref><ref>Bivan, Nathaniel (11 January 2020). "The Last Good Book I Read..." Daily Trust . Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref><ref>Painted Blue With Saltwater by [[Logan February]]. Indolent Books. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> Logan yayi karatun Psychology a Jami'ar Ibadan. Ba binary ba ne kuma suna amfani da su/su karin magana.<ref>February, Logan. "Original Logi Bear [[Logan February]]. Twitter. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</ref><ref>Bio". [[Logan February]]. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</ref> == Ayyuka == Logan shine marubucin ''A cikin Tsirara'', wanda Ouida Poetry, 2019 ya buga a [[Najeriya]], kuma a matsayin ''Mannequin a cikin Tsirara'' ta PANK Books a Amurka.<ref>February, Logan (15 March 2019). Mannequin in the nude (First ed.). USA: Pank Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1948587075</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> Su ne kuma marubucin littattafan litattafan ''Painted Blue tare da Ruwan Gishiri'' (Littattafan Indolent, 2018).<ref>February, Logan (15 December 2017). Painted blue with saltwater. USA: Indolent Books.<nowiki>ISBN 9781945023088</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> ''Yadda ake dafa Fatalwa'' (Glass Poetry Press, 2017).<ref>February, Logan (15 August 2017). Frame, Anthony (ed.). How to cook a ghost . USA: Glass Poetry Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0997580532</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> Logan Pushcart ne kuma Mafi kyawun wanda aka zaɓa na Net da tarin waƙoƙin su, ''Mannequin a cikin Tsirara'' ya kasance ɗan takarar ƙarshe a cikin Asusun Littattafan Waƙoƙi na [[Afirka]] na 2018 kuma an jera shi a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai goma sha biyar na farko a [[Najeriya]] ta ''Brittle Paper.''<ref>Tjawangwa (TJ) Dema Named Winner of 2018 Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets". African Poetry Book Fund.</ref> <ref>[[Logan February]]. Global Poetics Project. Global Poetics. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref><ref>"The Top 15 Debut Books of 2019". Brittle Paper. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> Logan yana bitar kiɗa don mujallu na kan layi. A cikin shekarar 2017 an nuna su akan Eri Ife 's ''THE EP'' . Gabatarwar ''THE EP'' was a poetry performance by Logan and in the track ''Nobody'', Logan rera tare da Eri Ife. Logan ya fitar da wakoki guda biyu masu taken ''Black SUV'' da ''Wasanni'' a cikin shekarar 2020.<ref>Eri Ife feat. [[Logan February]]-Nobody Lyrics". musiXmatch. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar LGBTQ a [[Najeriya]], Logan ya kasance editan bako na jerin [https://web.archive.org/web/20210909151752/https://ynaija.com/tag/pride-month/ "Akwai Bege"] a cikin watan Alfarma na 2020 a shafin yanar gizon Ynaija.<ref>#YNaijaNonBinary: 'There is Hope', A Note from the Guest Editor, Logan February". World News. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</ref> == Littafi == '''Littattafai''' * ''Yadda ake dafa fatalwa'' (2017) * ''Fentin shuɗi tare da ruwan Gishiri'' (2018) * ''A cikin Tsirara'' (2019) '''Anthologies da mujallu''' * ''[https://mikrotext.de/book/un%20masking-difference-literary-voices-from-behind-the-mask-edited-by-natasha-a-kelly/ Un_Masing Bambanci.]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' ''[https://mikrotext.de/book/un%20masking-difference-literary-voices-from-behind-the-mask-edited-by-natasha-a-kelly/ Muryoyin Adabi Daga Bayan Mask]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' Natasha A. Kelly ta gyara (2020) * ''[https://berlinquarterly.com/current-issue.php Berlin Kwata-kwata, BATUN GOMA SHA UKU, Winter 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524093118/https://berlinquarterly.com/current-issue.php |date=2022-05-24 }}'' == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == * 2020 - Matsayin Yanar Gizo a Literarisches Colloquium Berlin<ref>Logan February / lcb.de"</ref> * 2021 - Wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba<ref>"opencountrymag.com"</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] intp50tqp13swfhr697su8o7mjvxgtq 0 34887 963067 898167 2026-10-04T15:23:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q59180272}} '''Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi''' (an haife shi 12 ga wata Afrilu, shekara ta 1962) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ghana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=UKGCC|date=2018-07-05|title=HON. KWAME ANYIMADU-ANTWI|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-kwame-anyimadu-antwi/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shi dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Asante-Akim ta tsakiya a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai kuma majalisa ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu a yankin Ashanti, mukamin da ya rike tun shekarar 2009. Yana wakiltar New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":2">http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5296 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214190407/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5296 |date=2024-12-14 }} | Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-have-lost-my-best-friend-Asante-Akim-MP-514848|title='I have lost my best friend' – Asante Akim MP / General News 2017-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Parliamentarians-have-let-Ghanaians-down-Anyimadu-Antwi-469286|title=Parliamentarians have let Ghanaians down – Anyimadu-Antwi / General News 2016-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Ghana News|date=2020-02-18|title=Asante-Akim Central NPP youth invades Party office over nomination forms|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/asante-akim-central-npp-youth-invades-party-office-over-nomination-forms/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shi memba ne na hukumar VRA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volta River Authority {{!}} Board Chairman and Members|url=https://www.vra.com/about_us/board_chairman_and_members.php|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.vra.com}}</ref> kuma kuma shugaban hukumar kula da kashe gobara ta Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GHANA NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COUNCIL|url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/ghana-national-fire-service-council/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Ministry of the Interior│Republic of Ghana|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502020735/https://www.mint.gov.gh/ghana-national-fire-service-council/|archive-date=2023-05-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Anyimadu-Antwi ya halarci KNUST kuma yayi BSc a Land Economy. Ya sami takardar shaidar a fannin Tsare-tsare da Gudanarwa a GIMPA, da MBA a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon. Ya cancanci zama Barista a Law kuma an kira shi Barista a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) a Dokar Kayayyakin Hankali daga Jami'ar London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5296|access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2024-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214190407/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5296|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=43#|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife Anyimadu-Antwi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1962. Ya fito daga Patriensa a yankin Ashanti.<ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=76|access-date=2020-07-04|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2024-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927060614/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=76|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Masanin Ilimi ne ta hanyar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Ghana Members of Parliament Website|url=http://ghanamps.com/home/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630032143/http://ghanamps.com/home/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a sashin kimar ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da taimako daga 1989 zuwa 1991. Daga nan ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin jami’in kula da gidaje don taimaka wa manaja a Kamfanin Inshora na Jihar Ghana amma yanzu shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa a gidaje (private consultant).<ref name=":0" /> == Siyasa == Shi memba na New Patriotic Party ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/members-of-parliament/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya taba zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asante-Akim ta Arewa inda ya gaji tsohon ministan kudi da tsare-tsare, Marigayi Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu na wa'adi daya tsakanin 2009 zuwa 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asante Akim North Summary - 2008 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2008/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=201|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anyimadu-Antwi succeeds Baah-Wiredu as MP for Asante Akim North|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/185926/anyimadu-antwi-succeeds-baah-wiredu-as-mp-for-asan.html|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2012, an sake fasalin Asante Akim North kuma aka raba biyu haihuwar mazabar Asante Akim ta tsakiya wacce ta faɗo a ƙarƙashin Asante Akim-Central Municipal da kuma Mazabar Asante Akim ta Arewa. A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2012, daga nan ya koma Asante Akim Central don tsayawa takarar dan majalisa wanda ya yi nasara. Ya tsaya takarar zama dan majalisa mai zuwa a zaben 2016 na Asante Akim Central a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. An zabe shi a karo na uku bayan ya kayar da ‘yan adawar sa a babban zaben kasar na 2016, inda ya lashe kashi 75.90% na yawan kuri’un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asante Akim Central Summary - 2016 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2016/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=1065|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> A watan Disambar 2020, ya sake tsayawa takara a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=NPP Parliamentary Primaries: Possible Winning Candidates|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1010599/npp-parliamentary-primaries-possible-winning-cand.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Asante-Akim Central NPP Youth Invade Party Office Over Nomination Forms|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202002/401391.php|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2023-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135111/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202002/401391.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> inda ya samu kuri'u 22,681 da ke wakiltar kashi 52.72% a kan abokin takararsa Richard Adu Darko, dan takara mai zaman kansa wanda ya samu kuri'u 12,570 da ke wakiltar kashi 29.22% na kuri'un da aka kada na wakilci a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta 8.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-12-09|title=Asante Akim Central Summary - 2020 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2020/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=1376|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Anti-LGBTQ+ Bill: Gays Haven't Demanded For Rights - NPP MP Explains|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202110/453981.php|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429154236/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202110/453981.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin samar da ayyukan yi, jin dadin jama'a da kamfanoni na jiha na majalisar dokoki ta 7 na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=raskorsa|date=2020-01-06|title=Chairpersons Of Parliamentary Select Committees On Trade, Transport And State Enterprise Evaluate Maritime And Port Industry In 2019|url=http://www.ghananews247.com/2020/01/06/chairpersons-of-parliamentary-select-committees-on-trade-transport-and-state-enterprise-evaluate-maritime-and-port-industry-in-2019/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Ghananews247|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126235509/http://www.ghananews247.com/2020/01/06/chairpersons-of-parliamentary-select-committees-on-trade-transport-and-state-enterprise-evaluate-maritime-and-port-industry-in-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shi ne shugaban kwamitin tsarin mulki, shari'a da harkokin majalisa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=Anti-LGBTQ+ Bill: Anyimadu-Antwi backs Speaker's decision to make sitting public - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/anti-lgbtq-bill-anyimadu-antwi-backs-speakers-decision-to-make-sitting-public/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=GNA|title=Ghana affirms commitment towards implementation of African Court’s decision {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/ghana-affirms-commitment-towards-implementation-of-african-courts-decision/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=newsghana.com.gh/|language=en-US}}</ref> mamba a kwamitin kudi da kuma mamba a kwamitin oda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=159|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.parliament.gh}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na cocin Presbyterian.<ref name="ghanamps.com" /> Shi ma memba ne a kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2017, 'yarsa ta kashe kanta ta hanyar rataye kanta a KNUST.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-01|title=My daughter’s suicide came to me like ‘thunder’ – MP breaks silence|url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/my-daughters-suicide-came-to-me-like-thunder-mp-breaks-silence/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430093036/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/my-daughters-suicide-came-to-me-like-thunder-mp-breaks-silence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 1jp7aldl3yum5ez7vydzt0xa4hjz1uh 0 36240 963099 446461 2026-10-04T18:22:51Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulli Beier Museum''' gidan kayan gargajiya ne da makarantar fasaha a Osogbo, Najeriya . Masu fasaha Ulli Beier da Susanne Wenger ne suka kafa shi. A yau shi ne muhimmin gidan zane-zane na zamani na Afirka, wanda ke daukar nauyin ayyukan ƙwararrun masu fasaha daga yankin Osogbo da kuma fadin Najeriya.<ref><nowiki>http://www.campaignofhope.com/living/</nowiki> Campaign of Hope</ref>, {{Stub}} {{Infobox museum | name = Ulli Beier Museum | native_name = Ulli Beier Museum | image = | caption = | established = | location = [[Osogbo]], [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]] | type = Gidan kayan gargajiya na fasaha | founder = [[Ulli Beier]] da [[Susanne Wenger]] | coordinates = {{Coord|7|47|15.09662|N|4|30|31.67140|E|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | website = }}Categories Ki saka waɗannan a ƙarshen muƙalar: [[Category:Gidajen kayan gargajiya a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gidajen kayan gargajiya a Jihar Osun]] [[Category:Osogbo]] [[Category:Fasahar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ulli Beier]] [[Category:Susanne Wenger]]Wikidata-style data Wikidata QID: Q7878937 Label: Uli Beier Museum / Ulli Beier Museum Instance of (P31): museum Country (P17): Nigeria Located in administrative territorial entity (P131): Osogbo Location (P276): Osogbo Founder (P112): Ulli Beier Founder (P112): Susanne Wenger Coordinate location (P625): 7°47′15.09662″N, 4°30′31.67140″E Muhimmin gyara: Kada ki ƙirƙiri sabon Wikidata item; akwai wanda yake da Q7878937 tuni. Haka kuma, bayanan da aka samu sun tabbatar cewa gidan kayan gargajiyar yana da alaƙa da fasahar zamani ta Osogbo da ayyukan Ulli Beier da Susanne Wenger. [[Category:Gidan Tarihin Najeriya]] a3h8wnwv9m81lgs2rpz70cqos7j4a8t 0 39100 963109 956329 2026-10-04T18:40:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lauren Woolstencroft''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamban 1981, a [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]])<ref name="Prov-2010-03-212" />. Woolstencroft injiniyan lantarki ce, 'yar ƙasar [[Kanada]] . Haihuwar ta bata hannun hannunta na hagu a kasa da gwiwar hannu da kuma kafafu biyu a kasa da gwiwa, ta fara wasan kankara tun tana da shekaru 4 kuma ta fara wasan tseren kankara tun tana da shekaru 14.<ref name="FirstTrack-2007-10-19">[http://www.firsttracksonline.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3058 "Canadian Paralympic Skier Lauren Woolstencroft Honored"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901173127/http://www.firsttracksonline.com/index.php?name=News |date=2008-09-01 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.firsttracksonline.com/index.php?name=News |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901173127/http://www.firsttracksonline.com/index.php?name=News |archive-date=2008-09-01 |url-status=dead}}, ''First Tracks'' magazine, October 19, 2007</ref> Ta lashe lambar zinare sau takwas a gasar Paralympics. A cikin 1998, abokan wasanta sun yi mata lakabi da "Pudding", saboda haƙorin da take da shi.<ref name="Prov-2010-03-212">The Province, [https://theprovince.com/sports/Woolstencroft+electric+performance/2708258/story.html "Woolstencroft's electric performance"]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Damian Inwood, 21 March 2010, (accessed 21 March 2010)</ref> An yi bikin rayuwarta da nasarorin da ta samu a cikin tallan Toyota "Good Odds" wanda aka watsa bayan an tashi daga wasan Super Bowl LII a watan Fabrairun 2018.<ref name="cbc2018">{{cite news|last1=Rieger|first1=Sarah|title=Super Bowl ad tells Calgary Paralympian's story of triumph|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/lauren-woolstencroft-paralympian-super-bowl-commercial-1.4519631|accessdate=February 7, 2018|publisher=CBC News|date=February 4, 2018}}</ref> == Aiki == Woolstencroft ta wakilci Kanada a wasannin [[nakasassu]] na lokacin hunturu na 2002 a Salt Lake City, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu da tagulla. Ta sake wakiltar ƙasarta a Wasannin 2006 a Turin, inda ta lashe zinari a Giant Slalom da azurfa a cikin Super G. Don wasan da ta yi a Wasan 2006 Woolstencroft an ba da sunan Mafi kyawun Mata a Kyautar Wasannin Paralympic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/press-release/winners-paralympic-awards-2007-announced|title=Winners of Paralympic Awards 2007 Announced|date=15 October 2007|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> Ta yi tunanin yin ritaya bayan Wasannin 2006, amma ta yanke shawarar tsayawa a cikin Wasannin 2010 a Kanada.<ref name="VanSun-2010-03-21">Vancouver Sun, [https://vancouversun.com/sports/Woolstencroft+wins+fifth+gold+2010+Paralympics/2707422/story.html "Woolstencroft wins fifth gold medal"], '''CanWest News Service''', ''21 March 2010'' (accessed 21 March 2010)</ref> A cikin 2010 Winter Paralympics Woolstencroft ya lashe lambobin zinare 5 don Giant Slalom, Slalom, Super-G, Downhill Skiing, da Super Combined. Ta zama 'yar kasar Kanada ta farko da ta lashe zinare 3 a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu,<ref name="Prov-2010-03-19">The Province, [https://theprovince.com/sports/Nation+thrills+triple+gold/2701224/story.html "Nation thrills at triple gold win"]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, '''Ian Austin''', ''19 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref> wannan jimillar daga baya ta kara zuwa zinare 5. Tare da lambar zinare ta 4, ta taimaka wa Kanada kafa tarihin mafi yawan lambobin zinare a kowane wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu ta hanyar lashe lambar yabo ta 7. Alamar da ta gabata ita ce shida, an saita a 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympics.<ref name="CPC-2010-03-19">Canadian Paralympic Committee, [http://www.paralympic.ca/en/News/WOOLSTENCROFT-LIFTS-CANADA-TO-RECORD-WINTER-PARALYMPIC-PERFORMANCE.html "Woolstencroft lifts Canada to record winter paralympic performance"]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, '''CPC''', ''19 March 2010'' (accessed 19 March 2010)</ref> Tare da lambar zinare ta 5, ta kafa tarihin mafi yawan lambobin zinare da kowane ɗan wasan nakasassu na lokacin hunturu ya ci a wasanni ɗaya, kuma ta ɗaure rikodin lambar zinare na kowane ɗan nakasasshen Kanada a wasanni ɗaya, tare da ɗaure Chantal Petitclerc (wanda ya yi wannan nasarar). sau biyu) da Stephanie Dixon, duka ƴan nakasassu na bazara.<ref name="VanSun-2010-03-21" /> Zinarenta guda biyar kuma sune rikodin ga kowane ɗan wasan nakasassu na lokacin hunturu ko na Olympics.<ref>CTV News Channel, "News Weekend", 10:15am broadcast, airdate 21 March 2010</ref> === Sauran aiki === Woolstencroft ta kammala karatun digiri na injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Victoria. Yanzu tana zaune a Arewacin [[Vancouver]].<ref name="Prov-2010-03-19" /> == Aikin watsa labarai == A cikin Maris 2018, ta shiga ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta CBC don wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2018 daga Maris 9 zuwa Maris 18. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A cikin Nuwamba 2016, ita da mijinta Derek Uddenberg sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko Maxwell Davis Uddenberg. == Girmamawa == Woolstencroft ta lashe lambar yabo ta Whang Youn Dai a 2002. A cikin 2007, yayin Babban taron Kwamitin Paralympic na kasa da kasa a [[Seoul]], Woolstencroft an ba shi lambar yabo ta Wasannin Paralympic 2007 Mafi kyawun 'Yan wasan Mata.<ref name="FirstTrack-2007-10-19" /> An shigar da ta a cikin Terry Fox Hall of Fame a 2007.<ref>The Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons, [http://www3.sympatico.ca/whynot/halloffame.html Hall of Fame Inductees]{{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} (accessed March 2010)</ref> A cikin 2012 Woolstencroft an ba ta lambar yabo ta Sarauniya [[Elizabeth II]] Diamond Jubilee Medal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=General|first1=The Office of the Secretary to the Governor|title=The Governor General of Canada|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14414|website=gg.ca|accessdate=3 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011611/http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14414|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Taron wasannin nakasassu na Kanada na Kwamitin Paralympic na Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inductees|url=http://www.paralympique.ca/canadian-paralympic-hall-fame/inductees|website=Canadian Paralympic Committee|accessdate=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106040008/http://www.paralympique.ca/canadian-paralympic-hall-fame/inductees|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] r5h6u4tvcb8awzav9ci1dgei8uhpzik 0 39777 963372 956718 2026-10-05T09:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie-Morgane Dessart''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990) yar wasan alpine ski ce ta Belgian mai fama da matsalar gani. Ta wakilci Belgium a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na nakasassu a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Marie-Morgane Dessart - Alpine Skiing {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile|url=https://www.paralympic.org/marie-morgane-dessart|access-date=2022-11-26|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Athlete Bio|url=http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=564&personid=1207265&wintergames=-1&refreshauto=1|access-date=2022-11-26|website=ipc.infostradasports.com|archive-date=2022-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118190505/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=564&personid=1207265&wintergames=-1&refreshauto=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FIS Para Alpine Skiing - Athlete Sheet - 20310 - DESSART Marie-Morgane (BEL)|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/fpdms/web/calendar/as/athlete/20310|website=db.ipc-services.org|access-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118185112/https://db.ipc-services.org/fpdms/web/calendar/as/athlete/20310|archive-date=2022-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014/2015 a Panorama, Canada, Dessart ta sanya 4th a cikin giant slalom category VI da nakasa gani tare da lokaci na 2:44.51. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2016/2017 a Tarvisio, ta gama na tara a duka giant slalom da slalom na musamman, tare da lokacin 3: 06.82.<ref name=":0" /> A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014/2015 IPC Alpine Ski, rukuni na VI B3, Dessart karkashin jagorancin Antoine Marine Francois ta zo ta 3 a cikin slalom da lokacin 2:29.51.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Para Alpine Skiing WC Points - Winter Season 2014/15|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/points/as/pdf/season/W14/category/1/type/WC|access-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118145027/https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/points/as/pdf/season/W14/category/1/type/WC|archive-date=2022-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-19|title=Bugaev doubles up at IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup in Tarvisio|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1033437/bugaev-doubles-up-at-ipc-alpine-skiing-world-cup-in-tarvisio|access-date=2022-11-26|website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2016, ta ci lambar tagulla, a bayan Noemi Ristau, da Eleonor Sana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=German women dominate giant slalom races at Europa Cup Finals|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/german-women-dominate-giant-slalom-races-europa-cup-finals|access-date=2022-11-26|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] 9g0dcs73imni8awzlgx64rv4jt90r0j 0 40725 963028 836044 2026-10-04T12:58:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya''' cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi da ke [[Zariya|Zaria]] a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna a]] [[Najeriya]] . Sashen kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a [[Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|ma'aikatar sufurin jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya ne ke daukar nauyinsa]] . Makarantar wadda aka fi sani da Cibiyar horar da jiragen sama ta Najeriya, an kafa makarantar ne a shekara ta 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian College of Aviation Technology , Zaria {{!}} NCAT Zaria |url=https://ncat.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Nigerian College of Aviation Technology , Zaria |url=https://ncat.gov.ng/history/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya a hukumance a shekara ta 1964 ta hanyar dokar majalisa . Ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1966 tare da tallafin fasaha daga shirin [https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya] da Hukumar [https://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/default.aspx Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=infralapsarianism in a sentence - infralapsarianism sentence |url=https://eng.ichacha.net/zaoju/infralapsarianism.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=eng.ichacha.net |archive-date=2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105102553/https://eng.ichacha.net/zaoju/infralapsarianism.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Obembe|first=Olanipekun|date=1977|title=Zaria Aviators|journal=Nigeria Illustrated|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information|volume=1}}</ref> An tsara ta ne domin ta zama cibiyar horar da matukan jirgi na Najeriya da na Afirka, injiniyoyi masu kula da jiragen sama, masu fasahar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, daga baya kuma ta samar da makarantar tashi da saukar jiragen sama da makarantar sadarwa da makarantar lantarki da sadarwa ta jiragen sama don cimma manufofinta. A cikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, ya fara ba da kwasa-kwasan horo na musamman a cikin tsarin saukar kayan aiki, simulation jet, jigilar jirgin sama, da kewayon kai tsaye na VHF .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}A cikin shekara ta 1977, ta shigar ta farko. <ref name=":0" /> == Laburare == Makarantar Kwalejin Fasahar Jirgin Sama ta Najeriya Laburare ce ta ilimi wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1964 don tallafawa shirye-shiryen koyarwa na kwalejin. A matsayin muhimmiyar hukumar ilimi don buƙatun hankali da bayanai na ɗalibai, ma'aikatan fasaha da gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike a masana'antar jirgin sama. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=67}}</ref> ɗakin karatu na kama-da-wane yana samar da albarkatun bayanai na dijital akan layi ko layi zuwa ga ma'aikatan ilimi, ma'aikatan ilimi, ɗalibai da sauran masu bincike ba tare da motsawa daga ofisoshi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gandu |first=E. |date=2005 |title=Nigerian College of Aviation Technology at 35 |journal=A publication of Nigerian College of Aviation Technology |pages=67}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tana da rundunar jiragen sama na horo kusan 26. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi injin guda 14 TAMPICO TB9, TRINIDAD TB20 guda 5 guda ɗaya, injin tagwayen Beech 58, 2 BELL 206 Helicopters, jirgin B737 don horar da ma'aikatan gida da jirgin 1 TBM 850 don horar da jirgin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, kimanin dalibai 6,500 ne suka sauke karatu daga kwalejin, wanda ke ba da kwasa-kwasan tuki, kula da jiragen sama, kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na jiragen sama. An nada Cif Dayo Abatan shugaban kwalejin a watan Fabrairun 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3 |title=Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria .:: Welcome Message |access-date=2014-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081724/http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncatz-ng.org/About%20us.htm |title=About Us |publisher=Nigerian College of Aviation Technology |access-date=2010-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406045954/http://www.ncatz-ng.org/About%20us.htm |archive-date=2010-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902250492.html |work=Leadership (Abuja) |title=Yar'Adua Approves Board Members for Aviation, Education Parastatals |author=Golu Timothy |date=25 February 2009 |access-date=2010-03-27}}</ref> A cikin 2010, kwalejin tana neman zama cibiyar bayar da digiri ta hanyar alaƙa da jami'ar waje. Wani jirgin sama na cikin gida na Najeriya, [[Arik Air]], ya fara shirin bayar da tallafin karatu a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2006 don horar da matukan jirgi da injiniyoyin jirage. Dalibai 15 na farko don Standard Pilot Course za su kammala karatu a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2008. [https://www.worldbank.org/ Bankin Duniya] ya gabatar da wani nazari kan kayan aiki, kayayyakin more rayuwa da bukatun horo ga kwalejin a watan Nuwamba 2008, matakin farko kafin a ware kudade. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009 duk da cewa kwalejin ta fara horar da matukan jirgi na kasuwanci, kwasa-kwasan koyon tukin jiragen sama da sabbin kwasa-kwasai an yi su ne a wajen Najeriya. A cikin Janairu 2010 shugaban na Aviation Round Table, Kyaftin Dele Ore, ya yi kira da a kara kudade ga kwalejin domin ta iya cika da doka wajibai. A cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Kyaftin Samuel Akinyele Caulcrick aka nada shugaban kwalejin. A cikin Janairu 2017, Capt. An nada Abdulsalami Mohammed a matsayin Rector/CE na Kwalejin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}Ya nan take bayan an nada shi sabon shugaban Kwalejin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/blog/index.php/2010/01/28/compulsory_retirement_at_aviation_colleg |title=Compulsory Retirement At Nigerian Aviation College |author=Lateef Lawal |work=NigerianAviationNews |date=2010-01-28 |access-date=2010-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406004814/http://nigeriamasterweb.com/blog/index.php/2010/01/28/compulsory_retirement_at_aviation_colleg |archive-date=2010-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jidaw.com/empower/arik_air_engineers_pilots_sponsorship_programme.html |title=Arik Air Engineers/Pilots Sponsorship Programme at the Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT), Zaria |publisher=Jidaw Systems |access-date=2010-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309161646/http://www.jidaw.com/empower/arik_air_engineers_pilots_sponsorship_programme.html |archive-date=March 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.devex.com/projects/west-and-central-africa-air-transport-safety-and-security-project-in-nigeria-2 |title = West and Central Africa Air Transport Safety and Security Project in Nigeria |date = Nov 27, 2008 |publisher = World Bank |access-date = 2010-03-27 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100309131952/http://www.devex.com/projects/west-and-central-africa-air-transport-safety-and-security-project-in-nigeria-2 |archive-date = 2010-03-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020516.html |work=Leadership (Abuja) |title=As We Welcome 3rd Minister of Aviation in 18 Months |author=Capt. Daniel Omale |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=2010-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001150305.html |title=2010 - Govt Urged to Invest More in Aviation |work=Daily Champion |author=Anthony Omoh |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=2010-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/jonathan-to-swear-in-new-ministers-reshuffles-cabinet-today/173028/ |title=Jonathan to Swear in New Ministers, Reshuffles Cabinet Wednesday, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |website=www.thisdaylive.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306173518/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/jonathan-to-swear-in-new-ministers-reshuffles-cabinet-today/173028/ |archive-date=2014-03-06}} </ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == A watan Yulin 2008, wani jirgin mai horarwa ya ɓace daga titin jirgin kuma ya faɗa cikin shingen.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} ji rauni, kuma jet ɗin ya ɗan lalace.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} ya faru ya faru a 2005. == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun kimiyya a Najeriya == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://paidwestafrica.org/ncat-recruitment/ Portal Mai ɗaukar hoto NCAT] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Sararin samaniya]] [[Category:Jirage a Najeriya]] [[Category:Zirga-zirga]] [[Category:Tafiye-tafiye]] [[Category:Makaranta]] [[Category:Makarantu]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] suqjgl3foy9hmo61ujk6vggf1wu8zk6 0 43187 963182 947738 2026-10-04T22:20:16Z Gwanki 3834 /* Sakamakon ƙarshe */ 963182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nigeria Kano State map.png|thumb|Kano]] ãã{{databox}} An gudanar da '''zaɓen gwamnan jihar Kano a shekarar ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023''' a ranar sha takwas 18 ga watan '''Maris''', a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, inda aka zaɓi [[Jerin gwamnonin Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]], tare da ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar [[Kano]] da sauran zaɓukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zaɓukan sauran majalisun dokokin jihohi an gudanar za zaɓen ne makonni uku bayan [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya a shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa]] da na ƴan majalisar dokokin ƙasar. [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jam'iyyar New Nigeria People Party ne ya samu nasara.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c4n7w83l25jo</ref> An shirya gudanar da zabain fidda gwani na jam’iyyu ne tsakanin hudu 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa tara 9 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2022 inda jam’iyyar APC [[All Progressives Congress]] ta tsayar da mataimakin gwamna [[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]] a ranar ashirin da shida 26 ga watan Mayu yayin da [[Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya|jam’iyyar New Nigeria Peoples Party]] ta tsayar da tsohon kwamishina [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] a ranar shida 6 ga watan Yuni. Bayan sawun da APC tabi kotun tarabunal ta tabbatar da Nasiru Yusuf Gawuna a matsayin gwamna halastaccen za aɓaɓɓen gwaman Kano. A ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Oktoba, shi kuma Abba Kabir Yusuf yaje kotun appeal a ranar sha bakwai 17 ga watan Nuwamba ne itama ta sake ayyana Nasir Yusuf Gawuna a matsayin gwamna halastacce, sai a ka kara taukaka kara<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyekanmi |first1=Rotimi |title=It’s Official: 2023 Presidential, National Assembly Elections to Hold Feb 25|url=https://inecnews.com/its-official-2023-presidential-national-assembly-elections-to-hold-feb-25-%EF%BF%BC/ |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]] News |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725032251/https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]], an gudanar da zaɓukan fidda gwani guda biyu a ranar ashirin da biyar 25 ga watan Mayu tare da zaɓen fidda gwani na [[Mohammed Abacha]] - ɗan kuma jigon tsohon shugaban mulkin soja [[Sani Abacha]] - yayin da na biyu ya zaɓi tsohon kwamishina [[Sadiq Wali]];<ref name="Sagagi factional PDP primary results">{{cite web |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Muhammad Abacha emerges winner of Kano PDP Parallel guber primary |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/26/muhammad-abacha-emerges-winner-of-kano-pdp-parrarel-guber-primary/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Wali factional PDP primary results">{{cite web |last1=Muntari |first1=Tukur |title=Sadiq Wali emerges Kano PDP factional gov candidate |url=https://punchng.com/sadiq-wali-emerges-kano-pdp-factional-gov-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Kano PDP Crisis Worsens As Sons Of Abacha, Aminu Wali Declared Winners Of Guber Primaries |url=https://dailytrust.com/kano-pdp-crisis-worsens-as-sons-of-abacha-aminu-wali-declared-winners-of-guber-primaries |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> kamar wata guda bayan zaɓen fidda gwani, INEC ta amince da Abacha a matsayin wanda ya cancanta amma ta sauya sheka zuwa Wali a watan Yuli.<ref name="INEC recognizes Abacha">{{cite web |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Kano guber: INEC declares PDP primary that produced Muhammad Abacha as authentic |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/30/kano-guber-inec-declares-pdp-primary-that-produced-muhammad-abacha-as-authentic/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC recognizes Wali">{{cite web |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Kano guber: INEC declares PDP primary that produced Muhammad Abacha as authentic |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/30/kano-guber-inec-declares-pdp-primary-that-produced-muhammad-abacha-as-authentic/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> An dawo da amincewar Abacha a watan Disamba saboda hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke, amma ya koma Wali saboda hukuncin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara a watan Fabrairun shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023.<ref name="Court recognizes Abacha in December">{{cite web |last1=Odogwu |first1=Ted |title=Kano court affirms Mohammed Abacha PDP gov candidate |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-kano-court-affirms-mohammed-abacha-pdp-gov-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="COA recognises Wali">{{cite web |last1=Odogwu |first1=Ted |title=A’Court sacks Abacha, upholds Wali as gov candidate |url=https://punchng.com/acourt-sacks-abacha-upholds-wali-as-gov-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> == Tsarin zaɓe == Ana zaɓen [[Jerin gwamnonin Kano|gwamnan jihar Kano]] ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu. Idan za a zaɓe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya samu yawan ƙuri’u da sama da kashi ashirin da biyar 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomin]] jihar . Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin ɗan takara da na gaba da ya samu ƙuri’u mafi yawa a ƙananan hukumomi. == Fage == [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] jiha ce da ke da yawan jama'a [[Arewa ta Yamma (Najeriya)|a arewa maso yamma]] yawancin ƙabilun [[Hausawa]] da [[Fulani]] ne ke zaune amma tana da ɗimbin al'ummar da ba ƴan asalin ƙabilar [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] da [[Yarbawa]] da sauran kabilu ba. Jihar na da bunkasar tattalin arziki amma tana fuskantar rashin bunkasar fannin noma, cunkoson birane, kwararowar hamada, da kuma karancin ilimi. A siyasance, zaɓen shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 na jihar an karkasa shi ne a matsayin sake tabbatar da mulkin jam’iyyar APC na tarayya bayan ficewar da aka yi a shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018 mai tarin yawa daga jam’iyyar da Sanata [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso]] mai barin gado da abokansa ke jagoranta. Jam’iyyar APC dai ta samu nasara ne a tarayya, inda ta kori kusan dukkanin Sanatoci da ƴan majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar PDP, inda ta lashe mafi yawan ƴan Majalisar Wakilai da dukkan kujerun Sanatoci guda uku, kasancewar jihar ta samu nasarar lashe zaɓen shugaban kasa a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC [[Muhammadu Buhari]] da sama da kashi saba'in da biyar 75% amma duk da haka ta koma PDP kuma ta samu nasara. ƙananan fitowar jama'a. Sai dai kuma zaben a matakin jihohi ya kara kusantowa saboda Umar Ganduje ya buƙaci a kara zaɓen da aka yi ta cece-kuce domin ya doke [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na PDP; [[2019 Kano State House of Assembly election|zaben ƴan majalisar wakilai]] ma ya kara kusanto amma APC ta samu gagarumin rinjaye. A wa’adin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, a farkon shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 Kwankwaso ya sauya sheka zuwa NNPP, ya biyo bayan sauye-sauyen sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar tare da ƴan majalisar wakilai sama da goma sha biyu da ƴan majalisar tarayya da dama sun sauya sheka daga manyan jam’iyyun biyu zuwa NNPP, inda a nan take ta zama jam’iyyar. zuwa babbar jam'iyya ta biyu a jihar Kano.<ref name="NNPP defections">{{cite web |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Kano APC: Deputy speaker dumps APC as Shekarau, Rurum others joins Kwankwaso |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/kano-apc-deputy-speaker-dumps-apc-as-shekarau-rurum-others-joins-kwankwaso/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513125025/https://guardian.ng/politics/kano-apc-deputy-speaker-dumps-apc-as-shekarau-rurum-others-joins-kwankwaso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=ANALYSIS: How NNPP became Kano’s main opposition party within three months |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/530694-analysis-how-nnpp-became-kanos-main-opposition-party-within-three-months.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Gabanin wa'adi na biyu na Umar Ganduje, gwamnatinsa ta bayyana cewa ta mayar da hankali ne kan kula da albarkatun ruwa, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, bunƙasa noma, yaki da shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi, raya karkara, da tsaro. Dangane da kwazonsa, an yabawa Umar Ganduje kan ƙoƙarin mayar da yaran da ba su zuwa makaranta makaranta, inda ya yi kira da a hana kiwo, da manufofin ilimi. Sai dai ya fuskanci suka kan rikicinsa da [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi II]] wanda ya kai ga korar Sarkin Kano tare da yin gudun hijira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, tare da haramta wa masu jinsi daban-daban hawan keke guda uku na kasuwanci, tare da rage radadin annobar korona [[COVID-19 a Najeriya|annobar COVID-19.]], da ake zargin kyamar Kiristanci a gwamnatin jihar da kuma cin zarafi da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa ya ba shi, da kara cin hanci da rashawa, da jerin lambobin yabo da ake tantama a kai da ya samu a kokarinsa na sake farfado da martabarsa a bainar jama’a, da kuma son zuciya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdulaziz |first1=Abdulaziz |title=ANALYSIS: How Ganduje’s ‘fight’ with Emir Sanusi alters Kano history |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/329536-analysis-how-gandujes-fight-with-emir-sanusi-alters-kano-history.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Nasir |title=Kano govt bans opposite sexes from plying same tricycles – Official |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/369919-kano-govt-bans-opposite-sexes-from-plying-same-tricycles-official.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RANKING NIGERIAN GOVERNORS, DECEMBER 2019: Top 5, Bottom 5 |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/ranking-nigerian-governors-december-2019-top-5-bottom-5/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |access-date=9 April 2022 |quote=Ganduje, made headlines days back for banning people of the opposite sex from entering the same tricycle in the state...doubtful that the new order is what the people of Kano State need most at the moment. The state government, however, within a short time of proposing the law, announced its suspension. This signifies that it was obviously not a well thought-out initiative, and that stakeholders were not consulted, nor opinion of citizens sought before the law was put in place.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RANKING NIGERIAN GOVERNORS, APRIL 2020: Best, not good enough; COVID-19 exposes incompetence in high places |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/ranking-nigerian-governors-april-2020-best-not-good-enough-covid-19-exposes-incompetence-in-high-places/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |access-date=9 April 2022 |quote=The lack of willingness of the Kano State Government to admit that there is crisis may have been partly responsible for the notorious position currently occupied by the state in the COVID-19 pandemic chart. Ganduje had strenuously tried to downplay the cause of the spike in deaths in the state. His actions were akin to living in a fool’s paradise.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akaeze |first1=Anthony |title=Fate of children removed from Christian orphanage in Nigeria two years ago still unknown |url=https://baptistnews.com/article/fate-of-children-removed-from-christian-orphanage-in-nigeria-two-years-ago-still-unknown/ |website=[[Baptist News Global]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Ganduje under fire over ‘forced’ conversion of Christian girls to Islam |url=https://guardian.ng/news/ganduje-under-fire-over-forced-conversion-of-christian-girls-to-islam/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520210500/https://guardian.ng/news/ganduje-under-fire-over-forced-conversion-of-christian-girls-to-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kano Indigenes Write Anti-corruption Agency, ICPC Alleging Governor Ganduje Converted State Property For Family Use |url=http://saharareporters.com/2021/11/22/kano-indigenes-write-anti-corruption-agency-icpc-alleging-governor-ganduje-converted |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adelakun |first1=Abimbola |title=This is not how Ganduje will find redemption |url=https://punchng.com/this-is-not-how-ganduje-will-find-redemption/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Muhammed |title=Kano Deaths: PDP Demands Probe , Berates Ganduje’s Daughter Overbearing On COVID-19 Team |url=https://www.solacebase.com/2020/04/26/kano-deaths-pdp-demands-probe-berates-gandujes-daughter-overbearing-on-covid-19-team/ |website=SolaceBase |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Umar Ganduje also came over fire for his moves to silence Haka kuma Umar Ganduje ya sha kakkausar suka kan matakin da ya ɗauka na rufe bakin ƴan jarida ta hanyar yin katsalandan a kafafen yada labarai amma musamman ma a lokacin da ya yi barazanar yin mu’amala da [[Ja'afar Ja'afar|Jaafar Jaafar]] (ɗan jaridan da ya fallasa faifan bidiyo na Umar Ganduje yana karɓar cin hanci a wa’adinsa na farko) daga ƙarshe ya tilastawa Jafar gudun hijira na ƙashin kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=RANKING NIGERIAN GOVERNORS, JANUARY, 2020: Top 5, Bottom 5 |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/ranking-nigerian-governors-january-2020-top-5-bottom-5/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |access-date=9 April 2022 |quote=Ganduje of Kano State gets a mention in the bottom five because of attempts by his administration to interfere with the operations of media houses in the state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian governor threatens to ‘deal with’ journalists who covered 2018 corruption case |url=https://cpj.org/2021/04/nigerian-governor-threatens-to-deal-with-journalists-who-covered-2018-corruption-case/ |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayitogo |first1=Nasir |title=Journalist who exposed Ganduje bribe video flees to UK |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/459073-journalist-who-exposed-ganduje-bribe-video-flees-to-uk.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> == Zaɓen fidda gwani == Za a gudanar da zaɓukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani ƙalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin hudu 4 ga watan Afrilu da uku 3 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa tara 9 ga watan Yuni. A cewar wasu ƴan takara da shugabannin al’umma daga yankin kudancin jihar, wata yarjejeniyar da aka kulla ba a kan yadda za a yi shiyya-shiyya ba, ta sanya mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu za ta zama gwamna mai jiran gado, domin tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da tara 1999, dukkanin gwamnonin Kano sun fito ne daga Kano ta tsakiya ko kuma da Kano ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bello |first1=Bashir |title=KANO: It’s Kano-South’s turn to produce next Governor in 2023 ― Gaya |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/kano-its-kano-souths-turn-to-produce-next-governor-in-2023-%E2%80%95-gaya/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref> gundumomi. Sai dai har yanzu babu wata babbar jam’iyya da ta rufe zaɓen fidda gwani na ƴan takara daga yankunan tsakiya kona ta arewa. === Jam'iyyar APC === Manazarta na kallon zaɓen fidda gwanin dyan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar APC a matsayin zagon ƙasa a tsakanin manyan jiga-jigan jam’iyyar APC na jihar Kano, wato: bangaren Gwamna mai barin gado [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] da kungiyar G-7, karkashin [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan]] Kano ta tsakiya da tsohon Gwamna [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] tare da ƙungiyar G-7. tare da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatan]] Kano ta Arewa [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Silent gripes in Kano State APC crisis |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/silent-gripes-in-kano-state-apc-crisis/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415204507/https://guardian.ng/politics/silent-gripes-in-kano-state-apc-crisis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taƙaddama tsakanin ɓangarorin dai ta kai ƙarshe ne a ƙarshen shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021 lokacin da ɓangaren Umar Ganduje ya gudanar da taron jam’iyyar na ta jam’iyyar G-7; kotuna ta fara yanke hukuncin cewa sakamakon taron G-7 halas ne kafin ɗaukaka kara ya ba da halaccin majalisar Umar Ganduje a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022.<ref name="Road to 2023">{{cite web |last1=Tudunwada |first1=Adnan Mukhtar |title=Ganduje, G-7 and the road to 2023 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/ganduje-g-7-road-2023 |website=TheCable |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Kano APC Crisis: Ganduje reacts as court nullifies state congress |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/498173-kano-apc-crisis-ganduje-reacts-as-court-nullifies-state-congress.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Kano APC: Ganduje defeats Shekarau as appeal court dismiss parallel congresses |url=https://guardian.ng/news/ganduje-defeats-shekarau-as-appeal-court-dismiss-parallel-apc-congress/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414203817/https://guardian.ng/news/ganduje-defeats-shekarau-as-appeal-court-dismiss-parallel-apc-congress/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dangane da hukuncin da bangaren Umar Ganduje ya yanke, manazarta sun bayyana cewa G-7 ko dai su yi fatan kotun koli ta yanke hukunci a kansu (ta yanke musu hukunci a ranar 6 ga Mayu),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ochojila |first1=Ameh |last2=Muhammed |first2=Murtala |title=Supreme Court upholds Ganduje-Led Kano APC faction |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/supreme-court-upholds-ganduje-led-kano-apc-faction/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508182853/https://guardian.ng/politics/supreme-court-upholds-ganduje-led-kano-apc-faction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> su fafata a zaben fidda gwani na APC a karkashin. Kano APC mai adawa da Ganduje, ko kuma ya koma wasu jam’iyyu. Rikicin jam’iyyar na da matukar hadari yayin da rikici ya barke tare da ƙazamin faɗa a watan Yulin a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021 tsakanin magoya bayan Jibrin da Murtala Sule Garo, kwamishina na kusa da Umar Ganduje, tare da raunata mutane da dama yayin da aka kai hari tare da kone ofishin yakin neman zaben Jibrin a watan Disamba a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021. Rikicin tsakanin jam’iyyar ya yi muni a watan Maris na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 lokacin da aka kashe mutane hudu a rikicin tsakanin magoya bayan Sule Garo da [[Kabiru Alhassan Rurum]], wani ɗan takarar gwamna. Ban da rikicin ɓangaranci, tsoron tsige ɗan takara ya taso ne bayan da uwargidan gwamnan jihar [[Hafsat Ganduje]] ta amince da Sule Garo a wani taron da ya gudana a watan Agusta a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021. Duk da cewa gwamnatin jihar ta yi ikirarin cewa an nada ta ne ba tare da wani dalili ba, amma faifan bidiyon da uwargidan shugaban ƙasar ta fito fili ta goyi bayan wani dan takara da ba a bayyana ba a wancan lokaci watanni tara kafin zaben fidda gwani ya sanya aka riƙa yada jita-jitar cewa Gwamna Umar Ganduje shi ma yana goyon bayan Sule Garo. Sule Garo, wanda ya wawure wata cibiyar hada-hadar kudi a shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 tare da Mataimakin Gwamna [[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]] domin tilasta zaɓen bai kammalu ba, daga Kano ta Arewa ne kamar yadda Umar Ganduje ke yin takararsa na fusata ga masu goyon bayan karban mulki a yankin. Sai dai a watan Mayun a shekara ta dubu biyu da ahirin da biyu 2022, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Umar Ganduje zai amince da Gawuna a matsayin dan takarar Gwamna tare da Sule Garo a matsayin mataimakinsa. A martanin da ya mayar, ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] [[Kabiru Alhassan Rurum]] ya gaggauta ficewa daga jam’iyyar APC domin nuna adawa da wani wanda ba dan kudu ba na shirin samun tikitin takarar jam’iyyar (Gawuna dan Kano ta tsakiya ne). Domin hana ci gaba da kuka, jam'iyyar APC ta jihar ta bayyana cewa yayin da Umar Ganduje da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa suka marawa Gawuna baya, jam'iyyar za ta gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na gaskiya da adalci. Sai dai duk da wannan furucin, an ci gaba da janyewa yayin da Jibrin ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga kujerar majalisar dattawa domin AA Zaura shi ma ya janye daga takarar Sanata. A daya bangaren kuma [[Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada|Sha’aban Ibrahim Sharada]] da Inuwa Ibrahim Waya sun sha alwashin ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓe. A halin da ake ciki, hakan ya faru ne a bayan wasu jiga-jigan jam’iyyar APC zuwa NNPP, musamman (amma ba gaba daya ba) ƴan siyasa daga Kano ta Kudu da suka koka da yadda jam’iyyar APC da tsaffin magoya bayan G-7 suka cire yankin su. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwani Ibrahim Sharada ne kawai ya fafata da Gawuna a zaɓen fidda gwanin kai tsaye wanda Gawuna ya fito yayin da ɗan takarar jam’iyyar ya kusa kada ƙuri’a. A jawabinsa na karɓar gaisuwar, Gawuna ya godewa shugabannin jam’iyyar bisa goyon bayan da suka ba su, ya kuma yi kira ga ‘yan jam’iyyar da su hada kansu. Ibrahim Sharada ya ki amincewa da sakamakon zaben inda ya yi ikirarin cewa da kyar ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wani harin da aka kai masa na kisan gilla a wurin taron na firamare. Zai ci gaba da shigar da Gawuna ƙara a watan Yuni, inda ya kai karar Gawuna a matsayin dan takara. A watan Agusta, Ibrahim Sharada ya koma ADP don samun takarar ta. <ref name="DailyTrustAPC" /><ref name="DailyTrustIssues" /><ref name="Tracker Politicians">{{cite web |title=2023: Politicians Jostling For Kano Government House |url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2020/11/19/2023-politicians-jostling-for-kano-government-house/ |website=Nigerian Tracker |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> ==== Wanda aka zaɓa ==== * [[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]] : Mataimakin Gwamna Na shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas(2018-zuwa yau), kwamishinan noma da albarkatun ƙasa a shekarata dubu biyu da sha sha hudu zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da sha takwas da shekarar dubu biyu da sha tara har zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2014 zuwa 2018; da 2019 kuma zuwa 2022), da kuma shugaban ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003 zuwa dubu biyu da sha daya 2011) ==== Wanda aka cire ==== * [[Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada]] : [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Dan majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar ƙaramar hukumar Kano Municipal a shejara ta (2019-zuwa yau) kuma tsohon mai taimaka wa [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] (wanda ya sauya sheka bayan kammala zaben fidda gwani don samun takarar ADP)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |title=Sha’aban Sharada Joins Kano Guber Race |url=https://dailytrust.com/shaaban-sharada-joins-kano-guber-race |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> ==== Wanda suka janye ==== * [[Alhaji Usman Alhaji]] : Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha a shekara ta (2016–zuwa yau) kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Ilimi na shekara ta (1999 zuwa 2003)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Odogwu |first1=Ted |last2=Muntari |first2=Tukur |title=Ganduje’s commissioner hands over, SSG withdraws from gov race |url=https://punchng.com/gandujes-commissioner-hands-over-ssg-withdraws-from-gov-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |location=[[Kano (city)|Kano]] |date=21 April 2022 |quote=Secretary to the State Government, [[Alhaji Usman Alhaji]], has withdrawn from the governorship race.}}</ref> * [[Kabiru Alhassan Rurum]] : [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Dan majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar Rano/Bunkure/Kibiya a shekara ta (2019-present), tsohon dan [[Zauren yan majalisar dokokin Jihar Kano|majalisar tarayya]] mai wakiltar Rano a shekara ta (2011 zuwa 2019), kuma tsohon kakakin [[Zauren yan majalisar dokokin Jihar Kano|majalisar wakilai]] na shekarar (2015 zuwa 2017; da kuma 2018 zuwa 2019). (wanda ya sauya sheka kafin zaɓen fidda gwani zuwa jam'iyyar NNPP don [[2023 Nigerian House of Representatives elections in Kano State#Rano/Bunkure/Kibiya|sake tsayawa takara a matsayin MHR na Rano/Bunkure/Kibiya]] ) * [[Bashir Ishaq Bashir]] : Injiniya (wanda ya gaza bayan firamare zuwa LP) * [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] : [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata mai]] wakiltar Kano ta Arewa a shekara ta (2015–present), tsohon kwamishinan kimiya da fasaha, kuma tsohon dan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar Tarauni a shekara ta (1999 zuwa 2003) (wanda zai sake tsayawa takarar Sanata a Kano ta Arewa ) * [[Murtala Sule Garo]] : tsohon kwamishinan ƙananan hukumomi da cigaban al'umma a shekara ta (2015 zuwa 2022) kuma tsohon shugaban karamar hukumar [[Kabo]] a shekara ta(2014 zuwa 2015) * Inuwa Ibrahim Waya: tsohon jami'in [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya]] * [[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]] : tsohon ɗan takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar GPN a zaɓen shekara ta (2019) (wanda zai tsaya takarar Sanata a Kano ta Tsakiya ) ==== Wanda ba'a karɓa ba ==== * Umar Yakubu Danhassan: Ɗan takarar gwamnan ADP a zaɓen shekara ta ( 2019) * [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] : [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata mai]] wakiltar Kano ta Kudu a shekara ta (2007-present) kuma tsohon Gwamna a shekara ta (1992 zuwa 1993) * [[Salihu Sagir Takai]] :a shekara ta ( 2019) ɗan takarar gwamna na PRP kuma ɗan takarar gwamna a PDP, 2015 PDP takarar gwamna, [[Zaben gwamnan jihar Kano na 2011|2011 ANPP gwamnan jihar]] <ref name="DailyTrustAPC" /> tsohon kwamishinan shekarar (2003 zuwa 2010), kuma tsohon shugaban ƙaramar hukumar [[Takai]] a shekara ta (1999 zuwa 2022) <ref name="DailyTrustIssues" /> ==== Sakamako ==== {{Pie chart}}{{Election box begin no change|title=APC primary results<ref name="APC primary results" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=2,289|percentage=98.71%}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=30|percentage=1.29%}} {{Election box total no change|votes=2,319|percentage=100.00%}} {{Election box invalid no change|votes=20|percentage=N/A}} {{Election box turnout no change|votes=2,339|percentage=Unknown}} {{End}} === Jam'iyyar NNPP === A farkon shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 ne tsohon Gwamna [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso]] da sauran abokan siyasar sa suka fice daga PDP suka koma NNPP; yayin da Kwankwaso ba zai sake tsayawa takara karo na uku ba kuma yana neman takarar shugaban ƙasa, dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar PDP a zaben a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara( 2019) [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya shirya sake tsayawa takarar gwamna. Wasu masana na ikirarin cewa jam’iyyar NNPP na da damar yin takara da manyan jam’iyyu tare da goyon bayan tafiyar Kwankwasiyya ta Kwankwaso. A ranakun sha takwas 18 da sha tara 19 ga watan Mayu ne dai rahotanni suka bayyana cewa jam'iyyar ta amince da Abba Kabir Yusuf a matsayin ɗan takararta tare da Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo - wanda shi ne abokin takarar PDP a zaben shekarar (2019) ya samu kujerar mataimakin gwamna. An tabbatar da wannan rahoton ne a ranar shida 6 ga watan Yuni, ranar zaɓen fidda gwani, lokacin da Yusuf ya yi nasara ba tare da hamayya ba. ==== Wanda aka zaɓa ==== * [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] : a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara(2019) Ɗan takarar gwamna a PDP ; tsohon Kwamishinan Ayyuka, Gidaje da Sufuri a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011 zuwa dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015); kuma surukin tsohon Gwamna [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] ==== Wanda ba'a karɓa ba ==== * [[Abdullahi Baffa Bichi]] : tsohon babban sakataren [[Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi|asusun kula da manyan makarantu ta Najeriya]] ==== Sakamako ==== === Jam'iyyar PDP === Shekarun da suka gabata kafin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP, an yi ta fama da rigingimun jam’iyya tsakanin ɓangarorin jam’iyyar biyu, ɗaya na goyon bayan tsohon minista [[Aminu Bashir Wali|Aminu Wali]] yayin da ɗaya kuma ya samu goyon bayan tsohon Gwamna [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso]] . Sai dai kuma a farkon shekarar 2022, Kwankwaso da sauran abokansa sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP. Yayin da da yawa daga cikin ƴaƴan Kwankwasiyya na Kwankwaso suka sauya sheƙa tare da shi, manazarta sun bayyana cewa hayewar jam’iyyar NNPP na iya yin illa ga jam’iyyar PDP a babban zabe. Ficewar ta kuma kai Wali wajen tabbatar da ikonsa na jam'iyyar ta jihar amma a baya majalisar zartarwa ta jihar ta kalubalanci shi. Hukumar zartaswar jihar da wasu ‘yan takara – wadanda ke fargabar cewa idan Wali ya samu cikakken iko a jam’iyyar, zai dora dansa (tsohon kwamishina [[Sadiq Wali]] ) a matsayin dan takarar gwamna – sun yi jayayya da bangaren Wali da jam’iyyar ta kasa kan ƴan majalisun unguwanni da ke tsoma baki cikin jam’iyyar. ƙara rikicin gabanin firamare. {{Excerpt|2023 Adamawa State gubernatorial election|People's Democratic Party|paragraphs=1|hat=no}}A ranar zaɓen fidda gwanin dai an gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani guda biyu tare da ƙungiyar Wali ta gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na kai tsaye a cibiyar matasa ta Sani Abacha yayin da bangaren Sagagi ya gudanar da zaben fidda gwani a hedikwatar jam’iyyar ta jihar. Bayan an gudanar da zabukan fidda gwanin na biyu cikin lumana, an kammala fidda gwani na Youth Centre [[Sadiq Wali|da Sadiq Wali]] ya yi nasara yayin da [[Mohammed Abacha]] ya samu nasara. Kwamitin aiki na jam’iyyar PDP na kyasa ya jinkirta miƙa takardar shaidar cin zaɓe ga dyaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a farkon watan Yuni kafin INEC ta amince da zaben fidda gwani na ɓangaren Abacha wanda Sagagi ya lashe a ƙarshen watan Yuni. Sai dai a watan Yuli, INEC ta sanya Wali a matsayin wanda jam’iyyar ta tsayar; Nan take Abacha ya kai ƙara domin a sauya hukuncin. A watan Disamba ne dai wata babbar kotun tarayya ta bayar da umarnin INEC ta sake amincewa da Abacha a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa; Wali ya sha alwashin ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin. Koko nasa ya yi nasara, inda kotun ɗaukaka kara ta goyi bayan shari’ar tasa, ta kuma umurci INEC da ta mayar wa Wali lamba a ranar Goma 10 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023. ==== Ɓangaren sagagi ==== * [[Mohammed Abacha]] : lauya kuma ɗan tsohon [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya]] [[Sani Abacha]] ==== Wanda aka zaɓa ta ɓangaren Wali ==== * [[Sadiq Wali]] : Tsohon Kwamishinan Albarkatun Ruwa A shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara (2019 zuwa 2022), Ɗan Takarar Gwamnan Jihar PDP a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara (2019) Kuma Ɗan Tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje [[Aminu Bashir Wali|Aminu Wali]] ==== Waɗanda ba'a karɓa ba ==== * Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Amin Little: a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku (2003) ANPP da PRP ɗan takarar gwamna * [[Mustapha Bala Gesto]] : ɗan takarar gwamna na NPM a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara (2019) * Jafar Sani Bello: Ɗan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar PDP a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara ( 2019) * [[Yusuf Bello Dambatta]] : tsohon kwamishinan kasa da tsare-tsare a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu(2014 zuwa dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015), tsohon kwamishinan tsare-tsare da kasafin kuɗi a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011 zuwa dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014), da kuma tsohon kwamishinan kuɗi a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). * [[Yunusa Adamu Dangwani]] : tsohon kwamishinan albarkatun ruwa (2012–2015) kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan gwamna [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] (2011-2012) ==== Wanda suka Janye ==== * [[Muazu Magaji]] : tsohon shugaban kwamitin isar da bututun iskar gas (2020-2021) kuma tsohon kwamishinan ayyuka (2019-2020) * [[Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado]] : Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Ƙorafe-ƙorafen Jama'a da Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kano (2015-2022) (zai tsaya takarar Sanata mai wakiltar Kano ta Arewa ). === Ƙananan jam'iyyun ===   {{div col}} * [[Hamisu Santuraki]] ([[Action Alliance]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list">{{cite web |title=FINAL LIST OF CANDIDATES FOR STATE ELECTIONS - Governorship & Houses of Assembly |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Final-List-of-Candidates-for-National-Elections_SHA-14.pdf |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission]] |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005211311/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Final-List-of-Candidates-for-National-Elections_SHA-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> **Mataimaki: [[Fatima Muhammad]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada]] ([[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=Hassan-Koguna emerges ADP Kano governorship candidate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/06/hassan-koguna-emerges-adp-kano-governorship-candidate/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Kano: Sharada Defects To ADP, Picks Governorship Ticket |url=https://dailytrust.com/kano-sharada-defects-to-adp-picks-governorship-ticket |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Rabiu Ahmad Bako]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Ibrahim Muhammad]] ([[Action Peoples Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Aminu Sani Rogo]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Mahmud Sani]] ([[African Action Congress]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Mustapha Idi Gaya]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Khalid Ibrahim Idris]] ([[African Democratic Congress]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Aminu A. Anas]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Ibrahim Sani]] ([[Allied Peoples Movement]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Running mate: [[Aminu Garba Dantsho]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Umar Yakasai Sulenkuka]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Abdulsalam Gwarmai Hamisu]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Furera Ahmad Yakubu]] ([[Boot Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Usman Garba Rano]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Mohammed Raji Abdullahi]] ([[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Auwal Muhammad Falala]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Aishatu Mahmud]] ([[National Rescue Movement]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Ismail Sammani]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Salihu Tanko Yakasai]] ([[People's Redemption Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Running mate: [[Shazali Muhammad]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Mohammed G. Bala]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Habiby Dundy Sabo]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Ahmed Isa Muhammad]] ([[Young Progressives Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Yakubu Uba Muhammad]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> * [[Isa Nuhu]] ([[Zenith Labour Party]])<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> **Mataimaki: [[Mukaddas Adamu Yakubu]]<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> {{div col end}} == Gangami == Bayan kammala zaɓuɓɓukan fidda gwani, masana sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwan cikin gida na manyan jam’iyyun guda uku da ke ci gaba da gudana, da suka haɗa da: rigimar da ta shafi halaltaccen dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP, da ƴaƴan jam’iyyar APC da wasu suka fice daga jam’iyyar, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a jam’iyyar NNPP. A ɓangaren PDP kuwa, INEC ta fara amincewa da Mohammed Abacha a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa a watan Yunin a shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 amma ta sauya sheƙa zuwa Sadiq Wali a wata mai zuwa; Nan take Abacha ya kai kara kamar yadda masana suka lura da rikicin PDP na jihar da ba ya ƙarewa. Duk da cewa sauya sheka daga APC ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da a farkon shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 kuma Ganduje ya sasanta da wasu tsoffin abokan hamayyar sa na cikin jam’iyyar, sauran ƴan jam’iyyar da suka fusata sun ci gaba da ficewa ciki har da MHR Sha’aban Ibrahim Sharada – wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben fidda gwani na gwamnan APC – wanda ya fice. ga jam'iyyar ADP inda ya fafata a zaɓen fidda gwani na takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar. A halin da ake ciki dai sabuwar ƙawancen da aka ƙulla tsakanin tsohon gwamnan jihar Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso da Ibrahim Shekarau a jam'iyyar NNPP cikin sauri ya ruguje yayin da Shekarau da abokansa suka fara nuna ɓacin rai a bainar jama'a game da saba alkawuran da Kwankwaso ya dauka a farkon watan Agusta. Yunƙurin da Kwankwaso ya yi na ganin bayan ƙawancen ya ci tura, kuma Shekarau ya sauya sheƙa zuwa PDP a taron gangamin da dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar PDP Atiku Abubakar da wasu jiga-jigan jam’iyyar PDP suka gudanar a ranar ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Agusta. Wannan sauya sheka ya haifar da halin da kowanne daga cikin fitattun ubangidan siyasar jihar guda uku (Ganduje, Kwankwaso, da Shekarau) duk suna cikin jam’iyyu uku. Yayin da jam’iyyar PDP ta ƙasa ta mayar da hankali kan yadda Malam Shekarau zai iya taimaka wa Abubakar a jihar, an kuma lura cewa Shekarau na iya bunƙasa ayyukan gwamnonin jam’iyyar idan har aka warware rikicin; wani mai taimaka wa Shekarau ya yi ikirarin cewa zai yi aiki a kan sulhuntawar jam’iyya. A ƙarshen watan Oktoba da farkon watan Nuwamba wata sabuwar ɓaraka ta ɓarke a cikin jam’iyyar APC, yayin da mataimakin ɗan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Murtala Sule Garo ya yi kaca-kaca da shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar wakilai Alhassan Doguwa a wani taro a gidan Gawuna. Masu fashin baki a cikin gaggawa sun lura cewa sabon rikicin da ke faruwa a jam’iyyar APC na Kano na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban jam’iyyar a jihar gaba daya. Ba wai kawai ƴan siyasar biyu sun fito fili sun nemi afuwarsu ba, Doguwa ya zargi Sule Garo da taka-tsan-tsan ya goyi bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar PDP, Atiku Abubakar — wanda kuma shi ne surukin Sule Garo, kafin daga bisani ƙungiyar ƴan jarida ta Najeriya ta zarge shi da cin zarafin wani dan jarida a jihar. babi. Yayin da takaddamar ta taso, an fitar da kuri'ar farko da jama'a suka yi na tseren - wanda NOI Polls ta gudanar da kuma gidauniyar Anap Foundation - an fitar da shi ne a ranar bakwai 7 ga watan Nuwamba inda ta nuna jagorar Yusuf tare da Gawuna a matsayi na biyu da Wali a matsayi na uku. A cikin wannan watan ne Ganduje da wasu jiga-jigan jam’iyyar APC suka yi ikirarin cewa sun sasanta Doguwa da Garo amma manazarta sun sake nanata illar da jam’iyyar ke samu daga rikicin, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da rashin farin jinin Ganduje saboda sabon son zuciya da kuma zargin daure masu TikTok suka yi a gidan yari da suka buga wasan barkwanci. Ganduje. A farkon watan Disamba, an mayar da hankali kan tashe-tashen hankulan zaɓe, sakamakon rikicin da ya ɓarke tsakanin magoya bayan APC da NNPP. Bangarorin biyu dai sun zargi ɗaya ɓangaren da tada zaune tsaye, da shirya hare-hare, da kuma tada zaune tsaye. A cikin wannan watan ne rikicin PDP ya koma kan gaba inda kotu ta mayar wa Abacha takarar; Wali ya sha alwashin ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin. A cikin sabuwar shekara, BBC Hausa ta shirya muhawara a ranar sha hudu 14 ga Janairu,shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da Uku 2023, inda ta gayyaci Abacha, Gawuna, Ibrahim Sharada, da Yusuf baya ga Salihu Tanko Yakasai na PRP don shiga. Muhawarar wacce aka gudanar a Makarantar Kasuwancin Dangote ta Jami’ar Bayero, ta tabo batutuwa da suka shafi ilimi da tsaro. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, ƴan takara bakwai sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a wani taron da kwamitin zaman lafiya na Kano tare da hadin gwiwar kwamitin zaman lafiya na kasa, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da cibiyar Kukah suka shirya; musamman Gawuna baya nan amma Sule Garo ya wakilce shi. A cikin ci gaba da tarurruka da tarurrwa, masu sharhi sun sake jaddada cewa zaɓen gwamna ya kasance yaƙi ne tsakanin Ganduje, Kwankwaso, da Shekarau. Ɗaya daga cikin dandalin, muhawara ta jaridar Media Trust a ranar hudu 4 ga Fabrairu wanda ɗan jaridar Daily Trust Suleiman ya shirya, ya mai da hankali kan batutuwa da yawa ciki har da noma, ilimi, gidaje, manufofin zamantakewa, sufuri, rashin aikin yi, da kuma kula da ruwa. A tsakiyar ƙarshen kamfen ɗin a watan Fabrairu da Maris, taƙaddamar zaɓen PDP ta ci gaba lokacin da Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta mayar da gabatarwa ga Wali. == Sakamako == === Sakamakon ƙarshe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Kano na 2023 ! colspan="2" | Ɗan takara ! Jam'iyya ! Ƙuri'u ! Kashi |- | || Hamisu Santuraki | Action Alliance | | |- | || Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada | Action Democratic Party (Nigeria) | 12,832<ref>{{cite web | title=Kano Election View }}</ref> | |- | || Ibrahim Muhammad | Action Peoples Party | 430 | |- | || Mahmud Sani | African Action Congress | 955 | |- | || Khalid Ibrahim Idris | African Democratic Congress | 9,500 | |- | || Ibrahim Sani | Allied Peoples Movement | 4,955 | |- | || Nasir Yusuf Gawuna | All Progressives Congress | 890,705 | 45% |- | || Umar Yakasai Sulenkuka | All Progressives Grand Alliance | 1,360 | |- | || Furera Ahmad Yakubu | Boot Party | 533 | |- | || Mohammed Raji Abdullahi | Labour Party (Nigeria) | 5,409 | |- | || Abba Kabir Yusuf | New Nigeria Peoples Party | 1,019,602<ref>{{cite web | title=Abba Kabir Yusuf ya lashe zaben gwamnan jihar Kano | date=20 March 2023 }}</ref> | 52% |- | || Aishatu Mahmud | National Rescue Movement | 862 | |- | || Sadiq Wali | Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | 15,957 | 1% |- | || Salihu Tanko Yakasai | People's Redemption Party | 2,183 | |- | || Mohammed G. Bala | Social Democratic Party (Nigeria) | 759 | |- | || Ahmed Isa Muhammad | Young Progressives Party | 9,835 | |- | || Isa Nuhu | Zenith Labour Party | 1,882 | |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla ! ! 100.00% |- ! colspan="3" | Ƙuri'un da ba su inganta ba ! ! N/A |- ! colspan="3" | Yawan masu kaɗa ƙuri'a ! ! |} ==== Gundumar Sanata ==== Sakamakon zaɓen da gundumar majalisar dattawa ta gudanar. {| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 90%" ! rowspan="2" |Gundumar Sanata ! colspan="2" |[[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]]<br><small>APC</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]]<br><small>NNPP</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Sadiq Wali]]<br><small>PDP</small> ! colspan="2" |Saura7 ! rowspan="2" |Addinin ƙuri'u masu kyau |- !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari |- |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Arewa. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Kudu. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- |- <!--TOT--> !Jimulla <!--APC--> !TBD <!--APC--> !% <!--NNPP-->!TBD <!--NNPP-->!% <!--PDP--> !TBD <!--PDP--> !% <!--OTH--> !TBD <!--OTH--> !% <!--TOT--> !TBD |} ==== Mazaɓar majalisar tarayya ==== Sakamakon mazaɓun majalisun taraiya {| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 90%" ! rowspan="2" |Majalisar Taraiya ! colspan="2" |[[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]]<br><small>APC</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]]<br><small>NNPP</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Sadiq Wali]]<br><small>PDP</small> ! colspan="2" |Saura ! rowspan="2" |Adadin ƙuri'un da aka ƙada |- !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !A cikin ɗari |- |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Ajingi]], [[Albasu]], da [[Gaya]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Bebeji]] da [[Kiru]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Bichi]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Dala]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Dambatta]] da [[Makoda]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Doguwa]] da [[Tudun Wada]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Dawakin Kudu]] da [[Warawa]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Dawakin Tofa]], [[Rimin Gado]], da [[Tofa]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta Fagge [[Fagge]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Gabasawa]] da [[Gezawa]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Gwarzo]] da [[Kabo]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwanle]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Kumbotso]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Kano Municipal]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Kunchi]] da [[Tsanyawa]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Karaye]] da [[Rogo]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Garun Mallam]], [[Kura]], da [[Madobi]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Minjibir]] da [[Ungogo]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Nasarawa]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Bunkure]], [[Kibiya]], da [[Rano]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Sumaila]] da [[Takai]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Bagwai]] da [[Shanono]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Tarauni ]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | Majalisar taraiya ta [[Garko]] da [[Wudil]]. <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD |- <!--TOT--> !Jimulla <!--APC--> !TBD <!--APC--> !% <!--NNPP-->!TBD <!--NNPP-->!% <!--PDP--> !TBD <!--PDP--> !% <!--OTH--> !TBD <!--OTH--> !% <!--TOT--> !TBD |} ==== Ta ƙaramar hukuma ==== Sakamakon zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi. {| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 90%" ! rowspan="2" |Ƙaramar hukuma ! colspan="2" |[[Nasir Yusuf Gawuna]]<br><small>APC</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]]<br><small>NNPP</small> ! colspan="2" |[[Sadiq Wali]]<br><small>PDP</small> ! colspan="2" |Saura ! rowspan="2" |Adadin ƙuri'u masu kyau ! rowspan="2" |Cikin ɗari |- !Ƙuri'u ! Cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u ! Cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !Cikin ɗari !Ƙuri'u !Cikin ɗari |- |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Ajingi]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Albasu]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Bagwai]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Bebeji]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Bichi]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Bunkure]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Dala]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Dambatta]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Dawakin Kudu]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Dawakin Tofa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Doguwa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Fagge]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Gabasawa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Garko]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Garun Mallam]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Gaya]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Gezawa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Gwale]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Gwarzo]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kabo]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kano Municipal]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Karaye]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kibiya]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kiru]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kumbotso]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kunchi]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Kura]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Madobi]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Makoda]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Minjibir]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Nasarawa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Rano]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Rimin Gado]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Rogo]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Shanono]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Sumaila]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Takai]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Tofa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Tsanyawa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Tudun Wada]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Ungogo]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Warawa]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- <!--LGA-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | [[Wudil]] <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--APC-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--NNPP-->|bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--PDP-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--OTH-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % <!--TOT-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | TBD <!--TUR-->| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" | % |- |- <!--TOT--> !Totals <!--APC--> !TBD <!--APC--> !% <!--NNPP-->!TBD <!--NNPP-->!% <!--PDP--> !TBD <!--PDP--> !% <!--OTH--> !TBD <!--OTH--> !% <!--TOT--> !TBD <!--TUR--> !% |} <!--==== Notes ==== {{hidden begin |title= Election day notes by LGA |titlestyle= background:#8e574e; }} {{notelist-lr}} {{hidden end}}--> <!--===Response===--> <!--====Candidates and parties====--> <!--====Civil society====--> <!--===Analysis===--> == Manazarta == {{reflist|3}} [[Category:Zabe 2023]] [[Category:Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> jej01o6cbj2tll273u0mq1srsgygsk2 0 54076 963123 915074 2026-10-04T18:57:51Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375562314|James Amuta]]" 963123 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu) furodusan fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darakta, mai shirya fina-finai na sama kuma mai tallata haja, an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya fi shahara da fim ɗinsa na gaskiya mai suna ''Nightfall in Lagos'' wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin mafi kyawun fim ɗin gaskiya a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar kyautar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|African Magic Viewers' Choice Award]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amuta ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim ɗin Netflix mai suna [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']], <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma a matsayin mai shirya fim ɗin da ya yi fice a fannin kasuwanci [[Your Excellency (fim)|''mai suna Your Excellence'']] . Shi ne marubuci kuma daraktan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado ta fitar da jerin sunayen waɗanda za su yi nasara a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Screenplay Winners |url=https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814213849/https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |archive-date=2021-08-14 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Vail Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a ''Kwalejin Collision'' wanda aka zaba a matsayin Fim ɗin Rufewa na [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021, sannan kuma ya zaɓi kyaututtuka huɗu a [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Gasar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] ta 2021, inda ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu, ciki har da Kyauta don Nasara a Wasan Kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>Amuta ta haɗa kai wajen shirya fim ɗin [[Elesin Oba, The king's Horseman|''Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman'']], wani fim na Netflix da aka shirya a cikin fim ɗin [[Wole Soyinka]] mai suna ''[[Death and the King's Horseman|Death and the Kings Horseman]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> Amuta ma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga mai suna ''Enigma: Beyond the Poet'' . == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayin ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Dare ya yi a Legas'' | Darakta/Furodusa | |- | ''Zagayen Wurukum'' | rowspan="2" | Mai daukar fim | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[The Bling Lagosians|<nowiki/>'Yan Lagos na Bling]]'' | |- | ''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girmanka]]'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']] | <ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''Darasin karo'' | Marubuci/Furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2022 | ''Nasara ko Rasa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | |- | ''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | |- | ''Elesin Oba, Mai Dokin Sarki'' | |- | 2023 | ''Girbin Baƙi'' | Marubuci/Darakta/Furodusa/Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''Lokacin da Dodanni Suka Fito'' | Babban furodusa/Darakta | rowspan="2" | Gajeren fim |- | ''Kyauta'' | Darakta |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d0zlvwtb6i4agbdbdhaythbqo1mriw7 963124 963123 2026-10-04T18:58:42Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu) furodusan fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darakta, mai shirya fina-finai na sama kuma mai tallata haja, an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya fi shahara da fim ɗinsa na gaskiya mai suna ''Nightfall in Lagos'' wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin mafi kyawun fim ɗin gaskiya a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar kyautar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|African Magic Viewers' Choice Award]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amuta ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim ɗin Netflix mai suna [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']], <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma a matsayin mai shirya fim ɗin da ya yi fice a fannin kasuwanci [[Your Excellency (fim)|''mai suna Your Excellence'']] . Shi ne marubuci kuma daraktan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado ta fitar da jerin sunayen waɗanda za su yi nasara a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Screenplay Winners |url=https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814213849/https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |archive-date=2021-08-14 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Vail Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a ''Kwalejin Collision'' wanda aka zaba a matsayin Fim ɗin Rufewa na [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021, sannan kuma ya zaɓi kyaututtuka huɗu a [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Gasar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] ta 2021, inda ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu, ciki har da Kyauta don Nasara a Wasan Kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>Amuta ta haɗa kai wajen shirya fim ɗin [[Elesin Oba, The king's Horseman|''Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman'']], wani fim na Netflix da aka shirya a cikin fim ɗin [[Wole Soyinka]] mai suna ''[[Death and the King's Horseman|Death and the Kings Horseman]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> Amuta ma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga mai suna ''Enigma: Beyond the Poet'' . == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayin ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Dare ya yi a Legas'' | Darakta/Furodusa | |- | ''Zagayen Wurukum'' | rowspan="2" | Mai daukar fim | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[The Bling Lagosians|<nowiki/>'Yan Lagos na Bling]]'' | |- | ''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girmanka]]'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']] | <ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''Darasin karo'' | Marubuci/Furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2022 | ''Nasara ko Rasa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | |- | ''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | |- | ''Elesin Oba, Mai Dokin Sarki'' | |- | 2023 | ''Girbin Baƙi'' | Marubuci/Darakta/Furodusa/Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''Lokacin da Dodanni Suka Fito'' | Babban furodusa/Darakta | rowspan="2" | Gajeren fim |- | ''Kyauta'' | Darakta |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] osvbdqbywadvopluyt5wloci8tjq449 963127 963124 2026-10-04T19:04:37Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu) furodusan fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darakta, mai shirya fina-finai na sama kuma mai tallata haja, an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya fi shahara da fim ɗinsa na gaskiya mai suna ''Nightfall in Lagos'' wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin mafi kyawun fim ɗin gaskiya a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar kyautar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|African Magic Viewers' Choice Award]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Amuta ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim ɗin Netflix mai suna [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']], <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma a matsayin mai shirya fim ɗin da ya yi fice a fannin kasuwanci [[Your Excellency (fim)|''mai suna Your Excellence'']] . Shi ne marubuci kuma daraktan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado ta fitar da jerin sunayen waɗanda za su yi nasara a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Screenplay Winners |url=https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814213849/https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/2021-screenplay-competition |archive-date=2021-08-14 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Vail Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a ''Kwalejin Collision'' wanda aka zaba a matsayin Fim ɗin Rufewa na [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021, sannan kuma ya zaɓi kyaututtuka huɗu a [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Gasar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] ta 2021, inda ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu, ciki har da Kyauta, don Nasara a Wasan Kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>Amuta ta haɗa kai wajen shirya fim ɗin [[Elesin Oba, The king's Horseman|''Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman'']], wani fim na Netflix da aka shirya a cikin fim ɗin [[Wole Soyinka]] mai suna ''[[Death and the King's Horseman|Death and the Kings Horseman]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-26 |title=Biyi Bandele Announces He's Directing Ebonylife & Netflix's "Death and the King's Horseman" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/biyi-bandele-ebonylife-netflix-death-and-the-kings-horseman/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=September 11, 2022 |title='The King's Horseman': Toronto Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-kings-horseman-toronto-review/5174336.article |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> Amuta ma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga mai suna ''Enigma: Beyond the Poet'' . == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayin ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Dare ya yi a Legas'' | Darakta/Furodusa | |- | ''Zagayen Wurukum'' | rowspan="2" | Mai daukar fim | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[The Bling Lagosians|<nowiki/>'Yan Lagos na Bling]]'' | |- | ''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girmanka]]'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']] | <ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''Darasin karo'' | Marubuci/Furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2022 | ''Nasara ko Rasa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | |- | ''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | |- | ''Elesin Oba, Mai Dokin Sarki'' | |- | 2023 | ''Girbin Baƙi'' | Marubuci/Darakta/Furodusa/Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''Lokacin da Dodanni Suka Fito'' | Babban furodusa/Darakta | rowspan="2" | Gajeren fim |- | ''Kyauta'' | Darakta |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gvevaywqdwf7on9magbwdk155fhmzqa 0 62744 963139 956361 2026-10-04T20:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lily Tembo''' (Nuwamba 20, 1981 - Satumba 14, 2009), wacce aka fi sani da '''Lily T''', mawaƙiyar Zambiya ce, mai gabatar da shirin rediyo, ƴar jarida kuma ma'aikaciyar agaji<ref>[http://www.sternsmusic.com/discography/6603 Lily Tembo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630115629/http://www.sternsmusic.com/discography/6603 |date=2018-06-30 }} Stans Music</ref><ref>[http://www.bhmagazine.com/content/view/197/28/ Almbum Review: Lily T] BH magazine {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106054456/http://www.bhmagazine.com/content/view/197/28/ |date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> wacce ta sami yabo ta ƙasa tare da kundi na farko na 2004 ''Lily T''.<ref name="lyricsafrica">[http://lyricsafrica.com/index.php?Itemid=69&id=131&option=com_content&task=view African Entertainment and Music] Lyrics Africa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010556/http://lyricsafrica.com/index.php?Itemid=69&id=131&option=com_content&task=view |date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref> Dalilin wannan kundin, ta sami kyaututtuka biyu. Tembo ta saki albam guda biyu kuma tana aiki akan na uku a kafin mutuwarta. Baya ga waƙa, ta shahara wajen gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan rediyon 5th FM a ƙasar [[Zambiya]], inda ta yi aikin jarida da kuma ayyukan agaji. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Tembo a Kabwe, Zambia, kuma ta girma a cikin iyali masu son kiɗa. Mahaifinta, ya buga wasan bongo na Afirka, haka-zalika yayyenta da mahaifiyarta, sun rera waƙa a coci. Tembo ta halarci makarantar sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta ƴan mata ta Kabulunga da ke a [[Lusaka]], babban birnin kasar [[Zambia]]. Daga baya, ta ci gaba da aikin jarida a [[Kwalejin Evelyn Hone]]. Tembo ta shiga sabgar waƙa a shekara ta 2004 tare da fitar da album dinta Mai taken: ''Lily T'', wanda shine dalilin fara sana'arta ta waƙe, kuma ya jawo hankalin ƙasar ta, akanta.<ref name="lyricsafrica" /> Ta fitar da kundi na biyu a shekara ta 2006. Tembo ta kasance mai karanta labarai na gidan rediyon 5th FM, da ke [[Lusaka]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Bayan lashe lambar yabo guda ɗaya, [[BBC Africa]] ta karɓe ta a matsayin fitacciyar jarumar Afirka wacce ta kasance ta asali ga kayan gargajiya. == Aikin sadaka == Lily ta taka rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a akan cutar zazzabin cizon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|sauro]] a Zambia. A watan Afrilun 2009, ta jagoranci masu ibada a taron tunawa da ranar zazzabin cizon sauro na duniya a birnin [[Lusaka]].<ref>[http://www.path.org/projects/macepa_jennings_malaria_blog.php World Malaria day] Parth {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121045733/http://www.path.org/projects/macepa_jennings_malaria_blog.php |date=November 21, 2009 }}</ref> ==Albam== * ''Lily T'' (2004) * ''Osalila'' (2006) == Kyaututtuka da ayyanawa== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Sakamako |- | rowspan=1 | 2005 | Koala Awards | Best New Artist | style="background: #ffdddd"| Nominated |- | rowspan=2| 2007 | rowspan=2| Ngoma Awards | Best Female Recording Artist |style="background: #ddffdd"| Nasara |- |Best Music Video Award |style="background: #ddffdd"| Nasara |- |} == Mutuwa == Bayan ta yi magana game da " ciwon cikin da ke damunta"<ref>[http://ukzambians.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2493&Itemid=500 Lily Tembo is dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114004/http://ukzambians.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2493&Itemid=500 |date=2014-08-26 }} UKZambians,(content encoded by Zend Guard)</ref> da fama da matsanancin ciwon ciki,<ref>[http://www.africanews.com/site/Zambias_female_singer_Lily_T_dead/list_messages/26948 Zambias female singer Lily T dead] AfricaNews {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064203/http://www.africanews.com/site/Zambias_female_singer_Lily_T_dead/list_messages/26948 |date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lusakatimes.com/?p=17827] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923085445/http://www.lusakatimes.com/?p=17827 |date=2009-09-23 }} Lusaka Times</ref> Tembo ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009, tana da shekaru 27 a duniya. ===Kafin nan=== Ƴar'uwar Tembo Patience ta shaida wa manema labarai cewa "Tana da ciwon ciki, ta kamu da rashin lafiya ranar Asabar, ta fara amai da yawa kuma ta kamu da [[Rashin jini|rashin lafiya]]. A ranar Litinin da misalin karfe 19:00, ta ce ga garinku nan-(ta mutu)."<ref>[http://www.postzamby aaaaaia.com/content/view/13658/50/ Singer Lily T dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923163126/http://www.postzambia.com/content/view/13658/50/ |date=2009-09-23 }} The Post {{Cite web |url=http://www.postzambia.com/content/view/13658/50/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923163126/http://www.postzambia.com/content/view/13658/50/ |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] j5am72x28xtglrtvlm908y7t1tntlno 0 63110 963043 337697 2026-10-04T13:59:27Z ~2026-53197-43 49660 /* Hindu ƴan asalin Indiya */ 963043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Om_symbol.svg|thumb| Alamar "Om" a cikin Devanagari]] '''Hindu''' ta yadu zuwa '''Najeriya''' musamman ta hanyar zuwan Hindu daga [[Indiya]] da kuma hanyar ISKCON. Sindhi ne suka fara zuwa [[Najeriya]] a farkon ƙarni na sha tara. Da farko, sun kasance cikin ciniki amma a hankali, yayin da suke riƙe da sha'awar ciniki, sun shiga cikin wasu fannoni kamar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] da ayyuka na kwararru. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, sun yi jari mai yawa, inda suka tara sama da dalar Amurka biliyan huɗu. Sunayen Sindhi kamar Chellaram, Bhojson, Chandrai da sauransu sun shahara a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenyans247.com/|title=Hinduism in Nigeria - Kenyans247|last=Kenyans247|website=www.kenyans247.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=2020-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122192346/http://www.kenyans247.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sinanci na Indiya suna gudanar da Superstores kuma suna cikin sashin masaku, da kuma masana'antar [[Magani|harhada magunguna]], kamun kifi da injiniyoyi. Kusan Indiyawa miliyan 1 ne ke zaune a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2013/12/2/africans-decry-discrimination-in-india</ref> == Hindu ƴan asalin Indiya == Najeriya tana da ƴan Indiya-Nijeriya kusan 1,00,0000( nearly 1 million) tare da [[Indiya|Indiyawa]] su ne mafi yawan tsirarun launin fata a cikin ƙasar. Yawancin al'ummar Indiyawa a [[Najeriya]] ƴan Hindu ne. [[Indiya]] da [[Najeriya]] duk wani yanki ne na [[Daular Biritaniya|daular Burtaniya]]. Turawan [[Ingila]] ne suka kawo Indiyawa Afirka domin gina layin dogo a [[Afirka]]. Duk da haka, yawancin al'ummar Indiya, tare da wasu baƙi daga ko'ina cikin Daular, sun gudu zuwa [[Birtaniya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ko kuma komawa ƙasarsu ta asali a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa na Najeriya]]. Tare da bunƙasar tattalin arziki da ke matsayi na biyar a duniya a yau [[Indiya]] ta zuba jarin sama da dala biliyan 15 a Najeriya. Akwai sanannun kamfanoni 85 na Indiya da suka kafa kasuwanci a [[Najeriya]] suna samar da ayyukan yi da dama ga 'yan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojewale |first=Caleb |date=2022-12-01 |title=Indian companies are 2nd largest employer in Nigeria, can do more - Ambassador |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/indian-companies-are-2nd-largest-employer-in-nigeria-can-do-more-ambassador/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, gwamnatin Najeriya da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka fara ɗaukar likitocin Indiya, malamai, injiniyoyi da sauran ƙwararru. A karshen shekarun 1980, da yawa daga cikin ƙwararrun Indiyawa sun koma Indiya, lokacin da aka samu raguwar kuɗaɗen shigar man fetur a ƙasar, ƙasar ta fara fuskantar matsalolin tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi da kuma fatara. [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]] na bin tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi da rashin nuna wariya wajen ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga ƴan ƙasashen waje mazauna ƙasar. [[File:Hindu_Temple_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Wurin bauta na Balaji, [[Lagos]]]] == Hindu ƴan asalin Najeriya == Wasu 'yan asalin [[Najeriya]] sun koma Hindu saboda ƙoƙarin [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]. Duk da cewa yawancin mabiya addinin Hindu na Najeriya suna zaune a [[Legas]] (Ikorodu, Shomolu, Alimosho, Victoria Island), wasu kuma ana samun su a Ibadan (inda aka kafa ƙungiyar “Sri Sathya Sai Seva (Service) na Sathya Sai Baba”, a 1972)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinenigeria.com/site/stories/285145-the-untold-story-of-the-nigerian-hindus-these-are-the-most-interesting-things-you-never-knew-about-them-and-their-fascinating-religion.html |title=The Untold Story of the Nigerian Hindus, These Are The Most Interesting Things You Never Knew About Them And Their Fascinating Religion |date=July 22, 2017 |website=Online Nigeria |access-date=2021-12-31 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919133849/https://www.onlinenigeria.com/site/stories/285145-the-untold-story-of-the-nigerian-hindus-these-are-the-most-interesting-things-you-never-knew-about-them-and-their-fascinating-religion.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyar [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ta ƙaddamar da rukunin jin dadin jama’a na Vedic Welfare Complex a Apapa, [[Legas]], wanda ƙungiyar Hare Krishna ta ƙaddamar a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Day Hare Krishna Came to Town|url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=5544&sec=28&cont=3|publisher=WorldWide Religious News|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005220221/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=5544&sec=28&cont=3|archive-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> == Kungiyar ‘Sai’ == An kafa ƙungiyar Sri Sathya Sai Seva (Service) a cikin 1972 a matsayin al'umma, gidauniya don aiwatar da aikin Sathya Sai Baba ; samar da ruwan sha da magunguna da ilimi ga kowa da kowa kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT - Vision & Mission |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-about-trust.html |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref> An gina wurin taron na ƙungiyar mai suna '''Sri [[Sathya Sai Baba]] Center''' a [[Ibadan]] kuma an yi rajista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. An yi hayar wurin na tsawon shekaru 99 tare da samun kuɗaɗen daga masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. A [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], kungiyar ta fara ayyukan ta a wani gida mai zaman kansa da ke a yankin tsibirin [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Victoria Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Sathya Sai International Organization {{!}} Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|url=https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/organisation|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.sathyasai.org|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611142043/https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/organisation|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061109061122/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2004/7-9/06-08_diaspora.shtml African Hindu Council Mobilizes] *[http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/commercial-relation/nigeria.htm There is a strong Indian community of about 25,000-30,000 in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127122554/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/commercial-relation/nigeria.htm |date=2007-01-27 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf Indian Diaspora in Africa/ Nigeria] 04o9sahy5yrabz9agaqxazxiikjyoyy 963044 963043 2026-10-04T13:59:29Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v3.1.1s 963044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Om_symbol.svg|thumb| Alamar "Om" a cikin Devanagari]] '''Hindu''' ta yadu zuwa '''Najeriya''' musamman ta hanyar zuwan Hindu daga [[Indiya]] da kuma hanyar ISKCON. Sindhi ne suka fara zuwa [[Najeriya]] a farkon ƙarni na sha tara. Da farko, sun kasance cikin ciniki amma a hankali, yayin da suke riƙe da sha'awar ciniki, sun shiga cikin wasu fannoni kamar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] da ayyuka na kwararru. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, sun yi jari mai yawa, inda suka tara sama da dalar Amurka biliyan huɗu. Sunayen Sindhi kamar Chellaram, Bhojson, Chandrai da sauransu sun shahara a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenyans247.com/|title=Hinduism in Nigeria - Kenyans247|last=Kenyans247|website=www.kenyans247.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=2020-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122192346/http://www.kenyans247.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sinanci na Indiya suna gudanar da Superstores kuma suna cikin sashin masaku, da kuma masana'antar [[Magani|harhada magunguna]], kamun kifi da injiniyoyi. Kusan Indiyawa miliyan 1 ne ke zaune a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/12/2/africans-decry-discrimination-in-india</ref> == Hindu ƴan asalin Indiya == Najeriya tana da ƴan Indiya-Nijeriya kusan 1,00,0000( nearly 1 million) tare da [[Indiya|Indiyawa]] su ne mafi yawan tsirarun launin fata a cikin ƙasar. Yawancin al'ummar Indiyawa a [[Najeriya]] ƴan Hindu ne. [[Indiya]] da [[Najeriya]] duk wani yanki ne na [[Daular Biritaniya|daular Burtaniya]]. Turawan [[Ingila]] ne suka kawo Indiyawa Afirka domin gina layin dogo a [[Afirka]]. Duk da haka, yawancin al'ummar Indiya, tare da wasu baƙi daga ko'ina cikin Daular, sun gudu zuwa [[Birtaniya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ko kuma komawa ƙasarsu ta asali a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa na Najeriya]]. Tare da bunƙasar tattalin arziki da ke matsayi na biyar a duniya a yau [[Indiya]] ta zuba jarin sama da dala biliyan 15 a Najeriya. Akwai sanannun kamfanoni 85 na Indiya da suka kafa kasuwanci a [[Najeriya]] suna samar da ayyukan yi da dama ga 'yan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojewale |first=Caleb |date=2022-12-01 |title=Indian companies are 2nd largest employer in Nigeria, can do more - Ambassador |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/indian-companies-are-2nd-largest-employer-in-nigeria-can-do-more-ambassador/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, gwamnatin Najeriya da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka fara ɗaukar likitocin Indiya, malamai, injiniyoyi da sauran ƙwararru. A karshen shekarun 1980, da yawa daga cikin ƙwararrun Indiyawa sun koma Indiya, lokacin da aka samu raguwar kuɗaɗen shigar man fetur a ƙasar, ƙasar ta fara fuskantar matsalolin tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi da kuma fatara. [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]] na bin tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi da rashin nuna wariya wajen ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga ƴan ƙasashen waje mazauna ƙasar. [[File:Hindu_Temple_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Wurin bauta na Balaji, [[Lagos]]]] == Hindu ƴan asalin Najeriya == Wasu 'yan asalin [[Najeriya]] sun koma Hindu saboda ƙoƙarin [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]. Duk da cewa yawancin mabiya addinin Hindu na Najeriya suna zaune a [[Legas]] (Ikorodu, Shomolu, Alimosho, Victoria Island), wasu kuma ana samun su a Ibadan (inda aka kafa ƙungiyar “Sri Sathya Sai Seva (Service) na Sathya Sai Baba”, a 1972)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinenigeria.com/site/stories/285145-the-untold-story-of-the-nigerian-hindus-these-are-the-most-interesting-things-you-never-knew-about-them-and-their-fascinating-religion.html |title=The Untold Story of the Nigerian Hindus, These Are The Most Interesting Things You Never Knew About Them And Their Fascinating Religion |date=July 22, 2017 |website=Online Nigeria |access-date=2021-12-31 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919133849/https://www.onlinenigeria.com/site/stories/285145-the-untold-story-of-the-nigerian-hindus-these-are-the-most-interesting-things-you-never-knew-about-them-and-their-fascinating-religion.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyar [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ta ƙaddamar da rukunin jin dadin jama’a na Vedic Welfare Complex a Apapa, [[Legas]], wanda ƙungiyar Hare Krishna ta ƙaddamar a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Day Hare Krishna Came to Town|url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=5544&sec=28&cont=3|publisher=WorldWide Religious News|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005220221/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=5544&sec=28&cont=3|archive-date=5 October 2008}}</ref> == Kungiyar ‘Sai’ == An kafa ƙungiyar Sri Sathya Sai Seva (Service) a cikin 1972 a matsayin al'umma, gidauniya don aiwatar da aikin Sathya Sai Baba ; samar da ruwan sha da magunguna da ilimi ga kowa da kowa kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT - Vision & Mission |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-about-trust.html |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref> An gina wurin taron na ƙungiyar mai suna '''Sri [[Sathya Sai Baba]] Center''' a [[Ibadan]] kuma an yi rajista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. An yi hayar wurin na tsawon shekaru 99 tare da samun kuɗaɗen daga masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. A [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], kungiyar ta fara ayyukan ta a wani gida mai zaman kansa da ke a yankin tsibirin [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Victoria Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Sathya Sai International Organization {{!}} Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|url=https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/organisation|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.sathyasai.org|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611142043/https://www.sathyasai.org/about-us/organisation|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061109061122/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2004/7-9/06-08_diaspora.shtml African Hindu Council Mobilizes] *[http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/commercial-relation/nigeria.htm There is a strong Indian community of about 25,000-30,000 in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127122554/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/commercial-relation/nigeria.htm |date=2007-01-27 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf Indian Diaspora in Africa/ Nigeria] 5e8f69cnnorkwmpz3yritgchn87g6qq 0 63323 963317 900328 2026-10-05T07:40:52Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسين كامل بهاء الدين}} </link> , 18 Satumba 1932 - 29 Yuli 2016) [[farfesa]] ne a Masarautar [[Ilimi|ilimin]] yara da kuma ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 da 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin an haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watar satumba 1932 a Zagazig, Sharqia dake kasar [[Masar|Masa]]<nowiki/>r<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110976052.491/html</ref><ref name=":0">'''[https://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84.pdf السيرة الذاتية] على موقع المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية. (وصلة بي دي إف) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065835/http://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/السيرة%20الذاتية%20للدكتور%20حسين%20كامل.pdf|date=17 أغسطس 2016}}'''</ref> mahaifiyar sa (Mona) ta bar addinin [[kirista]] ta karbi addinin [[musulunci]] a shekarar 1943 kafun haduwarta da mahaifin Bahaeddin (Kamel) a kasar [[landan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya kammala karatunsa na [[Digiri (kwana)|digiri]] ta farko a bangaren [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i a shekara ta (1954) ya zama kwararren [[Likita|likitan]] yara a jami'ar dake kasar [[Kairo|Cairo]] a shekarar (1959) <ref>{{Cite web|last=فكرى|first=توفيق شعبان واميرة|date=29 July 2016|title="التعليم" تنعى حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الوطن|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154405/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=agel|first=Khabr|title=توفى اليوم وزير التربية والتعليم السابق حسين كامل بهاء الدين بعد صراع طويل مع المرض|url=https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=خبر عاجل|date=29 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. A shekarar (1965) ya zakama sakataren kungiyar matasa na kasar [[Misra|Masar]] har izuwa shekarar (1968) <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=شبكة إعلام المرأه العربية تنعى د. حسين كامل بهاء الدين|url=https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|access-date=30 January 2023|website=جريدة البشاير|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Aikin likita === A shekarar 1962, Bahaeddin ya shiga sashen koyar da [[Ilimi|ilmin]] [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i na Jami'ar Alkahira a matsayin [[malami]], sannan a shekarar (1973) ya samu karin girma zuwa [[Farfesa]] a fannin ilimin yara. Daga nan ya zama [[Shugabanci|shugaban]] sashen kula da yara da kuma darakta na sabon [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a (Lusaka, Zambiya)|asibitin]] yara na jami'a tsakanin (1983) zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Thaqāfah|first=United Arab Republic Wizārat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=Cultural Register|date=1959|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230700/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=The Cultural Yearbook|date=1959|publisher=al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah.|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230731/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin dayane daga cikin mambobi na makarantar kimiyya na kasar [[Misra|Misira,]] a shekara ta alif (1989) ya zama [[shugaba]]<nowiki/>n kungiyar [[Likita|lkitocin]] yara na [[misra]] har zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPA 2015|url=https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.misr2000online.net|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130145522/https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|url-status=live}}</ref> ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar kula da lafiyar yara ta [[duniya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the Ihsan Doğramacı Family|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/172518/1/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230739/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/172518/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf;jsessionid=33124024585DA1DD9A30A9F68AB2A5AA?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ministan Ilimi === Bahaeddin ya zama ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 zuwa 2004<ref name=":0" />. A lokacin aikinsa, ya tsawaita karatun tilas zuwa shekaru shida<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2021|title=حكاية "بهاء الدين مع التعليم" {{!}} استمر 13 سنة وزيرا ومنع الضرب بالمدارس وابتكر "التحسين"|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|access-date=30 January 2023|website=صدى البلد|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|url-status=live}}</ref>, kuma ya haramta azabtar da jiki, har ma a makarantu masu zaman kansu<ref name=":1" />.<ref>{{Cite web|last=مبتدا|date=31 July 2016|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. قرارات غيّرت شكل التعليم فى مصر|url=https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.mobtada.com|language=ar|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113162256/https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الأهرام اليومي|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151734/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>Duk da haka, wani bincike na alif (1998) ya gano cewa bazuwar horo na jiki (ba daidai ba ne) [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i suna amfani da su sosai a [[Misra|Masar]] don azabtar da halayen da suka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da su ba. Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na yara maza da kashi 60 cikin 100 na 'yan matan [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i ne suka hukunta su ta hanyar amfani da hannayensu, sanduna, madauri, takalma, naushi, da harbawa a matsayin mafi yawan hanyoyin gudanar da mulki. Mafi yawan raunin da aka ruwaito sun hada da kututtuka da [[Rauni|rudani]] <ref>{{cite journal|author=Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI|last2=Attia|last3=Kamel|date=October 1998|title=Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1998-10_22_10/page/975|journal=Child Abuse Negl|volume=22|issue=10|pages=975–85|doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2|pmid=9793720}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya bayyana adadin jarrabawar shiga jami'a, wanda ya takaita kawai. Ya yi imanin cewa talauci da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ne ke haifar da karancin ilimi da samun nasarar dalibai kuma wannan mataki na farko zai kawar da fargabar jarabawar Sakandare ta kasa, na biyu kuma za a biya diyya ga dalibin da bai samu darasi na sirri ba saboda " maimaitawa yana tabbatar da inganta aikin". Koyaya, maimaita jarrabawar yana buƙatar biyan kuɗin jarrabawar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. 50 عاماً بين السياسة والتعليم|url=https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=دار الهلال|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130152550/https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, Bahaeddin ya yi kokarin kafa wata doka da za ta haramta wa 'yan makaranta sanya hijabi sai dai idan iyayensu sun ba da takardar amincewa ga makarantar<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silver|first=Vernon|date=30 June 1996|title=In Egypt's Schools, Fashion Is Politics|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to sai dai kuma an janye wannan doka ne saboda nuna adawa da matakin da jama'a suka dauka a matsayin wani shiri na yaki da masu kishin Islama da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a Masar <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 1994|title=Scarf reversal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt: Reading between the "Red Lines": V. Government Repression|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.hrw.org|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142813/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1998, Bahaeddin ya zartar da wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wani dalibi da aka tabbatar ya ci zarafin malami tare da korar karshe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بشأن منع العنف فى المدارس.|url=http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|access-date=30 January 2023|website=site.eastlaws.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin ya yi ta tattaunawa akai-akai akan dimokuradiyya da bukatar tallafa wa malamai wajen shigar da almajirai cikin ayyukan dimokuradiyya. Kungiyar Cigaban Dimokuradiyya (GDD) ta gudanar da taron bita kan amfani da kayan aikin dimokuradiyya a cikin ajujuwa a cikin (1999) ga malamai na Masarautar Masarawa. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sami sakamakon binciken GDD da tayin taimaka musu a ƙarin zaman horo tare da bincikensu. Bayan haka, kusan mutane 30 da suka halarci bita an gudanar da su a Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha har zuwa awanni 24. Daga nan ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta hana kwanaki 15 na albashin kowane mahaluki na wata tare da tuhumar su da koyar da luwadi da madigo <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacher|first=Joshua A.|title=A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and ITS Effects on Egyptian Political Culture|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=23|issue=3|pages=83–99|jstor=41858384|issn=0271-3519|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|url-status=live}} </ref>. A shekara 2003, BAHAEDDIN ya kare ikon gwamnati kan ilimi, inda ya jaddada cewa yin hakan zai hana “haba da zamantakewar al’umma” da kuma inganta zaman lafiya a kasa<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2012|title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|website=Chatham House|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410201808/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Caravan|first=The|date=4 December 2016|title=Political Illiteracy and State-Sponsored Narratives of History|url=https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Caravan|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141445/https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|url-status=live}}</ref>, kasancewar soja, tattalin arziki da siyasa duk suna da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ilimi ta fuskar tsaron kasa<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaki Ewiss|first1=M.A.|last2=Abdelgawad|first2=Fatma|last3=Elgendy|first3=Azza|date=1 January 2019|title=School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|journal=Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=55–68|doi=10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|s2cid=199299225|issn=2632-279X|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230704/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004/full/html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Duk da haka, bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta cire sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kayan koyarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan nasarori da gadon rusasshiyar jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) daga cikin manhajoji na kasa.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2004, ma'aikatar ilimi ta kori ɗimbin malamai da ta yi zargin cewa suna da ra'ayin kishin Islama da 'yan uwa musulmi. An yanke hukuncin ne bayan samun bayanai daga manajojin ma’aikatar da jami’an tsaro, da kuma korafin iyayen daliban. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin ''Gulf News'', ba a yanke shawarar ba saboda bukatar Amurka na yin gyare-gyare da zai "kawar da yanayin da Washington ta dauka a matsayin taimakawa wajen haifar da ta'addanci".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt dismisses teachers based on security reports|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|access-date=30 January 2023|website=gulfnews.com|date=25 March 2004|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140212/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2004|title=Egypt hits back with its own proposal: US plan for Middle East|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|access-date=30 January 2023|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230705/https://www.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun kai ga cire ayoyin kur'ani da zantukan Annabi Muhammad daga nassosin makaranta a matsayin wani bangare na "Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Biyan Kuɗi ta Ilimi" da Amurka wanda zai samar da dala miliyan 64. Hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) ta ba da gudummawar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 765 ga Masar tun daga shekarar Alif (1975) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Manzo|first=Kathleen Kennedy|date=21 April 2004|title=Muslim Textbooks Seen as Intolerant|language=en|work=Education Week|url=https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0277-4232|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140220/https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2004, Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa ya maye gurbin Bahaeddin a matsayin sabon Ministan Ilimi, bayan wani sauyi da aka yi a majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Ahmed Nazif<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2004|title=Egypt cabinet list|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051448/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=4 December 2010|publisher=[[MEED]]}}</ref> . === Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa === Bahaeddin ya auri Samiha Abdel Salam Soliman a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1966. Ya rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2016 bayan fama da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|access-date=30 January 2023|website=اليوم السابع|language=ar|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124184205/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.nile.eg/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85|access-date=30 January 2023|website=النيل - قناة مصر الإخبارية|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.nile.eg/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ihsan Doğramacı Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Iyali ta ba Bahaeddin Kyautar Fellowship Foundation na Kiwon Lafiyar Yara a 1989<ref name=":3" />. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons a (1993)<ref name=":0" />. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Glasgow, Jami'ar Hacettepe da Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia a (1997) da Kwalejin St. Olaf a (1999)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2006, Bahaeddin ya karɓi odar Masar na Jamhuriyar Masar (Ajin Farko)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2008, an zabe shi shugaban girmamawa na International Society of Tropical Pediatrics na rayuwa. A cikin 2009, ya zama memba na Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Duniya (ICC), [[Ankara]], kuma an zabe shi a cikin wannan shekarar a matsayin shugaban girmamawa<ref name=":0" />. An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]] sunan bayan rasuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تليفون وعنوان مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية, الظاهرية {{!}} مدارس حكومية {{!}} يلوبيدجز مصر|url=https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|access-date=30 January 2023|website=yellowpages.com.eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151736/https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية تجريبي|url=https://madaresegypt.com//ar/Item/15369/%25d9%2585%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b3%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d9%2583%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a8%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a1-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a8%25d8%25aa%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ac%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a|access-date=30 January 2023|website=madaresegypt.com|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718021854/http://madaresegypt.com/Ar/Item/15369/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Matattun 2016]] [[Category:Jami'ar cairo]] [[Category:Likitocin egyp]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bnwyg2ai2tkd9dnt6gobuj65kg25olt 963319 963317 2026-10-05T07:41:33Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Nassoshi */ 963319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسين كامل بهاء الدين}} </link> , 18 Satumba 1932 - 29 Yuli 2016) [[farfesa]] ne a Masarautar [[Ilimi|ilimin]] yara da kuma ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 da 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin an haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watar satumba 1932 a Zagazig, Sharqia dake kasar [[Masar|Masa]]<nowiki/>r<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110976052.491/html</ref><ref name=":0">'''[https://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84.pdf السيرة الذاتية] على موقع المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية. (وصلة بي دي إف) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065835/http://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/السيرة%20الذاتية%20للدكتور%20حسين%20كامل.pdf|date=17 أغسطس 2016}}'''</ref> mahaifiyar sa (Mona) ta bar addinin [[kirista]] ta karbi addinin [[musulunci]] a shekarar 1943 kafun haduwarta da mahaifin Bahaeddin (Kamel) a kasar [[landan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya kammala karatunsa na [[Digiri (kwana)|digiri]] ta farko a bangaren [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i a shekara ta (1954) ya zama kwararren [[Likita|likitan]] yara a jami'ar dake kasar [[Kairo|Cairo]] a shekarar (1959) <ref>{{Cite web|last=فكرى|first=توفيق شعبان واميرة|date=29 July 2016|title="التعليم" تنعى حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الوطن|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154405/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=agel|first=Khabr|title=توفى اليوم وزير التربية والتعليم السابق حسين كامل بهاء الدين بعد صراع طويل مع المرض|url=https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=خبر عاجل|date=29 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. A shekarar (1965) ya zakama sakataren kungiyar matasa na kasar [[Misra|Masar]] har izuwa shekarar (1968) <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=شبكة إعلام المرأه العربية تنعى د. حسين كامل بهاء الدين|url=https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|access-date=30 January 2023|website=جريدة البشاير|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Aikin likita === A shekarar 1962, Bahaeddin ya shiga sashen koyar da [[Ilimi|ilmin]] [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i na Jami'ar Alkahira a matsayin [[malami]], sannan a shekarar (1973) ya samu karin girma zuwa [[Farfesa]] a fannin ilimin yara. Daga nan ya zama [[Shugabanci|shugaban]] sashen kula da yara da kuma darakta na sabon [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a (Lusaka, Zambiya)|asibitin]] yara na jami'a tsakanin (1983) zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Thaqāfah|first=United Arab Republic Wizārat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=Cultural Register|date=1959|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230700/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=The Cultural Yearbook|date=1959|publisher=al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah.|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230731/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin dayane daga cikin mambobi na makarantar kimiyya na kasar [[Misra|Misira,]] a shekara ta alif (1989) ya zama [[shugaba]]<nowiki/>n kungiyar [[Likita|lkitocin]] yara na [[misra]] har zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPA 2015|url=https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.misr2000online.net|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130145522/https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|url-status=live}}</ref> ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar kula da lafiyar yara ta [[duniya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the Ihsan Doğramacı Family|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/172518/1/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230739/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/172518/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf;jsessionid=33124024585DA1DD9A30A9F68AB2A5AA?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ministan Ilimi === Bahaeddin ya zama ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 zuwa 2004<ref name=":0" />. A lokacin aikinsa, ya tsawaita karatun tilas zuwa shekaru shida<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2021|title=حكاية "بهاء الدين مع التعليم" {{!}} استمر 13 سنة وزيرا ومنع الضرب بالمدارس وابتكر "التحسين"|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|access-date=30 January 2023|website=صدى البلد|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|url-status=live}}</ref>, kuma ya haramta azabtar da jiki, har ma a makarantu masu zaman kansu<ref name=":1" />.<ref>{{Cite web|last=مبتدا|date=31 July 2016|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. قرارات غيّرت شكل التعليم فى مصر|url=https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.mobtada.com|language=ar|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113162256/https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الأهرام اليومي|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151734/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>Duk da haka, wani bincike na alif (1998) ya gano cewa bazuwar horo na jiki (ba daidai ba ne) [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i suna amfani da su sosai a [[Misra|Masar]] don azabtar da halayen da suka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da su ba. Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na yara maza da kashi 60 cikin 100 na 'yan matan [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i ne suka hukunta su ta hanyar amfani da hannayensu, sanduna, madauri, takalma, naushi, da harbawa a matsayin mafi yawan hanyoyin gudanar da mulki. Mafi yawan raunin da aka ruwaito sun hada da kututtuka da [[Rauni|rudani]] <ref>{{cite journal|author=Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI|last2=Attia|last3=Kamel|date=October 1998|title=Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1998-10_22_10/page/975|journal=Child Abuse Negl|volume=22|issue=10|pages=975–85|doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2|pmid=9793720}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya bayyana adadin jarrabawar shiga jami'a, wanda ya takaita kawai. Ya yi imanin cewa talauci da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ne ke haifar da karancin ilimi da samun nasarar dalibai kuma wannan mataki na farko zai kawar da fargabar jarabawar Sakandare ta kasa, na biyu kuma za a biya diyya ga dalibin da bai samu darasi na sirri ba saboda " maimaitawa yana tabbatar da inganta aikin". Koyaya, maimaita jarrabawar yana buƙatar biyan kuɗin jarrabawar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. 50 عاماً بين السياسة والتعليم|url=https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=دار الهلال|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130152550/https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, Bahaeddin ya yi kokarin kafa wata doka da za ta haramta wa 'yan makaranta sanya hijabi sai dai idan iyayensu sun ba da takardar amincewa ga makarantar<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silver|first=Vernon|date=30 June 1996|title=In Egypt's Schools, Fashion Is Politics|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to sai dai kuma an janye wannan doka ne saboda nuna adawa da matakin da jama'a suka dauka a matsayin wani shiri na yaki da masu kishin Islama da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a Masar <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 1994|title=Scarf reversal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt: Reading between the "Red Lines": V. Government Repression|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.hrw.org|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142813/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1998, Bahaeddin ya zartar da wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wani dalibi da aka tabbatar ya ci zarafin malami tare da korar karshe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بشأن منع العنف فى المدارس.|url=http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|access-date=30 January 2023|website=site.eastlaws.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin ya yi ta tattaunawa akai-akai akan dimokuradiyya da bukatar tallafa wa malamai wajen shigar da almajirai cikin ayyukan dimokuradiyya. Kungiyar Cigaban Dimokuradiyya (GDD) ta gudanar da taron bita kan amfani da kayan aikin dimokuradiyya a cikin ajujuwa a cikin (1999) ga malamai na Masarautar Masarawa. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sami sakamakon binciken GDD da tayin taimaka musu a ƙarin zaman horo tare da bincikensu. Bayan haka, kusan mutane 30 da suka halarci bita an gudanar da su a Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha har zuwa awanni 24. Daga nan ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta hana kwanaki 15 na albashin kowane mahaluki na wata tare da tuhumar su da koyar da luwadi da madigo <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacher|first=Joshua A.|title=A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and ITS Effects on Egyptian Political Culture|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=23|issue=3|pages=83–99|jstor=41858384|issn=0271-3519|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|url-status=live}} </ref>. A shekara 2003, BAHAEDDIN ya kare ikon gwamnati kan ilimi, inda ya jaddada cewa yin hakan zai hana “haba da zamantakewar al’umma” da kuma inganta zaman lafiya a kasa<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2012|title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|website=Chatham House|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410201808/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Caravan|first=The|date=4 December 2016|title=Political Illiteracy and State-Sponsored Narratives of History|url=https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Caravan|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141445/https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|url-status=live}}</ref>, kasancewar soja, tattalin arziki da siyasa duk suna da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ilimi ta fuskar tsaron kasa<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaki Ewiss|first1=M.A.|last2=Abdelgawad|first2=Fatma|last3=Elgendy|first3=Azza|date=1 January 2019|title=School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|journal=Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=55–68|doi=10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|s2cid=199299225|issn=2632-279X|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230704/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004/full/html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Duk da haka, bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta cire sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kayan koyarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan nasarori da gadon rusasshiyar jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) daga cikin manhajoji na kasa.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2004, ma'aikatar ilimi ta kori ɗimbin malamai da ta yi zargin cewa suna da ra'ayin kishin Islama da 'yan uwa musulmi. An yanke hukuncin ne bayan samun bayanai daga manajojin ma’aikatar da jami’an tsaro, da kuma korafin iyayen daliban. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin ''Gulf News'', ba a yanke shawarar ba saboda bukatar Amurka na yin gyare-gyare da zai "kawar da yanayin da Washington ta dauka a matsayin taimakawa wajen haifar da ta'addanci".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt dismisses teachers based on security reports|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|access-date=30 January 2023|website=gulfnews.com|date=25 March 2004|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140212/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2004|title=Egypt hits back with its own proposal: US plan for Middle East|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|access-date=30 January 2023|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230705/https://www.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun kai ga cire ayoyin kur'ani da zantukan Annabi Muhammad daga nassosin makaranta a matsayin wani bangare na "Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Biyan Kuɗi ta Ilimi" da Amurka wanda zai samar da dala miliyan 64. Hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) ta ba da gudummawar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 765 ga Masar tun daga shekarar Alif (1975) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Manzo|first=Kathleen Kennedy|date=21 April 2004|title=Muslim Textbooks Seen as Intolerant|language=en|work=Education Week|url=https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0277-4232|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140220/https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2004, Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa ya maye gurbin Bahaeddin a matsayin sabon Ministan Ilimi, bayan wani sauyi da aka yi a majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Ahmed Nazif<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2004|title=Egypt cabinet list|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051448/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=4 December 2010|publisher=[[MEED]]}}</ref> . === Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa === Bahaeddin ya auri Samiha Abdel Salam Soliman a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1966. Ya rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2016 bayan fama da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|access-date=30 January 2023|website=اليوم السابع|language=ar|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124184205/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.nile.eg/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85|access-date=30 January 2023|website=النيل - قناة مصر الإخبارية|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.nile.eg/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ihsan Doğramacı Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Iyali ta ba Bahaeddin Kyautar Fellowship Foundation na Kiwon Lafiyar Yara a 1989<ref name=":3" />. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons a (1993)<ref name=":0" />. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Glasgow, Jami'ar Hacettepe da Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia a (1997) da Kwalejin St. Olaf a (1999)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2006, Bahaeddin ya karɓi odar Masar na Jamhuriyar Masar (Ajin Farko)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2008, an zabe shi shugaban girmamawa na International Society of Tropical Pediatrics na rayuwa. A cikin 2009, ya zama memba na Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Duniya (ICC), [[Ankara]], kuma an zabe shi a cikin wannan shekarar a matsayin shugaban girmamawa<ref name=":0" />. An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]] sunan bayan rasuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تليفون وعنوان مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية, الظاهرية {{!}} مدارس حكومية {{!}} يلوبيدجز مصر|url=https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|access-date=30 January 2023|website=yellowpages.com.eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151736/https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية تجريبي|url=https://madaresegypt.com//ar/Item/15369/%25d9%2585%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b3%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d9%2583%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a8%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a1-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a8%25d8%25aa%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ac%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a|access-date=30 January 2023|website=madaresegypt.com|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718021854/http://madaresegypt.com/Ar/Item/15369/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Matattun 2016]] [[Category:Jami'ar cairo]] [[Category:Likitocin egyp]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6dlk38j2mlt65948b418ku3o2uyzkd5 963320 963319 2026-10-05T07:41:49Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسين كامل بهاء الدين}} </link> , 18 Satumba 1932 - 29 Yuli 2016) [[farfesa]] ne a Masarautar [[Ilimi|ilimin]] yara da kuma ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 da 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin an haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watar satumba 1932 a Zagazig, Sharqia dake kasar [[Masar|Masa]]<nowiki/>r<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110976052.491/html</ref><ref name=":0">'''[https://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84.pdf السيرة الذاتية] على موقع المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية. (وصلة بي دي إف) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065835/http://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/السيرة%20الذاتية%20للدكتور%20حسين%20كامل.pdf|date=17 أغسطس 2016}}'''</ref> mahaifiyar sa (Mona) ta bar addinin [[kirista]] ta karbi addinin [[musulunci]] a shekarar 1943 kafun haduwarta da mahaifin Bahaeddin (Kamel) a kasar [[landan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya kammala karatunsa na [[Digiri (kwana)|digiri]] ta farko a bangaren [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i a shekara ta (1954) ya zama kwararren [[Likita|likitan]] yara a jami'ar dake kasar [[Kairo|Cairo]] a shekarar (1959) <ref>{{Cite web|last=فكرى|first=توفيق شعبان واميرة|date=29 July 2016|title="التعليم" تنعى حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الوطن|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154405/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=agel|first=Khabr|title=توفى اليوم وزير التربية والتعليم السابق حسين كامل بهاء الدين بعد صراع طويل مع المرض|url=https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=خبر عاجل|date=29 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. A shekarar (1965) ya zakama sakataren kungiyar matasa na kasar [[Misra|Masar]] har izuwa shekarar (1968) <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=شبكة إعلام المرأه العربية تنعى د. حسين كامل بهاء الدين|url=https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|access-date=30 January 2023|website=جريدة البشاير|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Aikin likita === A shekarar 1962, Bahaeddin ya shiga sashen koyar da [[Ilimi|ilmin]] [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i na Jami'ar Alkahira a matsayin [[malami]], sannan a shekarar (1973) ya samu karin girma zuwa [[Farfesa]] a fannin ilimin yara. Daga nan ya zama [[Shugabanci|shugaban]] sashen kula da yara da kuma darakta na sabon [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a (Lusaka, Zambiya)|asibitin]] yara na jami'a tsakanin (1983) zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Thaqāfah|first=United Arab Republic Wizārat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=Cultural Register|date=1959|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230700/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=The Cultural Yearbook|date=1959|publisher=al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah.|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230731/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin dayane daga cikin mambobi na makarantar kimiyya na kasar [[Misra|Misira,]] a shekara ta alif (1989) ya zama [[shugaba]]<nowiki/>n kungiyar [[Likita|lkitocin]] yara na [[misra]] har zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPA 2015|url=https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.misr2000online.net|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130145522/https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|url-status=live}}</ref> ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar kula da lafiyar yara ta [[duniya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the Ihsan Doğramacı Family|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/172518/1/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230739/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/172518/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf;jsessionid=33124024585DA1DD9A30A9F68AB2A5AA?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ministan Ilimi === Bahaeddin ya zama ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 zuwa 2004<ref name=":0" />. A lokacin aikinsa, ya tsawaita karatun tilas zuwa shekaru shida<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2021|title=حكاية "بهاء الدين مع التعليم" {{!}} استمر 13 سنة وزيرا ومنع الضرب بالمدارس وابتكر "التحسين"|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|access-date=30 January 2023|website=صدى البلد|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|url-status=live}}</ref>, kuma ya haramta azabtar da jiki, har ma a makarantu masu zaman kansu<ref name=":1" />.<ref>{{Cite web|last=مبتدا|date=31 July 2016|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. قرارات غيّرت شكل التعليم فى مصر|url=https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.mobtada.com|language=ar|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113162256/https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الأهرام اليومي|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151734/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>Duk da haka, wani bincike na alif (1998) ya gano cewa bazuwar horo na jiki (ba daidai ba ne) [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i suna amfani da su sosai a [[Misra|Masar]] don azabtar da halayen da suka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da su ba. Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na yara maza da kashi 60 cikin 100 na 'yan matan [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i ne suka hukunta su ta hanyar amfani da hannayensu, sanduna, madauri, takalma, naushi, da harbawa a matsayin mafi yawan hanyoyin gudanar da mulki. Mafi yawan raunin da aka ruwaito sun hada da kututtuka da [[Rauni|rudani]] <ref>{{cite journal|author=Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI|last2=Attia|last3=Kamel|date=October 1998|title=Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1998-10_22_10/page/975|journal=Child Abuse Negl|volume=22|issue=10|pages=975–85|doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2|pmid=9793720}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya bayyana adadin jarrabawar shiga jami'a, wanda ya takaita kawai. Ya yi imanin cewa talauci da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ne ke haifar da karancin ilimi da samun nasarar dalibai kuma wannan mataki na farko zai kawar da fargabar jarabawar Sakandare ta kasa, na biyu kuma za a biya diyya ga dalibin da bai samu darasi na sirri ba saboda " maimaitawa yana tabbatar da inganta aikin". Koyaya, maimaita jarrabawar yana buƙatar biyan kuɗin jarrabawar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. 50 عاماً بين السياسة والتعليم|url=https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=دار الهلال|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130152550/https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, Bahaeddin ya yi kokarin kafa wata doka da za ta haramta wa 'yan makaranta sanya hijabi sai dai idan iyayensu sun ba da takardar amincewa ga makarantar<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silver|first=Vernon|date=30 June 1996|title=In Egypt's Schools, Fashion Is Politics|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to sai dai kuma an janye wannan doka ne saboda nuna adawa da matakin da jama'a suka dauka a matsayin wani shiri na yaki da masu kishin Islama da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a Masar <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 1994|title=Scarf reversal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt: Reading between the "Red Lines": V. Government Repression|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.hrw.org|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142813/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1998, Bahaeddin ya zartar da wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wani dalibi da aka tabbatar ya ci zarafin malami tare da korar karshe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بشأن منع العنف فى المدارس.|url=http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|access-date=30 January 2023|website=site.eastlaws.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin ya yi ta tattaunawa akai-akai akan dimokuradiyya da bukatar tallafa wa malamai wajen shigar da almajirai cikin ayyukan dimokuradiyya. Kungiyar Cigaban Dimokuradiyya (GDD) ta gudanar da taron bita kan amfani da kayan aikin dimokuradiyya a cikin ajujuwa a cikin (1999) ga malamai na Masarautar Masarawa. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sami sakamakon binciken GDD da tayin taimaka musu a ƙarin zaman horo tare da bincikensu. Bayan haka, kusan mutane 30 da suka halarci bita an gudanar da su a Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha har zuwa awanni 24. Daga nan ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta hana kwanaki 15 na albashin kowane mahaluki na wata tare da tuhumar su da koyar da luwadi da madigo <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacher|first=Joshua A.|title=A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and ITS Effects on Egyptian Political Culture|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=23|issue=3|pages=83–99|jstor=41858384|issn=0271-3519|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|url-status=live}} </ref>. A shekara 2003, BAHAEDDIN ya kare ikon gwamnati kan ilimi, inda ya jaddada cewa yin hakan zai hana “haba da zamantakewar al’umma” da kuma inganta zaman lafiya a kasa<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2012|title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|website=Chatham House|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410201808/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Caravan|first=The|date=4 December 2016|title=Political Illiteracy and State-Sponsored Narratives of History|url=https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Caravan|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141445/https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|url-status=live}}</ref>, kasancewar soja, tattalin arziki da siyasa duk suna da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ilimi ta fuskar tsaron kasa<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaki Ewiss|first1=M.A.|last2=Abdelgawad|first2=Fatma|last3=Elgendy|first3=Azza|date=1 January 2019|title=School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|journal=Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=55–68|doi=10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|s2cid=199299225|issn=2632-279X|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230704/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004/full/html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Duk da haka, bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta cire sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kayan koyarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan nasarori da gadon rusasshiyar jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) daga cikin manhajoji na kasa.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2004, ma'aikatar ilimi ta kori ɗimbin malamai da ta yi zargin cewa suna da ra'ayin kishin Islama da 'yan uwa musulmi. An yanke hukuncin ne bayan samun bayanai daga manajojin ma’aikatar da jami’an tsaro, da kuma korafin iyayen daliban. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin ''Gulf News'', ba a yanke shawarar ba saboda bukatar Amurka na yin gyare-gyare da zai "kawar da yanayin da Washington ta dauka a matsayin taimakawa wajen haifar da ta'addanci".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt dismisses teachers based on security reports|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|access-date=30 January 2023|website=gulfnews.com|date=25 March 2004|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140212/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2004|title=Egypt hits back with its own proposal: US plan for Middle East|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|access-date=30 January 2023|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230705/https://www.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun kai ga cire ayoyin kur'ani da zantukan Annabi Muhammad daga nassosin makaranta a matsayin wani bangare na "Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Biyan Kuɗi ta Ilimi" da Amurka wanda zai samar da dala miliyan 64. Hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) ta ba da gudummawar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 765 ga Masar tun daga shekarar Alif (1975) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Manzo|first=Kathleen Kennedy|date=21 April 2004|title=Muslim Textbooks Seen as Intolerant|language=en|work=Education Week|url=https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0277-4232|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140220/https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2004, Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa ya maye gurbin Bahaeddin a matsayin sabon Ministan Ilimi, bayan wani sauyi da aka yi a majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Ahmed Nazif<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2004|title=Egypt cabinet list|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051448/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=4 December 2010|publisher=[[MEED]]}}</ref> . === Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa === Bahaeddin ya auri Samiha Abdel Salam Soliman a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1966. Ya rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2016 bayan fama da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|access-date=30 January 2023|website=اليوم السابع|language=ar|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124184205/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.nile.eg/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85|access-date=30 January 2023|website=النيل - قناة مصر الإخبارية|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.nile.eg/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ihsan Doğramacı Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Iyali ta ba Bahaeddin Kyautar Fellowship Foundation na Kiwon Lafiyar Yara a 1989<ref name=":3" />. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons a (1993)<ref name=":0" />. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Glasgow, Jami'ar Hacettepe da Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia a (1997) da Kwalejin St. Olaf a (1999)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2006, Bahaeddin ya karɓi odar Masar na Jamhuriyar Masar (Ajin Farko)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2008, an zabe shi shugaban girmamawa na International Society of Tropical Pediatrics na rayuwa. A cikin 2009, ya zama memba na Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Duniya (ICC), [[Ankara]], kuma an zabe shi a cikin wannan shekarar a matsayin shugaban girmamawa<ref name=":0" />. An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]] sunan bayan rasuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تليفون وعنوان مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية, الظاهرية {{!}} مدارس حكومية {{!}} يلوبيدجز مصر|url=https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|access-date=30 January 2023|website=yellowpages.com.eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151736/https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية تجريبي|url=https://madaresegypt.com//ar/Item/15369/%25d9%2585%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b3%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d9%2583%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a8%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a1-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a8%25d8%25aa%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ac%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a|access-date=30 January 2023|website=madaresegypt.com|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718021854/http://madaresegypt.com/Ar/Item/15369/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Matattun 2016]] [[Category:Jami'ar cairo]] [[Category:Likitocin egyp]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sg1fu44ut24q0br4mt3lg6d39vvde6p 963321 963320 2026-10-05T07:42:11Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسين كامل بهاء الدين}} </link> , 18 Satumba 1932 - 29 Yuli 2016) [[farfesa]] ne a Masarautar [[Ilimi|ilimin]] yara da kuma ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 da 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin an haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watar satumba 1932 a Zagazig, Sharqia dake kasar [[Masar|Masa]]<nowiki/>r<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110976052.491/html</ref><ref name=":0">'''[https://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84.pdf السيرة الذاتية] على موقع المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية. (وصلة بي دي إف) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065835/http://www.arabccd.org/files/0000/580/السيرة%20الذاتية%20للدكتور%20حسين%20كامل.pdf|date=17 أغسطس 2016}}'''</ref> mahaifiyar sa (Mona) ta bar addinin [[kirista]] ta karbi addinin [[musulunci]] a shekarar 1943 kafun haduwarta da mahaifin Bahaeddin (Kamel) a kasar [[landan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية|url=https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|access-date=30 January 2023|website=thanwya.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154407/https://thanwya.com/vb//showthread.php?t=315706|url-status=live}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya kammala karatunsa na [[Digiri (kwana)|digiri]] ta farko a bangaren [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i a shekara ta (1954) ya zama kwararren [[Likita|likitan]] yara a jami'ar dake kasar [[Kairo|Cairo]] a shekarar (1959) <ref>{{Cite web|last=فكرى|first=توفيق شعبان واميرة|date=29 July 2016|title="التعليم" تنعى حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الوطن|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154405/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1285303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=agel|first=Khabr|title=توفى اليوم وزير التربية والتعليم السابق حسين كامل بهاء الدين بعد صراع طويل مع المرض|url=https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=خبر عاجل|date=29 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://www.5br-3agel.com/2016/07/blog-post_77.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. A shekarar (1965) ya zakama sakataren kungiyar matasa na kasar [[Misra|Masar]] har izuwa shekarar (1968) <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=شبكة إعلام المرأه العربية تنعى د. حسين كامل بهاء الدين|url=https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|access-date=30 January 2023|website=جريدة البشاير|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/https://elbashayer.com/1336486/685625/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Aikin likita === A shekarar 1962, Bahaeddin ya shiga sashen koyar da [[Ilimi|ilmin]] [[Likita|likitanc]]<nowiki/>i na Jami'ar Alkahira a matsayin [[malami]], sannan a shekarar (1973) ya samu karin girma zuwa [[Farfesa]] a fannin ilimin yara. Daga nan ya zama [[Shugabanci|shugaban]] sashen kula da yara da kuma darakta na sabon [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a (Lusaka, Zambiya)|asibitin]] yara na jami'a tsakanin (1983) zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Thaqāfah|first=United Arab Republic Wizārat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=Cultural Register|date=1959|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230700/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNZCl6TzYwIC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|title=The Cultural Yearbook|date=1959|publisher=al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah.|language=en|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230731/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2BoIruuzkkC&q=Hussein+Kamel+Bahaaeldin+-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin dayane daga cikin mambobi na makarantar kimiyya na kasar [[Misra|Misira,]] a shekara ta alif (1989) ya zama [[shugaba]]<nowiki/>n kungiyar [[Likita|lkitocin]] yara na [[misra]] har zuwa (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|title=EPA 2015|url=https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.misr2000online.net|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130145522/https://www.misr2000online.net/ConfDetails.aspx?id=38|url-status=live}}</ref> ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar kula da lafiyar yara ta [[duniya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Recipients of the Ihsan Doğramacı Family|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/172518/1/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230739/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/172518/EB95_SR-10_eng.pdf;jsessionid=33124024585DA1DD9A30A9F68AB2A5AA?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ministan Ilimi === Bahaeddin ya zama ministan ilimi tsakanin 1991 zuwa 2004<ref name=":0" />. A lokacin aikinsa, ya tsawaita karatun tilas zuwa shekaru shida<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2021|title=حكاية "بهاء الدين مع التعليم" {{!}} استمر 13 سنة وزيرا ومنع الضرب بالمدارس وابتكر "التحسين"|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|access-date=30 January 2023|website=صدى البلد|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.elbalad.news/4907456|url-status=live}}</ref>, kuma ya haramta azabtar da jiki, har ma a makarantu masu zaman kansu<ref name=":1" />.<ref>{{Cite web|last=مبتدا|date=31 July 2016|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. قرارات غيّرت شكل التعليم فى مصر|url=https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.mobtada.com|language=ar|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113162256/https://www.mobtada.com/cases/494990/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=الأهرام اليومي|language=ar|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151734/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/191977/25/540193/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>Duk da haka, wani bincike na alif (1998) ya gano cewa bazuwar horo na jiki (ba daidai ba ne) [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i suna amfani da su sosai a [[Misra|Masar]] don azabtar da halayen da suka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da su ba. Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na yara maza da kashi 60 cikin 100 na 'yan matan [[Malami|malama]]<nowiki/>i ne suka hukunta su ta hanyar amfani da hannayensu, sanduna, madauri, takalma, naushi, da harbawa a matsayin mafi yawan hanyoyin gudanar da mulki. Mafi yawan raunin da aka ruwaito sun hada da kututtuka da [[Rauni|rudani]] <ref>{{cite journal|author=Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI|last2=Attia|last3=Kamel|date=October 1998|title=Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_1998-10_22_10/page/975|journal=Child Abuse Negl|volume=22|issue=10|pages=975–85|doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2|pmid=9793720}}</ref>. Bahaeddin ya bayyana adadin jarrabawar shiga jami'a, wanda ya takaita kawai. Ya yi imanin cewa talauci da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ne ke haifar da karancin ilimi da samun nasarar dalibai kuma wannan mataki na farko zai kawar da fargabar jarabawar Sakandare ta kasa, na biyu kuma za a biya diyya ga dalibin da bai samu darasi na sirri ba saboda " maimaitawa yana tabbatar da inganta aikin". Koyaya, maimaita jarrabawar yana buƙatar biyan kuɗin jarrabawar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. 50 عاماً بين السياسة والتعليم|url=https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|access-date=30 January 2023|website=دار الهلال|language=ar-eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130152550/https://darelhilal.com/News/708349.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, Bahaeddin ya yi kokarin kafa wata doka da za ta haramta wa 'yan makaranta sanya hijabi sai dai idan iyayensu sun ba da takardar amincewa ga makarantar<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silver|first=Vernon|date=30 June 1996|title=In Egypt's Schools, Fashion Is Politics|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/archives/in-egypts-schools-fashion-is-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to sai dai kuma an janye wannan doka ne saboda nuna adawa da matakin da jama'a suka dauka a matsayin wani shiri na yaki da masu kishin Islama da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a Masar <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 1994|title=Scarf reversal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/scarf-reversal-1449258.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt: Reading between the "Red Lines": V. Government Repression|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.hrw.org|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142813/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0605/6.htm#_ftnref279|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1998, Bahaeddin ya zartar da wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wani dalibi da aka tabbatar ya ci zarafin malami tare da korar karshe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بشأن منع العنف فى المدارس.|url=http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|access-date=30 January 2023|website=site.eastlaws.com|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154406/http://site.eastlaws.com/GeneralSearch/Home/ArticlesTDetails?MasterID=38334&related|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahaeddin ya yi ta tattaunawa akai-akai akan dimokuradiyya da bukatar tallafa wa malamai wajen shigar da almajirai cikin ayyukan dimokuradiyya. Kungiyar Cigaban Dimokuradiyya (GDD) ta gudanar da taron bita kan amfani da kayan aikin dimokuradiyya a cikin ajujuwa a cikin (1999) ga malamai na Masarautar Masarawa. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sami sakamakon binciken GDD da tayin taimaka musu a ƙarin zaman horo tare da bincikensu. Bayan haka, kusan mutane 30 da suka halarci bita an gudanar da su a Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha har zuwa awanni 24. Daga nan ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta hana kwanaki 15 na albashin kowane mahaluki na wata tare da tuhumar su da koyar da luwadi da madigo <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stacher|first=Joshua A.|title=A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and ITS Effects on Egyptian Political Culture|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=23|issue=3|pages=83–99|jstor=41858384|issn=0271-3519|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858384|url-status=live}} </ref>. A shekara 2003, BAHAEDDIN ya kare ikon gwamnati kan ilimi, inda ya jaddada cewa yin hakan zai hana “haba da zamantakewar al’umma” da kuma inganta zaman lafiya a kasa<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2012|title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|website=Chatham House|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410201808/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Caravan|first=The|date=4 December 2016|title=Political Illiteracy and State-Sponsored Narratives of History|url=https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|access-date=30 January 2023|website=The Caravan|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130141445/https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=4450|url-status=live}}</ref>, kasancewar soja, tattalin arziki da siyasa duk suna da ruwa da tsaki a harkar ilimi ta fuskar tsaron kasa<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaki Ewiss|first1=M.A.|last2=Abdelgawad|first2=Fatma|last3=Elgendy|first3=Azza|date=1 January 2019|title=School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|journal=Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=55–68|doi=10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004|s2cid=199299225|issn=2632-279X|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230704/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004/full/html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Duk da haka, bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta cire sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kayan koyarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan nasarori da gadon rusasshiyar jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) daga cikin manhajoji na kasa.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2004, ma'aikatar ilimi ta kori ɗimbin malamai da ta yi zargin cewa suna da ra'ayin kishin Islama da 'yan uwa musulmi. An yanke hukuncin ne bayan samun bayanai daga manajojin ma’aikatar da jami’an tsaro, da kuma korafin iyayen daliban. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin ''Gulf News'', ba a yanke shawarar ba saboda bukatar Amurka na yin gyare-gyare da zai "kawar da yanayin da Washington ta dauka a matsayin taimakawa wajen haifar da ta'addanci".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt dismisses teachers based on security reports|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|access-date=30 January 2023|website=gulfnews.com|date=25 March 2004|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140212/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-dismisses-teachers-based-on-security-reports-1.317408|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2004|title=Egypt hits back with its own proposal: US plan for Middle East|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|access-date=30 January 2023|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325230705/https://www.dawn.com/news/352640/egypt-hits-back-with-its-own-proposal-us-plan-for-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun kai ga cire ayoyin kur'ani da zantukan Annabi Muhammad daga nassosin makaranta a matsayin wani bangare na "Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Biyan Kuɗi ta Ilimi" da Amurka wanda zai samar da dala miliyan 64. Hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) ta ba da gudummawar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 765 ga Masar tun daga shekarar Alif (1975) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Manzo|first=Kathleen Kennedy|date=21 April 2004|title=Muslim Textbooks Seen as Intolerant|language=en|work=Education Week|url=https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|access-date=30 January 2023|issn=0277-4232|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140220/https://www.edweek.org/education/muslim-textbooks-seen-as-intolerant/2004/04|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2004, Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa ya maye gurbin Bahaeddin a matsayin sabon Ministan Ilimi, bayan wani sauyi da aka yi a majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Ahmed Nazif<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2004|title=Egypt cabinet list|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051448/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120102971.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=4 December 2010|publisher=[[MEED]]}}</ref> . === Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa === Bahaeddin ya auri Samiha Abdel Salam Soliman a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1966. Ya rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2016 bayan fama da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|access-date=30 January 2023|website=اليوم السابع|language=ar|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124184205/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/7/29/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82/2821030|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق|url=https://www.nile.eg/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85|access-date=30 January 2023|website=النيل - قناة مصر الإخبارية|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151733/https://www.nile.eg/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ihsan Doğramacı Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiyar Iyali ta ba Bahaeddin Kyautar Fellowship Foundation na Kiwon Lafiyar Yara a 1989<ref name=":3" />. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons a (1993)<ref name=":0" />. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Glasgow, Jami'ar Hacettepe da Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia a (1997) da Kwalejin St. Olaf a (1999)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2006, Bahaeddin ya karɓi odar Masar na Jamhuriyar Masar (Ajin Farko)<ref name=":0" />. A cikin 2008, an zabe shi shugaban girmamawa na International Society of Tropical Pediatrics na rayuwa. A cikin 2009, ya zama memba na Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Duniya (ICC), [[Ankara]], kuma an zabe shi a cikin wannan shekarar a matsayin shugaban girmamawa<ref name=":0" />. An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]] sunan bayan rasuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تليفون وعنوان مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية, الظاهرية {{!}} مدارس حكومية {{!}} يلوبيدجز مصر|url=https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|access-date=30 January 2023|website=yellowpages.com.eg|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130151736/https://yellowpages.com.eg/ar/profile/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9/364067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية تجريبي|url=https://madaresegypt.com//ar/Item/15369/%25d9%2585%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b3%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d9%2583%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a8%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a1-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a8%25d8%25aa%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ac%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a|access-date=30 January 2023|website=madaresegypt.com|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718021854/http://madaresegypt.com/Ar/Item/15369/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Matattun 2016]] [[Category:Jami'ar cairo]] [[Category:Likitocin egyp]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bey0px94rlqab9jm19qkk48od3ki3av 0 65043 963092 553193 2026-10-04T18:10:02Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Sauran nauye-nauye. */ 963092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Jossy Nakhanda Okwakol,''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) [[Farfesa|farfesa ce a jami'ar]] [[Uganda]], shugabar gudanar da harkokin ilimi, [[Zoology|masaniya ce a fannin dabbobi]] kuma shugabar al'umma. Ita ce shugabar hukumar shirya jarabawar ta Uganda a halin yanzu.<ref>{{cite web|newspaper=[[New Vision]] | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1449473/namagunga-holds-platinum-jubilee-charity-walk |title=Namagunga Holds Platinum Jubilee Charity Walk |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=3 November 2019 |author=Mathias Mazinga |place=Kampala}}</ref> Kafin haka, daga watan Oktoba, 2006, har zuwa watan Mayu, 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Busitema, ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in jama'a tara a Uganda.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2006 | access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |title=Uganda: Okwakol To Head Eastern Varsity |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200610070069.html | author=Nathan Etengu |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi. == An haife ta a Ƙauyen Namunyumya, gundumar Iganga, Gabashin [[Uganda]], kusan shekara ta 1951. Ta halarci ''Makarantar Firamare ta Namunyumya Mixed'', don karatun firamarenta. Mary Okwakol ta halarci Makarantar Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga don karatun sakandare.<ref name="Pro">{{cite web | accessdate=10 November 2016 | first=Moses | url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=7954:female-professors-tell-their-long-story | title=Female professors tell their long story: Professor Mary Nakhanda Okwakol, Vice Chancellor, Busitema University | last=Talemwa | date=4 April 2010 | newspaper=[[The Observer (Uganda)]] | location=Kampala | archive-date=11 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061502/http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=7954:female-professors-tell-their-long-story | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi digirin farko na Kimiyya ( BSc ) a [[Zoology]], wanda ta samu a shekarar 1974, daga Jami'ar Makerere, jami'a mafi tsufa a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Ta kuma yi digirin digirgir na Master of Science (MSc), a fannin [[dabbobi]], wanda ta samu a shekarar 1976, ita ma daga Jami’ar Makerere. Hakanan an samu digirinta na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a fannin dabbobi daga Jami'ar Makerere, a shekarar 1992.<ref name="Pro"/> == Sana'a. == Bayan kammala karatunta a Makerere a shekarar 1974, an gayyaci Mary Okwakol zuwa Faculty of Science a matsayin mataimakiyar malami. Nan take ta shiga karatunta na Masters sannan ta kammala a shekarar 1976. An naɗa ta [[Malamin Jami'a|lecturer]]. A shekarar 1988, ta zama babbar malama. Ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami’ar Oxford]] da ke Birtaniya, amma ta ƙasa ci gaba saboda nauyin iyali a Uganda. Ta koma Makerere kuma ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1992. Tun daga lokacin Makerere ta ba ta cikakkiyar digiri. A lokacin da aka kafa Jami’ar Gulu a shekarar 2004, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar gwamnati, inda ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Busitema a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Feat Born Out of Diligence: MUK Honours Female Professors|date=30 March 2010|accessdate=22 August 2014|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1293159/feat-born-diligence-muk-honours-female-professors | last=Womakuyu| first=Frederick | newspaper=[[New Vision]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, an naɗa Mary a matsayin Babbar Daraktar na Majalisar Ilimi mai zurfi ta ƙasa, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Shekaran 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=Higher institutions of learning to open after three months -Circular|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/higher-institutions-of-learning-to-open-after-three-months-circular/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Sauran nauye-nauye. == Farfesa Okwakol mamba ce ta Forum for African Women Educationalists, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Afirka, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1992, wadda ke aiki a kasashen [[Afirka]] 32. Dandalin yana da nufin karfafawa 'yan mata da mata ta hanyar ilmantar da jinsi. Membobinta sun haɗa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, kwararrun jinsi, masu bincike, masu tsara manufofin [[ilimi]], mataimakan shugabannin jami'a da ministocin ilimi. Kungiyar tana kula da hedkwatarta a [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], kuma tana da ofisoshi na yanki a [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fawe.org/about/index.php|title=FAWE: Who We Are|date=|accessdate=21 August 2014|publisher=[[Forum for African Women Educationalists]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115639/http://www.fawe.org/about/index.php|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Farfesa Okwakol ta yi wallafe-wallafe a cikin ƙwararrun mujallu kuma ta rubuta babi a cikin littattafan kimiyya da suka shafi fannonin ta na musamman. A watan Mayun 2014, aka naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar shirya jarabawar Uganda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Busitema's Okwakol Replaces Mandy As UNEB Chairperson|first=Patience|last=Ahimbisibwe| date=5 May 2014| url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Busitema-s-Okwakol-replaces-Mandy-as-Uneb-chairperson/-/688334/2304898/-/12depjbz/-/index.html |accessdate=22 August 2014 | newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Duba kuma. == {{Columns-list|* [[Busitema University]] * [[Gulu University]] * [[Ugandan university leaders|Ugandan Academics]] * [[Eastern Region, Uganda]] * [[Busoga sub-region]]|colwidth=22em}} == Manazarta. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] bwsxlp91cf4qtfxfsjn346xv7c4zkth 0 66992 963102 891521 2026-10-04T18:32:35Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:HUN Kajdacs COA.svg|thumb]] '''Kajdacs''' ƙauye ne a gundumar Tolna, Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.terkepcentrum.hu/index.asp?go=map&tid=14100 |access-date=2024-01-14 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516121432/http://www.terkepcentrum.hu/index.asp?go=map&tid=14100 |url-status=dead }}</ref> hallau dai cigaba da amfanida lambar aika sako 7051. {{stub}} ==Manazarta==Kajdacs ƙauye ne da ke cikin Paksi District, a gundumar Tolna, ƙasar Hungary. Yana a yankin kudancin Transdanubia na Hungary. Yankin ƙauyen yana da fadin kusan 37.73 km², kuma lambar aika saƙonsa ita ce 7051. Tarihi Kajdacs tsohon matsuguni ne. Bayanai daga tarihin ƙauyen sun nuna cewa an zauna a yankin tun zamanin Celts, kusan shekara ta 500 kafin haihuwar Almasihu. An fara ambaton sunan Kajdacs a rubuce a shekara ta 1399. A wannan lokacin ƙauyen yana daga cikin tsoffin matsugunan yankin Tolna. A ƙarni na 16, Kajdacs ya shiga cikin muhimman abubuwan tarihi da suka shafi Hungary. A shekara ta 1529, Perényi Péter, wanda ke da alhakin kula da rawanin Hungary, an kama shi a kusa da Kajdacs. Daga baya yankin ya shiga cikin lokacin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya. A lokacin mulkin Turawan Daular Usmaniyya, Kajdacs yana da mazauna da ke biyan haraji. Bayan rikice-rikicen yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma gwagwarmayar Rákóczi, ƙauyen ya taɓa zama ba tare da mutane ba. Daga 1713 zuwa 1719 aka sake tsugunar da mutane a Kajdacs. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka dawo sun fito ne daga Fadd, wani matsuguni a Hungary. Daga ƙarni na 18, iyalan Sztankovánszky sun samu muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Kajdacs. Sun kasance daga cikin manyan iyalan da suka mallaki filaye a yankin, kuma suka taka rawa a harkokin siyasar gundumar Tolna. Gine-ginen tarihi Kajdacs yana da wasu gine-ginen tarihi. Daga cikin shahararrun wuraren tarihin ƙauyen akwai Sztankovánszky Mausoleum, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1876 bisa tsare-tsaren masu gine-gine Miklós Ybl da Béla Ney, cikin salon gine-ginen eclectic. Haka kuma akwai tsohon gidan iyalan Sztankovánszky a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Ginin yana kan titin Arany János, kuma a yau ana amfani da shi a matsayin makarantar firamare. A Kajdacs akwai kuma Roman Catholic Church of the Visitation, wadda aka sake fasalta ta sosai a shekara ta 1891. Akwai kuma cocin Reformed da ke cikin ƙauyen. Yawan jama'a Kajdacs ya fuskanci sauyin yawan jama'a a tsawon shekaru. Bayanai na baya-bayan nan daga Wikidata, waɗanda suka samo asali daga bayanan ƙididdigar jama'ar Hungary, sun nuna cewa yawan mazauna ƙauyen ya kasance 1,015 a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2025. A baya, yawan jama'ar Kajdacs ya kasance fiye da haka. Misali, bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa a shekara ta 1910 akwai mutane 2,089, yayin da a shekara ta 1940 yawan jama'ar ya kai 2,131. Geography Kajdacs yana cikin Tolna County, a tsakiyar Hungary. Yana cikin Paks District, kuma yana da iyaka da wasu ƙauyuka kamar Nagydorog, Pusztahencse da Tengelic. Yankinsa ya kai kusan 37.73 km². Babbar hanyar sufuri mai lamba 63 tana kusa da Kajdacs, kuma tana haɗa yankin Szekszárd da Székesfehérvár. Lambobin sadarwa * Lambar aika saƙo: 7051 * Lambar wayar yankin: 75 * Ƙasa: Hungary * Gunduma: Tolna * District: Paksi * Fadin ƙasa: kusan 37.73 km² Duba kuma * Tolna County * Paks District * Hungary * Szekszárd * Paks Manazarta {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙauyuka a Hungary]] [[Category:Ƙauyuka a Tolna County]] [[Category:Paksi District]] [[Category:Kajdacs]] {{Reflist}} 40el8b32un01c9xpzpdfl59ceobnkzr 0 68873 963228 610009 2026-10-05T01:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Maami''''' (Turanci: '''''Mahaifiyata''''') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2011 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni. samo asali ne daga wani labari mai suna, wanda Femi Osofisan ya rubuta, kuma Tunde Babalola ya daidaita shi zuwa allo. [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Maami, tare da Wole Ojo da Olumide Bakare. fim din ya gazawar kasuwanci, [1] an sadu da shi da kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/06/maami.html | title=Maami | publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]] | work=Nollywood Reinvented | date=5 June 2013 | access-date=15 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/maami-review/ | title=Maami review | publisher=The Africa Channel | work=The Africa Channel | date=10 November 2011 | access-date=15 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104154751/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/maami-review/ | archive-date=4 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din wanda aka shirya kwana biyu kafin gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2010 ya ba da labarin Kashimawo (Wole Ojo), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya yayin da ya zo da ƙuruciyarsa mai raɗaɗi, yana tunani game da ƙaunar mahaifiyarsa a gare shi a tsakiyar talauci da talauci, da kuma mahaifinsa. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards; ciki har da Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya, Nasarar Cinematography, Mafi kyawun Tsarin Fitarwa da Mafi kyawun Actor na Yara. ==Ƴan wasan== * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Maami * Wole Ojo a matsayin Kashimawo * Ayomide Abatti a matsayin Matashi Kashimawo * Tamilore Kuboye a matsayin Dolapo * Olumide Bakare a matsayin Otunba Bamisaye * Godwin Enakhena a matsayin mai gabatar da wasanni * Sanya Gold a matsayin Mr Ojo * Peter Badejo a matsayin sakataren NFF Fim din ya ƙunshi bayyanar baƙi na musamman daga [[Yinka Davies]], Kayode Balogun, Fatai Rolling Dollar, da Biodun Kupoluyi. == Saki == An fitar da fim din a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2011, an kuma bayyana hoton gabatarwa na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2012. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/11/18/tunde-kelani-releases-the-trailer-of-maami/ | title=Tunde Kelani Releases The Trailer of MAAMi | publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace | work=Nollywood Mindspace | date=18 November 2011 | access-date=15 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kanyidaily.com/2011/11/funke-akindele-is-maami-as-tunde-kelani.html | title=Funke Akindele Acts as Maami as Tunde Kelani Releases Movie Trailer | date=28 November 2011 | access-date=15 September 2014 | author=Kanyi Okeke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mainframemovies.tv/maami/ | title=Movies – Maami | publisher=Mainframe Movies | access-date=15 September 2014 | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085156/http://www.mainframemovies.tv/maami/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din fara ne a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2011 a [[Muson Centre|Cibiyar Muson]], Legas kuma yana da [[Gwamnan Legas|Gwamnan Jihar Legas]]; [[Babatunde Fashola]] a halarta. kuma nuna shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2011 a Fountain Hotel, [[Ado-Ekiti]] don tunawa da [[Moshood Abiola|Yuni 12]]. nuna shi a cikin bukukuwan fina-finai, [1] kafin a fitar da shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sadu da sake dubawa mai kyau, galibi saboda labarinsa mai ƙarfi da jigogi. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba shi kashi 75%, ya yaba da gaskiyar labarin, aikin Funke Akindele kuma ya lura da fim din don samun abubuwan tunawa da jigogi masu ƙarfi. kammala ta hanyar cewa: "akwai wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo marasa ƙarfi a nan kuma a can, labarin ba ya kama ku a matsayin 'babban' tun daga farko amma yana karɓar saurin, akwai lokutan da yawa a cikin wannan fim ɗin da ke da ban sha'awa sosai, kuna jin cewa wani abu ya ɓace a cikin fim ɗin amma gabaɗaya ''Maami'' abu ne mai sauƙi don kallo". Tashar Afirka ta yi sharhi: "Duk wani fim da ya fara da cacophony na vuvuzelas ba zai yiwu ya riƙe basira a matsayin babban darajar ba, kuma ''Maami'' tabbas yana rayuwa ne ga sunan yin fim mai ƙarfin zuciya wanda aka yi wa Kelani murna. Makircin yana da sha'awa kuma a lokuta masu tayar da hankali, cike da sata, cin zarafin motsin rai da yaudara". Gbenga Adeniji The Punch ya yi sharhi: "''Maami'' labari ne mai motsi wanda ke hana shi duka, duk da haka yana bawa masu kallo damar fadada tunanin su kuma su shiga cikin tunani mai kyau. Yana da ban dariya, tunani da tsabta. Halin Kelani na samar da fim yana gaishe da baya, ya gane yanzu kuma ya kama makomar". Beatriz Leal Riesco Okay Africa ya kammala cewa: "Wannan gyare-gyaren allo na littafin Femi Osofisan mai suna yana amfani da duk sinadaran tarihin Najeriya na yanzu: maita, melodrama, cin hanci da rashawa, ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙauna. Tare da rikitarwa na haruffa da ke nuna manyan basira, ''Maami'' babban aikin fim ne, 'ya'yan itace na masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood da kuma halin da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga darektan ta, wanda aka yaba a duniya Tunde Kelani". [[Toni Kan]] na DStv yana jin fim din zai fi kyau a matsayin labari na layi, ya zargi aikin Ayomide Abatti kuma ya kammala: "''Maami'' fim ne mai kyau don kallo. Yana da sauri kuma labarin ya kama ku daga farkon kuma alamar cinikin Kelani tana haskakawa, "fim din yana nuna "saƙonni masu ƙarfi ga zamaninmu kuma Tunde Kelani ya wuce shi da kyau". Wilfred Okiche [[YNaija]] ya kammala cewa: "ƙwarewar gaba ɗaya ta fi kyau. Yana cike da bugun zuciya kuma zaka iya samun kanka yana zubar da hawaye ko biyu. Mun fahimci cewa fina-finai masu kyau suna biyan kuɗi kuma sun yi murabus ga samfuran samfuran, amma da godiya, suna da ɗanɗano kuma a mafi ƙaranci a nan. Ba cikakkiyar fim ba ce amma tabbas za a kiyaye ta". 9aijabooksandmovies sun da 3 daga cikin taurari 5 da sharhi: "''''Maami'''' fim ne mai maye, inda ake ba masu kallo hidima da manyan pints na zuciya mai taɓa, al'amuran hawaye, wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaunar da mahaifiyar matalauciya ke da ita ga ɗanta kaɗai. Labari ne mai kyau; Masu kallo suna yin iyo a cikin tafkin flash baya kuma suna dakatar da lokaci-lokaci don numfashi na gaskiya. " Duk da gajerun abubuwan da suka faru na fasaha, Maami dole ne su ga fim mai kyau". Fola Akintomide yi sharhi: "Yawanci, fim din ''Maami'' ya sami nasarar riƙe masu sauraronta da labarin ban mamaki, nuni mai ban sha'awa na fasaha da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo; hakika, tsohon soja na Nollywood da ya lashe lambar yabo da yawa Tunde Kelani ya buga sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin gumakan da suka cancanci a Afirka".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.happenings9ja.com/happenings/posts/entertainment-lifestyle/music-movies/BEAM-ON-NOLLYWOOD-Analyzing-The-Epic-Movie-Maami | title=BEAM ON NOLLYWOOD: Analyzing The Epic Movie "Maami" | publisher=Happenings9ja | access-date=15 September 2014 | author=Akintomide, Fola | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905185248/http://www.happenings9ja.com/happenings/posts/entertainment-lifestyle/music-movies/BEAM-ON-NOLLYWOOD-Analyzing-The-Epic-Movie-Maami | archive-date=5 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archivedate=5 September 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905185248/http://www.happenings9ja.com/happenings/posts/entertainment-lifestyle/music-movies/BEAM-ON-NOLLYWOOD-Analyzing-The-Epic-Movie-Maami }}</ref> Fim din duk da haka har yanzu wasu masu sukar ba su karɓa da kyau ba. Amarachukwu Iwuala na ''Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau'' ya ba da bita mai ban sha'awa, yana kuskuren ci gaban hali kuma ya kammala: "A bayyane yake, Tunde Kelani, Darakta mai lashe kyautar ''Oleku'', ''Saworoide'' da ''Thunderbolt'' ya kamata ya zaɓi ingantaccen daidaitawa na ''Maami'', littafin Femi Osofisan". Joseph Edgar New Telegraph ya ba da bita mara kyau; kodayake ya yaba da ingancin hoton da kuma aikin Funke Akindele, ya yi watsi da kowane bangare na fim din, yana mai cewa: "Na kalli ''Magun'' kuma ba zan iya barin wurin zama na ba lokacin da fim din ya ƙare. Abin da ya buge ni bayan kallon ''Maami'' ya yi kama da hadarin mota. Baya ga ingancin fim wanda ba za a iya cire shi daga gare shi [Kelani] duk wani abu ya lalace. Itunu The Movie Pencil ya kaddamar da fim din kuma ya kammala cewa: "A cikin duka, labarin ba shi da tushe mai ƙarfi kuma ba shi da yanke shawara". lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 100 mafi girma na harshe na waje. === Ofishin akwatin === Fim din buɗe da karfi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. , kuɗin da aka samu ya ragu sosai bayan makon farko na saki kuma an ayyana fim ɗin a matsayin gazawar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin. Koda fim din ya shahara sosai a lokacin da aka saki shi, bai fassara zuwa kasuwanci mai kyau ba saboda an sace shi sosai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-dome/sweet-memories-of-maamis-love/ | title=Sweet memories of Maami's love | publisher=The Punch | work=The Punch Newspaper | date=18 May 2014 | access-date=15 September 2014 | author=Adeniji, Gbenga | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150633/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-dome/sweet-memories-of-maamis-love/ | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archivedate=6 October 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150633/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-dome/sweet-memories-of-maamis-love/ }}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards, ciki har da: Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya, Nasarar Cinematography, Mafi kyawun Tsarin samarwa da Mafi kyawun Actor na Yara. Ya sami gabatarwa shida a 2013 Nollywood Movies Awards, ciki har da "Best Original Screenplay", "Best Actress in a Leading Role" ga Akindele da "Best Indigenous Actor" ga Wole Ojo; ya lashe kyautar "Best Indicent Movie" kuma Akindele ya lashe kyautar ""Best Indigenary Actress" don rawar da ta taka. An kuma zabi fim din don "Darakta mafi kyawun Fim" a 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards . ''Maami'' ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka a 2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da 2012 ZUMA Festival Awards . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="4" |Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka (7th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <br /> |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a Cinematography |Sharafa Abagun| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yaro |Ayomide Abatti| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="6" | Movies Network (2013 Nollywood Momies Awards) [1]<br /> |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayi na Jagora |[[Funke Akindele]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali |Ido mai laushi| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta asali |[[Funke Akindele]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na 'yan asalin ƙasar |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |Tunde Babalola| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo |Ayomide Abatti| {{Won}} |- |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] (2013 Kyautar Nishiri ta Najeriya) [1]<br /> |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Fim |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" | (2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) [1]<br /> |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |[[Funke Akindele]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Oluwole Olawoyin| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Bola Bello| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Gida (Yoruba) |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Sharafa Abagun| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | Film Festival 2012 ZUMA Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenet.ng/2013/06/olamide-leads-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-nominees/ | title=Olamide leads Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2013 Nominee list | publisher=The NET NG | work=Nigeria Entertainment Today | date=September 2013 | access-date=16 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712203605/http://thenet.ng/2013/06/olamide-leads-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-nominees/ | archive-date=12 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archivedate=12 July 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712203605/http://thenet.ng/2013/06/olamide-leads-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2013-nominees/ }}</ref> [ <br /> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |[[Tunde Kelani]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Funke Akindele]]| {{Won}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == saki ''Maami'' a kan VOD a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2013 ta hanyar Dobox TV . kamfanin Ajimson sake shi a kan DVD a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2014 .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pulse.ng/movies/dvd-release-movie-maami-to-be-released-on-dvd-this-easte-id2800471.html | title=Movie 'Maami' To Be Released On DVD This Easter | publisher=Pulse NG | work=Pulse | date=16 April 2014 | access-date=15 September 2014 | author=Izuzu, Chidumga | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104049/http://pulse.ng/movies/dvd-release-movie-maami-to-be-released-on-dvd-this-easte-id2800471.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/kelanis-maami-hits-town-this-easter/ | title=Kelani's Maami hits town this Easter | publisher=The Eagle Online | work=The Eagle Newspaper | date=11 April 2014 | access-date=16 September 2014 | author=Akinwale, Funsho}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenet.ng/2014/04/tunde-kelanis-maami-to-be-released-on-dvd/ | title=Tunde Kelani's 'Maami' to be released on DVD | publisher=The NET NG | work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]] | date=11 April 2014 | access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2014/04/10/funke-akindele-talks-on-maami-film-now-available-on-dvd-other-tunde-kelanis-works-too/ | title=Funke Akindele Talks On 'Maami'; Film Now Available On DVD; Other Tunde Kelani's Works Too | publisher=The Gazelle News | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=15 September 2014 | author=*Writer of the article (Surname, First name)* | archive-date=16 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716215707/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2014/04/10/funke-akindele-talks-on-maami-film-now-available-on-dvd-other-tunde-kelanis-works-too/ | url-status=dead | archivedate=16 July 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716215707/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2014/04/10/funke-akindele-talks-on-maami-film-now-available-on-dvd-other-tunde-kelanis-works-too/ }}</ref>An haska sabbin al'amuran kuma an kara su a cikin DVD ɗin Extended; A cewar Kelani, al'amarin sun kasance a cikin rubutun asali amma da farko ya yanke shawarar kada ya harbe su. Duk haka an yi amfani da DVD ɗin sosai a cikin ƙasa da awanni 48 da aka saki shi, wanda ya haifar da babbar asara ga Mainframe Studios. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Haɗin Waje== * {{IMDb title|3118384|Maami}} * MaamiaNollywood An sake kirkirar [[Category:Fim]] swo8d51j34hcprhtibedtrno836bp3l 0 68876 963190 962571 2026-10-04T22:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Love Castle fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Desmond Elliot]] ya jagoranta, wanda dan Najeriya na Amurka, [[Beatrice Funke Ogunmola]] ya samar kuma Victor Ogunmola ne ya hada shi. Fim din yana kan jigogi na al'ada da alaƙar iyali; yana nuna [[Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya|Al'adun Najeriya]] da ke da alaƙa da nakasa kuma yana mai da hankali kan imani mai zurfi game da yara da ke zaune da nakasa, kamar yadda masu samar da suka samu wanda ke da yaro da ke zaune tare da autism.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Labari ne na gargajiya game da al'adun [[Afirka]] na shiru da ke kewaye da taboos.<ref name=":0" /> Tauraron fim din Rachel Oniga, [[Zack Orji]], [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Kehinde Bankole]], [[Jide Kosoko]], da [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]], tare da wasu 'yan wasan Nollywood a cikin rawar tallafi. An harbe fim din a [[Ibadan]], Najeriya, a watan Nuwamba 2019 da [[Houston]], [[Texas]], Amurka, a watan Fabrairun 2020. An shirya fim din Amurka kafin a fara rufe [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] ta 2020.<ref name=":0" /> Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fim din galibi Ingilishi ne tare da ƙananan haɗin [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], da yarukan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2021 a Terra Kulture, Legas. == Makirci == Love Castle labari ne game da mulkin Ireyat . Iyalin sarauta suna da aikin samun sabon sarki bayan mutuwar sarki na karshe na masarautar. Adetutu wacce 'yar marigayi sarki ce ta shiga cikin taboos bayan mutuwar mahaifinta. Ta bar iyalinta a Houston [[Texas]], Amurka, ba tare da son zuciyarta da na iyalinta ba don zama mai mulki a Najeriya bayan mutuwar mahaifinta. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2021, fim din ya zama zabin hukuma na bikin mata na kasa da kasa na Toronto da kuma bikin fina-finai na Nollywood na kasa da Kasa na Toronto (TINFF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=TINFF Home |url=https://www.tinff.net/ |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=tinff |language=en}}</ref> Fim din ya sami kyaututtuka uku a bikin fina-finai na Nollywood na Toronto (TINFF) a Ontario, Kanada, a ranar 30-31 ga Oktoba 2021. Fim din ya sami lambar yabo ga Mafi Kyawun Fim na Afirka, kuma mai gabatar da shi Beatrice Funke Ogunmola (BFO) ya sami kyaututtuka biyu: Mafi Kyawun Mai gabatar da Fim na Nollywood da Mafi Kyawun Mawallafin Fim na Fim na Noman Nollywood . Kwamitin TINFF ya kuma ba daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka nuna a cikin fim din, Rachel Oniga, lambar yabo ta girmamawa. An zabi mai shirya fim din, Beatrice Funke Ogunmola (BFO), kuma ta lashe gasar Festival Film Mention for Narrative for Love Castle . An gabatar da kyautar ne daga Bikin Fim-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), wanda aka gudanar a Abuja, Najeriya a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2021 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF honours Outstanding Filmmakers, Actors across the globe! |url=https://dotunroy.com/2021/11/05/aiff-honours-outstanding-filmmakers-actors-across-the-globe/ |access-date=12 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atedze |first=Mimi |date=5 November 2021 |title=18th Abuja International Film Festival{{!}} See full list of winners + Pictures |url=https://fabmimi.com/18th-abuja-international-film-festival-see-full-list-of-winners-pictures/ |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Fabmimi.com |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129111701/https://fabmimi.com/18th-abuja-international-film-festival-see-full-list-of-winners-pictures/ |archive-date=29 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Kwamitin Sanarwa na Black (MSC WBAC) na Cibiyar Nazarin Dalibai ta Tunawa da Tarihi na Texas ya nemi a bincika Love Castle . === Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa !Ranar !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Bayani |- | rowspan="10" |2021 | rowspan="6" |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Fim mafi kyau a Afirka|{{Won}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Fim Nollywood|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai - Nollywood ([[Beatrice Funke Ogunmola]] - Love Castle) |{{Won}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Mata na Nollywood ([[Beatrice Funke Ogunmola|BFO]] - furodusa|{{Won}} |<ref name=":6" /> |- |Mafi kyawun Mace Mai Fim na Afirka|{{Nom}} |<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Fim na Afirka|{{Nom}} |<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> |- | rowspan="4" |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja |Bayyanawa na Bikin don Labari|{{Won}} | |- |Fim mai ban sha'awa - Love Castle''Gidan Ƙaunar''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=18th Abuja International Film Festival list of nominees |url=https://nollytrailers.com/events/abuja-international-film-festival-announces-nominees-for-18th-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024512/https://nollytrailers.com/events/abuja-international-film-festival-announces-nominees-for-18th-edition/ |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Mata - [[Kehinde Bankole]]|{{Nom}} | |- |Kyakkyawan Maza Mai Aiki - [[Jide Kosoko]]|{{Nom}} | |} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=15286894}} == Manazarta == s6nmyzkutpum0v7hltugpyg1rb7sh2z 0 69316 963263 960161 2026-10-05T06:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Make a Move fim ne na raye-raye na Najeriya na 2014 wanda Ivie Okujaye ya samar kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar [[Ivie Okujaye]], [[Tina Mba]], [[Beverly Naya]], Wale Adebayo, Victor Godfery, Helga Sosthenes da Eno Ekpenyong, tare da bayyanar musamman daga [[Majid Michel]], [[Denrele Edun]], 2face Idibia da [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=COMING SOON: Make A Move Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/coming-soon-make-a-move.html |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Make a Move ya ba da labarin Osas da Eseosa waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu wahala. Osas ta sami ta'aziyya a cikin rawa kuma tana amfani da shi azaman hanyar fita daga matsalolinta da yawa ciki har da gidanta, wanda ke fadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell, Timmy |date=8 March 2014 |title=2face Returns To Nollywood in the Movie: Make A Move Along Side Majid Michel And Others…. |url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=NaijaLoaded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314033326/http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Cast == * [[Ivie Okujaye]] a matsayin Osas * [[Tina Mba]] * [[Beverly Naya]] * Wale Adebayo * Victor Godfery * Helga Sosthenes a matsayin Esosa * Eno Ekpenyong a matsayin Chuma * [[Majid Michel]] * [[Denrele Edun]] * [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] == Liyafar maraba == === Karɓar girmamawa mai mahimmanci === Fim ɗin ya sami sharhi mara kyau game da suka. Ya sami maki 39% akan [[Sabunta Nollywood|Nollywood Reinvented]], wanda ya ce: "Babban kuskuren wannan fim ɗin ya zo ne da gabatar da motsin zuciyarsa. Yana cikin kiɗa ne, yana cikin daraktan fim ne, yana cikin yanayin da fim ɗin ke nunawa ko bai bayyana ba a baya. A kashi na farko na fim ɗin, alkiblar ta yi kama da ba ta dace ba. Kamar dai yanayin da ke cikin sauri yana faruwa da sauri fiye da yadda kyamarar za ta iya bi, idan hakan da gangan ne bai fito a matsayin ƙwararre ba kuma bai taimaki yanayi ba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Make a Move |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/09/make-a-move.html |access-date=10 September 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Olamide Jasanya na The Nigeria Entertainment Today ya bayar da ƙimar taurari 2 cikin 5, yana mai cewa labarin yana da sauƙi kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan hali ɗaya. Ya yi Allah wadai da ci gaban halayen jaruman, ya ce fim ɗin bai yi kyau ba a wasu wurare amma yana da kyau a yawancin sauran wurare, sannan ya kammala da cewa: "Wataƙila Akinmolayan ya koyi darasinsa daga sukar da aka yi masa a fim ɗinsa na kimiyya na 2010 mai suna ''Kajola'', don haka ya ɗauki hanyar gaskiya da ta dace da wannan fim ɗin kuma ya yi kyau, tare da wasu sabbin hotunan kyamara da ba a saba gani ba, duk da haka bai yi kyau ba wajen tayar da motsin rai daga jaruman, kuma bai kula da ci gaba ba." Isabella Akinseye ta yi tsokaci: "An cika manyan tsammanin fim ɗin ''Make a Move'' . Abin takaici, fim ɗin ya ɓata rai da jerin shirye-shiryensa na yau da kullun, kurakuran rubutu da kuma wasan kwaikwayo marasa gamsarwa da yawancin 'yan wasan suka yi. A wani abu mai kyau, fim ɗin ya yi ƙarar cin zarafin gida. Ga Ivie [Okujaye], mataki ɗaya ne gaba, matakai biyu baya". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye, Isabella |date=22 July 2014 |title=Movie Review – Make a Move By Isabella Akinseye |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-review-make-a-move-by-isabella-akinseye/ |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi sharhi game da komai game da fim ɗin kuma ya yi sharhi: " ''Make a Move'' yana da wani labari da labari wanda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanya amma fim ɗin yana da ban sha'awa da tsari wanda kusan babu abin da ke da ban sha'awa. Rubutun ba shi da ƙalubale kuma a duk lokacin da yake gudana, fim ɗin yana wasa kamar an shirya shi ga yara 'yan shekara 12," "sakamakon ƙarshe ya cika da rudani da rashin daɗi tare da ɗaukar lokaci mai wahala da lokutan rashin jin daɗi. Akinmolayan kawai yana shirya yanayin zuwa yanayin, ba tare da wani abin farin ciki ko ma gogewa a fim ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=25 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Ivie Okujaiye's 'Make a move' makes all the wrong ones |url=http://ynaija.com/movie-review-ivie-okujaiyes-make-move-makes-wrong-ones/ |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=YNaija Magazine |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) ga Wale Adebayo da Mafi Kyawu Child Actor ga Helger Sosthenes . An kuma zaba shi a cikin rukuni biyu a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="3" |Nollywood Movies Network (2014 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2014 |title=Flower Girl Wins Big at Nollywood Movie Awards |url=http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102231919/http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |archive-date=2 November 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=Nigeria News Digest}}</ref><br /> |Fim mafi kyau |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) |Wale Adebayo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yaro |Mai taimakawa Sosthenes| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Multichoice (2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards 2015 nominees list out |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=338894 |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA winners announced |url=http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417012639/http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref><br /> |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |[[Ivie Okujaye]]| {{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2014|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2014]] == Manazarta == 15scoda26h174nvomyatoa3ku2i00hr 0 72477 963211 956433 2026-10-04T23:26:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lukyamuzi Bashir''' (ko '''Badi''') (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, Shekara ta 1986) shi ne darektan kiɗa na Uganda, darektan fim kuma furodusa. <ref>Musisi, Frederic. (2012-04-03) [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18020:bashirs-magic-behind-the-camera-has-created-stars The Observer – Bashir's magic behind the camera has created stars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228084958/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18020:bashirs-magic-behind-the-camera-has-created-stars |date=2024-02-28 }}. Observer.ug. Retrieved on 2013-12-30.</ref> <ref>[http://hipipo.com/index.php?linkvar=music&pg=music_celeb_profiles&artist_id=44&title=Blu%203&sec=news&news_id=122&subtitle=Ugandan-Music-Videos-Get-To-Another-Level Ugandan Music Videos Get To Another Level Blu 3 News: Uganda Celebrities | Artists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073311/http://www.hipipo.com/index.php?linkvar=music&pg=music_celeb_profiles&artist_id=44&title=Blu%25203&sec=news&news_id=122&subtitle=Ugandan-Music-Videos-Get-To-Another-Level |date=2016-03-07 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.hipipo.com/index.php?linkvar=music&pg=music_celeb_profiles&artist_id=44&title=Blu%25203&sec=news&news_id=122&subtitle=Ugandan-Music-Videos-Get-To-Another-Level |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073311/http://www.hipipo.com/index.php?linkvar=music&pg=music_celeb_profiles&artist_id=44&title=Blu%25203&sec=news&news_id=122&subtitle=Ugandan-Music-Videos-Get-To-Another-Level |archive-date=2016-03-07 |url-status=dead}}. Hipipo.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-30</ref> Ya ba da umarnin bidiyon Blu*3 ''Where You Are'' bidiyon da ya haɗa da Goodlyfe Crew, Bona Obasinga na Iryn Namubiru, da ''Vumilia'' ta Chameleone. Ya kuma ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na Goodlyfe Crew Talk n Talk, ''Wannan shine yadda muke yi''. An san shi da aiki tare da aboki kuma mai zane, A Pass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|title=Llolypop Records - Events Organisers, Promoters and Marketing|access-date=26 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/|archive-date=2 April 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140550/http://www.llolypop.com/apass.php/}}</ref> Bashir shi ne wakilin Channel O Uganda kuma darektan ɗaukar hoto na Tashar O ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya yi aiki a kan Off the Record, Introducing [[Keko (Ugandan rapper)|Keko]] da Lifestyle Uganda don tashar. <ref>Kamukama, Polly. (2013-01-03) [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen' The Observer – Kasaija, Natasha take romance to screen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228084957/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919%3Akasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen%27 |date=2024-02-28 }}. Observer.ug. Retrieved on 2013-12-30</ref> Ya jagoranci fim ɗinsa na farko ''[[Bala Bala Sese]]'' wanda Usama Mukwaya ya rubuta kuma ya fito da Ashraf Ssemwogerere a shirin.<ref>Eupal, Felix. (2012-03-20) [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17779:star-trail-atlas-bringing-rick-ross-and-dj-khaled- The Observer – Star Trail: Atlas bringing Rick Ross and Dj Khaled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228084957/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17779:star-trail-atlas-bringing-rick-ross-and-dj-khaled- |date=2024-02-28 }}. Observer.ug. Retrieved on 2013-12-30.</ref><ref>Kamukama, Polly. (2013-01-03) [http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen' The Observer – Kasaija, Natasha take romance to screen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228084957/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919%3Akasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen%27 |date=2024-02-28 }}. Observer.ug. Retrieved on 2013-12-30</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb name|5469918}} * https://archive.today/20131008174154/http://africanpulse.co.uk/tag/ugandan-music/ {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bashir, Lukyamuzi}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jta7bymc5h0o5kaiv4mlk55d0xby5vl 0 73142 963085 558091 2026-10-04T17:50:05Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwa ta sirri */ 963085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omar Sheriff Captan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Sheriff Captan Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/moviestars/omar_sheriff_captan/biography/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.peacefmonline.com |archive-date=2022-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027161641/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/moviestars/omar_sheriff_captan/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗan wasan kasar [[Ghana]] ne kuma darektan fina-finai. Ko da yake da farko an san shi da matsayin "bad boy", daga baya ya zama fasto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodo |first=Chris |date=2020-02-28 |title=Don't be fooled by prophets, they scan social media for information – Omar Shariff Captan |url=https://theindependentghana.com/dont-be-fooled-by-prophets-they-scan-social-media-for-information-omar-shariff-captan/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Independent Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027161645/https://theindependentghana.com/dont-be-fooled-by-prophets-they-scan-social-media-for-information-omar-shariff-captan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Captan ya auri budurwarsa mai suna Cindy a shekara ta 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-13 |title=Omar Sheriff Captan ties the knot - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/omar-sheriff-captan-ties-the-knot/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> amma daga baya ya sake ta, bayan haka ya zama Fasto. An ba da rahoton yana da budurwa 'yar kasar [[Tanzaniya]] a cikin shekarar 2021. Yana da ɗiya, Grace Smith, wacce ita ma yar wasan kwaikwayo ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-16 |title=ACTRESS GRACE SMITH DISOWNS DAD |url=https://www.kingdomfmonline.com/actress-grace-smith-disowns-dad-omar-sheriff-cpatan/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |language=en-US |work=KINGDOM FM ONLINE }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Filmography == {{columns-list|*''Outrage'' *''Dark Sands'' *''My Sweetie'' *''I Stand Accused'' *''Tentacles'' *''The Chosen One'' *''Broadway'' *''Tinsel'' *''Cheaters'' *''My Heart'' *''Crime of Love''<ref>{{Citation |last=TWUMASI |first=KWAKU |title=Crime of Love |url=https://www.amazon.com/Crime-Love-OMAR-SHERIFF-CAPTAN/dp/B0112SLS9A |publisher=SANGA ENTERTAINMENT/ NO LIMIT ENTERTAINMENT |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] t1ld2cnxllpzawpmnp3xjicmdbo1rxo 0 76957 963400 503007 2026-10-05T11:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963400 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Mary Boyoi</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mary_Boyoi.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1974-05-12</span>) </span>Mayu 12, 1974 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 49) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Malakal]], [[South Sudan|Sudan ta Kudu]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aiki | class="infobox-data role" |Mai raira waƙa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shekaru masu aiki&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |16 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Kiɗa da Siyasa a Sudan ta Kudu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |''Zaben raba gardama'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jam'iyyar siyasa | class="infobox-data org" |SPLM |} '''Mary Boyoi''' mawaƙiya ce ‘yar Sudan ta Kudu, marubuciya kuma 'ya ga tsohon Kwamandan SSPDF . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2021-02-14 |title=Mary Boyoi strikes fans with her hot thighs |url=https://ramcielbc.com/mary-boyoi-strikes-fans-with-her-hot-thighs/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Ramciel Broadcasting |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811140017/https://ramcielbc.com/mary-boyoi-strikes-fans-with-her-hot-thighs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyoi |first=Mary |date=2018-03-06 |title=In war-torn South Sudan, a voice of peace |url=https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/womens-day-south-sudan-mary/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=UNICEF Connect |language=en-US}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2023)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Rayuwar ta == Mahaifin Boyoi, shugaban kabilar Murle ne kuma kwamandan sojojin Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Army (SPLM / A) an kashe shi a shekarar 1989. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ita da sauran danginta sun kwashe shekaru da yawa a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a [[Sudan]] da sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] don kauce wa rikice-rikicen yaki. Ta ci gaba da karatunta na sakandare a [[Kenya]] kuma ta kammala kwakwasai da dama na difloma. A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aiki a hukumomin agaji a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2005 ta kafa ABONA International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da aniyar tallafawa zaman lafiya a duk faɗin [[Sudan ta Kudu]] da kuma samar da taimako ga 'yan mata da matasa a yayin tashin hankali da lalata. A shekara ta 2007 ta fara aiki a kan furoja na kiɗa, "Referendum". Boyoi a halin yanzu ita ce babban darektan kuma wacce ta kafa Muryar Jama’a na Zaman Lafiya (VOP), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa wacce ke ba da tallafin zamantakewa da hanyoyin turawa don kula da lafiya ga waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jinsi (GBV). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=In war-torn South Sudan, a voice of peace |url=https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/womens-day-south-sudan-mary/ |access-date=2019-12-30 |website=UNICEF Connect |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Murleboyoi.jpg|thumb|Mary Boyoi]] A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2010, 'yan kungiyar Murle sun zabi Boyoi don yin takarar kujerar majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Sudan a Juba . Ta yi yakin neman zabe a zaben da da aka gudanar a watan Afrilu, 2010. Zooz, waƙar Boyoi wanda har yanzu ba a sake shi ba a kundi na biyu an nuna shi a Sudan Votes Music Hopes a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. [[Sudan]] Votes Music Hopes tare da hadin gwiwar masu fasaha daga ko'ina cikin Sudan waɗanda suka rubuta waƙoƙin zabe "don ƙarfafawa mutanen Sudan su bada gudummawa a kan makomarsu". Mawallafin mawaƙa na Jamus Max Herre ne ya tattara kundin SVMH kuma an rarraba shi a duk faɗin Sudan akan kaset na sauti, rediyo da yanar gizo ta hanyar sudanvotes.com. Media in Cooperation and Transition (MICT) ne suka dauki nauyin wakan kuma Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus ne ya ba da kuɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Sudan Votes Music Hopes |url=http://www.sudanvotes.com/musichopes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328122618/http://www.sudanvotes.com/musichopes/ |archive-date=2010-03-28 |publisher=Sudan Votes}}</ref> A cikin Agustan 2012, lakabin Süd Electronic ya fitar da vinyl tare da remixes na gida ta Tama Sumo da Portable. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.myspace.com/maryboyoi Shafin Mary Boyoi na Myspace] * [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Mary-Boyoi/124955152092 Mary Boyoi Fanpage a Facebook] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170430170657/http://www.thesixtyone.com/MaryBoyoi/ Waƙoƙin Boyoi] * [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=boyoi&search_type=&aq=f Boyoi a Youtube] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100328122618/http://www.sudanvotes.com/musichopes/ Waƙar Mary Boyoi Zooz a kan Sudan Votes Music Hopes] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130210022621/http://boomkat.com/vinyl/566803-mary-boyoi-zooz-tama-sumo-portable-mixes Binciken Boomkat don Mary Boyoi - Zooz (Tama Sumo / Portable Mixes)] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyoi, Mary}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dk0z16h3lak55gyj0sjeavo989fvs3v 0 77544 963140 956400 2026-10-04T21:05:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lindokuhle Nduduzo Sibankulu''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1981) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Afirka ta Kudu tare da [[APN (basketball)|APN]] na ƙwararrun ƙwallon kwando na Mozambique. <ref>[http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/team/p/rid//sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html South Africa team page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908061821/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/team/p/rid/sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html |date=2009-09-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/team/p/rid/sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908061821/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/team/p/rid/sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html |archive-date=2009-09-08 |url-status=dead}} at FIBA.com</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Afrika ta kudu kuma ya fito tare da kungiyar a gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2005 da 2009 . <ref>[http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/eid/4047/pid/54107/sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html Lindokuhle Sibankulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109113719/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/eid/4047/pid/54107/sid/6599/tid/2610/profile.html |date=2010-01-09 }} FIBA.com profile</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] i8mi2ycgfct18y4zj7mnw5u8h6kbv0b 0 77859 963243 543176 2026-10-05T03:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:British woman tending to a baby.jpg|thumb|haihuwa]] '''Majalisar ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma ta Najeriya''' (abbr. '''NMCN''' ), ita ce kawai hukumar da ke kula da duk wani jami'in [[Ungozoma|jinya]] da ungozoma a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Temitope Obayendo |date=6 November 2015 |title=BNSc may become operating licence for nurses by 2015 – NMCN |url=http://www.pharmanewsonline.com/bnsc-may-become-operating-licence-for-nurses-by-2015-nmcn/ |access-date=27 August 2016 |website=Phamanews}}</ref> An kafa ta ne bisa dokar gwamnati a shekarar 1979, sannan kuma an sake kafa ta a matsayin ma’auni (parastatal) ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin Najeriya]] ta Act Cap. No 143 na Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Senate Passes Nursing, Midwifery Act Amendment Bill |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/30/senate-passes-nursing-midwifery-act-amendment-bill/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMCN :: Structure |url=https://www.nmcn.gov.ng/structure.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.nmcn.gov.ng |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619052155/https://nmcn.gov.ng/structure.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar tana kula da ka'idojin aiki, kuma tana aiwatar da ladabtarwa a cikin ma'aikatan jinya na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olawale |first=Johnson |date=2017-08-29 |title=All you should know about Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria and its functions |url=https://www.legit.ng/1122041-functions-nursing-midwifery-council-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan tana ba da izinin ilimi a [[Ungozoma|aikin jinya]] da ungozoma, bayar da takaddun shaida da difloma a aikin ungozoma da jinya bayan shirin shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=Education in Nigeria |url=http://wenr.wes.org/2011/08/wenr-julyaugust-2011-practical-information |access-date=27 August 2016 |website=World Education News & Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826155726/http://wenr.wes.org/2011/08/wenr-julyaugust-2011-practical-information |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=What is the function of Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria? |url=https://flairng.com/bez-rubriki/what-is-the-function-of-nursing-and-midwifery-council-of-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Across the Sahara |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Majalisar tana karkashin jagorancin babban sakatare/ magatakarda, wanda wasu kwararru da ma’aikatan da ba na kwararru ke taimaka musu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=What is the function of Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria? |url=https://flairng.com/bez-rubriki/what-is-the-function-of-nursing-and-midwifery-council-of-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Across the Sahara |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Suna da alhakin hukumar da ke ba da rahoto ga [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayyar (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMCN :: Structure |url=https://www.nmcn.gov.ng/structure.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.nmcn.gov.ng |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619052155/https://nmcn.gov.ng/structure.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Asali an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1949 a matsayin '''Majalisar Ma’aikatan jinya ta Najeriya''', tana gudanar da aiki a layi ɗaya da '''Hukumar Ungozomomi ta Najeriya''', har zuwa lokacin da gwamnati ta kafa dokar ta 1979 wacce ta haɗe kungiyoyin. An kafa majalisar ma’aikatan jinya da ungozoma ta Najeriya bisa doka mai lamba 89, 1979. [[Adetoun Olabowale Bailey|Adetoun Bailey]] shine magatakarda na farko. == Hedkwata da Wurare == Majalisar tana da hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]]. Sauran ofisoshin shiyya suna cikin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]], [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]], da [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMCN :: Home Page |url=https://www.nmcn.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=www.nmcn.gov.ng}}</ref> == Fitattun Ma'aikatan Jinya da Ungozomomi == * [[Adetoun Olabowale Bailey]] * [[Kofoworola Abeni Pratt]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kofoworola Abeni Pratt |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/kofoworola-abeni-pratt |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> * [[Idowu Philips|Idowu Philip]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Ibadan Nig |date=2021-02-24 |title=Full Biography Of Idowu Philips (Mama Rainbow) & Net Worth: [Nollywood Veteran] |url=https://naijaxtreme.com/idowu-philips/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=NAIJAXTREME |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makori |first=Edwin Kwach |date=2020-10-19 |title=Idowu Philips (Iya Rainbow) biography: age, husband, net worth |url=https://www.legit.ng/1375481-idowu-philips-iya-rainbow-biography-age-husband-net-worth.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> * [[Elfrida O. Adebo]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities, Nurses and Nursing: An Inaugural Lecture delivered at University of Ibadan in 1983 by Elfrida O Adebo - 1990 |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/universities-nurses-nursing-inaugural-lecture-delivered/d/60945347 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Biblio.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-08-04 |title=ADEBO, Prof Elfrida O. |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/adebo-professor-elfrida-o/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Veronica Nnaji]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-03-23 |title=NNAJI, Hon. (Mrs.) Veronica Ogechi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nnaji-hon-mrs-veronica-ogechi/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Omo-Oba Adenrele Ademola]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Second World War Service and Sacrifice - Princess Ademola |url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/second-world-war-service-and-sacrifice/second-world-war-service-and-sacrifice-princess-ademola/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Black History Month 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * Grace Ebun Delano <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARFH Nigeria |url=https://arfh-ng.org/arfh-management-staff/10588/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nm7gjl0v84wlw49lpwk8anefqmdvhnd 0 77929 963103 452559 2026-10-04T18:33:34Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 963103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Janina Wirth''' (an haifeta a shekarar 1966), tsohuwar yar wasan skater wato keken katako ce ta Jamus ta Gabas. Ita ce zakara a shekarar 1982.Inge Wischnewski ne ya horar da Wirth kuma ya wakilci SC Dynamo Berlin. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131224182426/http://www.isuskating.sportcentric.com/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0%2C11040%2C4844-188675-205897-133277-0-file%2C00.pdfInternational Skating Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta=='''Janina Wirth''' (an haife ta a shekarar [[1966]]) tsohuwar ’yar wasan [[tseren kankara]] ce daga [[Jamus ta Gabas]]. Bayan aurenta, ta riƙa amfani da sunan '''Janina Weiß'''. Ta yi fice musamman a gasar tseren kankara ta mata, inda ta zama zakarar duniya ta matasa a shekarar [[1982]]. == Rayuwa da sana'ar wasanni == Janina Wirth ta fara fafatawa a gasar tseren kankara a lokacin da take wakiltar [[Jamus ta Gabas]]. Ta kasance ’yar ƙungiyar wasanni ta '''SC Dynamo Berlin''', kuma [[Inge Wischnewski]] ce ta horar da ita. Wischnewski ta kasance fitacciyar mai horar da ’yan wasan tseren kankara a Jamus ta Gabas. A shekarar [[1982]], Wirth ta samu babbar nasara a rayuwarta ta wasanni, inda ta lashe gasar '''World Junior Figure Skating Championships''' a birnin Oberstdorf na Jamus ta Yamma. Ta zo ta farko a gasar mata, yayin da Cornelia Tesch ta Jamus ta Yamma ta zo ta biyu, Elizabeth Manley ta Kanada kuma ta zo ta uku. A wannan shekarar kuma, Wirth ta shiga gasar manyan ’yan wasa ta duniya, inda ta zo ta 12 a gasar duniya. A gasar Turai ta shekarar 1982 kuma ta zo ta 9. == Gasar ƙasa == Wirth ta kuma samu matsayi mai kyau a gasar zakarun tseren kankara ta Jamus ta Gabas. A shekarar 1982 ta zo ta biyu, sannan ta sake samun matsayi na biyu a shekarar 1983. == Sakamakon gasa == {| class="wikitable" ! Gasar !! Shekara !! Matsayi |- | World Junior Figure Skating Championships || 1982 || Na 1 |- | World Figure Skating Championships || 1982 || Na 12 |- | World Figure Skating Championships || 1983 || Na 11 |- | European Figure Skating Championships || 1982 || Na 9 |- | European Figure Skating Championships || 1983 || Na 8 |- | East German Championships || 1982 || Na 2 |- | East German Championships || 1983 || Na 2 |} == Duba kuma == * [[Tseren kankara]] * [[Jamus ta Gabas]] * [[SC Dynamo Berlin]] * [[Inge Wischnewski]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:’Yan wasan tseren kankara na Jamus]] [[Rukuni:’Yan wasan Jamus ta Gabas]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1966]] {{Reflist}} 4kwkwoihsbicu3i6ptmqz7ftalnv88u 0 78107 963143 794832 2026-10-04T21:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963143 wikitext text/x-wiki Ci gaban ɗakunan (Laburare) karatu a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] za a iya samo su tun kafin samun ’yancin kai lokacin da aka kafa [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Jami’ar Ibadan]] da ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogunsola |first=L. A. |date=2004 |title=Nigerian University Libraries and the Challenges of Globalization: The Way Forward |url=http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v05n02/ogunsola_l01.htm |journal=Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship |volume=5 |issue=2–3}}</ref> An kafa ɗakunan karatu na ilimi don tallafawa koyo, koyarwa da bincike a manyan makarantu. Sun kuma yi fice wajen raya manhajar karatu na sassa daban-daban na cibiyoyin iyayensu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Enyia |first=Christian O |date=1991-12-01 |title=Academic libraries and curriculum development in Nigeria |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7837%2891%2990011-N |journal=International Library Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=413–431 |doi=10.1016/0020-7837(91)90011-N |issn=0020-7837}}</ref> Ana iya rarraba ɗakunan karatu na ilimi musamman kamar: jami'a, polytechnics, kwalejojin ilimi da kuma ɗakunan karatu na jinya. == Ɗakunan karatu na jami'a == A [[Najeriya]], akwai ɗakunan karatu 43 da aka kafa a jami’o’in gwamnatin tarayya, ɗakunan karatu 48 da aka kafa a jami’o’in gwamnati da kuma dakunan karatu 79 da aka kafa a jami’o’i masu zaman kansu. Jerin ɗakunan karatu na jami'a a Najeriya sune: <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=Federal Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/federal-univeristies/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=List of Nigerian State Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/state-univerisity/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commissions |date=2020 |title=List of Nigerian Private Universities |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/private-univeristies/}}</ref> === Jami'o'in tarayya === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |[[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], Bauchi University Library |http://portal.atbu.edu.ng/library/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508130538/http://portal.atbu.edu.ng/library/ |date=2024-05-08 }} |1988 |Bauchi |North-East |- |2 |Kashim Ibrahim Library, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria |https://library.abu.edu.ng/ |1962 |Kaduna |North-West |- |3 |[[Jami'ar Bayero|Bayero University, Kano]] |http://library.buk.edu.ng/ |1975 |Kano |North-west |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Tarayya, Gashua|Federal University Gashua]], Yobe |<nowiki>https://www.fugashua.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Yobe |North-East |- |5 |Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun |https://fupre.edu.ng/library/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201144833/https://fupre.edu.ng/library/ |date=2020-12-01 }} |2007 |Delta |South-South |- |6 |Federal University of Technology, Akure |<nowiki>https://www.futa.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Ondo |South West |- |7 |[[Federal University of Technology, Minna]] |<nowiki>https://www.futminna.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Niger |North-Central |- |8 |Federal University of Technology, Owerri |<nowiki>https://www.futo.edu.ng</nowiki> |1980 |Imo |South East |- |9 |[[Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse|Federal University, Dutse]], Jigawa State |<nowiki>https://www.fud.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |jigawa |North-West |- |10 |[[Jami'ar Taraya dake Dutsinma|Federal University, Dutsin-Ma]], Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.fudutsinma.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Katsina |North-West |- |11 |[[Federal University KashereFederal|University, Kashere]] , Gombe State | <nowiki>https://https://fuk.academia.edu/</nowiki> |2011 |Gombe |North-East |- |12 |Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State |<nowiki>https://www.fulafia.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |13 |Federal University, Lokoja, Kogi State |<nowiki>https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Kogi |North-Central |- |14 |Alex Ekwueme University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State |<nowiki>https://www.funai.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |15 |Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa |<nowiki>https://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |16 |Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State |<nowiki>https://www.fuoye.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Ekiti |South-West |- |17 |Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State |<nowiki>https://www.fuwukari.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2011 |Taraba |North-East |- |18 |Federal University, Birnin Kebbi |<nowiki>https://www.fubk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Kebbi |North-West |- |19 |Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State |<nowiki>https://www.fugusau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Zamfara |North-West |- |20 |Michael Okpara University of Agricultural Umudike |<nowiki>https://www.mouau.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Abia |South East |- |21 |Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola |<nowiki>https://www.mautech.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Adamawa |North-East |- |22 |[[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|National Open University of Nigeria]], Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.nou.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Lagos |South-West |- |23 |[[Makarantar yan sandan Najeriya ta Wudil|Nigerian Police Academy]] Wudil |<nowiki>https://polac.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2013 |Kano |North-West |- |24 |[[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.nda.edu.ng</nowiki> |1985 |Kaduna |North-West |- |25 |Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka |<nowiki>https://www.unizik.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Anambra |South-East |- |26 |Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife |<nowiki>https://www.oauife.edu.ng</nowiki> |1962 |Osun |South-West |- |27 |University of Abuja, Gwagwalada |<nowiki>https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Abuja |North-Central |- |28 |Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta |<nowiki>https://www.unaab.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |University of Agriculture, Makurdi |<nowiki>https://www.uam.edu.ng</nowiki> |1988 |Benue |North-Central |- |30 |John Harris Library |<nowiki>https://library.uniben.edu.ng</nowiki> |1970 |Edo |South-South |- |31 |[[Jami'ar Calabar|University of Calabar]] |<nowiki>https://www.unical.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Cross River |South-South |- |32 |Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan |http://library.ui.edu.ng/ |1948 |Oyo |South West |- |33 |[[Jami'ar Ilorin|University of Ilorin]] |[http://universitylibrary.unilorin.edu.ng https://www.unilorin.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918132657/http://universitylibrary.unilorin.edu.ng/ |date=2021-09-18 }} |1975 |Kwara |North- Central |- |34 |[[Jami'ar Jos|University of Jos]] |<nowiki>https://www.unijos.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Plateau |North-Central |- |35 |University of Lagos Library |https://library.unilag.edu.ng/ |1962 |Lagos |South-West |- |36 |[[Jami'ar Maiduguri|University of Maiduguri]] |<nowiki>https://www.unimaid.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Borno |North-East |- |37 |[[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|University of Nigeria]], Nsukka |<nowiki>https://www.unn.edu.ng</nowiki> |1960 |Enugu |South-East |- |38 |University of Port Harcourt |<nowiki>https://www.uniport.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Rivers |South-South |- |39 |University of Uyo |<nowiki>https://www.uniuyo.edu.ng</nowiki> |1991 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |40 |[[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Usumanu Danfodiyo University]] |<nowiki>https://www.udusok.edu.ng</nowiki> |1975 |Sokoto |North-West |- |41 |Nigerian Maritime University Okerenkoko, Delta State |https://www.nmu.edu.ng/ |2018 |Delta |South-South |- |42 |Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://afit.edu.ng</nowiki> |2018 |Kaduna |North-West |- |43 |Nigerian Army University Biu |<nowiki>https://naub.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2018 |Borno |North-East |} === Jami'o'in Jiha === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Abia|Abia State University, Uturu]] |<nowiki>https://www.absu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1981 |Abia |Southeast |- |2 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa|Adamawa State University Mubi]] |<nowiki>https://www.adsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Adamawa |North-East |- |3 |[[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin|Adekunle Ajasin University]], Akungba |<nowiki>https://www.aaua.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Ondo |South-West |- |4 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State University]], Ikot Akpaden |<nowiki>https://www.aksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2010 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |5 |Ambrose Alli University Library | # <nowiki>https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng</nowiki> # [https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369&Itemid Ambrose Alli University Library] [https://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369&Itemid=334 =334] |1980 |Edo |South-South |- |6 |Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli |<nowiki>https://coou.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2000 |Anambra |South-East |- |7 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi State University]], Gadau |<nowiki>https://www.basug.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Bauchi |North-East |- |8 |[[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Benue State University]], Makurdi |<nowiki>https://www.bsum.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Benue |North-Central |- |9 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe|Yobe State University]], Damaturu |<nowiki>https://www.ysu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Yobe |North-East |- |10 |Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar |<nowiki>https://www.crutech.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Cross River |South-South |- |11 |Delta State University Abraka |<nowiki>https://www.delsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Delta |South-South |- |12 |[[Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi|Ebonyi State University]], Abakaliki |<nowiki>https://www.ebsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |13 |[[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Ekiti State University]] |<nowiki>https://www.eksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Ekiti |South-West |- |14 |[[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Enugu State University of Science and Technology]], Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.esut.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Enugu |South-East |- |15 |[[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Gombe State University]], Gombe |<nowiki>https://www.gsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Gombe |North-East |- |16 |Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai |<nowiki>https://www.ibbu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Niger |North-Central |- |17 |Ignatius Ajuru University of Education,Rumuolumeni |<nowiki>https://www.iaue.edu.ng</nowiki> |2010 |River |South-South |- |18 |Imo State University, Owerri |<nowiki>https://www.imsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1992 |Imo |South-East |- |19 |Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa |<nowiki>https://www.slu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2013 |Jigawa |North-East |- |20 |Kaduna State University, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.kasu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2004 |Kaduna |North-West |- |21 |Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil |<nowiki>https://www.kust.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Kano |North-West |- |22 |Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero |<nowiki>https://www.ksusta.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Kebbi |North-West |- |23 |Kogi State University Anyigba |<nowiki>https://www.ksu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Kogi |North-Central |- |24 |Kwara State University, Ilorin |[https://kwasu.edu.ng/library/news.html https://www.kwasu.edu.ng] |2009 |Kwara |North-Central |- |25 |Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Olusegun Oke Library |<nowiki>https://www.lautech.edu.ng</nowiki> |1990 |Oyo |South-West |- |26 |Ondo State University of Science and Technology Okitipupa |<nowiki>https://www.osustech.edu.ng</nowiki> |2008 |Ondo |South-West |- |27 |River State University |<nowiki>https://www.rsu.edu.ng</nowiki> |1979 |River |South-South |- |28 |Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye |<nowiki>https://www.oouagoiwoye.edu.ng</nowiki> |1982 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |Lagos State University,Fatiu Ademola Akesode Library,Ojo |https://library.lasu.edu.ng/{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |1983 |Lagos |Southwest |- |30 |Niger Delta University Yenagoa |<nowiki>https://www.ndu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2000 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |31 |Nasarawa State University Keffi |<nowiki>https://www.nsuk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |32 |Plateau State University Bokkos |<nowiki>https://www.plasu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Plateau |North-Central |- |33 |Tai Solarin University of Education Ijebu Ode |<nowiki>https://www.tasued.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |34 |Umar Musa Yar' Adua University Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.umyu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Katsina |North-West |- |35 |Osun State University Osogbo |<nowiki>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Osun |South-West |- |36 |Taraba State University, Jalingo |<nowiki>https://www.tsuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2008 |Taraba |North-East |- |37 |Sokoto State University |<nowiki>https://www.ssu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Sokoto |North-West |- |38 |Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano |<nowiki>https://www.nwu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Kano |North-Central |- |39 |Oyo State Technical University Ibadan |<nowiki>https://tech-u.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2012 |Oyo |South-West |- |40 |Ondo State University of Medical Sciences |<nowiki>https://www.unimed.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ondo |South-West |- |41 |Edo University Iyamo |<nowiki>https://www.edouniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Edo |South-South |- |42 |Eastern Palm University Ogboko, Imo State |<nowiki>https://www.epu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Imo |South-South |- |43 |University of Africa Toru Orua, Bayelsa State |<nowiki>https://www.uat.edu.ng/public/</nowiki> |2016 |Bayelsa |South-South |- |44 |Borno State University, Maiduguri |https://www.bosu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524101352/https://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-24 }} |2016 |Borno |North-East |- |45 |Moshood Abiola University of Science and Technology Abeokuta |https://www.mapoly.edu.ng/ |2017 |Ogun |South-West |- |46 |Gombe State University of Science and Technology |https://www.gsu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714135047/http://gsu.edu.ng/ |date=2023-07-14 }} |2017 |Gombe |North-East |- |47 |Zamfara State University |https://www.zamsut.edu.ng/ |2018 |Zamfara |North-West |- |48 |Bayelsa Medical University |https://www.bmu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510091632/https://bmu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-10 }} |2019 |Bayelsea |South-South |} === Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |'''State''' |'''Region''' |- |1 |Achievers University, Owo |https://www.achievers.edu.ng/academics/library/ |2007 |Ondo |South-West |- |2 |[[Adeleke University Library, Ede]] |https://adelekeuniversity.edu.ng/au-library {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206143058/https://adelekeuniversity.edu.ng/au-library/ |date=2022-12-06 }} |2011 |Osun |South-West |- |3 |[https://www.abuad.edu.ng Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti - Ekiti State] |<nowiki>https://www.abuad.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Ekiti |South-West |- |4 |African University of Science & Technology, Abuja |<nowiki>https://aust.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |FCT |North-Central |- |5 |Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan |<nowiki>https://www.acu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Oyo |South-West |- |6 |Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin |<nowiki>https://www.alhikmah.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Kwara |North-Central |- |7 |Al-Qalam University, Katsina |<nowiki>https://www.auk.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Kastina |North-West |- |8 |American University of Nigeria, Yola |<nowiki>https://www.aun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2003 |Yola |North-Central |- |9 |Augustine University |<nowiki>https://www.augustineuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Lagos |South-West |- |10 |Babcock University,Ilishan-Remo |<nowiki>https://www.babcock.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Ogun |South-West |- |11 |Baze University |<nowiki>https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |FCT |North-Central |- |12 |Bells University of Technology, Otta |<nowiki>https://www.bellsuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |13 |Benson Idahosa University, Benin City |<nowiki>https://www.biu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2002 |Edo |South-South |- |14 |Bingham University, New Karu |<nowiki>https://www.binghamuni.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Nasarawa |North-Central |- |15 |Bowen University, Iwo |<nowiki>https://www.bowenuniversity-edu.org</nowiki> |2001 |Osun |South-West |- |16 |Caleb University, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.calebuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Lagos |South-West |- |17 |Caritas University, Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.caritasuni.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2005 |Enugu |South-East |- |18 |Chrisland University |<nowiki>https://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |19 |Covenant University Library, Ota |https://web.archive.org/web/20211019213731/https://clrmain.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/ |2002 |Ogun |South-West |- |20 |Crawford University Igbesa |<nowiki>https://www.crawforduniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |21 |Crescent University |<nowiki>https://www.crescent-university.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Ogun |South-West |- |22 |Edwin Clark University, Kaigbodo |<nowiki>https://www.edwinclarkuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Delta |South-South |- |23 |Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin |[http://library.elizadeuniversity.edu.ng https://www.elizadeuniversity.edu.ng] |2012 |Ondo |South-West |- |24 |Evangel University, Akaeze |<nowiki>https://www.evangeluniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ebonyi |South-East |- |25 |Fountain University, Oshogbo |https://library.fuo.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175826/https://library.fuo.edu.ng/ |date=2021-10-27 }} |2007 |Oshogbo |South-West |- |26 |Godfrey Okoye University, Ugwuomu-Nike - Enugu State |<nowiki>https://www.gouni.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Enugu |South-East |- |27 |Gregory University, Uturu |<nowiki>https://www.gregoryuniversity.com</nowiki> |2012 |Abia |South-East |- |28 |Hallmark University, Ijebi Itele, Ogun |<nowiki>https://www.hallmark.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |29 |Hezekiah University, Umudi |<nowiki>https://hezekiah.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Imo |South-East |- |30 |Igbinedion University Okada |<nowiki>https://www.iuokada.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Edo |South-South |- |31 |Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ipo Arakeji and Ikeji-Arakeji |<nowiki>https://www.jabu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2006 |Osun |South-West |- |32 |Kings University, Ode Omu |<nowiki>https://www.kingsuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Kwara |North-Central |- |33 |Kwararafa University, Wukari |<nowiki>https://www.kwararafauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Taraba |North-East |- |34 |Landmark University, Omu-Aran. |<nowiki>https://www.lmu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Kwara |North-Central |- |35 |Lead City University, Ibadan |<nowiki>https://www.lcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Oyo |South-West |- |36 |Madonna University, Okija |<nowiki>https://www.madonnauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |1999 |Anambra |South-East |- |37 |Mcpherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ajebo |<nowiki>https://www.mcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ogun |South-West |- |38 |Micheal & Cecilia Ibru University |<nowiki>https://mciu.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Delta |South-South |- |39 |Mountain Top University |https://library.mtu.edu.ng< |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |40 |[[Jami'ar Nile Dake Nigeria|Nile University of Nigeria]] |https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/nile-library |2009 |FCT |North-Central |- |41 |Novena University, Ogume |<nowiki>https://www.novenauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Delta |South-South |- |42 |Obong University, Obong Ntak |<nowiki>https://www.obonguniversity.net</nowiki> |2007 |Akwa-Ibom |South-South |- |43 |Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu - Osun State |<nowiki>https://www.oduduwauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Osun |South-West |- |44 |Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.pau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2002 |Lagos |South-West |- |45 |Paul University, Awka - Anambra State |<nowiki>https://www.pauluniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Anambra |South-East |- |46 |Tekena Tamuno Library (Redeemer's University) |https://run.edu.ng/library |2005 |Osun |South-West |- |47 |Renaissance University, Enugu |<nowiki>https://www.rnu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Enugu |South-East |- |48 |Rhema University, Obeama-Asa - Rivers State |<nowiki>https://www.rhemauniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2009 |Rivers |South-South |- |49 |Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom |<nowiki>https://www.ritmanuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Akwa Ibom |South-South |- |50 |Salem University, Lokoja |<nowiki>https://www.salemuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Kogi |North-Central |- |51 |Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa, Edo State |<nowiki>https://www.sau.edu.ng</nowiki> |2011 |Edo |South-South |- |52 |Southwestern University, Oku Owa |<nowiki>https://www.southwesternuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2012 |Ogun |South-West |- |53 |Summit University |<nowiki>https://www.summituniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2015 |Kwara |North-Central |- |54 |Tansian University, Umunya |<nowiki>https://tansianuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2007 |Anambra |South-East |- |55 |University of Mkar, Mkar |<nowiki>https://www.unimkar.edu.ng</nowiki> |2005 |Benue |North-Central |- |56 |Veritas University, Abuja |<nowiki>https://www.veritas.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |FCT |North-Central |- |57 |Wellspring University, Evbuobanosa - Edo State |<nowiki>https://www.wellspringuniversity.net</nowiki> |2009 |Edo |South-South |- |58 |Wesley University. of Science & Technology, Ondo |<nowiki>https://www.wusto.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Ondo |South-West |- |59 |Western Delta University, Oghara Delta State |<nowiki>https://wdu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2007 |Delta |South-South |- |60 |Christopher University Mowe |<nowiki>https://www.christopheruniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2015 |Ogun |South-West |- |61 |Kola Daisi University Ibadan, Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.koladaisiuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Oyo |South-West |- |62 |Anchor University Ayobo Lagos State |<nowiki>https://www.aul.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Lagos |South-West |- |63 |Dominican University Ibadan Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.dui.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Oyo |South-West |- |64 |Legacy University, Okija Anambra State |<nowiki>https://www.legacyuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Anambra |South-East |- |65 |Arthur Javis University Akpoyubo Cross river State |<nowiki>https://www.arthurjarvisuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Cross River |South-South |- |66 |Crown Hill University Eiyenkorin, Kwara State |<nowiki>https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Kwara |North-Central |- |67 |Coal City University Enugu State |https://www.ccu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526074337/https://ccu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-26 }} |2016 |Enugu |South-East |- |68 |Clifford University Owerrinta Abia State |<nowiki>https://www.clifforduni.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2016 |Abia |South-East |- |69 |[https://adun.edu.ng Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa Delta State] |<nowiki>https://www.adun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Delta |South-South |- |70 |Spiritan University, Nneochi Abia State |<nowiki>https://www.spiritanuniversity.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Abia |South-East |- |71 |Precious Cornerstone University, Oyo |<nowiki>https://www.pcu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Oyo |South-West |- |72 |PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Portharcourt |<nowiki>https://www.pums.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Portharcourt |South-South |- |73 |Atiba University Oyo |https://www.atibauniversity.edu.ng/ |2017 |Oyo |South-West |- |74 |Eko University of Medical and Health Sciences Ijanikin, Lagos |<nowiki>https://www.ekounivmed.edu.ng</nowiki> |2017 |Lagos |South-West |- |75 |Skyline University, Kano |<nowiki>https://www.sun.edu.ng</nowiki> |2018 |Kano |North-West |- |76 |Greenfield University, Kaduna |<nowiki>https://www.gfu.edu.ng</nowiki> |2019 |Kaduna |North-West |- |77 |Dominion University Ibadan, Oyo State |<nowiki>https://www.dominionuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2019 |Oyo |South-West |- |78 |Trinity University Ogun State |<nowiki>https://www.trinityuniversity.edu.ng/</nowiki> |2019 |Ogun |South-West |- |79 |Westland University Iwo, Osun State |https://www.westland.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508090612/https://westland.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-08 }} |2019 |Osun |South-West |} == Laburare naPolytechnic == An kafa ɗakunan karatu na Polytechnic tare da babban burin samar da albarkatun bayanai ga ɗalibai, membobin ma'aikatan kwalejin fasaha da sauran masu amfani da su. Baya ga kayan bayanan, ana ba da taimako na sirri ga masu amfani da ɗakin karatu don tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da ɗakin karatu. Akwai Ɗakunan karatu na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tarayya guda 29 a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya guda 29 a Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/Federal%20Polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205520/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/Federal%20Polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> 48 ɗakunan karatu na polytechnic na Jiha <ref>{{Cite web |title=State Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ɗakunan karatu na polytechnic guda 57 a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Polytechnics {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/private%20polytechnics |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926061746/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/private%20polytechnics |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jerin ɗakunan karatu na Polytechnic a [[Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} National Board for Technical Education |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/ |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=net.nbte.gov.ng |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719063617/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! !Federal Polytechnic ! ! |- |'''S/N''' |'''Name''' |'''Website''' |'''Year''' |- |1 |Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, P.M.B. 1007, Afikpo, Ebonyi State. |[http://akanuibiampoly.edu.ng/ www.akanuibiampoly.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625065658/http://akanuibiampoly.edu.ng/ |date=2021-06-25 }} |1981 |- |2 |Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo State |[https://auchipoly.edu.ng/ap/academics/library/ www.auchipoly.edu.ng] |1973 |- |3 |Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State |[http://www.fedpolyado.edu.ng/ www.fedpolyado.edu.ng] |1977 |- |4 |Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State |[https://www.fedpobali.edu.ng/library.php www.fedpobali.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607092926/https://www.fedpobali.edu.ng/library.php |date=2020-06-07 }} |2007 |- |5 |Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, P.M. B 231, Bauchi State |www.fptb.edu.ng |1979 |- |6 |Federal Polytechnic Bida, P.M.B 55, Niger State |[http://www.fedpolybida.edu.ng/index.php/library www.fedpolybida.edu.ng] |1977 |- |7 |[[Federal Polytechnic Damaturu]], P.M.B 1006, Yobe State |www.fedpodam.edu.ng |1993 |- |8 |Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State |www.federalpolyede.edu.ng |1992 |- |9 |Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, Bayelsa State |www.federalpolyekowe.edu.ng |2007 |- |10 |Federal Polytechnic Idah P.M.B 1035, Kogi State |www.fepoda.edu.ng |1977 |- |11 |Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, P.M.B 50, Ogun State |www.federalpolyilaro.edu.ng |1979 |- |12 |Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji, Ondo State |www.fedpolel.edu.ng |2016 |- |13 |Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, P.M.B, 1012, Zamfara State |www.fedpolykaura.edu.ng |1983 |- |14 |Federal Polytechnic Mubi, PMB 35 Mubi, Adamawa State |www.federalpolytechnicmubi.edu.ng |1979 |- |15 |Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, P.M.B. 01 Nasarawa State |www.fedpolynasarawa.edu.ng |1983 |- |16 |Federal Polytechnic Nekede, P.M.B 1036, Owerri, Imo State |www.fpno.edu.ng |1977 |- |17 |Federal Polytechnic Offa, P.M.B 420, Kwara State |[https://www.fpo.edu.ng/innerPages.php?pageID=26 www.fpo.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930142451/http://fpo.edu.ng/innerPages.php?pageID=26 |date=2020-09-30 }} |1992 |- |18 |Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State |www.federalpolyoko.edu.ng |1982 |- |19 |Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny, Rivers State |www.fedpolybonny.edu.ng |2014 |- |20 |Federal Polytechnic Ukana, Akwa Ibom State |https://www.fedpolyukana.edu.ng/ |2014 |- |21 |Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B 5004, Kazaure Jigawa State |www.hafedpoly.edu.ng |1991 |- |22 |Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna |www.kadunapolytechnic.edu.ng |1956 |- |23 |National Institute of Construction Technology Uromi |www.nict.edu.ng |2014 |- |24 |Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1034, Birnin Kebbi |www.wufpbk.edu.ng |1976 |- |25 |Yaba College of Technology, P.M.B. 2011, Yaba, Lagos State |www.yabatech.edu.ng |1947 |- |26 |Airforce Institute of Technology (AFIT),NAF Base Kaduna |www.afit.edu.ng |1977 |- |27 |Petroleum Training Institute Effurun P.M.B 20, Effurun. Delta State |www.pti.edu.ng |1972 |- |28 |Nigerian Army Institute of Technology and Environmental Science (NAITES) Makurdi |www.naitesmkd.edu.ng |1960 |- |29 |Nigerian College of Aviation Technology (NCAT), Sokoto Road, Zaria, Kaduna State |www.ncat.gov.ng | |- |30 |Nigerian Institute of Journalism, 8-14,Ijaiye road Ogba-Ikeja,Lagos state |www.nij.edu.ng |1971 |- |31 |Federal Training Center,Ikoyi,Lagos state |https://ftclagos.edu.ng/ |1957 |} == Duba kuma == * Laburaren ilimi ta ƙasa * Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri (FUTO) Library * Samuel Adegboyega University Library * Laburare na Jami'ar Alkawari (Cibiyar Koyon Ilimi) * Olusegun Oke Library == Manazarta == 1qxjdmh9itwr0jpysneuq9nffuy8suf 0 79533 963129 899246 2026-10-04T19:48:40Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Mali */ 963129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lycéens_kati.jpg|alt=Image of schooling in Kati, Mali|thumb|354x354px|Wata makaranta a [[Kati, Mali|Kati]], [[Mali]].]] '''Ilimi a [[Mali]]''' ana daukar shi a matsayin hakki na asali na 'yan Mali.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Delivering Education For All in Mali (Report) {{!}} Oxfam International |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/delivering-education-all-mali-report |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=www.oxfam.org}}</ref> Ga mafi yawan tarihin kasar Mali, gwamnati ta raba ilimin firamare zuwa zagaye biyu wanda ya ba da damar ɗaliban Mali su yi jarrabawa don samun shiga sakandare, sakandare, ko ilimi mafi girma. Mali kwanan nan ta ga karuwar yawan shiga makaranta saboda sauye-sauyen ilimi.[2]<ref name=":9" /> Mali tana da dogon tarihi game da ilimi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga shekarun da suka gabata kafin Shekaran 1960, lokacin da Mali ke ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Faransa]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Mali - History Background |url=https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/942/Mali-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=education.stateuniversity.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Mali ta yi ƙoƙari da yawa don haɗa ƙarin ilimin [[Afirka]] da harsuna biyu a cikin ɗakunan ajiya. Bugu da ƙari, bayan shekarun 1990s, lokacin da gwamnatin Mali ta sauya daga tsarin jam'iyya ɗaya zuwa dimokuradiyya, gwamnati ta kirkiro manufofi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan karatu da rubutu da ingancin ilimi.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Gadio |first=Moussa |date=June 2011 |title=Policy Review on Adult Learning: The Adult Non-formal Education Policy of Mali, West Africa |journal=Adult Learning |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=20–24 |doi=10.1177/104515951102200303 |issn=1045-1595 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baya ga makarantun firamare na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, wasu nau'ikan makarantu a Mali sun haɗa da cibiyoyin sana'a da fasaha, makarantun addini, makarantun al'umma, da makarantu ga nakasassu. Musamman tunda Islama ita ce babbar addini a Mali, [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrassa]] da medersas cibiyoyin Islama ne guda biyu waɗanda yawancin mutanen Mali ke halarta.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Dianna |date=2015 |title=Choosing Medersa: Discourses on Secular versus Islamic Education in Mali, West Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_spring-2015_61_3/page/n50 |journal=Africa Today |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.2979/africatoday.61.3.45 |jstor=10.2979/africatoday.61.3.45 |s2cid=141894424}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, makarantun al'umma sun zama masu shahara a wannan ƙasar tun lokacin da yawanci suna da sauƙin isa, musamman ga ɗaliban karkara, kuma suna bawa ɗalibai damar shiga cikin al'ummominsu.[1] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, al'ummomi da yawa sun kirkiro shirye-shirye don shigar da kurame da nakasassu dalibai cikin ɗakunan ajiya.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Nyst |first=Victoria |date=2015 |title=The Sign Language Situation in Mali |journal=Sign Language Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=126–150 |issn=0302-1475 |jstor=26190976}}</ref> Tare da kusan rabin 'yan Mali masu shekaru 15-24 marasa karatu, karatu da rubutu ya kasance batun damuwa ga gwamnatin Mali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-27 |title=Mali |url=https://uis.unesco.org/country/ML |access-date=2019-10-08 |website=uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen kasa don magance wannan batun suna mai da hankali kan ba wa ɗalibai ilimin da suke buƙata don karantawa da rubutu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Ouane |first=Adama |last2=Amon-Tanoh |first2=Yvette |date=December 1990 |title=Literacy in French-Speaking Africa: A Situational Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_1990-12_33_3/page/n28 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=21 |doi=10.2307/524184 |jstor=524184 |s2cid=146237101}}</ref> Bayan haka, al'ummomi da ƙasashen waje suna ƙoƙari su haɗa karatun Bayan karatu da rubutu da haɗin karatu a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi don ba da damar ɗalibai su yi amfani da sabbin ƙwarewarsu don taimakawa tattalin arziki da al'umma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cisse |first=Seydou |date=2001 |title=Post Literacy in Mali |url=https://www.dvv-international.de/en/adult-education-and-development/ausgaben/number-57/basic-education-in-practice/post-literacy-in-mali/ |url-status=dead |journal=Journal AED - Adult Education and Development |volume=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213185213/https://www.dvv-international.de/en/adult-education-and-development/ausgaben/number-57/basic-education-in-practice/post-literacy-in-mali |archive-date=2022-02-13 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turrittin |first=Jane |date=February 1989 |title=Integrated Literacy in Mali |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-education-review_1989-02_33_1/page/59 |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=33 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.1086/446812 |s2cid=143699761}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali na aikin karatu da rubutu da Mali ta shiga shine Shirin Nazarin Duniya na gwaji.[4]<ref name=":2" /> Bambance-bambance tsakanin Faransanci, yaren ƙasar Mali, da yarukan gida sun haifar da matsaloli da yawa a ilimi. Samun dama, wuri na ƙasa, nuna bambancin jinsi, da ingancin ilimi suma batutuwan da yawancin 'yan Mali ke fuskanta. Abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, cututtuka, nakasa, da rashin ingancin ilimi suna taimakawa ga wasu matsalolin da ke tattare da ilimi a wannan ƙasar. Duk da haka, an sami shirye-shiryen cikin gida da na kasashen waje da yawa don fuskantar wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwan. Bugu da ƙari, manufofin kasashen waje, kamar waɗanda ke Amurka da Faransa, da kuma shirye-shiryen al'umma, kamar tattara masu raye-raye, sun haɓaka ilimin Mali. == Mali == [[Category:Mali]] swhq7ezf2ijdiw3r13pm069dlw53vo9 0 79886 963032 956109 2026-10-04T13:10:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Komenda''' , kwalejin ilimin malamai ce a Komenda, Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 46 a Ghana kuma ya shiga cikin shirin Transforming Teacher Education and Learning Ghana (T-TEL) wanda DFID ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Komenda CoE ta aiwatar da wani aiki don tafiya ba tare da takarda ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-20 |title=Komenda College of Education begins implementation of 'paperless classroom' |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/december-20th/komenda-college-of-education-begins-implementation-of-paperless-classroom.php |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705161414/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/december-20th/komenda-college-of-education-begins-implementation-of-paperless-classroom.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban shi ne Rev. Dr. Kwesi Nkum Wilson . == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Komenda a 1948, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2018 |title=Komenda College of Education Celebrates 70 Years |url=https://www.atlfmonline.com/home/24-ghana/7949-komenda-college-of-education-celebrates-70-years.html |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705161412/https://www.atlfmonline.com/home/24-ghana/7949-komenda-college-of-education-celebrates-70-years.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a wani shafin da Sojojin Ruwa na Burtaniya suka yi amfani da shi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komenda College of Education - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/komenda-college-of-education |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=www.t-tel.org}}</ref> Kwalejin Ilimi ta Komenda ta fara ne daga gine-ginen (Barracks) da Fleet Air Arm na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya ta Bariki bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. <ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |archive-date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=www.t-tel.org}}</ref> Ta hanyar kokarin Mista A.B. Sam, mai mulki na Komenda, an ba da gado ga Cocin Methodist na Ghana, a 1947 don a yi amfani da shi azaman kwalejin horo. Gwamnati ta yi wasu ayyukan gyare-gyare a kan gine-ginen don yin amfani da shi don ilimi. A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1948, an shigar da rukunin farko na dalibai masu ƙidaya maza arba'in don fara shirin farko na Cert 'B' na Malami na shekaru 2. A shekara ta 1952, kwalejin ta zama cibiyar koyarwa tare da rukunin farko na mata talatin. Shugaban farko na kwalejin shine Mista Lawrence Alfred Creedy, ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya.<ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL" /> Taken kwalejin shine "Bep'''כ''' Kurow Hyer3n", ma'ana birni da aka kafa a kan tudu, yana haskakawa gaba. Abubuwan da mahaifin da ya kafa shi ya karɓa sun kasance; Kyakkyawan ilimi, Hidima ga Allah da Hidima ga bil'adama. Messrs R.C. Mensah, C.K. Penrose, Wonderful Dadson, K.A. Essuman da J.C.O. Okyere suna daga cikin masu koyar da kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Komenda College of Education |url=https://ti-mes.com/komenda-college-education/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Ti-mes |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723134449/https://ti-mes.com/komenda-college-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Kwalejin ta wuce ta cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi masu zuwa:''' * Shekaru 2. Gaskiya "B". * Shekaru 4. Gaskiya "A". * Shekaru 2. Tabbas "A" (Post -Sec) * Shekaru 3. Masanin (Music & Art) * Shirin Modular na Shekaru 2 * Shekaru 3 Gaskiya "A" (Post -Sec) * Shekaru 4 (Diploma mara horo a Ilimi na asali) * Diploma na shekaru 3 a Ilimi na asali == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Ama Bame Busia - 'yar siyasa; tsohon memba na Majalisar Jiha ta Ghana * [[Dora Francisca Edu-Buandoh]] - Masanin kimiyya; Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]] * Kwame Karikari - Jarida kuma masanin kimiyya; Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana (1982-1984) * [[Samuel Atta Mills]] - memba na majalisa na mazabar Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (2017-) * [[Kwamena Minta Nyarku]] - memba na majalisa na mazabar Cape Coast ta Arewa (2021-) * Titus Awotwi Pratt - Shugaban Bishop na Cocin Methodist na Ghana, 2014 - 2018 . == Shiri == A watan Yunin , 2021, kwalejin ta kaddamar da wani aikin da ake kira 'Ɗaya Ɗalibi, Ɗaya Itace' a matsayin wani ɓangare na Green Ghana Initiative wanda ya nemi gabatar da ɗalibai don dasa, kiyayewa da tabbatar da tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=13 June 2021 |title=Komenda College of Education launches ‘One Student, One Tree’ Project. |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/komenda-college-of-education-launches-one-student-one-tree-project/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=News Ghana}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Nuwamba , na shekara ta 2022, kwalejin sun lashe Kudancin Yankin Tattaunawar Inshora ta ƙasa don makarantun sakandare a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=17 November 2022 |title=National Insurance Debate: Komenda College of Education wins southern zone |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-national-insurance-debate-komenda-college-of-education-wins-southern-zone.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> == Sashen da Shirye-shiryen == # Lissafi / ICT <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Departments & Programmes |url=https://komendacollege.edu.gh/departments-programmes-2/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Komenda College of Education |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830234629/https://komendacollege.edu.gh/departments-programmes-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Harsuna <ref name=":0" /> # Ilimi <ref name=":0" /> # Kimiyya ta Jama'a <ref name=":0" /> # TVET <ref name=":0" /> # Kimiyya <ref name=":0" /> == Shugabannin == {| class="wikitable" |+Wadannan sun kasance shugabannin kwalejin: !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Mista LA Creedy |1948 -1962 |- |R.R. Okyne |1962-1971 |- |Rev. C.K. Assiaw-Dufu |1972-1978 |- |Mista J.A. Walker |1978-1980 |- |Mista Robert Mensah |1981-1986 |- |Mista Robert Mensah |1981-1986 |- |Mista Robert Mensah |1981-1986 |- |Mista Kismet Sagoe (Ag) |1992-1993 |- |Misis Rose Newman |1993-1998 |- |Mista J.K. Sekum (Ag) |1998-2000 |- |Mista J.K. Dadzie |2000-2006 |- |Ms. Gladys Annan Noonoo |2007- |- |Rev. Dr. Kwesi Nkum Wilson <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Moses |date=2023-05-09 |title=The Governing Council of Komenda College of Education Reappoints Principal for a Second Term |url=https://colemanpublication.com/komenda-college-of-education-reappoints-principal-for-a-second-term/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Coleman Publications |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821170113/https://colemanpublication.com/komenda-college-of-education-reappoints-principal-for-a-second-term/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |2023- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} Abubuwan da aka haɗu daga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Komenda. Dubi Talk:Komenda Koyar da MalamaiMagana: Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Komenda{{Colleges of Education in Ghana}} 1027ejlw79gleorcxp4fjmxyehmpqv3 0 79915 963037 956117 2026-10-04T13:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Louis''' kwalejin ilimi ce a [[Kumasi]] (Gundumar Kumasi Metro, [[Yankin Ashanti]], [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Ashanti / Brong Ahafo .Tana ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 46 da ke Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa ta a watan Satumbar 1960 ta Diocese na Katolika na Kumasi kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba]]. A koda yasushe ana horar da mata a makarantan, amma an horar da maza na ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin 1974 da 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Louis College of Education - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/st-loius-college-of-education |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.t-tel.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == A watan Satumbar 1960, Diocese na Katolika na [[Kumasi]] ya kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Louis . Shugaban farko shine Sr. Mary Consilli . Sr. Mary Vibiana da wasu ma'aikata uku ne suka taimaka mata. Daliban majagaba sun kasance talatin da biyar tare da Miss Grace Owusu a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin. Nana Otumfuo Osei Agyeman Prempeh II <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reign Of Nana Osei Agyeman Prempeh II – Kingdom Of Asante |url=http://www.thekingdomofasante.com/the-reign-of-nana-osei-agyeman-prempeh-ii/ |access-date=2019-07-17 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717095725/http://www.thekingdomofasante.com/the-reign-of-nana-osei-agyeman-prempeh-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa mai faɗi don kafa kwalejin, amma abin takaici ƙasar ta mamaye, ta sa ba zai yiwu ba don fadada kayan aikin ababen more rayuwa. <ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=www.t-tel.org |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead }}</ref> Matsalar hakora da kwalejin ta fuskanta a farkon kwanakinta shine kudade. Dangane da wannan, an gudanar da shi tare da kudade daga albashin Shugaban da mataimakinsa, da kuma tallafi daga Diocese na Katolika na [[Kumasi]], hukumomin tallafi a kasashen waje da sauran masu fatan alheri na gida. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, kwalejin ta wuce ta cikin shirye-shirye masu zuwa: Takardar shaidar Post Middle 'A' ta shekaru 4, Takardar shaidarsa ta Post Secondary 'A' na shekaru 3, kuma yanzu tana gudana da Diploma na shekaru 3 a Ilimi na asali. An amince da shi a matsayin cibiyar sakandare tun watan Satumba, 2007. <ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL" /> Kwalejin koyaushe tana horar da mata sai dai na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga 1974/75 zuwa 1980/81 lokacin da ta horar da maza. A cikin shekara ta 1997/98, Kwalejin ta zama kwalejin horar da malamai na farko a Ghana don gudanar da karatun Kimiyya wanda Gidauniyar Rockefeller ta tallafawa ta hanyar ilimin mata a cikin Lissafi da Kungiyar Kimiyya wanda aka gabatar a cikin shekara ta 2004/05. Kwalejin tana da jimlar ma'aikatan 112, wanda ya kunshi ma'aikatan koyarwa 59 da ma'aikatan da ba ma'aikata 53 ba. Adadin dalibai na yau da kullun na shekara ta 2007/08 ya kai 906. Kwalejin tana gudanar da difloma a cikin shirin Ilimi na asali ga malamai 640 da ba a horar da su ba da kuma malamai 1,614 na takardar shaidar 'A' akan sandwich. Ayyukan ilimi na ɗaliban kwalejin sun kasance masu ƙarfafawa a tsawon shekaru. Kwalejin ta zo ta farko a gasar Quiz da aka shirya tsakanin kwalejojin horo goma na Ashanti-Brong / Ahafo (YankinASHBA). Har ila yau, ya ɗauki matsayi na farko a Gasar 'Bee' ta Kasa da Jami'ar Cape Coast ta shirya a matakin yanki, kuma ya zama na farko a matakin ƙasa. A cikin wasanni, Kwalejin Horar da St. Louis tana da rikodin da ake so a matakin yanki na ASHBA, kuma ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙungiyar mata don yankin a Wasannin Kwalejin Koyarwa na Malamai na Kasa. Sauran nasarori masu ban mamaki sun hada da "''Ashanti Best Teacher Training College Golden Jubilee Independence Maris-past Award 2007''", da kuma sanyawa na farko a Gasar Gwarzon Jubilee na Ghana a [[Yankin Ashanti]]. Kwalejin tana da iyakantaccen ƙasa don fadada kayan aikin. Koyaya, an aiwatar da ayyukan da ke biyowa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan: 16 Unit-Classroom Block wanda GETFund, Cibiyar ICT, Laburaren zamani da Cibiyar Kulawa duk an aiwatar da su tare da kudaden da aka samar a ciki. Kolejin yana da Ofishin Wakilin Dalibai, da Cibiyar Ba da Shawara wacce ke hidimtawa ba kawai ɗalibai ba, har ma da ɗaliban makarantar asali a yankin da ke kusa. Duk da kokarin fuskantar kalubalen kwalejin, har yanzu akwai karin da za a yi a fannonin ababen more rayuwa da sufuri. {| class="wikitable" |+Wadannan sune shugabannin da suka yi aiki a kwalejin tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Mista Mary Consilli |1960 – 1979 |- |Misis Rosemond Asante-Frimpong |1979 – 1997 |- |Ms. Georgina Darling Ofori |1997 – 2006 |- |Misis Mary Anane Druyeh |2007 - 2013 |- |Rev. Fr. Francis Ababio |2013 (Ayyuka) |- |Dame (Mrs.) Mary Comfort Boakye Mensah |2013 zuwa yau |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2pbms1o66qj456rovusye4n4467ve7n 0 79923 963031 956108 2026-10-04T13:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kibi Presbyterian College of Education''' kwalejin koyar da malamai ce a [[Kibi, Ghana|Kibi]] ( Gundumar Akim ta Gabas, [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]], [[Ghana]] ). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin Gabas ko Babban yankin Accra. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kusan kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |archive-date=2016-05-22 |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [https://t-tel.org/ T-TE] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Transforming Teaching Education and Learning - Homepage V2 - T-TEL |url=https://t-tel.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=T- tel |language=en-GB}}</ref> [https://t-tel.org/ L] da DFID ke bayarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin ne a watan Oktoba 1963. Miss Martha Baehler ita ce shugabar kwalejin kuma tana da ma'aikatan farko na shida. An shigar da dalibai mata tamanin don bin karatun shekaru hudu. A farkon shekarun, ma'aikata da dalibai sun yi gwagwarmaya da matsalar rashin isasshen masauki. An gina wani bangare na gudanarwa don kwalejin a shekarar 1966. An fara aiki a kan ɗakin kwana da ɗakin aji a shekarar 1965. A shekara ta 1966/67 kwalejin tana da jimlar rajista kusan 200. Matsalar masauki har yanzu tana da yawa. 3 ne kawai daga cikin ma'aikatan 16 mazaunan fili. Lokaci mai mahimmanci na farkon shekarun gwagwarmaya don kafa babban Kwalejin nan gaba ya zo ne tare da gudanar da Sabis na yabo ga rukunin farko na ɗalibai don wucewa a Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Kibi tare da Moderator, Rt. Rev. G.K. Sintim Misa a matsayin ministan da ke aiki. Tsakanin 1970 da 1980, an gina bungalows da yawa na ma'aikata, ɗakin ajiya guda biyar, ɗakin kwana mai hawa biyu, da kuma gidan Kimiyya na Gida tare da gidan motsa jiki. A shekara ta 1972 an ba da wasu gine-gine a cikin ɗakin Kwalejin Horar da Maza ta Kibi, wanda aka fitar da shi shekara guda da ta gabata ga kwalejin. A shekara ta 1976, Kwalejin ta zama co-educational tare da shigar da dalibai maza goma sha shida. Daga nan aka sake masa suna Kibi Presbyterian Training College. Darussan da dalibai suka bi sun ci gaba da kasancewa shirin shekaru hudu na bayan tsakiya har zuwa 1988, lokacin da aka dakatar da karatun shekaru hudu a duk fadin kasar kuma aka maye gurbinsa da karatun sakandare na shekaru uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |archive-date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=t-tel.}}</ref> Rukunin karshe na dalibai na shekaru hudu, da kuma rukuni na farko na dalibai masu shekaru uku na sakandare sun wuce a 1991. Lokacin daga rabi na biyu na shekarun 1990 zuwa yanzu an nuna shi ta hanyar ɗaga fuska da haɓaka. An gyara ɗakunan ajiya, dakunan kwana, ɗakin karatu da bungalows na ma'aikata. An inganta darasi da aka bayar zuwa difloma a Ilimi na asali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2004. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007 an ba kwalejin izini a matsayin cibiyar sakandare. An cika hangen nesa na wadanda suka kafa - samfuran sun mamaye dukkan bangarorin rayuwa kuma suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban ilimi da na kasa.<ref name=":0"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin shugabannin: !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Miss Martha Baehler |1963 – 1969 |- |Misis Elizabeth Addo |1970 – 1980 |- |Rev. Bruce K. Asare |1980 – 1988 |- |Mista E.O. Gyarteng |1988 –1995 |- |Rev. E.Y. Omenako |1995 - 2013 |- |Rev. Dr. B. N. Kyeremateng |2013 - 2017 |- |Rev. Charles Fosu Ayarkwa |2017 - |} == Ilimi == Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kibi Presbyterian tana ba da shirye-shiryen Bachelor of Education (B.Ed). <ref>{{Cite web |last=SchoolGH |date=2018-04-19 |title=Kibi Presbyterian College of Education Admission Forms 2019/2020 – coeportal.edu.gh |url=https://schoolgh.com/kibi-presbyterian-college-of-education-admission-forms/ |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=Schoolgh |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706171636/https://schoolgh.com/kibi-presbyterian-college-of-education-admission-forms/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin kuma tana da shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga masu horar da malamai masu digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexual Abuse: Stay away; students not chicken to eat – Principal to Teachers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sexual-Abuse-Stay-away-students-not-chicken-to-eat-Principal-to-Teachers-659050 |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen da aka bayar === * B.Ed. Ilimi na Yara * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ilimi na Firamare * B.Ed. Kimiyya da Lissafi * B. Ed I.C.T & Mathematics * B. Ed Kimiyya & I.C.T * B.Ed. Fasaha da Kwarewa * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Nazarin Jama'a * B.Ed. Faransanci * B.Ed. Janar == Gidajen == Kolejin yana da wurare masu zuwa a harabar; * Wani Ultra zamani Auditorium, dakunan kwana daban-daban na maza da mata, E. O. Gyarteng Library == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 8mfh1s8eoclodgzmd0xq0tfmlfgi08e 0 79926 963030 956107 2026-10-04T13:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Boys' Dormitory of Hong Kong Adventist College, Hong Kong Adventist College.JPG|thumb|kwalejin ilimi ta Adventist]] '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adventist''' kwalejin ilimi ce a Asokore (Sabon Gundumar Juaben, [[Ghana]]" Yankin Gabas Ghana). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Gabas / Greater Accra . Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |archive-date=2016-05-22 |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Canja Koyarwa, Ilimi da Ilimi|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana}}</ref> Kwalejin tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SDA College of Education - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/sda-college-of-education |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.t-tel.org |archive-date=2019-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705161156/https://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/sda-college-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:LogoUAP2.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Adventist]] Gwamnati ce ta kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta SDA tare da hadin gwiwar Cocin SDA a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1962 tare da dalibai 120. Kwalejin tana da nisan kilomita 84 daga Accra, babban birnin Ghana. Yana da yanki na hekta 35.9 (kimanin kadada 88.75). <ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |archive-date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2019-07-25 |website=www.t-tel.org}}</ref> Babban hukumar kula da Kwalejin ita ce Kwamitin Gwamnoni wanda Fasto Kwabena Twum, Shugaban Taron Gabashin Ghana na Ikilisiyar SDA ke jagoranta. == Ilimi == Kwalejin ilimi ta SDA tana ba da digiri a cikin Ilimi na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAB |title=SDA College of Education |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/private-colleges-of-education/362-sda-college-of-education |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=National Accreditation Board |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706163904/http://www.nab.gov.gh/private-colleges-of-education/362-sda-college-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen === # B.Ed Ilimi na Farko # B.Ed Ilimi na Firamare # B.Ed J.H.S Ilimi == Shahararrun ɗalibai == Fasto Dr. Seth A. Laryea, Shugaban Jami'ar Valley View a Oyibi, Accra . Fasto Dr. A. L. Ewoo Dokta D. R. Asafa, Mista Joshua Dokta Yaw Afari Ankoma Dokta Frederick Ocansey Farfesa Kwame Ameyaw Domfe. == Bayanan da aka ambata == t42lojv0mz50hdw0j427llslzabxonp 0 79927 963029 956106 2026-10-04T13:09:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Abetifi''' Presbyterian kwalejin ilimi ce a Abetifi-Kwahu (Kwahu East, Eastern, [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Gabas / Greater Accra. Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |archive-date=2016-05-22 |access-date=2017-12-28 |website=National Accreditation Board}}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kwalejin tare da karuwar ɗaliban maza a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Presbyterian College of Education (Abetifi) - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-abetifi |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=t-tel.}}</ref> Abokan majagaba sun kasance ɗalibai maza 30. Cocin Presbyterian yana cikin iko da gudanarwa tare da marigayi Rev. H. T. Dako yana aiki a matsayin shugaban da aka nada. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1953, an canza sunan kwalejin zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Techiman - Abetifi, saboda an fara shirya shi a Techiman a yankin Brong Ahafo. An yi ƙoƙari don sake komawa kwalejin, amma a cikin 1962, an yanke shawarar ƙarshe don riƙe kwalejin a Abetifi. Saboda haka an sake sunan kwalejin Abetifi Training College. A shekara ta 1995, an canza sunan kwalejin zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Abetifi Presby, amma ya riƙe Acronym ABETICO, da kuma taken "GO FORTH AND SHINE". An fara kwalejin ne a matsayin kwalejin horar da maza kuma wurinsa yana cikin garin Abetifi a cikin gine-ginen haya. Dattawa biyu Opanin Addo Bruce da Yaw Tawiah (duka sun mutu) sun ba da gine-ginen su don zama kwalejin. An sami sabon shafin don kwalejin ta hanyar Nana Adontenhene na Kwahu da 'yan asalin garin Abetifi. Daga baya, an gina aji na raka'a shida don kwalejin. Daga wannan farkon, kwalejin ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa na yanzu dangane da ababen more rayuwa. Kolejin da farko ya ba da darasi na Cert 'B' na shekaru biyu har zuwa 1963, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Takardar shaidar 'A' - darasi na shekaru 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAK! Give Teachers University Degrees |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/JAK-Give-Teachers-University-Degrees-124316 |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> Cire wasu kwalejojin horar da malamai a kasar a cikin shekara ta 1973/74 ya bukaci sake sanya dalibai daga Kwalejin Horar da Anum da Wiawso zuwa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Abetifi Presbyterian (ABETICO) A cikin shekara ta 1974/75 an shigar da maza saba'in a karo na farko a kwalejin shekaru biyu na horar da malamai. Daga cikin wannan rukunin ɗalibai akwai Rev. Herbert Anim Oppong (tsohon magatakarda na Babban Taron Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Ghana). Bayan yanke shawara don juya kwalejin zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Malamai, ba a shigar da wasu ɗalibai cikin kwalejin ba a lokacin 1975 zuwa 1976 da 1976 har zuwa shekarun ilimi na 1977. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Abetifi daga baya ta zama cibiyar haɗin gwiwa a lokacin shekara ta 1977/78 lokacin da aka shigar da rukunin farko na ɗaliban mata a kwalejin. Kwalejin ta shigar da daliban makafi a cikin shekara ta 1982/83. Wannan ya biyo bayan gabatarwar darasi na horar da malami na shekaru 2 a cikin 1984/85. Dukkanin darussan an cire su a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990/91. A farkon shekara ta 1987/88 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sabon Gyaran Ilimi na 1987, kwalejin ta shigar da dalibai don fara takardar shaidar Malami 'A' na shekaru 3 bayan shirin horo na sakandare, tare da rukunin farko da suka kammala karatu a 1991. Kolejin yana ba da difloma na shekaru 3 a cikin Kwarewar Ilimi ta asali. An fara shirin ne a lokacin shekara ta 2004/2005 da kuma rukunin farko na dalibai 225 waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu a watan Yulin 2007. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Abetifi tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kwalejin horar da malamai na ilimi da ke murna da cika shekaru 55 a shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abetifi Presbyterian College marks 55th anniversary |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/150691/abetifi-presbyterian-college-marks-55th-anniversary.html |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1952, kwalejin ta fitar da malamai masu horar da 5,662 na nau'o'i daban-daban don kamfanonin ilimi na kasar. A cikin shekarar 2016, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Abetifi ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta yarjejeniya tare da Jami'ar Cape Coast . <ref>{{Cite web |last=louis.mensah |date=2016-07-02 |title=UCC and Colleges of Education sign MoU |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/news/ucc-and-colleges-education-sign-mou |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706121015/https://ucc.edu.gh/news/ucc-and-colleges-education-sign-mou |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Kolejin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |archive-date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2019-07-25 |website=t-tel.}}</ref> !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Rev. H.T. Dako |Fabrairu 1952 - Nuwamba 1965 |- |Rev. S.K. Yobo |Nuwamba 1965 - Satumba. 1973 |- |Mista D.A. Mamphey |Satumba 1973 - Satumba 1974 |- |Mista SA Birikorang |Satumba 1974 - Satumba 1982 |- |Mista Ofori Boahene |Satumba 1982 - Agusta 1987 |- |Mista E.K. Opoku |Agusta 1987 - Fabrairu 1995 |- |Rev. E. Osafo Boateng |Fabrairu 1995 - Oktoba 2002 |- |Rev. F.N. Appertey |Oktoba 2002 - |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-abetifi Gidan yanar gizon T-TEL] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvg6g2yejwfb5vdhmmyr6523og7b8sd 0 79932 963035 956115 2026-10-04T13:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. John Bosco''' kwalejin ilimin malamai ce a Navrongo (Kassena Nankana East District, Upper East Region, [[Ghana]]) da aka kafa a shekarar 1946 tare da ɗalibai maza 10. <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin ta zama cibiyar sakandare ta jama'a, wacce Dokar Kwalejin Ilimi (847) 2012 ta kafa, wacce Hukumar Kula da Ƙasashen Ghana ta amince da ita, kuma ta ba da izinin horar da malamai masu kyau don Ilimi na Pre-tertiary a Ghana.<ref name="sjb.edu.gh">{{Cite web |title=St. John Bosco's College of Education |url=https://sjb.edu.gh/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=St. John Bosco's College of Education |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826093100/https://sjb.edu.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>   Kwalejin ta ƙware wajen horar da malamai a fannoni masu yawa na zamantakewa, noma da Kimiyya mai tsabta, da kuma Kwamfuta, Lissafi, Fasaha da Kwarewa. Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. John Bosco a watan Janairun 1946 ta Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika. An shigar da dalibai maza goma don bin karatun 'B' na shekaru 2 na takardar shaidar malami ta tsakiya. Daga cikin dalibai goma, bakwai sun kammala karatun. Wannan darasi ya ƙare a 1961. St. John Bosco ta yi rikodin nasarori da yawa a fannin ilimi, wasanni da al'umma ko aikin zamantakewa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Kolejin bai taba samun kasa da kashi 80% a jarrabawar shekara-shekara da Cibiyar Ilimi, [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]] ta gudanar ba. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka kammala karatun kwalejin suna cikin manyan mukamai a kasar. A cikin wasanni, kwalejin ita ce mai saurin tafiya a tsakanin kwalejoji a Arewacin Ghana. Bosco ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ilimantar da cutar kanjamau / AIDS tsakanin dalibai musamman, da kuma jama'a a Gundumar Kassena-Nankana gabaɗaya.<ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=t-tel. |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Shugabannin tun lokacin da aka kafa kwalejin: !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Rev. Fr. Yarjejeniya |Fabrairu 1946 - Janairu 1954 |- |Rev. Fr. Lebel |Janairu 1954 - Janairu 1960 |- |Rev. Fr. Pwamang |Janairu 1960 - Satumba 1972 |- |Rev. Fr. J.W. Apuri |Satumba 1972 - Agusta 1979 |- |Mista Blay-Toffey |Agusta 1979 - Oktoba 1980 |- |Rev. Fr. Awiah |Nuwamba 1980 - Maris 1981 |- |Mista E.D. Zormal |Maris 1981 - Mayu 1981 |- |Mista B.K. Tsetse |Mayu 1981 - Nuwamba 1985 |- |Rev. Fr. Victor Phelen |Nuwamba 1985 - Disamba 1986 |- |Mista B.J.L. Kumasi |Disamba 1986 - Satumba 1989 |- |Misis Rosemary Weobong |Oktoba 1989 - Satumba 1998 |- |Mista Francis Agyeere |Oktoba 1998 - Fabrairu 2000 |- |Mista Alfred A. Ndago |Fabrairu 2000 - Agusta 2014 |- |Mista William A. Atindana |Satumba 2014 - Agusta 2020 |- |Farfesa Joseph Amikuzunu |Satumba 2020 - Ranar |} == Tsohon Shirye-shiryen == * Takardar shaidar 'A' Shekaru 4 (Post Middle) 1961-1969/ 1981-1995 * Takardar shaidar 'A' Shekaru 2 (Bayan Sakandare) 1970-1978 * Takardar shaidar kwararru a fannin Ilimi na Fasaha 1973-1978 * Takardar shaidar 'A' Shekaru 3 (Post- Secondary) Janar 1979-1988 * Takardar shaidar 'A' Shekaru 3 (Bayan Sakandare) Kimiyya 1989-1992 * Takardar shaidar 'A' Shekaru 3 Bayan Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha 1990-2003 * Shirin Modular na shekaru 2 don malamai marasa horo 1983-1989 * Diploma a cikin Ilimi na asali (shirye-shiryen yau da kullun) 2004 * Diploma a cikin Ilimi na asali (Sandwich) 2005 * Takardar shaidar 'A' shekaru 4 (Sandwich) 2006. == Sabbin Shirye-shiryen (na yanzu) == Digiri na farko na Ilimi, Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior ta shekaru 4 (Shirin Kwarewar Mataki), 2018 * B.Ed. Fasahar Sadarwa * B.Ed. Lissafi * B.Ed. Kimiyya * B.Ed. Kimiyya ta Noma * B.Ed. Ayyukan gani * B.Ed. Tattalin Arziki na Gida * B.Ed. Kwarewar Kwarewa Digiri na farko na Ilimi, Ilimi na Firamare na shekaru 4 == Bayanan da aka ambata == 08ktodykp5yjfp36ccpd2uswm3znqx0 0 79933 963036 956116 2026-10-04T13:12:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Joseph''' kwalejin ilimi ce a Bechem (Gundumar Tano ta Arewa, [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo]], [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Ashanti / Brong Ahafo . Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1948 ta Rev. Fr. Joseph Moulders. Ita ce kwalejin horo ta farko a yankin Brong-Ahafo kuma ta sami matsayin izini a 2007.Tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Joseph's College of Education - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/st-josephs-college-of-education |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.t-tel.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Joseph an kafa ta ne a cikin 1948 ta Rev. Fr. Joseph Moulders, <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Joseph's College of Education was founded in 1948 by Rev. Fr. Joseph Moulders – Ghana Schools |url=https://allghschools.com/tag/st-josephs-college-of-education-was-founded-in-1948-by-rev-fr-joseph-moulders/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715165407/https://allghschools.com/tag/st-josephs-college-of-education-was-founded-in-1948-by-rev-fr-joseph-moulders/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Firist na Ikilisiyar Katolika a Bechem. A shekara ta 1947, Nana Fosu Gyeabour Akoto I, Bechemanhene da dattawansa sun ba da gudummawar ƙasar da aka gina kwalejin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=www.t-tel.org |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce kwalejin horo ta farko da aka kafa a [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo]] . Manufar kwalejin ita ce gina Cibiyar Horar da Malaman Katolika ta ƙwarewa wacce ke ba da cikakken ilimi don ci gaban ma'aikata da ɗalibai a shirye-shiryen malamai masu horo, masu sadaukarwa, masu ƙwarewa, masu kirkira da kishin ƙasa don Makarantu na asali a Ghana bayan misalin St. Joseph wanda ya yi biyayya, aiki tuƙuruwa kuma mai tsabta daidai da ka'idar kwalejin '''<nowiki/>'OBI DAN BI'''' (wanda ke tsaye don dogaro da juna don nagarta). <ref name=":0"/> Shirye-shiryen da aka bayar a Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Joseph: Takardar shaidar 'B' na shekaru biyu, Takardar shaidarsa 'A' na shekaru huɗu, Masanin Lissafi da Kimiyya, Shekaru biyu na Post-Secondary (Kwarewar Kasuwanci / Kwarewa) da Janar, Shekaru huɗu na Post Middle Certificate 'A', Modular, Shekaru uku na Post-Sacondary Certificate ' A', Kyautar Ilimi na asali, Sandwich don Malamai marasa horo, da Takardar shaidu 'A' malamai na Ilimi na Basic. Kwalejin ta yi rajistar maza ne kawai har zuwa 1974 lokacin da aka shigar da mata kuma suka zama ma'aikata masu gauraye. Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Joseph ta sami izini daga Hukumar Kula da Kasa (Ghana) daga 1 ga Satumba 2007. Shugaba [[John Kufuor]] ne ya gabatar da takardar shaidar amincewa. Kwalejin ta yi bikin Diamond jubilee tare da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa daga wasu nasarorin da ta samu. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai samar da manyan masu sana'a a cikin masana'antar ilimi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na tattalin arzikin ƙasa, da aka kiyaye da kuma fadada kayan aikin da suka hada da Cibiyar Bayanai, Cibiyar Kimiyya, Laburaren, da Cibiyar E-Learning.<ref name=":0"/> Kwalejin ta yi fice a cikin wasanni da wasanni a Wasannin Kwalejin Horar da Kwalejin Ashanti / Brong Ahafo . Masu koyarwa na kwalejin sun lashe lambar yabo ta Malami mafi kyau a matakin Gundumar, Yankin da na Kasa. Kyautar Malami mafi kyau ta kasa ta farko (2007) a cikin fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa (ICT) ta lashe ta Mista Matthew Adjei na kwalejin. Kafin ci gaban kwalejin, an ba da gudummawa daga Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Ma'aikata da Dalibai, Mafi yawan Rev. Peter A Sallyene, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Rev. Peter K. Atuahene {{!}} Ghana Catholic Bishops' Conference |url=https://www.cbcgha.org/index.php/most-rev-peter-k-atuahene/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715165412/https://www.cbcgha.org/index.php/most-rev-peter-k-atuahene/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Patron na kwalejin, Gwamnati, Nana Bechemanhene, GET FUND, TED, IFESH, MP da DCE Tano South, Old Joscodians, GTZ, GFW, JICA da sauransu. {| class="wikitable" |+Shugabannin da suka gudanar da kwalejin sune: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. Joseph's College of Education |date=25–27 May 2018 |title=Platinum Jubilee ( 70th Anniversary) Celebration and 10th Congregation |volume=2016/2017 Batch |pages=14}}</ref> !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Mista I.J. Nichilson |1948-1950 |- |Rev. Fr. R. Burges |Janairu 1951 - Disamba 1951 |- |Mista Me Kenna |1952-1956 |- |Mista Nkansah Dwamena (Ag.) |Janairu 1957 - Disamba 1957 |- |Mista S.I. Burke |Janairu 1958 - Disamba 1961 |- |Mista Vincent Ayivor |Janairu 1962 - Agusta 1973 |- |M.K. Amissah (Ag.) |Satumba 1973 - Agusta 1974 |- |Mista John Anquandah |Satumba 1974 - Agusta 1980 |- |Mista I.F.. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |Satumba 1980 - Agusta 1983 |- |Mista Plas M. Otwe |Satumba 1983 - Afrilu 1992 |- |Mista Samuel Anning (Ag.) |Mayu 1992 - Agusta 1992 |- |Mista L.A. Andoh |Satumba 1992 - Maris 1997 |- |Ms. Cordelia M. Boakye Yiadom |Afrilu 1997 - Mayu 2003 |- |Misis BA Prempeh (Ag.) |Mayu 2003 - Oktoba 2003 |- |Mista C.D.B. Mensah |Oktoba 2003 - Yuni 2009 |- |Mista Anthony Agyeman (Ag) |Yuni 2009 - Agusta 2010 |- |Misis Cecilia Quansah |Satumba 2010 - Mayu 2013 |- |Ms. Elizabeth Oti Akenten (Ag) |Mayu 2013 - Satumba 2013 |- |Rev. Msgr. Matthew Addai |Satumba 2013 - har zuwa yau |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == pabv9csjemcn9rj9200xl4zcf7bhsav 0 79934 963033 956113 2026-10-04T13:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Ambrose''' kwalejin ilimi ce a [[Dormaa Akwamu]] (Dormaa East District, Brong Ahafo Region, [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Ashanti / Brong Ahafo . Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID. An kafa shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 ta Diocese na Katolika na Sunyani kuma an ba da izini a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011. A cikin shekara ta 2016-2017 ta zama Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jama'a. Tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Manufar kafa Kwalejin Ilimi a Dormaa Akwamu ta kasance ta hanyar Dormaa Akwamuhene, Barima Oppong Kyeremeh Sikafo (aka Nana Kojo Danso-Mensah), tsohon Mataimakin Mai Rijistar da ke kula da Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Cape Coast. Ya bi wannan mafarki ta hanyar roƙon Babban Jami'in Katolika na Sunyani don ya zama gaskiya wanda ya kai ga kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Ambrose a Dormaa Akwamu . == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6g4q4dvme7f23bn8dsz2cyp31769qhu 0 79935 963034 956114 2026-10-04T13:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana editathon.jpg|thumb|Ilimi]] '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Francis''' kwalejin ilimi ce a Hohoe (Gundumar Hohoe, [[Yankin Volta]], [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Volta . Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Francis Hohoe ya samo asali ne daga farkon kwanakin ayyukan mishan na Jamus lokacin da aka fara buɗe shi a Gbi Bla sannan kuma wani ɓangare na tsohuwar yankin Jamus na Togo Land. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kwalejin ta kasance mai rikici.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=www.t-tel.org |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead }}</ref> St. Francis Training College of Catholic foundation an kafa shi ne ta hanyar Mishaneri na Katolika na Jamus, amma an rufe shi bayan shekaru uku kuma an cire shi zuwa Agbedrafo a Togo (yanzu Jamhuriyar Togo). An sake buɗe shi a 1912 kuma an sake rufe shi sakamakon Yaƙin Duniya na farko (1914 - 1918). A wani taron shugabannin mishaneri a Accra a watan Agusta, 1929, an sake buɗe Kwalejin a Gbi Bla a matsayin cibiyar horar da karkara. A cikin 1930, an fara aiki a kan sauya cibiyar zuwa kwalejin horo. A watan Janairun 1931, an bude kwalejin tare da dalibai 18 daga marigayi Bishop Augustine Herman kuma an sake masa suna Kwalejin Horar da St. Francis tare da Rev. Fr. J. G. Holland a matsayin shugaban. A cikin 1934, an sake rufe kwalejin, kuma an cire shi zuwa Amisano. Kwalejin ta zama kwalejin horar da malamai na shekaru 2 'B' lokacin da aka buɗe ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1947 saboda kokarin da Bishop J. G. Holland ya yi. Ma'aikatan farko sun kasance hudu: baƙi biyu daya daga cikinsu Mr. G. J. Finnegan, shine shugaban, Mr. Hugh O" Kelly, Mataimakin Shugaban; da 'yan Afirka biyu, Mr. P. K. Akoto-Ampaw da Mr. V. K. Ayivor. Daliban majagaba sun kai talatin.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1954, an shigar da mata talatin cikin kwalejin, wanda ya sa kwalejin ta zama cibiyar ilimi. Shirin takardar shaidar 'B' na shekaru biyu ya ƙare a 1962, kuma an gabatar da takardar shaidarsa ta 'A' na shekaru hudu. An ba da darasi na kwararren tarihi na shekaru biyu tsakanin 1964 da 1967. An cire wannan darasi zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Winneba. A shekara ta 1968, wasu maza saba'in da mace sun haɗu da ɗaliban karatun shekaru huɗu don takardar shaidar 'A' ta shekaru biyu. A watan Satumbar 1973, an gabatar da darasi na Kwararren Kimiyya da Lissafi na shekaru biyu. Kwalejin St. Francis ta kasance daga cikin kwalejojin horar da malamai 38 da Hukumar Kula da Kasa (Ghana) ta ba da izini ga cibiyar sakandare a watan Satumba, 2007 don bayar da difloma a cikin shirin Ilimi na asali. FRANCO ta kasance ta farko a cikin kwalejojin lokacin da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Cape Coast ta fitar da sakamakon karshe na Diploma a Ilimi na asali. FRANCO ta ga bikin cika shekaru dari a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":0"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin Shugabannin !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Mista M.H. Coleman |1950-1961 |- |Mista P.K. Akoto-Ampaw |1961-1974 |- |Mista P.Y. Kojokumah |1974-1983 |- |Mista J.A. Lenwah |1983-1998 |- |Mista I.W.K. Dorleku |1998-2002 |- |Ms. C.M.B. Agbettoh (Ag.) |2002-2003 |- |Mista M.K. Agbenuvor |2003- |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == Yawancin samfuran kwalejin sun rike manyan mukamai a kasar, alal misali, * Yaw Asare, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * Farfesa Amuzu Kpeglo * Mai Girma Modestus Ahiable * Farfesa C. K. Fordunoo * Mista C. K. Dewornu tsohon I.G.P. * Mista Kumedzro * Farfesa Alex * Farfesa Paschal Younge na Jami'ar Ohio * Dokta Addeah Koranteng. == Bayanan da aka ambata == gwmlsgkvdr91993gmnn0sub45by6qjq 0 79936 963038 956118 2026-10-04T13:13:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Teresa''' kwalejin ilimi ce a Hohoe (Gundumar Hohoe, [[Yankin Volta]], [[Ghana]]). <ref name="atlas">Björn Haßler, Jacob Tetteh Akunor, Enock Seth Nyamador (2017). An Atlas of The Forty Colleges of Education in Ghana. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Available at http://bjohas.de/atlas2017 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229171851/http://bjohas.de/Atlas2017 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin tana cikin yankin Volta. Yana daya daga cikin kimanin kwalejojin ilimi na jama'a 40 a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |title=National Accreditation Board, Ghana - Public Colleges of Education |access-date=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522135453/http://www.nab.gov.gh/public-colleges-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ta shiga cikin shirin [[Transforming Teacher Education and Learning programme, Ghana|T-TEL]] na DFID.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our network |url=http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=Transforming Teacher Education and Learning, Ghana |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052155/http://www.t-tel.org/about/coes-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Kwalejin Ilimi ta St. Teresa, wata cibiyar mata, wacce aka fara kiranta Kwalejin Horar da Mata (WOTRACO) an kafa ta ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1961 tare da dalibai 35 na majagaba. Kolejin ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar Ubangiji Rt. Rev. Anthony Konings wanda shi ne Bishop na Keta Diocese . <ref name="Learning Hub - T-TEL">{{Cite web |title=Learning Hub - T-TEL |url=http://www.t-tel.org/hub |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=www.t-tel.org |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213311/http://www.t-tel.org/hub |url-status=dead }}</ref> An canza sunan Kwalejin zuwa Kwalejin Horar da St. Teresa a 1964 lokacin da aka sanya ma'aikatar a ƙarƙashin kulawar St. Teresa na Yaron Yesu kuma ya karɓi taken "Rayuwa da Gaskiya a cikin Kyauta". Kwalejin ta gaji wurin zama na Sisters" Convent wanda ke da gine-gine masu hawa biyu da bungalow ɗaya. Tsakanin 1963-1967 an gina gine-gine da yawa don aikin ilimi da zama. Gwamnati ta sanya ɗakin aji na 6 da ɗakin karatu a cikin 2007. <ref>[https://mosartlabs.com/7-reasons-why-final-year-students-should-start-learning-vlsi-now/ Art of VLSI]</ref><ref>[https://mosartlabs.com/7-reasons-why-final-year-students-should-start-learning-vlsi-now VLSI Course]</ref> A shekara ta 1975, gwamnati ta canza kwalejin zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Malamai ba tare da son Dioceses ba. An sake gabatar da shirin horar da malamai a cikin 1977 tare da shigar da maza ban da ɗaliban mata. A cikin shekara ta 1990/1991 an mayar da ita ga matsayinta na asali a matsayin ma'aikatar mata. Kwalejin, a lokacin da aka kafa ta ta ba da takardar shaidar 'B' na shekaru 2. An shigar da rukunin farko na Takardar shaidar 'A' na shekaru 4 a cikin 1962/63 . {| class="wikitable" |+Shugabannin kwalejin tun daga 1961 sune: !Sunan !Shekaru da aka yi amfani da su |- |Ms. Catherine Bagley |1961 – 1962 |- |Ms. Eleanor Staunton |1962 – 1970 |- |Misis Justine Adjah (Ag.) |1970 – 1973 |- |Ms. Cecilia Y. Tibu |1973 – 1978 |- |Misis Gladys B. Ahiabu |1978 – 1990 |- |Misis Matilda Louisa Asamoah (Ag). |1990 |- |Misis Benedicta A. N. Tiriku |1990 – 2001 |- |Ms. Josephine Rita Yempew |2001 – 2008 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == rpvbx1dpsvqf4qap5e8g3ndsappdfyx 0 80474 963291 458851 2026-10-05T07:15:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Fassara}} '''Mandy Sirdah''' ({{Lang-ar|ماندي سرداح}})and '''Lara Sirdah''' ({{Lang-ar|لارا سرداح}}) (born April 24,1976) are Palestinian twin sisters known for their work in wildlife photography and birdwatching in the [[Zirin Gaza|Gaza Strip]].They aim to document the wildlife and raise awareness of the biodiversity in Gaza. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mandy da Lara Sirdah tagwaye ne iri ɗaya,an haife su a Birnin Gaza a shekara ta 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |last=لمِّه |first=Lammeh {{!}} |title=الإبداع يولد في حضن الطبيعة |url=http://lammeh.com/post/342/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=lammeh.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114062951/http://lammeh.com/post/342/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9 |archive-date=2023-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>kuma sun shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsu a [[Zirin Gaza|Yankin Gaza]].Suna da sha'awar yanayi da namun daji wanda ya fara ne tun suna yara,kodayake ba su sami ilimi na al'ada a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] ko daukar hoto ba. == Binciken namun daji == Binciken da suka yi game da namun daji ya fara ne lokacin da suka lura da wani gwarare na Mutanen Espanya a cikin nasu farfajiyar a shekara ta 2005.Kama shi da tsohuwar waya ya haifar da sha'awar su wajen yin rubuce-rubuce game da tsire-tsire da Dabbobi na Gaza. A shekara ta 2008,Sirdahs sun sami kyamarar dijital kuma sun yanke shawarar ciyar da karin lokaci don yin rikodin namun daji na Gaza.Daga baya sun sayi kyamarar Nikon kuma sun kafa asusun kafofin sada zumunta a shekarar 2012.A sakamakon haka,sun zama masu daukar hoto na farko a Gaza. Babban burin Sirdahs shine nuna kyawawan yanayin yanayi na Gaza da namun daji.Suna neman kalubalanci ra'ayi na Gaza a matsayin wurin rikici da hallaka ta hanyar nuna bambancin namun daji.Ta hanyar aikinsu, sun sami damar yin rubuce-rubuce iri-iri na tsuntsaye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke, gami da pied avocet,Eurasian oystercatcher, European nightjar,''Ophrys umbilicata'', ''Hyoscyamus aureus'',da ''[[Tumfafiya|Calotropis procera]]''. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] humiqsjhdezllvyekwsiasqdkp9jo1p 0 82380 963335 956656 2026-10-05T08:35:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963335 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Margunn Bjørnholt''' (an haife shi 9 Oktoba 1958 a Bø, Telemark ) [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin ilimin zamantakewa]] ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Norway. Ita ce farfesa mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Tashin hankali da Tashin hankali na Norwegian (NKVTS) kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Bergen . <ref name="NKVTS">{{Cite web |title=Bjørnholt, Margunn |url=https://www.nkvts.no/english/employee/bjornholt-margunn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507181803/https://www.nkvts.no/english/employee/bjornholt-margunn/ |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=7 May 2023 |publisher=[[Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name="UiB">{{Cite web |title=Professor Margunn Bjørnholt |url=https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Margunn.Bj%C3%B8rnholt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507181607/https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Margunn.Bj%C3%B8rnholt |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=7 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Bergen]]}}</ref> Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, gudanarwa da rayuwar aiki sannan kuma akan [[daidaiton jinsi]], ƙaura da tashin hankali . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati, ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararre ga Hukumar Turai kuma ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Norwegian . == Fage da aiki == She earned an M.Sc. in European economic studies from the College of Europe (1982), a mag.art. in economic sociology from the University of Oslo (1995), with a dissertation on microfinance, ethical and interest-free [[Banki|banking]], and a PhD in gender studies from Örebro University (2014), with the dissertation ''Modern Men''.<ref name="UiB"/><ref name="mb-bio">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.margunnbjornholt.no/bio/ |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s ita ce ke da alhakin shirin kan Kasuwancin mata a Asusun Ci Gaban Yankin. Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa kuma a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin mai ba da shawara, inganta kasuwancin mata da jagoranci. [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [7] A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta shiga cikin tattalin arzikin kore a matsayin malami da kuma ma'aikaci, kuma ta jagoranci JAK Norway (1991-92), ƙoƙari na kafa bankin ɗabi'a ba tare da riba ba tare da haɗin gwiwar Bankin membobin JAK. [[Fayil:NKF Presidents Torild Skard and Margunn Bjørnholt, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 2014.jpg|thumb|Margunn Bjørnholt a gefe]] Daga 1993 ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Project for an Alternative Future (Center for Development and the Environment, Jami'ar Oslo), inda ta yi bincike kan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, kudi, da tsarin kudi. Daga nan ta kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Ayyuka da Sashen Harkokin Jama'a da Yanayin Dan Adam na Jami'ar Oslo. A shekara ta 2015 ta zama farfesa mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Rikicin Norwegian da Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), kuma a Jami'ar Oslo . A cikin 2021 ta kuma zama farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Bergen . <ref name="NKVTS"/> <ref name="UiB"/><ref name="CNRS">{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=https://gbvmigration.cnrs.fr/members/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |publisher=[[CNRS]] |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182101/https://gbvmigration.cnrs.fr/members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin gwani mai zaman kanta kan daidaiton jinsi ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, kuma ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Martha Albertson Fineman's Feminism and Legal Theory Project a Emory Law, Cibiyar GEXcel ta Kwarewar Jima'i da Cibiyar Shari'a da Adalci a Jami'ar Leeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=http://web.gs.emory.edu/vulnerability/Affiliated%20Faculty/bjornholt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204602/http://web.gs.emory.edu/vulnerability/Affiliated%20Faculty/bjornholt.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=[[Emory University]]}}</ref><ref name="mb-bio"/> Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike ta 'Yancin, Mutane, Al'adu da Al'umma a Jami'ar Oslo Faculty of Law kuma memba ne na kwamitin ƙwararru na Rethinking Economics a Norway. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deltakere i Rettigheter, individer, kultur og samfunn |url=http://www.jus.uio.no/forskning/omrader/riks/index.html?vrtx=list-related-persons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004212144/http://www.jus.uio.no/forskning/omrader/riks/index.html?vrtx=list-related-persons |archive-date=4 October 2014 |publisher=University of Oslo Faculty of Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=https://rethinkingeconomicsnorge.com/om-oss/fagradet/margunn-bjornholt/ |publisher=Rethinking Economics Norway}}</ref> Ita 'yar ƙungiyar bincike ce ta duniya, Vulnerability da Human Condition Initiative a Dokar Emory, da kuma Cibiyar WiSE don Adalci na Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar Kasuwanci da Jama'a ta Glasgow.<ref name="mb-bio" /> Ta koyar da dalibai a fannin zamantakewa da ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Oslo, da kuma dalibai a cikin zaman lafiya da rikice-rikice, shugabanci, ilimin laifuka, Manufofin kiwon lafiya da maganin iyali a wasu jami'o'i.<ref name="mb-bio" /> == Bincike == Yawancin ayyukanta suna cikin ilimin zamantakewa, amma ta kuma yi aiki a kan batutuwan kimiyyar tattalin arziki, shari'a da siyasa. Mahimmancin bincikenta ya canza a tsawon lokaci daga cibiyoyin kudi, gudanarwa, da Rayuwar aiki, zuwa daidaiton jinsi, ƙaura, da tashin hankali. Ta wallafa takardu sama da 50, littattafai uku, da rahotanni da yawa. Binciken da ta yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ya mayar da hankali kan banki na ɗabi'a, [[Kuɗi|kudi]] da tsarin kudi. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ta yi bincike kan gudanarwa da canjin ƙungiya a bangaren jama'a, tare da mai da hankali kan sassauci na ƙungiya da sararin samaniya. Binciken da ta yi game da rayuwar aiki ya kai ta ga batutuwan aiki-iyali da karatun maza, tare da mai da hankali kan sauye-sauyen ayyukan aiki-iyalai da alaƙar jinsi.<ref>[http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?docId=BIBSYS_ILS143481010&vid=BIBSYS Modern men: A Norwegian 30-year longitudinal study of intergenerational transmission and social change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406024715/http://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?docId=BIBSYS_ILS143481010&vid=BIBSYS |date=2020-04-06 }} {{Cite web |url=https://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=BIBSYS&docid=BIBSYS_ILS143481010&context=L |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406024715/https://bibsys-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=BIBSYS&docid=BIBSYS_ILS143481010&context=L |archive-date=2020-04-06 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, Oria.no</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=http://www.ingenere.it/persone/bj-rnholt |access-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=inGenere.it}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |last=Anita Haslie |date=14 September 2010 |title=A Successful Work-Life Balance |url=http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=73385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100548/http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=73385 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=[[Research Council of Norway]] Information Centre for Gender Research in Norway}}</ref><ref name="ref4">{{Cite journal |last=Bosse Parbring |year=2011 |title=Delat föräldraskap, delad arbetstid |url=http://www.nikk.no/Delat+föräldraskap,+delad+arbetstid.b7C_wljIXZ.ips |url-status=dead |journal=NIKK Magasin |publisher=[[Nordic Gender Institute]] |volume=2011 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905034735/http://www.nikk.no/Delat+f%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldraskap,+delad+arbetstid.b7C_wljIXZ.ips |archive-date=5 September 2012 |access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="ref5">{{Cite journal |last=Linn Stalsberg |author-link=Linn Stalsberg |year=2011 |title=En krympet likestillingsdebatt |url=http://www.apollon.uio.no/artikler/2011/likestilling.html |journal=Forskningsmagasinet Apollon |publisher=[[University of Oslo]] |volume=2011 |issue=1 |access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beret Bråten |date=29 November 2005 |title=Delte arbeid ute og hjemme |url=http://kilden.forskningsradet.no/c16880/artikkel/vis.html?tid=37485 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092911/http://kilden.forskningsradet.no/c16880/artikkel/vis.html?tid=37485 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=[[Research Council of Norway]] Information Centre for Gender Research in Norway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gimmestad |first=Johnny |date=5 September 2010 |title=Det lønner seg for far å stelle hjemme |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/jobb/Det-lonner-seg-for-far-a-stelle-hjemme-5344292.html |publisher=[[Aftenposten]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi bincike kan sauye-sauyen al'adu da ayyukan ƙasashen waje na 'yan gudun hijirar Poland zuwa Norway, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da yawa a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EFFECT: Cross-national Polish–Norwegian project on work–life balance |url=http://www.osloresearch.no/research/effect |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=Oslo Research |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212024523/http://www.osloresearch.no/research/effect |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2015 Ma'aikatar Sami'a da Tsaron Jama'a ta ba ta izini don kafa shirin bincike kan girman jinsi na tashin hankali a NKVTS, kuma ta jagoranci ayyukan da yawa kan tashin hankali na abokin tarayya, tashin hankali na jima'i, tashin hankali ga [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira'yan gudun hijira]] hankali da cin zarafi a cikin al'ummomin Sámi na asali da al'ummomi na baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intimate partner violence: gender, equality and power |url=https://www.nkvts.no/english/project/intimate-partner-violence-gender-equality-and-power/ |publisher=NKVTS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vold i nære relasjoner i samiske samfunn II |url=https://www.nkvts.no/prosjekt/vold-i-naere-relasjoner-i-samiske-samfunn-2/ |publisher=NKVTS |access-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807182815/https://www.nkvts.no/prosjekt/vold-i-naere-relasjoner-i-samiske-samfunn-2/ |archive-date=2024-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga 2019 ta jagoranci wani aikin da EU ke tallafawa kan tashin hankali ga mata masu ƙaura da 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ya zama tushen shawarwarin manufofi don rage yiwuwar mata ga tashin hankali na jima'i da jinsi, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jane Freedman (CNRS) da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence against women migrants and refugees: analysing causes and effective policy response |url=https://www.nkvts.no/english/project/violence-against-women-migrants-and-refugees-analysing-causes-and-effective-policy-response/ |publisher=NKVTS}}</ref> Littattafanta game da tashin hankali sune Vold i nære reljoner (Universitetsforlaget, 2019) da ''Maza, Maza da Rikicin Abokin Hulɗa'' (Routledge, 2021). [[Fayil:Berit Ås, Margunn Bjørnholt og Torild Skard.jpeg|thumb|Margunn Bjørnholt a tsakiya ]] Ta kuma yi aiki a kan ka'idojin adalci da Tattalin arzikin mata, kuma ta yi aiki tare da masanin ilimin shari'a na Amurka Martha Albertson Fineman da masanin tattalin arziki na mata Marilyn Waring na shekaru da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=http://kilden.forskningsradet.no/c17223/ekspert/vis.html?tid=88115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006164100/http://kilden.forskningsradet.no/c17223/ekspert/vis.html?tid=88115 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |website=Expert database for gender research |publisher=[[Research Council of Norway]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta hada hannu da wani littafi kan ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a fannin tattalin arzikin mata tare da masanin tattalin arziki na Scotland Ailsa McKay . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kristin Marie Skaar |date=24 May 2014 |title=– Klart vi kan jobbe mindre |url=http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2014/mai/391278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162456/http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2014/mai/391278 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014 |publisher=[[forskning.no]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langeland |first=Terje |date=18 June 2013 |title=Women Unaccounted for in Global Economy Proves Waring Influence |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-18/women-unaccounted-for-in-global-economy-proves-waring-influence.html |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=T.E. |year=2014 |title=Review: Counting on Marilyn Waring: new advances in feminist economics |journal=[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries]] |volume=52 |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elson |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Elson |year=2015 |title=Book Review: Counting on Marilyn Waring: new advances in feminist economics |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/journal/v109/n1/full/fr201458a.html |journal=Feminist Review |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=e9–e11 |doi=10.1057/fr.2014.58 |access-date=25 February 2015 |doi-access=free |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063344/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/journal/v109/n1/full/fr201458a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma wallafa ayyukan kan [[Bincike|Hanyoyin bincike]] masu inganci da yawa. == Ayyukan jama'a da siyasa == A farkon shekarun 1980 ta kasance 'yar jarida ga gidan rediyo na mata na rediyo na Orakel . Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (2013-2016), Shugabar kungiyar Norwegian Women's Lobby (2014-2016) kuma memba ne na kwamitin International Alliance of Women (2013-2017).<ref name="kv-presidents">{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=http://kvinnesak.no/presidents/margunn-bjornholt/ |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=[[Norwegian Association for Women's Rights]]}}</ref> about="#mwt239" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"aftenposten2014"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-aftenposten2014-44","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite news &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_news&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2014-05-11&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Mannsforsker ny leder i Norsk Kvinnesaksforening&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Mannsforsker-ny-leder-i-Norsk-Kvinnesaksforening-7563258.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103225/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Mannsforsker-ny-leder-i-Norsk-Kvinnesaksforening-7563258.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2014-10-06&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;newspaper&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Aftenposten]]&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAp4\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt236\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwAp8\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103225/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Mannsforsker-ny-leder-i-Norsk-Kvinnesaksforening-7563258.html\" id=\"mwAqA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mannsforsker ny leder i Norsk Kvinnesaksforening\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAqE\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"213\" href=\"./Aftenposten\" id=\"mwAqI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Aftenposten\">Aftenposten</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. 11 May 2014. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Mannsforsker-ny-leder-i-Norsk-Kvinnesaksforening-7563258.html\" id=\"mwAqM\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> on 6 October 2014.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-aftenposten2014_44-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Margunn_Bjørnholt#cite_note-aftenposten2014-44 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]<ref name="kv-bio">{{Cite web |title=Margunn Bjørnholt |url=http://www.kvinnelobby.no/en/people/margunn-bjornholt/ |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher=Norwegian Women's Lobby |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824230451/http://www.kvinnelobby.no/en/people/margunn-bjornholt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnatin Norway ce ta nada ta a matsayin memba na tawagar Norway zuwa zaman 59 da 60 na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata (CSW).<ref name="kv-presidents" /> Ta kasance dan takara na Green Party a Zaben 2015.<ref>[http://www.budstikka.no/nyheter/nyheter/han-topper-barums-gronne/s/2-2.310-1.8666945 Han topper Bærums grønne], ''Budstikka'', 26 November 2014</ref> == Daraja == * Labari na Shekara - Kyautar Jaridar Kwalejin Kwalejin Jami'ar Scandinavia (2021).<ref name="Universitetsforlaget">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=En voldelig relasjon som aldri tar slutt |trans-title=A violent relationship that never ends |url=https://ublogg.no/en-voldelig-relasjon-som-aldri-tar-slutt/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=[[Universitetsforlaget]]}}</ref> * Kyautar 'Yancin (2023) <ref name="pahoyden">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Rettighetsprisen til Margunn Bjørnholt |url=https://pahoyden.no/rettighetsprisen-til-margunn-bjornholt/128102 |website=På Høyden}}</ref>[no] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Presidents of NKF}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l3ks2l0jg91lwhe6nirk1uc8taluj3u 0 84617 963097 674579 2026-10-04T18:17:24Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 Baban gyaran 963097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa'''''' (AFU), wanda kuma ake kira da '''All-Arab Feminist Union''', '''Janar Arab Feminist Union''' da Arab Women's Union, ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen [[Larabawa]], wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1945.<ref>Weber, C. (2001). Unveiling Scheherazade: Feminist Orientalism in the International Alliance of Women, 1911-1950. Feminist Studies, 27(1), 125-157. doi:10.2307/3178453</ref> Manufar kungiyar ita ce cimma daidaiton jinsi na zamantakewa da siyasa, a yayin inganta kishin kasar Larabawa. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kungiya]] '''Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa''' ({{lang-en|Arab Feminist Union}}, AFU), wadda kuma aka san ta da '''Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta Duka''', '''Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta Gabaɗaya''' da '''Ƙungiyar Matan Larabawa''', ƙungiya ce da ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar [[1945]], bayan taron mata na Larabawa da aka gudanar a [[Alkahira]], [[Masar]], a watan Disamba na shekarar 1944. Babbar manufarta ita ce inganta daidaiton mata da maza a fannonin zamantakewa da siyasa tare da ƙarfafa kishin ƙasa da haɗin kan Larabawa. == Tarihi == Asalin ƙungiyar Ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin mata a ƙasashen Larabawa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da neman 'yancin kai tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. A Masar, [[Huda Sha'arawi]] ta kafa [[Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar]] (Egyptian Feminist Union, EFU) a shekarar 1923. Wannan ƙungiya ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan farkon fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a duniyar Larabawa. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar ta yi aiki kan batutuwa da suka haɗa da ilimin mata da 'yan mata, haƙƙin siyasa, gyaran dokokin da suka shafi iyali da aure, kiwon lafiyar mata da yara, da kuma kawo ƙarshen wasu ayyukan da suka cutar da mata. Huda Sha'arawi ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa domin su kasance suna aiki tare kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata da 'yancin al'ummominsu. A shekarar 1938, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar ta shirya wani taro a Alkahira mai suna ''Eastern Women's Conference for the Defense of Palestine''. Taron ya ƙarfafa hulɗar mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa, musamman a kan batun Falasdinu da gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai. A wannan lokaci ne ra'ayin kafa ƙungiya mai haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata na Larabawa ya ƙara ƙarfi. == Kafuwa == A watan Disamba na shekarar 1944, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar ta shirya [[Taron Mata na Larabawa na 1944]] a Alkahira. An gudanar da taron ne domin haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa a ƙarƙashin wata babbar ƙungiya ta yanki. A ranar 7 ga Disamba 1944 ne aka kafa tsarin ƙungiyar, yayin da aka tsara kundinta na farko a shekarar 1945. Saboda haka, wasu majiyoyi suna bayyana shekarar 1944 a matsayin shekarar kafa ta, yayin da wasu ke amfani da shekarar 1945 a matsayin shekarar kafuwar ƙungiyar a hukumance. An kafa hedikwatar ƙungiyar a Masar. [[Huda Sha'arawi]] ta zama shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar. Masarawa ne suka riƙe wasu daga cikin muƙaman shugabanci, yayin da [[Trans-Jordan]], [[Iraƙi]], [[Siriya]], [[Falasɗinu]] da [[Labanon]] suka samu wakilai biyu-biyu a kwamitin gudanarwa. Kafuwar ƙungiyar ta kasance wani muhimmin mataki wajen samar da hanyar haɗin kan ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashe daban-daban na Larabawa. Ta ba wa mata damar musayar ra'ayoyi da dabarun fafutuka tare da tattauna matsalolin da suke fuskanta a ƙasashensu. == Manufofi == Babbar manufar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ita ce samun daidaito tsakanin mata da maza a fannonin zamantakewa da siyasa. Ƙungiyar ta kuma haɗa wannan gwagwarmaya da kishin ƙasa da haɗin kan Larabawa. Daga cikin manyan manufofinta akwai: * inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'umma; * ƙara damar mata samun ilimi; * neman ƙarin haƙƙin siyasa ga mata; * inganta dokokin da suka shafi mata da iyali; * haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa; * ƙarfafa haɗin kan mata wajen fuskantar matsalolin zamantakewa; * yaƙi da wasu nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin mata da maza; * inganta musayar ra'ayoyi da dabarun fafutuka tsakanin mata daga ƙasashe daban-daban; da * tallafa wa kishin ƙasa da haɗin kan ƙasashen Larabawa. == Ayyuka == Bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mata daban-daban a ƙasashen Larabawa. Ta samar da wani dandali da mata daga [[Masar]], [[Falasɗinu]], [[Siriya]], [[Jordan]] da [[Iraƙi]] za su iya musayar ra'ayoyi da dabarun magance matsalolin mata. Ƙungiyar ta kuma shiga cikin tattaunawa kan dokokin da suka shafi matsayin mutum, aure da iyali, da kuma hanyoyin faɗaɗa haƙƙin mata a ƙasashen Larabawa. Ayyukanta sun kasance suna haɗa batun kare haƙƙin mata da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da kishin ƙasa. Wani muhimmin aiki da ƙungiyar ta yi shi ne ƙarfafa sadarwa tsakanin mata masu fafutuka daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Wannan ya taimaka wajen samar da wata hanyar haɗin kai ta mata a matakin Larabawa maimakon kowace ƙasa ta yi fafutuka ita kaɗai. == Mujallar ''Al-Arabiya'' == A shekarar 1945, ƙungiyar ta wallafa mujallar ''Al-Arabiya'', wadda aka bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon mujallun mata masu manufar haɗa mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa. Mujallar ta kasance wata hanya ta yada ra'ayoyi da tattaunawa kan matsayin mata, haƙƙoƙinsu da al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa. Ta hanyar irin wannan aikin wallafe-wallafe, ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen samar da sararin da mata za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da rubuce-rubucensu a kan batutuwan da suka shafi al'umma da haƙƙin mata. Daga baya, wannan al'adar wallafe-wallafen mata ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyin da mata ke jagoranta a duniyar Larabawa. == Huda Sha'arawi == [[Huda Sha'arawi]] ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin farkon fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a Masar kuma ita ce shugabar farko ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa. Ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar a shekarar 1923, wadda daga baya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Larabawa. Sha'arawi ta yi aiki wajen faɗaɗa damar mata samun ilimi, shiga harkokin jama'a da siyasa, da kuma neman gyaran dokokin da suka shafi rayuwar mata. Ta kuma taka rawa wajen haɗa gwagwarmayar mata da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin ƙasar Masar da kuma batun Falasdinu. A matsayinta na shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa, ta yi ƙoƙarin ganin ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashen Larabawa sun yi aiki tare wajen neman ƙarin haƙƙi da matsayi ga mata. Ta rasu a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1947. == Dangantaka da kishin Larabawa == Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ba ta mayar da hankali kawai kan batutuwan mata ba. Ta kuma kasance cikin manyan ƙoƙarin haɗa gwagwarmayar mata da kishin ƙasa da haɗin kan Larabawa. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga yanayin siyasar yankin a lokacin da ƙasashe da dama ke fuskantar mulkin mallaka ko neman samun cikakken 'yancin kai. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashe daban-daban, ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar wata fahimta cewa matsalolin mata da dama sun wuce iyakar ƙasa guda. Hakan ya ba mata damar tattauna hanyoyin magance matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin kan Larabawa. == Kalubale da raguwar tasiri == Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, sauye-sauyen siyasa a ƙasashen Larabawa sun yi tasiri kan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ƙungiyoyin mata. Wasu gwamnatoci sun ƙara sanya ƙungiyoyin jama'a ƙarƙashin kulawa da tsauraran dokoki, lamarin da ya takaita 'yancin gudanar da wasu ayyukan fafutuka. A Masar, gwamnatin ƙasar ta rufe Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar a shekarar 1956. Bayan haka, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta koma da hedkwatarta daga Alkahira zuwa [[Beirut]], [[Labanon]]. Sai dai, rashin tallafin da take samu a baya da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa sun sa ƙarfin ƙungiyar ya ragu a hankali. Raguwar tasirin ƙungiyar ta kuma kasance wani ɓangare na sauyin tsarin siyasa a ƙasashen Larabawa bayan samun 'yancin kai. Wasu ƙungiyoyin mata sun kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati, yayin da wasu suka mayar da hankali kan ayyukan jin daɗin jama'a maimakon fafutukar siyasa kai tsaye. == Gado da muhimmanci == Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙungiyoyin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tsara haɗin gwiwar fafutukar mata a matakin ƙasashen Larabawa. Ta samar da hanyar da ƙungiyoyin mata daga ƙasashe daban-daban za su iya haɗa kai, musayar ra'ayoyi da kuma tattauna hanyoyin inganta matsayin mata. Masana tarihi sun ɗauki ƙungiyar a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin [[feminism]] na Larabawa da kuma ƙungiyoyin mata masu aiki tsakanin ƙasashe. Tsarin haɗin kan da ta ƙarfafa ya zama tushen wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da suka bayyana daga baya a duniyar Larabawa. Muhimmancin ƙungiyar ya ta'allaka ne ba kawai kan manufofinta na neman daidaiton jinsi ba, har ma da yadda ta haɗa wannan buri da kishin ƙasa, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da haɗin kan Larabawa. Wannan ya sanya ta zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin ci gaban ƙungiyoyin mata a yankin. == Duba kuma == * [[Huda Sha'arawi]] * [[Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar]] * [[Taron Mata na Larabawa na 1944]] * [[Feminism]] * [[Haƙƙin mata]] * [[Tarihin mata]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Feminist_Union Arab Feminist Union – English Wikipedia] [[Rukuni:Ƙungiyoyin mata]] [[Rukuni:Feminism]] [[Rukuni:Tarihin mata]] [[Rukuni:Ƙungiyoyi a ƙasashen Larabawa]] [[Rukuni:An kafa a 1945]] 4gskz0fxxym52j1p6pk0hx4e8zphl5k 0 86115 963233 938385 2026-10-05T02:34:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Italian_olive_oil_2007.jpg|thumb|Gilashin [[Man zaitun]] da aka yi amfani da shi a abinci]] Man fetur ruwa ne tare da digiri daban-daban na viscosity dangane da zafin jiki. Man fetur duk wani [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sinadarin sinadarai]] ne wanda ya kunshi hydrocarbons kuma yana da hydrophobic da Lipophilic. Mai yawanci yana iya cin wuta kuma yana aiki a saman. Yawancin mai sune sinadarin da ba a cika su ba wanda yake ruwa a zafin jiki. == Mai na shuke-shuke da dabbobi == Tsire-tsire, dabbobi, da sauran kwayoyin halitta suna samar da mai daban-daban. ''Lipid'' shine kalmar kimiyya don kitse, [[Steroid|Steroids]], da phospholipids waɗanda ke narkewa a cikin kayan narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lipids |url=https://old.goldbook.iupac.org/html/L/L03571.html |website=IUPAC Gold Book |access-date=2026-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922001731/https://old.goldbook.iupac.org/html/L/L03571.html |archive-date=2025-09-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani babban nau'in mai na shuka shine mai Mai tsawo, cakuda mai da rosins waɗanda aka cire daga bishiyoyi kuma ana amfani da su galibi azaman mai narkewa da man fetur. Baya ga mai na zamani na dabba (misali tallow), an yi amfani da man whale sau ɗaya. Daga hangen nesa na aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, kitse suna da mahimmanci saboda su ne precursors ga [[sabulu]] kuma suna da wani bangare na abinci da yawa, misali man dafa abinci. Kashe mai, wanda ya kunshi kitse mara cikawa, sune mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin wasu fenti da lacquers. == Mai da aka samo daga man fetur == Akwai maɓuɓɓugar mai da yawa na "mai da aka samo" ciki har da distillates daga mai mai da Man shale. Babban amfani da waɗannan mai sun haɗa da man fetur (misali mai dumama) da ruwa mai ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, mai na roba, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman mai suna samar da sinadarai na sinadarai. [[Danyen mai|Man fetur]] na asali ya samo asali ne daga kayan halittu na asali, kamar zooplankton da algae, wanda tsarin geochemical ya canza zuwa mai.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Kvenvolden |first=Keith A. |year=2006 |title=Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000677 |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |page=1 |bibcode=2006OrGeo..37....1K |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001 |s2cid=95305299}}</ref> == Etimology da tarihi == <sup i="">[[wiktionary:ante|a]]="#mwt29" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"lower-alpha"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"efn","href":"./Template:Efn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"The <nowiki>[[Old English]]</nowiki> word was: ele;<nowiki><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Bosworth (scholar)|editor1=Thomas Northcote Toller|editor1-link=Thomas Northcote Toller|editor2=Christ Sean|editor3=Ondřej Tichy|date=2014|url=https://bosworthtoller.com/|chapter-url=https://bosworthtoller.com/9200|location=[[Prague]]|publisher=Faculty of Arts, [[Charles University]]|chapter=ELE|title=Bosworth Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online}}</ref></nowiki> \"Eft on fyrste, æfter Cristes upstige to heofonum, rixode sum wælhreow casere on Romana ríce, æfter Nerone, se wæs Domicianus gehaten, cristenra manna ehtere: se het afyllan ane cyfe mid weallendum ele,\" (in: <nowiki>[[:s:The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church/IV|IV]]</nowiki> of <nowiki>[[Catholic Homilies|Homilies]]</nowiki> written by <nowiki>[[Ælfric of Eynsham|Ælfric]]</nowiki>)"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Oil#cite_note-10 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Amfani na farko a cikin wani nau'i ''mai'' kama da na zamani shine <ref name="OED">{{Cite web |last=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=oil noun¹ Meaning & use |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/oil_n1?tl=true&tab=meaning_and_use |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote=in W. Heuser, Kildare-Gedichte (1904)}}</ref> a cikin [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] <ref name="OEDE">{{Cite web |last=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=oil noun ¹ Etymology |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/oil_n1?tl=true&tab=etymology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/OED/9508264200 |quote=Anglo-Norman oile < classical Latin}}</ref> kafin (a) 1300 a Land of Cokaygne {{Efn|---- ---- :Þer beþ riuers..Of oile, melk, honi and wine.<ref name=OED/> ---- :In [[Cokaigne]] is met and drink,<ref name=CnhC>{{cite web|url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/E300000-001/text001.html|title=Anglo-Irish poems of the Middle Ages: The Kildare Poems (Author: [unknown]) Poem 1 The Land of Cokaygne {MS fol 3r} |publisher=[[Corpus of Electronic Texts]] [[University College Cork|Coláiste na hOllscoile Corcaigh]]}}</ref> :With-vte care, how and swink.<ref name=CnhC/> :... :Ther beth riuers gret and fine <ref name=CnhC/> :Of oile, melk, honi and wine.<ref name=CnhC/> ---- ---- "riuers": "The four [[rivers of Paradise]]" of which oil is Geon because of the [[Apocalypse of Paul#Heaven|Apocalypse of St Paul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wpwt.soton.ac.uk/trans/cockaygn/cocnn.htm#45-6|author=Bella Millett|title=The Land of Cockaygne London MS Harley 913, ff. 3r-6v, Notes 45-46|publisher=[[British Library]]: [[University of Southampton]] Wessex Parallel WebTexts|quote=[[:s:The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Paul|Apocalypse of St Paul]]; see [[M. R. James]], trans., [[:s:The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)|The Apocryphal New Testament]] ([[Oxford]]: [[Clarendon Press]], 1924), p. 538)}} {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809175824/http://wpwt.soton.ac.uk/trans/cockaygn/cocnn.htm#45-6|date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wpwt.soton.ac.uk/trans/cockaygn/coctrans.htm|title=The Land of Cockaygne London MS Harley 913, ff. 3r-6v, Translation|editor=Bella Millett|publisher=[[British Library]]: [[University of Southampton]] Wessex Parallel WebTexts}} {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614134251/http://wpwt.soton.ac.uk/trans/cockaygn/coctrans.htm|date=14 June 2025}}</ref> ----}} a cikin [[Middle English|Turanci na Tsakiya]] daga [[Old French|Tsohon Faransanci]] mai <ref name="OEDE" /> a matsayin sakamakon tasirin Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) <ref name="CLA2006" /> kuma bayan kisan [[Harold Godwinson|Sarki Harold]] a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1066 <ref>{{Cite book|ref=et al.}}</ref> bayan mamayewar 1066 daga [[Normandy]], [3] mafi mahimmancin tushen [[Transliteration|fassarar]] daga Latin a lokacin 12th ko 13th (Mode ''elaia'') mai mai mai mai:{{Efn|Latin language sources <ref name=LS/> chronology: :BCE / BC: ::Plautus, Poenulus <ref name=LS/> (c. 200)<ref>{{cite web|author=John Starks Jnr|url=https://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~jstarks/punypunic.html|title=THE PUNY PUNIC (Poenulus) BY Plautus Dramatis Personae)|publisher=[[binghamton.edu]]|quote=The time is more or less the present (i.e. circa 200 B.C.)}}</ref> ::[[Cato the Elder]],<ref name=LS/> (234–149) ([[Tusculum]])<ref name=WH-HBA>{{cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL283/1934/volume.xml|title=CATO AND VARRO ON AGRICULTURE|translator1=W. D. Hooper|translator2= Harrison Boyd Ash|series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] 283|location=[[Cambridge, MA]]|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|date=1934}}</ref> [[De Agri Cultura]]<ref name=LS/> (c. 160)<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Stephen Spurr|editor1=Antony Spawforth |editor2=Esther Eidinow |editor3=Simon Hornblower|chapter-url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Classical_Civili/AIgdBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cato+the+Elder,+De+Agri+Cultura++160BC&pg=PA156&printsec=frontcover|chapter=Appendix: Cato the Elder: De agricultura|title=Oxford Companion to CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION|page=156|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|ISBN=9780198706779}}</ref> ::[[Lex agraria (disambiguation)|Lex Thoria]]<ref name=LS/> (111)<ref>{{cite web|author=UGA|url=https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Leges/thoria.gr.html|title=LEX THORIA AGRARIA ( 111 BC)|publisher=[[Université Grenoble Alpes]]|via=www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquit/nfUrAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lex+Thoria&pg=PA700&printsec=frontcover "the date of the Lex Thoria is usually fixed by Rudorff as the year of the city 643 or B.C. 111"}}</ref> ::[[Varro]],<ref name=LS/> (116–27) ([[Reate]])<ref name=WH-HBA/> De Re Rustica <ref name=LS/> ::[[Cicero]]<ref name=LS/> (106, [[Arpinum]])<ref>{{cite web|author1= John Ferguson|display-authors=et al.|date=4 December 2025|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero|title=Governors Cicero|work=[[Britannica]]}}</ref> ::[[Virgil]],<ref name=LS/> (October 15, 70, [[Andes (Italy)|Andes]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Simpson|date=1998|chapter-url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CEJ1631006748&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7E7a7828dd&aty=open-web-entry|title=Encyclopedia of World Biography|chapter=Virgil|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|series=Gale Academic OneFile|via=poets.org/poet/virgil}}</ref> [[Aeneid]]<ref name=LS/> ::[[Horace]],<ref name=LS/> (December 8, 65)<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Nisbet|editor=Stephen Harrison|title=The Cambridge Companion to Horace: 1 – Horace: life and chronology from Part 1: – Orientations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-horace/horace-life-and-chronology/CE39F23F8CBA22CA5E4AEE17580311A5|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=28 May 2007|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521830028.002}}</ref> [[Satires (Horace)|Saturae]]<ref name=LS/> ::[[Ovid]],<ref name=LS/> (March 20, 43)<ref>{{cite web|author=William L. Carey|url=https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/101/ovidintro.pdf|title=P. OVIDIUS NASO (43 B.C. - A.D. 17)|location=[[George Mason University]]|via=www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ovid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030617140852/https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/101/ovidintro.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tristia]]<ref name=LS/> :CE / AD: ::[[Lucius Columella|Columella]],<ref name=LS/> (70 AD <ref>{{cite web|author=Silke Diederich|date=25 February 2016|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0203.xml|title=Oxford Biographies Columella|doi= 10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0203|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>) [[Lucius Columella#De re rustica|De Re Rustica]]<ref name=LS/> ::[[Pliny the Elder]],<ref name=LS/> (23 CE [[Transpadane Gaul]] - August 24, 79, [[Stabiae]]<ref>{{cite web|author= Jerry Stannard|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pliny-the-Elder|title=Pliny the Elder|work=[[Britannica]]}}</ref>) [[Naturalis Historia]]<ref name=LS/> ::[[Juvenal]],<ref name=LS/> (AD 80, [[Aquinum]]<ref>{{cite book|author=James Sullivan|date=December 16, 2003 |editor=Frank N. Magill|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Ancient_World/7NVFUi7G6TEC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=The Ancient World Dictionary of World Biography|page=647|chapter=JUVENAL|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=1}}</ref>) [[Satires (Juvenal)|Saturae]]<ref name=LS/>}} "Mai mai" a cikin [[Greek language|Girkanci]] na Mycenaean (transliteration) shine ''e-rai-wo''. An yi amfani da mai a cikin tarihi a matsayin matsakaiciyar addini. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa wakili ne mai tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya kuma ana amfani dashi don shafawa. A matsayin misali na musamman, mai mai tsarki ya kasance muhimmin ruwa na al'ada ga [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesnutt |first=Randall D. |date=January 2005 |title=Perceptions of Oil in Early Judaism and the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0951820705051955 |journal=Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=113–132 |doi=10.1177/0951820705051955 |issn=0951-8207 |s2cid=161240989 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da [[Kiristanci]]. == Dubi kuma == * Emulsifier, sinadarin da ke ba da damar man fetur da ruwa su haɗu {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] krcz7euuigpchy2225ebesa73ejuhc0 0 89158 963282 956690 2026-10-05T06:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mamadi Diakite''' (an haife shi a watan Janairu 21, 1997) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon]] kwando ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Guinea ne don kwarin Suns na NBA G League . Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Virginia Cavaliers, wanda ya ci gasar NCAA ta ƙasa a shekarar 2019. Ya kuma ci gasar NBA tare da Milwaukee Bucks a cikin shekara ta 2021 . == Tarihin Rayuwar sa. == An haifi Diakite a [[Conakry]], [[Gini|Guinea]] ga Aboubacar Sidiki Diakite da Aminata Kaba kuma ya girma a matsayin Musulmi. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Mamadi Diakite |url=https://virginiasports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=251 |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> <ref name="needelman">{{Cite web |last=Needelman |first=Josh |date=March 12, 2019 |title=Grabbing the fruit: Virginia forward Mamadi Diakite works to put the ball back in Guinea's hands |url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/cavalierinsider/grabbing-the-fruit-virginia-forward-mamadi-diakite-works-to-put/article_4f7ebabc-6f07-5b1e-87e5-0339e844ab68.html |access-date=March 30, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Progress]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne babban sufeton lafiya na kasar Guinea kuma mahaifiyarsa likita ce. <ref name="doughty">{{Cite web |last=Doughty |first=Doug |date=September 11, 2014 |title=Cavs in waiting game for Blue Ridge School big man Diakite |url=https://www.roanoke.com/sports/uva-insider-cavs-in-waiting-game-for-blue-ridge-school/article_f21eb752-9777-5259-b447-1808293405a5.html |access-date=March 30, 2019 |website=[[The Roanoke Times]]}}</ref> Diakite ya taso ne yana buga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] a tituna da wuraren shakatawa amma daga baya ya fara buga kwallon kwando saboda tsayinsa da kuma wasan motsa jiki. <ref name="newman">{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Caroline |date=March 6, 2018 |title=A Tale of Two Mamadis |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/tale-two-mamadis-how-these-uva-basketball-stars-forged-brotherhood |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> <ref name="zamoff">{{Cite web |last=Zamoff |first=Zach |date=January 23, 2019 |title='Keep digging': Mamadi Diakite's journey to basketball success |url=http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2019/01/keep-digging-mamadi-diakites-journey-to-basketball-success |access-date=March 30, 2019 |website=[[The Cavalier Daily]]}}</ref> Saboda rashin damar kwando a Guinea, ya yi ƙoƙari ya jawo hankali daga kasar Amurka ta hanyar [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] . Sakamakon haka, Hassan Fofana, ɗan ƙasar Guinea kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji ya tuntuɓi Diakite, kuma tare da taimakonsa ya shiga makarantar Blue Ridge, [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] a Saint George, Virginia . == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Diakite ya yi rajista a Makarantar Blue Ridge a farkon Shekaran 2014. <ref name="dillman">{{Cite web |last=Dillman |first=Damon |date=August 5, 2015 |title=Diakite Expected to Enroll at UVa This Fall |url=https://www.cbs19news.com/sports/headlines/Diakite-Expected-to-Enroll-at-UVa-This-Fall-320806291.html |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=[[WCAV]] |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401164558/https://www.cbs19news.com/sports/headlines/Diakite-Expected-to-Enroll-at-UVa-This-Fall-320806291.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da ya fara zuwa kasar Amurka, yana iya magana da yaren Faransanci kawai, kuma tsohon dan wasan kwallon kwando dan kasar Guinea Mamadi Diane yana cikin wadanda suka taimaka masa wajen kara karfin gwiwa. <ref name="newman"/> Diakite ya buga wasannin kwallon kwando guda biyu a makarantar Blue Ridge kuma ya samu haruffan varsity a fagen guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle da ƙwallon ƙafa, saboda makarantar ta buƙaci ɗalibai su buga wasanni a kowace kakar. <ref name="bio"/> <ref name="reid">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Whitey |date=October 14, 2014 |title=Blue Ridge's Diakite draws interest from big-name schools, including UVa |url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/cavalierinsider/blue-ridge-s-diakite-draws-interest-from-big-name-schools/article_c45d7eda-53eb-11e4-9859-001a4bcf6878.html |access-date=March 30, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Progress]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babba a wasan kwallon kwando, ya sami maki 12, sake dawowa takwas, da tubalan hudu a kowane wasa yayin da yake jagorantar tawagarsa zuwa taken Jiha na Division II na Virginia Independent Conference (VIC). An nada Diakite na biyu All-VIC a ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Shekaran 2014 – 15, kuma ya ci taken tsalle- tsalle na VIC na baya-baya. <ref name="bio" /> A cikin ƙwallon kwando, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikata huɗu na daukar ma'aikata kuma babban abin da ake tsammani a cikin jihar Virginia. A kan Agusta 4, 2015, Diakite ya himmatu don taka leda don Virginia, yana mai da martani ga wasu shirye-shiryen NCAA Division I da yawa, gami da Baylor, USC da Washington . <ref name="247sports">{{Cite web |title=Mamadi Diakite, Blue Ridge School, Power Forward |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Mamadi-Diakite-75982/high-school-136035/ |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=[[247Sports]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamadi Diakite - Basketball Recruiting - Player Profiles |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/player/_/id/204446 |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == Bayan yin alkawarin zuwa Virginia, Diakite ya sake komawa aji na Shekaran 2015 kuma ya sake yin wasan kwando na farko na kwaleji tare da Virginia, yana fatan shirya jiki don kwando na kwaleji da daidaitawa ga salon kwaleji a lokacin Shekaran 2015 – 16. <ref name="wood">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Norm |date=August 4, 2015 |title=Highly recruited forward Mamadi Diakite commits to Virginia, may reclassify to 2015 |url=https://www.dailypress.com/sports/colleges/acc-all-access-blog/dp-spt-highlyrecruited-forward-mamadi-diakite-commits-to-virginia-may-reclassify-to-2015-according-to-repor-20150804-post.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401164525/https://www.dailypress.com/sports/colleges/acc-all-access-blog/dp-spt-highlyrecruited-forward-mamadi-diakite-commits-to-virginia-may-reclassify-to-2015-according-to-repor-20150804-post.html |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=March 31, 2019 |website=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|Daily Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Ryan M. |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Diakite officially joins Virginia basketball program |url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/cavalierinsider/diakite-officially-joins-virginia-basketball-program/article_0d30d3ae-5293-11e5-9faa-87f697a71fb7.html |access-date=March 31, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Progress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401165642/https://www.dailyprogress.com/cavalierinsider/diakite-officially-joins-virginia-basketball-program/article_0d30d3ae-5293-11e5-9faa-87f697a71fb7.html |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi muhawara a matsayin ɗan wasan jajayen riguna a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2016, yana yin rikodin maki takwas da sake dawowa hudu a nasarar 72–32 akan St. Francis Brooklyn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2016 |title=No. 8 UVA Routs St. Francis, 72-32 |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2016/11/15/No_8_UVA_Routs_St_Francis_72_32.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Disamba, Diakite ya ci maki 12 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin nasara da ci 76–53 akan East Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2016 |title=Post Game Notes |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2016/12/6/Post_Game_Notes.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasanni 32 a cikin kakar wasa, ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.8, sake dawowa 2.6, da tubalan 1.2 a kowane wasa. <ref name="espnstats">{{Cite web |title=Mamadi Diakite NCAA Men's Basketball Stats |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3947156/type/mens-college-basketball |access-date=January 14, 2024 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A matsayin jaki na biyu a kan Nuwamba 23, 2017, Diakite ya dace da aikinsa mai girma a cikin zira kwallaye, tare da maki 12 da sake dawowa biyar a cikin 68-42 nasara akan Vanderbilt a NIT Season Tip-Off . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Virginia Game Notes vs. Vanderbilt |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2017/11/23/Virginia_Game_Notes_vs_Vanderbilt.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2017 |title=UVA Handles Vanderbilt in NIT Tip-Off, 68-42 |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2017/11/23/UVA_Handles_Vanderbilt_in_NIT_Tip_Off_68_42.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> A ranar Fabrairu 3, 2018, ya shiga cikin maki 12 a karo na biyu, a cikin nasara 59–44 akan Syracuse . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2018 |title=Hunter, Guy lead No. 2 Virginia over Syracuse, 59-44 |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2018/2/3/Hunter_Guy_lead_No_2_Virginia_over_Syracuse_59_44.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasanni 34, Diakite ya sami maki 5.4, 3.0 rebounds da 0.5 tubalan kowane wasa. <ref name="espnstats" /> A cikin wasa na uku na lokacin ƙarami na Shekaran 2018 – 19 redshirt, ya yi rikodin babban aiki-maki 18 akan Nuwamba 16, a cikin nasara 97 – 40 akan Jihar Coppin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2018 |title=Hot-Shooting Hoos Top Coppin State |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2018/11/16/mens-basketball-hot-shooting-hoos-top-coppin-state.aspx |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> Diakite ya yi daidai da aikinsa a kan Janairu 9, 2019, yana aika maki 18, sake dawowa bakwai, da tubalan biyu a nasarar 83–56 akan Kwalejin Boston . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2019 |title=No. 4 Virginia Nabs 83-56 ACC Road Win at Boston College |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2019/1/9/mens-basketball-no-4-virginia-nabs-83-56-acc-road-win-at-boston-college.aspx |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Maris, a cikin Elite Takwas zagaye na gasar NCAA ta Shekaran 2019, ya yi rikodin maki 14, sake dawowa bakwai da tubalan hudu a cikin nasarar wuce gona da iri kan Purdue na uku na 80 – 75. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Andrew |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Carsen Edwards and Mamadi Diakite shared incredible moment of sportsmanship before OT |url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2019/03/carsen-edwards-mamadi-diakite-purdue-virginia-sportsmanship-elite-eight |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=For The Win}}</ref> Diakite ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida don aika wasan zuwa karin lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Virginia Advances to Final Four |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2019/3/30/mens-basketball-virginia-advances-to-final-four.aspx |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131232/https://virginiasports.com/news/2019/3/30/mens-basketball-virginia-advances-to-final-four.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Hudu na Karshe, sun buga Auburn . Diakite ya kama 6 rebounds kuma ya buga jimlar mintuna 36, amma yana da maki 2 kawai akan 25% harbi. Virginia ta ci wasan da ci 63–62 bayan abokin wasansu Kyle Guy ya yi jefa kwallaye 3 kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2019 |title=Guy hits 3 FTs with 0.6 left, Virginia shocks Auburn 63-62 |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap/_/gameId/401123375 |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin kasa ta Shekaran 2019, sun buga Texas Tech . Diakite yana da maki 9 akan 50% harbi, kuma ya kama 7 rebounds a cikin mintuna 25 na lokacin wasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Virginia 85-77 Texas Tech (Apr 8, 2019) Box Score - ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/boxscore/_/gameId/401123374 |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Virginia ta lashe wasan a cikin karin lokaci 85–77, ta baiwa Virginia gasar cin kofin kasa ta farko. <ref name=":0" /> Ya rina gashin gashin sa a cikin watan Fabrairun 2019 sannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci ga ragowar aikinsa na kwaleji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Mamadi Diakite Nationality, Ethnicity, & Background |url=https://heavy.com/sports/2019/03/mamadi-diakite-nationality-ethnicity-background/ |website=heavy.com}}</ref> Ya ba da sanarwar daftarin NBA na Shekaran 2019 bayan ya lashe gasar cin kofin kasa amma ya janye sunansa daga daftarin kafin ranar ƙarshe na janyewar don komawa Virginia a lokacin cancantarsa ta ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horne |first=Chris |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Mamadi Diakite Withdraws From 2019 NBA Draft, Will Return To UVA |url=https://virginia.sportswar.com/article/2019/05/29/mamadi-diakite-withdraws-nba-draft-will-return-uva/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=virginia.sportswar.com}}</ref> Diakite ya kafa sabon aiki mai girma na maki 19 don tafiya tare da sake dawowa 13 a cikin nasarar 65 – 34 da James Madison akan Nuwamba 10, 2019. Ya yi daidai da aikinsa na maki 19 a kan Nuwamba 19, yana taimaka wa Cavaliers nasara da Vermont 61–55. Diakite ya kafa sabon aiki mai girma na maki 21 a cikin asarar 70-59 zuwa South Carolina akan Disamba 22. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, an zaɓi Diakite zuwa Teamungiyar All-ACC ta Biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2020 |title=2020 ACC Men's Basketball Award Winners Announced |url=https://theacc.com/news/2020/3/8/athlete-awards-2020-acc-mens-basketball-award-winners-announced.aspx |access-date=March 9, 2020 |website=theacc.com |publisher=Atlantic Coast Conference}}</ref> == Sana'ar Sa. == === Milwaukee Bucks (2020-2021) === Bayan da aka ba da izini a cikin daftarin NBA na Shekaran 2020, Diakite ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ta biyu tare da Milwaukee Bucks a kan Nuwamba 24, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2020 |title=Milwaukee Bucks Sign Jaylen Adams And Mamadi Diakite To Two-Way Contracts |url=https://www.nba.com/bucks/news/milwaukee-bucks-sign-jaylen-adams-and-mamadi-diakite-two-way-contracts |access-date=April 21, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oakes |first=Jamie |date=November 21, 2020 |title=Mamadi Diakite signed by the Milwaukee Bucks |url=https://247sports.com/college/virginia/Article/2020-NBA-Draft-Milwaukee-Bucks-sign-Mamadi-Diakite-to-two-way-contract-UVA-Basketball-Virginia-Cavaliers-155199895/ |access-date=November 22, 2020 |website=247 Sports}}</ref> Lokacin da Wisconsin Herd ya yanke shawarar ba zai buga kakar Shekaran 2020–21 ba, an aika Diakite zuwa Lakeland Magic don cika sashin G League na kwantiraginsa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Milwaukee Bucks Forward Mamadi Diakite Transferred to Lakeland Magic |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/milwaukee-bucks-forward-mamadi-diakite-transferred-to-lakeland-magic/n-5664933 |access-date=April 21, 2021 |website=OurSportsCentral.com}}</ref> ya fara halarta a Lakeland a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2021 |title=02/11/21: Austin Spurs @ Lakeland Magic |url=https://gleague.nba.com/games/20210211/auslak/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421215233/https://gleague.nba.com/games/20210211/auslak/ |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |access-date=April 21, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 12 tare da Lakeland yayin da yake matsakaicin maki 18.5, 10.3 rebounds, 2.1 blocks da 2.1 yana taimakawa a cikin mintuna 27.7 kuma an ba shi suna ga All-NBA G League First Team, NBA G League All-Defensive Team da NBA G League All -Rookie Team yana kan hanya zuwa taken G League tare da Lakeland. <ref name="STDContract">{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Milwaukee Bucks Sign Mamadi Diakite To Multi-Year Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/bucks/news/milwaukee-bucks-sign-mamadi-diakite-multi-year-contract |access-date=April 21, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2021, Diakite ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar NBA na shekaru da yawa bayan yin bayyanuwa 11 tare da Bucks. Ya lashe gasar NBA a lokacin sa na rookie tare da Bucks. <ref name="STDContract"/> A ranar 24 ga Satumba, Milwaukee ya yi watsi da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Skerletic |first=Dario |date=September 25, 2021 |title=Bucks waive Mamadi Diakite |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/bucks-waive-mamadi-diakite/ |access-date=September 25, 2021 |website=Sportando.basketball}}</ref> === Oklahoma City Thunder (2022) === A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2021, Oklahoma City Thunder ta yi iƙirarin soke Diakite. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2021 |title=Thunder Claims Mamadi Diakite |url=https://www.nba.com/thunder/release/diakite-210926 |access-date=September 27, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, an yi watsi da shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Thunder Waives Diakite, Jaworski and Sarr |url=https://www.nba.com/thunder/news/thunder-waives-211016 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2022, Diakite ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwanaki 10 tare da Thunder. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2022 |title=OKC Thunder news: Thunder signs Mamadi Diakite to 10-day hardship deal |url=https://okcthunderwire.usatoday.com/2022/01/11/okc-thunder-news-thunder-signs-mamadi-diakite-to-10-day-hardship-deal/ |access-date=January 11, 2022 |website=OKC Thunder Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> Diakite ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 na biyu a ranar 21 ga Janairu <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Thunder Signs Mamadi Diakite to 10-Day Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/thunder/news/release-diakite-220121 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 na uku tare da Thunder a ranar 31 ga Janairu <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Thunder Signs Mamadi Diakite to 10-Day Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/thunder/news/release-diakite-220131 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta sake shi, don buɗe wurin yin rajista don KZ Okpala, wanda aka samu a cikin kasuwanci tare da Miami Heat . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Thunder Acquires KZ Okpala and Amends Conditions of First Round Pick |url=https://www.nba.com/thunder/news/release-okpala-220209 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Cleveland Cavaliers (2022-2023) === A kan Satumba 26, 2022, Diakite ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Cavaliers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Cavaliers Add Four to Training Camp Roster |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/releases-22-training-camp-roster-220926 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=NBA}}</ref> An yi watsi da shi a ranar Oktoba 15, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2022 |title=Cavaliers Waive Five Players |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/releases-player-waiving-221015 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> amma ƙungiyar ta sake sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanya biyu bayan kwana biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Cavaliers Sign Mamadi Diakite to a Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/cavaliers-sign-mamadi-diakite-to-a-two-way |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=NBA}}</ref> Zai ƙare wasa a wasanni 22, farawa a biyu. A cikin wasan farko inda ya fara da NBA MVP Joel Embiid, ya rike babban tauraron zuwa kawai maki 19, 6 rebounds, 6 helps, and 37.5% from the field. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 2 masu maki uku yayin wasan. A farkon kakar wasa ta biyu, Diakite ya dace da New York Knicks inda ya yi rikodin 2 rebounds da toshe. Duk da yake mafi yawan lokutan yana tafiya tare da haɗin gwiwar G League, bai taɓa yin asarar abubuwa da yawa ba. === Westchester Knicks (2023) === A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2023, Diakite ya sanya hannu tare da New York Knicks, <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Knicks sign Mamadi Diakite and Brandon Goodwin|user=NY_KnicksPR|date=October 19, 2023|access-date=October 20, 2023}}</ref> amma an yi watsi da shi bayan kwana biyu. <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Knicks waive Mamadi Diakite, Brandon Goodwin, Isaiah Roby and Duane Washington Jr.|user=NY_KnicksPR|date=October 21, 2023|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2023, an saka sunan Diakite a cikin jerin abubuwan buɗe dare na Westchester Knicks . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Westchester Knicks Announce 2023-24 Official Roster |url=https://westchester.gleague.nba.com/news/westchester-knicks-announce-2023-24-official-roster |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === San Antonio / Austin Spurs (2024) === A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2024, Diakite ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar ta hanyoyi biyu tare da San Antonio Spurs <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirley |first=P. |date=January 1, 2024 |title=Spurs Sign Mamadi Diakite to Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/spurs/news/spurs-sign-mamadi-diakite-to-two-way-contract |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> kuma a ranar Maris 2, Spurs ta yi watsi da shi. <ref>{{Cite tweet|first=Tom|last=Orsborn|title=#Spurs make the following moves reported earlier official: 1, They've converted Barlow’s two-way deal to a standard NBA contract; 2, They've signed RaiQuan Gray and Jamaree Bouyea to two-way deals; 3, They've waived forward Mamadi Diakite.|user=tom_orsborn|date=March 2, 2024|access-date=March 2, 2024}}</ref> === Komawa Westchester / New York Knicks (2024) === A kan Maris 6, 2024, Diakite ya koma Westchester Knicks <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Welcome back, Mamadi‼️|user=wcknicks|date=March 6, 2024|access-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref> kuma a kan Maris 14, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da New York Knicks . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2024 |title=Knicks Sign Mamadi Diakite to 10-Day Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/knicks/news/knicks-sign-mamadi-diakite-to-10-day-contract |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris, ya sanya hannu tare da New York don sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2024 |title=New York Knicks Sign Mamadi Diakite |url=https://www.nba.com/knicks/news/new-york-knicks-sign-mamadi-diakite |access-date=March 25, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A kan Yuli 6, 2024, Diakite an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Brooklyn Nets tare da Bojan Bogdanović, Shake Milton, Zaɓuɓɓukan zagaye na farko guda huɗu ba tare da kariya ba, swap mara kariya da zaɓi na biyu don musayar Mikal Bridges, Keita Bates-Diop da na biyu - zagayowar zagayowar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2024 |title=Brooklyn Nets Complete Trade With New York Knicks |url=https://www.nba.com/nets/news/brooklyn-nets-complete-trade-with-new-york-knicks |access-date=July 6, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Kafin ya iya bayyana a cikin wasan don Nets, Diakite ya yi ciniki, tare da daftarin haƙƙin Nemanja Dangubić, zuwa Memphis Grizzlies a musayar Ziaire Williams da zaɓe na biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2024 |title=Memphis Grizzlies complete trade with Brooklyn Nets |url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/memphis-grizzlies-complete-trade-with-brooklyn-nets |access-date=July 19, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> kuma a ranar 27 ga Agusta, an yi watsi da shi. da Grizzlies. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2024 |title=Memphis Grizzlies waive Mamadi Diakite |url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/memphis-grizzlies-waive-mamadi-diakite |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Valley Suns (2024-yanzu) === A kan Satumba 26, 2024, Diakite ya sanya hannu tare da Phoenix Suns, <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Official: Phoenix Suns sign bigs Frank Kaminsky, Mamadi Diakite, and rookie forward Moses Wood.|user=iam_DanaScott|date=September 26, 2024|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> amma an yi watsi da shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Suns have waived Mamadi Diakite and rookie forward Moses Wood, trimming their preseason roster to 18 players.|user=iam_DanaScott|date=October 14, 2024|access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, ya shiga cikin Valley Suns . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2024 |title=Valley Suns Announce 2024-25 Training Camp Roster |url=https://valley.gleague.nba.com/news/valley-suns-announce-2024-25-training-camp-roster |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Diakite ƙwararren mai magana ne a Faransanci, [[Yaren Maninka|Maninka]], Susu da [[Fillanci|Fula]] . Ya fara koyon turanci ne lokacin da ya isa kasar Amurka domin halartar makarantar Blue Ridge. <ref name="adjusting">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jeff |date=September 29, 2015 |title=Diakite Adjusting to New Surroundings |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2015/09/29/diakite-adjusting-to-new-surroundings |access-date=January 14, 2024 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> A cikin 2014, mahaifinsa Aboubacar Sidiki Diakite, babban sufeton lafiya na kasar Guinea, ya fara jagorantar kokarin kasarsa na yaki da cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka tare da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . <ref name="doughty"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fofana |first=Umaru |last2=Bailes |first2=Adam |name-list-style=and |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Sierra Leone's top Ebola doctor dies from virus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-ebola-africa/sierra-leones-top-ebola-doctor-dies-from-virus-idUSKBN0FY1H420140729 |access-date=March 31, 2019 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A Jami'ar Virginia, Diakite babban ɗan Faransa ne kuma ƙaramar Al'adun Duniya da Kasuwanci. <ref name="white">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jeff |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Diakite Growing On and Off Court |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2018/10/12/jeff-white-diakite-growing-on-and-off-court |access-date=January 14, 2024 |publisher=University of Virginia Athletics}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, ya yi wa gashinsa rina zinare a matsayin "sauƙi ga lokacin da ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana matashi" a Guinea. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3czqex7f2shhmpcpbj2q9irohh4uu69 0 91028 963351 587236 2026-10-05T09:15:44Z Dan Shahidi 49685 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 963351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Masu ziyara a '''Sudan''' dole ne su sami biza daga ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Sudan, sai dai idan sun fito daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da aka keɓe biza. Duk masu ziyara dole ne su riƙe fasfo na aiki na tsawon watanni 6 daga ranar zuwa. == Keɓewar Biza == Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe 5 na iya ziyartar Sudan ba tare da biza ba, don tsayawa har zuwa lokacin da aka jera:[1] 1 - Dole ne ya isa kai tsaye daga Yemen<ref name=":0">"Visa and passport". Timatic. International Air Transport Association through Emirates. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref> 'Yan kasar Saudiyya ba sa bukatar biza don ziyarar kasuwanci, matukar sun gabatar da wata wasika da ma'aikatar zuba jari ta Sudan ta bayar na tabbatar da ziyarar tasu ta kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /> •Sudan da [[Saint Kitts da Nevis]] sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana biza.<ref>@SudanMissionUN (24 February 2022). "Today, the Chargé d'affaires a.i @ammarmahmoud of the #Sudan to the #UN signed with @stkittsnevisUN a Joint Co…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.</ref> == Biza a isowa == Jama'a na ƙasashe 4 masu zuwa za su iya samun bizar Sudan idan isowa:<ref name=":0" /> Eritrea Kenya Maleshiya Turkiyya Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da suka gabatar da shaidar mahaifin ɗan Sudan za su iya samun biza idan sun isa, ba tare da la’akari da ƙasarsu ta yanzu ba. Mutanen da suka auri ɗan ƙasar Sudan (maza da mata) suma suna iya samun biza idan sun kawo takardar shaidar aure mai inganci.<ref name=":0" /> == Rijistar ƴan sanda == Ana buƙatar Rijistar 'yan sanda na tilas ga duk ƙasashe a cikin sa'o'i 24 da isowa.<ref>"Sudan International Travel Information". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-21</ref><ref>How to get a visa for Sudan - Against the Compass". 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2022-04-21</ref> == Hana Shiga == A baya can, an ƙi shiga da wucewa ga ƴan ƙasar Isra’ila, ko da ba za su bar jirgin ba kuma suna tafiya da jirgi ɗaya.<ref>"Visa information - Destination Sudan (SD)". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2014-04-03.</ref> An kuma ƙi shigar da fasfo ko takaddun balaguro mai ɗauke da biza ko tambarin shiga da Isra’ila ta bayar.<ref>https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=SD&SECTION=PA&SUBSECTION=WA&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C</ref> Sai dai akwai yiyuwar wannan bayani ya canja domin a yanzu Sudan ta kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila. Har ila yau, ba a ƙi shiga da wucewa ga masu riƙe fasfo na yau da kullun ga ƴan ƙasar [[Bangladesh]] sai dai idan sun isa ga tawaga ta kasuwanci ko kuma a matsayin ɗaliban da ke karatu a wata jami'a ta Sudan da ke da takardar izinin zama.<ref>International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual</ref> == Manazarta == o3vxnwnbn5eilepu8a1e4urxphgtntd 0 93694 963292 600469 2026-10-05T07:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Saura_Script_invented_by_Mangei_Gomango.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Rubutun Saura wanda Mangei Gomango ya ƙirƙira]] '''Mangei Gomango''' (16 Yuni 1916 – 1980), wanda aka fi sani da '''Pandita Sabara Mangei Gamango''' ɗan gwagwarmayar yaren Indiya ne wanda aka ce ya kirkiro <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Academy Of Tribal Languages And Culture: Publication |url=http://as1.ori.nic.in/atlcdemo/?refid=Activities&pgid=publication |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=As1.ori.nic.in |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052852/http://as1.ori.nic.in/atlcdemo/?refid=Activities&pgid=publication |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman Zide |title=Three Munda Scripts |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/zide1999three.pdf |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Sealang.net}}</ref> harshen ƙabilar gundumar Rayagada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-02 |title=Sorang Sompeng alphabet &#124; 인터넷 사이트 &#124; cyclopaedia.net |url=http://ko.cyclopaedia.asia/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_alphabet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115202/http://ko.cyclopaedia.asia/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_alphabet |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Ko.cyclopaedia.asia}}</ref> Odisha Sahitya Academy ne ya ba shi kyautar. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gomango a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1916 a Marichaguda, Jeypore Estate, Birtaniya Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Review : Index 1948-2005 |url=http://inpr.odisha.gov.in/Download/index-or.pdf |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Inpr.odisha.gov.in}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro Soura Lipi (rubutu). Mangei Gamang ne ya kirkiro rubutun Saura Sorang Sompeng a cikin shekarar 1966 don yaɗa harshen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Wood |date= |title=Sora Sompeng – Test for Unicode support in Web browsers |url=http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/sora-sompeng.html |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Alanwood.net}}</ref> A matsayin alamar girmamawa, mutane suna kiransa "Pandita Sabara" (malami). <ref name="Samayaraprtiphalana">{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Bimalashankar |title=Akhara bramha in Metra Hill |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=983599125005390&set=a.192735864091724.45220.100000659360641&type=1&theater |issue=June 16–30, 2015 |pages=04 |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Haikali na Matarabnam a Marichaguda ya taka rawa sosai wajen ƙirƙirar rubutun. An yi imani cewa a can ne harafin Sorang Sompeng ya zo masa a cikin wahayi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1936-06-18 |title=Sorang Sompeng script |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorangsompeng.htm |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Omniglot.com}}</ref> Shi mawaƙi ne, masanin Arurvedic kuma mai kawo sauyi. A cikin shekarar 1936, ya kafa wata jarida a Puthasahi na rukunin yanki na Gunupur don yaɗa rubutun da ya ƙirƙira. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-31 |title=In danger of extinction |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/in-danger-of-extinction/article1818261.ece |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Thehindu.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-11 |title=Anu Kumar's Blog : My father's Circles of Life |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/anukumar/3645/64936/my-fathers-circles-of-life.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113162248/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/anukumar/3645/64936/my-fathers-circles-of-life.html |archive-date=2013-11-13 |access-date=2015-04-16 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gomango ya mutu a shekara ta 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ବୁରୁ ମଙ୍ଗେଇ ଗମାଙ୍ଗ |url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB2058942X?l=en |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=CiNii}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] 3lbjg7vl5jvl30lfchcm3mtptmshwiv 3 94884 963255 593663 2026-10-05T05:22:10Z Borhan 26054 Borhan moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Abuibnadi]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Yasinmuhammad.adi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abuibnadi|Abuibnadi]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yasinmuhammad.adi|Yasinmuhammad.adi]]" 593663 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abuibnadi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abuibnadi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) 8y56rl01cwhmhc89apeoxoq1zulpkpv 0 98142 963201 610400 2026-10-04T23:03:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lucy Morris Alden''' (née '''Chaffee'''; Nuwamba 20, 1836 - Disamba 20, 1912) marubuciya ce ta Amurka ta ƙarni na 19, malami, kuma marubuciya ta dogon ƙarni na sha tara. Fiye da 200 daga cikin ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin littattafai daban-daban.{{Sfn|King|1908}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Lucy Morris Chaffee a Kudancin Wilbraham, New Hampden, [[Massachusetts]], a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1836. Iyayenta sune Daniel Davis da Sarah Flynt Chaffee . {{Sfn|Chaffee|1909}} Daga cikin kakanninta na uwa shi ne Alkalin John Bliss, na Kudancin Wilbraham, wanda a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1775, aka nada shi kwamitin "don gyarawa zuwa [[Connecticut]] don neman wannan Colony ya yi aiki tare da Massachusetts don karewa gaba ɗaya", kuma wanda, a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki an zaba shi zuwa majalisa ta farko da da da dama da suka biyo baya. Alden ya shafe shekara guda a Kwalejin Monson . {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Tana da 'yar'uwa, Catherine Newell Chaffee (1835-1873). {{Sfn|Chaffee|1909}} Shekaru 10, Alden ta koyar da makaranta, kuma shekaru uku, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin makaranta na garinsu. An bar ta kadai bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1884. A watan Yulin 1890, ta auri Lucius David Alden (1835-1898), abokin makaranta na farko wanda ya koma gabar tekun Pacific, amma ta ci gaba da zama a gidan mahaifinta. Rubutun waƙarta, kuma da yawa, sun bayyana a cikin jaridu daban-daban na Springfield, [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], da Minneapolis, a cikin litattafan waƙoƙin Makarantar Lahadi da yawa, da kuma a cikin mujallu na kwata-kwata da na kowane wata. Wani jami'in Burtaniya da mishan a [[Chennai|Madras]] sun fassara wata takarda ta koyar da ita zuwa [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], kuma an buga kofe da yawa. Wani alƙali na gundumar a [[Florida]] ya rarraba kwafin wani a son rai tsakanin mambobin Majalisar dokoki ta jihar. A shekara ta 1891, a karkashin wani kudade, wanda wata kungiya ta yi wanda taron ta kai daga [[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]] zuwa [[California]], na adadin da za a rarraba tsakanin marubutan labarai masu daraja, an zaɓi Alden don rubuta wa Massachusetts.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Lucy Morris Chaffee Alden ta mutu a Hampden, Massachusetts, a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1912, tana da shekaru 76, <ref name="familysearch-deathcert">{{Cite web |title=Standard Certificate of Death |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-DYVQ-8SZ?i=1511&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AN46W-MVW |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=familysearch.org}}</ref> kuma an binne ta a Kabari na Tsohon Hampden a Hampden. == Kalmomin waka == Muna neman abota da ka yi, Kyautar da ƙaunarka za ta iya ba da, Har sai mutane da yawa wani nau'i na tunaninka mai amfani Ya yi kama da abokiyar gidanmu.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|1892}} == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * ''"Fata ɗaya": Afisawa 4:4'', 1886 * ''Wasika ga Ministoci: Yarjejeniyar Soyayya'', 1887 * ''Falsafar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kafara: me Kristi ya saya?'', 1887 * ''Wani zargi a kan wani edita a cikin Congregationalist, mai taken ra'ayin Kristi'', 1888 * ''Wasika ga kowane Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje'', 1888 * ''Rai, menene shi? Amsa ta Nassi: Menene Ruhu a cikin Mutum?: Bari Nassosi su Amsa'', 1888 * ''Koyarwar rashin mutuwa: wasika ga ministoci'', 1900 === Waƙoƙi === *''Comes each day the guest unbidden'' *''How great was thine honor, O Bethlehem'' *''I follow the footsteps that guide'' *''I would be a little pilgrim'' *''Jesus, Jesus, dying Lamb'' *''Jesus knows a child's temptations'' *''Lord, sing with us our hymn of praise'' *''Loyal to Jesus forever'' *''O blessed the day'' *''Obedient to thy sacred word'' *''Once more over Jordan the Master has passed'' *''Praise to God, glory today, All his works'' *''Take me, Jesus, Jesus take me'' *''Though the cloud that hid our Savior Lucy Morris'' *''To my dying child, O Master''<ref name="hymnary.org">{{cite web|title=Lucy Morris Chaffee - Hymnary.org|url=https://hymnary.org/person/Chaffee_LM1|website=hymnary.org|access-date=26 June 2017|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *''Up, soldiers of Jesus == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * Ayyukan da suka shafiMace ta Karni / Lucy Morris Chaffee Aldena Wikisource * Works by or about Lucy Chaffee Aldena cikinTarihin Intanet sj6uloc4nwzie81y16i6uv7jixqvn7m 828 98941 963214 612611 2026-10-04T23:50:54Z Bawolff 5860 adding css from enwiki [[en:MediaWiki:common.css]] [I was compensated for this edit] 963214 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=y}} */ /* * Adding stuff from [[en:MediaWiki:Common.css]] that isn't in local css */ /* Infoboxes */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; color: black; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 3px; margin: 0.5em 0; } @media screen { .infobox { background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); } } @media (max-width: 640px) { .infobox { width: 100%; } .infobox .nowrap { white-space: normal; } } @media (min-width: 640px) { .infobox { /* @noflip */ margin-left: 1em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; width: 22em; } } .infobox-header, .infobox-label, .infobox-above, .infobox-full-data, .infobox-data, .infobox-below, .infobox-subheader, .infobox-image, .infobox-navbar, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox th, .infobox td { vertical-align: top; } .infobox-label, .infobox-data, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox th, .infobox td { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-above, .infobox .infobox-title, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox caption { font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; } .infobox-title, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox caption { padding: 0.2em; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-header, .infobox .infobox-subheader, .infobox .infobox-image, .infobox .infobox-full-data, .infobox .infobox-below { text-align: center; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-navbar { /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } /* Normal font styling for wikitable row headers with scope="row" tag */ .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row], .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=rowgroup] { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* * not strictly certain these styles are necessary since the modules now * exclusively output infobox-subbox or infobox, not both * just replicating the module faithfully */ .infobox-subbox { padding: 0; border: none; margin: -3px; width: auto; min-width: 100%; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none; background-color: transparent; } .infobox-3cols-child { margin: auto; } .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } /* Dark theme: [[William_Wragg]], [[Coral_Castle]] */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) > div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme) { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } /* Since infobox is a table, many infobox templates take advantage of this to add columns and rows to the infobox itself rather than as part of a new table inside them. This class should be discouraged and removed on the long term, but allows us to at least identify these tables going forward Currently in use on: [[Module:Infobox3cols]] Fixes issue described in https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/F55300125 on Vector 2022. */ @media (min-width: 640px) { body.skin--responsive .infobox-table { display: table !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > caption { display: table-caption !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > tbody { display: table-row-group; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table tr { display: table-row !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table th, body.skin--responsive .infobox-table td { padding-left: inherit; padding-right: inherit; } } miyhc1ai8rvrcsfosl42jd4iq9exew7 963215 963214 2026-10-04T23:52:07Z Bawolff 5860 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/963214|963214]] by [[Special:Contributions/Bawolff|Bawolff]] ([[User talk:Bawolff|talk]]) - wasn't the issue 963215 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=y}} */ /* * This TemplateStyles sheet deliberately does NOT include the full set of * infobox styles. We are still working to migrate all of the manual * infoboxes. See [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#Infobox]] * DO NOT ADD THEM HERE */ /* * not strictly certain these styles are necessary since the modules now * exclusively output infobox-subbox or infobox, not both * just replicating the module faithfully */ .infobox-subbox { padding: 0; border: none; margin: -3px; width: auto; min-width: 100%; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none; background-color: transparent; } .infobox-3cols-child { margin: auto; } .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } /* Dark theme: [[William_Wragg]], [[Coral_Castle]] */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) > div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme) { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } /* Since infobox is a table, many infobox templates take advantage of this to add columns and rows to the infobox itself rather than as part of a new table inside them. This class should be discouraged and removed on the long term, but allows us to at least identify these tables going forward Currently in use on: [[Module:Infobox3cols]] Fixes issue described in https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/F55300125 on Vector 2022. */ @media (min-width: 640px) { body.skin--responsive .infobox-table { display: table !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > caption { display: table-caption !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > tbody { display: table-row-group; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table tr { display: table-row !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table th, body.skin--responsive .infobox-table td { padding-left: inherit; padding-right: inherit; } } 2pxfxg7rwc3jv0w8wyi0wqelqle32m2 963216 963215 2026-10-04T23:56:10Z Bawolff 5860 re-copy from enwiki [I was compensated for this edit] 963216 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=y}} */ /* * This TemplateStyles sheet deliberately does NOT include the full set of * infobox styles. We are still working to migrate all of the manual * infoboxes. See [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#Infobox]] * DO NOT ADD THEM HERE */ /* NOTE: This is maintained both here and in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] until migration is complete. * Starting with bare minimum for the benefit of [[mw:Manual:Safemode]]. */ @media (min-width: 640px) { .infobox { /* @noflip */ margin-left: 1em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; width: 22em; } } /* * not strictly certain these styles are necessary since the modules now * exclusively output infobox-subbox or infobox, not both * just replicating the module faithfully */ .infobox-subbox { padding: 0; border: none; margin: -3px; width: auto; min-width: 100%; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none; background-color: transparent; color:inherit; } .infobox-3cols-child { margin: -3px; } .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } /* remove when infobox is not a table anymore */ .infobox-hiddenrow, /* we mean it, Minerva. but also Vector 2022 in the future at some point */ body.skin--responsive.skin--responsive .infobox .infobox-hiddenrow { display: none; } /* Dark theme: [[William Wragg]], [[Coral Castle]] */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) > div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) > div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } /* Since infobox is a table, many infobox templates take advantage of this to * add columns and rows to the infobox itself rather than as part of a new table * inside them. This class should be discouraged and removed on the long term, * but allows us to at least identify these tables going forward * Currently in use on: [[Module:Infobox3cols]] * Fixes issue described in [[phab:F55300125]] on Vector 2022. */ @media (min-width: 640px) { body.skin--responsive .infobox-table { display: table !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > caption { display: table-caption !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > tbody { display: table-row-group; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table th, body.skin--responsive .infobox-table td { padding-left: inherit; padding-right: inherit; } } bi1nsztkx4350a55cuzjhaotvp5h216 0 99020 963259 952572 2026-10-05T06:15:17Z Nura Bello 24854 963259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Uzo''' Nwanneka''' "Uzo" '''Aduba''' ((sanya) i <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html |publisher=Reviewing The Drama}}</ref> /ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, a shekarar 1981 ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Emmy Awards guda uku da Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyar, ban da gabatarwa don Golden Globe Awards guda uku le Tony Award guda ɗaya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar Emmy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, ɗayan kuma Ed Asner ne. Aduba ta fito a fina-finai ciki har da American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Steven Universe: The Movie (2009), ''Miss Virginia'' (2019), National Champions (2021), da Lightyear (2022). Ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black (2013-2019). Ayyukanta sun lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014, lambar yabo ta Grammy don fitaccen' yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2015, da kuma lambar yabo ta SAG guda biyu don fitaccen wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a cikin jerin wasanni a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-winners-list-feat/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Aduba ta buga Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics don Mafi Kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim / Miniserie. A cikin 2021, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's on Broadway wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan. Aduba ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na 2025 The Residence, inda ta sami gabatarwa don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Series a 77th Primetime Emmy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ga iyayen [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] daga [[Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a Medfield, Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=My Road to 'Orange Is the New Black' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/uzo-aduba-my-road-to-orange-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Medfield a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta yi karatun murya ta gargajiya kuma ta yi gasa a fagen wasa da filin wasa. <ref name="chrisc">{{Cite web |last=Champagne, Christine |date=June 8, 2014 |title=Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes |url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3031600/the-breakout-orange-is-the-new-blacks-uzo-aduba-on-creating-crazy-eyes |access-date=July 15, 2014 |website=Co.Create}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2001–02 Women's Track Roster |url=http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190223/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston University Meet Results |url=http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192341/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=UMassAthletics.com}}</ref> Ta kira iyalinta "iyali ta wasanni".<ref name="chrisc" /> Yayinda take yarinya ta kasance mai tsalle-tsalle mai ban sha'awa. Yayan uwanta, Obi, ya buga wasan hockey a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst da kuma lokutan shida a sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obi Aduba player profile |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |publisher=hockeydb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Matsayi na farko === Alamar daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayon Uzo Aduba a cikin ''Fassara na Xhosa'' a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Olney a shekara ta 2003 ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Helen Hayes don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasanni na Mazauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seligson |first=Susan |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Crazy Good |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/crazy-good/ |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=Bostonia |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta buga Amphiarus a cikin ''Bakwai'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kuma a 2008 a La Jolla Playhouse . A shekara ta 2007, ta fara bugawa Broadway, inda ta nuna Toby a cikin Helen Edmundson ta Coram Boy a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial . A cikin 2011-12, ta raira "By My Side" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na farfadowa na Godspell a Circle in the Square Theatre .<ref name="ibdb">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba |url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=456811 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120407/http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Godspell.com}}</ref> Farkon fitowarta a talabijin ya kasance a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a kan ''Blue Bloods'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chrisc" /> Aduba ta kuma buga Anna, mahaifiyar mai taken a ''Venice'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com}}</ref> === 2013-2019: ''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' === A cikin 2013, Aduba ta fara nuna Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Orange Is the New Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Lindsey |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-crazy-eyes-uzo-aduba-interview.html |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[New York Media]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka jefa shi, Aduba ya ce: Darakta Jennifer Euston ta bayyana zaɓin Aduba don rawar kamar haka: "Uzo Aduba... tana da gashin kanta a cikin waɗannan maɗaura don sauraro... Sun ga wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikinta kuma sun sami damar haɗa shi da abin da suke nema a cikin Crazy Eyes. "A cikin shiga cikin jerin, Aduba ta sami katin Screen Actors Guild, wanda ta ce, "Na kasance kamar, 'Wow, wannan yana nufin ni cikakken 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne yanzu.' Ya kasance babban aiki, kuma ina tuna ina da godiya sosai kuma ina alfahari sosai. " Aduba an san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Crazy Eyes", inda ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Comedy a 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards da kuma mafi kyawun mai ba da kyauta a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. An zabi ta ne don Mafi kyawun Actress - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 18th Satellite Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta na farko. Ayyukan Aduba na kakar wasa ta biyu ya ba ta Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Mata a cikin jerin Comedy a 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards da kuma gabatarwa ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 72nd Golden Globe Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeds, Sarene |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan, Rebecca |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |url=https://www.tvline.com/awards/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees-572103/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> Aduba ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy ta biyu a shekarar 2015, inda ta dauki lambar yabo ta fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Emmy don wannan rawar (wanda ɗayan shine Ed Asner). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win |url=http://extratv.com/2015/09/21/uzo-aduba-is-grateful-after-tearful-emmy-win/ |access-date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=ExtraTV.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kakar wasa ta uku sun sami wani kyakkyawan aiki ta hanyar Mata a cikin Comedy Series nasara a 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2016 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-sag-winners-complete-list-856945/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-846009 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Aduba ta kuma sami Kyautattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 73rd Golden Globe Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Aduba ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway Backwards, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance {{!}} Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113653/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Playbill |language=en}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Rachel Bay Jones don fassarar waƙar "Lily's Eyes" daga kiɗa The Secret Garden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadway Backwards 2014 {{!}} Broadway Cares |url=https://broadwaycares.org/broadway-backwards-2014-2/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=broadwaycares.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Aduba ta buga Glinda the Good Witch a cikin taron kiɗa na NBC na musamman The Wiz Live!''Wiz Rayuwa!'', yana karɓar bita mai kyau daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2015 |title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Aduba ta fara fim dinta a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2015 Pearly Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: 'Orange is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie 'Pearly Gates' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ta yi fice tare da Maggie Grace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Showing Roots kuma ta taka rawar goyon baya a ''Tallulah'', ''Steven Universe'', da American Pastoral wanda Ewan McGregor ya jagoranta. Aduba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie, tana magana da Sarauniya Novo, shugaban hippogriffs / seaponies. Ta yi aiki tare a fina-finai biyu na Netflix; Candy Jar a cikin 2018, da ''Beats'' a cikin 2019. Har ila yau, a cikin 2019, Aduba ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Miss Virginia''. === 2020-yanzu: Ƙayyadadden jerin da aikin wasan kwaikwayo === Bayan Orange Is the New Black ya ƙare, an jefa Aduba a matsayin 'yar siyasa Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America (2020), a gaban [[Cate Blanchett]] da Sarah Paulson . Chisholm ita ce dan takarar baƙar fata ta farko don zaben babban jam'iyya don Shugaban Amurka, mace ta farko da ta yi takarar zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma mace ta farko ta bayyana a cikin muhawara ta shugaban Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Uzo Aduba, James Marsden, Sarah Paulson, More Join Cate Blanchett In FX's 'Mrs. America' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/uzo-aduba-james-marsden-sarah-paulson-rose-byrne-cate-blanchett-fx-mrs-america-1202614271/}}</ref> Miniserie ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya sami Aduba lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. America: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01 |via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> An jefa ta a matsayin tauraruwa a gaban Lupita Nyong'o a cikin HBO Max miniseries ''Americanah'' wanda Danai Gurira ya rubuta wanda ba a samar da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=December 17, 2019 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/}}</ref> Aduba kuma an saita ta zama tauraruwa a karo na huɗu na jerin FX ''Fargo'', amma ta fice saboda "wasu batutuwan iyali na sirri". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=September 11, 2019 |title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2019 |title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/}}</ref> Aduba ta fito tare a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2020 da gaske . <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an jefa ta a matsayin mai warkarwa Dokta Brooke Taylor a karo na huɗu na jerin HBO In Treatment . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Aduba ta bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's, wanda ta sami Kyautar Tony Award. A cikin 2023, ta fito a matsayin Edie Flowers a cikin Netflix's Painkiller, wani iyakantaccen jerin da ke bincika dalilan da ke bayan annobar opioid a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's Painkiller |url=https://time.com/6303583/painkiller-netflix-true-story/}}</ref> A cikin 2024, littafin tunaninta, The Road is Good: How a Mother's strength became Her Daughter's Purpose, wanda Viking Books ya buga.<ref name="brittlepaper.com">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Actress Uzo Aduba Releases her Memoir The Road Is Good |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/10/actress-uzo-aduba-releases-her-memoir-the-road-is-good-how-a-mothers-strength-became-a-daughters-purpose/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aduba taurari a matsayin mai bincike mai ban sha'awa Cordelia Cupp a cikin Shonda Rhimes's 2025 White House-set assassin mystery jerin The Residence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Ariana |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.' |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> Aduba tana ba da muryar Treena itacen magana ''Masu sihiri'' a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Junior Magicampers . == Gudanarwa == * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Aduba ta sami lambar yabo ta Point Courage daga Gidauniyar Point don goyon bayanta ga al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]]. * A watan Yunin 2018, Aduba ya zama jakadan Heifer International na farko a Afirka. Ta ga tasirin Heifer da farko a ziyarar filin 2016 da 2018 zuwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-26 |website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Aduba a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyar Los Angeles da ba a san sunanta ba, daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin Angel City FC, wanda aka shirya don fara wasa a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa]] a 2022. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take girma a cikin unguwar fararen fata, Aduba sau da yawa tana jin warewa, amma dangantakarta ta kusa da mahaifiyarta da asalin su na Najeriya da tarihin su ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa jin kai.<ref name="brittlepaper.com" /> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2021, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ta auri mai shirya fina-finai Robert Sweeting a shekarar 2020. Ma'auratan sun yi bikin sirri a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020 |url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023, a bikin Tony Awards na 2023, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ma'auratan suna jiran ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is Pregnant! Actress Is Expecting First Baby with Husband Robert Sweeting |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-is-expecting-first-baby-with-husband-robert-sweeting-7508990 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Aduba ta yi maraba da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Welcomes First Baby, Daughter Adaiba: 'I've Joined the Club' |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-welcomes-first-baby-daughter-adaiba-i-ve-joined-the-club-8409334 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna shirye-shiryen da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ƙofofin lu'u-lu'u'' |Gudun daji |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: ''Orange is the New Black'' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie ''Pearly Gates'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Alvin da Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' |Jami'in TSA |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tallulah'' |Mai bincike Louisa Kinnie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkshire |first=Geoff |date=2016-01-24 |title=Sundance Film Review: ''Tallulah'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/tallulah-film-review-ellen-page-allison-janney-sundance-1201687087/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Farisa ta Amurka'' |Vicky |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=2015-09-02 |title=Uzo Aduba, David Strathairn Join Ewan McGregor's ''American Pastoral'' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/uzo-aduba-david-strathairn-join-ewan-mcgregors-american-pastoral/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Tushen Nuna'' |Lu'u-lu'u |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obensen |first=Tambay |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Watch Uzo Aduba, Cicely Tyson, Others in Trailer for Indie Dramedy 'Showing Roots' {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628224130/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |archive-date=2016-06-28 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Little Pony na: Fim din'' |Sarauniya Sabuwar |Matsayin murya <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Uzo-Aduba/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Jar mai laushi'' |Julia Russell |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Benjamin |date=October 31, 2019 |title=How This Netflix Star Got Her Big Break Using Backstage |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/netflix-star-got-big-break-using-backstage-1252/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Backstage}}</ref> |- |''Mu Jirgin Ruwa ne'' |Sir |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2019-03-08 |title=''We Are Boats'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/we-are-boats-1193293/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Beats'' |Carla Monroe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-06-08 |title=Anthony Anderson To Star In Netflix's Chicago Hip-Hop Pic ''Beats'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/anthony-anderson-beats-movie-chicago-hip-hop-netflix-1202406288/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Steven Universe: Fim din'' |Bismuth |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=2019-07-09 |title=Steven Universe Movie Poster Reveals a New Character and Villain |url=https://collider.com/steven-universe-movie-poster/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Miss Virginia'' |Virginia Walden |<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2017-11-03 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Chenai Hungwe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-26 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Zakarun kasa'' |Katherine Poe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2021-05-13 |title=Uzo Aduba, Alexander Ludwig, David Koechner, Timothy Olyphant & More Part Of STX Sports Drama ''National Champions'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/uzo-aduba-alexander-ludwig-david-koechner-timothy-olyphant-stx-national-champions-1234755787/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Shekarar Haske'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastos |first=Margarida |date=2022-02-08 |title=''Lightyear'' Full Voice Cast Includes Taika Waititi, Keke Palmer, James Brolin, and More |url=https://collider.com/lightyear-voice-cast-taika-waititi-keke-palmer-james-brolin/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Mafi Girma a Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |Bayyanawa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-07-21 |title=Uzo Aduba, Aunjanue Ellis & Sanaa Lathan To Star In Searchlight's ''The Supremes At Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/uzo-aduba-aunjanue-ellis-sanaa-lathan-searchlight-the-supremes-at-earls-all-you-can-eat-1235073960/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Mutanen da ke da haɗama'' |Jami'in Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-05-13 |title=Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ''Providence'' From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-08-21 |title='Greedy People' Review: Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Loopy Cop Tops Black Comedy That Somehow Escaped The Coens' Grasp |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/greedy-people-review-joseph-gordon-levitts-loopy-cop-tops-black-crime-comedy-1236046516/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rufin rufin'' |Eileen |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Blue Bloods'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Fim: "Matsanancin Dare" |- |2013 |''Yadda za a rayu kamar mace'' |Malamin aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |2013–2019 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Suzanne "Ido masu hauka" Warren |Matsayin maimaitawa (lokaci na 1); babban rawar (lokaci 2-7) |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Yarinya Dudley |Fim: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Wasan kwaikwayoBang! Bang!'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Uzo Aduba Yana sanye da White Blouse da Royal Blue Heels" |- |''Wiz Rayuwa!'' |Glinda Mai Kyau |Talabijin na musamman |- |2016–2019 |''Steven Universe'' |Bismuth |Murya, aukuwa 9 <ref name="btva" /> |- |2018–2019 |''3A ƙasa: Labaran Arcadia'' |Jami'in Kubritz |Murya, aukuwa 11 <ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Steven Universe Future'' |Bismuth, Khadijah |Murya, fitowar: "Bismuth Casual" <ref name="btva" /> |- |''Misis Amurka'' |Shirley Chisholm |Ministoci |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A cikin Magani'' |Dokta Brooke Taylor |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor |url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=HBO |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Su kaɗai'' |Sasha |Fim: "Sasha" <ref name="Collider">{{Cite web |last=Lezmi |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2021 |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More |url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- |''Makon da ya gabata Yau da dare tare da John Oliver'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Gashi" |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Dabbobi'' |Mai ba da labari |Murya, fitowar: "Dolphins" <ref>{{Cite web |title=N series: Animal |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> |- |''Ada Twist, Masanin kimiyya'' |Mai Tsaro |Murya, labarin: "Swift The Waves" |- |2023 |''Mai kula da ciwo'' |Fure na Edie |Netflix miniseries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2021-07-08 |title=Uzo Aduba, Matthew Broderick to Lead Netflix Opioid Crisis Drama ''Painkiller'' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/uzo-aduba-matthew-broderick-netflix-opioid-crisis-painkiller-1235014929/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan Gida'' |Cordelia Cupp |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-02-01 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In Netflix Drama Series ''The Residence'' From Shondaland |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/uzo-aduba-shondaland-drama-series-the-residence-netflix-1235246531/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Kulawa'' |Mai ba da labari |Fim din talabijin |- |2026 |''Masu sihiri'' |Treena |Murya, jerin na yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Unveils Animated Series at Annecy, Teases 'Magicampers' and 'The Sunnyridge 3' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/magicampers-the-sunnyridge-3-disney-1235642369/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2006 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York |- |2007 |''Yarinya Coram'' |Toby |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial, Broadway |- |2008 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jolla, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''An rufe shi'' |Helena |Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woolly Mammoth |- |''Kirsimeti na yakin basasa'' |Hannah |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington, Boston |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Magana'' |Kamfanin |Circle a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Square, Broadway |- |''Ƙarƙashin Farkawa'' |Io |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Cambridge |- |2013 |''Venice'' |Anna Monroe |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, Off-Broadway |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatan Ma'aurata'' |Solange |Trafalgar Studios, West End |- |2021 |''Clyde na'' |Clyde |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes, Broadway |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Mafi kyawun Baƙo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2021 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko fim din talabijin |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2016 |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na farko) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/uzo-aduba/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2016 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na biyu) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2017 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2018 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2019 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (aukuwa: "An ƙi Neman Lesbian") </small> | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2015 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' (aukuwa: "Mutane") <small> (babban abu: "Mutane") </small>| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black (aukuwa: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving") <small> (aukuwa: "Hugs Za su Iya Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Ƙayyadadden Jerin ko Fim |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani'' (babban labari: "Brooke - Makon 5") <small> (babban abu: "Brooke - Makon 5") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Gidan Gida''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=77th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy | rowspan="8" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/21st-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2016 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 23rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/23rd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | align="center" |2024 |Kyakkyawan Mata Actor a cikin Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |''Mai kula da ciwo''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 30th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/30th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Clyde na''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tony Awards Nominations |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2022/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[American Theater Wing]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu sukar waje | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards |url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Outer Critics Circle Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |date=August 8, 2016 |title=Aduba, Uzo |journal=Current Biography |volume=77}} *   == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Uzo Adubaa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway * Uzo Adubaa cikinAsusun Bayanai na Intanet (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j713sheqn6841c3fccrgztirf9uxtm1 963260 963259 2026-10-05T06:18:39Z Nura Bello 24854 963260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Uzo''' Nwanneka''' "Uzo" '''Aduba''' ((sanya) i <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html |publisher=Reviewing The Drama}}</ref> /ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, a shekarar 1981 ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Emmy Awards guda uku da Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyar, ban da gabatarwa don Golden Globe Awards guda uku le Tony Award guda ɗaya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar Emmy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, ɗayan kuma Ed Asner ne. Aduba ta fito ne a fina-finai ciki har da American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Steven Universe: The Movie (2009), ''Miss Virginia'' (2019), National Champions (2021), da Lightyear (2022). Ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black (2013-2019). Ayyukanta sun lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014, lambar yabo ta Grammy don fitaccen' yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2015, da kuma lambar yabo ta SAG guda biyu don fitaccen wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a cikin jerin wasanni a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-winners-list-feat/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Aduba ta buga Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics don Mafi Kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim / Miniserie. A cikin 2021, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's on Broadway wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan. Aduba ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na 2025 The Residence, inda ta sami gabatarwa don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Series a 77th Primetime Emmy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ga iyayen [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] daga [[Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a Medfield, Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=My Road to 'Orange Is the New Black' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/uzo-aduba-my-road-to-orange-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Medfield a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta yi karatun murya ta gargajiya kuma ta yi gasa a fagen wasa da filin wasa. <ref name="chrisc">{{Cite web |last=Champagne, Christine |date=June 8, 2014 |title=Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes |url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3031600/the-breakout-orange-is-the-new-blacks-uzo-aduba-on-creating-crazy-eyes |access-date=July 15, 2014 |website=Co.Create}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2001–02 Women's Track Roster |url=http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190223/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston University Meet Results |url=http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192341/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=UMassAthletics.com}}</ref> Ta kira iyalinta "iyali ta wasanni".<ref name="chrisc" /> Yayinda take yarinya ta kasance mai tsalle-tsalle mai ban sha'awa. Yayan uwanta, Obi, ya buga wasan hockey a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst da kuma lokutan shida a sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obi Aduba player profile |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |publisher=hockeydb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Matsayi na farko === Alamar daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayon Uzo Aduba a cikin ''Fassara na Xhosa'' a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Olney a shekara ta 2003 ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Helen Hayes don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasanni na Mazauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seligson |first=Susan |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Crazy Good |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/crazy-good/ |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=Bostonia |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta buga Amphiarus a cikin ''Bakwai'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kuma a 2008 a La Jolla Playhouse . A shekara ta 2007, ta fara bugawa Broadway, inda ta nuna Toby a cikin Helen Edmundson ta Coram Boy a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial . A cikin 2011-12, ta raira "By My Side" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na farfadowa na Godspell a Circle in the Square Theatre .<ref name="ibdb">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba |url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=456811 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120407/http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Godspell.com}}</ref> Farkon fitowarta a talabijin ya kasance a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a kan ''Blue Bloods'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chrisc" /> Aduba ta kuma buga Anna, mahaifiyar mai taken a ''Venice'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com}}</ref> === 2013-2019: ''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' === A cikin 2013, Aduba ta fara nuna Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Orange Is the New Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Lindsey |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-crazy-eyes-uzo-aduba-interview.html |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[New York Media]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka jefa shi, Aduba ya ce: Darakta Jennifer Euston ta bayyana zaɓin Aduba don rawar kamar haka: "Uzo Aduba... tana da gashin kanta a cikin waɗannan maɗaura don sauraro... Sun ga wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikinta kuma sun sami damar haɗa shi da abin da suke nema a cikin Crazy Eyes. "A cikin shiga cikin jerin, Aduba ta sami katin Screen Actors Guild, wanda ta ce, "Na kasance kamar, 'Wow, wannan yana nufin ni cikakken 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne yanzu.' Ya kasance babban aiki, kuma ina tuna ina da godiya sosai kuma ina alfahari sosai. " Aduba an san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Crazy Eyes", inda ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Comedy a 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards da kuma mafi kyawun mai ba da kyauta a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. An zabi ta ne don Mafi kyawun Actress - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 18th Satellite Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta na farko. Ayyukan Aduba na kakar wasa ta biyu ya ba ta Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Mata a cikin jerin Comedy a 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards da kuma gabatarwa ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 72nd Golden Globe Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeds, Sarene |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan, Rebecca |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |url=https://www.tvline.com/awards/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees-572103/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> Aduba ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy ta biyu a shekarar 2015, inda ta dauki lambar yabo ta fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Emmy don wannan rawar (wanda ɗayan shine Ed Asner). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win |url=http://extratv.com/2015/09/21/uzo-aduba-is-grateful-after-tearful-emmy-win/ |access-date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=ExtraTV.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kakar wasa ta uku sun sami wani kyakkyawan aiki ta hanyar Mata a cikin Comedy Series nasara a 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2016 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-sag-winners-complete-list-856945/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-846009 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Aduba ta kuma sami Kyautattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 73rd Golden Globe Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Aduba ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway Backwards, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance {{!}} Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113653/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Playbill |language=en}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Rachel Bay Jones don fassarar waƙar "Lily's Eyes" daga kiɗa The Secret Garden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadway Backwards 2014 {{!}} Broadway Cares |url=https://broadwaycares.org/broadway-backwards-2014-2/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=broadwaycares.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Aduba ta buga Glinda the Good Witch a cikin taron kiɗa na NBC na musamman The Wiz Live!''Wiz Rayuwa!'', yana karɓar bita mai kyau daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2015 |title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Aduba ta fara fim dinta a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2015 Pearly Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: 'Orange is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie 'Pearly Gates' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ta yi fice tare da Maggie Grace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Showing Roots kuma ta taka rawar goyon baya a ''Tallulah'', ''Steven Universe'', da American Pastoral wanda Ewan McGregor ya jagoranta. Aduba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie, tana magana da Sarauniya Novo, shugaban hippogriffs / seaponies. Ta yi aiki tare a fina-finai biyu na Netflix; Candy Jar a cikin 2018, da ''Beats'' a cikin 2019. Har ila yau, a cikin 2019, Aduba ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Miss Virginia''. === 2020-yanzu: Ƙayyadadden jerin da aikin wasan kwaikwayo === Bayan Orange Is the New Black ya ƙare, an jefa Aduba a matsayin 'yar siyasa Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America (2020), a gaban [[Cate Blanchett]] da Sarah Paulson . Chisholm ita ce dan takarar baƙar fata ta farko don zaben babban jam'iyya don Shugaban Amurka, mace ta farko da ta yi takarar zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma mace ta farko ta bayyana a cikin muhawara ta shugaban Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Uzo Aduba, James Marsden, Sarah Paulson, More Join Cate Blanchett In FX's 'Mrs. America' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/uzo-aduba-james-marsden-sarah-paulson-rose-byrne-cate-blanchett-fx-mrs-america-1202614271/}}</ref> Miniserie ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya sami Aduba lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. America: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01 |via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> An jefa ta a matsayin tauraruwa a gaban Lupita Nyong'o a cikin HBO Max miniseries ''Americanah'' wanda Danai Gurira ya rubuta wanda ba a samar da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=December 17, 2019 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/}}</ref> Aduba kuma an saita ta zama tauraruwa a karo na huɗu na jerin FX ''Fargo'', amma ta fice saboda "wasu batutuwan iyali na sirri". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=September 11, 2019 |title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2019 |title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/}}</ref> Aduba ta fito tare a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2020 da gaske . <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an jefa ta a matsayin mai warkarwa Dokta Brooke Taylor a karo na huɗu na jerin HBO In Treatment . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Aduba ta bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's, wanda ta sami Kyautar Tony Award. A cikin 2023, ta fito a matsayin Edie Flowers a cikin Netflix's Painkiller, wani iyakantaccen jerin da ke bincika dalilan da ke bayan annobar opioid a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's Painkiller |url=https://time.com/6303583/painkiller-netflix-true-story/}}</ref> A cikin 2024, littafin tunaninta, The Road is Good: How a Mother's strength became Her Daughter's Purpose, wanda Viking Books ya buga.<ref name="brittlepaper.com">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Actress Uzo Aduba Releases her Memoir The Road Is Good |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/10/actress-uzo-aduba-releases-her-memoir-the-road-is-good-how-a-mothers-strength-became-a-daughters-purpose/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aduba taurari a matsayin mai bincike mai ban sha'awa Cordelia Cupp a cikin Shonda Rhimes's 2025 White House-set assassin mystery jerin The Residence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Ariana |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.' |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> Aduba tana ba da muryar Treena itacen magana ''Masu sihiri'' a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Junior Magicampers . == Gudanarwa == * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Aduba ta sami lambar yabo ta Point Courage daga Gidauniyar Point don goyon bayanta ga al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]]. * A watan Yunin 2018, Aduba ya zama jakadan Heifer International na farko a Afirka. Ta ga tasirin Heifer da farko a ziyarar filin 2016 da 2018 zuwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-26 |website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Aduba a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyar Los Angeles da ba a san sunanta ba, daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin Angel City FC, wanda aka shirya don fara wasa a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa]] a 2022. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take girma a cikin unguwar fararen fata, Aduba sau da yawa tana jin warewa, amma dangantakarta ta kusa da mahaifiyarta da asalin su na Najeriya da tarihin su ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa jin kai.<ref name="brittlepaper.com" /> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2021, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ta auri mai shirya fina-finai Robert Sweeting a shekarar 2020. Ma'auratan sun yi bikin sirri a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020 |url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023, a bikin Tony Awards na 2023, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ma'auratan suna jiran ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is Pregnant! Actress Is Expecting First Baby with Husband Robert Sweeting |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-is-expecting-first-baby-with-husband-robert-sweeting-7508990 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Aduba ta yi maraba da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Welcomes First Baby, Daughter Adaiba: 'I've Joined the Club' |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-welcomes-first-baby-daughter-adaiba-i-ve-joined-the-club-8409334 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna shirye-shiryen da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ƙofofin lu'u-lu'u'' |Gudun daji |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: ''Orange is the New Black'' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie ''Pearly Gates'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Alvin da Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' |Jami'in TSA |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tallulah'' |Mai bincike Louisa Kinnie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkshire |first=Geoff |date=2016-01-24 |title=Sundance Film Review: ''Tallulah'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/tallulah-film-review-ellen-page-allison-janney-sundance-1201687087/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Farisa ta Amurka'' |Vicky |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=2015-09-02 |title=Uzo Aduba, David Strathairn Join Ewan McGregor's ''American Pastoral'' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/uzo-aduba-david-strathairn-join-ewan-mcgregors-american-pastoral/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Tushen Nuna'' |Lu'u-lu'u |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obensen |first=Tambay |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Watch Uzo Aduba, Cicely Tyson, Others in Trailer for Indie Dramedy 'Showing Roots' {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628224130/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |archive-date=2016-06-28 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Little Pony na: Fim din'' |Sarauniya Sabuwar |Matsayin murya <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Uzo-Aduba/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Jar mai laushi'' |Julia Russell |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Benjamin |date=October 31, 2019 |title=How This Netflix Star Got Her Big Break Using Backstage |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/netflix-star-got-big-break-using-backstage-1252/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Backstage}}</ref> |- |''Mu Jirgin Ruwa ne'' |Sir |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2019-03-08 |title=''We Are Boats'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/we-are-boats-1193293/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Beats'' |Carla Monroe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-06-08 |title=Anthony Anderson To Star In Netflix's Chicago Hip-Hop Pic ''Beats'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/anthony-anderson-beats-movie-chicago-hip-hop-netflix-1202406288/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Steven Universe: Fim din'' |Bismuth |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=2019-07-09 |title=Steven Universe Movie Poster Reveals a New Character and Villain |url=https://collider.com/steven-universe-movie-poster/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Miss Virginia'' |Virginia Walden |<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2017-11-03 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Chenai Hungwe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-26 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Zakarun kasa'' |Katherine Poe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2021-05-13 |title=Uzo Aduba, Alexander Ludwig, David Koechner, Timothy Olyphant & More Part Of STX Sports Drama ''National Champions'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/uzo-aduba-alexander-ludwig-david-koechner-timothy-olyphant-stx-national-champions-1234755787/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Shekarar Haske'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastos |first=Margarida |date=2022-02-08 |title=''Lightyear'' Full Voice Cast Includes Taika Waititi, Keke Palmer, James Brolin, and More |url=https://collider.com/lightyear-voice-cast-taika-waititi-keke-palmer-james-brolin/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Mafi Girma a Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |Bayyanawa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-07-21 |title=Uzo Aduba, Aunjanue Ellis & Sanaa Lathan To Star In Searchlight's ''The Supremes At Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/uzo-aduba-aunjanue-ellis-sanaa-lathan-searchlight-the-supremes-at-earls-all-you-can-eat-1235073960/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Mutanen da ke da haɗama'' |Jami'in Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-05-13 |title=Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ''Providence'' From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-08-21 |title='Greedy People' Review: Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Loopy Cop Tops Black Comedy That Somehow Escaped The Coens' Grasp |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/greedy-people-review-joseph-gordon-levitts-loopy-cop-tops-black-crime-comedy-1236046516/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rufin rufin'' |Eileen |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Blue Bloods'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Fim: "Matsanancin Dare" |- |2013 |''Yadda za a rayu kamar mace'' |Malamin aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |2013–2019 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Suzanne "Ido masu hauka" Warren |Matsayin maimaitawa (lokaci na 1); babban rawar (lokaci 2-7) |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Yarinya Dudley |Fim: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Wasan kwaikwayoBang! Bang!'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Uzo Aduba Yana sanye da White Blouse da Royal Blue Heels" |- |''Wiz Rayuwa!'' |Glinda Mai Kyau |Talabijin na musamman |- |2016–2019 |''Steven Universe'' |Bismuth |Murya, aukuwa 9 <ref name="btva" /> |- |2018–2019 |''3A ƙasa: Labaran Arcadia'' |Jami'in Kubritz |Murya, aukuwa 11 <ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Steven Universe Future'' |Bismuth, Khadijah |Murya, fitowar: "Bismuth Casual" <ref name="btva" /> |- |''Misis Amurka'' |Shirley Chisholm |Ministoci |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A cikin Magani'' |Dokta Brooke Taylor |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor |url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=HBO |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Su kaɗai'' |Sasha |Fim: "Sasha" <ref name="Collider">{{Cite web |last=Lezmi |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2021 |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More |url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- |''Makon da ya gabata Yau da dare tare da John Oliver'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Gashi" |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Dabbobi'' |Mai ba da labari |Murya, fitowar: "Dolphins" <ref>{{Cite web |title=N series: Animal |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> |- |''Ada Twist, Masanin kimiyya'' |Mai Tsaro |Murya, labarin: "Swift The Waves" |- |2023 |''Mai kula da ciwo'' |Fure na Edie |Netflix miniseries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2021-07-08 |title=Uzo Aduba, Matthew Broderick to Lead Netflix Opioid Crisis Drama ''Painkiller'' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/uzo-aduba-matthew-broderick-netflix-opioid-crisis-painkiller-1235014929/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan Gida'' |Cordelia Cupp |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-02-01 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In Netflix Drama Series ''The Residence'' From Shondaland |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/uzo-aduba-shondaland-drama-series-the-residence-netflix-1235246531/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Kulawa'' |Mai ba da labari |Fim din talabijin |- |2026 |''Masu sihiri'' |Treena |Murya, jerin na yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Unveils Animated Series at Annecy, Teases 'Magicampers' and 'The Sunnyridge 3' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/magicampers-the-sunnyridge-3-disney-1235642369/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2006 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York |- |2007 |''Yarinya Coram'' |Toby |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial, Broadway |- |2008 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jolla, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''An rufe shi'' |Helena |Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woolly Mammoth |- |''Kirsimeti na yakin basasa'' |Hannah |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington, Boston |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Magana'' |Kamfanin |Circle a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Square, Broadway |- |''Ƙarƙashin Farkawa'' |Io |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Cambridge |- |2013 |''Venice'' |Anna Monroe |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, Off-Broadway |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatan Ma'aurata'' |Solange |Trafalgar Studios, West End |- |2021 |''Clyde na'' |Clyde |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes, Broadway |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Mafi kyawun Baƙo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2021 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko fim din talabijin |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2016 |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na farko) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/uzo-aduba/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2016 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na biyu) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2017 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2018 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2019 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (aukuwa: "An ƙi Neman Lesbian") </small> | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2015 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' (aukuwa: "Mutane") <small> (babban abu: "Mutane") </small>| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black (aukuwa: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving") <small> (aukuwa: "Hugs Za su Iya Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Ƙayyadadden Jerin ko Fim |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani'' (babban labari: "Brooke - Makon 5") <small> (babban abu: "Brooke - Makon 5") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Gidan Gida''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=77th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy | rowspan="8" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/21st-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2016 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 23rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/23rd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | align="center" |2024 |Kyakkyawan Mata Actor a cikin Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |''Mai kula da ciwo''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 30th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/30th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Clyde na''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tony Awards Nominations |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2022/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[American Theater Wing]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu sukar waje | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards |url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Outer Critics Circle Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |date=August 8, 2016 |title=Aduba, Uzo |journal=Current Biography |volume=77}} *   == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Uzo Adubaa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway * Uzo Adubaa cikinAsusun Bayanai na Intanet (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tkknrlo149lc4lbjptccq3sq8r5er8y 963261 963260 2026-10-05T06:19:53Z Nura Bello 24854 963261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Uzo''' Nwanneka''' "Uzo" '''Aduba''' ((sanya) i <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html |publisher=Reviewing The Drama}}</ref> /ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, a shekarar 1981 ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Emmy Awards guda uku da Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyar, ban da gabatarwa don Golden Globe Awards guda uku le Tony Award guda ɗaya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar Emmy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, ɗayan kuma Ed Asner ne. Aduba ta fito ne a fina-finai ciki har da American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Steven Universe: The Movie (2009), ''Miss Virginia'' (2019), National Champions (2021), da Lightyear (2022). Ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black (2013-2019). Ayyukanta sun lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014, lambar yabo ta Grammy don fitaccen' yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2015, da kuma lambar yabo ta SAG guda biyu don fitaccen wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a cikin jerin wasanni a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-winners-list-feat/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2020, Aduba ta buga Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics don Mafi Kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim / Miniserie. A cikin 2021, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's on Broadway wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan. Aduba ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na 2025 The Residence, inda ta sami gabatarwa don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Series a 77th Primetime Emmy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ga iyayen [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] daga [[Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a Medfield, Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=My Road to 'Orange Is the New Black' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/uzo-aduba-my-road-to-orange-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Medfield a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta yi karatun murya ta gargajiya kuma ta yi gasa a fagen wasa da filin wasa. <ref name="chrisc">{{Cite web |last=Champagne, Christine |date=June 8, 2014 |title=Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes |url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3031600/the-breakout-orange-is-the-new-blacks-uzo-aduba-on-creating-crazy-eyes |access-date=July 15, 2014 |website=Co.Create}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2001–02 Women's Track Roster |url=http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190223/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston University Meet Results |url=http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192341/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=UMassAthletics.com}}</ref> Ta kira iyalinta "iyali ta wasanni".<ref name="chrisc" /> Yayinda take yarinya ta kasance mai tsalle-tsalle mai ban sha'awa. Yayan uwanta, Obi, ya buga wasan hockey a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst da kuma lokutan shida a sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obi Aduba player profile |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |publisher=hockeydb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Matsayi na farko === Alamar daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayon Uzo Aduba a cikin ''Fassara na Xhosa'' a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Olney a shekara ta 2003 ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Helen Hayes don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasanni na Mazauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seligson |first=Susan |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Crazy Good |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/crazy-good/ |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=Bostonia |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta buga Amphiarus a cikin ''Bakwai'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kuma a 2008 a La Jolla Playhouse . A shekara ta 2007, ta fara bugawa Broadway, inda ta nuna Toby a cikin Helen Edmundson ta Coram Boy a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial . A cikin 2011-12, ta raira "By My Side" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na farfadowa na Godspell a Circle in the Square Theatre .<ref name="ibdb">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba |url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=456811 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120407/http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Godspell.com}}</ref> Farkon fitowarta a talabijin ya kasance a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a kan ''Blue Bloods'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chrisc" /> Aduba ta kuma buga Anna, mahaifiyar mai taken a ''Venice'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com}}</ref> === 2013-2019: ''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' === A cikin 2013, Aduba ta fara nuna Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Orange Is the New Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Lindsey |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-crazy-eyes-uzo-aduba-interview.html |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[New York Media]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka jefa shi, Aduba ya ce: Darakta Jennifer Euston ta bayyana zaɓin Aduba don rawar kamar haka: "Uzo Aduba... tana da gashin kanta a cikin waɗannan maɗaura don sauraro... Sun ga wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikinta kuma sun sami damar haɗa shi da abin da suke nema a cikin Crazy Eyes. "A cikin shiga cikin jerin, Aduba ta sami katin Screen Actors Guild, wanda ta ce, "Na kasance kamar, 'Wow, wannan yana nufin ni cikakken 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne yanzu.' Ya kasance babban aiki, kuma ina tuna ina da godiya sosai kuma ina alfahari sosai. " Aduba an san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Crazy Eyes", inda ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Comedy a 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards da kuma mafi kyawun mai ba da kyauta a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. An zabi ta ne don Mafi kyawun Actress - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 18th Satellite Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta na farko. Ayyukan Aduba na kakar wasa ta biyu ya ba ta Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Mata a cikin jerin Comedy a 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards da kuma gabatarwa ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 72nd Golden Globe Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeds, Sarene |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan, Rebecca |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |url=https://www.tvline.com/awards/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees-572103/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> Aduba ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy ta biyu a shekarar 2015, inda ta dauki lambar yabo ta fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Emmy don wannan rawar (wanda ɗayan shine Ed Asner). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win |url=http://extratv.com/2015/09/21/uzo-aduba-is-grateful-after-tearful-emmy-win/ |access-date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=ExtraTV.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kakar wasa ta uku sun sami wani kyakkyawan aiki ta hanyar Mata a cikin Comedy Series nasara a 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2016 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-sag-winners-complete-list-856945/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-846009 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Aduba ta kuma sami Kyautattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 73rd Golden Globe Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Aduba ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway Backwards, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance {{!}} Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113653/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Playbill |language=en}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Rachel Bay Jones don fassarar waƙar "Lily's Eyes" daga kiɗa The Secret Garden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadway Backwards 2014 {{!}} Broadway Cares |url=https://broadwaycares.org/broadway-backwards-2014-2/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=broadwaycares.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Aduba ta buga Glinda the Good Witch a cikin taron kiɗa na NBC na musamman The Wiz Live!''Wiz Rayuwa!'', yana karɓar bita mai kyau daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2015 |title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Aduba ta fara fim dinta a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2015 Pearly Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: 'Orange is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie 'Pearly Gates' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ta yi fice tare da Maggie Grace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Showing Roots kuma ta taka rawar goyon baya a ''Tallulah'', ''Steven Universe'', da American Pastoral wanda Ewan McGregor ya jagoranta. Aduba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie, tana magana da Sarauniya Novo, shugaban hippogriffs / seaponies. Ta yi aiki tare a fina-finai biyu na Netflix; Candy Jar a cikin 2018, da ''Beats'' a cikin 2019. Har ila yau, a cikin 2019, Aduba ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Miss Virginia''. === 2020-yanzu: Ƙayyadadden jerin da aikin wasan kwaikwayo === Bayan Orange Is the New Black ya ƙare, an jefa Aduba a matsayin 'yar siyasa Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America (2020), a gaban [[Cate Blanchett]] da Sarah Paulson . Chisholm ita ce dan takarar baƙar fata ta farko don zaben babban jam'iyya don Shugaban Amurka, mace ta farko da ta yi takarar zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma mace ta farko ta bayyana a cikin muhawara ta shugaban Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Uzo Aduba, James Marsden, Sarah Paulson, More Join Cate Blanchett In FX's 'Mrs. America' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/uzo-aduba-james-marsden-sarah-paulson-rose-byrne-cate-blanchett-fx-mrs-america-1202614271/}}</ref> Miniserie ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya sami Aduba lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. America: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01 |via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> An jefa ta a matsayin tauraruwa a gaban Lupita Nyong'o a cikin HBO Max miniseries ''Americanah'' wanda Danai Gurira ya rubuta wanda ba a samar da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=December 17, 2019 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/}}</ref> Aduba kuma an saita ta zama tauraruwa a karo na huɗu na jerin FX ''Fargo'', amma ta fice saboda "wasu batutuwan iyali na sirri". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=September 11, 2019 |title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2019 |title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/}}</ref> Aduba ta fito tare a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2020 da gaske . <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an jefa ta a matsayin mai warkarwa Dokta Brooke Taylor a karo na huɗu na jerin HBO In Treatment . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Aduba ta bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's, wanda ta sami Kyautar Tony Award. A cikin 2023, ta fito a matsayin Edie Flowers a cikin Netflix's Painkiller, wani iyakantaccen jerin da ke bincika dalilan da ke bayan annobar opioid a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's Painkiller |url=https://time.com/6303583/painkiller-netflix-true-story/}}</ref> A cikin 2024, littafin tunaninta, The Road is Good: How a Mother's strength became Her Daughter's Purpose, wanda Viking Books ya buga.<ref name="brittlepaper.com">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Actress Uzo Aduba Releases her Memoir The Road Is Good |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/10/actress-uzo-aduba-releases-her-memoir-the-road-is-good-how-a-mothers-strength-became-a-daughters-purpose/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aduba taurari a matsayin mai bincike mai ban sha'awa Cordelia Cupp a cikin Shonda Rhimes's 2025 White House-set assassin mystery jerin The Residence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Ariana |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.' |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> Aduba tana ba da muryar Treena itacen magana ''Masu sihiri'' a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Junior Magicampers . == Gudanarwa == * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Aduba ta sami lambar yabo ta Point Courage daga Gidauniyar Point don goyon bayanta ga al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]]. * A watan Yunin 2018, Aduba ya zama jakadan Heifer International na farko a Afirka. Ta ga tasirin Heifer da farko a ziyarar filin 2016 da 2018 zuwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-26 |website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Aduba a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyar Los Angeles da ba a san sunanta ba, daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin Angel City FC, wanda aka shirya don fara wasa a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa]] a 2022. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take girma a cikin unguwar fararen fata, Aduba sau da yawa tana jin warewa, amma dangantakarta ta kusa da mahaifiyarta da asalin su na Najeriya da tarihin su ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa jin kai.<ref name="brittlepaper.com" /> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2021, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ta auri mai shirya fina-finai Robert Sweeting a shekarar 2020. Ma'auratan sun yi bikin sirri a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020 |url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023, a bikin Tony Awards na 2023, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ma'auratan suna jiran ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is Pregnant! Actress Is Expecting First Baby with Husband Robert Sweeting |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-is-expecting-first-baby-with-husband-robert-sweeting-7508990 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Aduba ta yi maraba da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Welcomes First Baby, Daughter Adaiba: 'I've Joined the Club' |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-welcomes-first-baby-daughter-adaiba-i-ve-joined-the-club-8409334 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna shirye-shiryen da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ƙofofin lu'u-lu'u'' |Gudun daji |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: ''Orange is the New Black'' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie ''Pearly Gates'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Alvin da Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' |Jami'in TSA |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tallulah'' |Mai bincike Louisa Kinnie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkshire |first=Geoff |date=2016-01-24 |title=Sundance Film Review: ''Tallulah'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/tallulah-film-review-ellen-page-allison-janney-sundance-1201687087/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Farisa ta Amurka'' |Vicky |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=2015-09-02 |title=Uzo Aduba, David Strathairn Join Ewan McGregor's ''American Pastoral'' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/uzo-aduba-david-strathairn-join-ewan-mcgregors-american-pastoral/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Tushen Nuna'' |Lu'u-lu'u |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obensen |first=Tambay |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Watch Uzo Aduba, Cicely Tyson, Others in Trailer for Indie Dramedy 'Showing Roots' {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628224130/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |archive-date=2016-06-28 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Little Pony na: Fim din'' |Sarauniya Sabuwar |Matsayin murya <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Uzo-Aduba/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Jar mai laushi'' |Julia Russell |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Benjamin |date=October 31, 2019 |title=How This Netflix Star Got Her Big Break Using Backstage |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/netflix-star-got-big-break-using-backstage-1252/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Backstage}}</ref> |- |''Mu Jirgin Ruwa ne'' |Sir |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2019-03-08 |title=''We Are Boats'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/we-are-boats-1193293/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Beats'' |Carla Monroe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-06-08 |title=Anthony Anderson To Star In Netflix's Chicago Hip-Hop Pic ''Beats'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/anthony-anderson-beats-movie-chicago-hip-hop-netflix-1202406288/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Steven Universe: Fim din'' |Bismuth |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=2019-07-09 |title=Steven Universe Movie Poster Reveals a New Character and Villain |url=https://collider.com/steven-universe-movie-poster/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Miss Virginia'' |Virginia Walden |<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2017-11-03 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Chenai Hungwe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-26 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Zakarun kasa'' |Katherine Poe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2021-05-13 |title=Uzo Aduba, Alexander Ludwig, David Koechner, Timothy Olyphant & More Part Of STX Sports Drama ''National Champions'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/uzo-aduba-alexander-ludwig-david-koechner-timothy-olyphant-stx-national-champions-1234755787/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Shekarar Haske'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastos |first=Margarida |date=2022-02-08 |title=''Lightyear'' Full Voice Cast Includes Taika Waititi, Keke Palmer, James Brolin, and More |url=https://collider.com/lightyear-voice-cast-taika-waititi-keke-palmer-james-brolin/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Mafi Girma a Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |Bayyanawa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-07-21 |title=Uzo Aduba, Aunjanue Ellis & Sanaa Lathan To Star In Searchlight's ''The Supremes At Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/uzo-aduba-aunjanue-ellis-sanaa-lathan-searchlight-the-supremes-at-earls-all-you-can-eat-1235073960/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Mutanen da ke da haɗama'' |Jami'in Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-05-13 |title=Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ''Providence'' From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-08-21 |title='Greedy People' Review: Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Loopy Cop Tops Black Comedy That Somehow Escaped The Coens' Grasp |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/greedy-people-review-joseph-gordon-levitts-loopy-cop-tops-black-crime-comedy-1236046516/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rufin rufin'' |Eileen |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Blue Bloods'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Fim: "Matsanancin Dare" |- |2013 |''Yadda za a rayu kamar mace'' |Malamin aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |2013–2019 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Suzanne "Ido masu hauka" Warren |Matsayin maimaitawa (lokaci na 1); babban rawar (lokaci 2-7) |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Yarinya Dudley |Fim: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Wasan kwaikwayoBang! Bang!'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Uzo Aduba Yana sanye da White Blouse da Royal Blue Heels" |- |''Wiz Rayuwa!'' |Glinda Mai Kyau |Talabijin na musamman |- |2016–2019 |''Steven Universe'' |Bismuth |Murya, aukuwa 9 <ref name="btva" /> |- |2018–2019 |''3A ƙasa: Labaran Arcadia'' |Jami'in Kubritz |Murya, aukuwa 11 <ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Steven Universe Future'' |Bismuth, Khadijah |Murya, fitowar: "Bismuth Casual" <ref name="btva" /> |- |''Misis Amurka'' |Shirley Chisholm |Ministoci |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A cikin Magani'' |Dokta Brooke Taylor |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor |url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=HBO |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Su kaɗai'' |Sasha |Fim: "Sasha" <ref name="Collider">{{Cite web |last=Lezmi |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2021 |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More |url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- |''Makon da ya gabata Yau da dare tare da John Oliver'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Gashi" |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Dabbobi'' |Mai ba da labari |Murya, fitowar: "Dolphins" <ref>{{Cite web |title=N series: Animal |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> |- |''Ada Twist, Masanin kimiyya'' |Mai Tsaro |Murya, labarin: "Swift The Waves" |- |2023 |''Mai kula da ciwo'' |Fure na Edie |Netflix miniseries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2021-07-08 |title=Uzo Aduba, Matthew Broderick to Lead Netflix Opioid Crisis Drama ''Painkiller'' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/uzo-aduba-matthew-broderick-netflix-opioid-crisis-painkiller-1235014929/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan Gida'' |Cordelia Cupp |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-02-01 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In Netflix Drama Series ''The Residence'' From Shondaland |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/uzo-aduba-shondaland-drama-series-the-residence-netflix-1235246531/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Kulawa'' |Mai ba da labari |Fim din talabijin |- |2026 |''Masu sihiri'' |Treena |Murya, jerin na yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Unveils Animated Series at Annecy, Teases 'Magicampers' and 'The Sunnyridge 3' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/magicampers-the-sunnyridge-3-disney-1235642369/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2006 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York |- |2007 |''Yarinya Coram'' |Toby |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial, Broadway |- |2008 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jolla, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''An rufe shi'' |Helena |Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woolly Mammoth |- |''Kirsimeti na yakin basasa'' |Hannah |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington, Boston |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Magana'' |Kamfanin |Circle a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Square, Broadway |- |''Ƙarƙashin Farkawa'' |Io |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Cambridge |- |2013 |''Venice'' |Anna Monroe |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, Off-Broadway |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatan Ma'aurata'' |Solange |Trafalgar Studios, West End |- |2021 |''Clyde na'' |Clyde |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes, Broadway |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Mafi kyawun Baƙo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2021 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko fim din talabijin |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2016 |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na farko) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/uzo-aduba/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2016 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na biyu) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2017 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2018 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2019 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (aukuwa: "An ƙi Neman Lesbian") </small> | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2015 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' (aukuwa: "Mutane") <small> (babban abu: "Mutane") </small>| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black (aukuwa: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving") <small> (aukuwa: "Hugs Za su Iya Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Ƙayyadadden Jerin ko Fim |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani'' (babban labari: "Brooke - Makon 5") <small> (babban abu: "Brooke - Makon 5") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Gidan Gida''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=77th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy | rowspan="8" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/21st-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2016 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 23rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/23rd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | align="center" |2024 |Kyakkyawan Mata Actor a cikin Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |''Mai kula da ciwo''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 30th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/30th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Clyde na''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tony Awards Nominations |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2022/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[American Theater Wing]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu sukar waje | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards |url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Outer Critics Circle Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |date=August 8, 2016 |title=Aduba, Uzo |journal=Current Biography |volume=77}} *   == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Uzo Adubaa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway * Uzo Adubaa cikinAsusun Bayanai na Intanet (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ilmzsh4g5w7ubludde41vmc7rbxlsa 963262 963261 2026-10-05T06:22:47Z Nura Bello 24854 963262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Uzo''' Nwanneka''' "Uzo" '''Aduba''' ((sanya) i <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html |publisher=Reviewing The Drama}}</ref> /ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, a shekarar 1981 ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Emmy Awards guda uku da Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyar, ban da gabatarwa don Golden Globe Awards guda uku le Tony Award guda ɗaya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar Emmy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, ɗayan kuma Ed Asner ne. Aduba ta fito ne a fina-finai ciki har da American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Steven Universe: The Movie (2009), ''Miss Virginia'' (2019), National Champions (2021), da Lightyear (2022). Ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black (2013-2019). Ayyukanta sun lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014, lambar yabo ta Grammy don fitaccen' yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2015, da kuma lambar yabo ta SAG guda biyu don fitaccen wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a cikin jerin wasanni a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-winners-list-feat/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2020, Aduba ta buga Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics don Mafi Kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim / Miniserie. A cikin shekarun 2021, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's on Broadway wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan. Aduba ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na 2025 The Residence, inda ta sami gabatarwa don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Series a 77th Primetime Emmy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ga iyayen [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] daga [[Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a Medfield, Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=My Road to 'Orange Is the New Black' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/uzo-aduba-my-road-to-orange-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Medfield a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta yi karatun murya ta gargajiya kuma ta yi gasa a fagen wasa da filin wasa. <ref name="chrisc">{{Cite web |last=Champagne, Christine |date=June 8, 2014 |title=Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes |url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3031600/the-breakout-orange-is-the-new-blacks-uzo-aduba-on-creating-crazy-eyes |access-date=July 15, 2014 |website=Co.Create}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2001–02 Women's Track Roster |url=http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190223/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston University Meet Results |url=http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192341/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=UMassAthletics.com}}</ref> Ta kira iyalinta "iyali ta wasanni".<ref name="chrisc" /> Yayinda take yarinya ta kasance mai tsalle-tsalle mai ban sha'awa. Yayan uwanta, Obi, ya buga wasan hockey a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst da kuma lokutan shida a sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obi Aduba player profile |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |publisher=hockeydb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Matsayi na farko === Alamar daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayon Uzo Aduba a cikin ''Fassara na Xhosa'' a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Olney a shekara ta 2003 ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Helen Hayes don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasanni na Mazauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seligson |first=Susan |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Crazy Good |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/crazy-good/ |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=Bostonia |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta buga Amphiarus a cikin ''Bakwai'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kuma a 2008 a La Jolla Playhouse . A shekara ta 2007, ta fara bugawa Broadway, inda ta nuna Toby a cikin Helen Edmundson ta Coram Boy a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial . A cikin 2011-12, ta raira "By My Side" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na farfadowa na Godspell a Circle in the Square Theatre .<ref name="ibdb">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba |url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=456811 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120407/http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Godspell.com}}</ref> Farkon fitowarta a talabijin ya kasance a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a kan ''Blue Bloods'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chrisc" /> Aduba ta kuma buga Anna, mahaifiyar mai taken a ''Venice'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com}}</ref> === 2013-2019: ''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' === A cikin 2013, Aduba ta fara nuna Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Orange Is the New Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Lindsey |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-crazy-eyes-uzo-aduba-interview.html |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[New York Media]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka jefa shi, Aduba ya ce: Darakta Jennifer Euston ta bayyana zaɓin Aduba don rawar kamar haka: "Uzo Aduba... tana da gashin kanta a cikin waɗannan maɗaura don sauraro... Sun ga wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikinta kuma sun sami damar haɗa shi da abin da suke nema a cikin Crazy Eyes. "A cikin shiga cikin jerin, Aduba ta sami katin Screen Actors Guild, wanda ta ce, "Na kasance kamar, 'Wow, wannan yana nufin ni cikakken 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne yanzu.' Ya kasance babban aiki, kuma ina tuna ina da godiya sosai kuma ina alfahari sosai. " Aduba an san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Crazy Eyes", inda ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Comedy a 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards da kuma mafi kyawun mai ba da kyauta a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. An zabi ta ne don Mafi kyawun Actress - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 18th Satellite Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta na farko. Ayyukan Aduba na kakar wasa ta biyu ya ba ta Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Mata a cikin jerin Comedy a 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards da kuma gabatarwa ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 72nd Golden Globe Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeds, Sarene |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan, Rebecca |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |url=https://www.tvline.com/awards/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees-572103/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> Aduba ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy ta biyu a shekarar 2015, inda ta dauki lambar yabo ta fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Emmy don wannan rawar (wanda ɗayan shine Ed Asner). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win |url=http://extratv.com/2015/09/21/uzo-aduba-is-grateful-after-tearful-emmy-win/ |access-date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=ExtraTV.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kakar wasa ta uku sun sami wani kyakkyawan aiki ta hanyar Mata a cikin Comedy Series nasara a 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2016 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-sag-winners-complete-list-856945/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-846009 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Aduba ta kuma sami Kyautattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 73rd Golden Globe Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Aduba ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway Backwards, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance {{!}} Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113653/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Playbill |language=en}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Rachel Bay Jones don fassarar waƙar "Lily's Eyes" daga kiɗa The Secret Garden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadway Backwards 2014 {{!}} Broadway Cares |url=https://broadwaycares.org/broadway-backwards-2014-2/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=broadwaycares.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Aduba ta buga Glinda the Good Witch a cikin taron kiɗa na NBC na musamman The Wiz Live!''Wiz Rayuwa!'', yana karɓar bita mai kyau daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2015 |title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Aduba ta fara fim dinta a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2015 Pearly Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: 'Orange is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie 'Pearly Gates' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ta yi fice tare da Maggie Grace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Showing Roots kuma ta taka rawar goyon baya a ''Tallulah'', ''Steven Universe'', da American Pastoral wanda Ewan McGregor ya jagoranta. Aduba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie, tana magana da Sarauniya Novo, shugaban hippogriffs / seaponies. Ta yi aiki tare a fina-finai biyu na Netflix; Candy Jar a cikin 2018, da ''Beats'' a cikin 2019. Har ila yau, a cikin 2019, Aduba ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Miss Virginia''. === 2020-yanzu: Ƙayyadadden jerin da aikin wasan kwaikwayo === Bayan Orange Is the New Black ya ƙare, an jefa Aduba a matsayin 'yar siyasa Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America (2020), a gaban [[Cate Blanchett]] da Sarah Paulson . Chisholm ita ce dan takarar baƙar fata ta farko don zaben babban jam'iyya don Shugaban Amurka, mace ta farko da ta yi takarar zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma mace ta farko ta bayyana a cikin muhawara ta shugaban Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Uzo Aduba, James Marsden, Sarah Paulson, More Join Cate Blanchett In FX's 'Mrs. America' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/uzo-aduba-james-marsden-sarah-paulson-rose-byrne-cate-blanchett-fx-mrs-america-1202614271/}}</ref> Miniserie ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya sami Aduba lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. America: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01 |via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> An jefa ta a matsayin tauraruwa a gaban Lupita Nyong'o a cikin HBO Max miniseries ''Americanah'' wanda Danai Gurira ya rubuta wanda ba a samar da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=December 17, 2019 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/}}</ref> Aduba kuma an saita ta zama tauraruwa a karo na huɗu na jerin FX ''Fargo'', amma ta fice saboda "wasu batutuwan iyali na sirri". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=September 11, 2019 |title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2019 |title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/}}</ref> Aduba ta fito tare a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2020 da gaske . <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an jefa ta a matsayin mai warkarwa Dokta Brooke Taylor a karo na huɗu na jerin HBO In Treatment . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Aduba ta bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's, wanda ta sami Kyautar Tony Award. A cikin 2023, ta fito a matsayin Edie Flowers a cikin Netflix's Painkiller, wani iyakantaccen jerin da ke bincika dalilan da ke bayan annobar opioid a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's Painkiller |url=https://time.com/6303583/painkiller-netflix-true-story/}}</ref> A cikin 2024, littafin tunaninta, The Road is Good: How a Mother's strength became Her Daughter's Purpose, wanda Viking Books ya buga.<ref name="brittlepaper.com">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Actress Uzo Aduba Releases her Memoir The Road Is Good |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/10/actress-uzo-aduba-releases-her-memoir-the-road-is-good-how-a-mothers-strength-became-a-daughters-purpose/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aduba taurari a matsayin mai bincike mai ban sha'awa Cordelia Cupp a cikin Shonda Rhimes's 2025 White House-set assassin mystery jerin The Residence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Ariana |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.' |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> Aduba tana ba da muryar Treena itacen magana ''Masu sihiri'' a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Junior Magicampers . == Gudanarwa == * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Aduba ta sami lambar yabo ta Point Courage daga Gidauniyar Point don goyon bayanta ga al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]]. * A watan Yunin 2018, Aduba ya zama jakadan Heifer International na farko a Afirka. Ta ga tasirin Heifer da farko a ziyarar filin 2016 da 2018 zuwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-26 |website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Aduba a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyar Los Angeles da ba a san sunanta ba, daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin Angel City FC, wanda aka shirya don fara wasa a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa]] a 2022. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take girma a cikin unguwar fararen fata, Aduba sau da yawa tana jin warewa, amma dangantakarta ta kusa da mahaifiyarta da asalin su na Najeriya da tarihin su ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa jin kai.<ref name="brittlepaper.com" /> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2021, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ta auri mai shirya fina-finai Robert Sweeting a shekarar 2020. Ma'auratan sun yi bikin sirri a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020 |url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023, a bikin Tony Awards na 2023, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ma'auratan suna jiran ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is Pregnant! Actress Is Expecting First Baby with Husband Robert Sweeting |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-is-expecting-first-baby-with-husband-robert-sweeting-7508990 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Aduba ta yi maraba da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Welcomes First Baby, Daughter Adaiba: 'I've Joined the Club' |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-welcomes-first-baby-daughter-adaiba-i-ve-joined-the-club-8409334 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna shirye-shiryen da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ƙofofin lu'u-lu'u'' |Gudun daji |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: ''Orange is the New Black'' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie ''Pearly Gates'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Alvin da Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' |Jami'in TSA |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tallulah'' |Mai bincike Louisa Kinnie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkshire |first=Geoff |date=2016-01-24 |title=Sundance Film Review: ''Tallulah'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/tallulah-film-review-ellen-page-allison-janney-sundance-1201687087/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Farisa ta Amurka'' |Vicky |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=2015-09-02 |title=Uzo Aduba, David Strathairn Join Ewan McGregor's ''American Pastoral'' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/uzo-aduba-david-strathairn-join-ewan-mcgregors-american-pastoral/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Tushen Nuna'' |Lu'u-lu'u |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obensen |first=Tambay |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Watch Uzo Aduba, Cicely Tyson, Others in Trailer for Indie Dramedy 'Showing Roots' {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628224130/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |archive-date=2016-06-28 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Little Pony na: Fim din'' |Sarauniya Sabuwar |Matsayin murya <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Uzo-Aduba/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Jar mai laushi'' |Julia Russell |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Benjamin |date=October 31, 2019 |title=How This Netflix Star Got Her Big Break Using Backstage |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/netflix-star-got-big-break-using-backstage-1252/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Backstage}}</ref> |- |''Mu Jirgin Ruwa ne'' |Sir |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2019-03-08 |title=''We Are Boats'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/we-are-boats-1193293/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Beats'' |Carla Monroe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-06-08 |title=Anthony Anderson To Star In Netflix's Chicago Hip-Hop Pic ''Beats'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/anthony-anderson-beats-movie-chicago-hip-hop-netflix-1202406288/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Steven Universe: Fim din'' |Bismuth |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=2019-07-09 |title=Steven Universe Movie Poster Reveals a New Character and Villain |url=https://collider.com/steven-universe-movie-poster/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Miss Virginia'' |Virginia Walden |<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2017-11-03 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Chenai Hungwe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-26 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Zakarun kasa'' |Katherine Poe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2021-05-13 |title=Uzo Aduba, Alexander Ludwig, David Koechner, Timothy Olyphant & More Part Of STX Sports Drama ''National Champions'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/uzo-aduba-alexander-ludwig-david-koechner-timothy-olyphant-stx-national-champions-1234755787/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Shekarar Haske'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastos |first=Margarida |date=2022-02-08 |title=''Lightyear'' Full Voice Cast Includes Taika Waititi, Keke Palmer, James Brolin, and More |url=https://collider.com/lightyear-voice-cast-taika-waititi-keke-palmer-james-brolin/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Mafi Girma a Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |Bayyanawa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-07-21 |title=Uzo Aduba, Aunjanue Ellis & Sanaa Lathan To Star In Searchlight's ''The Supremes At Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/uzo-aduba-aunjanue-ellis-sanaa-lathan-searchlight-the-supremes-at-earls-all-you-can-eat-1235073960/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Mutanen da ke da haɗama'' |Jami'in Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-05-13 |title=Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ''Providence'' From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-08-21 |title='Greedy People' Review: Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Loopy Cop Tops Black Comedy That Somehow Escaped The Coens' Grasp |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/greedy-people-review-joseph-gordon-levitts-loopy-cop-tops-black-crime-comedy-1236046516/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rufin rufin'' |Eileen |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Blue Bloods'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Fim: "Matsanancin Dare" |- |2013 |''Yadda za a rayu kamar mace'' |Malamin aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |2013–2019 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Suzanne "Ido masu hauka" Warren |Matsayin maimaitawa (lokaci na 1); babban rawar (lokaci 2-7) |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Yarinya Dudley |Fim: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Wasan kwaikwayoBang! Bang!'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Uzo Aduba Yana sanye da White Blouse da Royal Blue Heels" |- |''Wiz Rayuwa!'' |Glinda Mai Kyau |Talabijin na musamman |- |2016–2019 |''Steven Universe'' |Bismuth |Murya, aukuwa 9 <ref name="btva" /> |- |2018–2019 |''3A ƙasa: Labaran Arcadia'' |Jami'in Kubritz |Murya, aukuwa 11 <ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Steven Universe Future'' |Bismuth, Khadijah |Murya, fitowar: "Bismuth Casual" <ref name="btva" /> |- |''Misis Amurka'' |Shirley Chisholm |Ministoci |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A cikin Magani'' |Dokta Brooke Taylor |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor |url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=HBO |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Su kaɗai'' |Sasha |Fim: "Sasha" <ref name="Collider">{{Cite web |last=Lezmi |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2021 |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More |url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- |''Makon da ya gabata Yau da dare tare da John Oliver'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Gashi" |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Dabbobi'' |Mai ba da labari |Murya, fitowar: "Dolphins" <ref>{{Cite web |title=N series: Animal |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> |- |''Ada Twist, Masanin kimiyya'' |Mai Tsaro |Murya, labarin: "Swift The Waves" |- |2023 |''Mai kula da ciwo'' |Fure na Edie |Netflix miniseries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2021-07-08 |title=Uzo Aduba, Matthew Broderick to Lead Netflix Opioid Crisis Drama ''Painkiller'' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/uzo-aduba-matthew-broderick-netflix-opioid-crisis-painkiller-1235014929/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan Gida'' |Cordelia Cupp |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-02-01 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In Netflix Drama Series ''The Residence'' From Shondaland |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/uzo-aduba-shondaland-drama-series-the-residence-netflix-1235246531/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Kulawa'' |Mai ba da labari |Fim din talabijin |- |2026 |''Masu sihiri'' |Treena |Murya, jerin na yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Unveils Animated Series at Annecy, Teases 'Magicampers' and 'The Sunnyridge 3' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/magicampers-the-sunnyridge-3-disney-1235642369/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2006 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York |- |2007 |''Yarinya Coram'' |Toby |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial, Broadway |- |2008 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jolla, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''An rufe shi'' |Helena |Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woolly Mammoth |- |''Kirsimeti na yakin basasa'' |Hannah |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington, Boston |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Magana'' |Kamfanin |Circle a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Square, Broadway |- |''Ƙarƙashin Farkawa'' |Io |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Cambridge |- |2013 |''Venice'' |Anna Monroe |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, Off-Broadway |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatan Ma'aurata'' |Solange |Trafalgar Studios, West End |- |2021 |''Clyde na'' |Clyde |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes, Broadway |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Mafi kyawun Baƙo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2021 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko fim din talabijin |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2016 |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na farko) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/uzo-aduba/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2016 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na biyu) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2017 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2018 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2019 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (aukuwa: "An ƙi Neman Lesbian") </small> | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2015 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' (aukuwa: "Mutane") <small> (babban abu: "Mutane") </small>| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black (aukuwa: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving") <small> (aukuwa: "Hugs Za su Iya Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Ƙayyadadden Jerin ko Fim |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani'' (babban labari: "Brooke - Makon 5") <small> (babban abu: "Brooke - Makon 5") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Gidan Gida''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=77th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy | rowspan="8" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/21st-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2016 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 23rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/23rd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | align="center" |2024 |Kyakkyawan Mata Actor a cikin Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |''Mai kula da ciwo''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 30th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/30th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Clyde na''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tony Awards Nominations |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2022/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[American Theater Wing]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu sukar waje | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards |url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Outer Critics Circle Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |date=August 8, 2016 |title=Aduba, Uzo |journal=Current Biography |volume=77}} *   == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Uzo Adubaa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway * Uzo Adubaa cikinAsusun Bayanai na Intanet (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aqgigzzzz9iw9wi64az8jz7s45ay08s 963267 963262 2026-10-05T06:26:08Z Nura Bello 24854 963267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Uzo''' Nwanneka''' "Uzo" '''Aduba''' ((sanya) i <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html |publisher=Reviewing The Drama}}</ref> /ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, a shekarar 1981 ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Kyautarta ta haɗa da Emmy Awards guda uku da Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyar, ban da gabatarwa don Golden Globe Awards guda uku le Tony Award guda ɗaya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe kyautar Emmy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, ɗayan kuma Ed Asner ne. Aduba ta fito ne a fina-finai ciki har da American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Steven Universe: The Movie (2009), ''Miss Virginia'' (2019), National Champions (2021), da Lightyear (2022). Ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black (2013-2019). Ayyukanta sun lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014, lambar yabo ta Grammy don fitaccen' yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2015, da kuma lambar yabo ta SAG guda biyu don fitaccen wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a cikin jerin wasanni a cikin shekara ta 2014 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/entertainment/emmy-awards-2015-winners-list-feat/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2020, Aduba ta buga Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics don Mafi Kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim / Miniserie. A cikin shekarun 2021, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's on Broadway wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan. Aduba ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na 2025 The Residence, inda ta sami gabatarwa don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Series a 77th Primetime Emmy Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ga iyayen [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] daga [[Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a Medfield, Massachusetts . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-04 |title=My Road to 'Orange Is the New Black' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/uzo-aduba-my-road-to-orange-is-the-new-black/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Medfield a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta yi karatun murya ta gargajiya kuma ta yi gasa a fagen wasa da filin wasa. <ref name="chrisc">{{Cite web |last=Champagne, Christine |date=June 8, 2014 |title=Behind the Breakout Role: Orange is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes |url=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3031600/the-breakout-orange-is-the-new-blacks-uzo-aduba-on-creating-crazy-eyes |access-date=July 15, 2014 |website=Co.Create}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2001–02 Women's Track Roster |url=http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190223/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-track/archive/073007aab.html |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston University Meet Results |url=http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192341/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/w-itrack/stats/020402aab.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=UMassAthletics.com}}</ref> Ta kira iyalinta "iyali ta wasanni".<ref name="chrisc" /> Yayinda take yarinya ta kasance mai tsalle-tsalle mai ban sha'awa. Yayan uwanta, Obi, ya buga wasan hockey a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst da kuma lokutan shida a sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obi Aduba player profile |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |publisher=hockeydb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Matsayi na farko === Alamar daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayon Uzo Aduba a cikin ''Fassara na Xhosa'' a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Olney a shekara ta 2003 ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Helen Hayes don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasanni na Mazauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seligson |first=Susan |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Crazy Good |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2015/crazy-good/ |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=Bostonia |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta buga Amphiarus a cikin ''Bakwai'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kuma a shekarar 2008 a La Jolla Playhouse . A shekara ta 2007, ta fara bugawa Broadway, inda ta nuna Toby a cikin Helen Edmundson ta Coram Boy a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial . A cikin 2011-12, ta raira "By My Side" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na farfadowa na Godspell a Circle in the Square Theatre .<ref name="ibdb">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba |url=http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=456811 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Cast: Uzo Aduba |url=http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120407/http://www.godspell.com/cast/uzoaduba.html |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Godspell.com}}</ref> Farkon fitowarta a talabijin ya kasance a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a kan ''Blue Bloods'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chrisc" /> Aduba ta kuma buga Anna, mahaifiyar mai taken a ''Venice'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com}}</ref> === 2013-2019: ''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' === A cikin 2013, Aduba ta fara nuna Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] Orange Is the New Black . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Lindsey |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Orange Is the New Black's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes, Flirting Techniques, and Peeing on the Floor |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-crazy-eyes-uzo-aduba-interview.html |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=[[Vulture.com]] |publisher=[[New York Media]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka jefa shi, Aduba ya ce: Darakta Jennifer Euston ta bayyana zaɓin Aduba don rawar kamar haka: "Uzo Aduba... tana da gashin kanta a cikin waɗannan maɗaura don sauraro... Sun ga wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikinta kuma sun sami damar haɗa shi da abin da suke nema a cikin Crazy Eyes. "A cikin shiga cikin jerin, Aduba ta sami katin Screen Actors Guild, wanda ta ce, "Na kasance kamar, 'Wow, wannan yana nufin ni cikakken 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne yanzu.' Ya kasance babban aiki, kuma ina tuna ina da godiya sosai kuma ina alfahari sosai. " Aduba an san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Crazy Eyes", inda ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Comedy a 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards da kuma mafi kyawun mai ba da kyauta a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo a 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. An zabi ta ne don Mafi kyawun Actress - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 18th Satellite Awards don wasan kwaikwayonta na farko. Ayyukan Aduba na kakar wasa ta biyu ya ba ta Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Mata a cikin jerin Comedy a 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards da kuma gabatarwa ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 72nd Golden Globe Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeds, Sarene |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan, Rebecca |date=January 26, 2015 |title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |url=https://www.tvline.com/awards/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees-572103/ |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=TVLine}}</ref> Aduba ta lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy ta biyu a shekarar 2015, inda ta dauki lambar yabo ta fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da suka lashe wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Emmy don wannan rawar (wanda ɗayan shine Ed Asner). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is 'Grateful' After Tearful Emmy Win |url=http://extratv.com/2015/09/21/uzo-aduba-is-grateful-after-tearful-emmy-win/ |access-date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=ExtraTV.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta a kakar wasa ta uku sun sami wani kyakkyawan aiki ta hanyar Mata a cikin Comedy Series nasara a 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2016 |title=SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-sag-winners-complete-list-856945/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-846009 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Aduba ta kuma sami Kyautattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries, ko Fim na Talabijin a 73rd Golden Globe Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Aduba ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway Backwards, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance {{!}} Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113653/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Playbill |language=en}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Rachel Bay Jones don fassarar waƙar "Lily's Eyes" daga kiɗa The Secret Garden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadway Backwards 2014 {{!}} Broadway Cares |url=https://broadwaycares.org/broadway-backwards-2014-2/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=broadwaycares.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Aduba ta buga Glinda the Good Witch a cikin taron kiɗa na NBC na musamman The Wiz Live!''Wiz Rayuwa!'', yana karɓar bita mai kyau daga masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2015 |title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Aduba ta fara fim dinta a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2015 Pearly Gates . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: 'Orange is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie 'Pearly Gates' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/04/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ta yi fice tare da Maggie Grace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Showing Roots kuma ta taka rawar goyon baya a ''Tallulah'', ''Steven Universe'', da American Pastoral wanda Ewan McGregor ya jagoranta. Aduba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie, tana magana da Sarauniya Novo, shugaban hippogriffs / seaponies. Ta yi aiki tare a fina-finai biyu na Netflix; Candy Jar a cikin 2018, da ''Beats'' a cikin 2019. Har ila yau, a cikin 2019, Aduba ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Miss Virginia''. === 2020-yanzu: Ƙayyadadden jerin da aikin wasan kwaikwayo === Bayan Orange Is the New Black ya ƙare, an jefa Aduba a matsayin 'yar siyasa Shirley Chisholm a cikin miniseries na Hulu Mrs. America (2020), a gaban [[Cate Blanchett]] da Sarah Paulson . Chisholm ita ce dan takarar baƙar fata ta farko don zaben babban jam'iyya don Shugaban Amurka, mace ta farko da ta yi takarar zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma mace ta farko ta bayyana a cikin muhawara ta shugaban Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Uzo Aduba, James Marsden, Sarah Paulson, More Join Cate Blanchett In FX's 'Mrs. America' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/uzo-aduba-james-marsden-sarah-paulson-rose-byrne-cate-blanchett-fx-mrs-america-1202614271/}}</ref> Miniserie ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya sami Aduba lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko Movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. America: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01 |via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> An jefa ta a matsayin tauraruwa a gaban Lupita Nyong'o a cikin HBO Max miniseries ''Americanah'' wanda Danai Gurira ya rubuta wanda ba a samar da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=December 17, 2019 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/}}</ref> Aduba kuma an saita ta zama tauraruwa a karo na huɗu na jerin FX ''Fargo'', amma ta fice saboda "wasu batutuwan iyali na sirri". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=September 11, 2019 |title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2019 |title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/}}</ref> Aduba ta fito tare a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 2020 da gaske . <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an jefa ta a matsayin mai warkarwa Dokta Brooke Taylor a karo na huɗu na jerin HBO In Treatment . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/ |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Aduba ta bayyana a cikin samar da Broadway na wasan kwaikwayo na Lynn Nottage Clyde's, wanda ta sami Kyautar Tony Award. A cikin 2023, ta fito a matsayin Edie Flowers a cikin Netflix's Painkiller, wani iyakantaccen jerin da ke bincika dalilan da ke bayan annobar opioid a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's Painkiller |url=https://time.com/6303583/painkiller-netflix-true-story/}}</ref> A cikin 2024, littafin tunaninta, The Road is Good: How a Mother's strength became Her Daughter's Purpose, wanda Viking Books ya buga.<ref name="brittlepaper.com">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Actress Uzo Aduba Releases her Memoir The Road Is Good |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/10/actress-uzo-aduba-releases-her-memoir-the-road-is-good-how-a-mothers-strength-became-a-daughters-purpose/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Aduba taurari a matsayin mai bincike mai ban sha'awa Cordelia Cupp a cikin Shonda Rhimes's 2025 White House-set assassin mystery jerin The Residence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Ariana |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.' |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> Aduba tana ba da muryar Treena itacen magana ''Masu sihiri'' a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Disney Junior Magicampers . == Gudanarwa == * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Aduba ta sami lambar yabo ta Point Courage daga Gidauniyar Point don goyon bayanta ga al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]]. * A watan Yunin 2018, Aduba ya zama jakadan Heifer International na farko a Afirka. Ta ga tasirin Heifer da farko a ziyarar filin 2016 da 2018 zuwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-26 |website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Aduba a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyar Los Angeles da ba a san sunanta ba, daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin Angel City FC, wanda aka shirya don fara wasa a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa]] a 2022. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayinda take girma a cikin unguwar fararen fata, Aduba sau da yawa tana jin warewa, amma dangantakarta ta kusa da mahaifiyarta da asalin su na Najeriya da tarihin su ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa jin kai.<ref name="brittlepaper.com" /> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2021, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ta auri mai shirya fina-finai Robert Sweeting a shekarar 2020. Ma'auratan sun yi bikin sirri a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020 |url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2023, a bikin Tony Awards na 2023, Aduba ta sanar da cewa ma'auratan suna jiran ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Is Pregnant! Actress Is Expecting First Baby with Husband Robert Sweeting |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-is-expecting-first-baby-with-husband-robert-sweeting-7508990 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Aduba ta yi maraba da jariri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba Welcomes First Baby, Daughter Adaiba: 'I've Joined the Club' |url=https://people.com/uzo-aduba-welcomes-first-baby-daughter-adaiba-i-ve-joined-the-club-8409334 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna shirye-shiryen da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ƙofofin lu'u-lu'u'' |Gudun daji |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Watch: ''Orange is the New Black'' Star Uzo Aduba in Exclusive Trailer for Her First Movie ''Pearly Gates'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/watch-orange-is-the-new-black-star-uzo-aduba-in-exclusive-trailer-for-her-first-movie-pearly-gates-63105/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Alvin da Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' |Jami'in TSA |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tallulah'' |Mai bincike Louisa Kinnie |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berkshire |first=Geoff |date=2016-01-24 |title=Sundance Film Review: ''Tallulah'' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/tallulah-film-review-ellen-page-allison-janney-sundance-1201687087/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Farisa ta Amurka'' |Vicky |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=2015-09-02 |title=Uzo Aduba, David Strathairn Join Ewan McGregor's ''American Pastoral'' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/uzo-aduba-david-strathairn-join-ewan-mcgregors-american-pastoral/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Tushen Nuna'' |Lu'u-lu'u |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obensen |first=Tambay |date=April 20, 2016 |title=Watch Uzo Aduba, Cicely Tyson, Others in Trailer for Indie Dramedy 'Showing Roots' {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628224130/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/watch-uzo-aduba-cicely-tyson-others-in-trailer-for-indie-dramedy-showing-roots-287655/ |archive-date=2016-06-28 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Little Pony na: Fim din'' |Sarauniya Sabuwar |Matsayin murya <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Uzo-Aduba/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Jar mai laushi'' |Julia Russell |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Benjamin |date=October 31, 2019 |title=How This Netflix Star Got Her Big Break Using Backstage |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/netflix-star-got-big-break-using-backstage-1252/ |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=Backstage}}</ref> |- |''Mu Jirgin Ruwa ne'' |Sir |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2019-03-08 |title=''We Are Boats'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/we-are-boats-1193293/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Beats'' |Carla Monroe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-06-08 |title=Anthony Anderson To Star In Netflix's Chicago Hip-Hop Pic ''Beats'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/anthony-anderson-beats-movie-chicago-hip-hop-netflix-1202406288/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Steven Universe: Fim din'' |Bismuth |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=2019-07-09 |title=Steven Universe Movie Poster Reveals a New Character and Villain |url=https://collider.com/steven-universe-movie-poster/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Miss Virginia'' |Virginia Walden |<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2017-11-03 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' |Chenai Hungwe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-26 |title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Zakarun kasa'' |Katherine Poe |<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2021-05-13 |title=Uzo Aduba, Alexander Ludwig, David Koechner, Timothy Olyphant & More Part Of STX Sports Drama ''National Champions'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/uzo-aduba-alexander-ludwig-david-koechner-timothy-olyphant-stx-national-champions-1234755787/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Shekarar Haske'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Matsayin murya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastos |first=Margarida |date=2022-02-08 |title=''Lightyear'' Full Voice Cast Includes Taika Waititi, Keke Palmer, James Brolin, and More |url=https://collider.com/lightyear-voice-cast-taika-waititi-keke-palmer-james-brolin/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Mafi Girma a Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |Bayyanawa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-07-21 |title=Uzo Aduba, Aunjanue Ellis & Sanaa Lathan To Star In Searchlight's ''The Supremes At Earl's All-You-Can-Eat'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/uzo-aduba-aunjanue-ellis-sanaa-lathan-searchlight-the-supremes-at-earls-all-you-can-eat-1235073960/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Mutanen da ke da haɗama'' |Jami'in Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2022-05-13 |title=Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ''Providence'' From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=2024-08-21 |title='Greedy People' Review: Joseph Gordon-Levitt's Loopy Cop Tops Black Comedy That Somehow Escaped The Coens' Grasp |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/greedy-people-review-joseph-gordon-levitts-loopy-cop-tops-black-crime-comedy-1236046516/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rufin rufin'' |Eileen |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/ |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Blue Bloods'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya |Fim: "Matsanancin Dare" |- |2013 |''Yadda za a rayu kamar mace'' |Malamin aiki |Fim din talabijin |- |2013–2019 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Suzanne "Ido masu hauka" Warren |Matsayin maimaitawa (lokaci na 1); babban rawar (lokaci 2-7) |- |2014 |''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' |Yarinya Dudley |Fim: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Wasan kwaikwayoBang! Bang!'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Uzo Aduba Yana sanye da White Blouse da Royal Blue Heels" |- |''Wiz Rayuwa!'' |Glinda Mai Kyau |Talabijin na musamman |- |2016–2019 |''Steven Universe'' |Bismuth |Murya, aukuwa 9 <ref name="btva" /> |- |2018–2019 |''3A ƙasa: Labaran Arcadia'' |Jami'in Kubritz |Murya, aukuwa 11 <ref name="btva" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Steven Universe Future'' |Bismuth, Khadijah |Murya, fitowar: "Bismuth Casual" <ref name="btva" /> |- |''Misis Amurka'' |Shirley Chisholm |Ministoci |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''A cikin Magani'' |Dokta Brooke Taylor |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor |url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=HBO |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Su kaɗai'' |Sasha |Fim: "Sasha" <ref name="Collider">{{Cite web |last=Lezmi |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2021 |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More |url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- |''Makon da ya gabata Yau da dare tare da John Oliver'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Gashi" |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Dabbobi'' |Mai ba da labari |Murya, fitowar: "Dolphins" <ref>{{Cite web |title=N series: Animal |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> |- |''Ada Twist, Masanin kimiyya'' |Mai Tsaro |Murya, labarin: "Swift The Waves" |- |2023 |''Mai kula da ciwo'' |Fure na Edie |Netflix miniseries <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2021-07-08 |title=Uzo Aduba, Matthew Broderick to Lead Netflix Opioid Crisis Drama ''Painkiller'' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/uzo-aduba-matthew-broderick-netflix-opioid-crisis-painkiller-1235014929/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan Gida'' |Cordelia Cupp |Babban rawar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-02-01 |title=Uzo Aduba To Star In Netflix Drama Series ''The Residence'' From Shondaland |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/uzo-aduba-shondaland-drama-series-the-residence-netflix-1235246531/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Kulawa'' |Mai ba da labari |Fim din talabijin |- |2026 |''Masu sihiri'' |Treena |Murya, jerin na yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Unveils Animated Series at Annecy, Teases 'Magicampers' and 'The Sunnyridge 3' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/magicampers-the-sunnyridge-3-disney-1235642369/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2006 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York |- |2007 |''Yarinya Coram'' |Toby |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial, Broadway |- |2008 |''Bakwai'' |Amphiarus |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jolla, Los Angeles |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |''An rufe shi'' |Helena |Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Woolly Mammoth |- |''Kirsimeti na yakin basasa'' |Hannah |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington, Boston |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Magana'' |Kamfanin |Circle a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Square, Broadway |- |''Ƙarƙashin Farkawa'' |Io |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Cambridge |- |2013 |''Venice'' |Anna Monroe |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, Off-Broadway |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatan Ma'aurata'' |Solange |Trafalgar Studios, West End |- |2021 |''Clyde na'' |Clyde |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes, Broadway |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ƙungiyoyin !Shekara !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Mafi kyawun Baƙo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2021 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko fim din talabijin |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2016 |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="1" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Kyautar Golden Globe | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na farko) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes">{{Cite web |title=Uzo Aduba - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/uzo-aduba/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2016 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Jerin, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (lokaci na biyu) </small> | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- | align="center" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin |''A cikin Magani''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="globes" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |Kyautar Hoton NAACP | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2016 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2017 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2018 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- | align="center" |2019 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black <small> (aukuwa: "An ƙi Neman Lesbian") </small> | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2015 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' (aukuwa: "Mutane") <small> (babban abu: "Mutane") </small>| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |Orange shine Sabon Black (aukuwa: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving") <small> (aukuwa: "Hugs Za su Iya Zuwa Zuwa Zuba Zuwa") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |Kyakkyawan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Ƙayyadadden Jerin ko Fim |''Misis Amurka''| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=72nd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''A cikin Magani'' (babban labari: "Brooke - Makon 5") <small> (babban abu: "Brooke - Makon 5") </small>| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=73rd Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2025 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo |''Gidan Gida''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=77th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/awards/nominees-winners/2025/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-limited-or-anthology-series-or-movie |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=Television Academy}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2015 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy | rowspan="8" |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata''| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/21st-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2016 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Won}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2017 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 23rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/23rd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2," align="center" |2018 |Kyakkyawan Mata Mai Aiki a cikin Jerin Comedy| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2," align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- |Kyakkyawan Kungiya a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |- | align="center" |2024 |Kyakkyawan Mata Actor a cikin Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin |''Mai kula da ciwo''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 30th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/30th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[SAG-AFTRA]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Tony | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Clyde na''| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tony Awards Nominations |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2022/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[American Theater Wing]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu sukar waje | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards |url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Outer Critics Circle Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |date=August 8, 2016 |title=Aduba, Uzo |journal=Current Biography |volume=77}} *   == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name}} * Uzo Adubaa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway * Uzo Adubaa cikinAsusun Bayanai na Intanet (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b26biqyji1bchdf8xogc11sntbmc8de 828 99060 963407 833622 2026-10-05T11:44:41Z Sophivorus 21003 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q52428273|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 963407 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:Excerpt implements the Excerpt template -- Documentation and master version: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Excerpt -- Authors: User:Sophivorus, User:Certes, User:Aidan9382 & others -- License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 local parser = require( 'Module:WikitextParser' ) local yesno = require( 'Module:Yesno' ) local ok, config = pcall( require, 'Module:Excerpt/config' ) if not ok then config = {} end local Excerpt = {} -- Main entry point for templates function Excerpt.main( frame ) -- Make sure the requested page exists and get the wikitext local page = Excerpt.getArg( 1 ) if not page or page == '{{{1}}}' then return Excerpt.getError( 'no-page' ) end local title = mw.title.new( page ) if not title then return Excerpt.getError( 'invalid-title', page ) end local fragment = title.fragment -- save for later if title.isRedirect then title = title.redirectTarget if fragment == "" then fragment = title.fragment -- page merge potential end end if not title.exists then return Excerpt.getError( 'page-not-found', page ) end page = title.prefixedText local wikitext = title:getContent() -- Get the template params and process them local params = { hat = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'hat', true ) ), this = Excerpt.getArg( 'this' ), only = Excerpt.getArg( 'only' ), files = Excerpt.getArg( 'files', Excerpt.getArg( 'file' ) ), lists = Excerpt.getArg( 'lists', Excerpt.getArg( 'list' ) ), tables = Excerpt.getArg( 'tables', Excerpt.getArg( 'table' ) ), templates = Excerpt.getArg( 'templates', Excerpt.getArg( 'template' ) ), galleries = Excerpt.getArg( 'galleries', Excerpt.getArg( 'gallery' ) ), paragraphs = Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraphs', Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraph' ) ), references = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'references', true ) ), subsections = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'subsections', false ) ), links = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'links', true ) ), bold = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'bold', false ) ), briefDates = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'briefdates', false ) ), inline = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'inline' ) ), quote = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'quote' ) ), more = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'more' ) ), class = Excerpt.getArg( 'class' ), track = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'track', true ) ), displayTitle = Excerpt.getArg( 'displaytitle', page ), } -- Make sure the requested section exists and get the excerpt local excerpt local section = Excerpt.getArg( 2, fragment ) section = mw.text.trim( section ) if section == '' then section = nil end if section then excerpt = parser.getSectionTag( wikitext, section ) if not excerpt then if params.subsections then excerpt = parser.getSection( wikitext, section ) else local sections = parser.getSections( wikitext ) excerpt = sections[ section ] end end if not excerpt then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-not-found', section ) end if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-empty', section ) end else excerpt = parser.getLead( wikitext ) if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'lead-empty' ) end end -- Remove noinclude bits excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '<[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>.-</[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>', '' ) -- Filter various elements from the excerpt excerpt = Excerpt.filterFiles( excerpt, params.files ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterLists( excerpt, params.lists ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterTables( excerpt, params.tables ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterGalleries( excerpt, params.galleries ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterParagraphs( excerpt, params.paragraphs ) -- If no file is found, try to get one from the infobox if ( params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' or params.only == 'filename' or not params.only and ( not params.files or params.files ~= '0' ) ) -- caller asked for files and not section -- and we're in the lead section and config.captions -- and we have the config option required to try finding files in infoboxes and #parser.getFiles( excerpt ) == 0 -- and there're no files in the excerpt then excerpt = Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) end -- Filter the templates by appending the templates blacklist to the templates filter if config.blacklist then local blacklist = table.concat( config.blacklist, ',' ) if params.templates then if string.sub( params.templates, 1, 1 ) == '-' then params.templates = params.templates .. ',' .. blacklist end else params.templates = '-' .. blacklist end end excerpt = Excerpt.filterTemplates( excerpt, params.templates ) -- Leave only the requested elements if params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'file' and files[1] or table.concat( files, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'list' or params.only == 'lists' then local lists = parser.getLists( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'list' and lists[1] or table.concat( lists, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'table' or params.only == 'tables' then local tables = parser.getTables( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'table' and tables[1] or table.concat( tables, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'gallery' or params.only == 'galleries' then local galleries = parser.getGalleries( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'gallery' and galleries[1] or table.concat( galleries, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'paragraph' or params.only == 'paragraphs' then local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'paragraph' and paragraphs[1] or table.concat( paragraphs, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'template' or params.only == 'templates' then local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'template' and templates[1] or table.concat( templates, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'filename' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) local file = files[1] excerpt = file and parser.getFileName( file ) or 'Noimage.png' params.inline = true end -- @todo Make more robust and move downwards if params.briefDates then excerpt = Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) end -- Remove unwanted elements excerpt = Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) -- Fix or remove the references if params.references then excerpt = Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) else excerpt = Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) end -- Remove wikilinks if not params.links then excerpt = Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) end -- Link the bold text near the start of most leads and then remove it if not section then excerpt = Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) end if not params.bold then excerpt = Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) end -- Remove extra line breaks but leave one before and after so the parser interprets lists, tables, etc. correctly excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '\n\n\n+', '\n\n' ) excerpt = mw.text.trim( excerpt ) excerpt = '\n' .. excerpt .. '\n' -- Remove nested categories excerpt = frame:preprocess( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) -- Add tracking categories if params.track and config.categories then excerpt = Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) end -- Build the final output if params.inline then return mw.text.trim( excerpt ) end local tag = params.quote and 'blockquote' or 'div' local block = mw.html.create( tag ):addClass( 'excerpt-block' ):addClass( params.class ) if config.styles then local styles = frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = config.styles } ) block:node( styles ) end if params.hat then local hat = Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) block:node( hat ) end excerpt = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'excerpt' ):wikitext( excerpt ) block:node( excerpt ) if params.more then local more = Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) block:node( more ) end return block end -- Filter the files in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterFiles( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for index, file in pairs( files ) do local name = parser.getFileName( file ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the lists in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterLists( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local lists = parser.getLists( wikitext ) for index, list in pairs( lists ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, list ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the tables in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTables( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local tables = parser.getTables( wikitext ) for index, tableWikitext in pairs( tables ) do local id = parser.getTableAttribute( tableWikitext, 'id' ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, tableWikitext ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the galleries in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterGalleries( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local galleries = parser.getGalleries( wikitext ) for index, gallery in pairs( galleries ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, gallery ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the paragraphs in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterParagraphs( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( wikitext ) for index, paragraph in pairs( paragraphs ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, paragraph ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the templates in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTemplates( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local templates = parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) for index, template in pairs( templates ) do local name = parser.getTemplateName( template ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, template ) end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) -- We cannot distinguish the infobox from the other templates, so we search them all local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) for _, template in pairs( templates ) do local parameters = parser.getTemplateParameters( template ) local file, captions, caption, cssClasses, cssClass for _, pair in pairs( config.captions ) do file = pair[1] file = parameters[file] if file and Excerpt.matchAny( file, '^.*%.', { '[Jj][Pp][Ee]?[Gg]', '[Pp][Nn][Gg]', '[Gg][Ii][Ff]', '[Ss][Vv][Gg]' }, '.*' ) then file = string.match( file, '%[?%[?.-:([^{|]+)%]?%]?' ) or file -- [[File:Example.jpg{{!}}upright=1.5]] to Example.jpg captions = pair[2] for _, p in pairs( captions ) do if parameters[ p ] then caption = parameters[ p ] break end end -- Check for CSS classes -- We opt to use skin-invert-image instead of skin-invert -- in all other cases, the CSS provided in the infobox is used if pair[3] then cssClasses = pair[3] for _, p in pairs( cssClasses ) do if parameters[ p ] then cssClass = ( parameters[ p ] == 'skin-invert' ) and 'skin-invert-image' or parameters[ p ] break end end end local class = cssClass and ( '|class=' .. cssClass ) or '' return '[[File:' .. file .. class .. '|thumb|' .. ( caption or '' ) .. ']]\n' .. excerpt end end end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( wikitext ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for _, file in pairs( files ) do local fileName = 'File:' .. parser.getFileName( file ) local fileTitle = mw.title.new( fileName ) if fileTitle then local fileDescription = fileTitle:getContent() if not fileDescription or fileDescription == '' then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() fileDescription = frame:preprocess( '{{' .. fileName .. '}}' ) -- try Commons end if fileDescription and string.match( fileDescription, '[Nn]on%-free' ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) local hat -- Build the text if params.this then hat = params.this elseif params.quote then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'this' ) elseif params.only then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( params.only ) else hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'section' ) end hat = hat .. ' ' .. Excerpt.getMessage( 'excerpt' ) -- Build the link if section then hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '#' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode( section ) .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ' § ' .. section:gsub( '%[%[([^]|]+)|?[^]]*%]%]', '%1' ) .. ']].' -- remove nested links else hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ']].' end -- Build the edit link local title = mw.title.new( page ) local editUrl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ) hat = hat .. '<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span>[' hat = hat .. editUrl .. ' ' .. mw.message.new( 'editsection' ):plain() hat = hat .. ']<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>' if config.hat then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() hat = config.hat .. hat .. '}}' hat = frame:preprocess( hat ) else hat = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'dablink excerpt-hat' ):wikitext( hat ) end return hat end function Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) local link = "'''[[" .. page if section then link = link .. '#' .. section end local text = Excerpt.getMessage( 'more' ) link = link .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" link = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'noprint excerpt-more' ):wikitext( link ) return link end -- Fix birth and death dates, but only in the first paragraph -- @todo Use parser.getParagraphs() to get the first paragraph function Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) local start local s local e = 0 repeat start = e + 1 s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%s*%b{}%s*', start ) until not s or s > start s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%b()', start ) -- get (...), which may be (year–year) if s and s < start + 100 then -- look only near the start local excerptStart = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, s, e ) local year1, conjunction, year2 = string.match( excerptStart, '(%d%d%d+)(.-)(%d%d%d+)' ) if year1 and year2 and ( string.match( conjunction, '[%-–—]' ) or string.match( conjunction, '{{%s*[sS]nd%s*}}' ) ) then local y1 = tonumber( year1 ) local y2 = tonumber( year2 ) if y2 > y1 and y2 < y1 + 125 and y1 <= tonumber( os.date( '%Y' ) ) then excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, s ) .. year1 .. '–' .. year2 .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, e ) end end end return excerpt end -- Replace the first call to each reference defined outside of the excerpt for the full reference, to prevent undefined references -- Then prefix the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts -- that is, replace <ref name="Foo"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and also <ref name="Foo" /> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo" /> -- also remove reference groups: <ref name="Foo" group="Bar"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and <ref group="Bar"> for <ref> -- @todo The current regex may fail in cases with both kinds of quotes, like <ref name="Darwin's book"> function Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) local fixed = {} for _, reference in pairs( references ) do local name = parser.getTagAttribute( reference, 'name' ) if not fixed[ name ] then -- fix each reference only once local content = parser.getTagContent( reference ) if not content then -- reference is self-closing local full = parser.getReference( excerpt, name ) if not full then -- the reference is not defined in the excerpt full = parser.getReference( wikitext, name ) if full then excerpt = excerpt:gsub( Excerpt.escapeString( reference ), Excerpt.escapeString( full ), 1 ) end table.insert( fixed, name ) end end end end -- Prepend the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts with other references in the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff][^>]*name *= *["\']?([^"\'>/]+)["\']?[^>/]*(/?) *>', '<ref name="' .. page:gsub( '"', '' ) .. ' %1"%2>' ) -- Remove reference groups because they don't apply to the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff] *group *= *["\']?[^"\'>/]+["\'] *>', '<ref>' ) return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) for _, reference in pairs( references ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, reference ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) local categories = parser.getCategories( excerpt ) for _, category in pairs( categories ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, category ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '__[A-Z]+__', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '<!%-%-.-%-%->', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( "'''", '' ) end function Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) local links = parser.getLinks( excerpt ) for _, link in pairs( links ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, link ) end return excerpt end -- @todo Use parser.getLinks function Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local page = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText ) local ucpage = lang:ucfirst( page ) local lcpage = lang:lcfirst( page ) excerpt = excerpt :gsub( '%[%[(' .. ucpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[(' .. lcpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. ucpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. lcpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) return excerpt end -- Replace the bold title or synonym near the start of the page by a link to the page function Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local position = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:ucfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- look for "'''Foo''' is..." (uc) or "A '''foo''' is..." (lc) or mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:lcfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- plain search: special characters in page represent themselves if position then local length = mw.ustring.len( page ) excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, position + 2 ) .. '[[' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + 3, position + length + 2 ) .. ']]' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + length + 3, -1 ) -- link it else -- look for anything unlinked in bold, assumed to be a synonym of the title (e.g. a person's birth name) excerpt = mw.ustring.gsub( excerpt, "'''(.-'*)'''", function ( text ) if not string.find( text, '%[' ) and not string.find( text, '%{' ) then -- if not wikilinked or some weird template return "'''[[" .. page .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" -- replace '''Foo''' by '''[[page|Foo]]''' else return nil -- instruct gsub to make no change end end, 1 ) -- terminates the anonymous replacement function passed to gsub end return excerpt end function Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local addedCategories = false local contentCategory = config.categories.content if contentCategory and currentTitle.isContentPage then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. contentCategory .. ']]' end local namespaceCategory = config.categories[ currentTitle.namespace ] if namespaceCategory then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. namespaceCategory .. ']]' end if addedCategories then excerpt = excerpt .. '\n' end return excerpt end -- Helper method to match from a list of regular expressions -- Like so: match pre..list[1]..post or pre..list[2]..post or ... function Excerpt.matchAny( text, pre, list, post, init ) for i = 1, #list do local match = { mw.ustring.match( text, pre .. list[ i ] .. post, init ) } if match[1] then return unpack( match ) end end return nil end -- Helper function to get arguments -- args from Lua calls have priority over parent args from template function Excerpt.getArg( key, default ) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for k, value in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end for k, value in pairs( frame.args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end return default end -- Helper method to get an error message -- This method also categorizes the current page in one of the configured error categories function Excerpt.getError( key, value ) local message = Excerpt.getMessage( 'error-' .. key, value ) local markup = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'error' ):wikitext( message ) if config.categories and config.categories.errors and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then markup:node( '[[Category:' .. config.categories.errors .. ']]' ) end return markup end -- Helper method to get a localized message -- This method uses Module:TNT to get localized messages from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab -- If Module:TNT is not available or the localized message does not exist, the key is returned instead function Excerpt.getMessage( key, value ) local ok2, TNT = pcall( require, 'Module:TNT' ) if not ok2 then return key end local ok3, message = pcall( TNT.format, 'I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab', key, value ) if not ok3 then return key end return message end -- Helper method to escape a string for use in regexes function Excerpt.escapeString( str ) return str:gsub( '[%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%%]', '%%%0' ) end -- Helper method to remove a string from a text -- @param text Text from where to remove the string -- @param str String to remove -- @return The given text with the string removed function Excerpt.removeString( text, str ) local pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( str ) if #pattern > 9999 then -- strings longer than 10000 bytes can't be put into regexes pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, 1, 999 ) ) .. '.-' .. Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, -999 ) ) end return text:gsub( pattern, '' ) end -- Helper method to convert a comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges into a list of booleans -- @param filter Required. Comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges, for example '1,3-5' -- @return Map from integers to booleans, for example {1=true,2=false,3=true,4=true,5=true} -- @return Boolean indicating whether the filters should be treated as a blacklist or not -- @note Merging this into matchFilter is possible, but way too inefficient function Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local filters = {} local isBlacklist = false if string.sub( filter, 1, 1 ) == '-' then isBlacklist = true filter = string.sub( filter, 2 ) end local values = mw.text.split( filter, ',' ) -- split values: '1,3-5' to {'1','3-5'} for _, value in pairs( values ) do value = mw.text.trim( value ) local min, max = mw.ustring.match( value, '^(%d+)%s*[-–—]%s*(%d+)$' ) -- '3-5' to min=3 max=5 if not max then min, max = string.match( value, '^((%d+))$' ) end -- '1' to min=1 max=1 if max then for i = min, max do filters[ i ] = true end else filters[ value ] = true -- if we reach this point, the string had the form 'a,b,c' rather than '1,2,3' end end filter = { cache = {}, terms = filters } return filter, isBlacklist end -- Helper function to see if a value matches any of the given filters function Excerpt.matchFilter( value, filter ) if value == nil then return false elseif type(value) == "number" then return filter.terms[value] else local cached = filter.cache[value] if cached ~= nil then return cached end local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local lcvalue = lang:lcfirst(value) local ucvalue = lang:ucfirst(value) for term in pairs( filter.terms ) do if value == tostring(term) or type(term) == "string" and ( lcvalue == term or ucvalue == term or mw.ustring.match( value, term ) ) then filter.cache[value] = true return true end end filter.cache[value] = false end end return Excerpt ti7siuqx917e9fizdf8nk9scneu1psk 0 101993 963015 956050 2026-10-04T12:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsoron ɗabi'a na ƙungiyoyin Afirka''', wanda wani lokaci ake magana da shi a matsayin '''labarin gangsan Afirka''', tsoro ne na ɗabi'a dangane da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Sudan-Austriya a [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Mafi tsananin lokacin firgici ya faru ne a cikin watanni 32 tsakanin Maris 2016 da Nuwamba 2018, a cikin shirye-shiryen zaben jihar Victoria na 2018 . Abin da ya jawo firgici shi ne arangama tsakanin matasa da 'yan sanda a bikin Moomba a ranar 12 ga Maris 2016, bayan haka 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Australia da kuma kafofin watsa labaru na Australia, musamman jaridar Herald Sun, sun yi magana akai-akai game da matsalar "'yan Afirka" a Melbourne. A lokacin firgicin, jaridu sun kara habaka duk wani aiki na laifi da aka aikata, ko zargin aikatawa, daga mutanen asalin Afirka, suna bugawa akai-akai tare da mai da hankali kan kabilanci na wadanda ake zargi. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tsokaci daga 'yan siyasa, matsa lamba ga 'yan sanda da su dauki tsauraran matakai a kan barazanar da ake tsammani, kuma ya haifar da tsoro a tsakanin farar Australiya wanda kafofin watsa labaru suka ruwaito, a cikin wani yanayi wanda ya haifar da firgita. Duk da irin wannan jawabin da aka yi a kafafen yada labarai, 'yan sanda da kungiyoyin al'umma sun musanta wanzuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a tsakanin al'ummar Sudan-Australiya, kuma alkaluma sun nuna cewa laifukan da matasan Sudan-Australian suka aikata ya zama kadan ne kawai na laifuka a Victoria . Don haka, masana nazarin kafofin watsa labaru suna kallon labarun ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin misali na firgita ɗabi'a na wariyar launin fata . Kafofin yada labarai da siyasa sun mayar da hankali kan 'yan Sudan-Ostiraliya da aikata laifuka a Melbourne sun ragu sosai bayan zabukan 2018, amma har ila yau al'ummar Sudan ta Kudu na ci gaba da jin illar rashin gaskiya, aikin 'yan sanda da nuna wariyar launin fata ga al'ummar Sudan. 'Yan Melburn na asalin Sudan sun ba da rahoton rashin amincewa da 'yan sanda da kuma juyayi na taro a bainar jama'a saboda tsoron cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro. == Tarihi == === Kafin 2016 === Ostiraliya tana da tarihin firgita na ɗabi'a game da aikata laifukan baƙi, musamman masu alaƙa da gaske ko waɗanda ake zaton "ƙungiyoyi" daga al'ummomin da ke da hannu a cikin raƙuman ƙaura na kwanan nan. <ref name="Tebeje-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Tebeje |first=Molla |date=2021 |title=Racial moral panic and African youth in Australia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147176721001061 |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=84 |issue=84 |pages=95–106 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.07.005 |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> Shaidanun jama'a a cikin wadannan firgita ya bambanta dangane da lokaci da wuri; <ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> <ref name="White-2012" /> a [[Sydney]] na zamani, baƙi [[musulmi]] da Larabawa sun karɓi iko daga al'ummomin Italiyanci da Girka waɗanda suka kasance dalilin damuwa a cikin 1970s da 1980s, yayin da a Melbourne da Perth jawabai game da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin Asiya sun ta'allaka ne akan ƙungiyoyin Asiya. <ref name="White-2012" /> Daga tsakiyar 1990s zuwa 2011, mutane 27,679 da aka haifa a Sudan sun yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya, galibi a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, tare da mafi girman shekarun sulhu tsakanin 2002 da 2006. <ref name="Baak-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Baak |first=Melanie |date=2011 |title=Murder, community talk and belonging: an exploration of Sudanese community responses to murder in Australia |journal=African Identities |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=417–434 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2011.614415}}</ref> Wannan yunƙurin ƙaura na Afirka ya haifar da haifar da ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyi masu kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta sabbin ƙauran da suka shigo a baya. <ref name="Tebeje-2021"/> A shekara ta 2004, jaridun Australiya sun riga sun fara amfani da kalmar "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" don rarraba fada tsakanin matasa 'yan asalin Afirka. <ref name="run-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Run |first=Peter |date=2012 |title=RESEARCH ARTICLE ‘Out of place’? An auto-ethnography of refuge and postcolonial exile |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725843.2012.692544 |journal=African Identities |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=381-390 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ==== Kisan Liep Gony da abubuwan da suka faru na 2007 ==== A cikin 2007, Liep Gony, ɗan gudun hijira mai shekaru 19 da ya yi ƙaura daga [[Sudan]] a 1999, an yi masa mugun duka a unguwar Noble Park na Melbourne, ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu bayan sa'o'i 24. <ref name="Windle-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Windle |first=Joel |date=2008 |title=The racialisation of African youth in Australia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504630802343382 |url-status=live |journal=Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Cultur |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=553–566 |doi=10.1080/13504630802343382 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614122747/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504630802343382 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> Duk da cewa daga baya ya bayyana cewa wasu fararen fata ne suka kashe Gony, martanin nan da nan kan kisan Gony daga 'yan siyasa da 'yan jaridu shi ne sanya shi a matsayin misali na tashin hankalin "gungun 'yan Afirka". <ref name="Baak-2011"/> <ref name="Benier-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Benier |first=Kathryn |last2=Wickes |first2=Rebecca |last3=Moran |first3=Clare |date=2020 |title='African gangs' in Australia: Perceptions of race and crime in urban neighbourhoods |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004865820965647#:~:text=This%20event%20led%20to%20a,and%20institutionalised%20forms%20of%20discrimination. |url-status=live |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1177/0004865820965647 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614122747/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004865820965647#:~:text=This%20event%20led%20to%20a,and%20institutionalised%20forms%20of%20discrimination. |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> <ref name="Tebeje-2021"/> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan, Kevin Andrews, ministan shige da fice, ya bayyana, "wasu ƙungiyoyin baƙi ba sa daidaitawa da daidaitawa cikin rayuwar Australiya da sauri kamar yadda muke fata." <ref name="Windle-2008"/> Rahotanni na farko na manema labarai sun dauki matsayi cewa kisan kai misali ne na "rikicin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci", suna kafa labarunsu a kan maganganun da ba a san su ba daga jami'an 'yan sanda da ba a san su ba da mazauna yankin, tare da Andrews ya bayyana cewa jami'an sun gaya masa cewa Melbourne yana da "matsalar gungun 'yan Sudan." <ref name="Windle-2008" /> Duk da haka, a lokacin kisan, jami'in hulda da al'adu da yawa na 'yan sanda Melbourne ya gaya wa ''The Australian'' cewa 'yan sanda sau da yawa suna kuskuren ƙungiyoyin matasan baƙar fata marasa laifi ga ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="Windle-2008" /> Lokacin da ta tabbata cewa wasu fararen fata guda biyu ne suka kashe Gony, Andrews ya ki ya nemi afuwa game da kalaman da ya yi kan 'yan Sudan-Australiya, <ref name="Benier">{{Cite web |last=Benier |first=Kathryn |last2=Blaustein |first2=Jarrett |last3=Johns |first3=Diana |last4=Maher |first4=Sarah |title='Don't drag me into this' Growing up South Sudanese in Victoria after the 2016 Moomba 'riot' |url=https://cmy.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Dont-Drag-Me-Into-This-Research-Report-Oct-2018-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615173322/https://cmy.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Dont-Drag-Me-Into-This-Research-Report-Oct-2018-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Centre for Multicultural Youth |publisher=Monash University}}</ref> yana mai cewa "Ba na ba da shawarar neman afuwa ba don fadin abin da mutane ke damun su." <ref name="Windle-2008"/> Minista Andrews ya kuma jajirce wajen yin tsokaci kan maharan farar fata da suka lakada wa wani dan Sudan duka a wani harin wariyar launin fata a fili kwana daya bayan jana'izar Gony, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa Joel Windle ya bambanta da yin Allah wadai da harin da matasan Sudan suka kai kan wani dan sanda a matsayin "marasa Australiya". <ref name="Windle-2008" /> An yi arangama tsakanin matasan Sudan da 'yan sanda a lokuta da dama a tsakanin Satumba da Disamba, tare da bayanan 'yan sanda na tashin hankalin a daya zargin "hargitsi" da ya saba wa shaidu. <ref name="Windle-2008" /> Bayan abubuwan da suka faru, jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta gabatar da kisan kai da cin zarafi a Melbourne a matsayin misalan " gazawar hadin gwiwa ", tare da ba da misali da su a matsayin hujjar rage yawan adadin bizar da ake ba wa 'yan Afirka daga kashi 70% zuwa 30%. <ref name="Windle-2008" /> <ref name="Baak-2011"/> A cikin bincikensa na bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da kisan Gony, Windle ya ba da haske kan tsarin wariyar launin fata wanda Ostiraliya da Herald Sun a duk duniya suka yi wa mutanen da ba farar fata suna da alamomin kabilanci yayin da suke tattaunawa da su, suna bambanta wannan da yanayin da ake ɗauka na rashin ƙabilanci na fari lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da "masu gari". <ref name="Windle-2008"/> Ya kuma lura da yawan amfani da harshe mara kyau tare da haɗin gwiwar waɗannan alamomin kabilanci, musamman a kusa da ƙungiyoyin matasa. <ref name="Windle-2008" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin labaran jarida don kwatanta kabilu a Melbourne tsakanin 26 Satumba 2007 da 6 Disamba 2007 <ref name="Windle-2008"/> ! Rukuni ! Halayen launin fata ! Halayen gama kai ! Halayen shekaru ! Halayen ƙaura ! Locality ! Halin halin kirki |- | '''<nowiki/>'Yan gudun hijirar Afirka masu wariyar launin fata''' | ''Afirka, Arewacin Afirka, Na zuriyar Afirka, Baƙar fata, ɗan Sudan, haifaffen Sudan'' | ''jama'a, fakiti, ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiya, al'umma'' | ''matasa (s), yara, yara, kasa da shekaru, matasa, matasa, matasa'' | ''<nowiki/>'yan gudun hijira, baƙi, baƙi'' | ''mazauna'' | ''masu laifi, marasa bin doka, ’yan daba, masu laifi'' |- | '''Maɓuɓɓugan "na gida" da aka lalatar da wariyar launin fata''' | ''Fari, Caucasian, Ba Ba-Afirika ba'' | ''al'umma, jama'a'' | ''[shekaru] mai shekaru'' | ''Australiya na dogon lokaci, haifaffen gida'' | ''mazauna gida, mazauna gida, mazauna gida na dogon lokaci, maƙwabtan gida, kasuwancin gida'' | |} ==== Kisan Alex Ngong Akok ==== Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a [[Adelaide]], an kashe Alex Ngong Akok, wani matashi dan asalin Afirka, tare da sake gabatar da harin ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai wanda ya aikata laifin laifi. <ref name="Tebeje-2021"/> Duk da harin da matasan farar fata suka kai, 'yan jaridun kasar sun wallafa cikakkun bayanai game da tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi masa a kotu, inda suka yi hasashen cewa akwai alaka ta gungun 'yan ta'adda tare da nuna cewa kisan nasa ya zama "ramuwar gayya". <ref name="White-2012" /> === Tsayin firgici (2016-2018) === Abin da ya haifar da firgicin ɗabi'a a kusa da "gangs" a Melbourne shine "hargitsi" a bikin Moomba a 2016. <ref name="Tebeje-2021"/> <ref name="Benier"/> <ref name="Benier-2020"/> A cikin shekaru biyu kafin bikin, an buga jimillar labarai guda huɗu a cikin manyan jaridu biyu na Melbourne, ''The Age'' and the ''Herald Sun'' waɗanda suka ambaci kalmomin ''Sudan'' da ''ƙungiyoyi'', yayin da a cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya akwai 130. <ref name="Benier" /> Hakazalika, a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata kafin bikin, an ambaci sunan "Apex Gang", wanda zai zama fitacciyar sigar maganganun wariyar launin fata a kan laifuka, kuma babu ɗayansu ya haɗa shi da wata ƙabila ta musamman. <ref name="Benier" /> Tsoron ya firgita bayan nasarar Labour a Zaben Jihar Victoria na 2018, <ref name="Lee-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Murray |last2=Halsey |first2=Mark |last3=Flynn |first3=Asher |date=2021 |title="Streets of menace": Constructing and deconstructing youth "gangs" in two Australian cities |url=https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/1249 |url-status=live |journal=Oñati Socio-Legal Series |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1114–1132 |doi=10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615182454/https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/1249 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> bayan haka, kafofin watsa labaru da 'yan siyasa na haɗin gwiwar sun dakatar da matsananciyar turawa ga gungun kungiyoyin Afirka. <ref name="Kounmouris-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kounmouris |first=Gregory |last2=Blaustein |first2=Jarrett |date=2021 |title=Reporting 'African gangs': Theorising journalistic practice during a multi-mediated moral panic |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1741659021991205 |journal=Crime, Media, Culture |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=105–125 |doi=10.1177/1741659021991205 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Tsawon lokacin da kafofin yada labarai da kuma kula da siyasa a al'ummar Sudan ta Melbourne ya kasance kusan watanni 32. <ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> ==== Rikicin Moomba Festival da kuma Gang na Apex ==== A daren 12 ga Maris, 2016, rikici ya barke a bikin Moomba na shekara-shekara na Melbourne, bikin da ya shafi iyali da aka gudanar a tsakiyar Melbourne. <ref name="Lee-2021"/> <ref name="Martin-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Fran |date=2020 |title=Iphones and "African gangs": everyday racism and ethno-transnational media in Melbourne's Chinese student world |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2018.1560110 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=892–910 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2018.1560110 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 June 2024 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rahotannin da aka samu a yammacin ranar sun nuna cewa an yi artabu tsakanin matasa da suka fito daga kasashen Afirka da Ostiraliya da kuma Pacific-Islanders. <ref name="Lee-2021" /> <ref name="Kounmouris-2021"/> <ref name="Benier-2020"/> Abubuwa da dama na barna da rashin lafiya sun faru a wurin bikin, <ref name="Benier-2020" /> tare da rahotannin labarai da ke nuna cewa fadan ya barke tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na matasa. <ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Haka kuma an samu rahotanni, bisa asusun masu halartar biki, na samari 'yan asalin Sudan-Australiya, suna fafatawa da sauran masu halartar biki. <ref name="Lee-2021" /> Rikicin ya kai ga ’yan sandan da suka yi amfani da maganin feshi da ake kira capsicum don tarwatsa gungun matasa maza da maza a dandalin tarayya . <ref name="Lee-2021" /> <ref name="Benier"/> <ref name="Benier-2020" /> Bayan abubuwan da suka faru, babban kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Victoria ya bayyana cewa, kasancewar 'yan sanda masu yawa na iya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin tashin hankali, <ref name="Lee-2021" /> hira da 'yan Sudan-Australian da suka halarci bikin kuma sun nuna cewa hakan zai kasance. <ref name="Benier" /> Bidiyoyin abubuwan da suka faru sun fito da sauri kuma an buga su a gidajen yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya, galibi a cikin labaran da ke yin nuni ga "ƙungiyoyin kabilanci". Yawanci sun nuna mutane masu duhun fata waɗanda suka zarce 'yan sanda kuma da alama suna yin wani abu mai ban tsoro. <ref name="Weng-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Weng |first=Enqi |last2=Mansouri |first2=Fethi |date=2021 |title='Swamped by Muslims' and facing an 'African gang' problem: racialized and religious media representations in Australia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10304312.2021.1888881 |journal=Continuum |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=468–486 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2021.1888881 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan arangamar da aka yi a Moomba, wata kafar yada labarai ta bayyana wanda ta dora laifin faruwar lamarin a kan wata kungiyar da ta bayyana a matsayin Apex Gang, wadda ake zargin ta kunshi 'yan Sudan-Australiya. <ref name="Benier-2020"/> Editories da labarai na labarai game da Apex sun fara bayyana a cikin ''Herald Sun'', kuma tashoshi na gida da sauran jaridu sun karɓi labarin. <ref name="Benier"/> Takardar Melbourne ''The Age'' da farko ta yi la'akari da ɗaukar hoto na ''Herald Sun'', duk da haka, a cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan ya daina haɗawa da bayanan kabilanci a cikin ɗaukar hoto kuma a cikin lokaci ya fara tambayar sassan labarin. <ref name="Benier" /> Labarin ya kuma nuna cewa yawan laifuka yana shafar Melbourne saboda ayyukan wannan ƙungiyar. <ref name="Benier-2020" /> Ana fassara waɗannan labarai masu jan hankali zuwa cikin [[Sinanci]] kuma suna yaɗuwa tsakanin al'ummar Sinawa na Melbourne ta hanyar tashar WeChat, suna haifar da firgici da fargaba ga jama'ar asalin Afirka. <ref name="Martin-2020"/> Jaridar Herald Sun ta bayar da rahoton cewa, wasu gungun matasa masu dauke da makamai ne suka haddasa rikicin, sannan shugabannin 'yan sandan yankin sun yi watsi da zargin kasancewar kungiyar Apex Gang ta Sudan. <ref name="Kounmouris-2021"/> Wani bincike na al'ummar Sudan ta gida kuma ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar ba ta wanzu, <ref name="Benier"/> da alama ba ta wuce abin da ya faru na kafofin watsa labarun ba wanda ke nuna halin rashin zaman lafiya ko salon rayuwa. 'Yan Sudan mazauna Melbourne da aka yi hira da su tsakanin 2017-2019 tashin hankalin jihar Moomba 2016 an yi karin gishiri sosai, kuma nan da nan hankalin 'yan jaridu ya mayar da hankali kan mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka, duk da halartar jama'ar kabilu daban-daban, saboda wariyar launin fata a kafofin watsa labarai na Australia da yawan jama'a. <ref name="Benier" /> Lee et al ya bayyana Apex a matsayin "ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta kafofin watsa labaru" kuma sun nuna cewa tun da farko sunan ya shafi "gungun matasa marasa tsari" daga kabilu daban-daban amma sun zo ne don yin aiki ga 'yan Australia na Sudan. <ref name="Lee-2021"/> ====Hawan tashin hankali a kafafen yada labarai (2016–2017)==== A watannin da suka biyo bayan rikicin da ya faru a bikin Moomba na shekarar 2016, kafafen yada labarai sun danganta kungiyar Apex da satar motoci, farmaki da kuma fasa gidaje.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Duk da cewa 'yan sanda, masana da kuma wadanda ake zargi da kasancewa cikin kungiyar sun musanta wanzuwar kungiyoyi a birnin Melbourne, kungiyar Apex ta zama kamar wata alama ta shaidan da ke wakiltar abin da Lee da wasu suka bayyana a matsayin “barazanar laifi mai fadi wanda ke amfani da kalaman wariyar launin fata da suka shafi batun kariyar iyaka, tsoron shigowar bakin haure, da kuma tsoron ta’addanci.”<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Apex ta zama kalmar da ke nuna laifi da aka alakanta da al’ummar Sudan.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Kafafen yada labarai na talabijin sun karbi labarin "kungiyoyin 'yan Afrika", inda suka yi amfani da shaidun wadanda laifi ya shafa idan sun samu, da kuma hotunan CCTV.<ref name="Gaffey-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Gaffey |first1=John |title=Melbourne's 'African gangs' and media narratives |journal=Salus |date=2019 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=68–84 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.674612429219717 |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619163115/https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.674612429219717 |url-status=live }}</ref> Laifukan da ba su da wata alaƙa da kungiyoyi sun fi yawa ana gabatar da su a matsayin aikata laifi daga kungiyar Apex, a matsayin hujja cewa matsalar laifi ta zarta kima.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Gidan talabijin Nine Network ta watsa rahoto a watan Yuli a cikin shirin *A Current Affair* cewa mazauna Melbourne sun tilasta daukar sandan kwallo domin kare kansu daga hare-haren cikin gida.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Shirin ya bayyana cewa tsarin shari'a a birnin ya gaza.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> A lokacin bikin Moomba na shekarar 2017, an kama mutane 53 kuma kafafen labarai sun mayar da hankali kan kungiyar Apex.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Duk da haka, cikin mutanen da aka kama, 14 an kama su ne saboda bugu da rikici, kuma ‘yan sandan birnin Melbourne sun bayyana cewa wadanda aka kama sun fito ne daga sassa daban-daban na birnin, kuma laifukan ba su da nasaba da kungiya ko kabila.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Jim kadan bayan bikin, kwamishinan 'yan sanda ya bayyana cewa kungiyar Apex ba ta wanzu a lokacin, kuma lokacin da ta wanzu, ba ta kasance kungiyar kabilanci ba ce.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> A watan Mayun 2017, shirin *A Current Affair* ya watsa wani shiri mai taken "Apex Vigilante" wanda ya sake nuna cewa wasu wadanda suka fuskanci laifi sun tilasta daukar doka a hannunsu saboda rugujewar tsarin doka da oda a Melbourne.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> A lokacin bazarar shekarar 2017, dan majalisar tarayya Jason Wood, wanda shine shugaban kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan shige da fice, ya wallafa wani rubutu a jaridar Herald Sun dangane da alkaluman laifi da suka shafi al’ummar Sudan, inda ya bayyana cewa, “Tare da yawan shigar 'yan Sudan na Kudanci a cikin laifukan tashin hankali a jihar Victoria, dole ne a fara kare rayukan dukkan wadanda ke rayuwa a Melbourne da Australia.”<ref name="Benier" /> ====Rigimar Siyasa da Zaɓen Jiha na Victoria (Ƙarshen 2017–2018)==== Rigimar siyasa game da zargin kungiyoyin 'yan daba daga Afirka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin shirye-shiryen zaɓen jihar Victoria na 2018.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> 'Yan siyasa da kafafen yaɗa labarai sun yi amfani da kalmomin "Afirka" da "Sudan" sosai wajen danganta aikata laifi da tashin hankali a wannan lokaci.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Bincike da aka gudanar tare da 'yan jaridu masu rubuta labaran laifi ya nuna cewa kafafen yaɗa labarai na matsawa sosai don tabbatar da cewa labarai sun haɗa da wani sashe na "laifukan Afirka".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> A watan Disamba 2017, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar tarayya mai jagorancin jam’iyyar Liberal ya fitar da rahoto wanda ya ambaci ƙaruwa a ayyukan 'yan daba kuma da ƙarya ya danganta cewa mutanen Sudan sun aikata kashi 1.4% na laifukan jihar Victoria.<ref name="Benier" /> Rahoton ya yi amfani da kalmar "gangs" ko'ina, duk da cewa 'yan sanda na jihar Victoria sun bayyana cewa ba a samu irin waɗannan kungiyoyin ba.<ref name="Benier" /> Bayan fitar da rahoton, Jason Wood ya bayyana a jaridar *The Australian* yana cewa, "Yawancin baƙi ba su fahimci doka ba. Na ji daga bakin wasu daga cikin mutanen Sudan cewa ... shiga gidan wani da satar mota ba wani babban laifi ba ne." Wannan furucin ya biyo bayan jerin labaran ban tsoro a jaridar *Herald Sun* da suka ce matasan Sudan ne ke da alhaki.<ref name="Benier" /> Rahotannin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan asalin mutanen da ake zargi, suna amfani da kalmomi irin su "kamanni na Afirka", "gang", da "feral thugs".<ref name="Benier" /> A wannan watan, wasu abubuwa da suka faru aka bayyana a kafafen yaɗa labarai a matsayin "ƙaruwar laifukan Afirka", musamman daga jaridun da ke ƙarƙashin Newscorp.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Wadannan sun haɗa da fafatawa a titi, wani taro a Airbnb da ya haifar da lalata dukiya, da kuma zargin cin zarafin ɗan sanda yayin kama wani mutum; duk an ce matasa masu kama da 'yan Afirka ne suka aikata.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Labarin da *Herald Sun* da *Daily Mail* suka buga ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a cikin harshen kabilanci, wanda ya tayar da hankali daga 'yan siyasa.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Firayim Minista na lokacin, Malcolm Turnbull, ɗan jam’iyyar Conservative na Victoria Greg Hunt da Ministan Shige da Fice Peter Dutton dukkansu sun bayyana matsayinsu game da matsalar "gang" a jihar Victoria, inda Dutton ya ce: <blockquote>Mutane na tsoron fita zuwa gidan cin abinci da dare domin ana binsu har gida daga baya, ana kai musu hari a gida, ana sace motoci... [Yan siyasa] su bayyana gaskiya, "tabbas wannan tashin hankali ne na kungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka".<ref name="Lee-2021" /><ref name="Gaffey-2019" /></blockquote> Baya ga haka, Dutton ya zargi al’umma gaba ɗaya da cewa "idan mutane ba su shirya shiga al’umma ba ta hanyar tura 'ya’yansu makaranta da hana su yawo da dare suna aikata laifi, to ba su dace da zama cikin al’ummar Australia ba".<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Wadannan kalaman sun gamu da suka a kafafen sada zumunta daga al’ummar Sudan da ke Australia, kuma an musanta su daga 'yan siyasar jam’iyyar Labor, Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Victoria Graham Ashton da sauran jama'ar jihar.<ref name="Benier" /> Turnbull ya goyi bayan Dutton, yana cewa Firayim Ministan jihar Victoria, Daniel Andrews, ba shi da ƙarfi wajen shawo kan matsalar kungiyoyin 'yan daba a titunan Melbourne.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Wannan ra’ayin ya samu goyon bayan Greg Hunt, Ministan Lafiya na Tarayya, wanda ya ce: "Mun san cewa laifukan kungiyoyin 'yan Afirka a wasu yankuna sun fita daga hannun hukuma. [...] Kuskuren ba daga 'yan sanda ba ne, sai dai daga Firayim Minista na jihar."<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Tsohon Firayim Minista Tony Abbott ya kalubalanci musantawar gwamnatin jihar Victoria kan kasancewar kungiyoyin 'yan daba daga Afirka a wata hira da ya yi da gidan rediyo a 2018.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> A watan Janairu 2018, Channel 7 ta nuna wata hira da shugaban ƙungiyar neo-fascist mai suna United Patriots Front, Blair Cottrell.<ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Rahoton ya nuna wani taro tsakanin ƙungiyar far-right True Blue Crew da United Patriots Front, inda suka bayyana damuwarsu game da "tashin hankali daga matasan Afirka" kuma suka ce sun haɗu don taimaka wa 'yan Australia su fuskanci abin da suka kira rikicin laifukan baƙi.<ref name="Majavu-2018" /> A lokuta daban-daban cikin shekarar 2018, shirin *A Current Affair* ya fitar da rahotanni suna zargin cewa 'yan sanda na Melbourne ba sa samun damar tinkarar "laifukan kungiyoyin Afirka", inda suka fitar da wani rahoto mai taken "Cops gone soft?".<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi hirarraki da tsofaffin manyan 'yan sanda da suka ce matakan ƙasa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata domin suna tsoron fushin shugabanninsu.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Wannan tattaunawar siyasa wadda ta haɗa batun launin fata da shige da fice ta haifar da ƙaruwa a wallafa sakonnin ƙiyayya ga baƙi a kafafen sada zumunta da shafukan intanet.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Haka kuma ya sa ƙungiyoyin far-right irin su *Reclaim Australia* suka dawo fili, inda suka canza matsayinsu daga Musulmai zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Kafafen yaɗa labarai da 'yan siyasa sun dinga ɗora laifi a kan iyaye da al’ummarsu gaba ɗaya, suna cewa rashin haɗuwa da al’umma shi ne tushe na matsalar.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Kamfen ɗin jam’iyyar Liberal don zaɓen jihar Victoria da aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2018 ya mai da hankali sosai kan batun doka da oda,<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /><ref name="Weng-2021" /> a cewar Weng da Mansouri, wani kamfen ne na tayar da tsoro.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Sai dai hakan bai yi tasiri sosai ba, domin gwamnatin jam’iyyar Labor da ke kan mulki ta samu nasara a zaɓen.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Bayan zaɓen, yaɗuwar labarai kan "kungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka" da zargin laifukan baƙi sun ragu sosai.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> ==Laifi a Melbourne yayin firgici== Duk da cewa rahotannin kafafen yada labarai daga 2016 zuwa 2018 sun fi mayar da hankali kan laifukan da mutanen asalin Afirka suka aikata, a hakikanin gaskiya, alkaluman da Hukumar Kididdigar Laifuka ta fitar a shekarar 2018 sun nuna cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 1% kacal na laifukan da aka aikata a jihar Victoria.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /><ref name="Wahlquist-2018" /> Wannan ya fi kaso da suke dashi cikin yawan jama'a, wanda ke kashi 0.14%, amma ba sabon abu bane tunda mafi yawan laifuka na fitowa daga matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 16 zuwa 24, kuma yawancin 'yan asalin Sudan a Ostareliya sun fi yawa a wannan rukuni na shekaru.<ref name="Wahlquist-2018" /> Kafafen watsa labarai sun fi mayar da hankali kan laifin kutse cikin gida da tayar da hankali. A wannan laifi ne aka samu Sudanawa na Ostareliya suna da yawa, amma duk da haka adadin da suka aikata ya tsaya ne a kashi 4.8%, inda mafi yawan laifukan suka kasance na Fararen Fata na Ostareliya.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Molla ya bayyana cewa duk da “yawan barkwancin rahotanni” da kafafen yada labarai ke yi, adadin laifuka a Victoria ya fi kasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran jihohi.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Bugu da kari, idan aka duba laifukan da matasa ke aikatawa, adadin matasan da suka aikata laifi a jihar Victoria (yawan jama'a 6,526,400)<ref name="ABS">{{cite web |title=Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2018 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3101.0Main+Features1Dec%202018 |website=Australian Government |access-date=29 June 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330074145/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3101.0Main+Features1Dec%202018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ya kai 8,182, a New South Wales (yawan jama'a 8,046,100)<ref name="ABS" /> ya kai 17,972, yayin da a Queensland (yawan jama'a 5,052,800)<ref name="ABS" /> ya kai 11,699.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Lee da abokan aikinsa sun rubuta cewa tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2019, laifukan da matasa ke aikatawa a Victoria sun ragu da kashi 34.9%.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Wannan yana nuna cewa an mayar da hankali kan firgicin laifukan matasa a lokacin da adadin irin wannan laifuka ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> ==Binciken Tsaron Ɗabi'a== Kalmar ''Tsaron ɗabi'a'' ta shahara ne ta hannun masanin Ilimin Zamantakewa Stanley Cohen a shekarun 1970s.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Tana bayyana yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da manyan kanun labarai masu ban sha'awa da harshe mai cike da ban mamaki don ɗagawa abubuwa da mutane, suna haifar da tsoron abubuwan da ake tsammanin barazana ce ga tsaron al'umma da kuma ware wasu ƙungiyoyi da aka gano a matsayin tushen wannan barazanar.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Cohen ya yi amfani da kalmar musamman ga hulɗar rahotannin laifuka da martanin zamantakewa a Burtaniya.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Ya bayyana cewa tsaron ɗabi'a zai fito fili idan "wani yanayi, wani lamari, mutum ko rukuni na mutane suka fito fili suka zama barazana ga ƙima da muradun al'umma; ana gabatar da yanayinsu a cikin salo mai ban sha'awa da tsattsauran ra'ayi ta kafofin watsa labarai," kuma wannan mayar da hankali na kafofin watsa labarai yana samun goyon baya daga 'yan siyasa da masana.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da aka yi niyya ana kiran su da Cohen a matsayin ''folk devils''. Ya lura cewa amfani da ra'ayin tsaron ɗabi'a baya buƙatar matsalar ta kasance babu ita, sai dai an ɗaga ta, yawanci ta hanyar da akida ta bangaren da ke mulki na al'umma ta sharuɗɗa.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> ===Fassarar Ilimi game da Tsaron Ƙungiyoyin Afirka=== Rikicin siyasa da na kafofin watsa labarai game da abin da ake kira ƙungiyoyin Afirka na 2016–2018 masana suna bayyana shi a matsayin misali na tsaron ɗabi'a.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Tebeje-2021" /><ref name="Martin-2020" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Tebeje Molla ya lura cewa yayin da tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata game da laifuka da shige da fice ba sabon abu ba ne a duniya, tsananin tsoron "Ƙungiyoyin Afirka" a Melbourne ya kasance na musamman.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Duk da haka, Molla ya kuma lura cewa, sabanin yadda ake yi a tsaron ɗabi'a na gargajiya, inda "masana" ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga darajar tsoron, 'yan sanda, hukumomin kididdiga da hukumomin yankin na Victoria sun yi tsayayya da labarin kuma sun musanta wanzuwar matsalar ƙungiyoyi.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> John Gaffey shi ma yana ganinsa a matsayin tsoro na musamman, domin masana sun yi tsayayya da labarin.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Gatwiri da Anderson suna ganin tsoron ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da ke ci gaba na tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canjin zamantakewa a Ostiraliya.<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> Suna bayyana cewa tsoro yana bunƙasa saboda yana "boye cikakken binciken mahimmanci na ingancin waɗannan tsoro kuma a maimakon haka yana ba da damar fitar da damuwa da tsoro ga wasu 'yan tsiraru waɗanda za a iya sauƙaƙe a sanya su a matsayin tumaki ta waɗannan abubuwan."<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa yayin da tsaron ɗabi'a ke raguwa, mummunan wakilcin Afirka da sanyawa a matsayin laifuka suna da mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin Afirka a Ostiraliya.<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> Lee da abokan aikinsa sun bayyana cewa yayin da labaran hukunci a kafofin watsa labarai da siyasa da ke haɗa matasan Sudan da laifuka sun ƙunshi abubuwa na tsaron ɗabi'a, akwai fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin kawai.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Suna jayayya cewa halayyar laifuka na iya fitowa daga membobin al'ummomin da aka ware da ke jin daɗin ayyukan cin zarafi.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Har ila yau, sun nuna cewa shaidu daga tambayoyin suna nuna cewa kafofin watsa labarai da sanyawa a matsayin tumaki sun sa matasan Sudan su shiga cikin ayyukan adawa da zamantakewa, kuma yaduwar labarin da ake zargin "Apex gang" na iya haifar da matasa su ƙirƙira wata ƙungiya ta gaske mai wannan suna.<ref name="Lee-2021" /> Kounmouris da Blaustein suna ganin abubuwan da suka faru na 2016–2018 a matsayin "tsaron ɗabi'a da aka watsa labarai ta hanyoyi daban-daban".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Suna nuna muhimmancin da kamanceceniyar binciken Stuart Hall et al na 1978 na tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata game da fashi a Burtaniya zuwa tsoron Melbourne.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> A ra'ayinsu, tsoron ƙungiyoyin Afirka wani bincike ne da ke sabunta nazarin Hall zuwa sabon yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na labarai na sa'o'i 24, hanyoyin labarai na intanet da kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> ===Sanadin Tsoron=== ====Wariyar Launin Fata==== File:1910 White Australia badge.png|thumb|Hukumar Yan Asalin Ostiraliya, wadda ta ƙunshi fararen fata 'yan asalin Ostiraliya, ta samar da wannan alama a shekarar 1911.<ref>cite web |url= http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary|title= {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608105532/https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary%257Ctitle= |date=2025-06-08 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary%257Ctitle= |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608105532/https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary%257Ctitle= |archive-date=2025-06-08 |url-status=bot: unknown}} Australian Natives Association Centenary – Monument Australia|first= UBC Web|last= Design|website= monumentaustralia.org.au|access-date= 22 October 2017|archive-date= 6 February 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206071314/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary%7Curl-status%3D live</ref> Kasancewar mutanen asalin Afirka ya zama dalili na ɗaukar manufofin Fari Ostiraliya. Baƙaƙen fata a Ostiraliya ta zamani suna fuskantar matsanancin wariyar launin fata,<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Baak-2011" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /> tare da rahoton Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ostiraliya ta 2018 da ke bayyana cewa "ƙungiyoyin biyar da suka fuskanci matsanancin wariyar launin fata sune waɗanda aka haifa a Sudan ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, [[Kenya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin Yan Asalin."<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Ostiraliya tana da dogon tarihi na wariyar launin fata a hukumance da kuma ba a hukumance ba ga baƙaƙen Afirka, wanda aka nuna a cikin manufar Fari Ostiraliya, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1901 har zuwa shekarun saba'in, wanda ya hana shigar baƙaƙen Afirka, da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba farare ba.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> Kafin aiwatar da manufar, ƙananan adadin baƙaƙen Afirka da Baƙaƙen Amurkawa sun kasance mazauna a Ostiraliya, kuma an ambaci kasancewarsu a fili a cikin tattaunawa kan hana shige da fice na waɗanda ba farare ba.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Bayan ƙarewar wannan manufar, duk da cewa Ostiraliya ta zama mai bambancin kabilanci, mummunan ra'ayi game da baƙaƙen Afirka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'adun Ostiraliya.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /><ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> 'Yan Afirka-Ostiraliya na zamani suna da bambancin al'adu da zamantakewa, amma al'ummar Ostiraliya yawanci suna ganin su a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, wanda aka saɓa da ginin farar fata.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> A Ostiraliya, "Afirka" tana da alaƙa da rashin wayewa, cututtuka, datti, yaki da talauci, kuma masana kamar Wearing, Jakubowicz, Wickes da sauran su sun lura cewa wannan tunani yana da tushe a cikin yanayin zamantakewa na tsattsauran ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata game da baƙaƙen fata.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Littattafan ilimi na yanzu sun nuna yawan abubuwan da ake samu na nuna bambanci, aikata laifuka da launin fata da ke shafar hulɗar 'yan Afirka-Ostiraliya da yawancin al'umma.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Musamman ma, wata ƙaƙƙarfar alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin Afirka da laifuka tana wanzu a cikin al'adun Ostiraliya, wanda aka nuna a cikin yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru a Melbourne.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Wannan ya kasance tare da maganganun ƙyamar Musulunci da suka fito a cikin yaƙin ta'addanci, inda Musulmai aka sanya su a matsayin wasu waɗanda ke da haɗari ga al'ummar Ostiraliya kuma ana ganin abubuwan da suka shafi laifuka a matsayin alamun yiwuwar tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Aikin Kalubalantar Wariyar Launin Fata na 2016 ya gano cewa mummunan ra'ayi game da baƙaƙen fata ya zama ruwan dare a Ostiraliya. Kashi 21% na waɗanda aka amsa sun ji cewa 'yan gudun hijira na Afirka sun ƙara yawan laifuka a Ostiraliya, kuma kashi 16.1% sun bayyana cewa sun ji "mara kyau sosai ko ɗan mara kyau" game da 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Wickes et al suna jayayya cewa waɗannan halayen suna nuna ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba waɗanda suka yadu a Ostiraliya waɗanda zasu iya haifar da nuna bambanci ba tare da sani ba. Suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wani abu a cikin gabatarwar da 'yan jarida da 'yan siyasa suka yi na abin da ake kira "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" da martanin jama'a ga shi.<ref name="Benier-2020" /> Masanin Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, Mandisi Majavu, shi ma ya gano wani hali na gano maza 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya a matsayin "manyan 'yan iska bakwai" da ke da alaƙa da "rashin wayewa, tsofaffin halaye, haɗari da laifuka" kuma ya bayyana cewa baƙar fata tushen tsoro ne a cikin wasu fararen fata.<ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Misalai na wannan sun haɗa da hana ɗaliban Sudan haɗuwa a cikin rukuni fiye da uku a makarantun Melbourne saboda tsoron cewa za su iya zama masu barazana.<ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Yana ganin wannan fahimtar barazanar a matsayin babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga tsaron ɗabi'a.<ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Masanan ilimi na Ostiraliya, Kathomi Gatwiri da Leticia Anderson, suna jayayya cewa 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya an bayyana su a matsayin "baƙi na dindindin" a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya, kuma a matsayin haka an gina su a matsayin barazana, wani lokacin a cikin maganganun "rikicin wayewa".<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> Suna ganin tsoron laifukan ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan matsayi na jikin Afirka a matsayin tushen haɗarin zamantakewa.<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /> ====Abubuwan da suka shafi Kafofin Watsa Labarai==== Sassan kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya, musamman waɗanda ke cikin gidan News Corp, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa da kiyaye tsaron ɗabi'a game da laifuka da 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya a Melbourne.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Wannan yana nuna nazarin tsaron ɗabi'a na baya, wanda ya gano muhimmiyar rawa na 'yan jarida wajen gurbata da ɗagawa gaskiya, ta haka yana ƙara damuwa da martani na zamantakewa zuwa matakin da bai dace da abubuwan da ke haifar da su ba.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Duk da haka, Kounmouris da Blaustein, suna rubutawa a 2021, suna jayayya cewa zuwan sabon yanayin kafofin watsa labarai bayan faɗuwar riba na kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa da canjin tsarin masana'antar jarida da ya haifar, yana nufin cewa dole ne a yi nazarin tsaron ɗabi'a na ƙungiyoyin Afirka na Ostiraliya duka dangane da nazarin tsarin gargajiya a matakin zamantakewa da kuma dangane da "ɓangarorin yau da kullun na samar da labarai".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Tambayoyin sirri da aka yi wa 'yan jaridar Ostiraliya waɗanda suka buga labarai game da "Moomba riot", "Apex", "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" ko "zaɓen doka da oda" sun gano cewa yawancinsu sun bayyana rashin jin daɗi da takaici game da yadda takardunsu da 'yan jarida gabaɗaya suka rufe batun.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Duk da haka, mahalarta da yawa sun ji cewa laifukan da aka ruwaito sun cancanci labarai, kuma wasu sun kare aikin lura da kabilancin waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka da amfani da kalmomin da ake jayayya a kai kamar "ƙungiya" da "ɓarawon".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Manyan 'yan kasuwa masu ɗabi'a a cikin tsoron sune shugabancin jihar na Jam'iyyar Liberal National, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ra'ayin "ƙungiyoyin Sudan" don "gina labari game da aikata laifuka na Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya dace da labaran da ke ci gaba da kasancewa na baƙar fata, musamman na Sudan ta Kudu (watau baƙar fata/baƙin haure), aikata laifuka a cikin yanayin Ostiraliya."<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> 'Yan jaridar da Kounmouris da Blaustein suka yi wa tambayoyi sun fahimci waɗannan ci gaban siyasa a matsayin abubuwan da suka haifar da labarin "Apex", wanda ya sanya duk wani abin da ya faru na aikata laifuka daga mutanen asalin Sudan ta Kudu ya zama labarai.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Duk da haka, 'yan jarida sun gane cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun zaɓi su ɗaga saƙon Liberal Nationals.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Masanan ilimi da ke rubutawa game da tsoron sun lura da muhimmiyar rawa na jaridar ''Herald Sun''.<ref name="Gatwiri-2021" /><ref name="Gaffey-2019" /><ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /><ref name="Benier" /><ref name="Benier-2020" /> A cikin shekarar da ta biyo bayan rikicin bikin Moomba na 2016, ''Herald Sun'' ya wallafa labarai 173 da ke ambaton "Apex", ciki har da labaran ra'ayi 37. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan labarai sun haɗa da kalmomin "Afirka" ko "Sudan".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Labaran da ke cikin ''Herald Sun'' sun kasance masu ban sha'awa kuma galibi sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "maɓarnata", "ɓarawon", "cungiyoyi" da "ƙungiyoyi".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /><ref name="Majavu-2018" /> Binciken rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai kan launin fata a 2018, All Together Now ya gano cewa a cikin 'yan jaridar Ostiraliya, kashi 56.5% na rahotanni sun kasance marasa kyau, kashi 8.5% ba su da tasiri kuma kashi 34.9% sun kasance "masu haɗawa".<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Yawancin waɗannan rahotannin marasa kyau sun fito daga ''Herald Sun'' da ''The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)''.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kashi 70% na waɗannan labaran marasa kyau sun yi amfani da "dabaru na boye" kamar dog-whistling, izgili da sake sanyawa a wani wuri.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Kalubalantar wannan ginin barazanar launin fata ya fito ne daga masana ilimi, 'yan jaridar hagu, membobin ƙwararrun lauyoyin Victoria da masu fafutukar al'umma, tare da musanta su sun sami labarai a manyan jaridun ci gaba.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> A wannan yanayin, bambancin yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya ya yi aiki don gabatar da ƙalubale ga ra'ayin hegemonic na dama.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> 'Yan jaridar da ke aiki a wannan lokacin sun ji cewa ganin ƙarancin ma'aikata da yaduwar churnalism, da kuma buƙatar yin aiki nan da nan saboda gasa daga kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa, ba su iya tantance labarai da kyau ba.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Sun kuma ji matsin lamba daga editoci don haɗa kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da launin fata kamar "apex" a cikin rubutun su, kamar yadda wannan ya haifar da shiga intanet.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Haka kuma akwai matsin lamba da aka gane ga 'yan jarida a ''Herald Sun'' don buga labarai waɗanda suka dace da ra'ayin mazan jiya na masu karanta su, wanda ya hana su ƙin buga abubuwan da ba su dace ba ta hanyar da ba ta faru a jaridun hagu kamar ''The Age'' ba. Duk da yanayin da aka fi sarrafa a ''The Age'', har yanzu ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ra'ayin "barazanar ƙungiyoyin Afirka", musamman a farkon lokacin tsoron.<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Wani abin da aka ambata ta 'yan jarida a ''Herald Sun'' shine cewa sun ji aikinsu shine su ba da murya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, tare da wannan gano kai da wanda aka azabtar ya sa su jure "ayoyin samar da labarai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wakilcin masu laifuka masu ban sha'awa da launin fata".<ref name="Kounmouris-2021" /> Baya ga rahotannin jarida, shirin Nine Network ''A Current Affair'' ya kasance babban abin da ya haifar da tsaron ɗabi'a da aka watsa labarai ta hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Binciken Gaffey game da rahotannin laifuka na shirin a wannan lokacin yana mai da hankali kan mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewa fiye da ra'ayin masana ko bayanan kididdiga.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> A cikin rahotannin shirin, saɓani tsakanin "ƙwarewar" 'yan ƙasa da ba ta kai tsaye ba game da "laifukan ƙungiyoyi" da 'yan sanda da sauran hukumomi sun musanta cewa irin wannan matsalar tana wanzu an gabatar da shi a matsayin gazawar jihar wajen magance aikata laifuka maimakon kuskuren fahimta a ɓangaren jama'a.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> Gaffey yana ganin wannan fifikon fahimta fiye da gaskiya dangane da ra'ayin wani nau'i na zamani na parrhesia, inda ake ganin muryar masana ba ta da gaskiya fiye da labaran "ƙwarewa" na "talakawa", waɗanda galibi, a zahiri, ba su da ƙwarewar kai tsaye na batun da suke sharhi a kai.<ref name="Gaffey-2019" /> ==Tasirin Firgici ga Bakaken Fata 'Yan Ostiraliya== Wani bincike na shekarar 2018 da aka gudanar ta hanyar yin tambayoyi ga matasan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako da yawa na rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai game da tarzomar Moomba da labaran kungiyoyin da suka biyo baya.<ref name="Benier" /> Mahalarta binciken sun bayyana cewa a lokacin firgicin, an samu karuwar cin zarafi na launin fata a kansu a wuraren jama'a kuma mutane masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata sun sami damar bayyana su, saboda sun ji an ba su halacci kuma an saba da su ta hanyar yaren kafofin watsa labarai na launin fata.<ref name="Benier" /> Wannan karuwar sharhi da cin zarafi na launin fata an kuma lura da shi ta mahalarta a shafukan sada zumunta kamar Facebook.<ref name="Benier" /> Mahalarta sun kuma lura da damuwa da sharhin kan layi a ƙarƙashin rahotanni daga kafofin watsa labarai kamar Channel Seven waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata masu zafi da kiran a kori 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya. Mahalarta sun lura da rashin sharhi da ke kare 'yan Afirka 'yan Ostiraliya kuma sun ɗauki waɗannan sassan sharhi a matsayin "ci gaba da tunatarwa cewa wasu sassan jama'ar Ostiraliya masu magana ba su da haƙuri ga kasancewar al'ummomin Sudan ta Kudu a Ostiraliya."<ref name="Benier" /> Baya ga wannan fallasa ga wariyar launin fata, matasan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya sun ji cewa firgicin ya yi musu zagon ƙasa kuma ya danganta su da aikata laifuka, yana da mummunan tasiri a matakin mutum da na al'umma.<ref name="Benier" /> Wasu matasa sun fuskanci wannan a matsayin matsin lamba na dindindin don tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba daidai ba ne.<ref name="Benier" /> Wasu sun ba da rahoton cewa saninsu game da abin da ya shafi wariyar launin fata a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya da rashin haƙurinta a kansu, ya sa su yi shakkun mutane daga wajen rukununsu, duk da cewa sun sani cewa abin da ya shafi wariyar launin fata ƙaramin rukuni ne.<ref name="Benier" /> A makarantu, 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya sun ba da rahoton cewa labaran da aka yi wa gishiri game da abin da ake zargin "kungiyar Apex" ya sa malamai su ɗauki rukuni-rukuni na yaran Sudan a matsayin ƙungiyoyin masu laifi masu yuwuwa, kuma ba a yarda da rukuni-rukuni na yaran Sudan ba.<ref name="Benier" /> Hakazalika, an zagi 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya da kalmomi masu nuna yaren firgicin a makaranta da kuma a bainar jama'a.<ref name="Benier" /><ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Sun kuma ba da rahoton yawan microaggressions waɗanda suka sa su yi tambaya game da kasancewarsu da darajarsu a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Yin binciken launin fata na 'yan Afirka 'yan Ostiraliya ta 'yan sanda a lokacin firgicin ya haifar da jin an tsananta musu da rashin 'yancin motsi da kuma haɗuwa a bainar jama'a da mutanen kabilarsu.<ref name="Benier-2020" /><ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> Weng da Mansouri sun lura cewa tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na ware duka 'yan Afirka da 'yan Musulmi 'yan Ostiraliya ya sanya su a waje da al'adun rayuwar Ostiraliya, kamar yadda yawancin Anglo-Celtic suka ayyana.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Suna jayayya cewa wannan ci gaba da mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai yana cutar da mutuncin kai na 'yan Afirka da 'yan Musulmi 'yan Ostiraliya, yana haifar da ware kai kuma yana haifar da zargi da nuna bambanci.<ref name="Weng-2021" /> Jin ware kai, kunya da kasancewa manufa ta rashin girmamawa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da fallasa ga bayyanar jama'a na mummunan sakamakon zamantakewa na firgicin, na iya haifar da cutarwar tunani ta hanyar lalata fahimtar kai mai kyau.<ref name="Tebeje-2021" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bz22h1x2je9dvj2oymtwxreo444wdh8 0 103938 963277 652335 2026-10-05T06:35:54Z Gwanki 3834 /* Sakamakon */ 963277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da babban zabe a Najeriya a karo na farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1923. [1] Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NNDP) ta lashe uku daga cikin kujeru huɗu da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokoki. == Tarihi == An gabatar da zaɓaɓɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya a watan Mayu 1919, lokacin da Dokar Townships ta ba da damar jefa kuri'a ga mambobi uku na [[Majalisar Birnin Lagos|Majalisar Birnin Legas]] ga wasu maza. An gudanar da zaben farko na majalisa a ranar 29 ga Maris 1920 . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=A brief history of elections in Nigeria |url=https://electoralhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Electoral-Hub-Research-Paper-2-A-Brief-History-of-Elections-in-Nigeria.pdf |website=Electoral Hub}}</ref> A shekara ta 1922 an gabatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki (wanda aka sani da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Clifford bayan Gwamna Hugh Clifford), wanda ya gabatar da kujeru huɗu da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokoki, uku ga [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da ɗaya ga [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. == Tsarin zabe == Dokar Najeriya ta 1922 (Majalisar Shari'a) a Majalisar ta samar da Majalisar Dokoki mai mambobi 46, daga cikinsu 23 jami'an da aka zaba ne, hudu jami'an ne, har zuwa 15 an nada su mambobi marasa izini kuma an zabi hudu. Jami'an 23 na officio sun hada da [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|Gwamna]], Babban Sakatare da mataimakin su, Mataimakin Gwamna da Sakatare na lardunan Arewa da Kudancin, Babban Lauyan, Kwamandan Rundunar Najeriya, Darakta na Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya, Ma'aikatar Kudi, Daraktocin Ruwa, Mai Kula da Kwastam, Sakataren, tare da manyan mazauna goma. An ƙuntata ikon mallakar ga maza masu shekaru 21 ko sama da haka waɗanda suka kasance 'yan Burtaniya ko' yan asalin Najeriya waɗanda suka zauna a yankin karamar hukuma na watanni 12 kafin zaben, kuma waɗanda suka sami akalla £ 100 a cikin shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. An hana 'yancin jefa kuri'a daga wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci da aikata laifi kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, aiki tuƙuru ko kurkuku sama da shekara guda, ko kuma suna da "magana mara kyau". Kusan mutane 4,000 ne kawai suka yi rajista don yin zabe a Legas daga cikin yawan mutane 99,000, yayin da kawai 453 suka yi rajistar a Calabar. Dukkanin masu jefa kuri'a da suka cancanci za su iya tsayawa takara sai dai idan suna da fatarar kuɗi, sun sami taimako a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata ko kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati ne. Ana buƙatar 'yan takara su sami gabatarwa na akalla masu jefa kuri'a uku da aka yi rajista kuma su ajiya £ 10. An zartar da ka'idojin zabe a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1923, wanda ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da yadda za a gudanar da zaben, gami da kirkirar rajistar zaɓe. Lokacin majalisar ya kasance shekaru biyar. == Yaƙin neman zaɓe == 'Yan takara goma sun yi takara a kujerun Legas guda uku, yayin da' yan takara hudu suka yi takara don kujerar guda daya a Calabar. ==Sakamako== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kujeru |- | Nigerian National Democratic Party || 3,882 || 3 |- | People's Union || 223 || 0 |- | Masu zaman kansu || 904 || 1 |- | colspan="3" | Madogara: Tamuno |} ===A mazabu=== {| class="wikitable" ! Mazaba !! Ɗan takara !! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u |- | rowspan="4" | Calabar (ɗan majalisa 1) | '''Kwamina Ata-Amonu''' || Mai zaman kansa || 70 |- | A. Archibong || Mai zaman kansa || 69 |- | C. W. Clinton || Mai zaman kansa || 51 |- | Essien Essien Ofiong || Mai zaman kansa || 16 |- | colspan="4" | Madogara: Tamuno |} {| class="wikitable" ! Mazaba !! Ɗan takara !! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u |- | rowspan="10" | Lagos ('yan majalisa 3) | '''Egerton Shyngle''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 1,303 |- | '''Eric Moore''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 1,298 |- | '''Crispin Adeniyi-Jones''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 1,281 |- | Adeyemo Alakija || Mai zaman kansa || 271 |- | Frederick Mulford || Mai zaman kansa || 229 |- | Orisadipe Obasa || People's Union || 223 |- | George Debayo Agbebi || Mai zaman kansa || 127 |- | A.M. Harvey || Mai zaman kansa || 47 |- | Candido da Rocha || Mai zaman kansa || 17 |- | M.N.B. Wilson || Mai zaman kansa || 7 |- | colspan="4" | Madogara: Tamuno |} ===Jerin mambobi=== Gwamna Clifford ya naɗa mambobi 13 marasa aiki a Majalisar Dokoki, waɗanda bakwai daga cikinsu Turawa ne, shida kuma ’yan Afirka ne.<ref name=JW2/> Mambobin Turawan bakwai sun wakilci harkokin kasuwanci, inda uku suka wakilci bangarorin banki, hakar ma'adinai da sufuri ta ruwa, yayin da huɗu suka wakilci harkokin kasuwanci na Calabar, Kano, Lagos da Port Harcourt.<ref>Wheare, p81</ref> Mambobin Afirka shida sun wakilci ’yan kasuwar Afirka, Colony of Lagos, Lardin Oyo, yankin Rivers, Egba da Ibo.<ref>Wheare, p72</ref> Jami'an da aka naɗa sun haɗa da Babban Manajan Nigerian Railways, Daraktan Ayyukan Jama'a da Babban Jami'in Wasiku.<ref name=JW/> {| class="wikitable" ! Mazaba ! Mamba |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin da aka zaɓa |- | Calabar || Kwamina Ata-Amonu |- | rowspan="3" | Lagos || Egerton Shyngle |- | Eric Moore |- | Crispin Adeniyi-Jones |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin Afirka da aka naɗa |- | African Traders || S.C. Obianwu |- | Colony || Kitoye Ajasa |- | Egba || S.H. Pearse |- | Ibo || I.O. Mba |- | Oyo Province || E.H. Oke |- | Rivers district || M. Pepple-Jaja |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin kasuwanci da aka naɗa |- | Banking || L.M. Herepath (Barclays) |- | Mining || A.L. Butler |- | Shipping || L.A. Archer |- | Calabar || G. Graham Paul |- | Kano || J.W. Speer |- | Lagos || J.T. Wagstaffe |- | Port Harcourt || J.B. Jones |- | colspan="2" | Madogara: Wheare |} == Sakamakon haka == An kaddamar da sabon Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 31 ga Oktoba. A shekara ta 1926 An gudanar da zabe a kujerar Legas bayan mutuwar Egerton Shyngle, kuma [[John Caulcrick]] na NNDP ya lashe. A cikin 1927 an maye gurbin biyu daga cikin membobin kasuwanci; R F Irving ya zama memba na Legas a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu kuma H S Feggetter na Elder Dempster Lines ya zama wakilin jigilar kaya a ranar 4 ga Afrilu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7bztyr2e3p610rluooa3w865cghr4fe 0 103939 963280 652354 2026-10-05T06:39:44Z Gwanki 3834 /* Sakamakon */ 963280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da babban zabe a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba 1928. Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NNDP) ta lashe uku daga cikin kujeru huɗu da aka zaba a [[Legislative Council of Nigeria|Majalisar Dokoki]]. == Tsarin zabe == Dokar Najeriya ta 1922 (Majalisar Shari'a) a Majalisar ta samar da Majalisar Dokoki mai mambobi 46, daga cikinsu 23 jami'an da aka zaba ne, hudu jami'an ne, har zuwa 15 an nada su mambobi marasa izini kuma an zabi hudu (uku a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da daya a [[Kalaba|Calabar]]). Jami'an 23 na ex-officio sun hada da [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|Gwamna]], Babban Sakatare da mataimakin su, Mataimakin Gwamna da Sakatare na lardunan Arewa da Kudancin, Babban Lauyan, Kwamandan Rundunar Najeriya, Darakta na Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin, Daraktocin Ruwa, Mai Kula da Kwastam, Sakatare, tare da manyan mazauna goma. An ƙuntata ikon mallakar ga maza masu shekaru 21 ko sama da haka waɗanda suka kasance 'yan Burtaniya ko' yan asalin Najeriya waɗanda suka zauna a yankin karamar hukuma na watanni 12 kafin zaben, kuma waɗanda suka sami akalla £ 100 a cikin shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. An hana 'yancin jefa kuri'a daga wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci da aikata laifi kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, aiki tuƙuru ko kurkuku sama da shekara guda, ko kuma suna da "magana mara kyau". Mutane 3,011 ne kawai suka yi rajista don yin zabe a Legas da 500-600 a Calabar. Dukkanin masu jefa kuri'a da suka cancanci za su iya tsayawa takara sai dai idan suna da fatarar kuɗi, sun sami taimako a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata ko kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati ne. Ana buƙatar 'yan takara su sami gabatarwa na akalla masu jefa kuri'a uku da aka yi rajista kuma su ajiya £ 10. Lokacin majalisar ya kasance shekaru biyar. == Yaƙin neman zaɓe == 'Yan takara biyar sun yi takara a kujerun Legas guda uku, daga cikinsu uku sun fito ne daga NNDP; Crispin Adeniyi-Jones da [[Eric Moore (Nigerian politician)|Eric Moore]], wadanda suka kasance mambobi ne na yanzu, an zabe su a [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1923|Zaben 1923]], da kuma lauya da kuma dan kasuwa T. A. Doherty. Sauran 'yan takarar sune J. B. Benjamin, injiniya, da EM E Agbegi, lauya, dukansu biyu sun gudu a matsayin masu zaman kansu. A Calabar [[C. W. Clinton]] na Calabar Ratepayers' Association shine kawai dan takara, kuma an zabe shi ba tare da hamayya ba. ==Sakamako== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kujeru !! Canjin kujeru |- | Nigerian National Democratic Party || 2,606 || 3 || 0 |- | Calabar Ratepayers' Association || — || 1 || Sabo |- | Masu zaman kansu || 408 || 0 || −1 |- ! Jimilla || || || 0 |- | colspan="4" | Madogara: Tamuno |} ===A mazabu=== {| class="wikitable" ! Mazaba !! Ɗan takara !! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Bayani |- | rowspan="5" | Lagos (’yan majalisa 3) | '''Crispin Adeniyi-Jones''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 888 || An zaɓe shi |- | '''Eric Moore''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 883 || An zaɓe shi |- | '''T. A. Doherty''' || Nigerian National Democratic Party || 835 || An zaɓe shi |- | J.B. Benjamin || Mai zaman kansa || 215 || |- | E.M.E. Agbegi || Mai zaman kansa || 193 || |- | colspan="4" | Masu zaɓe: 3,011 |- | colspan="5" | Madogara: Tamuno |} ===Jerin mambobi=== Gwamna Graeme Thomson ya naɗa mambobi 14 marasa aiki zuwa Majalisar Dokoki, waɗanda bakwai daga cikinsu Turawa ne, bakwai kuma ’yan Afirka ne, wanda ya kasance ƙarin mamba ɗaya na Afirka daga zaɓen 1923. Turawan bakwai sun wakilci harkokin kasuwanci, inda uku suka wakilci bangarorin banki, hakar ma'adinai da sufuri ta ruwa, yayin da huɗu suka wakilci harkokin kasuwanci na Calabar, Kano, Lagos da Port Harcourt.<ref>Wheare, p81</ref> Mambobin Afirka bakwai sun wakilci ’yan kasuwar Afirka, Colony of Lagos, Lardin Oyo, yankin Rivers, Egba da Ibo, da kuma kujera ɗaya da ta wakilci biranen Benin da Warri.<ref>Wheare, p72</ref> Sabbin waɗanda aka naɗa kawai su ne I T Palmer, wanda ya riƙe sabuwar kujerar Benin-Warri, da L White, wanda ya maye gurbin J B Jones a matsayin wakilin Port Harcourt.<ref name=JW3/> {| class="wikitable" ! Mazaba ! Mamba |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin da aka zaɓa |- | Calabar || C. W. Clinton |- | rowspan="3" | Lagos || Crispin Adeniyi-Jones |- | T. A. Doherty |- | Eric Moore |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin Afirka da aka naɗa |- | African Traders || S.C. Obianwu |- | Benin & Warri || I.T. Palmer |- | Colony || Kitoye Ajasa |- | Egba || S.H. Pearse |- | Ibo || I.O. Mba |- | Oyo Province || E.H. Oke |- | Rivers district || M. Pepple-Jaja |- ! colspan="2" | Mambobin kasuwanci da aka naɗa |- | Banking || L.M. Herepath (Barclays) |- | Mining || A.L. Butler |- | Shipping || H.S. Feggetter |- | Calabar || G. Graham Paul |- | Kano || J.W. Speer |- | Lagos || R.F. Irving |- | Port Harcourt || L. White |- | colspan="2" | Madogara: Wheare |} == Sakamakon haka == A lokacin majalisar dokoki an maye gurbin mambobi da yawa; A S Agbaje ya zama memba da aka nada don lardin Oyo a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1930, T Hepburn ya zama memba na kasuwanci na Kano a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1930 kuma G T Basden ya zama memba mai nada don Ibo a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1933. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nel2ctlm0gdyl98407unv4x8nc507ip 0 103952 963272 652381 2026-10-05T06:32:39Z Gwanki 3834 /* Gidan Wakilai */ 963272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaben majalisar dokoki a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1979 a karo na farko tun 1964 don zabar Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 14 ga Yulin. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria, wacce ta lashe 36 daga cikin kujeru 95 na Majalisar Dattijai da 168 daga cikin kujerun 449 na Majalisar. Ya kafa hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya don samun rinjaye. Masu jefa kuri'a sun kai kashi 30.7% ne kawai a zaben majalisar. == Tsarin zabe == An zabi mambobi na gidaje biyu ta amfani da tsarin zaɓe na mambobi guda ɗaya. Kowace Jiha ta kasu kashi biyar, kowannensu ya zabi Sanata. Kowace Jiha kuma an ba ta kujeru da yawa a cikin Majalisar Wakilai bisa ga yawan jama'a. ==Sakamako== ===Majalisar Dattawa=== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kujeru |- | National Party of Nigeria || 4,032,329 || 36 |- | Unity Party of Nigeria || 2,835,362 || 28 |- | Nigerian People's Party || 2,145,859 || 16 |- | Great Nigeria People's Party || 1,847,019 || 8 |- | People's Redemption Party || 1,453,538 || 7 |- ! Jimillar kuri'u || 12,532,195 || |- ! Masu zaɓe || 48,633,782 || |- | colspan="3" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al.'' |} ====Sakamako bisa jiha==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! NPN ! UPN ! NPP ! GNPP ! PRP |- | Anambra || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 |- | Bauchi || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Bendel || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Benue || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Borno || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 |- | Cross River || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 |- | Gongola || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 |- | Imo || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 |- | Kaduna || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 |- | Kano || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 |- | Kwara || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Lagos || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Niger || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ogun || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ondo || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Oyo || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Plateau || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- | Rivers || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | Sokoto || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran |} ===Majalisar Wakilai=== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kashi (%) !! Kujeru |- | National Party of Nigeria || 5,325,680 || 35.6 || 168 |- | Unity Party of Nigeria || 3,691,553 || 24.6 || 111 |- | Nigerian People's Party || 2,391,279 || 16.0 || 78 |- | People's Redemption Party || — || — || 49 |- | Great Nigeria People's Party || — || — || 43 |- ! Jimillar kuri'u || 14,941,555 || || |- ! Masu zaɓe || 48,633,782 || || |- | colspan="4" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al.'' |} ====Sakamako bisa jiha==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! NPN ! UPN ! NPP ! GNPP ! PRP |- | Anambra || 3 || 0 || 26 || 0 || 0 |- | Bauchi || 18 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 |- | Bendel || 6 || 12 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | Benue || 18 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- | Borno || 2 || 0 || 0 || 22 || 0 |- | Cross River || 22 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 |- | Gongola || 5 || 7 || 1 || 8 || 0 |- | Imo || 2 || 0 || 28 || 0 || 0 |- | Kaduna || 19 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 10 |- | Kano || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 39 |- | Kwara || 8 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 0 |- | Lagos || 0 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Niger || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ogun || 0 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ondo || 0 || 22 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Oyo || 4 || 38 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Plateau || 3 || 0 || 13 || 0 || 0 |- | Rivers || 10 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- | Sokoto || 31 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 22to8o2g3wbzd6fu70hkq3kcde9wo1q 963274 963272 2026-10-05T06:34:18Z Gwanki 3834 963274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaben majalisar dokoki a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1979 a karo na farko tun 1964 don zabar Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 14 ga Yulin. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria, wacce ta lashe 36 daga cikin kujeru 95 na Majalisar Dattijai da 168 daga cikin kujerun 449 na Majalisar.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html Elections in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |date=8 November 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> Ya kafa hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya don samun rinjaye. Masu jefa kuri'a sun kai kashi 30.7% ne kawai a zaben majalisar.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/NIGERIA_1979_E.PDF Nigeria] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref> <ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p707 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == An zabi mambobi na gidaje biyu ta amfani da tsarin zaɓe na mambobi guda ɗaya. Kowace Jiha ta kasu kashi biyar, kowannensu ya zabi Sanata. Kowace Jiha kuma an ba ta kujeru da yawa a cikin Majalisar Wakilai bisa ga yawan jama'a.<ref name=OO>{{cite book|last1=Oyediran|first1=Oyeleye|title=The Nigerian 1979 elections|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerian1979elec00oyed|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=Macmillan Nigeria|location=Illupeju, Lagos|isbn=0333317858}}</ref> ==Sakamako== ===Majalisar Dattawa=== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kujeru |- | National Party of Nigeria || 4,032,329 || 36 |- | Unity Party of Nigeria || 2,835,362 || 28 |- | Nigerian People's Party || 2,145,859 || 16 |- | Great Nigeria People's Party || 1,847,019 || 8 |- | People's Redemption Party || 1,453,538 || 7 |- ! Jimillar kuri'u || 12,532,195 || |- ! Masu zaɓe || 48,633,782 || |- | colspan="3" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al.'' |} ====Sakamako bisa jiha==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! NPN ! UPN ! NPP ! GNPP ! PRP |- | Anambra || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 |- | Bauchi || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Bendel || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Benue || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Borno || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 |- | Cross River || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 |- | Gongola || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 |- | Imo || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 |- | Kaduna || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 |- | Kano || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 |- | Kwara || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Lagos || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Niger || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ogun || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ondo || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Oyo || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Plateau || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- | Rivers || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | Sokoto || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran |} ===Majalisar Wakilai=== {| class="wikitable" ! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u !! Kashi (%) !! Kujeru |- | National Party of Nigeria || 5,325,680 || 35.6 || 168 |- | Unity Party of Nigeria || 3,691,553 || 24.6 || 111 |- | Nigerian People's Party || 2,391,279 || 16.0 || 78 |- | People's Redemption Party || — || — || 49 |- | Great Nigeria People's Party || — || — || 43 |- ! Jimillar kuri'u || 14,941,555 || || |- ! Masu zaɓe || 48,633,782 || || |- | colspan="4" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al.'' |} ====Sakamako bisa jiha==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! NPN ! UPN ! NPP ! GNPP ! PRP |- | Anambra || 3 || 0 || 26 || 0 || 0 |- | Bauchi || 18 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 |- | Bendel || 6 || 12 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | Benue || 18 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- | Borno || 2 || 0 || 0 || 22 || 0 |- | Cross River || 22 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 |- | Gongola || 5 || 7 || 1 || 8 || 0 |- | Imo || 2 || 0 || 28 || 0 || 0 |- | Kaduna || 19 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 10 |- | Kano || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 39 |- | Kwara || 8 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 0 |- | Lagos || 0 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Niger || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ogun || 0 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Ondo || 0 || 22 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Oyo || 4 || 38 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | Plateau || 3 || 0 || 13 || 0 || 0 |- | Rivers || 10 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- | Sokoto || 31 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 583g6p63rk1tdne9clsm9wbl6iidkp7 0 105141 963078 940313 2026-10-04T17:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Labubu''' (Sinanci: 拉布布) alama ce ta kayan wasa ne masu ban sha'awa da aka kirkira ta [[Hong Kong]]-[[Beljik|Belgian]] mai zanen {{Interlanguage link|Kasing Lung|zh|龍家昇}} (Sinansi: 龍家昇 <ref name="inv-lung">{{Cite web |title=Lot 311: 龍家昇 Kasing Lung(Hong Kong) |url=https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/kasing-lung-hong-kong-311-c-a8747dcb6a |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Invaluable}}</ref>) kuma ana tallata su kuma ana sayar da su ne kawai a kantin sayar da su Pop Mart .<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Adam. |date=30 April 2025 |title="I was told they were sold out. I always wanted one immediately": Why countless guys are obsessed with those weird and wild Labubu dolls |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/what-are-labubu-dolls |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[British GQ]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tabiolo |first=Jewil Anne M. |date=19 October 2024 |title=All You Need to Know:Labubu 'hottest collectible' right now |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/all-you-need-to-know-labubu-hottest-collectible-right-no |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[SunStar]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jeff |date=23 October 2024 |title=Labubu mania sweeps the Philippines: Celebrities can't get enough of these whimsical toys |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/10/22/labubu-mania-sweeps-the-philippines-celebrities-cant-get-enough-of-these-whimsical-toys |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)|Daily Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Labubu'' kuma shine sunan babban hali a cikin jerin. == Tarihi == Labubu ya fara ne a matsayin hali wanda Kasing Lung acikin shekara ta (1972-),<ref name="gallery-kaikaikiki_bio_kasing-lung">{{Cite web |title=Kasing Lung Biography |url=https://en.gallery-kaikaikiki.com/2020/10/bio_kasing-lung/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[Kaikai Kiki]] Gallery}}</ref> mai zane-zane da aka haifa acikin Hong Kong wanda ya girma a Utrecht, [[Holand|Netherlands]], wanda daga baya ya zauna a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Beljik|Belgium]]. Labubu ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin labarun Lung The Monsters, wanda ya sami rinjaye daga al'adun Nordic da [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] da ya ji daɗi a lokacin yaro. <ref name="CNA">{{Cite web |last=Sukri |first=Hazeeq |date=26 September 2024 |title=4 things to know about Labubu, the popular Pop Mart figure with fans including Blackpink's Lisa |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/trending/things-know-about-labubu-pop-mart-409246 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=[[Channel News Asia|CNA]] Lifestyle}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Surbano |first=Eric E. |date=21 September 2024 |title=Decoding the Labubu hype from its origins to creator and celebrity endorsements |url=https://www.prestigeonline.com/my/lifestyle/culture-plus-entertainment/what-is-labubu-faq-where-to-buy-origins-price-kasing-lung-lalisa-manobal/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Prestige Online - Malaysia |language=en-MY}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> An fara gabatar da Labubu acikin shekarar 2015 <ref name=":2"/> tare da siffofin "Monsters" da kamfanin How2Work ya samar; abin wasa ya sami karbuwa sosai acikin shekarar 2019 biyo bayan hadin gwiwa tare da Pop Mart.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":5" /> Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya haɓaka shahararren Labubu tsakanin masu tarawa. Ya zuwa cikin shekara ta 2025, Labubu ya saki fiye da siffofi 300 daban-daban na Labubu, wanda ya kasance girman da farashi, daga $ 15 don adadi na vinyl mai inci takwas (3 in) zuwa $ 960 don fitowar "mega" mai inci 79.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Corsillo |first=Liza |date=12 June 2025 |title=The Confused Aunt's Guide to Labubu |url=https://nymag.com/strategist/article/labubu-explainer-2025.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=[[The Strategist]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yuni, an sayar da Labubu mai tsayi 1.2 (4 na mint-kore don $ 170,000 a farkon gwanin Labubu da aka gudanar a Beijing.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Gulino |first=Elizabeth |date=11 June 2025 |title=Would You Pay $170,000 for a Labubu? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/labubu-doll-auction-beijing-china.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=[[TheCut.com]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin == [[Fayil:Pop_Mart_store_at_Lize_Paradise_Walk_(20210911185655).jpg|thumb|Pop Mart ta sayar da 'yan tsana na Labubu tun daga cikin shekarar 2019.]] An bayyana Labubus a matsayin mai ban sha'awa amma dan kadan mai tsananin fuska, wanda ke nuna zagaye, jiki mai gashi, idanu masu faɗi, kunnuwa masu kaifi,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharade |first=Aditi |last2=Liam |first2=Erin |date=15 November 2024 |title=A fluffy, $85 toy is taking Asia by storm and sparking legions of knockoffs. Inside the meteoric rise of Labubu. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-rise-labubu-monsters-popmart-toy-adults-china-sold-out-2024-11 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> da hakora tara masu kaifi waɗanda ke samar da murmushi mai banƙyama.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/> Baya ga Labubu kanta, wasu adadi suma suna cikin "ƙabilar" da ake kira "The Monsters", gami da haruffa Mokoko, Pato, Spooky, Tycoco (sauraron Labubu mai kama da kwarangwal), da Zimomo (shugaban Monsters, tare da wutsiya mai tsayi).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bargeron |first=Sadie |title=Blackpink's Lisa's favorite Pop Mart toy Labubu causes global mania |url=https://jingdaily.com/posts/from-bangkok-to-la-how-the-world-caught-labubu-mania |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=JingDaily.com |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109040602/https://jingdaily.com/posts/from-bangkok-to-la-how-the-world-caught-labubu-mania |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Natasha Ann |date=14 November 2024 |title=Going ga-ga over Labubu: The toy that has fans fighting, faking and stealing it |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/going-ga-ga-over-labubu-the-toy-that-has-fans-fighting-faking-and-stealing-it |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> An samar da 'yan tsana tare da bayyanuwa iri-iri.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="nyt-gupta-25" /> Layin maɓallin Labubu na farko, mai taken "Exciting Macaron" (Sinanci: 心動馬卡龍), an sake shi acikin watan Oktoban na shekara ta 2023. Sauran tarin sun hada da "Fall in Wild", layin mutum bakwai "Ka sami kujerar" (Sinanci: 坐坐派對),<ref name="nyt-gupta-25" /> da kuma "Babban cikin Makamashi" (Sidanci: 大動力 jerin).<ref name="mash-bell-25">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Crystal |date=22 May 2025 |title=The cult and community of Labubu |url=https://mashable.com/article/labubu-internet-craze-community |access-date=28 May 2025 |publisher=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Pop Mart ya kuma yi aiki tare da nau'ikan daban-daban, samar da jerin akwatin makafi na hunturu mai taken [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] na goma sha ɗaya Labubus a ƙarshen shekara ta 2024<ref name="sd-james-24">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Jesse |date=9 December 2024 |title=Pop Mart and Coca-Cola Unite for The Monsters Collection: A Must-Have for Collectors |url=https://stupiddope.com/2024/12/pop-mart-and-coca-cola-unite-for-the-monsters-collection-a-must-have-for-collectors/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Stupid Dope}}</ref> da kuma layin siffofi 13 na The Monsters da aka sake tunanin su a matsayin haruffa daga manga da anime One Piece a farkon 2025.<ref name="prestige-muliani-25">{{Cite web |last=Muliani |first=Johanna |date=10 March 2025 |title=How to purchase the Monsters x "One Piece" and Labubu collection in Singapore |url=https://www.prestigeonline.com/id/pursuits/entertainment/labubu-and-the-monsters-one-piece-collaboration-2025/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Prestige Online}}</ref> Sauran adadi an sake su ne kawai a gidajen tarihi daban-daban, kamar jerin "Labubu's Artistic Quest" da aka sayar a shagon Pop Mart a Louvre a Paris.<ref name="mash-bell-25"/><ref name="pop-mart-pr-24">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Pop Mart: Unveiling an Innovative Retail Experience at the Louvre |url=https://en.prnasia.com/releases/global/pop-mart-unveiling-an-innovative-retail-experience-at-the-louvre-455761.shtml |access-date=28 May 2025 |publisher=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref> === Akwatin makafi === Sau da yawa ana sayar da adadi na Labubu a cikin akwatunan makafi, waɗanda aka tattara cikin layi, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da kayan wasa da aka zaɓa a bazuwar daga wannan jerin.<ref name="Vogue">{{Cite web |last=Maguire |first=Lucy |date=30 April 2025 |title=Labubus, Jellycats and Crybaby: Why are toys going viral in 2025? |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/fashion/labubus-jellycats-and-crybaby-why-are-toys-going-viral-in-2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=[[Vogue Business]] |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430060217/https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/fashion/labubus-jellycats-and-crybaby-why-are-toys-going-viral-in-2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jerin sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da adadi mai ban sha'awa "asirin" ban da ƙirar da aka tallata.<ref name="mash-bell-25"/> == Karɓar baƙi == Abin wasa ya sami kulawa sosai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024 bayan an hango memba na K-pop Blackpink Lisa tare da maɓallin Labubu a kan jaka.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Andrea |date=5 November 2024 |title=Overnight lines, mall fights and instant sellouts: Labubu toy mania comes to America |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-11-05/labubu-craze |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da yanayin da ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar karuwar karbuwa a [[Tailan|Thailand]] da sauran sassan Kudu maso gabas da Gabashin Asiya.<ref name=":1"/> Liza Corsillo ta New York Magazine ta rubuta cewa "roƙon kayan wasa yana motsawa ta hanyar kyawawan abubuwan da ke da wuyar bayyanawa - suna da mummunan abu, amma ana iya rungumar su, tare da murmushi mai ban sha'awa - da kuma mamaki da ƙarancin. " Ta kuma rubuta cewa, kamar Jellycat da sauran kayan kwalliya da ake nema, Labubus ya ɓoye "layin tsakanin kayan wasa da kayan kwalliya". Ta lura cewa magoya baya suna son saukin su, kamar yadda za a iya yanke su zuwa jaka ko jakar baya.<ref name=":8"/> Bukatar Labubus ta isa ta rushe shafin yanar gizon a kalla sau ɗaya.<ref name=":8"/> Saboda shahararren alamar, nau'ikan karya, wani lokacin ana kiransu "Lafufus," sun bayyana a kasuwa.<ref name=":9"/> Hakanan ana samun kayan haɗi na karya don sayen kan layi.<ref name=":8" /> Wasu masu tarawa sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun nuna sha'awar waɗannan karya, saboda ƙirarsu ta al'ada.<ref name=":8" /> Rahoton wucin gadi na Pop Mart na ciki shekara ta 2024, wanda aka saki a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, ya bayyana cewa layin ya samar da tallace-tallace na Yuan na kasar Sin biliyan 6.3 (kimanin dala miliyan 870) a farkon rabin shekara.<ref name=":0"/>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} A Rasha, masu amfani da hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa sun sami kamanceceniya mai ban tsoro na Labubu da halin yankin Topple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=«С Чебурашкой сходство и правда есть»: композер «Киберслава» поставила точку в спорах о плагиате в истории с Лабубу |trans-title='There is a real similarity to Topple': composer of 'Kiberslav' dots argues about plagiarism in Labubu story |url=https://www.kinoafisha.info/articles/schitali-labubu-deshevoy-kopiey-cheburashki-a-zrya--kompozer-kiberslava-obyasnila-pochemu-kukla--ne-prosto-klon_id107989_a15787707/ |url-status=dead |access-date=3 July 2025 |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708083357/https://www.kinoafisha.info/articles/schitali-labubu-deshevoy-kopiey-cheburashki-a-zrya--kompozer-kiberslava-obyasnila-pochemu-kukla--ne-prosto-klon_id107989_a15787707/ }}</ref> Majalisar Tarayya ta Rasha ta ba da shawarar hana sayar da Labubus. Dalilin shi ne "bayyanar tsoratarwa" da kuma yiwuwar cutar da lafiyar kwakwalwar yara.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=В России предложили запретить модные фигурки Лабубу — сенатор считает их вредными для психики |trans-title=Russia proposes banning fashionable Labubu figurines — senator believes they are harmful to the psyche |url=https://kanobu.ru/news/v-rossii-predlozhili-zapretit-modnyie-figurki-labubu-senator-schitaet-ih-vrednyimi-dlya-psihiki-501216/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Kanobu.ru |language=ru}}</ref> A Rasha, [[Ekaterina Altabaeva]], mataimakiyar shugaban [[Committee on Science, Education and Culture|Kwamitin Kimiyya, Ilimi da Al'adu]], ta bayyana cewa adadi yana sa yara su ji tsoro. Ta yi kira ga Rospotrebnadzor da Rosobrnadzor da suyi la'akari da haramta su.<ref name=":10" /> Tatyana Butskaya, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Duma ta Jiha kan kare iyali, ya ba da rahoton cewa ana sayar da Labubus a Rasha ta hanyar keta ka'idoji. A cewarta, babu kalma ɗaya a cikin Rasha a kan kayan wasa, kuma alamar ba ta nuna cewa an ƙera su a Rasha ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Роскачество начало проверку Labubu. Из-за их огромной популярности в Думе готовят законопроект о «правильных игрушках» |trans-title=Roskachestvo has begun an inspection of Labubu. Due to their huge popularity, the Duma is preparing a bill on "correct toys" |url=https://www.pravilamag.ru/news/society-news/01-06-2025/750579-roskachestvo-nachalo-proverku-labubu-iz-za-ih-ogromnoi-populyarnosti-v-dume-gotovyat-zakonoproekt-o-pravilnyh-igrushkah/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Pravilamag.ru |language=ru-RU}}</ref> Koyaya, masana'antar ba ta sanya kayan wasa a matsayin kayan wasa na yara ba: yana da iyakar shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=«Уродский» тренд с парижскими корнями: как Лабубу продают на миллиарды и при чем тут Лиса из BLACKPINK |trans-title=The "ugly" trend with Parisian roots: how Laboubu is sold for billions and what does BLACKPINK's Lisa have to do with it |url=https://rtvi.us/culture/urodskij-trend-s-parizhskimi-kornyami-kak-labubu-prodayut-na-milliardy-i-pri-chem-tut-lisa-iz-blackpink/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=[[RTVI.us]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Labarai == === Amulets na Thai === A cikin shekara ta 2024, saboda shahararren kwayar cutar Labubu a Thailand, yawancin Thais sun fara gaskata cewa hotonsa na iya kawo wadata da wadata. A sakamakon haka, an sanya shi a cikin amulet na Buddha da tattoos masu tsarki (''Sak yant'').<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 May 2024 |title=ยันต์ลาบูบู้ เรียกทรัพย์ เมินดราม่าสายมูต่อแถวรอสัก ย้ำซอฟต์พาวเวอร์คนจีนชอบ |url=https://www.thairath.co.th/scoop/interview/2786767 |access-date= |website= |publisher=Thairath |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 May 2024 |title=พระพยอมติงยันต์ลาบูบู้ เหมือนเอาของบูชามาเป็นของเล่น |url=https://www.ch7.com/sports/728236 |access-date= |website=ช่อง 7HD |publisher= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707064508/https://www.ch7.com/sports/728236 |archive-date=7 July 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 July 2024 |title=冷门IP, 在外国意外爆火成财神? |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_28191729 |access-date= |website=[[澎湃新闻]] |publisher=印客美学 |quote=}}</ref> === Ci gaba ta siyasa === A cikin watan Satumban shekara ta 2024, ƙungiyar People's Action Party (PAP) Sengkang a [[Singafora|Singapore]] ta gudanar da taron rarraba kayan masarufi ga manyan 'yan ƙasa a Compassvale Crescent, Sengkang . A lokacin taron, an gabatar da maɓallin Labubu mai laushi da aka yi wa ado da fararen rigar da ke dauke da tambarin PAP. Lam Pin Min, shugaban reshen PAP Sengkang West, ya raba hotuna a kan kafofin sada zumunta na yar tsana da ke shiga cikin taron, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun mai sa kai". Yarinyar ta bayyana a cikin hoton hukuma na kungiyar kuma an nuna ta a cikin bidiyon [[TikTok]] na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chua |first=Ilyda |title=PAP Sengkang team debuts PAP Labubu doll during senior citizen grocery drive |url=https://mothership.sg/2024/09/pap-sengkang-team-labubu-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122034302/https://mothership.sg/2024/09/pap-sengkang-team-labubu-doll/ |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=mothership.sg |language=en}}</ref> === Bikin Alloli tara na Sarkin sarakuna === A cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, a lokacin bikin gumakan sarki tara, Haikali na Ling Lian Bao Dian na Singapore ya gabatar da abubuwan wasa masu tarawa a karon farko a kokarin jan hankalin matasa ga ayyukan addini na gargajiya. An yi ado da siffofi hudu na Labubu a matsayin masu ibada, a cikin fararen tufafi, fararen hular, da sashes masu launin rawaya, kuma sun shiga cikin bukukuwan. Wannan yunkurin ya jawo hankali da muhawara a kafofin sada zumunta. Duk da yake wasu sun yaba da ra'ayin a matsayin kyakkyawa da kuma al'adun al'adu, wasu sun yi tambaya ko rashin girmamawa ga alloli. Haikalin ya bayyana cewa kayan wasa suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin "masu ibada" kuma ba a bauta musu a matsayin hadayu ba, saboda haka ba a yi niyyar rashin girmamawa ba. Bidiyo na taron ya sami babban kallo a kan kafofin sada zumunta, yana jawo matasa da yawa zuwa haikalin don ganin siffofin da kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=Ren |date=8 October 2024 |title=庙宇为吸引年轻一代 引入潮玩共庆九皇爷诞 |url=https://www.8world.com/singapore/nine-emperor-gods-festival-celebration-labubu-devotee-2585976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205132053/https://www.8world.com/singapore/nine-emperor-gods-festival-celebration-labubu-devotee-2585976 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=8world |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leong |first=Dana |date=7 October 2024 |title=Labubu's appearance in Nine Emperor Gods festival gets internet talking |url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/labubus-appearance-nine-emperor-gods-festival-gets-internet-talking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512072300/https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/labubus-appearance-nine-emperor-gods-festival-gets-internet-talking |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cmhxma7wnvxz15o0rzehnp5e189pdic 0 106200 963268 687374 2026-10-05T06:28:07Z Gwanki 3834 963268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a [[Nigeria]] a karon farko a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1979. Sakamakon zaɓen ya kasance nasarar [[Shehu Shagari]], wanda jam'iyyarsa ta [[National Party of Nigeria]] ta lashe [[1979 Nigerian legislative election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] da aka gudanar a watan Yuli.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html Elections in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |date=8 November 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> ==Sakamako== {{Election results |cand1=Shehu Shagari|party1=National Party of Nigeria|votes1=5688857 |cand2=Obafemi Awolowo|party2=Unity Party of Nigeria|votes2=4916551 |cand3=Nnamdi Azikiwe|party3=Nigerian People's Party|votes3=2822523 |cand4=Aminu Kano|party4=People's Redemption Party|votes4=1732113 |cand5=Waziri Ibrahim|party5=Great Nigeria People's Party|votes5=1686489 |electorate=48633782 |source=Nohlen ''et al''.<ref>Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p716</ref> }} ===A jihohi=== {| class=wikitable sortable style=text-align:right !Jiha !Ibrahim % !Awolowo % !Shagari % !Kano % !Azikiwe % |- |align=left|Anambra||1.67||0.75||13.50||1.20||'''82.88''' |- |align=left|Bauchi||16.44||3.00||'''62.48'''||14.34||4.74 |- |align=left|Bendel||1.20||'''53.20'''||36.20||0.70||8.60 |- |align=left|Benue||7.97||2.57||'''76.38'''||1.35||11.77 |- |align=left|Borno||'''54.04'''||3.35||34.71||6.52||1.35 |- |align=left|Cross River||15.14||11.76||'''64.40'''||1.01||7.66 |- |align=left|Gongola||34.09||21.67||'''35.52'''||4.34||4.35 |- |align=left|Imo||3.00||0.64||8.80||0.59||'''84.69''' |- |align=left|Kaduna||14.00||7.00||'''43.00'''||31.00||5.00 |- |align=left|Kano||1.54||1.23||19.94||'''76.41'''||0.91 |- |align=left|Kwara||5.71||37.48||'''53.62'''||0.67||0.52 |- |align=left|Lagos||0.48||'''82.30'''||7.18||0.47||9.57 |- |align=left|Niger||16.60||3.67||'''74.88'''||3.77||1.11 |- |align=left|Ogun||0.53||'''92.61'''||6.23||0.31||0.32 |- |align=left|Ondo||0.26||'''94.50'''||4.19||0.18||0.86 |- |align=left|Oyo||0.57||'''85.78'''||12.75||0.32||0.55 |- |align=left|Plateau||6.82||5.29||34.72||3.98||'''49.70''' |- |align=left|Rivers||2.18||10.33||'''72.65'''||0.46||14.35 |- |align=left|Sokoto||26.61||2.52||'''66.58'''||3.33||0.92 |- |align=left colspan=6|Madogara: Oyediran<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyediran|first1=Oyeleye|title=The Nigerian 1979 elections|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerian1979elec00oyed|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=Macmillan Nigeria|location=Illupeju, Lagos|isbn=0333317858}}</ref> |} ==Bayan zaɓe== {{main|Awolowo v Shagari case}} A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1979, domin a zaɓi shugaban ƙasa a zagayen farko, ɗan takara yana buƙatar samun mafi yawan ƙuri'u a faɗin ƙasa, tare da samun aƙalla kashi 25% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohin ƙasar. Sai dai a lokacin zaɓen, Najeriya tana da jihohi 19, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohi 19 a ainihin lissafi ya kai 12.66. Saboda haka, an samu takaddama kan ko [[Shehu Shagari]] ya cika matakin da ake buƙata ta hanyar samun kashi 25% a jihohi 12 da kuma kashi 20% a [[Kano State]], inda Shagari ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ya kai kashi biyu cikin uku na matakin kashi 25% da ake buƙata, kuma ya wakilci ragowar 0.66 na matakin da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a zagaye adadin zuwa jihohi 13, wanda Shagari bai samu ba. [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya]] ta yanke hukunci a madadin Shagari.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Awolowo v. Shagari and Others|journal=Journal of African Law|date=1979|volume=23|issue=2|pages=175–182|jstor=745032}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} dye0mnhynnq5tbkjhqchwhth9oc6vl8 963270 963268 2026-10-05T06:30:05Z Gwanki 3834 /* Sakamako */ 963270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a [[Nigeria]] a karon farko a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1979. Sakamakon zaɓen ya kasance nasarar [[Shehu Shagari]], wanda jam'iyyarsa ta [[National Party of Nigeria]] ta lashe [[1979 Nigerian legislative election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] da aka gudanar a watan Yuli.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html Elections in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |date=8 November 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> ==Sakamako== {| class="wikitable" ! Dan takara !! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u |- | Shehu Shagari || National Party of Nigeria || 5,688,857 |- | Obafemi Awolowo || Unity Party of Nigeria || 4,916,551 |- | Nnamdi Azikiwe || Nigerian People's Party || 2,822,523 |- | Aminu Kano || People's Redemption Party || 1,732,113 |- | Waziri Ibrahim || Great Nigeria People's Party || 1,686,489 |- ! colspan="2" | Masu zaɓe | 48,633,782 |- | colspan="3" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al''.<ref>Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p716</ref> |} ===A jihohi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! Ibrahim % ! Awolowo % ! Shagari % ! Kano % ! Azikiwe % |- | Anambra || 1.67 || 0.75 || 13.50 || 1.20 || '''82.88''' |- | Bauchi || 16.44 || 3.00 || '''62.48''' || 14.34 || 4.74 |- | Bendel || 1.20 || '''53.20''' || 36.20 || 0.70 || 8.60 |- | Benue || 7.97 || 2.57 || '''76.38''' || 1.35 || 11.77 |- | Borno || '''54.04''' || 3.35 || 34.71 || 6.52 || 1.35 |- | Cross River || 15.14 || 11.76 || '''64.40''' || 1.01 || 7.66 |- | Gongola || 34.09 || 21.67 || '''35.52''' || 4.34 || 4.35 |- | Imo || 3.00 || 0.64 || 8.80 || 0.59 || '''84.69''' |- | Kaduna || 14.00 || 7.00 || '''43.00''' || 31.00 || 5.00 |- | Kano || 1.54 || 1.23 || 19.94 || '''76.41''' || 0.91 |- | Kwara || 5.71 || 37.48 || '''53.62''' || 0.67 || 0.52 |- | Lagos || 0.48 || '''82.30''' || 7.18 || 0.47 || 9.57 |- | Niger || 16.60 || 3.67 || '''74.88''' || 3.77 || 1.11 |- | Ogun || 0.53 || '''92.61''' || 6.23 || 0.31 || 0.32 |- | Ondo || 0.26 || '''94.50''' || 4.19 || 0.18 || 0.86 |- | Oyo || 0.57 || '''85.78''' || 12.75 || 0.32 || 0.55 |- | Plateau || 6.82 || 5.29 || 34.72 || 3.98 || '''49.70''' |- | Rivers || 2.18 || 10.33 || '''72.65''' || 0.46 || 14.35 |- | Sokoto || 26.61 || 2.52 || '''66.58''' || 3.33 || 0.92 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyediran|first1=Oyeleye|title=The Nigerian 1979 elections|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerian1979elec00oyed|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=Macmillan Nigeria|location=Illupeju, Lagos|isbn=0333317858}}</ref> |} ==Bayan zaɓe== {{main|Awolowo v Shagari case}} A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1979, domin a zaɓi shugaban ƙasa a zagayen farko, ɗan takara yana buƙatar samun mafi yawan ƙuri'u a faɗin ƙasa, tare da samun aƙalla kashi 25% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohin ƙasar. Sai dai a lokacin zaɓen, Najeriya tana da jihohi 19, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohi 19 a ainihin lissafi ya kai 12.66. Saboda haka, an samu takaddama kan ko [[Shehu Shagari]] ya cika matakin da ake buƙata ta hanyar samun kashi 25% a jihohi 12 da kuma kashi 20% a [[Kano State]], inda Shagari ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ya kai kashi biyu cikin uku na matakin kashi 25% da ake buƙata, kuma ya wakilci ragowar 0.66 na matakin da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a zagaye adadin zuwa jihohi 13, wanda Shagari bai samu ba. [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya]] ta yanke hukunci a madadin Shagari.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Awolowo v. Shagari and Others|journal=Journal of African Law|date=1979|volume=23|issue=2|pages=175–182|jstor=745032}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} bxg11n2jxbtxv63ri48nua3keszk9tz 963271 963270 2026-10-05T06:30:21Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayan zaɓe */ 963271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a [[Nigeria]] a karon farko a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1979. Sakamakon zaɓen ya kasance nasarar [[Shehu Shagari]], wanda jam'iyyarsa ta [[National Party of Nigeria]] ta lashe [[1979 Nigerian legislative election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] da aka gudanar a watan Yuli.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html Elections in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |date=8 November 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> ==Sakamako== {| class="wikitable" ! Dan takara !! Jam'iyya !! Kuri'u |- | Shehu Shagari || National Party of Nigeria || 5,688,857 |- | Obafemi Awolowo || Unity Party of Nigeria || 4,916,551 |- | Nnamdi Azikiwe || Nigerian People's Party || 2,822,523 |- | Aminu Kano || People's Redemption Party || 1,732,113 |- | Waziri Ibrahim || Great Nigeria People's Party || 1,686,489 |- ! colspan="2" | Masu zaɓe | 48,633,782 |- | colspan="3" | Madogara: Nohlen ''et al''.<ref>Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p716</ref> |} ===A jihohi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jiha ! Ibrahim % ! Awolowo % ! Shagari % ! Kano % ! Azikiwe % |- | Anambra || 1.67 || 0.75 || 13.50 || 1.20 || '''82.88''' |- | Bauchi || 16.44 || 3.00 || '''62.48''' || 14.34 || 4.74 |- | Bendel || 1.20 || '''53.20''' || 36.20 || 0.70 || 8.60 |- | Benue || 7.97 || 2.57 || '''76.38''' || 1.35 || 11.77 |- | Borno || '''54.04''' || 3.35 || 34.71 || 6.52 || 1.35 |- | Cross River || 15.14 || 11.76 || '''64.40''' || 1.01 || 7.66 |- | Gongola || 34.09 || 21.67 || '''35.52''' || 4.34 || 4.35 |- | Imo || 3.00 || 0.64 || 8.80 || 0.59 || '''84.69''' |- | Kaduna || 14.00 || 7.00 || '''43.00''' || 31.00 || 5.00 |- | Kano || 1.54 || 1.23 || 19.94 || '''76.41''' || 0.91 |- | Kwara || 5.71 || 37.48 || '''53.62''' || 0.67 || 0.52 |- | Lagos || 0.48 || '''82.30''' || 7.18 || 0.47 || 9.57 |- | Niger || 16.60 || 3.67 || '''74.88''' || 3.77 || 1.11 |- | Ogun || 0.53 || '''92.61''' || 6.23 || 0.31 || 0.32 |- | Ondo || 0.26 || '''94.50''' || 4.19 || 0.18 || 0.86 |- | Oyo || 0.57 || '''85.78''' || 12.75 || 0.32 || 0.55 |- | Plateau || 6.82 || 5.29 || 34.72 || 3.98 || '''49.70''' |- | Rivers || 2.18 || 10.33 || '''72.65''' || 0.46 || 14.35 |- | Sokoto || 26.61 || 2.52 || '''66.58''' || 3.33 || 0.92 |- | colspan="6" | Madogara: Oyediran<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyediran|first1=Oyeleye|title=The Nigerian 1979 elections|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerian1979elec00oyed|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=Macmillan Nigeria|location=Illupeju, Lagos|isbn=0333317858}}</ref> |} ==Bayan zaɓe== A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1979, domin a zaɓi shugaban ƙasa a zagayen farko, ɗan takara yana buƙatar samun mafi yawan ƙuri'u a faɗin ƙasa, tare da samun aƙalla kashi 25% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohin ƙasar. Sai dai a lokacin zaɓen, Najeriya tana da jihohi 19, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na jihohi 19 a ainihin lissafi ya kai 12.66. Saboda haka, an samu takaddama kan ko [[Shehu Shagari]] ya cika matakin da ake buƙata ta hanyar samun kashi 25% a jihohi 12 da kuma kashi 20% a [[Kano State]], inda Shagari ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ya kai kashi biyu cikin uku na matakin kashi 25% da ake buƙata, kuma ya wakilci ragowar 0.66 na matakin da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a zagaye adadin zuwa jihohi 13, wanda Shagari bai samu ba. [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya]] ta yanke hukunci a madadin Shagari.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Awolowo v. Shagari and Others|journal=Journal of African Law|date=1979|volume=23|issue=2|pages=175–182|jstor=745032}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 52v5r4ijrjuczc26n45wgoht63l6haw 0 107961 963266 956309 2026-10-05T06:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963266 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Climate Week NYC wani taron sadaka ne, wanda ke faruwa a Birnin New York a kowace shekara. Manufarta ita ce inganta aikin yanayi ta hanyar yin kira ga "shugabannin kasuwanci, masu sauye-sauyen siyasa, masu yanke shawara na gida da wakilan jama'a". Climate Week NYC tana gudana ne daga Climate Group . <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.climateweeknyc.org/about-us |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Climate Week |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mafi girma daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a duniya na shekara-shekara na kungiyar, kuma mafi girma a cikin yanayin yanayi na shekara-finai na irin sa bisa ga masu shirya. == Tarihi == An fara bikin yanayi na farkone na NYC a cikin shekara ta Shekaran 2009. Ana gudanar da taron ne tare da [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yana ba da damar shugabannin jihohi da sauran manyan jami'an gwamnati su halarta da shiga. Climate Week NYC tana ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mafi girman taron yanayi na shekara-shekara na irin sa.<ref name="about" /> Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin 'Mutumin da ke cin wuta ga 'yan asalin yanayi". Har ila yau, Yanayi na Yanayi NYC yana ƙirƙirar dandamali don wasu 600 <ref name="2023report">{{Cite web |title=Climate Week NYC 2023 Report |url=https://www.climateweeknyc.org/climate-week-nyc-2023-report |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Climate Week |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155101/https://www.climateweeknyc.org/climate-week-nyc-2023-report |archive-date=2024-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> manyan da ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Birnin New York, waɗanda mutane da kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa aikin yanayi ke jagoranta. A cikin shekaru, shugabannin da yawa masu tasiri sun shiga cikin Climate Week NYC, gami da Firayim Minista na New Zealand [[Jacinda Ardern]] da Shugabannin Haiti, Peru da Marshall Islands. [[John Kerry]], Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Tim Cook, Shugaba na Apple da Christiana Figueres, Babban Sakataren UNFCCC suma sun shiga bikin buɗewa. A cikin Shekaran 2023, sanannun mutane da yawa, ciki har da Jane Fonda, Gwamnan Maryland Wes Moore, da Razan Al Mubarak, Shugaban kungiyar kare yanayi ta duniya na yanzu, sun yi magana a lokacin taron. Abokan taron da suka gabata sun haɗa da Saint-Gobain, McKinsey Sustainability da [[Google]], da kuma Intersectional Environmentalist da Asusun Adalci na Matasa. A cikin Shekaran 2020, Climate Week NYC ya zama wani taron kama-da-wane saboda annobar COVID-19 ta duniya kuma ita ce babbar taron koli na yanayi da za a gudanar a wannan shekarar. A cikin jawabin buɗewa, [[Charles III|Sarki Charles]] ya ce, "Ba tare da gaggawa da sauri ba, a cikin saurin da ba a taɓa gani ba, za mu rasa taga na damar 'sake dawowa' don... makomar da ta fi dacewa da kuma hadawa". A cikin Shekaran 2023, Climate Week NYC ya faru ne daga Satumba 17-24. Hub Live ya haɗu da 1,857 daga cikin manyan shugabannin daga kasuwanci, gwamnati, da bangaren yanayi. Taken shekara shine We Can. ''Za mu iya. Za mu yi hakan.'' An gudanar da abubuwan sama da 580, <ref name="2023report" /> tare da masu halarta sama da 6,500 daga kasashe 96, da kansu da kuma kusan. Climate Week NYC ta bayyana cewa kafofin watsa labarai na taron sun kai biliyan 6.9, taron koli mafi girma na Climate Group har zuwa yau.<ref name="2023report" /> [[Fayil:FACING_NEW_REALITY.png|right|thumb]] An gabatar da gajeren fim din Climate Group, Facing The New Reality, a bikin budewa na NYC na 2023 kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don kyautar Smiley Charity Film a 2024. A cikin 2024, Climate Week NYC za ta gudana daga Satumba 22-29. Maganar mako na yanayi na NYC na 2024 shine: ''Lokaci ya yi''. Kowace shekara Climate Week NYC tana ƙaddamar da bikin buɗewa wanda ke nuna manyan sanarwa, tattaunawa, da hira da shugabannin duniya daga kasuwanci, gwamnati, da al'ummar yanayi. A cikin 2021, Gwamna Kathy Hochul ta ba da sanarwar manyan ayyukan samar da makamashi guda biyu don samar da wutar lantarki a Birnin New York tare da iska, hasken rana da ayyukan wutar lantarki daga arewacin New York da Kanada. Manyan mahalarta sun hada da Tim Cook, [[Richard Branson]], [[John Kerry]], Christiana Figueres, Jane Fonda, [[Bill Gates]], Prince Charles, [[Jacinda Ardern|Jacinda Adern]], Hon. Chris Bowen, Kristalina Georgieva, Kathy Hochul, da Dokta [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]]. Gwamnan New York Kathy Hochul ya sanya makon a matsayin "Week na Yanayi" a shekarar 2022. A cikin 2023, shugabannin yanayi 566 daga kasashe 37, da wakilan kamfanoni 362 sun halarci bikin buɗewa a New York, tare da dubban shiga kan layi.<ref name="2023report" /> [[Fayil:Helen_Clarkson_at_Climate_Week_NYC_2023.jpg|right|thumb|Helen Clarkson a cikin Yanayi Week NYC 2023]] Gwamna Gavin Newsom na California ya sanar a wani taron manema labarai a lokacin bikin budewa cewa jihar za ta dauki manyan kamfanonin mai zuwa kotu na shekaru da yawa na bayanan da ba daidai ba. Ya kuma sanar da cewa zai sanya hannu kan lissafin da ke tilasta kamfanoni su bayyana hayakin su. COP28 Shugaba-Zagayen Sultan Al Jaber da Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Michael Bloomberg sun yi amfani da mayar da hankali kan matakin yanayi a lokacin Climate Week NYC don sanar da taron farko na 'Local Climate Action Summit'.   Fiye da manyan kamfanoni 250 da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gami da Climate Group, sun bukaci shugabannin duniya da su himmatu ga ninka sau uku ƙarfin makamashi mai sabuntawa nan da 2030 a gaban COP28 a Dubai. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcmh7gchzd1f6lbuykv4d2zklvxoc6i 0 107987 963094 673772 2026-10-04T18:14:17Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* 2015–2019 */ 963094 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Ronen Rubinstein''' (/ˈruːbɪnstaɪn/ ROO-bin-stine, Ibrananci: , <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=כספי |first=דודי |date=September 15, 2020 |title=הישראלי שכבש סדרה אמריקנית |trans-title=The Israeli who conquered an American series |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/801289 |access-date=February 12, 2021 |website=[[Israel Hayom]] |language=he}}</ref> an haife shi (1993-11-07) ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka, mai fafutuka kuma jagorar mawaƙa na ƙungiyar rock Nights in Stereo . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Exclusive Interview: Nights In Stereo Discuss Their Debut Single "Open Door" |url=http://pop-culturalist.com/exclusive-interview-nights-in-stereo-discuss-their-debut-single-open-door/ |access-date=February 2, 2022 |website=Pop-Culturalist.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin T. K. Strand a cikin 9-1-1: Lone Star, Matt Webb a cikin jerin labaran Amurka masu ban tsoro, duka Ryan Murphy ne ya kirkira, kuma a matsayin Nathan a cikin jerin [[Netflix]] Orange Is The New Black .''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata.'' [[Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text]] [[Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text]] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Rubinstein an haife shi ne a Rehovot, Isra'ila, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=כספי |first=דודי |date=September 15, 2020 |title=הישראלי שכבש סדרה אמריקנית |trans-title=The Israeli who conquered an American series |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/801289 |access-date=February 12, 2021 |website=[[Israel Hayom]] |language=he}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFכספי2020">כספי, דודי (September 15, 2020). [https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/801289 "הישראלי שכבש סדרה אמריקנית"] &#x5B;The Israeli who conquered an American series&#x5D;. ''[[Israel Hayom]]'' (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)]]</ref> ɗan baƙi Yahudawa na Rasha daga Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Kazakh, wani ɓangare na abin da ke [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (yanzu [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]). Mahaifinsa, likitan hakora, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Isra'ila kuma bai so haka ga 'ya'yansa ba.<ref name="J" /> Lokacin da Rubinstein yake dan shekara biyar, ya koma tare da iyayensa da 'yar'uwarsa zuwa Amurka, inda ya girma a yankin Staten Island na Birnin New York.<ref name="N" /> A cikin wata hira, Rubinstein ya ce ya ji kamar baƙo ne ke girma a matsayin baƙo, yana ɗaukar Turanci a matsayin darussan Harshe na Biyu kuma yana da wahalar daidaitawa da al'adun Amurka. An gabatar da shi ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta biyu ta makarantar sakandare lokacin da mai ba da shawara ya ba da shawarar ya gwada wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin hanyar warkarwa kuma ya tsere daga annobar opioid a unguwarsa. Rubinstein ya ce: "Aiki ya ceci rayuwata. Makomar da ta yi kama da mai girma. Aiki ya ba ni hujja don tsayawa, ya ba ni horo kuma na fada cikin soyayya da shi. " Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mataimakin likitan hakora a ofishin likitan hakori na mahaifinsa, amma ya zaɓi kada ya bi sawunsa ya zama likita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=9-1-1: Lone Star's Ronen Rubinstein on life after coming out, his chosen family and the importance of Tarlos |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/20220610142309/9-1-1-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-life-after-coming-out-pride-month-exclusive/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta New Dorp, ya yanke shawarar neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kammala karatu daga shirin shekara guda a cikin Acting for Film a Kwalejin Fim ta New York.<ref name="DORP">{{Cite web |last=Priola |first=Victoria |date=September 15, 2016 |title='Orange is the New Black' star returns to New Dorp High School as mentor |url=https://www.silive.com/entertainment/2016/09/oitnb_star_ronen_rubinstein_vi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605185950/https://www.silive.com/entertainment/2016/09/oitnb_star_ronen_rubinstein_vi.html |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |website=Silive}}</ref><ref name="NYFA">{{Cite web |title=NEW YORK FILM ACADEMY NOTABLE ALUMNI - RONEN RUBINSTEIN |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/ronen-rubinstein/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907061035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PPTUoOHYwY |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |website=New York Film Academy}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Rubinstein ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Master of Fine Arts a cikin Acting for Film daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da ya fara. === Ayyuka na farko === A shekara 16, Rubinstein ya rubuta Something in the Way, gajeren fim dinsa na farko da daga baya ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a ciki. Ya biyo bayan wani matashi tsohon soja na Vietnam wanda ke fama da rikicewar damuwa bayan ya koma rayuwar farar hula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Something In The Way |url=https://nhfilmfestival.com/films/something-in-the-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907062632/https://nhfilmfestival.com/films/something-in-the-way/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=New Hampshire Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fara fitowa a allo yana da shekaru 17 a matsayin matashi mai suna Gangsta a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2011 Detachment, wanda Bryan Cranston, Adrien Brody, da James Caan suka fito. A cikin babban shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, Rubinstein ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin It Felt Like Love, fim din Eliza Hittman mai zuwa da aka harbe a cikin kusanci tare da ƙananan tattaunawa, wanda aka fara a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013. Ya nuna Sammy, wani yaro mai tsananin fushi da mata daga unguwar Brooklyn, wanda The New York Times ta bayyana a matsayin "mutumin shan taba, mai kallon batsa wanda raina mata yana da ƙarfi kamar pheromones".<ref name="SAMMY" /> Fim din ya sami gabatarwa don mafi kyawun fim a Film Independent Spirit Awards da kuma gabatarwa a Gotham Awards .<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2015 |title=Independent Spirit Awards 2015: Complete list of nominees and winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-spirit-award-nominations-complete-list-20141125-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907065549/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-spirit-award-nominations-complete-list-20141125-story.html |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekara mai zuwa, an jefa shi a matsayin jagora a cikin Some Kind of Hate, yana nuna wani matashi mai cin zarafi mai tsanani. Ya kuma bayyana a wani fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Sundance Film Festival, Jamie Marks Is Dead, tare da Cameron Monaghan da Liv Tyler . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Sundance 2014: U.S. Dramatic Competition |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/01/sundance-2014-u-s-dramatic-competition-31542/ |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=[[Indiewire]]}}</ref> === 2015–2019 === A cikin 2015, baƙon Rubinstein ya fito a cikin labarin 10, kakar 3 na jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix mafi yawan kallo Orange Is the New Black, yana nuna Nathan mai girmamawa da kulawa, Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett's love interest, wanda ya kawo shi ga babban hankali A cikin 2016, ya kasance jerin na yau da kullun a matsayin Alex Powell a cikin Freeform's Dead of Summer . A cikin 2018, ya bayyana a matsayin Mike a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Dude'' tare da Lucy Hale da [[Awkwafina]] . Fim din shine farkon jagorancin Olivia Milch. Rubinstein, bayan ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mata da yawa na farko (wanda ya kira "cikakken girmamawa"), ya ba da shawara don daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin fina-finai kuma ya yaba da Milch a matsayin "darakta mai girma na gaba". Fim din kuma yana da mace mai daukar hoto wanda ya kira "mai ban sha'awa", yana mai cewa "babu isasshen mata a cikin masana'antar". <ref name="auto1" /> Sauran kyaututtuka sun haɗa da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Smartass'' (2017) a gaban Joey King, <ref name="DANA">{{Cite web |last=Hanson-Firestone |first=Dana |date=February 13, 2020 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Ronen Rubinstein |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/ronen-rubinstein/ |access-date=June 11, 2020 |website=TVOvermind}}</ref> rawar da ya dace a Less Than Zero, sauyawar littafin farko na Bret Easton Ellis na 2019, da kuma rawar da ya jagoranci a cikin fim din Brooklyn Love Stories (2019), wanda ake buƙata a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2021 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2021 |title='Brooklyn Love Stories' Available on Demand Feb. 2 From Level 33 – Media Play News |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/brooklyn-love-stories-available-on-demand-feb-2-from-level-33/ |access-date=February 2, 2021 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> === 2020-yanzu === A cikin 2020, ya fito a matsayin mai kashe gobara a bayyane kuma mai farfadowa mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi Tyler Kennedy "TK" Strand a cikin jerin [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] na Ryan Murphy 9-1-1: Lone Star, tare da Rob Lowe, wanda ke taka leda Kyaftin Owen Strand, mahaifin TK, da Liv Tyler. Jerin ya zama sabon wasan kwaikwayon Fox da aka fi kallo a shekarar 2020 tsakanin manya 18-49 kuma ya sami yabo saboda labarin gay na launin fata da haruffa daban-daban, kamar mai kashe gobara mata musulmi mai sa hijabi da kuma mai kashe gobarar namiji baƙar fata (wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Brian Michael Smith ya nuna). <ref name="USA1" /> <ref name="S2">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=April 13, 2020 |title='9-1-1' & Spinoff '9-1-1: Lone Star' Renewed By Fox For 2020-21 Season |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/9-1-1-9-1-1-lone-star-renewed-season-4-fox-ryan-murphy-2020-21-1202900985/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413220303/https://deadline.com/2020/04/9-1-1-9-1-1-lone-star-renewed-season-4-fox-ryan-murphy-2020-21-1202900985/ |archive-date=April 13, 2020 |access-date=April 13, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venable |first=Malcolm |date=June 19, 2020 |title=9-1-1 Lone Star's Brian Michael Smith: Black, Trans, and the Face of Pride 2020 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/features/brian-michael-smith-pride-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907203433/https://www.tvguide.com/news/features/brian-michael-smith-pride-2020/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> A cikin wata hira ta 2020, Rubinstein ya ce: "Ina tsammanin mutane a karo na farko, aƙalla a talabijin na cibiyar sadarwa, suna ganin kansu a allon, kuma suna jin an wakilta su, kuma suna ji an wakilta shi cikin kyakkyawar hanya, mai kyau, hanya mai kyau. " Matsayinsa na mai kashe gobara ya yi wahayi zuwa ga masu amsawa na farko na rayuwa don fito masa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kopelowicz |first=Emma |last2=Mitchell |first2=Schuyler |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Legends of the Fall: Meet the New Hollywood A-List |url=https://www.lamag.com/lalifeandstyle/new-hollywood-a-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907073629/https://www.lamag.com/lalifeandstyle/new-hollywood-a-list/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yaba wa Ryan Murphy da marubutan don daidaita dangantakar jinsi ɗaya a talabijin na farko ba tare da haɗa labarin fitowa ba: "Lokaci da yawa za ku ga ma'aurata gay a talabiji akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki kuma yawanci bakin ciki da ke ciki. Kuma wannan kamar, 'Haka, wannan al'ada ce kawai. Wannan shine yadda yake'. Jerin ya sami Kyautar GLAAD Media Award don Babban Jerin Drama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosselman |first=Haley |date=January 28, 2021 |title='Schitt's Creek,' 'I May Destroy You' and 'The Old Guard' Earn GLAAD Media Award Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2021/awards/news/glaad-media-award-nominations-2021-1234894266/ |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Rubinstein tauraruwa a matsayin mai adawa Alexei a cikin Follow Me, wani labari mai ban tsoro game da haɗarin al'adun masu tasiri a kan kafofin sada zumunta, wanda aka saki wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a ranar 16 ga Yuli, kuma an sake shi a Amurka kuma a kan buƙata a ranar 18 ga Satumba a ƙarƙashin taken No Escape. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miska |first=Brad |date=August 13, 2020 |title='No Escape' Trailer: When 'Saw' Collides with 'Escape Room' [Video] |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/videos/3627487/no-escape-trailer-saw-collides-escape-room-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907202824/https://bloody-disgusting.com/videos/3627487/no-escape-trailer-saw-collides-escape-room-video/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 13, 2020 |website=Bloody Disgusting! |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana magana da yaren Rasha a cikin fim din. Rubinstein shine jagora a cikin Bret Easton Ellis's Smiley Face Killers, <ref name="SMILEY">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Film News Roundup: Crispin Glover, Ronen Rubinstein to Star in Horror Movie 'Smiley Face Killers' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/crispin-glover-ronen-rubenstein-horror-movie-smiley-face-killers-1202583142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907201522/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/crispin-glover-ronen-rubenstein-horror-movie-smiley-face-killers-1202583142/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> fim mai ban tsoro wanda ya danganci abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya waɗanda ke tallafawa ka'idar kisan gilla game da ƙungiyar masu kisan gida da ke aikata kisan matasa, kyawawan maza a duk faɗin Amurka. An sake shi a ƙarshen 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McBride |first=Jessica |date=January 27, 2019 |title=Who Are the Smiley Face Killers? Does the Gang Exist? |url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/01/smiley-face-killers-killer-deaths-gang/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907201405/https://heavy.com/news/2019/01/smiley-face-killers-killer-deaths-gang/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020 |website=Heavy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smiley Face Killers |url=https://www.thefilmcatalogue.com/films/smiley-face-killer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907201322/https://www.thefilmcatalogue.com/films/smiley-face-killer |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020 |website=The Film Catalogue |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Rubinstein ya shiga aikin Ryan Murphy na American Horror Stories don karo na biyar, tare da Billie Lourd . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheth |first=Aarohi |date=August 11, 2021 |title='American Horror Stories': Ronen Rubinstein on That Gory Twist Ending and Working With Billie Lourd |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/american-horror-stories-ronen-rubinstein-042133249.html |access-date=August 15, 2021 |website=[[Yahoo]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran ayyukan === Rubinstein taurari a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na CeCe don "Broke AF" (2017). A cikin 2018, ya bayyana a matsayin kansa a cikin shirin Tyler Shields: Provocateur . <ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web |title=Ronen Rubinstein |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4230210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827122636/https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4230210/ |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=August 13, 2020 |publisher=IMDb |language=en}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, Rubinstein ya ba da sanarwar sakin na farko, "Open Door", ta ƙungiyarsa Nights in Stereo wanda ya kafa tare da Rodrigo R. Rodarte da Jon Shoer. A lokacin rani na 2022, ƙungiyar ta sanar da waƙoƙin su na biyu, "Underwater". Ana samun waƙoƙin a kan Spotify. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Avery |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Nights In Stereo Reveal The Inspiration Behind Their Debut Single & Say More Music Is 'In Motion' |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2022/02/02/nights-in-stereo-open-door-new-music-interview/ |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=Hollywood Life |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=RonenRubinstein|date=January 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Exclusive Interview: Nights In Stereo Discuss Their Debut Single "Open Door" |url=http://pop-culturalist.com/exclusive-interview-nights-in-stereo-discuss-their-debut-single-open-door/ |access-date=February 2, 2022 |website=Pop-Culturalist.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Rubinstein ya fito ne a matsayin bisexual a wata hira da Variety a watan Afrilun 2021.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Malkin |first=Marc |date=April 7, 2021 |title=9-1-1: Lone Star' Actor Ronen Rubinstein Comes Out as Bisexual, Inspired by His Work on Fox Series |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/9-1-1-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-bisexual-ryan-murphy-1234945646/ |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2021 |title='9-1-1: Lone Star' actor Ronen Rubinstein comes out as bisexual |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/9-1-1-lone-star-actor-ronen-rubinstein-comes-out-n1263441 |access-date=January 16, 2022 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Harshensa na farko shine Rasha, kuma Ibrananci da Ingilishi sune harsunansa na biyu da na uku, bi da bi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jan |first=Kevin |date=September 18, 2020 |title=Exclusive Interview: Pop-Culturalist Chats with No Escape's Ronen Rubinstein |url=http://pop-culturalist.com/exclusive-interview-pop-culturalist-chats-with-no-escapes-ronen-rubinstein/ |website=Pop-Culturalist |language=en-US}}</ref> Mai wasan kwaikwayo Mai sha'awar waje ne. Ya buga wasan kwando tun yana yaro kuma ya kira Kobe Bryant a matsayin babban gunkinsa, abin koyi, da kuma "abu na farko na Amurka" da ya sani bayan ya koma Amurka daga Isra'ila. Shi mai son Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sarakuna na Leon, kuma ya nuna sha'awarsa ga aikin [[Harry Styles]] da "masu zaman kansa da kuma yadda yake gabatar da kansa" <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Bryan |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein Talks '9-1-1 Lone Star', The Importance Of Representation And Coming Out As Bisexual |url=https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525171147/https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=ET Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2020, ya goyi bayan Bernie Sanders a zaben shugaban kasa na Democrat. Ya cece kuma ya karbi bijimai biyu, mai suna Fresh da Spot . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Arielle |date=April 18, 2020 |title='9-1-1: Lone Star' actor tries out veganism during quarantine |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2020-04-18/911-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-vegan-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907072609/https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2020-04-18/911-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-vegan-kitchen |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Breaux |first=Adrienne |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Before & After: These Actors Have the Best Built-In Guest Loft/Office/Storage Room After a Remodel |url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/jessica-parker-kennedy-and-ronen-rubinstein-house-tour-photos-36862894 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Apartment Therapy |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Rubinstein ya sauya daga pescetarianism zuwa veganism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Arielle |date=April 18, 2020 |title='9-1-1: Lone Star' actor tries out veganism during quarantine |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2020-04-18/911-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-vegan-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907072609/https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2020-04-18/911-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-vegan-kitchen |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Rubinstein ya bayyana al'adun iyalinsa: "Ba mu girma cikin addini ba amma iyayena sun ba mu alfahari da al'adun, tarihi da al'adar [[Yahudawa|Mutanen Yahudawa]], "in ji shi. "Muna kiyaye bukukuwan kowace shekara, amma iyayena suna New York kuma 'yar'uwata tana Seattle don haka yana da wahala a haɗa kowa. " A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2022, ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Kanada Jessica Parker Kennedy a wani karamin bikin Yahudawa a wani gona a [[Calgary]] Alberta, Kanada, watanni biyu bayan alkawarinsu a Portofino, Italiya. Sun fara soyayya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2022 |title=9-1-1: Lone Star's Ronen Rubinstein on marriage to Jessica Parker Kennedy after coming out as bisexual: 'It shows people this is possible' |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/20221103156031/ronen-rubinstein-on-bisexuality-marriage-jessica-parker-kennedy/ |access-date=November 5, 2022 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022, suna zaune tare a Los Angeles, California.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Breaux |first=Adrienne |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Before & After: These Actors Have the Best Built-In Guest Loft/Office/Storage Room After a Remodel |url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/jessica-parker-kennedy-and-ronen-rubinstein-house-tour-photos-36862894 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Apartment Therapy |language=en}}</ref> Sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko, Boydd Parker-Rubinstein, a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2024 |title=Ronen Rubenstein and Jessica Parker Kennedy welcome their first child and the name is adorable! |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/mother-and-baby/728055/ronan-rubenstein-and-jessica-parker-kennedy-welcome-their-first-child-and-the-name-is-adorable/ |access-date=November 5, 2024 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == === Yunkurin kare muhalli === Rubinstein ya tsira daga Guguwar Sandy, wanda ya kai shi ga zama mai fafutukar yanayi da mai ba da shawara game da dorewa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Ronen |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker." |url=http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |website=PULSE SPIKES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cannon |date=August 14, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein for Irk Magazine |url=https://www.irkmagazine.com/post/ronen-rubinstein-for-irk-magazine |access-date=August 15, 2021 |website=irk-magazine |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, ya bayyana cewa guguwar ta haifar da lalacewa ga dukan unguwarsu a Staten Island, ta lalata gidan iyalinsa da duk abin da ke ciki. Ya bayyana cewa shi ne "lokaci mafi ban tsoro" na rayuwarsa.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Budge |first=Sally |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein |url=https://newyorkmoves.com/celeb-profile/ronen-rubinstein/ |access-date=August 18, 2021 |website=Moves Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba tare da inda zai rayu ba, ya zauna a gidan abokinsa, kuma an ba shi abinci da tufafi daga [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] . Guguwar ta kashe maƙwabtanta 24. Rubinstein, wanda ke da shekaru goma sha takwas a wannan lokacin, ya bayyana cewa aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo "zai dace da ƙoƙarin ceton duniyar". Ya sanya shi "aikin" don wayar da kan jama'a game da gaggawa game da batutuwan muhalli, inganta rayuwa mai ɗorewa da amfani da dandalinsa da tallatawa don ilimantar da jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srisavasdi |first=Greg |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Ronen Rubinstein Talks 'No Escape' And '9-1-1: Lone Star' Lessons |url=https://deepestdream.com/ronen-rubinstein-talks-no-escape-and-9-1-1-lone-star-lessons/ |access-date=September 27, 2020 |website=Deepest Dream |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="BELLO">{{Cite web |last=Bonnet |first=Alexandra |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Ronen Rubinstein |url=https://bellomag.com/ux-portfolio/ronen-rubinstein/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907141029/https://bellomag.com/ux-portfolio/ronen-rubinstein/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=Bello}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Ronen |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker." |url=http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |website=PULSE SPIKES |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRubinstein2020">Rubinstein, Ronen (November 2, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ "Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker.""]. ''PULSE SPIKES''. Archived from [http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ the original] on March 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jan |first=Kevin |date=September 18, 2020 |title=Exclusive Interview: Pop-Culturalist Chats with No Escape's Ronen Rubinstein |url=http://pop-culturalist.com/exclusive-interview-pop-culturalist-chats-with-no-escapes-ronen-rubinstein/ |website=Pop-Culturalist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Bryan |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein Talks '9-1-1 Lone Star', The Importance Of Representation And Coming Out As Bisexual |url=https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525171147/https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=ET Canada |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCairns2021">Cairns, Bryan (May 25, 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210525171147/https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ "Ronen Rubinstein Talks '9-1-1 Lone Star', The Importance Of Representation And Coming Out As Bisexual"]. ''ET Canada''. Archived from [https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ the original] on May 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ya jawo hankali ga zaɓin kayan ado na zamani da na ɗorewa, wanda ya bayyana cewa yana ƙoƙarin zama "mai aminci ga muhalli yadda ya yiwu", kuma ya yaba wa Stella McCartney don fahimtar muhimmancin dorewa a masana'antar kayan ado. Shi jakada ne na Vrai, mai samar da carbon neutral, lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Exclusive: 9-1-1: Lone Star's Ronen Rubinstein weds Jessica Parker Kennedy in intimate farm wedding |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/20221102155577/911-lone-star-ronen-rubinstein-jessica-parker-kennedy-married-exclusive/ |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref> Shi jakada ne na The Ocean Cleanup, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Ronen |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker." |url=http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |website=PULSE SPIKES |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRubinstein2020">Rubinstein, Ronen (November 2, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ "Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker.""]. ''PULSE SPIKES''. Archived from [http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ the original] on March 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> wata kungiya ce ta injiniya mai zaman kanta da ke haɓaka babbar na'urar siffar C don tsarkake tekun duniya na [[Gurbacewar Robobi|Sharar filastik]]. Har ila yau, jakada ne na Project Zero, ƙungiyar duniya don karewa da dawo da teku, <ref name=":3" /> kuma ya yi tafiya tare da masu zanga-zangar a cikin yajin aikin yanayi na Satumba 2019, mafi girman zanga-zambe na duniya a tarihin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Ambassadors |url=https://www.weareprojectzero.org/ambassadors-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907141659/https://www.weareprojectzero.org/ambassadors-2 |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |website=Project Zero}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebs Give Back |url=https://www.etonline.com/gallery/celebs-give-back-in-2020-139109/ronen-rubinstein-78185 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522103541/https://www.etonline.com/gallery/celebs-give-back-in-2020-139109/ronen-rubinstein-78185 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |last=Laville |first=Sandra |date=September 20, 2019 |title=Across the globe, millions join biggest climate protest ever |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/21/across-the-globe-millions-join-biggest-climate-protest-ever |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920235607/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/21/across-the-globe-millions-join-biggest-climate-protest-ever |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ya kuma goyi bayan [[Leonardo DiCaprio|Gidauniyar Leonardo DiCaprio]] . A watan Afrilu na 2020, ya kasance daya daga cikin masu fafutukar muhalli wadanda suka halarci Earth Day Live, taron yanayi na kwana uku wanda aka watsa a kan layi a cikin annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Irvine |first=Martha |date=March 24, 2020 |title=US climate activists to livestream Earth Day due to virus |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-climate-activists-livestream-earth-day-due-virus-69776925 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907142751/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-climate-activists-livestream-earth-day-due-virus-69776925 |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A cikin sashi, ya nuna muhimmancin sauyawa daga man fetur zuwa makamashi mai tsabta ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa motocin lantarki na sel mai fitarwa, wanda ke gudana akan hydrogen kuma yana fitar da ruwa da zafi kawai. Shi da kansa yana tuka irin wannan motocin fitarwa a matsayin jakada na DriveH2, wani shiri da aka sadaukar don inganta sauyawa zuwa tsarin sufuri mai tsabta. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Ronen |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Actor Ronen Rubinstein Pens an Essay on the Need for Collective Action to Address Climate Change: "Our planet is very sick, and we are only making it sicker." |url=http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141601/http://pulsespikes.com/ronen-rubinstein-climate-change-essay/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |website=PULSE SPIKES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cannon |date=August 14, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein for Irk Magazine |url=https://www.irkmagazine.com/post/ronen-rubinstein-for-irk-magazine |access-date=August 15, 2021 |website=irk-magazine |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, Rubinstein ya zama memba na kwamitin hukuma na kungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta ta Environmental Media Association. A ranar cika shekaru 75 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Rubinstein ya kaddamar da Half the World, yakin neman zabe na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkinobho wanda ke da niyyar haskakawa game da karuwar talauci da rashin daidaito da COVID-19 da canjin yanayi suka haifar.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=UNDP|date=October 26, 2020|title=Our Goodwill Ambasssdor @PadmaLakshmi join activists @AlexisRenG and @RonenRubinstein to launch our #HalfTheWorld campaign to spotlight theimpact of COVID-19 & the #ClimateCrisis on widening inequalities and global efforts to #EndPoverty. #UN75|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Padma Lakshmi, Alexis Ren and Ronen Rubinstein kick off UN Development Programme's campaign to raise awareness of growing inequalities caused by COVID-19 and climate change |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/news-centre/news/2020/Padma_Lakshmi_Alexis_Ren_and_Ronen_Rubinstein_UNDP_awareness_campaign_COVID-19.html |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran gwagwarmaya da bayar da shawarwari === Baya ga bayar da shawarwari game da dorewa, Rubinstein ya ba da goyon bayansa ga Gidauniyar Masu Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2020 |title=FOX TV and 9-1-1: LONE STAR Teams Up with the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation to Honor and Support Our Nation's Firefighters |url=https://www.firehero.org/2020/02/05/9-1-1-lone-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907143159/https://www.firehero.org/2020/02/05/9-1-1-lone-star/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=[[National Fallen Firefighters Foundation]]}}</ref> yakin neman zabe na No Kid Hungry, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Bryan |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Ronen Rubinstein Talks '9-1-1 Lone Star', The Importance Of Representation And Coming Out As Bisexual |url=https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525171147/https://etcanada.com/news/784223/ronen-rubinstein-talks-9-1-1-lone-star-the-importance-of-representation-and-coming-out-as-bisexual/ |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=ET Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter, <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=RonenRubinstein|date=June 9, 2020|title=Black Lives Matter Black Hopes Matter Black Dreams Matter Black Fears Matter Black Futures Matter Black Businesses Matter Black Feelings Matter Black Views Matter Black Opportunities Matter Black Votes Matter Black Thoughts Matter Black People Matter|access-date=July 13, 2020|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907070010/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-09-07-07.json}}</ref> Cibiyar Marsha P. Johnson da ke kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na baƙar fata, <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=RonenRubinstein|date=April 14, 2020|title=In honor of @911LoneStar being Renewed for Season 2, I have Donated $2,000 to @FeedingAmerica THANK YOU for everything you guys are doing during the #Covid19 Epidemic|access-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907143421/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-09-07-14.json|archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref> Jinƙai ga Dabbobi, <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=MercyForAnimals|date=May 30, 2020|title=TOMORROW: Actor and Mercy For Animals friend @RonenRubinstein is taking over our Instagram. Don't miss it! https://www.instagram.com/mercyforanimals/|access-date=July 13, 2020|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907200315/https://twitter.com/MercyForAnimals/status/1266505620959776768}}</ref> Humane Society, da kuma Rebecca Corry's Stand Up for Pits Foundation, suna aiki akan ceto da kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin karnukan pit bull. [4] [5] A lokacin kullewar cutar COVID-19 a watan Maris na 2020, Rubinstein ya kirkiro wani shiri na hasken kyandir na duniya don tallafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da masu amsawa na farko a kan gaba na cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=QUARANTINED RONEN RUBINSTEIN |url=http://www.bitmapmag.com/ronen-rubinstein |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907200123/http://www.bitmapmag.com/ronen-rubinstein |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=Bitmap Magazine}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin karatun karatun [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''Hamlet'' da [[Jane Austen]]'s Pride & Prejudice don taimakawa wajen tara kudade ga kungiyoyin agaji marasa riba a kan Acting for a Cause, wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa da jerin karatun allo, wanda Brando Crawford ya kirkira, ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi a lokacin annobar Shekaran 2020. A watan Agustan 2020, Rubinstein ya haɗu da When We All Vote, kungiyar Michelle Obama mai rajistar masu jefa kuri'a wacce ke da niyyar kara yawan shiga cikin zabe.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=RonenRubinstein|number=1299098338755637248|date=August 27, 2020|title=BEYOND Honored to be Officially working alongside @WhenWeAllVote! I will do Everything it takes to make sure we Win back our Democracy and the Soul of this Country on November 3rd. Thank You @MichelleObama for being a true Superhero|access-date=August 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907073812/https://twitter.com/RonenRubinstein/status/1299098338755637248|archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == A cikin Shekaran 2020, ''Los Angeles'' sun haɗa da Rubinstein a kan New Hollywood A-List, jerin sunayen matasa goma na Hollywood mafi kyawun sabbin baiwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kopelowicz |first=Emma |last2=Mitchell |first2=Schuyler |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Legends of the Fall: Meet the New Hollywood A-List |url=https://www.lamag.com/lalifeandstyle/new-hollywood-a-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907073629/https://www.lamag.com/lalifeandstyle/new-hollywood-a-list/ |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayani ! scope="col" |Kyaututtuka |- ! scope="row" |"Kafãta ƙofa" | style="text-align:left;" | * An saki shi: Janairu 27, 2022 <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nights In Stereo featuring Ronen Rubinstein Talk Their Debut Single "Open Door" |url=http://www.beautifulballad.org/2022/01/28/exclusive-nights-in-stereo-featuring-ronen-rubinstein-talk-their-debut-single-open-door/ |access-date=January 28, 2022 |website=BeautifulBallad |language=en-US}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;" |Shugabannin murya, mawaƙa |- !"A karkashin ruwa"'''"''' | style="text-align: left;" |An sake shi Yuni 3, 2022 | style="text-align: left;" |Shugabannin murya, mawaƙa |- !"Sabon Ƙauna, New York" | style="text-align: left;" |An sake shi 11 ga Yuni, 2025 | style="text-align: left;" |Jagoran murya, mawaƙi |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Rarrabawar'' |Gangsta | |- |''Katya''<ref name="DANA">{{Cite web |last=Hanson-Firestone |first=Dana |date=February 13, 2020 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Ronen Rubinstein |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/ronen-rubinstein/ |access-date=June 11, 2020 |website=TVOvermind}}</ref> |Mai tayar da kayar baya 2 |Gajeren fim |- |2012 |''Alkawari Alkawari ne''<ref name="DANA" /> |Yahaya | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ya Kashe Kamar Soyayya'' |Sammy | |- |''Wani abu a Hanyar'' |James Manning |Marubuci, darektan, edita |- |2014 |''Jamie Marks ya mutu'' |Ronnie | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''An hukunta su''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=March 31, 2020 |title=FilmDylan Penn Horror Film 'Condemned' Finds Its Cast |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dylan-penn-horror-film-condemned-cast-692293 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |Dante | |- |''Wani irin ƙiyayya'' |Lincoln Taggert | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Smartass'' |Nick | |- |''Yammacin Lokaci''<ref name="DANA" /> |Ɗan |Gajeren fim |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Dude'' |Mike | |- |''Tyler Shields: Mai tayar da hankali'' |Shi da kansa |Hotuna |- |2019 |''Labaran soyayya na Brooklyn'' |Benny |Tarihin Tarihi |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Babu Tserewa'' |Alexei Koslov |An kuma san shi da Follow Me''Bi Ni'' |- |''Masu Kisan Fuskar Smiley'' |Jake Graham | |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2015 |''Orange shine Sabon Baƙar fata'' |Nathan |Lokaci na 3 |- |2016 |''Matattu na bazara'' |Alex Powell |Abubuwa 10 |- |2020–2025 |''9-1-1: Tauraron da ke zaune'' |Tyler Kennedy "TK" Strand |Babban rawar (lokaci 1-5); aukuwa 72 |- |2021 |''Labaran Tsoro na Amurka'' |Matt Webb |Fim: "BA'AL" |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Mai wasan kwaikwayo |- ! scope="row" |2017 |"Rashin Kashewa" | style="text-align:center;" |Aboki |Wannan shi ne |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovchhwcyegea6uat1r6ad9h6el4xj4i 0 110224 963240 688355 2026-10-05T03:17:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963240 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}[[File:Inuitconf.JPG|thumb|Tsohon tambarin taron Inuit Circumpolar]] '''Majalisar Inuit Circumpolar''' ('''ICC'''; tsohon Inuit Circuspolar Conference) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) da Ƙungiyar 'Yan asalin ƙasar (IPO) da ke wakiltar mutane 180,000 Inuit da Yupik (wani lokacin ana kiransu Eskimo) da ke zaune a [[Alaska]] (Amurka), Kanada, [[Greenland]] (Mulkin Denmark), da kuma Yankin Chukchi (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Rasha). <ref name="ICCCharter">{{Cite web |title=ICC Charter |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/icc-charter/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=www.inuitcircumpolar.com |publisher=Inuit Circumpolar Council |quote=“Inuit” means indigenous members of the Inuit homeland recognized by Inuit as being members of their people and shall include the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, Inuvialuit (Canada), Kalaallit (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235858/https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/icc-charter/ |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a (ECOSOC) ta amince da ICC kuma an ba ta matsayi na musamman (category II) a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 1983. Taron, wanda ya fara haduwa a watan Yunin shekarar 1977 a [[Utqiagvik, Alaska|Barrow, Alaska]] (yanzu Utqiaġvik), da farko ya wakilci 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke kewaye da Kanada, Alaska da Greenland. A cikin shekarata 1980 an karɓi takardar shaidar da dokoki na ICC. Taron ya amince da maye gurbin kalmar Eskimo da kalmar Inuit . Wannan duk da haka bai sadu da karɓar karɓa daga wasu kungiyoyi ba, mafi mahimmanci Yupik (duba Sashin Background a ƙasa). Manufofin taron shine karfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutanen Arctic da kuma inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, al'adu, siyasa da muhalli da siyasa a matakin duniya. ICC tana gudanar da Babban Taron kowane shekaru hudu. ICC na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin asalin [[Arctic]] guda shida da ke da matsayin Mai halarta na Dindindin a [[Arctic Council|Majalisar Arctic]]. == Tarihi == Yawan Inuit sun hada da kungiyoyi da yankuna masu zuwa: <ref name="ICCCharter"/> * Kanada: Inuit Nunangat: Inuit na tsakiya (Nunavut), Inuvialuit (Yankin Yanki na Inuvialuit, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma), Nunavimmiut (Nunavik, Arewacin Quebec), da Nunatsiavummiut ko Labrador (Nunatsiavut, Labrador) * Amurka ([[Alaska]]): Iñupiat, Yup'ik (Central Yup'iki & Cup'ik), da Siberian Yupik (St. Lawrence Island Yupik) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Alaska – About |url=https://iccalaska.org/about/ |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> * Greenland: Greenlandic Inuit: Kalaallit, Inughuit, da Tunumiit * Rasha: Yupik na Siberiya (Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotka) Dukkanin wadannan mutane wani lokacin ana kiransu gaba daya ta hanyar exonym, Eskimo, wanda yawancin ''Inuit'' ba su yarda da shi ba, musamman a gabashin Kanada. ICC tana amfani da kalmar Inuit don komawa ga su duka, wanda ke da nasa matsaloli. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine gudanarwa: Inuk a Amurka ana iya ɗaukarsa "Native American," "Alaskan Native" ko "Aboriginal American". Yupik na Alaska da Rasha gabaɗaya sun fi son a kira shi Yupik. Ana amfani da Inuit a halin yanzu a Alaska amma ba kalma ce a cikin yarukan Yupik ba, ko kuma kalma ce da suka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kansu. Eskimo, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Alaska gabaɗaya yana mutuwa.<ref name="kaplannew">{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence |title=Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use? |url=https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=www.uaf.edu |publisher=[[Alaska Native Language Center]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]}}</ref> == Tsarin da ayyuka == Babban burin kungiyar shine karfafa hadin kai tsakanin Inuit, don inganta hakkinsu na [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] (Mutanen asali da [[Hakkokin mutane na harshe|Harshe]]), da kuma tabbatar da ci gaban Al'adun Inuit. A tsarin, kungiyar ta kunshi ofisoshi daban-daban guda huɗu a cikin kowane ɗayan ƙasashen Inuit guda huɗu, waɗanda aka hayar su a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙasarsu. Shugabannin ICC Chukotka, ICC Alaska, ICC Canada, da ICC Greenland, tare da memba ɗaya na Majalisar Zartarwa da aka zaba daga kowace ƙasa, sun zama Majalisar Zartarta ta ICC mai mambobi takwas. Kwamitin zartarwa yana karkashin jagorancin Shugaban kasa da kasa (tsohon Shugaban kasa da duniya - an canza taken a shekara ta 2002). ICC tana gudanar da Babban Taron a kowace shekara huɗu, tana tattara Inuit daga ko'ina cikin yankin arewacin arewa don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi muhimmancin kasa da kasa ga al'ummominsu, samar da jagora ga aikin kungiyar a cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa, da kuma raba alhakin yankuna tsakanin ofisoshin ƙasa. Wakilan majalisa suna nada shugaban kasa da kasa daga kasar da ke karbar bakuncin Majalisar Dattijai, tare da mambobin Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma samar da manufofi da ƙuduri don wa'adin mai zuwa. Babban Taron, da kuma matsayin Shugaban kasa da kasa, yana juyawa tsakanin kasashe hudu na Inuit a cikin Babban Taron. A Babban Taron na shekarar 2002 a Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Kanada, Shugaban ya wuce daga Greenland, inda Aqqaluk Lynge, wanda yanzu memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Dindindin kan Al'amuran 'yan asalin ƙasar, ya gudanar da shi shekaru bakwai da suka gabata, zuwa Kanada, inda Sheila Watt-Cloutier, tsohon Shugaban ICC Canada, ya ɗauki matsayin. A shekara ta 2006, Shugaban ya wuce ga ICC Alaska a Babban Taron da ke Barrow, sannan [[Patricia L. Cochran]], tsohon darektan zartarwa na [[Alaska Native Science Commission|Hukumar Kimiyya ta Alaska]] ta mamaye shi. A wannan Majalisar, ICC ta kuma jefa kuri'a don canza sunanta zuwa Inuit Circumpolar Council saboda akwai rikice-rikice game da sunan kungiyar da ya fi kama da taron da ya gabata.<ref name="chair">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ICC Executive Council Members |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/executive-council/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810213428/https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/executive-council/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Jagora == An fara shirya jagorancin ICC tare da shugaban kasa daya da mataimakan shugabanni uku na yanki. An kara mataimakin shugaban kasa na huɗu lokacin da Rasha / Chukotka suka shiga ICC. Shugaban daga baya ya zama ba a san shi ba a matsayin shugaban ko shugaban kasa da kasa. {| class="wikitable" |+Tushen <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=Who’s who at ICC: ICC Executive Council Members, 1977 to present |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/whos-who-at-icc/ |website=Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada}}</ref> !Taron !Kasashen Duniya !Kanada !Greenland !Alaska !Chukotka |- |1980–1983 |Hans-Pavia Rosing |Maryamu Simon |Aqqaluk Lynge |James Stotts |n/a |- |1983–1986 |Hans-Pavia Rosing |Mark Gordon |Aqqaluk Lynge |James Stotts |n/a |- |1986–1989 |Maryamu Simon |Rosemarie Kuptana |Aqqaluk Lynge |Caleb Pungowiyi |n/a |- |1989–1992 |Maryamu Simon |Masassaƙa |Aqqaluk Lynge |Edna McLean |Alexander Omrypkir & Nadezda Sudakova (Ex-office) |- |1992–1995 |Eileen MacLean (1992-1993) Caleb Pungowiyi (1993-1995) <br /> |Minnie Grey |Ingmar Egede |Gloria Simeon |Zoya Ivanova |- |1995–1998 |Rosemarie Kuptana (1995-1997) Aqqaluk Lynge (1997-1998) <br /> |Sheila Watt-Cloutier |Aqqaluk Lynge |Ronald Brower |Tatiana Achirgina |- |1998–2002 |Aqqaluk Lynge |Sheila Watt-Cloutier |Alfred Jakobsen (1998-1999) Uusaqqak Qujaukitsoq (1999-2002) <br /> |Dennis Tiepelman |Lubov Otrokova |- |2002–2006 |Sheila Watt-Cloutier |Duane Smith |Aqqaluk Lynge |Chuck Greene |Natalia Rodionova |- |2006–2010 |Patricia Cochran (2006-2009) Jimmy Stotts (2009-2010) <br /> |Duane Smith |Aqqaluk Lynge |Chuck Greene |Tatiana Achirgina |- |2010–2014 | |Duane Smith |Carl Christian "Puju" Olsen |James Stotts |Tatiana Achirgina |- |2014–2018 |Okalik Eegeesiak |Duane Smith (2014-2016) Nancy Karetak-Lindell (2016-2018) <br /> |Hjalmar Dahl |James Stotts |Tatiana Achirgina |- |2018–2022 |Dalee Sambo Dorough |Monica Ell-Kanayuk |Hjalmar Dahl |James Stotts |Liubov Taian |- |2022–2026 |Sara Olsvig |Lisa Qiluqqi Koperqualuk |Kuupik Kleist (2022-2023) Hjalmar Dahl (2023-2026) <br /> |Marie Greene |Egor Vereshagin |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovp9nti4peq6vpk0iy58b9gap7e50ft 0 110714 963338 723840 2026-10-05T08:41:52Z Smshika 14840 963338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aconcagua mummy ne Incan ''Capacocha'' mummy na wani yaro mai shekaru bakwai,wanda aka rubuta a kusan shekara ta 1500.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} An adana mummy sosai, saboda matsanancin sanyi da yanayin bushewa na wurin binne shi.{{Sfn|Wade|2015}} Masu tafiya ne suka gano mummy din a shekarar 1985 a {{Convert|5300|m}} m (17,400 a kan Aconcagua a [[Mendoza|Mendoza, Argentina]].{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}}{{Sfn|Wade|2015}} == Bincike == [[Fayil:Cuenca-del-rio-aconcagua.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Taswirar da ke nuna Aconcagua, dutse a cikin [[Andes]] na Lardin Mendoza, [[Argentina]]]] A cikin 1985, gawar Aconcagua mummy ta kasance ta masu hawan dutse a kasan Dutsen Pirámide,yankin kudu maso yammacin tsaunin Aconcagua. Bayan gano shi, maharan sun tuntubi hukumomin yankin, suna ba wa kwararru damar tono mummy.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} == Binciken kimiyya == === Ayyukan binnewa === An binne gawawwakin Aconcagua a cikin tsarin dutse mai laushi kuma an same shi an rufe shi da amai, ja pigment, da raguwar datti. {{Sfn|Ceruti|2015}}{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} An lulluɓe jikin a cikin masana'antu a cikin salon da aka samo daga tsakiyar bakin teku na Peru.{{Sfn|Cassman|2007}} Kodayake salon kayan ado da yaron ya lullube shi ne a bakin tekun Peru, shaidar isotopic ta nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an haifi yaron a cikin Highlands.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} An kuma sami siffofi shida an binne su tare da gawar.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} Kabarin gawawwakin Aconcagua ya ƙunshi kayan kabari da yawa. Sau da yawa ana binne gawawwakin mata na Capacocha tare da kayan kabari masu daraja da kayan kabadi, wanda ya sa binnewar namiji na Aconcagua ya bambanta.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} === Binciken isotopic === Lokacin da suke nazarin isotopes na mummy na Aconcagua, masana kimiyya sun mai da hankali musamman kan carbon, nitrogen da sulfur.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} Binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin shekara daya da rabi kafin mutuwarsa, abincinsa ya kunshi masara, quinoa, capsicum, dankali, da nama na ƙasa. Kafin a zaɓi yaron don hadaya, abincinsa ya dogara ne da ruwa.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} An kuma sami kasancewar achiote a cikin ciki da hanji.{{Sfn|Cassman|2007}} Saboda sakamakon rikice-rikice na isotopes da ke nuna cewa yaron ya fito ne daga kololuwa amma ya tsira daga cin abinci na ruwa, masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna ƙabilar yaron. A cikin wannan ƙoƙari, an yi amfani da samfurin gashi daga mummy. Abin takaici, wannan bincike na isotopic ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ƙabilar yaron, don haka masu bincike sun yanke shawarar cewa ya kasance daga yankunan Pacific daga Kudancin Peru zuwa tsakiyar Chile.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} == Capacocha == Capacocha ita ce sadaukarwar al'adar samari da 'yan mata a cikin Daular Inca. Ana ganin waɗanda aka zaɓa don a yi hadaya a matsayin ƴaƴan da suka fi natsuwa a Daular, wanda ya sa su cancanci sadaukarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrushko |first=Valerie A. |last2=Buzon |first2=Michele R. |last3=Gibaja |first3=Arminda M. |last4=McEwan |first4=Gordon F. |last5=Simonetti |first5=Antonio |last6=Creaser |first6=Robert A. |date=2011-02-01 |title=Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310003195 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=323–333 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009 |issn=0305-4403 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafi mahimmancin buƙatun da za a zaɓa don hadaya, shine zama budurwa. Wannan yana nuni da natsuwa da kamala na yara da jarirai da aka zabo don a ba da su ga alloli. Shekara guda kafin sadaukarwa, an ciyar da yaran abinci mafi daraja. Abincin ya ta'allaka ne kawai akan masara da charqui, nama daga llama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rubio |first=María Del Carmen Martín |date=2009-12-31 |title=La cosmovisión religiosa andina y el rito de la Capacocha |url=https://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/sociales/article/view/7229 |journal=Investigaciones Sociales |language=en |volume=13 |issue=23 |pages=187–201 |doi=10.15381/is.v13i23.7229 |issn=1818-4758 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iyaye da yawa sun ji baƙin ciki lokacin da aka tilasta musu ba da ’ya’yansu ga sadaukarwa, amma an hana su nuna baƙin ciki a lokacin taron. Wasu kuma sun ji cewa hadayar babbar daraja ce kuma har ma sun ba da ’ya’yansu ga alloli.<ref name=":1" /> Waɗannan yaran sun fuskanci ajalinsu ne a ƙarshen doguwar tafiya zuwa kololuwar kololuwar Andes, inda suka ji rauni a kai wanda ya sa suka mutu, ko kuma aka binne su da rai.{{Sfn|Faux|2012}} Ana binne kowane yaro da kayan kabari iri-iri, a matsayin hadaya ga alloli. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka binne tare da yaran ya dogara ne da mahimmancin wurin ibadar kuma a wasu lokutan ma har da dabbobin da aka binne tare da yaran.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=Tamara L. |last2=Minc |first2=Leah D. |last3=Ceruti |first3=María Constanza |last4=Chávez |first4=José Antonio |last5=Perea |first5=Ruddy |last6=Reinhard |first6=Johan |date=2005-03-01 |title=A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416504000704 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=82–100 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2004.11.001 |issn=0278-4165 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Archaeogenetics == A c''i'' 2015, an cire DNA daga samfurin 350 MG daga ɗayan huhu.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} Asalin mtDNA nasa na cikin rukuni na Haplogroup C1b, wanda ba a san shi ba a baya C1bi (i don Inca). {{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} Halinsa na mtDNA ya ƙunshi maye gurbin 10 daban-daban daga C1b.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa Haplogroup C1bi mai yiwuwa ya tashi kusan shekaru 14,300 da suka gabata.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}} An gano wani mutum daga Daular Wari ya zama wasa ga wannan haplogroup da ba a san shi ba a baya.{{Sfn|Gómez-Carballa|Catelli|2015}}{{Sfn|Wade|2015}} A cikin 2018, masu bincike sun tsara kwayar halitta ta mummy ta Aconcagua daga samfurin 100 MG daga ɗayan huhu. {{Sfn|Moreno-Mayar|Vinner|de Barros Damgaard|de la Fuente|2018}} Asalinsa na Y-DNA na cikin Haplogroup Q-M3.{{Sfn|Salas|Catelli|Pardo-Seco|Gómez-Carballa|2018}} Takamaiman ƙungiyar Y-DNA ta fi dacewa da mutanen Choppca daga Huancavelica, yawan mutanen da ke magana da Quechua, da kuma tarin da ke kusa da mutanen da ke yaren Quechua na zamani fiye da mutanen da ake magana da Aymara.{{Sfn|Salas|Catelli|Pardo-Seco|Gómez-Carballa|2018}} Gabaɗaya, ƙwayoyin halittar mummy na Aconcagua tare da yawan mutanen Andean na zamani.{{Sfn|Moreno-Mayar|Vinner|de Barros Damgaard|de la Fuente|2018}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 651zpz20m64655rpsaw08avs6363ng4 0 110933 963076 940058 2026-10-04T16:47:50Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 963076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''CMHR'''; Faransanci: ) ) wani kamfani ne na [[Kanada]] Crown kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa wanda ke cikin Winnipeg, Manitoba, kusa da The Forks. Manufar gidan kayan gargajiya ita ce "bincika batun 'yancin ɗan adam tare da wani bayani na musamman amma ba keɓance ga Kanada ba, don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, haɓaka mutunta wasu da ƙarfafa tunani da tattaunawa. "<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Info Source |url=https://humanrights.ca/about/governance-and-reports/info-source |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=CMHR |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin Shekaran 2008 ta hanyar aiwatar da Bill C-42, gyare-gyare na ''Dokar Gidajen Tarihi'' ta Kanada, <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-31 |title=Prime Minister of Canada: Backgrounder: the Canadian Museum for Human Rights |url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331053730/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2355 |archive-date=31 March 2010 |access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> CMHR shine sabon gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka kirkira a Kanada tun Shekaran 1967, kuma shine gidan kayan gargajiya ya farko na Kanada da ya kasance a waje da Babban Birnin Kasa.{{Sfn|Government of Canada|2008}} Gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da bukukuwan buɗewa a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2014. Abokan Gidan Tarihi na Kanadiya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam ƙungiyar agaji ce da ke da alhakin jawowa da kiyaye duk nau'ikan gudummawar agaji ga Gidan kayan tarihin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://friendsofcmhr.com/about-us/ |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Friends of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Ci gaba === Marigayi Izzy Asper - lauya ne na kasar Kanada, ɗan siyasa, kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin watsa labarai na Canwest Global Communications - an yaba shi da ra'ayin da hangen nesa don kafa CMHR, bayan ya fara fitowa da ra'ayi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2000 don gina gidan kayan gargajiya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Museum for Human Rights – The Asper Foundation |url=http://asperfoundation.com/canadian-museum-for-human-rights/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Asper ya yi fatan zai zama wurin da dalibai daga ko'ina cikin kasar Kanada za su iya zuwa don koyo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya kuma ga shi a matsayin damar sake farfado da garin Winnipeg da kara yawon bude ido zuwa birnin, da kuma kara fahimtar da wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, inganta girmamawa ga wasu, da ƙarfafa tunani, tattaunawa, da aiki. Yin aiki a kan ra'ayinsa na tsawon shekaru uku, Asper yana da cikakken binciken yiwuwar da masana gidan kayan gargajiya daga ko'ina cikin Kanada suka gudanar.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2003, Asper ya kafa Abokan Gidan Tarihi na kasar Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam, ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta, don gina CMHR. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, ranar cika shekaru 21 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci, an gudanar da wani taron a The [[Government of Winnipeg|na Winnipeg]]">Forks a Winnipeg inda Asper ya fara sanar da niyyar kirkirar CMHR. An sanar da shi a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Asper Foundation da gwamnatocin Kanada, Manitoba, da Winnipeg, da kuma ƙasar da Forks Renewal Corporation ta bayar.<ref name=":2"/> Firayim Minista [[Jean Chrétien]] ya ba da dala miliyan 30 na farko ga farashin babban birnin, kuma ba da daɗewa ba Abokan CMHR ne suka kula da tara kudade masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":2" /> Gidauniyar Asper ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 20. Daga baya waccan shekarar, a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Izzy Asper ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani yana da shekaru 71 a hanyarsa don sanar da gasar gine-gine a Vancouver don ƙirar CMHR. Da yake alƙawarin ci gaba da haɓaka gidan kayan gargajiya, danginsa da Gidauniyar Asper sun ci gaba da aikin, wanda 'yar Izzy, Gail Asper ke jagoranta.<ref name=":2"/> Abokan Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam sun ƙaddamar da gasar gine-gine ta duniya don ƙirar CMHR, ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasa na gine-gine na Kanada. An gabatar da gabatarwar 100 daga kasashe 21 a duk duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://humanrights.ca/about/our-history |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=CMHR |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin alƙalai ya zaɓi ƙirar da Antoine Predock, masanin gine-gine daga Albuquerque, New Mexico ya gabatar. A halin yanzu, an hayar Ralph Appelbaum, shugaban Ralph Appelgaum Associates, kamfanin zane-zane na gidan kayan gargajiya mafi girma a duniya, don bunkasa abubuwan baje kolin CMHR.<ref name=":3" /> === Shari'a, gini, da buɗewa === A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2007, Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya sanar da niyyar Gwamnatin Kanada ta sanya CMHR a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, Bill C-42, Dokar da za ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Gidajen Tarihi da kuma yin gyare- gyare-gine ga wasu Ayyukan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Bill (House of Commons) C-42 (39-2) – Royal Assent – An Act to amend the Museums Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts – Parliament of Canada |url=https://parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/39-2/bill/C-42/royal-assent |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=parl.ca |language=en}}</ref> ta sami amincewar sarauta a Majalisar tare da goyon baya daga dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa, ta kirkiro Gidan Tarihin Dan Adam na Kanada a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa. {{Sfn|Government of Canada|2008}} [[Fayil:Winnipeg_(6381787999).jpg|alt=Canadian Museum for Human Rights|left|thumb|273x273px|Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam, Nuwamba 2011]] A tsakiyar shekara ta 2008, TNS / The Antima Group ta kammala aikin bincike na ra'ayi da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Rahoton da ya biyo baya - wanda ya dogara da mahalarta ƙungiyar mai da hankali - ya lissafa waɗannan: batutuwan da CMHR zata iya rufewa (ba bisa ga fifiko ba); mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin nasarorin haƙƙin ɗan adam, a Kanada da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya; muhawara ta yanzu game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam; da abubuwan da suka gabata inda Kanada ta nuna cin amana ko sadaukarwa ga haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Kafin a fara aikin gine-ginen, masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, tare da tuntubar dattijai, sun gudanar da wani aikin tono mai yawa tare da kwato kayayyakin tarihi sama da 400,000 a kasashen kakanni.<ref name=":3"/> An gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa a shafin yanar gizon CMHR a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma aikin hukuma a shafin ya fara ne a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. (An fara sa ran kammala ginin a shekarar 2012.) Shugaban kwamitin ya yi murabus kafin wa'adinsa ya ƙare, kuma an nada sabon shugaban wucin gadi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Building the Museum {{!}} Canadian Museum for Human Rights |url=http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/building-museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701035553/http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/building-museum |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2010, Sarauniya [[Elizabeth II]] - bayan da kanta ta zaɓi wani dutse daga [[Runnymede]], yankin Ingilishi inda aka rufe Magna Carta a cikin 1215 - ta buɗe ginshiƙi na Gidan kayan tarihi, wanda aka rubuta da saƙo daga Sarauniya kuma yana cikin dutsen Manitoba Tyndall.<ref name=":3"/> An shigar da na karshe na 1,669 na gilashin da aka yanka a watan Satumbar 2012, kuma a cikin 'yan watanni an kammala ginin tushe.<ref name=":3"/> An kaddamar da gidan kayan gargajiya a shekarar 2014. Har ila yau, a cikin 2014, an shimfiɗa hanyar da ke gaban CMHR mai suna Isra'ila Asper Way. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=City names street after Israel Asper |url=https://winnipegsun.com/2014/05/05/street-to-be-named-for-israel-asper |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=winnipegsun |language=en-CA |archive-date=2021-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604092717/https://winnipegsun.com/2014/05/05/street-to-be-named-for-israel-asper |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban bude gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2014 ya nuna rashin amincewa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da yawa, wadanda suka nuna ra'ayin cewa an nuna tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam ba daidai ba ko kuma an cire su daga gidan kayan gargajiya. Kungiyar kiɗa ta First Nations A Tribe Called Red, wacce aka shirya ta yi a bikin buɗewa, ta fice don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda gidan kayan gargajiya ke rufe batutuwan First Nations. == Kudin == [[Fayil:Canadian_Museum_for_Human_Rights,_April_2014,_showing_sign_with_expected_opening_date.jpg|alt=Canadian Museum for Human Rights|thumb|272x272px|Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda aka gani daga Provencher Boulevard a watan Afrilun 2014]] Kudade don babban kuɗaɗen CMHR yana fitowa ne daga hukunce-hukuncen gwamnati uku, Crown na tarayya, Crown na lardi, da birnin Winnipeg, da kuma gudummawa na sirri. Jimlar kasafin kudin gina wajen na CMHR da abin da ke cikinsa ya kai dala miliyan 310 a watan Fabrairun 2011. A lokacin da aka bude shi a watan Satumbar 2014, kudin gidan kayan gargajiya ya kai kusan dala miliyan 351. Har zuwa yau, Gwamnatin Kanada ta ware dala miliyan 100; Gwamnatin Manitoba ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 40; kuma Birnin Winnipeg ya ba da guddinawar dala miliyan 20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-05 |title=4. Financial Statements {{!}} Canadian Museum for Human Rights |url=http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/corporate-governance/corporate-reports/coporate-plans/4-financial-statements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305082148/http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/corporate-governance/corporate-reports/coporate-plans/4-financial-statements |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> Abokan Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam, karkashin jagorancin Gail Asper, sun tara fiye da dala miliyan 130 a cikin gudummawar masu zaman kansu daga ko'ina cikin Kanada zuwa burin karshe na dala miliyan 150. Wadannan alkawuran masu zaman kansu sun hada da dala miliyan 4.5 daga kamfanonin kambi na lardin a Manitoba da dala miliyan 5 daga Gwamnatin Ontario. Gidan Tarihi na Kanada na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya nemi ƙarin dala miliyan 35 a cikin kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya don rufe rashi. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, CMHR ta karɓi ƙarin dala miliyan 3.6 daga Birnin Winnipeg, wanda aka karɓa daga tallafin tarayya ga birnin maimakon haraji ga gidan kayan gargajiya. Gwamnatin Kanada ce ke ba da kasafin kudin aiki na CMHR, saboda CMHR gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kasa. Kudin da aka kiyasta ga gwamnatin tarayya shine dala miliyan 22 a kowace shekara. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, CMHR ta ba da sanarwar cewa saboda hauhawar farashi ga nune-nunen ciki na gidan kayan gargajiya, jimlar kuɗin ginin ya karu da ƙarin dala miliyan 41 zuwa sabon jimlar dala miliyan 351. A watan Yulin 2012, gwamnatocin tarayya da larduna sun amince da kara inganta kudaden shiga ga CMHR har zuwa dala miliyan 70, ta hanyar haɗuwa da rancen tarayya da garantin rancen lardin. Wannan sabon kudade yana da mahimmanci don kammala nune-nunen ciki don gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a hukumance a cikin 2014, shekaru biyu da suka gabata. == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:CMHR.jpg|alt=A model of the Canadian Museum of Human Rights.|left|thumb|Tsarin gine-gine na Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam]] Gidan bene na ginin yana ba da daidaitawa da filin taro, kantin kyauta, gidan abinci, da sabis na baƙi. Hotuna a kan matakai daban-daban suna haɗe ta hanyar raƙuman alabaster mai ban mamaki, gami da Hall of Hope. Hakanan akwai Lambun Tunani, wanda ke da wuraren tafki na ruwa wanda basalt baƙar fata na Mongolian ke da alaƙa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Museum of Human Rights |url=https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/canadian-museum-for-human-rights/ |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Winnipeg Architecture Foundation}}</ref> Da farko da Babban Hall, ƙwarewar baƙon ya ƙare a cikin Hasumiyar Asper of Hope na Isra'ila, gilashin gilashin mita 100 da ke fitowa daga CMHR wanda ke ba da baƙi ra'ayoyi na cikin garin Winnipeg. === Tsarin zane da gini === A shekara ta 2003, Abokan Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam sun ƙaddamar da gasar gine-gine ta duniya don ƙirar CMHR. An gabatar da gabatarwar 100 daga kasashe 21 a duk duniya. Kwamitin alƙalai ya zaɓi ƙirar da Antoine Predock ya gabatar daga Albuquerque, New Mexico. Ra'ayinsa ga CMHR tafiya ce, ta fara da saukowa cikin ƙasa inda baƙi suka shiga CMHR ta hanyar "tushen" gidan kayan gargajiya. Ana jagorantar baƙi ta hanyar Babban Zauren, sannan jerin manyan sarari da ramuka, kafin su ƙare a cikin "Hasumiya Bege", wani tsayi mai tsawo wanda ke fitowa daga CMHR. An nakalto shi yana cewa: "Sau da yawa ana tambayar ni abin da na fi so, mafi mahimmancin ginin da nake da shi.... Ina shiga rikodin yanzu... 'Wannan shi ne.'" Ilhamar Predock ga CMHR ta fito ne daga yanayin yanayi da wuraren buɗe ido a Kanada, gami da bishiyoyi, ƙanƙara, fitilun arewa, al'ummomin ƙasashen farko a Kanada, da tushen ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya bayyana CMHR ta wannan hanya: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Museum For Human Rights |url=http://www.predock.com/CMHR/CMHR.html |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=predock.com |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801052116/http://www.predock.com/CMHR/CMHR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><blockquote>Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam ya samo asali ne daga bil'adama, yana nuna a cikin gine-ginen ainihin alaƙar bil'adume - bayyanar alama ta kankara, girgije da dutse da aka saita a cikin filin ciyawa mai dadi. An sassaƙa shi a cikin ƙasa kuma ya narke cikin sama a kan sararin samaniya na Winnipeg, fuka-fuki na ɗan lokaci na fararen kurciya sun rungumi dutse mai ban mamaki na dutse mai shekaru miliyan 450 na Tyndall limestone a cikin ƙirƙirar alamar haɗin kai da ba ta da lokaci ga dukkan al'ummomi da al'adun duniya.</blockquote> [[Fayil:Winnipeg_view_from_CMHR.jpg|thumb|428x428px|Ra'ayi na tsakiyar garin Winnipeg daga saman bene na Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam]] Ginin ginin ya cika tun daga ƙarshen 2012. A cikin aikin tushe na CMHR, jakunkuna na magani da dattawa suka kirkira a Thunderbird House, a Winnipeg, an saka su a cikin ramukan da aka yi don tarawa da caissons don nuna girmamawa ga Uwar Duniya. Gidan yanar gizon CMHR yana da kyamarorin gidan yanar gizo guda biyu don jama'a don kallon ginin yayin da yake ci gaba. Don gina Hall of Hope, cike da ramuka na 2" href="./Alabaster" id="mwAU0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alabaster">alabaster mai haske, an yi amfani da fiye da 3,500m2 da 15,000 na alabasters, yana mai da shi babban aikin da aka taɓa yi da alabaster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Museum for Human Rights &#124; ALABASTER NEW CONCEPT |url=http://alabasternewconcept.com/en/cmhr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142927/http://alabasternewconcept.com/en/cmhr/ |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIQUE ASPECTS OF CMHR CONSTRUCTION |url=http://www.pcl.com/News-And-Media/News-Releases/Documents/CMHR-Factsheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001155334/http://www.pcl.com/News-And-Media/News-Releases/Documents/CMHR-Factsheet.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2018 |access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2010, Elizabeth II, Sarauniyar Kanada, ta bayyana dutsen kusurwa na ginin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2010 |title=About the Museum>News>The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is honoured to welcome Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada to the site of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights |url=http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/news/canadian-museum-human-rights-honoured-welcome-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408060532/http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/news/canadian-museum-human-rights-honoured-welcome-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii-queen |archive-date=8 April 2011 |access-date=7 January 2011 |publisher=Canadian Museum for Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=About the Museum > News > Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II unveils cornerstone to CMHR |url=http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/news/her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii-unveils-cornerstone-cmhr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305082245/http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/about-museum/news/her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii-unveils-cornerstone-cmhr |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=7 January 2011 |publisher=Canadian Museum for Human Rights}}</ref> Dutsen yana ɗauke da lambar sarauta ta Sarauniya kuma ya saka a ciki wani dutse daga rushewar St. Mary's Priory, a Runnymede, Ingila, inda aka yi imanin cewa Sarki John ya amince da Magna Carta a cikin 1215. == Nuni da wuraren == A bene na biyar shine Cibiyar Magana ta Duniya ta Carte, ɗakin karatu na CMHR "ya himmatu don tattarawa da ba da damar samun albarkatun da ke tallafawa koyo da bincike game da haƙƙin ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference Centre |url=https://humanrights.ca/visit/reference-centre |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=CMHR |language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin nuni === CMHR ta yi aiki tare da mai tsara Ralph Appelbaum Associates (RAA) daga New York don haɓaka baje-kolin farko na gidan kayan gargajiya. RAA ta yi nuni da cewa, gidajen tarihi a ko'ina cikin CMHR za su yi magana da jigogi daban-daban da suka haɗa da tafiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na Kanada, ra'ayoyin 'yan asali na 'yancin ɗan adam, Holocaust, da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanzu. Ƙungiyoyin masu bincike na CMHR sun yi aiki tare da RAA don haɓaka abubuwan baje kolin. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an nada lauya Yude Henteleff don jagorantar kwamitin ba da shawara na kayan tarihi, wanda ya kunshi masana kare hakkin dan adam da shugabannin daga ko'ina cikin Kanada. Kwamitin ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na aikin farko na jama'a na gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Museum for Human Rights annual report 2009-10 |url=https://humanrights.ca/sites/prod/files/2018-11/2009-2010_annual_report_en.pdf}}</ref> Ta hanyar yawon shakatawa na kasa da kasa daga Mayu 2009 zuwa Fabrairu 2010 da ake kira "Help Write the Story of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights", masu binciken CMHR sun ziyarci birane 19 kuma sun yi magana da dubban mutane game da abubuwan da suka samu game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da abin da suke so su gani a gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Help Write the Story of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights |url=https://nationtalk.ca/story/help-write-the-story-of-the-canadian-museum-for-human-rights |access-date=2025-08-05 |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203071204/https://nationtalk.ca/story/help-write-the-story-of-the-canadian-museum-for-human-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan tsarin shawarwari ya jagoranci Lord Cultural Resources, wanda ke zaune a [[Toronto]]. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, wani labarin da ''CBC TV'' (Manitoba) ya samar ya ambaci wani takarda, "Gallery Profiles" (ranar 12 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2012), wanda ya tabbatar da wasu abubuwan da CMHR ta gabatar. Gidan kayan gargajiya mafi girma an sadaukar da shi ga abubuwan da ke cikin Kanada, yayin da ake ɗaukar tsarin jigogi a duk wuraren da yake da shi. === Gidajen tarihi === Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da manyan gidajen tarihi guda 10 tun lokacin da aka buɗe shi a cikin Satumba 2014: <ref name=":4"/> # Menene haƙƙin ɗan adam? # Ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar. #: Wannan ya haɗa da "fim din da ke kewaye game da ra'ayoyin Kasashen Farko na haƙƙoƙi da alhakin juna da ƙasar. " Mai kula da Lee-Ann Martin ya bayyana mai zane-zane na zamani Rebecca Belmore's "Trace", mai hawa 2 + 1⁄2-storey "ceramic blanket" wanda CMHR ta ba da izini. Wannan bargo yana daga cikin jerin abubuwan da mai zane-zane na Anishinaabe mai suna Belmore wanda ke zaune a Winnipeg wanda ke "bayyana tarihin da ke faruwa da tashin hankali a kan mutanen Aboriginal".<ref name="Martin2014" />  # Tafiye-tafiye na Kanada. #: Wannan ya hada da "mashahuriyar nune-nunen" a makarantun zama, "masu rasa da kuma kashe mata na asali", "mace-mace na Inuit". da kuma Jafananci a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, nakasassu daga Jami'ar Ryerson, harajin shugaban kasar Sin, [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]], Komagata Maru da Winnipeg General Strike . <ref name="Metro2014" /> # Kare haƙƙoƙi a Kanada # Binciken Holocaust da sauran kisan kare dangi. #: Gidan da ke kan kisan kare dangi ya haɗa da kisan kare kare dangi guda biyar da Kanada ta amince da su: Holocaust, Holodomor, kisan kare hakkin kare dangi na Armeniya, [[The Holocaust|Kisan kiyashi]] na Rwanda da kuma tsarkake kabilanci na Bosnia.<ref name="Metro2014" /> # Abubuwan da suka faru ga bil'adama # Rage shiru # Ayyuka sun ƙidaya # Hakki a yau # Canji mai ban sha'awa Ana magance al'amuran 'yan asalin a cikin kowane gallery, amma sun shahara a cikin "Gallery na Tafiya na Kanada" da "Gallery Ra'ayin Yan Asalin Ƙasar". == Haɗin gwiwa == An cimma yarjejeniyoyin da dama daga hukumar ta CMHR da cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban da hukumomin gwamnati, don inganta inganci da zurfin bayanan da gidan kayan gargajiya ke bayarwa, da kuma fadada damar ilimi ga gidan kayan gargajiya. Wannan jeri ne na ƙungiyoyin da suka yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gidan kayan gargajiya: * Jami'ar Manitoba * Jami'ar Winnipeg * Gidan Tarihi na Kasa - "Memorial ga wadanda suka mutu na Holodomor" (Kyiv, Ukraine) * Kungiyar Kanada ta Hukumomin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam * Jakadan Masarautar Netherlands a Kanada (Ofishin Jakadancin Netherlands) * Laburaren karatu da Tarihin Kanada * Gidan Tarihi na Manitoba * Ilimi na Manitoba (Lardin Manitoba) == Rashin jituwa == === Wurin da yake === An soki gidan kayan gargajiya saboda wurin da yake a cikin Forks, wani muhimmin shafin binciken kayan tarihi na asali. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2012, binciken archaeological a shafin gidan kayan gargajiya ya dawo da kayan tarihi sama da 400,000 tun daga 1100 AZ. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi mai ritaya Leigh Syms ya bayyana cewa binciken da aka yi kafin ginin bai isa ba; wani mai magana da yawun gidan kayan gargajiya ya bayyana cewa jami'ai sun tuntubi shugabannin 'yan asalin kuma za su ci gaba da yin hakan yayin ginin. Bugu da ƙari, wani rahoto da aka shirya don Kamfanin Sabunta Forks kafin gina Kasuwar Forks a 1988 ya haifar da damuwa game da yuwuwar wuraren binne ƴan asalin yankin a yankin. Da yawa binciken archaeological tono tsakanin 1989 da 1991, sa'an nan kuma a cikin 2008 da 2009 ta CMHR, ba su sami wani mutum da ya rage. === Abubuwan da aka nuna === Da farko a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, rikice-rikice ya ɓarke game da shirye-shiryen tashoshin dindindin guda biyu da aka keɓe ga Holocaust da kuma cin zarafin 'Yan asalin ƙasar Kanada. Kungiyoyin al'umma da yawa da ke wakiltar 'yan Kanada na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, gami da Majalisa ta Kanada ta Ukraine, sun nuna rashin amincewa da abin da suka ce ya fi mayar da hankali kan wahalar [[Yahudawa]] da 'yan asalin ƙasar, da kuma rage abubuwan da suka samu (kamar Holodomor) zuwa ƙananan batutuwa ko juyawa. Lubomyr Luciuk, yana magana ne ga Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Ukraine, ya ce "a matsayin ma'aikatar da ke da tallafin jama'a, Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam bai kamata ya ɗaga wahalar kowane al'umma fiye da sauran ba, " yana mai da hankali ga tsare-tsaren Kanada na Ukrainians a lokacin yakin duniya na . UCCLA ta aika da wasiku ga Ministan Tarihi James Moore, wanda Catherine Chatterley na Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Yahudawa ta Kanada ta soki don nuna wadanda ke goyon bayan Holocaust gallery a matsayin aladu. Daga ƙarshe, a watan Yulin 2012, CMHR ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Gidan Tarihi na Holodomor-Genocide a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] don samar da ƙarin ilimi ga baƙi na gidan kayan gargajiya game da Holodomor. Wasu Palasdinawa-Kanada ma sun yi fushi da gaskiyar cewa CMHR ba ta haɗa da nune-nunen da ke nuna Nakba ba saboda rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa. "Yayin da budewar ta zo kusa, ina ƙara damuwa da darussan kwarewar Palasdinawa, babu wanda zai ji shi", in ji Rana Abdulla. "Labarinmu labari ne mai kyau don ilimantar da 'yan Kanada game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta yaya kowa zai ɗauki wannan gidan kayan gargajiya da muhimmanci idan ba su ji labarin Palasdinawa ba?" <ref name=":0" /> Mohamed El Rashidy na Tarayyar Larabawa ta Kanada ya ce gidan kayan gargajiya dole ne ya magance abubuwan Palasdinawa, kuma "ba zai ji tsoron bayyana gaskiyar da ba game da tarihi ba".<ref name=":0" /> Shugaba na CMHR Stuart Murray ya yi alkawarin cewa gidan kayan gargajiya zai hada da dukkan kungiyoyi, yayin da mai magana da yawun gidan kayan gargajiya Angela Cassie ya amsa cewa "rashin fahimta" ne cewa za a sami tashoshi biyu na dindindin kawai, kuma gidan kayan gargajiya za ta ambaci wasu kisan kare dangi na tarihi da yawa, gami da Holodomor, a cikin sashin "Mass Atrocity". Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa manufar gidan kayan gargajiya ba don zama abin tunawa ga wahalar kungiyoyi daban-daban ba, amma don zama kwarewar ilmantarwa; alal misali, nune-nunen Holocaust ya gabatar da Sanarwar Universal ta 1948 ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda aka tsara don amsawa kai tsaye ga shi.<ref name="lett">{{Cite web |last=Lett |first=Dan |date=14 December 2010 |title=Fighting over exhibit size no way to advance debate |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/fighting-over-exhibit-size-no-way-to-advance-debate-111839204.html |access-date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Winnipeg Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Melissa |date=6 January 2011 |title=Holodomor drive intensifies – Rights museum lobbied on issue |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/holodomor-drive-intensifies-112995354.html |access-date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Winnipeg Free Press}}</ref> A cewar Shugaba na Majalisar Yahudawa ta Kanada Bernie Farber, abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust sun cancanci mayar da hankali musamman saboda sun sake bayyana iyakokin "laifukan ɗan adam" kuma sun kasance "tushen dokokinmu na haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani". Ya kuma ce "ya yi ma'ana" cewa wani tashar ya keɓe ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma ya soki "ƙaddamar da ɗayan ƙungiyar' yan Kanada da wani". Dan Lett mai ba da labari na ''Winnipeg Free Press'' ya nuna damuwa game da jayayya game da hotunan da aka ba da duk wani mummunan aiki ko keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana jayayya cewa ya kamata a sami ƙarancin tattaunawa game da wane rukuni da aka yi wa laifi ya sami mafi yawan sarari a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, kuma ya fi damuwa game da hana cin zarafin ɗan adam a nan gaba.<ref name="lett"/> Masana sun binciki yawancin jayayya a cikin The Idea of a Human Rights Museum . === Censorship na abun ciki na LGBT === Daga Janairu 2015 har zuwa tsakiyar 2017 gudanarwa wani lokaci yakan nemi ma'aikatan da kada su nuna wani abun ciki na LGBT akan yawon shakatawa bisa buƙatar wasu baƙi, gami da kungiyoyin makaranta na addini, jami'an diflomasiyya da masu ba da gudummawa. Sashen sadarwa ya ba da hujjar irin wannan bukatu da cewa "dukkan kungiyoyi na musamman ne, wasu kungiyoyi sun fi na musamman kuma akwai wasu abubuwan da bai kamata a sanya su a takarda ba. Don haka dole ne mu hadu da kai don tattauna abin da jagororin za su iya gaya wa wadannan maziyartan na musamman." A watan Yunin 2020, Shugaba na CMHR John Young ya yi murabus bayan korafin cewa an tilasta ma'aikatan su tantance abubuwan LGBT, da kuma zargin cin zarafin jima'i, homophobia da wariyar launin fata a CMHR. An buga neman gafara daga ƙungiyar zartarwa ta CMHR da rahoto na wucin gadi na bita na ɓangare na uku mai zaman kansa game da zarge-zarge a shafin yanar gizon CMHR, tare da Young da wasu da yawa da aka ambata a matsayin masu sanya hannu ga neman gafara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apology from the Executive team of the CMHR |url=https://humanrights.ca/share/apology-from-the-executive-team-of-the-cmhr |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=CMHR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CMHR releases independent report |url=https://humanrights.ca/news/cmhr-releases-independent-report |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=CMHR |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, an bayyana cewa an gaya wa wasu ma'aikata kada suyi magana game da ciki ko zubar da ciki, ban da tantance abubuwan LGBT, yayin wasu yawon shakatawa da suka shafi makarantun addini. == Dubi kuma == * [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] * [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] juj89hn1efi8fqxpf5crduljnwctx3z 0 112606 963231 912836 2026-10-05T01:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Driving_Age_---_Global.svg|alt=|thumb|'''Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuki ta ƙasa (2024):'''<br />         ]]   mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuƙi shine mafi ƙarancin shekarun da doka ta ba mutum izinin tuka abin hawa akan titunan jama'a, gami da yin gwajin tuƙi da samun lasisin tuƙi. Ƙananan dokokin shekarun tuki suna aiki a yawancin wurare, kodayake shekarun sun bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen. A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na motoci shine 18. A yawancin lokuta, mutanen da ke ƙasa da ƙaramin shekarun tuƙi na iya yin tuƙi ƙarƙashin kulawa daga ƙwararren direba ko malamin tuki. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki shine a South Dakota a Amurka, inda mutum mai shekaru goma sha huɗu zai iya tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kulawar manya kuma mai shekaru sha huɗu da rabi zai iya samun lasisin tuki da tuƙi ba tare da kulawa ba, duk da cewa yana da ƙuntatawa. A wasu sassan Amurka, ana iya baiwa mutanen da ke da shekaru goma sha huɗu izinin tuƙi inda ba za a iya ba da irin wannan izini ba saboda wahala da ake jira. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na iya bambanta da nau'in abin hawa, tare da yawancin hukunce-hukunce da ke aiki da ƙananan shekaru don babura fiye da motoci, misali. == Afirka == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/algeria-driving-licence/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=eDriving |archive-date=July 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701105008/https://edriv.ing/algeria-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Cameroon – Drive Safe in Cameroon |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Cameroon.aspx#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,permitted%20when%20driving%20in%20Cameroon. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Egypt – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030753/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |website=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref><br /><br />16 (motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Driver's Permit for Egypt: Fast, Easy, Recognized Globally |url=https://internationaldrivingagency.com/egypt-permit/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=international driving agency}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Eswatini Driving Licence or Driver Permit - eDriving |url=https://edriv.ing/eswatini-driving-licence/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Ethiopia |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017205759/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html |archive-date=2018-10-17 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Adcidl.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ghana – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030719/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<br /><br />16 (motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRA – Driving Licenses |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701104334/http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html |archive-date=2018-07-01 |access-date=2016-08-02 |website=www.kra.go.ke}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Libya}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get an international license to drive in Libya |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/international-drivers-license-libya/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=International Drivers License – InternationalDriversAssociation}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mali}} | style="text-align: center;" |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Mali – Drive Safe in Mali – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mali.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посібник з водіння Мавританії |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/mauritania-driving-guide/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Посібник з водіння Мавританії |language=uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application for Driving Licence |url=https://police.govmu.org/police/?page_id=5578 |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Mauritius Police Force}}</ref><br /><br />17 (motorcycles)<br /><br />15 (autocycles) | |- |''{{Flag|Mayotte}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayotte travel advice |url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/mayotte |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Driving Permit in Mayotte Island |url=https://idaoffice.org/countries/mayotte-island/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=International Driving Authority}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Morocco |url=https://www.driving-in.com/morocco/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=International Driver's Guide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Morocco: The Official Rules of the Road And Things You Need to Know |url=https://www.visit-morocco.net/post-official-rules-of-road |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Visit-morocco.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/morocco-driving-licence/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=eDriving |archive-date=April 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409135933/https://edriv.ing/morocco-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br />21 (trucks){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<br /><br />16 (motorcycles) | |- |{{Flag|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Mozambique – Drive Safe in Mozambique |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mozambique.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,on%20your%20age%20and%20experience. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Namibia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030820/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Niger}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (light motor vehicles)<br /><br />18 (commercial passenger vehicles)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Niger Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/niger-driving-licence/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606015245/https://edriv.ing/niger-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2022-08-13 |title=Driver's License In Nigeria: Requirements And Cost This 2022 |url=https://carmart.africa/motoring/drivers-license-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Carmart auto blog |archive-date=2024-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511215009/https://carmart.africa/motoring/drivers-license-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Réunion}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Driving Age by Country – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Minimum-Driving-Age-Country.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |One may obtain a learner's license and be legally allowed to drive with supervision at age 15. A full driving license will be fully granted by age 18. |- |{{Flag|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving in Rwanda |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/rwanda-driving-guide/# |access-date=2023-05-09 |publisher=Internationaldriversassociation.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/senegal-driving-guide/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі |language=uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br /> 17 (provisional licence)<br /><br />16 (motorcycles up to 125 cc)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apply for a learner’s licence |url=https://www.gov.za/services/driving-licence/apply-learners-licence |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=South African Government}}</ref> |A Code 1 licence is obtainable at age 16, and allows for the use of motorcycles with engines that do not exceed 125 cc. The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a provisional licence for all motor vehicles under 3500&nbsp;kg. To obtain any other class of driving licence, one must be 18 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Road Traffic Act, 1996 [No. 93 of 1996&#93; - G 17603 |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/nrta1996189/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Saflii.org}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Driving Ages around the World |url=http://www.2pass.co.uk/ages3.htm |access-date=2016-08-14 |website=www.2pass.co.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel to Tunis |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/tunis/travel-to |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Road Rules in Uganda? Self Drive Uganda Guide |url=https://www.yourdriveuganda.com/road-rules-in-uganda.html |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://udls.co.ug/frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Uganda Driver Licensing System}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investment Climate &#124; SME Toolkit Zambia |url=http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220205723/http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Zamcom.smetoolkit.org}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Zimbabwe – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030750/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |} == Amurka == === Arewacin Amurka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Kasar ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Canada}} | style="text-align:center;" |''ya bambanta tsakanin larduna'' | |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} | style="text-align:center;" |15 (tare da kulawar iyaye),16 (tare da yarjejeniyar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Mexico |url=http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Auto Europe |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060619/http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|United States}} | style="text-align:center;" |''16 shine shekarun tuki na doka, amma ana iya samun izini a 14 ko 15 dangane da dokokin jihar'' | |} === Amurka ta tsakiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving information Costa Rica &#124; Regulations by Auto Europe |url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-costa-rica/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=www.autoeurope.co.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} | style="text-align:center;" |15<ref name="rhinocarhire.com">{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In El Salvador – Drive Safe in El Salvador |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-El-Salvador.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,poor%20conditions%20of%20the%20roads. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Shekarar tuki ga motoci shine 15 tare da kulawa. Lasisin da ba a iyakance shi ba a 18 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera Vez |url=https://www.sertracen.com.sv/index.php/primera-vez }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ba za ku iya tuki a El Salvador ba idan kun wuce shekaru 75.<ref name="rhinocarhire.com" /> |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving information Guatemala {{!}} Safe drive with Auto Europe |url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-guatemala/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Auto Europe UK}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Honduras}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requisitos para tramitar la licencia de conducir por primera vez en Honduras |url=https://www.elheraldo.hn/tegucigalpa/1205802-466/requisitos-para-tramitar-la-licencia-de-conducir-por-primera-vez-en-honduras |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Diario El Heraldo |language=es-HN}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best way to get around in Nicaragua |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/north-america/nicaragua/getting-around/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=World Travel Guide}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Panama}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reglamento de Transito |url=http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf |website=transito.gob.pa |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615000038/http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Permiso Juvenil |url=http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022204929/http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil |archive-date=2018-10-22 |website=sertracen.com.pa}}</ref><br /> | |} === Kudancin Amurka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 (ba tare da) <br /> |21 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka mota, bas ko motar gaggawa. 16 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka mota (ba tare da fasinjoji ba). Samun amincewar iyaye ya zama dole ga duk wani lasisi da aka bayar ga kowane mutum mai shekaru kasa da 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ley de Tránsito Nº 24.449 – Articles 11 and 17 |url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/818/texact.htm |access-date=9 May 2017 |website=InfoLeg |language=es}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Bolivia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192236/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Brazil's Traffic Law |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9503.htm |access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> |18 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka motoci, babur, da motoci. 21 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka manyan motoci, bas, ko sufuri. Dole ne a ba da lasisi ga direbobi a baya a cikin cat. 'B' na akalla shekara guda kafin neman lasisin sana'a. 'C' category yawanci don manyan motoci ne, 'D' don bas da manyan motoci da 'E' don motocin da aka tsara. |- |{{Flag|Chile}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18, 20 (lasisin sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Chile – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131516/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2014 |title=Licencia de conducir |url=http://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/licencia-de-conducir |publisher=bcn.cl}}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16, 18 (lasisi na sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Colombia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192614/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 1994 |title=Lo Que Se Debe Saber Sobre El Pase |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-265910#:~:text=Desde%20los%2020%20a%C3%B1os.,la%20licencia%20de%20conducci%C3%B3n%3A%201. |publisher=El Tiempo}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Ecuador}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ecuador – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192452/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Falkland Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Traffic (Provisional) Regulations Order 1986 |url=https://legislation.gov.fk/view/whole/2019-06-24/fisl-1986-5#:~:text=(a)%20he%20has%20passed%20such,issued%20in%20respect%20of%20motor |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|French Guiana}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In French Guiana |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Guyana}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Under-18s and the Law |url=http://www.legalaid.org.gy/node/25 |publisher=legalaid.org.gy}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |last=LinkedIn |title=Your Complete Guide to Driving in Paraguay |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/driving-in-paraguay-5190094 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=TripSavvy }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Peru}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obtener primera licencia de conducir (brevete) |url=https://www.gob.pe/136-obtener-primera-licencia-de-conducir-brevete-condiciones |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=www.gob.pe/}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Suriname}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Suriname |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Uruguay – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192410/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Venezuela – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192353/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |} === Caribbean === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |''{{Flag|Anguilla}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Anguilla – Residents – Licences & Registrations – Driving Licences & Permits |url=http://www.gov.ai/licence.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.ai |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508200232/http://www.gov.ai/licence.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Bahamas}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Information |url=http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502023550/http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2006 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=What age is the driving age in GC? – Cayman Islands Forum – Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g147364-i260-k9167241-What_age_is_the_driving_age_in_GC-Cayman_Islands.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Tripadvisor}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fly and Drive in Cuba – Terms and Conditions |url=http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715045354/http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |website=www.particularcuba.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Curaçao}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=NETHERLANDS ANTILLES visa service & travel information |url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173725/http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles |archive-date=2016-01-31 |access-date=2015-02-20 |website=Travcour.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Dominican Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving rules and regulations |url=https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Just Landed |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guadeloupe}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=English to French International Driver's License Translation Services – International Driving Authority |url=https://idaoffice.org/travel-guide/en-to-fr/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=idaoffice.org}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Jamaica}} | style="text-align:center;" |16-17 (masu koyo sun ba da izini ko tare da kulawar manya),18 cikakkun lasisi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-11 |title=The age to drive – from Jamaica to Britain |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100211/news/news5.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com}}</ref><br /> | |- |''{{Flag|Martinique}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Martinique – Drive Safe in Martinique |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Martinique.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da izinin mai koyo), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age |url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111084416/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age |archive-date=January 11, 2006 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Saint Barthélemy}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Driving on Saint Barthélemy: Tips from Our Community + How to Get Around the Island |url=https://www.saintbarth.com/driving-on-saint-barthelemy-tips-from-our-community-how-to-get-around-the-island/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=SaintBarth.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Saint Martin}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In St Maarten – Drive Safe in St Maarten |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-St-Maarten.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Trinidad and Tobago – Drive Safe in TT |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Trinidad-and-Tobago.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|St. Kitts and Nevis}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (don izini), 18 (don lasisi) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inland Revenue Department |url=https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005332/https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2017-05-31 |website=www.sknird.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 15.06 Vehicles and Road Traffic Act |url=https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100403/https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-31 |publisher=Government of St. Kitts and Nevis}}</ref><br /> | |- |''{{Flag|US Virgin Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da izinin mai koyo), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age |url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723190111/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |} == Asiya == === Yammacin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahraini King's Son Dies in Car Accident |url=http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131131642/http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700 |archive-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2013 |title=Driving in Iran &#124; IranVisitor – Travel Guide To Iran |url=http://www.iranvisitor.com/index.php?cID=421&pID=1304 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=IranVisitor}}</ref> |Kuna iya zuwa aji na tuki na 1 zuwa 3 makonni kafin jarrabawar tuki. Bayan ka kai shekaru 18 za ka iya samun lasisin tuki. |- |{{Flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 don babura17 don motoci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Iraq |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925141757/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru 16 don babura Shekaru 6 watanni tare da malami na tuki Shekaru 9 watanni don motoci tare da kulawar iyaye na watanni 3 duk lokacin da kuma wasu watanni 3 da dare <ref>{{Cite web |title=דרגות רישיון נהיגה – דרגה B |url=http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029220532/http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=He.mot.gov.il |language=he}}</ref>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; | |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Jordan – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005303/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 ga Kuwaiti21 ga wadanda ba Kuwait ba <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Driving in Lebanon- International Driving License |url=https://internationaldrivinglicense.com/driving-license-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=شرطة عمان السلطانية |url=http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129151540/http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp |archive-date=November 29, 2010 |website=www.rop.gov.om}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motoci masu sauƙi 21 don motoci mai nauyi <ref>{{Cite web |title=وكالة الأنباء القطرية |url=http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/driving_license/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019154001/http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/Driving_License/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Qnaol.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=How To Get A Qatar Driving License |url=https://www.dohaguides.com/how-to-get-qatar-driving-license/#age-requirement |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motoci,17 don izini na wucin gadi, 16 don babura <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving License (Saudis – Non-Saudis) |url=https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/sectors/publicsecurity/traffic/trafficriyadh/contents/!ut/p/z0/fYxBC4IwGED_yi6DOsi3RKSreCjzkiRku8SY076yb7qp1L9PqHO39-DxQEIFktSMrRrRkuoWv8j4KrIo2m-iMN-VaSSSIj0WeVaGYhvDyRAcQP6Plgveh0EmILWl0bxGqEanmgY1Fz9gDt-qvnHxVEhc9M5qU0_OeC5qhzNSyzrUhrxhK6-mGj0LGFkKvrKG_rE7fwCX8AZx/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Ministry of Interior |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122170147/https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/sectors/publicsecurity/traffic/trafficriyadh/contents/!ut/p/z0/fYxBC4IwGED_yi6DOsi3RKSreCjzkiRku8SY076yb7qp1L9PqHO39-DxQEIFktSMrRrRkuoWv8j4KrIo2m-iMN-VaSSSIj0WeVaGYhvDyRAcQP6Plgveh0EmILWl0bxGqEanmgY1Fz9gDt-qvnHxVEhc9M5qU0_OeC5qhzNSyzrUhrxhK6-mGj0LGFkKvrKG_rE7fwCX8AZx/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 don motoci da babura <ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting a driving licence – Gulf News Government |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/transport/uae-lowers-minimum-age-of-drivers-issues-new-traffic-laws-1.104477986}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=SORRY, THE REQUESTED PAGE WAS NOT FOUND |url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074344/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1 |archive-date=2012-03-03 |access-date=2010-08-26 |website=Yemen Times}}</ref> | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Afghanistan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving License Permit and Vehicles License |url=http://moi.gov.af/en/page/5747/5750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012104356/http://moi.gov.af/en/page/5747/5750 |archive-date=2018-10-12 |publisher=Government of Afghanistan: Ministry of Interior Affairs}}</ref> |Ya zuwa 2024, ba a ba da damar tuki ga mata ba. [https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-driving-licence-afghan-women-b2072058.html] |- |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Activities >>> Driving License |url=http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706181116/http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|India}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 don ƙafafu biyu,18 don ƙafafu huɗu <ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल कानून आयोग – NLC |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/documents/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d/}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver Licensing Information |url=http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710191103/http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx |archive-date=July 10, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |last=ICTA |title=New Driving License |url=http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com |publisher=motortraffic.gov.lk |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220503/http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in &#124; Driving in Maldives |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009191651/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |} === Gabashin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|China}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106084227/http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html |archive-date=2006-11-06 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Josephbosco.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Hong Kong}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requirements for Obtaining a Driving Licence |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Transport Department |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729125551/http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na kasar Sin'' |- |{{Flag|Japan}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (motoci a ƙarƙashin 400 cc) 18 (moto na yau da kullun / matsakaici da babura sama da 401 cc) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-30 |title=Driving in Japan |url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2022.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Japan-guide.com}}</ref>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; | |- |''{{Flag|Macau}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18 |''Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na kasar Sin'' |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motocin fasinjoji na yau da kullun da babura sama da 125 cc16 don babura a ƙarƙashin 125 cc19 don lasisin kasuwanci&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /> | |- |''{{Flag|Taiwan}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan High Speed Rail, Driving in Taiwan, Learn about Transportation Options, Rules of the Road, Fines |url=http://www.englishintaiwan.com/foreigners/living-in-taiwan/transport-high-speed-rail-taxis-buses |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Englishintaiwan.com}}</ref> | |} === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Brunei}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Myanmar}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Myanmar |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145810/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Found |url=http://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205608/http://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2010-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LEMBARAN NEGARA – REPUBLIK INDONESIA |url=http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145305/http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7 |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=December 28, 2012}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Laos}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (motoci),16 (moto) <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2009 |title=Driving License In Malaysia For Car & Motorcycle |url=http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/ |publisher=driving-school.com.my |access-date=10 August 2025 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718114521/http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (lasisin dalibai);17 (lasisin direba wanda ba na sana'a ba);18 (lasisin direban sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=License and Permit |url=https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716060507/https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html |archive-date=2022-07-16 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=lto.gov.ph}}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Singapore – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005749/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (motoci da babura);15 (motocin da ke da 110 cc ko ƙananan injuna) <ref>{{Cite web |title=พระราชบัญญัติรถยนต์ พ.ศ.๒๕๒๒ และที่แก้ไขเพิ่มเติม |url=http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf |website=Office of the Council of State |publisher=Royal Thai Government |ref=thaicaract |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2011-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203044221/http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf |url-status=dead }} (Automobile Act, 1979 and amendments)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Thailand – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034714/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> |Sauran ƙuntatawa sun shafi manyan motoci ko motoci na musamman. |- |{{Flag|Vietnam}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (babura a ƙarƙashin 50cc), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to drive in Vietnam |url=http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Howtodrivein.com |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165048/http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |} == Turai == [[Fayil:Driving_age_Europe_2024.svg|left|thumb|'''Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki a Turai'''<br /> <div class="legend">Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki shine 18<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0026FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; forced-color-adjust:none;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div>      ]] {{Clear}} === Yankin Lasisin tuki na Turai === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Austria}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=Driving a Moped |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/mapping-minimum-age-requirements/drive-moped |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights}}</ref> |(Start with 15,5 under L17 attendant driving training |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Belgium |url=https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234134/https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving |url-status=dead }}</ref> |17 for cars, with learners permit (supervised) |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Bulgaria {{!}} SmartExpat |url=https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212501/https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving |archive-date=2018-07-17 |access-date=2018-07-17 |website=smartexpat.com}}</ref><br /><br />16 for mopeds<ref name=":0" /> | |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Croatia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030528/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />17 with supervision <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Austerity package brings into force numerous tax and other changes |url=https://english.radio.cz/news}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |15 for mopeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zákon o silničním provozu, Hlava 3, §83 Věk |url=https://www.zakruta.cz/silnicni-zakon/102/vek/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |language=cs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} | style="text-align:center;" |24 for heavy bus,<br /><br />21 for heavy truck,<br /><br />17 for cars<ref>{{Cite web |title=L 161 A Bill amending the Road Traffic Act |url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/lovforslag/L161A/index.htm |access-date=2016-10-02 |website=Folketinget |language=da}}</ref><br /><br />15 for mopeds, quads and snowmobiles* |17-year-olds may drive alone from 5 AM to 8 PM. Outside this time frame, a companion with a driver's license is required. The minimum driving age for heavy truck and heavy bus can go down to 18, if the license is obtained during military service <nowiki>*</nowiki>It is only possible to obtain a license for snowmobiles on Greenland. |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<br /><br />16 with supervision,<br /><br />14 for mopeds<ref name="Liiklusseadus">{{Cite web |title=Liiklusseadus |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/117032011021#para95 |access-date=2017-04-11 |website=Riigiteataja |language=et}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<ref name="Liiklusseadus" /> Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Finland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<br /><br />17 with exception permit,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exceptions to category B age requirements |url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/exceptions-category-b-age-requirements |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=Ajokortti-info }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /><br />15 (mopeds, micro cars, tractors)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting a driving licence for a tractor |url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/getting-driving-licence-tractor |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=Ajokortti-info }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|France}} | style="text-align:center;" |17,<br /><br />15 with supervision <ref name="service-public.fr">{{Cite web |title=Apprentissage anticipé de la conduite à partir de 15 ans {{!}} service-public.fr |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2826 |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=www.service-public.fr}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision.<ref name="service-public.fr" /> Licence available at 17 with speed restrictions, reduced number of points<ref>{{Cite web |title=Présentation du permis à points {{!}} Sécurité Routière |url=http://www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/le-permis-points/presentation-du-permis-points |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403055116/https://www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/le-permis-points/presentation-du-permis-points |url-status=dead }}</ref> and blood alcohol level is reduced to 0.2g/L. Restrictions drops after 2 or 3 years of holding a license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qu'est-ce que le permis de conduire probatoire ? |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.service-public.fr |language=Fr}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} | style="text-align:center;" |18, 17 with supervision<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Begleitetes Fahren ab 17 |url=https://www.adac.de/verkehr/rund-um-den-fuehrerschein/erwerb/begleitetes-fahren/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.adac.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> | Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. Licenses for mopeds < 25&nbsp;km/h are available at 15, for scooters < 45&nbsp;km/h and motorcycles under 126ccm at 16.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=Germany travel advice – GOV.UK |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/germany?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Fco.gov.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Greece}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law 4599/2019 ΦΕΚ/40/Α/4-3-2019 Testing the qualifications and conduct of prospective drivers and drivers for the issuance of driving licenses, other provisions for driving licenses and other provisions |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFqnM3eAbJzrXdtvSoClrL8n2mlCsr5UbztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijMXDwdRTupoYV0gjSMm4a4XSekv53zioWdJzU_4_GOGN}}</ref> 16 for motorcycles up to 50 cc and light quadricycles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the minimum age for obtaining a driving licence |url=https://www.gov.gr/en/sdg/vehicles/acquiring-and-renewing-driving-licence/getting-driving-licence/age-requirement/}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted license is available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<br /><br />16 for motorcycles under 125 ccm<br /><br />14 for vehicles under 50 ccm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license |url=https://www.elte.hu/en/about-hungary/drivers-license#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,17%20years%20old%20or%20older. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.elte.hu}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=50/1987: Umferðarlög &#124; Lög &#124; Alþingi |url=http://www.althingi.is/lagas/145b/1987050.html |access-date=2016-12-04 |publisher=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ökunám og -réttindi |url=https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231221/https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-04 |publisher=Þjóðskrá Íslands |language=is}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 17. |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireland Now Driving a Car in Ireland |url=http://www.irelandnow.com/driving.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183230/http://irelandnow.com/driving.html |archive-date=2010-11-23 |access-date=2011-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving tips for Ireland |url=http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074007/http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm |archive-date=2018-09-18 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Iol.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Categories of motor vehicles and minimum age of drivers |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/motoring_1/driver_licensing/categories_of_motor_vehicles_and_minimum_age_of_drivers_in_ireland.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie}}</ref> |16 for motorcycles under 125cc, mopeds, work vehicles or land tractors |- |{{Flag|Italy}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-20 |title=Guida accompagnata: istruzioni per l'uso |url=http://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/25889/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Poliziadistato.it}}</ref> | Driving 17 with supervision of a person under 60 years in possession of full B licence (or superior).<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars (B), trailers (C1, BE, C1E),<br /><br />24 motorcycles (A),<br /><br />21 motorcycles (A2),<br /><br />16 for motorcycles (A1), resting boats,<br /><br />14 for mopeds (M),<br /><br />10 for bicycle |16 for cars(B), 21 for motorcycles(A2), trailers(C1, BE, C1E), 16 for motorcycles(A1), 14 for mopeds(M) – if supervised by a person holding a B category licence for at least three years (also known as training driving)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Par vadītāju apliecībām |trans-title=About driver's licenses |url=https://www.csdd.lv/par-vaditaju-apliecibam/vispareja-informacija |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808145357/https://www.csdd.lv/par-vaditaju-apliecibam/vispareja-informacija |archive-date=2020-08-08 |publisher=CSDD |language=lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Braukšanas mācību atļauja |trans-title=Driving instruction permit |url=https://www.csdd.lv/brauksanas-macibu-atlauja/apliecibas-iegusana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232354/https://www.csdd.lv/brauksanas-macibu-atlauja/apliecibas-iegusana |archive-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=CSDD |language=lv}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Liechtenstein}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Liechtenstein – Drive Safe in Liechtenstein |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Liechtenstein.aspx#:~:text=You%20must%20be%20at%20least,rent%20a%20car%20is%2021. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} | style="text-align:center;" |14 to 18 (for permit),<br /><br />18 (for full license) for cars,<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Lithuania – Drive Safe in Lithuania |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Lithuania.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for motorcycles<br /><br />18 for cars<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license and driving rules |url=https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=JUST ARRIVED, 1er site d'informations pour les étrangers au Luxembourg |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925151955/https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Driving age for low power motorcycles and tractors 16.<br /><br />Driving licence for cars available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Malta}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Portal – General Info on Driving in Malta |url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012185452/http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving |archive-date=2018-10-12 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Transport.gov.mt}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2013 |title=What license do I need a moped, scooter, scooter or moped car to drive? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/rijbewijs/vraag-en-antwoord/voor-welke-soorten-bromfietsen-heb-ik-een-bromfietsrijbewijs-brommerrijbewijs-nodig |access-date=15 October 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Driving lessons available at 16½.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Norway}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and light motorcycles | |- |{{Flag|Poland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<br /><br />14 for mopeds and quads | |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartas de Condução de Automóveis Ligeiros e Quadriciclos |url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=www.imt-ip.pt |archive-date=2021-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093428/http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br />16 for motorcycles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartas de Condução de Motociclos |url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/Motociclos/Paginas/Motociclos.aspx |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=www.imt-ip.pt }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 14 for motorcycles and tricycles under 50cm3 <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.acp.pt |title=Licença de condução de ciclomotores até 50 cc {{!}} ACP |url=https://www.acp.pt/servicos/cursos-e-formacao/licenca-de-conducao-de-ciclomotores-ate-50-cc |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.acp.pt |language=pt}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Romania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obtaining a driver's licence in UE-Romania |url=https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/driving-licence/get-driving-licence/romania/index_ro.htm |access-date=2 January 2019 |language=ro}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving licence r... |url=https://www.slovensko.sk/en/life-situation/life-situation/_driving-licence-requirements/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.slovensko.sk}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for cars and motorcycles<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Slovenia – Drive Safe in Slovenia – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Slovenia.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | style="text-align:center;" |15 for mopeds and quads<br /><br /> 16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc <br /><br /> 18 for general licence<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving age Spain |url=https://sede.dgt.gob.es/es/tramites-y-multas/permiso-de-conduccion/obtencion-permiso-licencia-conduccion/clases-permiso-conduccion-edad.shtml |access-date=May 10, 2018 |language=es}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<ref name="transportstyrelsen.se">{{Cite web |title=Driving licence – do you know what applies? |url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045003/https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-14 |publisher=Swedish Transport Agency}}</ref><br /><br />15 for mopeds and tractors |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18.<ref name="transportstyrelsen.se" /> |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars,<br /><br />16 for scooters,<br /><br />18 for motorcycles under 35&nbsp;kW<br /><br />14 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license categories in Switzerland |url=https://driving-instructor.fahrlehrervergleich.ch/categories.php |access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |18 (cars)<br /><br />16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey Driving Guide |url=http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150417-3.htm |access-date=2016-09-19 |publisher=Economy Car Hire |language=tr}}</ref> | |} === Sauran Turai === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Albania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2015}} | |- |{{Flag|Andorra}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Tips for Andorra |url=http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm#8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409150846/http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm |archive-date=April 9, 2010 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-10 |title=Driving in Armenia |url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/armenia/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=RAC}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum driving age changed in Azerbaijan |url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141601/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827 |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarus : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065937/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |16{{Spaced en dash}}mopeds (AM), &#x3C;125&nbsp;cc/11&nbsp;kW motorcycles (A1);<br /><br />17{{Spaced en dash}}&#x3C;80&nbsp;kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);<br /><br /> 18{{Spaced en dash}}all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and &#x3C;1 m³ excavators (F);<br /><br /> 21{{Spaced en dash}}buses for more than 8 passengers (D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses (I).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Закон Республики Беларусь от 5 января 2008 г. № 313-З "О дорожном движении" |url=http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313 |access-date=8 February 2017 |publisher=etalonline.by |format=DOC |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080426/http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosnia Herzegovina : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115554/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Georgia |url=http://sagency.ge/index.php?m=177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603051202/http://www.sagency.ge/index.php?m=177 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=RAC |language=ka}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Gibraltar}}'' |17<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Andy |title=Driving licences Gibraltar |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/driving-licences |access-date=April 4, 2015 |website=gibraltar.gov.gi}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guernsey}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licence Categories – Guernsey |url=http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204210/http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.gg}}</ref> |2 or 3 wheel vehicles, 14 under 50cc <4&nbsp;kW, 16 for 50–125cc <50&nbsp;km/h <11&nbsp;kW, 17 for >125cc <ref>{{Cite web |title=VEHICLE CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS AND AGE ENTITLEMENTS FOR DRIVING |url=https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=113066&p=0 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Isle of Man}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isle of Man Guide – PEOPLE AND LIVING, Driving on the Isle of Man |url=http://www.iomguide.com/drivingontheisleofman.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Iomguide.com}}</ref> |16 moped, 16 motorbike <125cc <11Kw, 17 motorbike >125cc. |- |''{{Flag|Jersey}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver licence vehicle categories, specifications and age restrictions |url=http://www.gov.je/Travel/Motoring/DriverLicensing/Pages/VehicleCategories.aspx |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.je}}</ref> |2 wheel vehicles, 16 <50cc, 2 or 3 wheel vehicles 17 <125cc, 18 >240cc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver licence vehicle categories, specifications and age restrictions |url=https://www.gov.je/Travel/Motoring/DriverLicensing/Pages/VehicleCategories.aspx#anchor-9 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Kosovo}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Licence – State Portal of the Republic of Kosovo |url=https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201356/https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence |archive-date=2019-11-27 |access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Moldova}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Moldova – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054837/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Monaco}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=Monaco travel advice – GOV.UK |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/monaco?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Fco.gov.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Montenegro}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montenegro : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214060412/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(16 with parental supervision)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macedonia : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214074448/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Russia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(16 for motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-06 |title=Driving in Russia |url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/russia/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=RAC}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|San Marino}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy and San Marino : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214114231/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(17 with adult supervision)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbia : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315193339/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204813/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ukraine – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927044021/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |17 (cars),<br /><br />16 (mopeds and tractors) (cars if disabled and in receipt of PIP or DLA),<br /><br />16 (Light Quadricycle)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-16 |title=Vehicles you can drive – GOV.UK |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/DriverLicensing/WhatCanYouDriveAndYourObligations/DG_4022547 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Direct.gov.uk}}</ref> | |} == Oceania == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |''{{Flag|American Samoa}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in American Samoa |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928092433/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html |archive-date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Adcidl.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Australia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (VIC) 17 (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, WA) Shekaru 161⁄2 (NT) <br /><br /> |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don samun lasisin koyon babur wanda ke ba da damar tuki a ƙarƙashin kulawa shine shekaru 15 da watanni 9, a cikin ACT.<ref name="Canberra">{{Cite web |title=Getting your learner licence – after the COVID-19 health crisis |url=https://www.accesscanberra.act.gov.au/s/article/act-driver-licence-information-tab-getting-your-learner-licence-after-the-covid-19-health-crisis |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Access Canberra }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk sauran jihohi da yankuna suna buƙatar direbobi masu koyo su kasance shekaru 16 ko sama da haka. Gudanarwa ba tare da kulawa ba ta hanyar ci gaba zuwa lasisi na wucin gadi yana yiwuwa bayan watanni 12, tare da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'i masu kulawa (ciki har da tuki na dare) da ake buƙata a cikin nau'in littafin rajista.<ref name="Canberra" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roads and Maritime Services |first=N. S. W. |title=Practical driving experience – learner driver log book |url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/licence/driver/learner/logbook/index.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Roads and Maritime Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=Your learner handbooks |url=https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au:443/licences/your-ls/your-learner-handbooks |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=VicRoads-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Learner logbook {{!}} Getting a licence |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/licensing/getting/learner-logbook |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=www.qld.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JO |title=Car (C) |url=https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/licensing/car-c.asp |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=www.transport.wa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My car licence – Learner's stage (L) |url=https://mylicence.sa.gov.au/my-car-licence/learners-stage |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=mylicence.sa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting your Ps |url=https://www.transport.tas.gov.au/licensing/getting_your_car_licence/getting_your_ps |website=Transport Services Tasmania}}</ref> Banda wannan shine Yankin Arewa, inda masu koyon direbobi zasu iya ci gaba zuwa lasisi na wucin gadi bayan watanni 6, ba tare da buƙatar gwajin direba ko littafin rajista ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2020-10-06 |title=Get your driver licence |url=https://nt.gov.au/driving/driverlicence/getting-an-nt-licence/get-your-driver-licence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=nt.gov.au}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Fiji}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Transport Authority – "Steering Fiji Safely" |url=http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106015321/http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ltafiji.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transportation in Fiji – Jasons Fiji |url=http://www.jasons.com/fiji/transportation-in-fiji |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Jasons.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guam}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guam Highway Safety Laws |url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ghsa.org |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023050737/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Marshall Islands}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshall Islands Travel Tips |url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall+Islands/Do's+and+Don'ts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127010248/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall%2BIslands/Do%27s%2Band%2BDon%27ts |archive-date=January 27, 2007 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don samun lasisin koyon babur wanda ke ba da damar tuki a ƙarƙashin kulawa shine 16. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun da za a iya samun cikakken lasisi, ba tare da kulawa ko yanayi ba, shine shekaru 171⁄2 idan direban ya kammala karatun tuki mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your car licence |url=http://nzta.govt.nz/licence/getting/cars/car-licence.html |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Nzta.govt.nz}}</ref> Ba tare da ingantaccen karatun tuki ba, mafi ƙarancin shekaru shine 18, daidai da lasisin mota mai nauyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Class 2 licence |url=https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/class-2-truck-licence/ |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru 151⁄2 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Mariana Islands Highway Safety Laws |url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ghsa.org |archive-date=2016-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104175658/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licensing of Drivers 2017 |url=https://rta.gov.pg/pdfs/licences&approvals/RTR_LicensingOfDrivers2017.pdf |access-date=2022-04-11 |publisher=rta.gov.pg}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Tonga}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tonga — Travel Tips |url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307041704/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts |archive-date=2005-03-07 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=iExplore}}</ref> | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Law country lists}} 3gnfu1vgjdpwnn6wa01h6liwtzzr7n6 0 112637 963132 892756 2026-10-04T19:54:05Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rufewa mai yuwuwa da canjin mai ba da sabis */ 963132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Pronto-socorro_do_Hospital_Dr._José_Maria_Morais,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|Emergency Room at Dr. José Maria Morais Hospital after its reopening in 2017 Fayil:Capela_Nossa_Senhora_Auxiliadora_e_Hospital_Dr._José_Maria_Morais,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians and Dr. Jose Maria Morais Hospital Fayil:Fachada_da_Capela_Nossa_Senhora_Auxiliadora_do_Hospital_Dr._José_Maria_Morais,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG2.jpg|Facade of Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians Fayil:Interior_da_Capela_Nossa_Senhora_Auxiliadora_do_Hospital_Doutor_José_Maria_Morais,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|Interior of the Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians after its restoration in 2019 </gallery>Asibitin Dokta José Maria Morais (tsohon '''Asibitin Siderúrgica''' kuma daga baya ya koma '''Asibitin São Camilo''') wata cibiya ce da ke cikin garin [[Coronel Fabriciano|Colonel Fabriciano]] na [[Brazil]], a cikin jihar Minas Gerais . [[ArcelorMittal Aços Longos|Belgo-Mineira]] ne ya kirkireshi a cikin Shekaran 1936, saboda annobar Cututtukan wurare masu zafi da garin ke fuskanta a lokacin. Asibitin yana a titin Argemiro José Ribeiro, a cikin unguwar Santa Helena, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a yankin da ke ba da sabis ta hanyar Unified Health System (SUS); gwamnatocin jihohi da na birni ne ke ba da kuɗin kuma City Hall ne ke sarrafa shi. Yana da alhakin kiwon lafiya a yankin Coronel Fabriciano, wanda ya shafi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] a cikin Vale do Aço da kuma babban birni. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Hospital_Siderúrgica,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|left|thumb|Asibitin Siderúrgica a lokacin a cikin 2010]] Wani annoba na cututtukan wurare masu zafi wanda ke shafar yankin Vale do Aço na yau, saboda gandun daji da aka rufe da [[Yanayin zafi]], ya haifar da kirkirar asibitin Siderúrgica na lokacin ta Companhia Siderúrgic Belgo-Mineira a cikin Shekaran 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-07-03 |title=Organização do município |url=http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/mat_vis.aspx?cd=6503 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123192146/http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/mat_vis.aspx?cd=6503 |archive-date=2012-01-23 |access-date=2010-02-23 |publisher=Prefeitura de Coronel Fabriciano}}</ref> Rukunin, wanda shugaban Belgo-Mineira ya tsara a lokacin, [[Louis Ensch]], daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]], da farko an yi niyyar halartar ma'aikatan kamfanin kuma ya kasance babban cibiyar kiwon lafiya a yankin har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Joaquim Gomes da Silveira Neto, mai kula da Belgo-Mineira a gundumar Melo Viana, ya kasance ƙarƙashin Antônio Dias, kuma likitocinsa na farko su ne Moacyr Birro, Getúlio de Melo, José Riscala Albeny, da Rubem Siqueira Maia, wanda ya zama magajin gari na farko na Correne. 1948. A cikin 1938, 'yan matan sadaka na Saint Vincent de Paul sun karɓi asibitin, a ƙarƙashin kulawar babban malamin gida Canon Domingos Martins. A cikin wannan shekarar, an ba da kulawa ga nuns na ikilisiyar Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrows, waɗanda suka gudanar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya har zuwa 1960. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar Dom Helvécio Gomes de Oliveira, babban Bishop na Mariana, da Chapel na Our Lady Help of Kiristoci da aka gina kusa da asibiti da kuma kammala a 1942. Yana da nuni zuwa ga majami'ar Salev Dom saint. mallakin Wani katafaren da ke da alaƙa da ɗakin sujada, wanda wani titin da ke da ɗakuna da yawa ya kafa, ya zama mafaka ga Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrows.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-28 |title=Patrimônio cultural espera por restauração |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/noticia/0038872-patrimonio-cultural-espera-por-restauracao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209120659/https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=38872&t=patrimonio-cultural-espera-por-restauracao |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-01 |title=Patrimônio Cultural |url=http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/detalhe-da-materia/info/bens-tombados-no-municipio/7536 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170708003528/http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/detalhe-da-materia/info/bens-tombados-no-municipio/7536 |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2017-07-07 |publisher=Prefeitura de Coronel Fabriciano}}</ref> An gina ɗakin sujada tare da gudummawa daga ma'aikatan asibitin, waɗanda suka ba da izinin wani ɓangare na albashinsu na kowane wata don aiki. A ƙarshe, Joaquim Gomes ya ba da kyautar hoton mai tsarki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-28 |title=Patrimônio cultural espera por restauração |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/noticia/0038872-patrimonio-cultural-espera-por-restauracao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209120659/https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=38872&t=patrimonio-cultural-espera-por-restauracao |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref> An yi amfani da haikalin don wasu bukukuwan al'ummar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na yankin, wanda daga baya ya samo asali da Saint Sebastian Parish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nossa história |url=https://saosebastiaofabriciano.com.br/nossa-historia/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |publisher=Paróquia São Sebastião, Coronel Fabriciano - MG}}</ref> The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul sun halarci asibitin har zuwa 1947, lokacin da 'yan'uwa mata Carmelite suka maye gurbinsu, wadanda ke da hannu a kirkirar Colégio Angélica . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=PARECER TÉCNICO N° 03/201 |url=https://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/abrir_arquivo.aspx/Parecer_tecnico_-_Colegio_Angelica_?cdLocal=2&arquivo={4BBBD5ED-CA43-C3A4-83AB-8BE7B02C1660}.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209120847/http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/abrir_arquivo.aspx/Parecer_tecnico_-_Colegio_Angelica_?cdLocal=2&arquivo={4BBBD5ED-CA43-C3A4-83AB-8BE7B02C1660}.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Prefeitura Municipal de Coronel Fabriciano}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960, likitan José Maria Morais ne ya sayi sashin kiwon lafiya daga Belgo-Mineira, tare da goyon bayan José Riscala Albeny kuma daga baya, Walter Winter Maia . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-07 |title=Homenagens marcam inauguração do Hospital Dr. José Maria Morais |url=https://www.plox.com.br/acontece/homenagens-marcam-inauguracao-do-hospital-dr-jose-maria-morais |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170708003424/http://www.plox.com.br/acontece/homenagens-marcam-inauguracao-do-hospital-dr-jose-maria-morais |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2017-07-07 |publisher=Plox}}</ref> === Rufewa mai yuwuwa da canjin mai ba da sabis === [[Fayil:Hospital_Siderúrgica_fechado,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|thumb|An rufe ƙofar dakin gaggawa a asibitin Siderúrgica a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2011]] A cikin Shekaran 2000s, Asibitin Siderúrgica na lokacin yana fama da matsalolin kuɗi kuma a cikin Shekaran 2009, yana cikin yanayin "kafin fatarar kuɗi". A lokacin, yana daga cikin manyan asibitocin da ke ba da sabis na jama'a ga ƙananan hukumomi na kusa, musamman ga garuruwan da ke cikin yankin Vale do Aço, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gadaje na asibiti. Kungiyar agaji ta Saint Sebastian Health Beneficent (ABSSS) ce ke kula da cibiyar kiwon lafiya, inda kusan kashi 80% na kudaden shiga ke fitowa daga ma’aikatan gwamnati ta hanyar Unified Health System (SUS), amma mai kula da lafiyar ya yi ikirarin cewa ba ya samun isassun kudade daga gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi, jihohi, da na tarayya. Bugu da kari, saboda rashin fitar da takardar shedar daga Hukumar Taimakon Jama'a ta Kasa (CNAS), wanda ke kawo tsarin kasafin kudi da daidaita haraji ga hukumar, an rufe sashin a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2011, inda ya bar Coronel Fabriciano ba tare da kulawar SUS ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-30 |title=Ministério da Saúde pode fechar Siderúrgica |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=91836 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904170441/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=91836#selection-345.0-345.42 |archive-date=2012-09-04 |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=Jornal Vale do Aço}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-16 |title=Cinco mil atendimentos a menos |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/noticias.aspx?cd=56159 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728145106/http://www.diariodoaco.com.br/noticias.aspx?cd=56159 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=Jornal Vale do Aço}}</ref> Har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi, asibitin Siderúrgica ya kula da kusan mutane dubu 65 da kuma kwantar da mutane 7,200 a asibiti a shekara.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Luana |last2=Filgueiras |first2=Paulo |last3=Silva |first3=Cristiane |last4=Camargos |first4=Daniel |last5=Parreiras |first5=Mateus |last6=Franco |first6=Pedro Rocha |last7=Evans |first7=Luciane |last8=Couri |first8=Leandro |date=2011-09-16 |title=Hospital de Siderúrgica de Coronel Fabriciano será reaberto |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2011/09/16/interna_gerais,251010/hospital-de-siderurgica-de-coronel-fabriciano-sera-reaberto.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209121047/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2011/09/16/interna_gerais,251010/hospital-de-siderurgica-de-coronel-fabriciano-sera-reaberto.shtml |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Jornal Estado de Minas}}</ref> An dauki halin da ake ciki a matsayin bala'in jama'a kuma ya shafi asibitoci a cikin kananan hukumomin da ke makwabtaka, ta hanyar kara yawan bukatar ayyukan jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-22 |title=Fabriciano decreta estado de calamidade pública |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92256 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231180852/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92256#selection-345.0-345.47 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2011-11-29 |publisher=Jornal Vale do Aço}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=HMC: aumento nos atendimentos a fabricianenses |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92488 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231123437/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92488#selection-345.0-345.46 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Dia D para fechamento do Hospital Siderúrgica |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231174942/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=92117 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2011-11-29 |publisher=Jornal Vale do Aço}}</ref> Matsalar ta shafi Tarayyar, Jiha, da Majalisa, kuma a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, an bayyana cewa Saint Camillus Charitable Society zai zama sabon mai kula da cibiyar kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-17 |title=Desapropriação da área continua indefinida |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=94044 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231171307/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=94044 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, Sakatariyar Lafiya ta Jiha ta ba da sanarwar cewa asibitin zai sake buɗewa a ƙarƙashin sunan Asibitin São Camilo a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2012 bayan da aka yi gyare-gyare kuma cewa sabis ɗin zai zama ƙaramin yanki, ta hanyar SUS, yana ba da sabis ga Fabriciano da wasu ƙananan hukumomi bakwai na yankin Vale do Aço. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-31 |title=Hospital São Camilo começa a atender à meia-noite |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=99998 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231212329/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=99998 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2012-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-20 |title=Antônio Jorge anunciará obras do Siderúrgica |url=http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=98177 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231160134/http://www.jvaonline.com.br/novo_site/ler_noticia.php?id=98177#selection-345.0-345.44 |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2012-06-08 |publisher=Jornal Vale do Aço}}</ref> Sabon aikin gine-gine ya samo asali ne daga masanin gine-gine Lígia Marta Silva Araújo . [[Fayil:Vista_parcial_do_Hospital_São_Camilo,_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG|left|thumb|Bayani na asibitin São Camilo a shekarar 2015]] Rashin canja wurin kudade daga gwamnatin jihar zuwa ga Saint Camillus Charitable Society ya haifar da ci gaba da matsalolin kudi a asibitin, rashin kulawa, da kuma barazanar rufewa a cikin 2016 da 2017. Kwangila tare da al'umma ya ƙare a watan Mayu 2017, lokacin da magajin gari Marcos Vinícius da Silva Bizarro ya ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnatin birnin za ta dauki nauyin kula da asibitin a cikin asibitin, José Bizarro, wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Maria Dokta Dorai. na farko likitoci da abokin tarayya na tsohon asibitin Siderúrgica, wanda ya mutu a watan Satumba 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=Hospital terá gestão plena do município em Coronel Fabriciano |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=50045&t=hospital-tera-gestao-plena-do-municipio-em-coronel-fabriciano- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154050/http://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=50045&t=hospital-tera-gestao-plena-do-municipio-em-coronel-fabriciano- |archive-date=2017-06-14 |access-date=2017-06-14 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=Beneficência Social Bom Samaritano assume hospital em Coronel Fabriciano |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=50077&t=beneficencia-social-bom-samaritano-assume-hospital-em-coronel-fabriciano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154155/http://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=50077&t=beneficencia-social-bom-samaritano-assume-hospital-em-coronel-fabriciano |archive-date=2017-06-14 |access-date=2017-06-14 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref> Duk da izinin da gwamnati ta bayar ga Majalisa, ya kamata jihar ta ci gaba da canja wurin kudade don kula da cibiyar kiwon lafiya, bisa ga yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu, wanda kuma ya samar da ci gaba da sabis na karamin yanki.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Vara da Fazenda Pública determina que o Estado regularize os repasses ao Hospital José Maria Morais |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=61924&t=vara-da-fazenda-publica-determina-que-o-estado-regularize-os-repasses-ao-hospital-jose-maria-morais |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209121127/https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=61924&t=vara-da-fazenda-publica-determina-que-o-estado-regularize-os-repasses-ao-hospital-jose-maria-morais |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref> Asibitin yana aiki tare da gadaje 60, daga cikinsu 50 gadaje ne na asibiti da gadaje goma na ICU, yayin da sauran 72 har yanzu ba a gama su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=Legislativo de Fabriciano se reúne com Estado pela reabertura de hospital |url=https://www.plox.com.br/politica/legislativo-de-fabriciano-se-reune-com-estado-pela-reabertura-de-hospital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154318/https://www.plox.com.br/politica/legislativo-de-fabriciano-se-reune-com-estado-pela-reabertura-de-hospital |archive-date=2017-06-14 |access-date=2017-06-14 |publisher=Plox}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2017, an dakatar da sabis ɗin a karo na biyu a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, da zarar ba a kammala sauyawar sabuwar gwamnatin ba kuma an kammala ba da dukiyar ga Coronel Fabriciano City Hall ne kawai a ranar 1 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-02 |title=Fechamento de hospital afeta saúde no Vale do Aço |url=https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/fechamento-de-hospital-afeta-saude-no-vale-do-aco-1.1481480 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154415/http://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/fechamento-de-hospital-afeta-sa%C3%BAde-no-vale-do-a%C3%A7o-1.1481480 |archive-date=2017-06-14 |access-date=2017-06-14 |publisher=Jornal O Tempo}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2017, an ba da kuɗi ga gwamnatin birni, wanda ya sanar da sake buɗe asibitin a ranar 21 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-12 |title=Hospital de Coronel Fabriciano deve ser reaberto no dia 21 de junho |url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/vales-mg/videos/v/hospital-de-coronel-fabriciano-deve-ser-reaberto-no-dia-21-de-junho/5935091/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154431/http://g1.globo.com/mg/vales-mg/videos/v/hospital-de-coronel-fabriciano-deve-ser-reaberto-no-dia-21-de-junho/5935091/ |archive-date=2017-06-14 |access-date=2017-06-14 |publisher=InterTV dos Vales}}</ref> An sake buɗewa a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2017, a ƙarƙashin kasancewar shugabannin kiwon lafiya, magajin gari a yankin, da wakilan gwamnatin jihar. Har ila yau, taron ya yi bikin sake buɗe gadajen yara, wanda ba a bayar da shi ba tun 2012. An kuma sanar da cewa, ban da gadaje 60 da aka sake buɗewa, wasu 74 a cikin sabon reshe da aka gina sun riga sun jira a sake su don amfani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-07 |title=Homenagens marcam inauguração do Hospital Dr. José Maria Morais |url=https://www.plox.com.br/acontece/homenagens-marcam-inauguracao-do-hospital-dr-jose-maria-morais |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170708003424/http://www.plox.com.br/acontece/homenagens-marcam-inauguracao-do-hospital-dr-jose-maria-morais |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2017-07-07 |publisher=Plox}}</ref> Duk da sake buɗewa, rashin biyan kuɗi ya sa gwamnatin jihar ta ci gaba da biyan bashin dala miliyan tare da asibitin a cikin watanni masu zuwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Vara da Fazenda Pública determina que o Estado regularize os repasses ao Hospital José Maria Morais |url=https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=61924&t=vara-da-fazenda-publica-determina-que-o-estado-regularize-os-repasses-ao-hospital-jose-maria-morais |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209121127/https://www.diariodoaco.com.br/ler_noticia.php?id=61924&t=vara-da-fazenda-publica-determina-que-o-estado-regularize-os-repasses-ao-hospital-jose-maria-morais |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Jornal Diário do Aço}}</ref> == Cocin Uwargidanmu Taimako na Kiristoci == Da yake kusa da rukunin cibiyar kiwon lafiya, Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christian, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 1942, ya sami bukukuwan addini har zuwa 1970, lokacin da asibitin ba ya kula da shi.  A 1974, ya fara aiki don jana'izar.  Saboda dacewar tarihi da al'adu ga birnin, duka ɗakin sujada da ɗakin karatu da ke cikinsa an ayyana su a matsayin wurin al'adun gargajiya na birni a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1997. Haikalin ya sake samun bukukuwan addini daga Saint Sebastian Parish a shekara ta 2000, tare da yawan jama'a da ke gudana mako-mako a ranar Juma'a, amma an daina amfani da shi tare da rufe ɗakin sujada a cikin shekaru 2 masu zuwa.  yanayin watsi da shi, har sai da aka yi gyara da gwamnatin karamar hukuma ta yi, ta hanyar kudade daga asusun al'adun gargajiya na Municipal, tsakanin 2018 zuwa 2019, ta ba da damar dawowar bikin.  An sake buɗe ta a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2019, ranar waliyyai, tare da taro a St. Sebastian Cathedral tare da jerin gwanon zuwa ɗakin sujada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Capela Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora é reaberta após restauração |url=https://plox.com.br/noticia/23/05/2019/capela-nossa-senhora-auxiliadora-e-reaberta-apos-restauracao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529172145/https://plox.com.br/noticia/23/05/2019/capela-nossa-senhora-auxiliadora-e-reaberta-apos-restauracao |archive-date=2019-05-29 |access-date=2019-05-29 |publisher=Plox}}</ref> Majami'ar tana gabatar da facade mara kyau, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙofa mai tsaka-tsaki kuma, sama da shi, ƙananan buɗe ido biyu na lintel a cikin cikakkiyar baka mai zagaye. Sama da waɗannan, tsakiya na tsakiya ya sadu da rufin, inda ƙarar hasumiya ta tsakiya ta fito, wanda ciki ya gina karrarawa. An yi tsarinsa da simintin da aka ƙarfafa da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran bulo. Rufin nave yana da rufin yumbu mai ƙwanƙwasa, yayin da hasumiya tana da gabobi huɗu. A ciki akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ana samun damar shiga ta matakala da ke farawa bayan babbar ƙofar. Facades na gefe suna da tagogi, amma yana yiwuwa a buɗe tagogi kawai a hannun dama, saboda buɗewar da ke gefen hagu an rufe bangon asibiti. Kasan da ke ciki ya ƙunshi tayal na ruwa kuma babban bagadin yana da fale-falen bene na katako, tare da bagadi a cikin sassaƙan itace da alamomi masu kama da Baroque da Rococo. Ƙofa tana ba da damar shiga kai tsaye zuwa asibiti, kuma a bayan ɗakin sujada akwai kafet..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bens inventariados no município de Coronel Fabriciano |url=https://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/salvar_arquivo.aspx?cdLocal=2&arquivo=%7BDDA36C4E-EEB2-51DC-ED60-ACA3CEDE2DDE%7D.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209121152/http://www.fabriciano.mg.gov.br/salvar_arquivo.aspx?cdLocal=2&arquivo=%7BDDA36C4E-EEB2-51DC-ED60-ACA3CEDE2DDE%7D.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura (SMEC) |pages=60–62}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 44axguzv55h866iwn504z8ppntgopt5 0 115160 963073 791838 2026-10-04T16:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kyautar Ambassador of Conscience ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta [[Amnesty International]]. Yana murna da mutane da kungiyoyin da suka ci gaba da kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar nuna ƙarfin hali na musamman da ke tsayayya da rashin adalci kuma wadanda suka yi amfani da basirarsu don karfafa wasu. Har ila yau, yana da niyyar samar da muhawara, karfafa ayyukan jama'a da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da labarun wahayi da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam. Art for Amnesty ne ya shirya bikin bayar da kyautar a madadin Amnesty International har zuwa 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Ambassador of Conscience Award - Art for Human Rights |url=https://artforhumanrights.org/ambassador-of-conscience-award/}}</ref> An ba da kyautar kyautar a cikin 2003 ta [[Bill Shipsey]], wanda ya kafa Art for Amnesty. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Breffni |date=9 April 2008 |title=Czech Republic: Havel is Amnesty's First 'Ambassador of Conscience' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1104995.html |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Havel was a hero who didn't disappoint, says Art for Amnesty's Bill Shipsey |url=https://english.radio.cz/havel-was-a-hero-who-didnt-disappoint-says-art-amnestys-bill-shipsey-8257027 |access-date=4 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822095711/https://english.radio.cz/havel-was-a-hero-who-didnt-disappoint-says-art-amnestys-bill-shipsey-8257027 |archive-date=22 August 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da kyautar ne ta hanyar waƙar da [[Seamus Heaney]] ya rubuta ga [[Amnesty International]] a 1985. Waƙar "Daga Jamhuriyar Lantarki" ta ƙare da layi: "Ofisoshin jakadancinsu ya ce, suna ko'ina amma suna gudanar da ayyukan kansu kuma babu jakadan da zai taɓa samun sauƙi". [[Seamus Heaney]] ya ba da lambar yabo ga [[Vaclav Havel]] a [[Abbey Theatre|gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Abbey]] a Dublin a watan Nuwamba 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaclav Havel Library |url=https://www.vaclavhavel.cz/en/index/news/593/for-seamus-heaney}}</ref> [[Nadine Gordimer]] ta ba da lambar yabo ga [[Nelson Mandela]] a watan Nuwamba 2006 a [[Gidauniyar Nelson Mandela]] a Johannesburg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadine Gordimer's key note speech - Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience Award &#124; South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/nadine-gordimers-key-note-speech-amnesty-international-ambassador-conscience-award}}</ref> [[Vanessa Redgrave]] ce ta karanta waƙar Heaney a lambar yabo ta farko na [[Vaclav Havel]] a 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=From the Republic of Conscience by Seamus Heaney |url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/dramaonone/1349892-from-the-republic-of-conscience-by-seamus-heaney |website=[[RTÉ.ie]]}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == * 2003 - Václav Havel, tsohon Shugaban Jamhuriyar Czech <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Breffni |date=9 April 2008 |title=Czech Republic: Havel Is Amnesty's First 'Ambassador Of Conscience' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1104995.html |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> * 2004 - [[Mary Robinson]], tsohon Shugaban Ireland da [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]], da Hilda Morales Trujillo, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemalan]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Robinson y Hilda Morales "Embajadoras de Conciencia" 2004 |url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/mary-robinson-y-hilda-morales-embajadoras-de-conciencia-2004/}}</ref> * 2005 - ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Irish U2 da manajan su Paul McGuinness <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2006 |title=U2 receives Human Rights award at Chile's National Stadium |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act10/001/2006/en/}}</ref> * 2006 - [[Nelson Mandela]], tsohon Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2006 |title=Amnesty International honours Mandela |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-11-01-amnesty-international-honours-mandela/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Mg.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nelson Mandela - Speeches - Address by Nelson Mandela at the Amnesty International, Ambassador of Conscience Award |url=http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/2006/061101_amnesty.htm}}</ref> * 2008 - Peter Gabriel, mawaƙi kuma mai fafutukar jin kai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of Conscience - Peter Gabriel |url=http://www.u2.com/news/title/ambassador_of_conscience__peter_gabriel_2252/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=U2.com}}</ref> * 2009 - Aung San Suu Kyi, shugaban kungiyar Burmese National League for Democracy . An janye kyautar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2018. * 2013 - [[Malala Yousafzai]], Ɗalibi, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, mai fafutuka, da Harry Belafonte, mawaƙin Amurka, mai fafatawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da adalci <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=Malala Yousafzai honoured by Amnesty |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0917/474691-malala-yousafzai/ |website=[[RTÉ.ie]]}}</ref> * 2015 - Joan Baez, mawaƙan gargajiya na Amurka, marubucin waƙa kuma mai fafutuka da Ai Weiwei, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na kasar Sin kuma mai fafatawa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayej |first=Nadja |date=22 May 2015 |title=Joan Baez and AI Weiwei honoured by Amnesty International |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/22/joan-baez-ai-weiwei-amnesty-international#:~:text=Introducing%20Baez%27s%20award%2C%20Patti%20Smith,ray%20of%20hope%20for%20people%E2%80%9D |website=The Guardian}}</ref> * 2016 - Angélique Kidjo, mawaƙan Beninese kuma Lutte Pour Le Changement (LUCHA), ƙungiyar matasa da suka himmatu ga zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Goma da Le Balai Citizen, ƙungiyar siyasa a Burkina Faso da Y'en a Marre, ƙungiyar rappers da 'yan jarida na Senegal * 2017 - Alicia Keys, mawaƙiya kuma mai fafutuka ta Amurka; ƙungiyar haƙƙin 'Yan asalin ƙasar [[Kanada]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-13 |title=Prix Ambassadeur de la conscience 2017. Alicia Keys et le mouvement des droits des autochtones du Canada, lauréats de la prestigieuse récompense d'Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.fr/presse/prix-ambassadeur-de-la-conscience-2017-alicia-keys |access-date=2017-06-29 |website=Amnesty.fr |language=fr}}.</ref> * 2018 - Colin Kaepernick, tsohon mai tsaron gida na NFL kuma mai fafutuka; ya durƙusa nuna rashin adalci na launin fata <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-21 |title=Accepting Rights Award, Colin Kaepernick Decries 'Lawful Lynching' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/21/sports/colin-kaepernick-amnesty-international.html |access-date=2018-04-21 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}.</ref> * 2019 - [[Greta Thunberg]], mai fafutukar kare muhalli ta Sweden da Jumma'a don Motsi na gaba, wani ɓangare na yajin aikin makaranta don yanayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Climate activists Greta Thunberg and the Fridays for Future movement honoured with top Amnesty International award |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/greta-thunberg-and-fridays-for-future-win-ambassador-of-conscience-2019-award/ |access-date=7 June 2019 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of Conscience Award |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/art-for-amnesty/ambassador-of-conscience/ |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422194522/https://www.amnesty.org/en/art-for-amnesty/ambassador-of-conscience/ |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=Amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> * == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/art-for-amnesty/ambassador-of-conscience/ Cibiyar bayar da lambar yabo ta Amnesty International Ambassador of Conscience] * [https://artforhumanrights.org/ambassador-of-conscience-award/ Cibiyar Kyautar Kyautar Jakadancin Lantarki ta Art for Human Rights] cwuq33l48ckmd76272nch0tsnelvnzi 0 115331 963348 889952 2026-10-05T09:07:44Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356198342|Development]]" 963348 wikitext text/x-wiki   ''''''ci gaba'''''' ko ci gaba na iya nufin:Ci gaba (kiɗa) , tsarin da ake sake fasalin kayan aiki da kuma cigaba na kasuwanci.   == Ayyuka == * Ci gaba (kiɗa) , tsarin da ake sake fasalin kayan aiki * Ci gaban daukar hoto * Yin fim-finai, matakin ci gaba, gami da kudi da kasafin kuɗi * Ci gaban jahannama, lokacin da aikin ya makale a ci gaba mai dorewa * Ci gaba (ƙungiya), Ƙungiyar pop rock mai ci gaba ta Turanci * <nowiki><i id="mwGQ">Ci gaba</i></nowiki> (album) , kundi na 2002 na Nonpoint == Kasuwanci == * Ci gaban kasuwanci, tsari na haɓaka kasuwanci * Ci gaban aiki * Ci gaban kamfanoni, matsayi a cikin kasuwanci * Ci gaban makamashi, ayyukan da aka mayar da hankali kan samun makamashi daga albarkatun kasa * Tattara kudade, wanda kuma ake kira "ci gaba" * Ci gaban kore, ra'ayi na ƙasa wanda ke la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli na ci gaba * Ci gaban ƙasa, canza yanayin ƙasa ta kowace hanya * Bankin ci gaban ƙasa, wani nau'in banki a Indiya * Ci gaban jagoranci * Sabon ci gaban samfur * Ci gaban ƙungiya * Ci gaban sana'a * Ci gaban dukiya * Bincike da ci gaba * [[Horarwa da cin gaba|Horarwa da ci gaba]] == Ilimin halitta da magani == * [[Ci gaban manya]], tsakanin balaga da ƙarshen rayuwa * [[Ci gaban yara]], tsakanin haihuwa da ƙarshen ƙuruciya * <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Ci gaba</i></nowiki> (jarida) , mujallar ilimi a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba * Ilimin Halitta na ci gaba, nazarin tsarin da kwayoyin ke girma da haɓaka * Ilimin halayyar mutum, binciken kimiyya game da yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa mutane ke canzawa a rayuwarsu * Ci gaban miyagun ƙwayoyi, duk tsarin kawo sabon miyagun ƙwalwa ko na'urar zuwa kasuwa * Embryogenesis, ko ci gaba, tsarin da aka kafa tayin * Ci gaban ɗan adam (biology) , tsarin girma zuwa balaga * Ci gaban hakora na mutum ko odontogenesis * Ci gaban jijiyoyi, hanyoyin da ke samarwa, siffar, da sake fasalin tsarin juyayi * Ci gaban mutum, ko taimakon kai * [[Ci gaban haihuwa]], tsarin da tayin mutum ko tayin ke ciki yayin daukar ciki * Ci gaban matasa == Kwamfuta == * Ci gaban wucin gadi, wani yanki na kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya * Ci gaban aikace-aikacen hannu, aiki ko tsari wanda aka haɓaka aikace-aikace na hannu * Ci gaban software, ci gaban samfurin software * Ci gaban wasan bidiyo * Ci gaban yanar gizo, aikin da ke tattare da haɓaka shafin yanar gizo == Kimiyya ta zamantakewa == * Ci gaban al'umma, ayyuka don inganta fannoni daban-daban na al'ummomi * [[Developing country|Kasar da ke tasowa]], al'umma da ke da karancin masana'antu * Taimako na ci gaba, taimakon kudi da gwamnatoci da sauran hukumomi suka bayar * Sadarwar ci gaba * [[Yanayin ci gaba]], reshe na yanayin ƙasa wanda ke nufin [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazauna * Shirin ci gaba, manufofi da shawarwari na hukuma don amfani da ƙasa * Nazarin ci gaba, yana nazarin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ci gaba, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma yana iya haɗuwa da nazarin bayan mulkin mallaka * Ka'idar ci gaba * Ci gaban tattalin arziki, tsarin da al'umma ke inganta tattalin arziki, siyasa, da lafiyar jama'arta * Asusun Ci Gaban Turai, babban kayan aiki don taimakon Tarayyar Turai (EU) don ci gaba * Ci gaban ɗan adam (halayyar), kimiyya da ke neman fahimtar yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa mutane na kowane zamani da yanayi suka canza ko kuma su kasance iri ɗaya a tsawon lokaci, duba Ci gaban halayyar mutumIlimin halayyar mutum * Ci gaban Dan Adam, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsara ƙasashe ta matakin ci gaban ɗan adam * Ci gaban kasa da kasa, yawanci matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki * Ci gaban Yankin, taimako da taimako ga yankunan da ba su da ci gaba da tattalin arziki * Ci gaban karkara, tsarin inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin tattalin arziki na mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara * Juyin Halitta na zamantakewa da al'adu, yadda al'adu da al'ummomi suka canza a tsawon lokaci * Ci gaba mai dorewa == Sauran amfani == * Ci gaba (geometry daban-daban), mirgina wani wuri mai santsi a kan wani * Ci gaba (zane-zane), wani nau'in zane-zane na fasaha * Ci gaba (topology) , tarin lissafi na budewa * Ci gaba, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Ci gaban koyarwar, kalmar da John Henry Newman ya yi amfani da ita don bayyana koyarwar Katolika * Shirin ci gaban direbobi, shirin da kungiyoyin tsere ke amfani da shi don bunkasa matasa direbobi * MFA Development, kulob din kwallon kafa na Macanese == Dubi kuma == * Ci gaba (disambiguation) * Bayyanawa (disambiguation) * Juyin Halitta, canje-canje ga jinsin a cikin ''tsararraki'' kkhjq9kdyxhroen4w3cym8nky4tpddc 963349 963348 2026-10-05T09:08:29Z Baffa ali 47435 963349 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} ''''''ci gaba'''''' ko ci gaba na iya nufin:Ci gaba (kiɗa) , tsarin da ake sake fasalin kayan aiki da kuma cigaba na kasuwanci.   == Ayyuka == * Ci gaba (kiɗa) , tsarin da ake sake fasalin kayan aiki * Ci gaban daukar hoto * Yin fim-finai, matakin ci gaba, gami da kudi da kasafin kuɗi * Ci gaban jahannama, lokacin da aikin ya makale a ci gaba mai dorewa * Ci gaba (ƙungiya), Ƙungiyar pop rock mai ci gaba ta Turanci * <nowiki><i id="mwGQ">Ci gaba</i></nowiki> (album) , kundi na 2002 na Nonpoint == Kasuwanci == * Ci gaban kasuwanci, tsari na haɓaka kasuwanci * Ci gaban aiki * Ci gaban kamfanoni, matsayi a cikin kasuwanci * Ci gaban makamashi, ayyukan da aka mayar da hankali kan samun makamashi daga albarkatun kasa * Tattara kudade, wanda kuma ake kira "ci gaba" * Ci gaban kore, ra'ayi na ƙasa wanda ke la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli na ci gaba * Ci gaban ƙasa, canza yanayin ƙasa ta kowace hanya * Bankin ci gaban ƙasa, wani nau'in banki a Indiya * Ci gaban jagoranci * Sabon ci gaban samfur * Ci gaban ƙungiya * Ci gaban sana'a * Ci gaban dukiya * Bincike da ci gaba * [[Horarwa da cin gaba|Horarwa da ci gaba]] == Ilimin halitta da magani == * [[Ci gaban manya]], tsakanin balaga da ƙarshen rayuwa * [[Ci gaban yara]], tsakanin haihuwa da ƙarshen ƙuruciya * <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Ci gaba</i></nowiki> (jarida) , mujallar ilimi a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba * Ilimin Halitta na ci gaba, nazarin tsarin da kwayoyin ke girma da haɓaka * Ilimin halayyar mutum, binciken kimiyya game da yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa mutane ke canzawa a rayuwarsu * Ci gaban miyagun ƙwayoyi, duk tsarin kawo sabon miyagun ƙwalwa ko na'urar zuwa kasuwa * Embryogenesis, ko ci gaba, tsarin da aka kafa tayin * Ci gaban ɗan adam (biology) , tsarin girma zuwa balaga * Ci gaban hakora na mutum ko odontogenesis * Ci gaban jijiyoyi, hanyoyin da ke samarwa, siffar, da sake fasalin tsarin juyayi * Ci gaban mutum, ko taimakon kai * [[Ci gaban haihuwa]], tsarin da tayin mutum ko tayin ke ciki yayin daukar ciki * Ci gaban matasa == Kwamfuta == * Ci gaban wucin gadi, wani yanki na kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya * Ci gaban aikace-aikacen hannu, aiki ko tsari wanda aka haɓaka aikace-aikace na hannu * Ci gaban software, ci gaban samfurin software * Ci gaban wasan bidiyo * Ci gaban yanar gizo, aikin da ke tattare da haɓaka shafin yanar gizo == Kimiyya ta zamantakewa == * Ci gaban al'umma, ayyuka don inganta fannoni daban-daban na al'ummomi * [[Developing country|Kasar da ke tasowa]], al'umma da ke da karancin masana'antu * Taimako na ci gaba, taimakon kudi da gwamnatoci da sauran hukumomi suka bayar * Sadarwar ci gaba * [[Yanayin ci gaba]], reshe na yanayin ƙasa wanda ke nufin [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazauna * Shirin ci gaba, manufofi da shawarwari na hukuma don amfani da ƙasa * Nazarin ci gaba, yana nazarin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ci gaba, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma yana iya haɗuwa da nazarin bayan mulkin mallaka * Ka'idar ci gaba * Ci gaban tattalin arziki, tsarin da al'umma ke inganta tattalin arziki, siyasa, da lafiyar jama'arta * Asusun Ci Gaban Turai, babban kayan aiki don taimakon Tarayyar Turai (EU) don ci gaba * Ci gaban ɗan adam (halayyar), kimiyya da ke neman fahimtar yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa mutane na kowane zamani da yanayi suka canza ko kuma su kasance iri ɗaya a tsawon lokaci, duba Ci gaban halayyar mutumIlimin halayyar mutum * Ci gaban Dan Adam, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsara ƙasashe ta matakin ci gaban ɗan adam * Ci gaban kasa da kasa, yawanci matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki * Ci gaban Yankin, taimako da taimako ga yankunan da ba su da ci gaba da tattalin arziki * Ci gaban karkara, tsarin inganta ingancin rayuwa da jin daɗin tattalin arziki na mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara * Juyin Halitta na zamantakewa da al'adu, yadda al'adu da al'ummomi suka canza a tsawon lokaci * Ci gaba mai dorewa == Sauran amfani == * Ci gaba (geometry daban-daban), mirgina wani wuri mai santsi a kan wani * Ci gaba (zane-zane), wani nau'in zane-zane na fasaha * Ci gaba (topology) , tarin lissafi na budewa * Ci gaba, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Ci gaban koyarwar, kalmar da John Henry Newman ya yi amfani da ita don bayyana koyarwar Katolika * Shirin ci gaban direbobi, shirin da kungiyoyin tsere ke amfani da shi don bunkasa matasa direbobi * MFA Development, kulob din kwallon kafa na Macanese == Dubi kuma == * Ci gaba (disambiguation) * Bayyanawa (disambiguation) * Juyin Halitta, canje-canje ga jinsin a cikin ''tsararraki'' rfy5qpuudgqbpka75ta2dyc4g5tv3so 0 116778 963087 733183 2026-10-04T17:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Henna|image=Henna (1991).jpg|caption=Original poster|director=[[Randhir Kapoor]]|producer=[[Randhir Kapoor]]<br />[[Rajiv Kapoor]]|writer=[[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]<br />[[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]<br />[[Hasina Moin]]<br />V. P. Sathe|narrator=[[Shammi Kapoor]]|starring=[[Rishi Kapoor]]<br /> [[Zeba Bakhtiar]] <br />[[Ashwini Bhave]]|music=[[Ravindra Jain]]|cinematography=[[Radhu Karmakar]]|editing=Jethu Mundal|studio=R. K. Studios Chembur|distributor=R. K. Films Ltd.<br />Digital Entertainment<br />[[Eros Entertainment]]<br />[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]|released={{Film date|1991|06|28|df=y}}|runtime=184 minutes|country=[[India]]|language=[[Hindi]]<br />[[Urdu]]|budget={{INR|4 [[crore]]}}<ref name=in>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Raj Kapoor's dream film Henna releases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910731-raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases-814613-1991-07-31 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[India Today]]|date=31 July 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212609/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases/1/318566.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=How Pakistani Writer Haseena Moin Contributed To Raj Kapoor’s Henna |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-pakistani-writer-haseena-moin-contributed-to-raj-kapoors-henna-7237831.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>|gross={{INR|12 crore}}<ref name=":0" />}}'''''Henna''''' fim ne na Indiya da aka fitar a shekarar 1991, nau'in fim ɗin soyayya ce da kuma drama. Khwaja Ahmad Abbas ne ya rubuta fim ɗin, yayin da Randhir Kapoor ya shirya kuma ya bada umarnin shirya shi. Fitattun jaruman da suka fito a fim ɗin sun hada da Rishi Kapoor, tare da jarumar Pakistan Zeba Bakhtiyar wadda ta taka rawa a matsayin Henna, da kuma Ashwini Bhave. Asalin ra’ayin fim ɗin daga darakta Raj Kapoor ne, amma ya rasu kafin a fara ɗaukar fim ɗin, don haka ɗansa na fari, Randhir Kapoor ne ya kammala ɗaukar shi. Haseena Moin, marubuciyar Pakistan ce ta rubuta jawaban fim ɗin. Fim ɗin ya samu gagarumar nasara ta fuskar yabo da kuma kasuwanci, kuma an gabatar da shi a matsayin wakilcin Indiya don gasar '''Oscar''' (Academy Award) a rukuni na "Mafi kyawun Fim a Wani Harshe (Best Foreign Language Film)", amma bai samu shiga sahun waɗ == Makirci == Chandar Prakash (Rishi Kapoor), wanda ke zaune a Srinagar, ya kamata ya yi aure kuma ya auri Chandni Kaul (Ashwini Bhave), wanda ya kira Chand. A ranar da aka yi alkawarin, ya fuskanci hatsari kuma ya ɓace cikin ɓangaren Pakistan na [[Kashmir]]. Wata yarinya 'yar asalin ƙasar, Henna (Zeba Bakhtiar), ta ƙaunace shi; wannan yana cikin rikice-rikicen Indiya da Pakistan a [[Kashmir]], wanda ya haifar da cewa 'yan sanda na Pakistan suna zargin shi da zama ɗan leƙen asiri na Indiya. Kyakkyawan Henna Khan tana rayuwa ta ɗan lokaci kusa da kogin Jhelum, a Pakistan, tare da mahaifinta gwauruwa, Khan Baba, da 'yan'uwa uku, Ashraf, Razzak da Zaman . Wata rana, ta haɗu da wani mutumin da ba shi da hankali wanda ya wanke a bakin teku. Khan Baba, Gul Bibi (dokta na ƙauyen) da Henna sun ɗauki wannan baƙo kuma sun kula da shi, sai kawai suka gano cewa ya rasa ƙwaƙwalwarsa. Mutumin, a cikin barcinsa, ya yi ihu da sunan "Chand!", don haka kowa ya fara kiransa da wannan sunan. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya isa ya yi tafiya kuma ya fara aiki ga Gul Bibi, yana taimaka mata ta yin tukwane na yumɓu. Henna ta fada cikin soyayya kuma tana so ta aure shi, abin takaici ga Daroga Shahbaaz Khan (Raza Murad), wanda ya riga ya yi aure sau biyu; bisa ga dokar Shariat, zai iya yin aure sau biyu. Khan Baba ya shirya auren Henna da Chand; an shirya ranar auren. A ranar bikin auren, Chand a ƙarshe ya dawo da tunaninsa. Iyalin sun gano cewa "Chand" a zahiri Chandar ne, kuma ba Musulmi ba ne ko kuma Ba-Pakistan. Ya fito ne daga Indiya, bayan ya ɓace a kan iyaka zuwa Pakistan bayan hatsarin mota. Kungiyar ta yanke shawarar tabbatar da hanyar da ta dace don Chand ya koma gida. An yi ƙoƙari na farko, saboda ɗayan 'yan uwan Henna sun haɗa kai da Shahbaaz Khan. Ƙoƙarin na biyu ya yi nasara, amma Henna ta rasa ranta a cikin rikici. Fim din ya ƙare tare da Chandar yana tambayar dalilin da ya sa yaƙi ya kasance. == Masu ba da labari == * Rishi Kapoor a matsayin Chandar Prakash / Chand * Zeba Bakhtiar a matsayin Henna Khan * Ashwini Bhave a matsayin Chandni Kaul * Kulbhushan Kharbanda a matsayin Devraj Kaul * Reema Lagoo a matsayin Anuradha Kaul * Saeed Jaffrey a matsayin Khan Baba * Farida Jalal a matsayin Bibi Gul * Mohnish Behl a matsayin Kyaftin Surendra * Kiran Kumar a matsayin Ashraf * Shafi Inamdar a matsayin Superintendent na 'yan sanda na Pak Iqbal * Dilip Dhawan a matsayin Razzaq * Arun Verma a matsayin Zaman * Arun Bakshi a matsayin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Pak Nawabdin * Raza Murad a matsayin 'yan sanda na Pak Daroga Shahbaaz Khan == Fitarwa == An harbe wani bangare na [[Kashmir]] na fim din a [[Himachal Pradesh]]">Manali, Himachal Pradesh . An harbe wasu sassan a Pakistan (Murree, [[Islamabad]]), [[Switzerland]] da Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Madhu |title=Henna: Labour of love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910731-raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases-814613-1991-07-31 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> == Sauti ==   Ravindra Jain ne ya kirkiro waƙar kuma Jain, Naqsh Lyallpuri da Maulana Qudsi ne suka rubuta kalmomin.<ref name="Hindu1">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Star under a shadow |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-under-a-shadow/article5376230.ece |access-date=24 January 2017 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510025613/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-under-a-shadow/article5376230.ece |archive-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cewar Box Office India, tare da kusan 22,00,000 raka'a sayar, wannan fim din ya kasance na shida mafi girma a shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> * "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna" an jera shi a # 7 a jerin shekara-shekara na Binaca Geetmala 1991 . * "Naar Daana Anar Daana" an jera shi a # 20 a jerin shekara-shekara na Binaca Geetmala 1991 . {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !# !Taken !Mawallafa (s) !Mawallafin Waƙoƙi |- |1 |"Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna" (Farin ciki) | rowspan="2" |Lata Mangeshkar | rowspan="3" |Ravindra Jain |- |2 |"Naar Daana Anar Daana" |- |3 |"Der Na Ho Jaye Kahin" |Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar, Mohd. Sayeed, Farid Sabri, Satish |- |4 |"Chitthiye Ni Dard Firaaq Valiye" |Lata Mangeshkar |Naqsh Lyallpuri |- |5 |"Marhaba Sayyedi" |Mohammed Aziz |Maulana Qudsi |- |6 |"Janewale O Janewale" |Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar | rowspan="5" |Ravindra Jain |- |7 |"Bedardi Tere Pyar Ne" |Lata Mangeshkar |- |8 |"Vash Malle" |Mohammed Aziz |- |9 |"Main Hoon Khushrang Henna" (Mugun) |Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Aziz |- |10 |"Hannun Der Karta Nahin" |Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar |} == Karɓar baƙi == ''Henna'' ta kasance mai girma, musamman idan aka ba da wuraren da aka harbe ta, kuma ga kyakkyawan kiɗa na Ravindra Jain, wanda ya haifar da sanannun duniya kamar "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna", "Naar Daana Anar Daana" da "Der Na Ho Jaye Kahin". <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=RIP Rishi Kapoor: 'Henna' will be remembered forever |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-rishi-kapoor-henna-will-be-remembered-forever-831921.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502013723/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-rishi-kapoor-henna-will-be-remembered-forever-831921.html |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=DeccanHerald |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan Zeba Bakhtiar a cikin rawar da take takawa ya sami yabo sosai, wanda ya ba ta gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin rukunin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a 37th Filmfare Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TheNews Weekly Magazine |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Best Actress Award - History-US |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/history-filmfare-best-actress-award/ |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050109/spectrum/main7.htm |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Ita, tare da Salma Agha da Saba Qamar, tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Pakistan da aka zaba a Filmfare Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Babar |first=Sarah |date=18 January 2018 |title=Saba Qamar Just Became The First Pakistani Actress To Be Nominated For 'Best Actress' At The Filmfare Awards, In 25 Years |url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/saba-qamar-first-pakistani-actress-filmfare-awards |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=MangoBaaz |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630021800/https://www.mangobaaz.com/saba-qamar-first-pakistani-actress-filmfare-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistani artistes in India |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/pakistani-artistes-in-india-15841.html |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2014 |title=Tracing back the Pakistani presence in Bollywood |url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/tracing-back-the-pakistani-presence-in-bollywood-1.306092 |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=The National}}</ref> An kuma yaba da aikin Farida Jalal a matsayin Bibi Gul sosai; ta lashe kyautar Filmfare don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=farida jalal actress- Mobile Website Powered By Zimbile - Free Mobile webapps For Africa |url=http://faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com/ |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630021756/http://faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Farida Jalal Awards & Nominations List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/farida-jalal/awards.html |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> Fim din ya kuma dauki wasu gabatarwa da yawa, ciki har da Fim mafi kyau da Darakta mafi kyau. Fim din ya nuna farkon 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ashwini Bhave, wacce ta taka daya daga cikin manyan rawar da ta taka a cikin labarin. Daga baya ta sami karbuwa sosai daga nasarar fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashwini Bhave - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/ashwini-bhave/3984 |access-date=30 June 2019 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == ; Kyautar Filmfare ta 37<ref>{{Cite web |title=37th Filmfare Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1992/101}}</ref> '''Ya ci nasara''' * Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Farida Jalal * Mafi kyawun Cinematography - Radhu Karmakar '''An zabi shi''' * Fim mafi kyau - Randhir Kapoor, Rajiv Kapoor * Darakta Mafi Kyawu - Randhir Kapoor * Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Zeba Bakhtiar * Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi - Saeed Jaffrey * Mafi Kyawun Mata na Farko - Zeba Bakhtiar * Mafi kyawun Mawallafi - Ravindra Jain don "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna" == Dubi kuma == * Jerin abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin lambar yabo ta 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film * Jerin gabatarwar Indiya don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Henna}} {{Raj Kapoor}}{{K. A. Abbas}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l2lufgw3ddefbnstz15rsj4yjck962h 0 119143 963047 962768 2026-10-04T14:07:54Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 963047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] == Mukhtar Sahabi == Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. 1fx9ybvq13a7l2q5tn2f3rjvaw0efmd 963057 963047 2026-10-04T14:28:27Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 963057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] == Mukhtar Sahabi == Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. s7cwk28jrpjozb5z0hosm0l7is5175r 963288 963057 2026-10-05T07:06:20Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] == Mukhtar Sahabi == Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. rzkcin9pprcedfwh0izf51fp19ah2c7 963293 963288 2026-10-05T07:21:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[Tarihin Sheakh Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] to [[Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]]: Misspelled title: Wannan shine asalin yadda ya dace da sunan 963288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] == Mukhtar Sahabi == Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. rzkcin9pprcedfwh0izf51fp19ah2c7 963297 963293 2026-10-05T07:21:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 963297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. 9132ut2trifsjl3cfipdblcnu99avih 963298 963297 2026-10-05T07:22:17Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == Bisa ga bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa, an haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. An ce ya taso a gidan da ke da alaƙa da karatun addinin Musulunci, sannan daga baya ya koma Kaduna inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. kaow2k12bn9az2iptf03avkb7wz56zl 963299 963298 2026-10-05T07:23:02Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 963299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Tarihin rayuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya fara fahimtar ayyukan Islamic Movement tun yana matashi. Daga baya ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin ƙungiyar tare da sauran mabiya. An kuma bayyana cewa ya yi karatu a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (Food Technology). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. 90jv3fa28ejmkra3lnnt4lh99bsqdlu 963300 963299 2026-10-05T07:25:39Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwarsa */ 963300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Ayyukan addini == Mukhtar Sahabi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Islamic Movement a Kaduna. A shekarar 2015, ya bayyana a matsayin Ameer na Kaduna Zone na ƙungiyar a wani taron tunawa da Ashura. A shekarar 2015 ma, Deutsche Welle ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Shi'a a Kaduna, inda ya yi magana kan muhimmancin bikin Arba'in da alaƙarsa da tunawa da Imam Husaini. == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. b3mmjyl4xhb6r2a4ipfjepha7e90prs 963303 963300 2026-10-05T07:26:27Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 963303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]][[File:Muhammad mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar sahabi lokacin da yake gabatar da addu'a yayin ziyaran makabartar bashama road T/Wada kaduna]][[File:Sheakh mukhtar sahabi.jpg|thumb|Sheakh mukhtar sahabi lokacin karatun sa a jami'ar kolaiji ta jahar kaduna]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. 7dfzf9e2cdzg3cv8auq5ltxiwxsveew 963304 963303 2026-10-05T07:27:22Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == A watan Oktoba 2016, an samu rikici tsakanin wasu matasa da mabiya Islamic Movement a Kaduna yayin wani taron Ashura. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa gidan Mukhtar Sahabi da ke yankin Tudun Wada a Kaduna an kai masa hari kuma aka ƙone shi. Rahotannin lokacin sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Mukhtar Sahabi a yayin rikicin, kodayake bayanan farko kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma yadda mutuwar ta faru sun bambanta tsakanin majiyoyi. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. gnqthaul8j6sfqhohhd8j9npyvz1g3o 963305 963304 2026-10-05T07:32:24Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Mutuwarsa */ 963305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. == Duba kuma == * [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. smrnm0lvsukocopihlhcqkv4a16zdqn 963306 963305 2026-10-05T07:33:06Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Duba kuma */ 963306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == 1. Deutsche Welle, “Shiites in Nigeria”, 2015. 2. The Eagle Online, “Muslims, Christians mark Ashura in Kaduna”, 2015. 3. Channels Television, “Irate Youths Allegedly Kill Four Shiites In Kaduna”, 12 Oktoba 2016. 4. Blueprint, “Mayhem in Kaduna as Shi’ites, youths clash”, 13 Oktoba 2016. 5. Human Rights Islamic Commission, rahoton Najeriya kan abubuwan da suka shafi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarun 1990. 6a5ux2b2gle6vr5jj1q5y447t7w3tdq 963307 963306 2026-10-05T07:33:53Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 963307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gkzsbj76i63qv71rah5n4tlhplvw9kp 963308 963307 2026-10-05T07:34:52Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} dju89wylmmpn0i8463n5mgqqwd4t6ob 963309 963308 2026-10-05T07:36:11Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni: Haifaffun 1966]] 7mnp3ubheppr2mjjkukc7mtyt1lwi0w 963310 963309 2026-10-05T07:36:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] 6ksm5nak7bepvqj183xghidso7xbk8l 963311 963310 2026-10-05T07:36:30Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] n38uew0yywl59v2vtrba59wlqmr5174 963312 963311 2026-10-05T07:37:02Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] 1juyjice5kklifi47gvyxwa22iwuk10 963315 963312 2026-10-05T07:39:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 963315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] dvfviiney8ndx4p6vvdwk1k7j5oca65 963323 963315 2026-10-05T07:50:33Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] pjv5n6fw1kb34yljojmfj5u1h2tcjie 963326 963323 2026-10-05T07:58:17Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] 7ae6xlofjht08pyc90axu7o4spqi8n2 963327 963326 2026-10-05T07:58:34Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). == Mutuwarsa == Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] snxywi4du0ymse2z7kt1plqso9wsgqv 963328 963327 2026-10-05T07:58:51Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Mutuwa */ 963328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] mrb7k4hiio34m5pa1fbnjgbb4drdxrf 963329 963328 2026-10-05T07:59:09Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa */ 963329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] 09paocujlj1aqwl5pzo734lydxy27kt 963330 963329 2026-10-05T07:59:38Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Inganta shafi 963330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. [[File:Mukhtar sahabi kaduna.jpg|thumb|Malamin addini musulunci Sannan daya daga cikin jagororin shi'a]] ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] kqrexp2d2m0f1ycjeq48e608kzuwri1 963331 963330 2026-10-05T08:04:10Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Inganta shafi 963331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna. ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] j48pjkaejfj79brbfqczfyr8ciikchv 963334 963331 2026-10-05T08:34:35Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Mutuwa */ Sanya manazarta 963334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/212571-breaking-angry-youth-attack-shia-members-torch-leaders-home-kaduna.html?tztc=1</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] 0nq65asfu2553g2okq6u4m45s8bgfou 963336 963334 2026-10-05T08:38:03Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Mutuwa */ Inganta shafi 963336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/212571-breaking-angry-youth-attack-shia-members-torch-leaders-home-kaduna.html?tztc=1|date=12 October 2016 |accessdate= 4 October 2026|title=Angry youth attack Shi’a members, torch leader’s home in Kaduna|website=premiutimesng.com|language=en|last=Lere|first=Mohammed}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] rze7yjxws5q3dfod5l6kgbibe6v8vr8 963337 963336 2026-10-05T08:39:45Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Mutuwa */ 963337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Mukhtar Sahabi''' malamin Shi'a ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ''Islamic Movement in Nigeria'' (IMN) a Kaduna. Ya kasance yana jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar a Kaduna, kuma ya yi fice wajen halartar taruka da jerin gwanon Ashura. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Mukhtar Sahabi a shekarar 1966 a Gidan Madi, ƙaramar hukumar Tangaza ta Jihar Sokoto. Mabiyin Mazhabar shi'a a Najeriya. Yayi karatu a kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna, inda ya karanci fannin fasahar sarrafa abinci (''Food Technology''). ==Mutuwa== Mukhtar ya rasu a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, bayan wani rikicin shi'a a Kaduna, rikicin ya rutsa da shi a unguwar tudun wada Kaduna.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/212571-breaking-angry-youth-attack-shia-members-torch-leaders-home-kaduna.html?tztc=1|date=12 October 2016 |accessdate= 4 October 2026|title=Angry youth attack Shi’a members, torch leader’s home in Kaduna|website=premiutimesng.com|last=Lere|first=Mohammed}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015]] * [[Shi'a a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2016]] [[Rukuni: Matattun mutane]] li8ghj96rvswve2dult24gqvjh6hw5p 1 119459 963295 728935 2026-10-05T07:21:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[Tattaunawa:Tarihin Sheakh Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] to [[Tattaunawa:Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]]: Misspelled title: Wannan shine asalin yadda ya dace da sunan 728935 wikitext text/x-wiki Assalamu alaikum {{ping|HK RIGASA2}} Barka da ƙoƙari Ina son inyi amfani da wannan damar don in tunatar da kai cewa wannan maƙalar da ka ƙirƙira ba ka yi ta akan tsarin yadda ake rubuta maƙala a Wikipedia ba! Sannan kuma akwai buƙatar: # Shin wannan mutumin sananne? # Ya kamata a rubuta maƙalar akan tsarin yadda ake rubuta maƙala a Wikipedia! # Sannan kuma a nema manazarta don a tabbatar da sahihancin tarihin! # Idan har ba'a gyara ta ba za'a goge ta! lhfdcwulrjzcqvy5yy4usjb1ob5tlie 0 120765 963084 736223 2026-10-04T17:47:57Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Kididdigar aiki */ 963084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gime Touré''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ƙwararrun kasar [[Kamaru]] == Ayyuka == Touré ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da kulob din Brest II, Viry-Châtillon, La Roche, Fontenay, Macclesfield Town, AFC Fylde, Sutton United da Hartlepool United.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2018 |title=Gime Toure joins the Coasters |url=http://www.afcfylde.co.uk/gime-toure-joins-the-coasters/ |website=AFC Fylde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Toure be the difference maker for Pools this season? Hignett mentions the Frenchman's 'worrying' friendship .|url=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool-united/how-former-afc-fylde-striker-gime-toure-could-prove-be-difference-maker-hartlepool-united-season-489687 |website=www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk}}</ref> Ya buga wasan sada zumunci na Port Vale a lokacin gwaji a lokacin rani na cikin Shekaran 2018. Ya shafe kakar wasa daya tare da Hartlepool, inda ya gama kakar Shekaran 2019-20 a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye a gare su tare da kwallaye 13 a duk gasa. Ya bar Hartlepool a ƙarshen kakar Shekaran 2019-20 bayan ya nuna sha'awar yin wasa a matakin da ya fi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hartlepool United confirm retained list and reveal why Gime Toure is leaving the club |url=https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/hartlepool-united-confirm-retained-list-and-reveal-why-gime-toure-leaving-club-2856874 |website=www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2020 ya sanya hannu a kan [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]] . Touré ya zira kwallaye a karon farko da ya yi da Fleetwood Town a gasar cin kofin EFL, inda ya bude kwallaye da aka yi a gida 3-1, kafin daga baya a kore shi a wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title="You have to forgive and move on" - Carlisle Utd boss on attacker's red card |url=https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/18691686.forgive-move---carlisle-utd-boss-attackers-red-card/ |website=News and Star}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2021, Toure ya koma National League don shiga Aldershot Town a aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=NEW SIGNING: Shots Sign Toure! |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/new-signing-shots-sign-toure/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=www.theshots.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa Carlisle United za ta saki Touré a ƙarshen kakar Shekaran 2021-22.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=RETAINED / RELEASED LIST 2022 |url=https://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/news/2022/may/retained--released-list-2022/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Carlisle United FC}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan a shekarar 2022, Touré ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Yeovil Town ta National League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Transfer {{!}} Touré becomes our latest addition |url=https://www.ytfc.net/transfer-toure-becomes-our-latest-addition/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Yeovil Town F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2022, Touré ya bar Yeovil da yardar juna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=CLUB NEWS : Gime Touré departs |url=https://www.ytfc.net/club-news-gime-toure-departs/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.ytfc.net}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Touré ya shiga kungiyar Cove Rangers ta ƙasar [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Toure Is Signing Number Eight |url=https://coverangersfc.com/2023/02/03/toure-is-signing-number-eight/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Cove Rangers FC |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 23 March 2025}}<ref name="auto">{{soccerway|gime-toure/282987|accessdate=2 September 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Brest na II |2012–13 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |4 |0 |- |Viry-Châtillon |2013–14 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Dutse na VF |2015–16 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 3 |25 |7 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |25 |7 |- |An sayar da shi Fontenay |2016–17 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |7 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |7 |0 |- |Birnin Macclesfield |2017–18 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |11 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |12 |0 |- |AFC Fylde |2018–19 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |19 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |20 |4 |- |Sutton United |2018–19 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |22 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |22 |3 |- |Hartlepool United |2019–20 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |34 |12 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in the [[FA Trophy]].}} |0 |40 |13 |- | rowspan="3" |Carlisle United |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |34 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in the [[EFL Trophy]].}} |2 |38 |4 |- |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |5 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1[b] |0 |7 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !2 !1 !0 !2 !0 !3 !2 !45 !4 |- |Aldershot Town (rashin kuɗi) |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |3 |0 |- |Garin Yeovil |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |13 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |14 |2 |- |Cove Rangers |2022–23 |Gasar Zakarun Scotland |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |[[:tr:Göçmenköy İdman Yurdu|tr]] İdman Yurdu(tr) |2023–24 |KTFF Süper Lig |27 |13 |7 |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |34 |17 |- |Doğan Türk Birliği |2024–25<ref name="KTFF" /> |KTFF Süper Lig |24 |11 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26 |12 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !234 !54 !18 !6 !2 !0 !4 !2 !258 !52 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] <references /> 0bpgszlg4zx504ypeqr0rb5c88oyc20 0 126257 963395 756714 2026-10-05T11:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Červenka''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan Kwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Ya taba taka leda a Minor League Baseball na tsawon shekaru goma da kuma tawagar kwallon kwando ta Jamhuriyar Czech a gasa ta kasa da kasa, kamar 2019 European Baseball Championship da 2023 World Baseball Classic . == Ayyuka == === Indiyawa na Cleveland === Červenka ya taka leda a Extraliga lokacin da yake dan shekara 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Ya horar da shi a Kwalejin Baseball ta Turai yana da shekaru 16. Ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Indians a watan Janairun 2009, kuma ya shiga cikin horo na bazara a 2009 da 2010, yayin da yake kammala makarantar sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Martin Cervenka signs with Cleveland Indians - Europeans in the USA, News - Czech Baseball Leagues - Mister Baseball |url=https://www.mister-baseball.com/martin-cervenka-signs-cleveland-indians/ |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Mister-baseball.com}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa na farko a shekarar 2011 a Ƙungiyar Arizona Indians na Rookie-level Arizona League, inda ya buga .164/.233/.218 a 55 a raga.<ref name="newsadvance">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Hillcats' Cervenka looks to be first Czech MLB player in more than 70 years &#124; Hillcats |url=https://www.newsadvance.com/sports/hillcats/hillcats-cervenka-looks-to-be-first-czech-mlb-player-in/article_373ca832-3872-11e7-bde9-c7a0a80eacbd.html |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=newsadvance.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111113/http://www.newsadvance.com/sports/hillcats/hillcats-cervenka-looks-to-be-first-czech-mlb-player-in/article_373ca832-3872-11e7-bde9-c7a0a80eacbd.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta gaba ga kungiyar Arizona League, Červenka ta buga .240/.352/.280 a cikin 75 a jemagu.<ref name="baseball-reference1">{{Cite web |date= |title=Martin Cervenka Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics & History |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=cerven000mar |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, yana wasa ga Low-A Mahoning Valley Scrappers da Single-A Lake County Captains, ya buga .185/.271/.221 a cikin 195 a jemagu.<ref name="baseball-reference1" /> A cikin 2014, yana wasa tare da Mahoning Valley ya buga .181/.250/217 a cikin 83 a-bats. <ref name="baseball-reference1" /> A shekara ta 2015, yana wasa a Lake County ya buga .184/.233/.247 a cikin 174 a-bats. <ref name="baseball-reference1" /> A shekara ta 2016, yana wasa ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu ya buga .272/.332/.383 a cikin 342 a ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref name="baseball-reference1" /> A cikin 2017, yana wasa ga High-A Lynchburg Hillcats, ya buga .278/.343/.418 a cikin 400 a-bats.<ref name="baseball-reference1" /> Ya zabi wakili na kyauta bayan kakar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref> === Baltimore Orioles === A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2017, Červenka ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kananan wasanni tare da kungiyar San Francisco Giants . <ref name="richmond">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2018 |title=Bowie's Martin Cervenka, from the Czech Republic, starting to catch on &#124; Sports |url=https://www.richmond.com/sports/flying-squirrels/bowie-s-martin-cervenka-from-the-czech-republic-starting-to/article_fc4b9657-b1b2-53b4-a282-23aa84f03756.html |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=richmond.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126031410/https://www.richmond.com/sports/flying-squirrels/bowie-s-martin-cervenka-from-the-czech-republic-starting-to/article_fc4b9657-b1b2-53b4-a282-23aa84f03756.html |archive-date=26 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, Baltimore Orioles ne suka zaba shi a cikin ƙananan wasanni na Dokar 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Martin Cervenka signs with Cleveland Indians - Europeans in the USA, News - Czech Baseball Leagues - Mister Baseball |url=https://www.mister-baseball.com/martin-cervenka-signs-cleveland-indians/ |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Mister-baseball.com}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya buga wasanni 97 ga Double-A Bowie Baysox, ya buga .258/.317/.457 a cikin 337 a raga, ya buga wasan gida 15 (an ɗaure shi na 8 a Gabashin Gabas) da kuma 60 da aka buga a (RBIs). <ref name="baseball-reference1"/> A cikin 2019, ya buga .233/.304/.324 a cikin jimillar ga High-A Aberdeen IronBirds, Double-A Bowie, da Triple-A Norfolk Tides. Lokacin da ya yi tare da Norfolk ya nuna karo na farko da ya kai Triple-A.<ref name="baseball-reference1"/> Červenka bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda cutar ta COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan shekara a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Martin Cervenka signs with Cleveland Indians - Europeans in the USA, News - Czech Baseball Leagues - Mister Baseball |url=https://www.mister-baseball.com/martin-cervenka-signs-cleveland-indians/ |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Mister-baseball.com}}</ref> === New York Mets === A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, Červenka ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kananan kungiyoyi tare da kungiyar [[New York Mets]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 72 ga Triple-A [[Syracuse Mets]], ya buga .183/.280/.344 tare da gida bakwai da RBI 19. Červenka ta zaba kyauta kyauta bayan kakar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Martin Cervenka signs with Cleveland Indians - Europeans in the USA, News - Czech Baseball Leagues - Mister Baseball |url=https://www.mister-baseball.com/martin-cervenka-signs-cleveland-indians/ |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Mister-baseball.com}}</ref> === Eagles Praha === A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2022, Červenka ya sanya hannu tare da Eagles Praha na Czech Baseball Extraliga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervenka hoping to rep Czech Republic in MLB |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/martin-cervenka-looks-to-represent-czech-republic |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A wasanni 43 da Eagles suka buga, Červenka ya buga .424/.548/.821 tare da 15 home runs da 49 RBI. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] ==manazarta == c6899l07x6f5q4lvhczivqlkeezt7vt 0 126590 963382 892616 2026-10-05T10:23:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MarkEsho.jpg|right|thumb|Mark Esho a Leicester Mercury Sports Awards a watan Janairun 2008.]] '''Mark Abayomi Esho''' MBE (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1962) ɗan kasuwa ne na Burtaniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Easy Internet Services Ltd da Easy Internet Solutions Lt. <ref name="Online pioneer">{{Cite web |title=Online pioneer |url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/online-pioneer/story-12044801-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327222930/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/online-pioneer/story-12044801-detail/story.html |archive-date=27 March 2014 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Online-Pioneer}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Esho a Leicestershire a shekarar 1962. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, ya kamu da cutar shan inna, ya bar shi gurgu daga wuyansa zuwa ƙasa.<ref name="I had to build people's trust without meeting them...">{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Helen |title='I had to build people's trust without meeting them...' |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Build-Trust }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Da farko an ba shi damar rayuwa ta kashi 10 cikin dari, amma daga ƙarshe ya sami damar sake samun iyakantaccen motsi.<ref name="About me">{{Cite web |last=Esho |first=Mark |title=About me |url=http://www.markesho.com/about-me/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=MarkEsho.com |ref=About-me}}</ref> Esho ya koma [[Najeriya]] yana da shekaru takwas don fara makarantar al'ada, kafin ya koma Leicester yana da shekaru 18. Daga baya ya kammala MBA a Jami'ar De Montfort . <ref name="About me"/> == Ayyukan kasuwanci == Esho ya yi aiki na shekaru bakwai a Leicester a matsayin Manajan Sabis na Mosaic, ƙungiyar agaji ta gida.<ref name="Online pioneer"/> Saboda gajiya mai tsanani da cutar shan inna ta haifar tun yana yaro, ya yanke shawarar fara kasuwancin kansa maimakon ci gaba da aiki tara zuwa biyar.<ref name="I had to build people's trust without meeting them..."/> Esho ya fara Houses-Online a cikin 1999, shafin yanar gizon lissafin dukiya.<ref name="I had to build people's trust without meeting them..."/> Aikin ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba, kuma Esho ya fara kasuwanci na biyu a cikin 2000 a ƙarƙashin sunan Rank4U. A lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni huɗu kawai na inganta injin bincike a Burtaniya, kuma yana ba da sabis ga abokan ciniki ciki har da [[The Guardian]] da The Co-operative Group . <ref name="Online pioneer"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Esho ta haɓaka kamfanoni biyu a lokaci guda: Easy Internet Services (bincike engine optimization, yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunan 123 Ranking) <ref name="Search Engine Optimisation">{{Cite web |title=Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) Leicester and Beyond |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/search-engine-optimisation/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Easy Internet |ref=SEO}}</ref> da Easy Internet Solutions (daga baya Free Virtual Servers, daga baya FVS Hosting). <ref name="FVS">{{Cite web |title=What are the differences between Easy Internet Solutions, FreeVirtualServers, etc.? |url=http://help.freevirtualservers.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/187/4/what-are-the-differences-between-easy-internet-solutions-freevirtualservers-etc |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Free Virtual Servers |ref=FVS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dukkanin kasuwancin sun kasance masu karɓar ma'aikata na nesa, kuma Esho ya kasance mai goyon bayan murya na software na sa ido na nesa ga ma'aikata.<ref name="Monitoring">{{Cite web |last=Pegden |first=Tom |date=22 October 2014 |title=Easy Internet Services and Solutions boss says monitoring software maintains productivity |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/easy-internet-services-solutions-boss-says/story-23338337-detail/story.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Monitoring |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025190304/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Easy-Internet-Services-Solutions-boss-says/story-23338337-detail/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020, Mark ya kafa Access Rating, kamfani na zamantakewa da kuma mai ba da shawara kan masu nakasa. An saki aikace-aikacen Access Rating a kan layi, yana bawa masu nakasa damar gabatar da sake dubawa don wuraren jama'a a duk faɗin Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> == Daraja da karbuwa == Esho ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa don Kasuwanci a watan Satumbar 2012. <ref name="Disabed Entrepreneurs UK">{{Cite web |title=Interview: Mark Esho (Entrepreneur of Excellence: Race) |url=http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/10/21/2012/interview-mark-esho/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disabled Entrepreneurs UK |ref=DE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920051458/http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/10/21/2012/interview-mark-esho/ |archive-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Disability Group">{{Cite web |title=Disability Role Models: Mark Esho |url=http://www.diversitygroup.co.uk/mark-esho/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disability Group |ref=DG |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815235758/http://www.diversitygroup.co.uk/mark-esho/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="FVS-12">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2012 |title=FVS Managing Director, Mark Esho, Wins at The National Diversity Awards 2012 |url=https://www.freevirtualservers.com/blog/fvs-managing-director-mark-esho-wins-the-national-diversity-awards-2012/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=FVS Hosting |ref=FVS-12}}</ref> Easy Internet ya ci gaba da tallafawa National Diversity Awards a Leeds a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name="DE Sponsor 2013">{{Cite web |title=Easy Internet Solutions Ltd Sponsors 2013 National Diversity Awards |url=http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/08/14/2013/easy-internet-solutions-ltd-sponsors-2013-national-diversity-awards/1750/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Disabled Entrepreneurs |ref=DESponsor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920052242/http://www.disabledentrepreneurs.co.uk/08/14/2013/easy-internet-solutions-ltd-sponsors-2013-national-diversity-awards/1750/ |archive-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, ya gabatar da lambar yabo ta Matashi a 11th African and African Caribbean Achievement Awards. <ref name="AACAA">{{Cite web |last=Pollock |first=Sandra |title=11th African and African Caribbean Acheivement [sic] Awards |url=http://open-mind-training-development.co.uk/uncategorized/11th-african-and-african-caribbean-acheivement-awards/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Open Mind Training and Development |ref=AACAA |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919081122/http://open-mind-training-development.co.uk/uncategorized/11th-african-and-african-caribbean-acheivement-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2013, an yi hira da Esho a gidan rediyo na BBC Leicester game da labarinsa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga masu neman aiki. <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Dulcie |date=27 February 2013 |title=Paralysed with Polio, and bouncing back in business – Leicester |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p015n0lf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=BBC Radio Leicester |ref=BBC}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2013, Esho ya sadu da Firayim Minista [[David Cameron]] kuma an nuna shi a matsayin binciken shari'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Gwamnatin nakasassu.<ref name="DWP">{{Cite web |title=One year on – breaking down the barriers to employment |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360588/disability-confident-one-year-on.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Department for Work and Pensions |ref=DWP}}</ref><ref name="DWP2">{{Cite web |title=Disability Confident: downloadable and video case studies |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/disability-confident-case-studies/disability-confident-case-studies |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Department for Work and Pensions |ref=DWP2}}</ref><ref name="VIDEO">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=Mark Esho talks about the skills disabled people bring to a job |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5iMxRhpGnk |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=Disability Confident |via=YouTube |ref=VIDEO}}</ref> Ci gaba da goyon bayan Esho ga ma'aikatan nakasassu da masu neman aiki a Burtaniya an kuma ambaci shi ta hanyar Babban Kasuwancin Gwamnati da Ministan Jiha na nakasassu a lokacin, Mike Penning.<ref name="Great Business">{{Cite web |title=A man who knows no barriers |url=http://www.greatbusiness.gov.uk/a-man-who-knows-no-barriers/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Great Business |ref=GB |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221074539/http://www.greatbusiness.gov.uk/a-man-who-knows-no-barriers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MP">{{Cite web |last=Penning |first=Mike |date=7 February 2014 |title=Columnist: Mike Penning MP |url=http://ablemagazine.co.uk/columnist-mike-penning-mp/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Able Magazine |ref=MP}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Esho ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin yanke hukunci na Leicester Mercury's "Leicestershire's Young Business Executive of the Year Award".<ref name="DMU">{{Cite web |title=DMU graduate named Leicestershire's Young Business Executive of the Year |url=http://www.dmu.ac.uk/about-dmu/news/2013/november/dmu-graduate-named-leicestershires-young-business-executive-of-the-year.aspx |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=De Montfort University |ref=DMU |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709032030/http://www.dmu.ac.uk/about-dmu/news/2013/november/dmu-graduate-named-leicestershires-young-business-executive-of-the-year.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2016, Easy Internet Solutions ya zama mai kula da Leicestershire Law Society . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zabi Esho a Cibiyar Daraktoci ta Gabashin Midlands Darakta na Shekara, wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2016. <ref name="IoD">{{Cite web |title=IoD East Midlands Director of the Year Awards 2016 |url=http://www.iod.com/connecting/events/2016/june/dotya-emids-2016-m06061 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=Institute of Directors |ref=IoD}}</ref> An ba shi takardar shaidar da aka yaba da ita sosai a cikin rukunin "Director of the Year SME - Small".<ref name="LMIoD">{{Cite web |last=Pegden |first=Tom |title=Institute of Directors Annual Awards: Leicestershire Winners |url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/institute-of-directors-annual-awards-leicestershire-winners/story-29465746-detail/story.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=LMIoD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="EMBN">{{Cite web |title=Winners announced for IoD East Midlands 2016 awards |url=http://eastmidlandsbusinessnews.co.uk/winners-announced-for-iod-east-midlands-2016-awards/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=East Midlands Business News |ref=EMBN |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070923/http://eastmidlandsbusinessnews.co.uk/winners-announced-for-iod-east-midlands-2016-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2019, Mark ya lashe lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Darakta ta Gabashin Midlands ta Shekara don Haɗuwa, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan karshe don kyaututtuka na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> An nada Esho a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2022 don hidimomi ga kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == A cikin 2018, littafin farko na Mark, 'I Can. I Will.' an buga shi ne ta hanyar Rethink Press.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> Littafin ya bayyana yadda ya kamu da cutar shan inna yana da shekaru biyar da kuma tasirin da yake da shi a rayuwarsa. Ya tattauna matsalolin da ya fuskanta wajen samun ilimi da kuma cin zarafin da ya sha a hannun mahaifinsa, kafin ya zama dan kasuwa mai cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> Esho ya rufe batutuwa kamar nuna bambanci da nakasa kuma ya ƙare kowane babi tare da tunani game da gwagwarmayarsa da darussan da ya koya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Rating &#124; About Us |url=https://www.accessrating.com/about-us/}}</ref> An kaddamar da littafin Leicester a ranar Alhamis 27 ga Satumba 2018 a Kungiyar Fasaha ta Sarauniya Victoria a cikin yankin al'adu na birnin. Wakilan kasuwanci na cikin gida, Rotarians da abokai da dangi sun halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Bestselling Leicester Author Celebrates Launch of Chart-Topping Book |url=http://dluxe-magazine.co.uk/leicester-2/arts-in-leicester/bestselling-leicester-author-celebrates-launch-of-chart-topping-book-2/ |website=dluxe-magazine.co.uk}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da London da aka shirya a Rotary HQ kuma jakadan Rotary polio Konnie Huq ya halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=Konnie Huq: Why the world can defeat polio |url=https://www.rotarygbi.org/konnie-huq-why-the-world-can-defeat-polio/ |website=www.rotarygbi.org}}</ref> == Wasanni == Esho dan wasa ne mai ƙwazo kuma mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin wasanni na keken guragu.<ref name="I had to build people's trust without meeting them...2">{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Helen |title='I had to build people's trust without meeting them...' |url=https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Mercury |ref=Build-Trust |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165208/https://www.easy-internet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/markesho3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamfanin sa na Easy Internet Services ya dauki nauyin Leicester Cobras, kulob din kwando na keken guragu na gida da kuma sadaka, na shekaru da yawa.<ref name="I had to build people's trust without meeting them...2" /><ref name="Cobras2">{{Cite web |title=Information About Sponsorship |url=http://www.leicestercobras.org.uk/sponsors/sponsors/ |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Leicester Cobras Wheelchair Basketball Club |ref=Cobras |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804021108/http://www.leicestercobras.org.uk/sponsors/sponsors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Esho ta kuma shiga gasar tennis ta keken guragu da yawa. Ya shiga gasar farko ta Loughborough Wheelchair Tennis Open a Jami'ar Loughborgh a shekarar 2014, da kuma gasar farko ta Grantham Tennis Club a watan Agustan shekara ta 2015.<ref name="Lbro2">{{Cite web |last=Warrington |first=Pete |date=13 February 2014 |title=Lambert nets two titles at the inaugural Loughborough Wheelchair Tennis open |url=http://www.loughboroughecho.net/sport/other-sport/john-lambert-served-up-master-6702556 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Loughborough Echo |ref=Lbro}}</ref><ref name="Grantham2">{{Cite web |title=TENNIS: Grantham club hosts first wheelchair tournament |url=http://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/sport/other-sport/tennis-grantham-club-hosts-first-wheelchair-tournament-1-6911974 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Grantham Journal |ref=Grantham}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aisw540cbn8w15acb0z8jfgr5g9rhlp 0 128460 963130 818528 2026-10-04T19:49:59Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Dubi kuma */ 963130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Siberia Express''''' kalma ce ta yanayi a kasar Amurka da ke kwatanta isowar iska mai sanyi sosai na asalin Siberiya. Yana nufin musamman asalin Siberia. Kalmar ta fi amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da irin wannan iska mai sanyi ke motsawa cikin filayen arewa ko saman Midwest. A fannin yanayi, yawanci ana danganta shi da wani abu da ake kira Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern (PNA). "Siberian Express" shine laƙabi da wani masanin yanayin yanayi ya kirkira don bayyana taron guguwar sanyi na Janairu 17, 1982 wanda ya buga yawancin Amurka. Har ila yau ana kiranta "Sunday mai sanyi", taron ya karya yawancin rikodin rikodin lokaci. Masanin ilimin yanayi na zamani Jack A. Wolfe wanda aka buga a Shekaran 1992 game da asalin ƙasa. Tekun Arctic mai daskarewa ya samar da iska mai sanyi don "Siberian Express", tsarin matsin lamba a Siberia wanda Himalayas da Tibetan Plateau suka toshe shi zuwa kudu, wanda ya kai iska zuwa Arewacin kasar Amurka.[1] == Dubi kuma == * [[Siberian High|Babbar Siberia]] * Ruwa mai sanyi * Yankin sanyi * Pineapple Express * Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Pacific * Tashar Siberia * Tashar yanar gizon Amurka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF8/860.html Hawaiian-Siberian Express]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * The Siberian Expressa cikinWayback Machine (an adana shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2011) {{cold wave}} an5d4ksut6wglvpwep1gz4u45tt5f89 0 128880 963091 763794 2026-10-04T18:08:01Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 963091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jamal Brendan Edwards''' MBE (24 ga watan Agustan 1990 - 20 ga watan Fabrairun 2022) ɗan kasuwa ne na kiɗa na kasar Ingila, DJ kuma wanda ya kafa dandalin R & B / Hip-Hop na kan layi SB . Talabijin. Edwards ya kasance jakada ga Yarima's Trust, ƙungiyar agaji ta matasa wacce ke taimaka wa matasa su kafa nasu kasuwancin. A cikin Shekaran 2021, Edwards ta kafa Jamal Edwards Delve, aikin da aka yi niyyar sake fasalin da sake buɗe cibiyoyin matasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Jamal Edwards a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 1990 a Luton, Ingila, kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma Acton, West London, inda ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa [[Brenda Edwards]], mahaifinsa, Patrick, da ƙanwarsa, Tanisha . Iyalin Edwards sun samo asali ne daga Saint Vincent da Grenadines. Yayinda yake yaro, mahaifiyarsa ce ta gabatar da shi a makarantar mataki, wacce ta zo ta huɗu a jerin na biyu na The X Factor a shekara ta 2005. Mahaifiyarsa tana son ya bi wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo; duk da haka, yana da burin samun nasara a masana'antar kiɗa.<ref name="independent1">{{Cite web |last=Duerden |first=Nick |date=5 March 2016 |title=Jamal Edwards on Richard Branson, bike races and living like a caveman |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jamal-edwards-interview-the-online-music-entrepreneur-on-richard-branson-bike-races-and-living-like-a-caveman-a6911426.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Acton kuma ya ji daɗin batutuwan ICT da kiɗa. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=Fitz-Gerald |first=Jane |date=20 October 2011 |title=BBC - BBC Three - Blog: Entrepreneur Uncovered: Jamal Edwards |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcthree/2011/10/entrepreneur-jamal.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2013 |title='How I became a millionaire at 22' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bvKLaK5L5Y |publisher=BBC |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Koyaya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami maki da yake buƙata don kwaleji, kuma a sakamakon haka, dole ne ya yi karatu na ƙarin shekara.<ref name="independent1" /> Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Ealing Green, wani ɓangare na Kwalejin Yammacin kasar London, inda ya sami Diploma na BTEC a Media Moving Image . <ref name="autogenerated1" /> A lokacin da yake makaranta, ya fara yin rap kuma zai yi fim tare da abokansa wanda za a sanya shi a YouTube. Wadannan bidiyon zasu zama kasuwancinsa da kuma farkon SBTV.<ref name="startups Who is Jamal Edwards?">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Henry |date=12 May 2021 |title=Who is Jamal Edwards? |url=https://startups.co.uk/who-is-jamal-edwards/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Startups.co.uk}}</ref> Edwards ya yi aiki ga sarkar sayar da kayayyaki Topman na tsawon shekaru hudu don tallafa wa kansa ta kudi yayin da yake gudanar da SBTV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terrelonge |first=Zen |date=6 April 2017 |title=From Topman to top man: Jamal Edwards and SB.TV are booming |url=https://realbusiness.co.uk/jamal-edwards-sbtv-booming-ten-years-on |website=Real Business}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === SBTV === Edwards shi ne wanda ya kafa SBTV, wani dandamali na kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi don gano masu fasaha masu tasowa. An ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 2006 kuma ya taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da ayyukan masu fasaha da yawa, ciki har da [[Ed Sheeran]], Jessie J, Stormzy da Emeli Sandé . <ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2019, [https://www.youtube.com/@sbtv tashar YouTube ta SBTV] tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan ɗaya. <ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Lokacin da Edwards yake ɗan shekara 15, an ba shi kyamarar bidiyo, ya ɗauki hotunan abokai suna rawa da yin wasa sannan ya loda su zuwa tashar YouTube ɗinsa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards, music entrepreneur and Youtube star, dies aged 31 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60457063 |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Sannan, ya ƙirƙiri tashar SBTV don bidiyonsa, yana ɗaukar farkon haruffan daga "SmokeyBarz", sunan da ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan rap na ɗan lokaci. <ref name="theguardian1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi aiki a kamfanin tufafi na Topman, yayin da yake ci gaba da yin bidiyo. Bidiyonsa sun shahara da ɗaruruwan dubban masu kallo. Ya sami damar barin Topman ya mai da hankali kan SBTV. Da farko, abubuwan da tashar ke ɗauke da su sun haɗa da kiɗan rawa mai ƙazanta, amma daga baya ya fara bincika wasu nau'ikan kiɗan. <ref name="Bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2013 |title=Jamal Edwards: Amateur film-maker turned multimillionaire – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24801980 |access-date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Edwards ta yi fim da wasu masu fasaha kafin su zama sanannun kamar bidiyon farko na Jessie J (ban da bidiyo a tashar YouTube ta sirri). <ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya kuma yi fim da wasu kamar su Stormzy, Ed Sheeran, [[Dave]], Emeli Sandé, [[Rita Ora]], [[Krept & Konan]], [[Yungen]], Mic Righteous, [[Nines]], [[Tori Kelly]], [[Bugzy Malone]], Mist, English Frank, Aaron Unknown da Cadet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> A cikin Shekaran 2016, SBTV ta yi aiki tare da sabis na labarai na matasa, Ƙungiyar Manema labarai don fadada cikin bidiyo na tashoshi da yawa. A cikin shekaru Edwards ya gina haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu manyan taurari na duniya, yana gudanar da tambayoyin farko na kan layi na Burtaniya tare da [[Drake]], [[Nicki Minaj]] da [[Wiz Khalifa]].<ref name="startups Who is Jamal Edwards?">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Henry |date=12 May 2021 |title=Who is Jamal Edwards? |url=https://startups.co.uk/who-is-jamal-edwards/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Startups.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilliams2021">Williams, Henry (12 May 2021). [https://startups.co.uk/who-is-jamal-edwards/ "Who is Jamal Edwards?"]. Startups.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Fasahar === Kazalika da dandalinsa na kan layi, Edwards ya fitar da tarin kayan kwalliya a kan Topman (wurin aikinsa na baya) tare da American Freshman. Tarin ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen bugu na snapbacks da hular guga waɗanda Edwards da kansa ya tsara.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''GQ'' Hermes a cikin 2019, Edwards ta dauki bakuncin tattaunawar budewa tare da Adwoa Aboah kan lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> A cikin Shekaran 2017 ya yi wani shirin fim game da kashe kansa na maza. Edwards ya yi tafiya a cikin Hermès: Mataki cikin Frame catwalk show a London's Nine Elms . <ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards, Youtube star with Vincentian roots, dies at aged 31 |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/jamal-edwards-youtube-star-vincentian-roots-dies-age-31/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=St. Vincent Times}}</ref> A cikin Shekaran 2019, Kurt Geiger ya bayyana Edwards a matsayin daya daga cikin fuskoki na kamfen dinsa na "Characterful Style" don AW19 . <ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an kuma sanar da Edwards a matsayin daya daga cikin fuskoki na tarin Primark AW19, yana murna da shekaru 50 na alamar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Peter |date=21 February 2022 |title=Jamal Edwards obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/21/jamal-edwards-obituary |access-date=21 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] ==manazarta == ejhu5aghraea9t91b9e5annbshyiis6 0 129261 963183 764733 2026-10-04T22:34:40Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "History" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376410794|Human geography]]" 963183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] da ke nuna tarin cututtukan kwalara a cikin annobar London ta 1854, wanda shine lamari na gargajiya na amfani da yanayin ɗan adam]] '''Yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]''', wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane.<ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, '''ilimin ɗan adam''', tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi ==   An kafa Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a cikin 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1883, kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa. An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow|John Snow ne]] barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na [[yanayin kiwon lafiya]]. Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]]. <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na: === Al'adu === Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya. [[Fayil:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb|Aikin noma na shinkafa a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa. [[Development geography|Yanayin ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da [[Quality of life|ingancin rayuwa]] mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike. == Manazarta == hgnxml8gjpaird32iue1tzxxmkyxpl6 963184 963183 2026-10-04T22:36:47Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Philosophical and theoretical approaches" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376410794|Human geography]]" 963184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] da ke nuna tarin cututtukan kwalara a cikin annobar London ta 1854, wanda shine lamari na gargajiya na amfani da yanayin ɗan adam]] '''Yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]''', wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane.<ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, '''ilimin ɗan adam''', tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi ==   An kafa Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a cikin 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1883, kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa. An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow|John Snow ne]] barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na [[yanayin kiwon lafiya]]. Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]]. <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na: === Al'adu === Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya. [[Fayil:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb|Aikin noma na shinkafa a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa. [[Development geography|Yanayin ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da [[Quality of life|ingancin rayuwa]] mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike. == Philosophical and theoretical approaches == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Manazarta == bxl93ab8abvxlvy0yar6mq68qyh655r 963186 963184 2026-10-04T22:40:27Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Fields" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376410794|Human geography]]" 963186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] da ke nuna tarin cututtukan kwalara a cikin annobar London ta 1854, wanda shine lamari na gargajiya na amfani da yanayin ɗan adam]] '''Yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]''', wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane.<ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, '''ilimin ɗan adam''', tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi ==   An kafa Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a cikin 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1883, kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa. An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow|John Snow ne]] barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na [[yanayin kiwon lafiya]]. Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]]. <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na: === Al'adu === Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya. [[Fayil:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb|Aikin noma na shinkafa a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa. [[Development geography|Yanayin ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da [[Quality of life|ingancin rayuwa]] mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike. == Philosophical and theoretical approaches == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Fields == Manyan fannonin karatu a fannin ilimin yanayin ɗan adam sun fi mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni kamar: === Al'adu === [[Yanayin al'ada|Labarin ƙasa na al'adu]] nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ƙa'idodi ne - bambancinsu a wurare da wurare, da kuma dangantakarsu. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyana da kuma nazarin yadda harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adu ke bambanta ko kuma su kasance daidai daga wuri zuwa wuri, da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sarari. [[File:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb| Noman shinkafa mai faɗi a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zamantakewa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi, [[Yanayin harshe|Yanayin ƙasa na harshe]], Jinsi da sarari, [[Yanayin yara|Yanayin ƙasa na yara]], da Addini da yanayin ƙasa . === Ci gaba === [[Yanayin ci gaba|Nazarin yanayin ƙasa na ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa dangane da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazaunanta, nazarin wuri, rarrabawa, da kuma tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki a faɗin Duniya. Tsarin da mai binciken ya bi wajen yin nazari a kai yana da tasiri sosai kan batun da aka yi bincike a kai. === Tattalin Arziki === [[File:Shan_Street_Bazaar.JPG|thumb| Yanayin Tattalin Arziki: Kasuwar Titin Shan, kasuwa a Myanmar]] [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|Ilimin ƙasa na tattalin arziki]] yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, jihohi, da sauran abubuwa, da kuma yanayin halittu. * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na tallan da [[Yanayin sufuri|yanayin ƙasa na sufuri]] === Motsin rai === {{Excerpt|Emotional geography|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}} === Abinci === {{Excerpt|Geography of food|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}}[[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|Ilimin ƙasa na likitanci ko lafiya]] shine amfani da bayanai na ƙasa, ra'ayoyi, da hanyoyi don nazarin [[lafiya]], [[Cuta|cututtuka]], da [[kula da lafiya]] . Yanayin ƙasa na lafiya yana nazarin alaƙar sarari da tsare-tsare tsakanin mutane da muhalli. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ilimin yanayin ɗan adam, yana bincike kan yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake yaɗuwa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dummer |first=Trevor J.B. |date=22 April 2008 |title=Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071783 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=2292766 |pmid=18427094}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Tarihin ƙasa]] nazari ne kan yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam, na zahiri, na almara, na nazari, da kuma na "ainihin" na baya. Tarihin ƙasa yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban. Jigo ɗaya tilo shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na baya da kuma yadda wurare ko yankuna ke canzawa akan lokaci. Masana tarihi da yawa suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da yadda mutane suka yi mu'amala da muhallinsu da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin al'adu. Ƙananan filayen sun haɗa da: Tarihin kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigand |first=Robin |title=Archaeogeography and planimetric landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/31115954/Archaeogeography_and_planimetric_landscapes |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies/Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography {{!}} Origin, Importance & Applications |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-geography-using-geography-to-interpret-the-past.html |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa === Yanayin ƙasa na siyasa yana da alaƙa da nazarin sakamakon da ba su daidaita ba na tsarin siyasa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya ke shafar tsarin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Political Geography |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111502/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zaɓe, Siyasar ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabaru da kuma yanayin ƙasa na soja . Na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa ta asali da "yanayin tsaro" wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da bayanan sirri na sararin samaniya don samun fa'idodi na dabaru da kare iyakokin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tietze |first=Wolf |date=1993-10-01 |title=Military Geography — Wehrgeographie — Geography of Security |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00808695 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00808695 |issn=1572-9893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Yawan Jama'a === Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a nazarin hanyoyin da bambancin sarari a cikin rarrabawa, tsari, ƙaura, da haɓakar al'umma ke da alaƙa da muhallinsu ko wurin da suke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Geography Overview |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014901/https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> === Sulhu === Labarin ƙasa na matsugunni, gami da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin yankunan birane da karkara ne musamman dangane da fannoni na sarari, dangantaka, da kuma ka'idoji na matsugunni. Wannan shine nazarin yankunan da ke da tarin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa . Waɗannan su ne yankunan da yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki ke gudana a ɓangaren sakandare da kuma ɓangaren sakandare . === Tsarin birane === Labarin ƙasa na birni shine nazarin birane, garuruwa, da sauran yankunan da ke da cunkoson matsuguni. Manyan abubuwa guda biyu su ne wurin da aka gina matsugunin (yadda aka gina matsugunin dangane da yanayin wurin) da kuma yanayin wurin (yadda aka tsara matsugunin dangane da sauran matsugunin). Wani fanni kuma da ya fi jan hankali shi ne tsarin cikin gida na yankunan birane, gami da yadda ake rarraba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na alƙaluma da kuma tsarin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana kuma amfani da ra'ayoyi daga wasu rassan ilimin yanayin ɗan adam don ganin yadda suke shiga cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a fili a cikin wani [[Yankin birni|yanki na birni]] . <ref name="Palm">{{Cite journal |last=Palm |first=Risa |date=1982 |title=Urban geography: city structures |journal=Progress in Geography |language=en |volume=6 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1177/030913258200600104 |s2cid=157288359}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: [[Yanayin tattalin arziki]], Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na sulhu . Waɗannan ba su ne kawai ƙananan filayen da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen nazarin yanayin ƙasa na birane ba, amma wasu manyan 'yan wasa ne. <ref name="Palm" /> === Makamashi === Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na makamashi wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin girman sararin samaniya na tsarin makamashi. Yana bincika yadda ake samar da makamashi, rarraba shi, da kuma amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban, da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin ke da alaƙa da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli. Yanayin ƙasa na makamashi yana kuma bincika tasirin tsarin makamashi akan yankuna da al'ummomi, gami da batutuwa kamar samun damar makamashi, ababen more rayuwa, sauyin muhalli, da adalci ga makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulseberg |first=Anna |title=Research Guides: A Guide to Energy Geography: Start |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426135647/https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Shari'a === Labarin ƙasa na shari'a wani yanki ne na labarin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sararin samaniya, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin shari'a ke tsara dangantakar sarari da kuma yadda yanayin ƙasa ke tasiri ga samarwa da aiwatar da doka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff editor(s); no by-line --> |date=2014-07-31 |title=Legal Geography Explained |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/legal-geography-explained/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Geography Realm |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kayan more rayuwa === Yanayin ƙasa na kayayyakin more rayuwa wani fanni ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa da na ƙungiyoyi—kamar sufuri, makamashi, ruwa, gidaje, da tsarin hukumomi—ke tsara alaƙar sarari, suna ba da damar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki waɗanda ake samar da su da kuma tafiyar da su ta hanyar jihohi, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Infrastructural Geographies |url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.geog.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> === Kafofin Watsa Labarai === [[Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa|Labarin ƙasa na kafofin watsa labarai]] wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin mahadar kafofin watsa labarai da labarin ƙasa da kuma girman sararin samaniya na sadarwa, gami da yadda tsarin kafofin watsa labarai da ayyukan sadarwa ke tsara wurare, yankuna, da dangantakar sarari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |date=2016 |title=Geographies of media and communication I |url=https://www.academia.edu/24121490/Geographies_of_media_and_communication_I_Metaphysics_of_encounter |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365 |doi=10.1177/0309132516628254 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographies of Communication {{!}} Nordicom |url=https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publications/geographies-communication |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.nordicom.gu.se}}</ref> == Manazarta == f886eqjc8mgzdhcyclqr67f2eau9arc 963187 963186 2026-10-04T22:41:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Motsin rai */ 963187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] da ke nuna tarin cututtukan kwalara a cikin annobar London ta 1854, wanda shine lamari na gargajiya na amfani da yanayin ɗan adam]] '''Yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]''', wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane.<ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, '''ilimin ɗan adam''', tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi ==   An kafa Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a cikin 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1883, kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa. An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow|John Snow ne]] barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na [[yanayin kiwon lafiya]]. Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]]. <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na: === Al'adu === Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya. [[Fayil:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb|Aikin noma na shinkafa a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa. [[Development geography|Yanayin ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da [[Quality of life|ingancin rayuwa]] mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike. == Philosophical and theoretical approaches == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Fields == Manyan fannonin karatu a fannin ilimin yanayin ɗan adam sun fi mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni kamar: === Al'adu === [[Yanayin al'ada|Labarin ƙasa na al'adu]] nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ƙa'idodi ne - bambancinsu a wurare da wurare, da kuma dangantakarsu. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyana da kuma nazarin yadda harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adu ke bambanta ko kuma su kasance daidai daga wuri zuwa wuri, da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sarari. [[File:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb| Noman shinkafa mai faɗi a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zamantakewa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi, [[Yanayin harshe|Yanayin ƙasa na harshe]], Jinsi da sarari, [[Yanayin yara|Yanayin ƙasa na yara]], da Addini da yanayin ƙasa . === Ci gaba === [[Yanayin ci gaba|Nazarin yanayin ƙasa na ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa dangane da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazaunanta, nazarin wuri, rarrabawa, da kuma tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki a faɗin Duniya. Tsarin da mai binciken ya bi wajen yin nazari a kai yana da tasiri sosai kan batun da aka yi bincike a kai. === Tattalin Arziki === [[File:Shan_Street_Bazaar.JPG|thumb| Yanayin Tattalin Arziki: Kasuwar Titin Shan, kasuwa a Myanmar]] [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|Ilimin ƙasa na tattalin arziki]] yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, jihohi, da sauran abubuwa, da kuma yanayin halittu. * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na tallan da [[Yanayin sufuri|yanayin ƙasa na sufuri]] === Motsin rai === === Abinci === {{Excerpt|Geography of food|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}}[[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|Ilimin ƙasa na likitanci ko lafiya]] shine amfani da bayanai na ƙasa, ra'ayoyi, da hanyoyi don nazarin [[lafiya]], [[Cuta|cututtuka]], da [[kula da lafiya]] . Yanayin ƙasa na lafiya yana nazarin alaƙar sarari da tsare-tsare tsakanin mutane da muhalli. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ilimin yanayin ɗan adam, yana bincike kan yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake yaɗuwa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dummer |first=Trevor J.B. |date=22 April 2008 |title=Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071783 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=2292766 |pmid=18427094}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Tarihin ƙasa]] nazari ne kan yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam, na zahiri, na almara, na nazari, da kuma na "ainihin" na baya. Tarihin ƙasa yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban. Jigo ɗaya tilo shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na baya da kuma yadda wurare ko yankuna ke canzawa akan lokaci. Masana tarihi da yawa suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da yadda mutane suka yi mu'amala da muhallinsu da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin al'adu. Ƙananan filayen sun haɗa da: Tarihin kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigand |first=Robin |title=Archaeogeography and planimetric landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/31115954/Archaeogeography_and_planimetric_landscapes |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies/Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography {{!}} Origin, Importance & Applications |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-geography-using-geography-to-interpret-the-past.html |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa === Yanayin ƙasa na siyasa yana da alaƙa da nazarin sakamakon da ba su daidaita ba na tsarin siyasa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya ke shafar tsarin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Political Geography |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111502/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zaɓe, Siyasar ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabaru da kuma yanayin ƙasa na soja . Na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa ta asali da "yanayin tsaro" wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da bayanan sirri na sararin samaniya don samun fa'idodi na dabaru da kare iyakokin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tietze |first=Wolf |date=1993-10-01 |title=Military Geography — Wehrgeographie — Geography of Security |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00808695 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00808695 |issn=1572-9893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Yawan Jama'a === Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a nazarin hanyoyin da bambancin sarari a cikin rarrabawa, tsari, ƙaura, da haɓakar al'umma ke da alaƙa da muhallinsu ko wurin da suke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Geography Overview |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014901/https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> === Sulhu === Labarin ƙasa na matsugunni, gami da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin yankunan birane da karkara ne musamman dangane da fannoni na sarari, dangantaka, da kuma ka'idoji na matsugunni. Wannan shine nazarin yankunan da ke da tarin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa . Waɗannan su ne yankunan da yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki ke gudana a ɓangaren sakandare da kuma ɓangaren sakandare . === Tsarin birane === Labarin ƙasa na birni shine nazarin birane, garuruwa, da sauran yankunan da ke da cunkoson matsuguni. Manyan abubuwa guda biyu su ne wurin da aka gina matsugunin (yadda aka gina matsugunin dangane da yanayin wurin) da kuma yanayin wurin (yadda aka tsara matsugunin dangane da sauran matsugunin). Wani fanni kuma da ya fi jan hankali shi ne tsarin cikin gida na yankunan birane, gami da yadda ake rarraba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na alƙaluma da kuma tsarin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana kuma amfani da ra'ayoyi daga wasu rassan ilimin yanayin ɗan adam don ganin yadda suke shiga cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a fili a cikin wani [[Yankin birni|yanki na birni]] . <ref name="Palm">{{Cite journal |last=Palm |first=Risa |date=1982 |title=Urban geography: city structures |journal=Progress in Geography |language=en |volume=6 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1177/030913258200600104 |s2cid=157288359}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: [[Yanayin tattalin arziki]], Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na sulhu . Waɗannan ba su ne kawai ƙananan filayen da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen nazarin yanayin ƙasa na birane ba, amma wasu manyan 'yan wasa ne. <ref name="Palm" /> === Makamashi === Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na makamashi wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin girman sararin samaniya na tsarin makamashi. Yana bincika yadda ake samar da makamashi, rarraba shi, da kuma amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban, da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin ke da alaƙa da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli. Yanayin ƙasa na makamashi yana kuma bincika tasirin tsarin makamashi akan yankuna da al'ummomi, gami da batutuwa kamar samun damar makamashi, ababen more rayuwa, sauyin muhalli, da adalci ga makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulseberg |first=Anna |title=Research Guides: A Guide to Energy Geography: Start |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426135647/https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Shari'a === Labarin ƙasa na shari'a wani yanki ne na labarin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sararin samaniya, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin shari'a ke tsara dangantakar sarari da kuma yadda yanayin ƙasa ke tasiri ga samarwa da aiwatar da doka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff editor(s); no by-line --> |date=2014-07-31 |title=Legal Geography Explained |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/legal-geography-explained/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Geography Realm |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kayan more rayuwa === Yanayin ƙasa na kayayyakin more rayuwa wani fanni ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa da na ƙungiyoyi—kamar sufuri, makamashi, ruwa, gidaje, da tsarin hukumomi—ke tsara alaƙar sarari, suna ba da damar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki waɗanda ake samar da su da kuma tafiyar da su ta hanyar jihohi, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Infrastructural Geographies |url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.geog.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> === Kafofin Watsa Labarai === [[Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa|Labarin ƙasa na kafofin watsa labarai]] wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin mahadar kafofin watsa labarai da labarin ƙasa da kuma girman sararin samaniya na sadarwa, gami da yadda tsarin kafofin watsa labarai da ayyukan sadarwa ke tsara wurare, yankuna, da dangantakar sarari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |date=2016 |title=Geographies of media and communication I |url=https://www.academia.edu/24121490/Geographies_of_media_and_communication_I_Metaphysics_of_encounter |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365 |doi=10.1177/0309132516628254 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographies of Communication {{!}} Nordicom |url=https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publications/geographies-communication |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.nordicom.gu.se}}</ref> == Manazarta == gdhsr29h7fqidio0fkx7tffgxzhcdnr 963189 963187 2026-10-04T22:42:47Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Abinci */ 963189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] da ke nuna tarin cututtukan kwalara a cikin annobar London ta 1854, wanda shine lamari na gargajiya na amfani da yanayin ɗan adam]] '''Yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]]''', wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane.<ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, '''ilimin ɗan adam''', tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi ==   An kafa Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a cikin 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1883, kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa. An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow|John Snow ne]] barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na [[yanayin kiwon lafiya]]. Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]]. <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na: === Al'adu === Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya. [[Fayil:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb|Aikin noma na shinkafa a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa. [[Development geography|Yanayin ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|yanayin rayuwa]] da [[Quality of life|ingancin rayuwa]] mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike. == Philosophical and theoretical approaches == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Fields == Manyan fannonin karatu a fannin ilimin yanayin ɗan adam sun fi mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni kamar: === Al'adu === [[Yanayin al'ada|Labarin ƙasa na al'adu]] nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ƙa'idodi ne - bambancinsu a wurare da wurare, da kuma dangantakarsu. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyana da kuma nazarin yadda harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adu ke bambanta ko kuma su kasance daidai daga wuri zuwa wuri, da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sarari. [[File:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb| Noman shinkafa mai faɗi a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zamantakewa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi, [[Yanayin harshe|Yanayin ƙasa na harshe]], Jinsi da sarari, [[Yanayin yara|Yanayin ƙasa na yara]], da Addini da yanayin ƙasa . === Ci gaba === [[Yanayin ci gaba|Nazarin yanayin ƙasa na ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa dangane da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazaunanta, nazarin wuri, rarrabawa, da kuma tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki a faɗin Duniya. Tsarin da mai binciken ya bi wajen yin nazari a kai yana da tasiri sosai kan batun da aka yi bincike a kai. === Tattalin Arziki === [[File:Shan_Street_Bazaar.JPG|thumb| Yanayin Tattalin Arziki: Kasuwar Titin Shan, kasuwa a Myanmar]] [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|Ilimin ƙasa na tattalin arziki]] yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, jihohi, da sauran abubuwa, da kuma yanayin halittu. * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na tallan da [[Yanayin sufuri|yanayin ƙasa na sufuri]] === Motsin rai === === Abinci ===[[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|Ilimin ƙasa na likitanci ko lafiya]] shine amfani da bayanai na ƙasa, ra'ayoyi, da hanyoyi don nazarin [[lafiya]], [[Cuta|cututtuka]], da [[kula da lafiya]] . Yanayin ƙasa na lafiya yana nazarin alaƙar sarari da tsare-tsare tsakanin mutane da muhalli. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ilimin yanayin ɗan adam, yana bincike kan yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake yaɗuwa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dummer |first=Trevor J.B. |date=22 April 2008 |title=Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071783 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=2292766 |pmid=18427094}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Tarihin ƙasa]] nazari ne kan yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam, na zahiri, na almara, na nazari, da kuma na "ainihin" na baya. Tarihin ƙasa yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban. Jigo ɗaya tilo shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na baya da kuma yadda wurare ko yankuna ke canzawa akan lokaci. Masana tarihi da yawa suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da yadda mutane suka yi mu'amala da muhallinsu da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin al'adu. Ƙananan filayen sun haɗa da: Tarihin kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigand |first=Robin |title=Archaeogeography and planimetric landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/31115954/Archaeogeography_and_planimetric_landscapes |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies/Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography {{!}} Origin, Importance & Applications |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-geography-using-geography-to-interpret-the-past.html |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa === Yanayin ƙasa na siyasa yana da alaƙa da nazarin sakamakon da ba su daidaita ba na tsarin siyasa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya ke shafar tsarin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Political Geography |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111502/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zaɓe, Siyasar ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabaru da kuma yanayin ƙasa na soja . Na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa ta asali da "yanayin tsaro" wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da bayanan sirri na sararin samaniya don samun fa'idodi na dabaru da kare iyakokin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tietze |first=Wolf |date=1993-10-01 |title=Military Geography — Wehrgeographie — Geography of Security |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00808695 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00808695 |issn=1572-9893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Yawan Jama'a === Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a nazarin hanyoyin da bambancin sarari a cikin rarrabawa, tsari, ƙaura, da haɓakar al'umma ke da alaƙa da muhallinsu ko wurin da suke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Geography Overview |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014901/https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> === Sulhu === Labarin ƙasa na matsugunni, gami da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin yankunan birane da karkara ne musamman dangane da fannoni na sarari, dangantaka, da kuma ka'idoji na matsugunni. Wannan shine nazarin yankunan da ke da tarin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa . Waɗannan su ne yankunan da yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki ke gudana a ɓangaren sakandare da kuma ɓangaren sakandare . === Tsarin birane === Labarin ƙasa na birni shine nazarin birane, garuruwa, da sauran yankunan da ke da cunkoson matsuguni. Manyan abubuwa guda biyu su ne wurin da aka gina matsugunin (yadda aka gina matsugunin dangane da yanayin wurin) da kuma yanayin wurin (yadda aka tsara matsugunin dangane da sauran matsugunin). Wani fanni kuma da ya fi jan hankali shi ne tsarin cikin gida na yankunan birane, gami da yadda ake rarraba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na alƙaluma da kuma tsarin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana kuma amfani da ra'ayoyi daga wasu rassan ilimin yanayin ɗan adam don ganin yadda suke shiga cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a fili a cikin wani [[Yankin birni|yanki na birni]] . <ref name="Palm">{{Cite journal |last=Palm |first=Risa |date=1982 |title=Urban geography: city structures |journal=Progress in Geography |language=en |volume=6 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1177/030913258200600104 |s2cid=157288359}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: [[Yanayin tattalin arziki]], Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na sulhu . Waɗannan ba su ne kawai ƙananan filayen da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen nazarin yanayin ƙasa na birane ba, amma wasu manyan 'yan wasa ne. <ref name="Palm" /> === Makamashi === Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na makamashi wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin girman sararin samaniya na tsarin makamashi. Yana bincika yadda ake samar da makamashi, rarraba shi, da kuma amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban, da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin ke da alaƙa da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli. Yanayin ƙasa na makamashi yana kuma bincika tasirin tsarin makamashi akan yankuna da al'ummomi, gami da batutuwa kamar samun damar makamashi, ababen more rayuwa, sauyin muhalli, da adalci ga makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulseberg |first=Anna |title=Research Guides: A Guide to Energy Geography: Start |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426135647/https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Shari'a === Labarin ƙasa na shari'a wani yanki ne na labarin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sararin samaniya, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin shari'a ke tsara dangantakar sarari da kuma yadda yanayin ƙasa ke tasiri ga samarwa da aiwatar da doka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff editor(s); no by-line --> |date=2014-07-31 |title=Legal Geography Explained |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/legal-geography-explained/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Geography Realm |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kayan more rayuwa === Yanayin ƙasa na kayayyakin more rayuwa wani fanni ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa da na ƙungiyoyi—kamar sufuri, makamashi, ruwa, gidaje, da tsarin hukumomi—ke tsara alaƙar sarari, suna ba da damar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki waɗanda ake samar da su da kuma tafiyar da su ta hanyar jihohi, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Infrastructural Geographies |url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.geog.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> === Kafofin Watsa Labarai === [[Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa|Labarin ƙasa na kafofin watsa labarai]] wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin mahadar kafofin watsa labarai da labarin ƙasa da kuma girman sararin samaniya na sadarwa, gami da yadda tsarin kafofin watsa labarai da ayyukan sadarwa ke tsara wurare, yankuna, da dangantakar sarari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |date=2016 |title=Geographies of media and communication I |url=https://www.academia.edu/24121490/Geographies_of_media_and_communication_I_Metaphysics_of_encounter |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365 |doi=10.1177/0309132516628254 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographies of Communication {{!}} Nordicom |url=https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publications/geographies-communication |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.nordicom.gu.se}}</ref> == Manazarta == prk1l7og8mn2u7olxkiyvcdl500qfrl 0 129392 963202 765035 2026-10-04T23:14:12Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318207868|Critical geography]]" 963202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhimmin ilimin ƙasa (Critical geography)''' [[Labarin kasa|wani ilimin ƙasa ne wanda aka sani da ka'idar ilimin ƙasa]] wanda ke haɓaka ilimin ƙasa&nbsp;adalci a zamantakewa ,&nbsp;'yanci, kuma&nbsp;Siyasar 'yan hagu . Ana kuma amfani da ilimin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a matsayin kalmar laima ga Marxist, [[Yanayi na mata|feminist]], [[Postmodernism|postmodern]], poststructural, queer, left-reshe, da kuma ilimin ƙasa mai fafutuka . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Castree |first=Noel |year=2000 |title=Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'? |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=955–970 |doi=10.1068/a3263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Muhimmin labarin ƙasa wani nau'i ne na kimiyyar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke ɗaukar Manufar Marx don fassara da canza duniya. Fay (1987) ya bayyana kimiyyar bincike ta zamani a matsayin ƙoƙarin fahimta zalunci a cikin al'umma kuma a yi amfani da wannan fahimtar don haɓaka canjin zamantakewa da 'yanci. Agger (1998) ya gano wasu siffofi na ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ake amfani da ita a fannoni kamar ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: ƙin yarda da kyakkyawan fata ; amincewa da yiwuwar ci gaba; da'awa don tsarin yanayin rinjaye ; hujjar cewa rinjaye ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan sanin ƙarya, akida, da tatsuniyoyi; imani da ikon canza yanayin yau da kullun da kuma ƙin yarda da shi ƙaddara ; da kuma ƙin yarda da sauƙin juyin juya hali. == Asali == Kalmar 'yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci' ana amfani da ita tun aƙalla 1749, lokacin da littafin Geography ya sake fasalin: sabon tsarin ilimin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, bisa ga Cikakken Binciken Kimiyya a sassa huɗu wanda aka keɓe babi ga batun da ake kira "na Yanayin Yanayi mai mahimmanci".Wannan littafin ya ba da shawarar mahimman yanayin ƙasa a matsayin tsari wanda masu ilimin ƙasa ke gano kurakurai a cikin aikin wasu kuma suna gyara su a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya.<ref name="Cave1749" /> A cikin wannan littafin na 1749, Cave yana amfani da misalai na Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, da Ptolemy duk suna gyara kuskuren wanda ya riga su kafin su buga nasu aikin. Kodayake suna da alaƙa da juna, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi ba za a iya musanya su ba. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da mahimman bayanai guda biyu daga yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi: (1) ƙin tsarin Marxism, daidai da juyin juya halin zamani; da kuma (2) karuwar sha'awar al'adu da wakilci, sabanin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci akan tattalin arziki. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peet (2000) ya lura da kusanci tsakanin mahimman bayanai da yanayin ƙasa bayan muhawara mai zafi a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Peet |first=Richard |year=2000 |title=Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=951–953 |doi=10.1068/a32202 |s2cid=128738768}}</ref> Duk da haka, Castree (2000) ya nuna cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da tsattsauran ra'ayi ya ƙunshi alkawura daban-daban.<ref name=":1" /> Ya yi jayayya cewa hasken yanayin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana nuna ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ilimin ƙasa na hagu, sabili da haka yana damuwa game da asarar al'adar "mai tsattsa ra'ayi".<ref name=":1" /> == Jigogi na yau da kullun == A sakamakon juyin juya halin zamani, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ba shi da haɗin kai. &nbsp;Hubbard, Kitchin, Bartley, da Fuller (2002) sun tabbatar da cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da bambancin [[Epistemology|ilimin kimiyya]], ilimin halitta, da kuma hanyar, kuma ba shi da ainihin asalin ka'idoji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Duk da haka, Blomley (2006) ya gano jigogi shida na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, wanda ya haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blomley |first=Nicholas |year=2006 |title=Uncritical critical geography? |journal=Progress in Human Geography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1191/0309132506ph593pr |s2cid=143963933}}</ref> # '''Ƙaddamar da ka'idar da ƙin kwarewa.&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa da gangan suna tura ra'ayoyi na wasu nau'o'i, amma suna fitowa daga maɓuɓɓugar ra'ayi iri-iri, kamar Tattalin arzikin siyasa, gwamnati, [[Feminism|mata]], [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|adawa da wariyar launin fata]], da adawa da mulkin mallaka.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamarwa don bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da rashin daidaito&nbsp;'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna neman bayyana iko, gano rashin daidaito, fallasa juriya, da haɓaka 'yanci na siyasa da Canje-canje na zamantakewa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamar da wakilci a matsayin hanyar mamayewa da juriya&nbsp;&nbsp;'''. Wani abu na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci shine nazarin yadda wakilcin sararin samaniya ke riƙe da iko; ko kuma akasin haka, yadda za'a iya amfani da wakilcin sarari don kalubalanci iko. # '''Bangaskiya mai kyau a cikin ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa sun yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da ilimi don tsayayya da wakilci mai rinjaye, kuma masana na iya kawar da mulkin da aka fada kuma su taimaka wa 'yantar da waɗanda aka zalunta. Akwai amincewa da ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci don isa ga marasa ilimi, da kuma ikon mutane don kayar da warewa ta hanyar tunani na kai. # '''Ƙaddamar da ayyukan ci gaba'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna so su yi canji ta hanyar praxis. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna da haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da masu gwagwarmaya tare da alkawura ga Adalci na zamantakewa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An yi muhawara sosai game da ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da gwagwarmaya.&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Fahimtar sarari a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci.&nbsp;&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna mai da hankali sosai ga yadda za'a iya amfani da shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya da wakilci don samar da zalunci da rashin daidaito. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna ganowa zuwa matakai daban-daban yadda za'a iya amfani da sarari a matsayin mayafi da kayan aiki na iko. == Masu sukar == Akwai zargi da yawa game da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Masana ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da waɗanda suka rungumi sabbin dabarun da aka haɓaka a lokacin juyin juya halin ƙididdiga galibi ana sukar su ne daga masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. Wadannan masu ilimin ƙasa suna jayayya cewa masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna jayayya daga wurin jahilci game da Yanayin ƙasa.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Shahararren yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, da raguwar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, ana jayayya da kasancewa a babban bangare saboda wahalar batun da ke haifar da mutane su "tsalle jirgin ruwa. "<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hepple |first=L. |date=1998 |title=Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=225–234 |doi=10.1068/a300225 |s2cid=144335512}}</ref>Bugu da ƙari, wasu sun yi imanin cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna adawa da kimiyya.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graf |first=W. |date=1998 |title=Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much |journal=The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter |volume=33 |issue=8}}</ref> Yawancin masana ilimin ƙasa sun yarda da sukar farko da masana ilimin ƙasa suka nuna kuma suna jayayya cewa sabbin fasahohi da dabaru sun magance waɗannan suka kuma ba sa aiki. Har ila yau, an sami ɗan gajeren tattaunawa game da alkawuran da aka raba na masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci, tare da 'yan kaɗan kamar Harvey (2000). Tambayar kamar "me ne masu ilimin ƙasa masu sukar", da kuma "a menene ƙarshen" ana buƙatar amsawa. Barnes (2002) ya yi sharhi cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa sun fi kyau wajen samar da bincike mai bayani fiye da bayar da tunanin tsinkaye-utopian don sake daidaita duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |year=2002 |title=Critical notes on economic geography from an aging radical. Or radical notes on economic geography from a critical age |url=https://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/acme/article/view/687 |journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=8–14 |issn=1492-9732}}</ref> Wasu masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna damuwa da ƙaddamar da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Kodayake masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin 'yan tawaye da baƙi, tunani mai mahimmanci ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yanzu yana cikin zuciyar ilimin ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> Wasu suna ganin kafawa a matsayin sakamakon halitta na ƙarfin nazari da fahimta na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yayin da wasu ke tsoron cewa kafawa ya haifar da haɗin kai. Tambayar ita ce ko yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci har yanzu yana riƙe da jajircewarsa ga canjin siyasa.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake yin amfani da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a duk faɗin duniya, ya kamata a amince da fahimtar masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci a waje da duniyar Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bialasiewicz |first=Luiza |year=2003 |title=The Many Wor(l)ds of Difference and Dissent |journal=Antipode |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00299 |issn=1467-8330 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A wannan bangaren, Mizuoka et al. (2005) sun ba da bayyani game da aikin ƙasa na Japan tun daga shekarun 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mizuoka |first=Fujio |last2=Mizuuchi |first2=Toshio |last3=Hisatake |first3=Tetsuya |last4=Tsutsumi |first4=Kenji |last5=Fujita |first5=Tetsushi |year=2005 |title=The Critical Heritage of Japanese Geography: Its Tortured Trajectory for Eight Decades |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=453–473 |doi=10.1068/d2204r |s2cid=140725013}}</ref> Bugu da kari, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ya kamata ya samar da kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da malaman da ke da mahimmanci a wasu fannoni. == Dubi kuma == * [[Yanayin kurkuku]] == Bayani == == Manazarta == <references /> == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;"Yankin da ba a tantance shi ba?".  &nbsp;''Ci gaba a cikin Yanayin Dan Adam''.  &nbsp;'''30'''(1): 87–94. doi:.&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1191/0309132506ph593pr}} * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;Yanayin Yanayi: Gabatarwa ga Ra'ayoyi da Ayyuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Gidan Prentice .{{ISBN|9780582294899}} * Castree, Noel&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a3263 "Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"].&nbsp;''Environment and Planning A''.&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 955–970.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a3263}}. * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj7xiGby2LAC&q=david+harvey+a+critical+reader ''David Harvey: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu'']. John Wiley & Sons. .&nbsp;{{ISBN|9780470775318}} * Peet, Richard&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a32202 "Murnar Shekaru Talatin na Tsarin Kasa Mai Tsanani"] .&nbsp;''Muhalli da Tsare-tsare A.''&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 951–953.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a32202}} . * Sidaway, James D.; Lin, Shaun; Chouinard, Vera; Ferretti, Federico; Gibson, Katherine; Kenney-Lazar. Mil; Philo, Chris; van Meeteren, Michiel; Wills, Jane; Wisner, Ben; Barnes, Trevor; Sheppard, Eric (2020). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2325548X.2020.1781463 Dandalin bitar littattafai: Karanta ''Tarihin Sararin Samaniya na Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard game da yanayin ƙasa mai tsauri: Arewacin Amurka da kuma bayan haka'' .] Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard Wiley (Jerin Littattafai na Antipode), NJ, Amurka; West Sussex, Birtaniya: Wiley. ''Sharhin AAG na Littattafai'', 8(4):236-258. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0kjg9mttsb7l1nrdus5vnhoujtcql5s 963204 963202 2026-10-04T23:15:24Z Baffa ali 47435 963204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhimmin ilimin ƙasa (Critical geography)''' [[Labarin kasa|wani ilimin ƙasa ne wanda aka sani da ka'idar ilimin ƙasa]] wanda ke haɓaka ilimin ƙasa&nbsp;adalci a zamantakewa ,&nbsp;'yanci, kuma&nbsp;Siyasar 'yan hagu . Ana kuma amfani da ilimin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a matsayin kalmar laima ga Marxist, [[Yanayi na mata|feminist]], [[Postmodernism|postmodern]], poststructural, queer, left-reshe, da kuma ilimin ƙasa mai fafutuka . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Castree |first=Noel |year=2000 |title=Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'? |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=955–970 |doi=10.1068/a3263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Muhimmin labarin ƙasa wani nau'i ne na kimiyyar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke ɗaukar Manufar Marx don fassara da canza duniya. Fay (1987) ya bayyana kimiyyar bincike ta zamani a matsayin ƙoƙarin fahimta zalunci a cikin al'umma kuma a yi amfani da wannan fahimtar don haɓaka canjin zamantakewa da 'yanci. Agger (1998) ya gano wasu siffofi na ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da ake amfani da ita a fannoni kamar ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: ƙin yarda da kyakkyawan fata ; amincewa da yiwuwar ci gaba; da'awa don tsarin yanayin rinjaye ; hujjar cewa rinjaye ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan sanin ƙarya, akida, da tatsuniyoyi; imani da ikon canza yanayin yau da kullun da kuma ƙin yarda da shi ƙaddara ; da kuma ƙin yarda da sauƙin juyin juya hali. == Asali == Kalmar 'yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci' ana amfani da ita tun aƙalla 1749, lokacin da littafin Geography ya sake fasalin: sabon tsarin ilimin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, bisa ga Cikakken Binciken Kimiyya a sassa huɗu wanda aka keɓe babi ga batun da ake kira "na Yanayin Yanayi mai mahimmanci".Wannan littafin ya ba da shawarar mahimman yanayin ƙasa a matsayin tsari wanda masu ilimin ƙasa ke gano kurakurai a cikin aikin wasu kuma suna gyara su a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya.<ref name="Cave1749" /> A cikin wannan littafin na 1749, Cave yana amfani da misalai na Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, da Ptolemy duk suna gyara kuskuren wanda ya riga su kafin su buga nasu aikin. Kodayake suna da alaƙa da juna, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi ba za a iya musanya su ba. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da mahimman bayanai guda biyu daga yanayin ƙasa mai zurfi: (1) ƙin tsarin Marxism, daidai da juyin juya halin zamani; da kuma (2) karuwar sha'awar al'adu da wakilci, sabanin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci akan tattalin arziki. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peet (2000) ya lura da kusanci tsakanin mahimman bayanai da yanayin ƙasa bayan muhawara mai zafi a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Peet |first=Richard |year=2000 |title=Celebrating Thirty Years of Radical Geography |journal=Environment and Planning A |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=951–953 |doi=10.1068/a32202 |s2cid=128738768}}</ref> Duk da haka, Castree (2000) ya nuna cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci da tsattsauran ra'ayi ya ƙunshi alkawura daban-daban.<ref name=":1" /> Ya yi jayayya cewa hasken yanayin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana nuna ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ilimin ƙasa na hagu, sabili da haka yana damuwa game da asarar al'adar "mai tsattsa ra'ayi".<ref name=":1" /> == Jigogi na yau da kullun == A sakamakon juyin juya halin zamani, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ba shi da haɗin kai. &nbsp;Hubbard, Kitchin, Bartley, da Fuller (2002) sun tabbatar da cewa yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yana da bambancin [[Epistemology|ilimin kimiyya]], ilimin halitta, da kuma hanyar, kuma ba shi da ainihin asalin ka'idoji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Duk da haka, Blomley (2006) ya gano jigogi shida na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, wanda ya haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blomley |first=Nicholas |year=2006 |title=Uncritical critical geography? |journal=Progress in Human Geography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1191/0309132506ph593pr |s2cid=143963933}}</ref> # '''Ƙaddamar da ka'idar da ƙin kwarewa.&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa da gangan suna tura ra'ayoyi na wasu nau'o'i, amma suna fitowa daga maɓuɓɓugar ra'ayi iri-iri, kamar Tattalin arzikin siyasa, gwamnati, [[Feminism|mata]], [[Rashin wariyar launin fata|adawa da wariyar launin fata]], da adawa da mulkin mallaka.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamarwa don bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da rashin daidaito&nbsp;'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna neman bayyana iko, gano rashin daidaito, fallasa juriya, da haɓaka 'yanci na siyasa da Canje-canje na zamantakewa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Ƙaddamar da wakilci a matsayin hanyar mamayewa da juriya&nbsp;&nbsp;'''. Wani abu na yau da kullun na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci shine nazarin yadda wakilcin sararin samaniya ke riƙe da iko; ko kuma akasin haka, yadda za'a iya amfani da wakilcin sarari don kalubalanci iko. # '''Bangaskiya mai kyau a cikin ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa sun yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da ilimi don tsayayya da wakilci mai rinjaye, kuma masana na iya kawar da mulkin da aka fada kuma su taimaka wa 'yantar da waɗanda aka zalunta. Akwai amincewa da ikon ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci don isa ga marasa ilimi, da kuma ikon mutane don kayar da warewa ta hanyar tunani na kai. # '''Ƙaddamar da ayyukan ci gaba'''. Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna so su yi canji ta hanyar praxis. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna da haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da masu gwagwarmaya tare da alkawura ga Adalci na zamantakewa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An yi muhawara sosai game da ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da gwagwarmaya.&nbsp;&nbsp; # '''Fahimtar sarari a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci.&nbsp;&nbsp;'''&nbsp;Masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna mai da hankali sosai ga yadda za'a iya amfani da shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya da wakilci don samar da zalunci da rashin daidaito. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna ganowa zuwa matakai daban-daban yadda za'a iya amfani da sarari a matsayin mayafi da kayan aiki na iko. == Masu sukar == Akwai zargi da yawa game da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Masana ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da waɗanda suka rungumi sabbin dabarun da aka haɓaka a lokacin juyin juya halin ƙididdiga galibi ana sukar su ne daga masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. Wadannan masu ilimin ƙasa suna jayayya cewa masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna jayayya daga wurin jahilci game da Yanayin ƙasa.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Shahararren yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, da raguwar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, ana jayayya da kasancewa a babban bangare saboda wahalar batun da ke haifar da mutane su "tsalle jirgin ruwa. "<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hepple |first=L. |date=1998 |title=Context, Social Construction and Statistics: Regression, Social Science and Human geography |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=225–234 |doi=10.1068/a300225 |s2cid=144335512}}</ref>Bugu da ƙari, wasu sun yi imanin cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna adawa da kimiyya.<ref name="Fotheringham1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graf |first=W. |date=1998 |title=Why Physical Geographers Whine so Much |journal=The Association of American Geographers' Newsletter |volume=33 |issue=8}}</ref> Yawancin masana ilimin ƙasa sun yarda da sukar farko da masana ilimin ƙasa suka nuna kuma suna jayayya cewa sabbin fasahohi da dabaru sun magance waɗannan suka kuma ba sa aiki. Har ila yau, an sami ɗan gajeren tattaunawa game da alkawuran da aka raba na masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci, tare da 'yan kaɗan kamar Harvey (2000). Tambayar kamar "me ne masu ilimin ƙasa masu sukar", da kuma "a menene ƙarshen" ana buƙatar amsawa. Barnes (2002) ya yi sharhi cewa masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa sun fi kyau wajen samar da bincike mai bayani fiye da bayar da tunanin tsinkaye-utopian don sake daidaita duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |year=2002 |title=Critical notes on economic geography from an aging radical. Or radical notes on economic geography from a critical age |url=https://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/acme/article/view/687 |journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=8–14 |issn=1492-9732}}</ref> Wasu masu mahimman ilimin ƙasa suna damuwa da ƙaddamar da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Kodayake masu sukar ilimin ƙasa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin 'yan tawaye da baƙi, tunani mai mahimmanci ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci yanzu yana cikin zuciyar ilimin ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> Wasu suna ganin kafawa a matsayin sakamakon halitta na ƙarfin nazari da fahimta na yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yayin da wasu ke tsoron cewa kafawa ya haifar da haɗin kai. Tambayar ita ce ko yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci har yanzu yana riƙe da jajircewarsa ga canjin siyasa.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake yin amfani da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a duk faɗin duniya, ya kamata a amince da fahimtar masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci a waje da duniyar Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bialasiewicz |first=Luiza |year=2003 |title=The Many Wor(l)ds of Difference and Dissent |journal=Antipode |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00299 |issn=1467-8330 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A wannan bangaren, Mizuoka et al. (2005) sun ba da bayyani game da aikin ƙasa na Japan tun daga shekarun 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mizuoka |first=Fujio |last2=Mizuuchi |first2=Toshio |last3=Hisatake |first3=Tetsuya |last4=Tsutsumi |first4=Kenji |last5=Fujita |first5=Tetsushi |year=2005 |title=The Critical Heritage of Japanese Geography: Its Tortured Trajectory for Eight Decades |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=453–473 |doi=10.1068/d2204r |s2cid=140725013}}</ref> Bugu da kari, yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci ya kamata ya samar da kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da malaman da ke da mahimmanci a wasu fannoni. == Dubi kuma == * [[Yanayin kurkuku]] == Bayani == == Manazarta == <references /> == Ƙarin karantawa == * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;"Yankin da ba a tantance shi ba?".  &nbsp;''Ci gaba a cikin Yanayin Dan Adam''.  &nbsp;'''30'''(1): 87–94. doi:.&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1191/0309132506ph593pr}} * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;Yanayin Yanayi: Gabatarwa ga Ra'ayoyi da Ayyuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Gidan Prentice .{{ISBN|9780582294899}} * Castree, Noel&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a3263 "Professionalisation, Activism, and the University: Whither 'Critical Geography'?"].&nbsp;''Environment and Planning A''.&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 955–970.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a3263}}. * [Hasiya]  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj7xiGby2LAC&q=david+harvey+a+critical+reader ''David Harvey: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu'']. John Wiley & Sons. .&nbsp;{{ISBN|9780470775318}} * Peet, Richard&nbsp;(2000).&nbsp;[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a32202 "Murnar Shekaru Talatin na Tsarin Kasa Mai Tsanani"] .&nbsp;''Muhalli da Tsare-tsare A.''&nbsp;'''32'''&nbsp;(6): 951–953.&nbsp;{{Doi|10.1068/a32202}} . * Sidaway, James D.; Lin, Shaun; Chouinard, Vera; Ferretti, Federico; Gibson, Katherine; Kenney-Lazar. Mil; Philo, Chris; van Meeteren, Michiel; Wills, Jane; Wisner, Ben; Barnes, Trevor; Sheppard, Eric (2020). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2325548X.2020.1781463 Dandalin bitar littattafai: Karanta ''Tarihin Sararin Samaniya na Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard game da yanayin ƙasa mai tsauri: Arewacin Amurka da kuma bayan haka'' .] Trevor Barnes da Eric Sheppard Wiley (Jerin Littattafai na Antipode), NJ, Amurka; West Sussex, Birtaniya: Wiley. ''Sharhin AAG na Littattafai'', 8(4):236-258. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8iku08kqayoamwe39fd1xpforpdr7u5 0 129732 963131 765854 2026-10-04T19:52:30Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 963131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Tarihin Asiya ta Houston''' (HAAA) ƙungiya ce mai jagorantar malamai, ajiyar ɗalibai tare da kasancewar dijital da ta zahiri a Jami'ar Rice, don manufar ƙwarewa kawai. Tarihin ya kunshi da farko tarin tarihin baki na sama da tambayoyin 300; Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma gudanar da shirye-shirye kamar nune-nunen da ke nuna kayan ajiya, ayyukan hulɗa da masu kirkirar al'umma, kwasfan fayiloli, tattaunawar bangarori da sauran abubuwan da suka faru game da batutuwan abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka gabata na Asiya da Asiya. Cibiyar Chao don Nazarin Asiya a Jami'ar Rice ce ke kula da Tarihin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Houston Asian American Archive (HAAA) oral histories |url=https://haaa.rice.edu/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=HAAA}}</ref> Tarihin tarihin HAAA, wanda ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru da rayuwar Pan-Asian, daga Gabas, zuwa Kudu, zuwa Kudu maso Yamma da Kudancin Asiya. Baya ga gudanar da tarihin baki, tarihin yana tattara abubuwan tunawa kamar hotuna, jaridu, mujallu, bayanan kasuwanci da girke-girke da zane-zane. Ana adana waɗannan kayan tarihi a Cibiyar Bincike ta Woodson a Laburaren Fondren. == Mutane == Dokta Anne S. Chao, wanda ya kafa aikin, da kuma Ma'aikatar Ma'auni a Sashen Humanities, Jami'ar Rice ne ke gudanar da Tarihin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Chao {{!}} The Cooper Union |url=https://cooper.edu/about/trustees/anne-chao |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=cooper.edu}}</ref> Chao ya ce:   Kowace semester, dalibai goma zuwa ashirin na Rice sun shiga shirin horar da HAAA don karɓar horo na dabarun tarihin baki, gudanarwa da sake rubuta tambayoyin, da bincike da rubutu akan kayan da suka tattara ta hanyar wannan hanyar nazarin tarihi, wasu daga cikinsu an gabatar da su don littafin Nazarin Nazarin Asiya na Cibiyar Chao (RASR).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Chao {{!}} The Cooper Union |url=https://cooper.edu/about/trustees/anne-chao |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=cooper.edu}}</ref> Podcast "Dear Houston - Love, Asian America," ya fara ne a cikin bazara na Shekaran 2021, wani aikin dalibai ne wanda Ann Shi (Associate Curator) ya fara kuma ya samar da shi a karkashin jagorancin malamai, shugabannin al'umma na gida, da kuma masu sana'a da aka kafa a masana'antu daban-daban ciki har da masu shirya fina-finai, marubuta, masu zane-zane da mawaƙa. Cibiyar Chao don Nazarin Asiya ta haɗa da karatu da darussan al'ummar Asiya ta Houston da Asiya ta zamani a cikin yanayin duniya. Misali, a cikin "ASIA 305: Binciken Ethnographic A / Of Houston Asian, " wanda Ka-Kin Cheuk ya koyar a cikin kaka 2020, ɗalibai suna gudanar da tambayoyi game da al'ummar Asiya na gida, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya haɗa da haikalin Sikh, haikalin Zoroastrian da haikwatar Buddha a cikin al'ummar Houston don aikin filin ethnographic. Tarihin ya zama tushen farko don koyar da wannan darasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anne Chao {{!}} The Cooper Union |url=https://cooper.edu/about/trustees/anne-chao |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=cooper.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7liz7oe5dxiybmixqoqwmnt9fyrtimp 0 130493 963133 814477 2026-10-04T19:56:04Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 963133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''John Fullerton MacArthur Jr.''' (Yuni 19, 1939 - Yuli 14, 2025) ya kasance fasto ne na Baptist na Amurka, masanin tauhidi, marubuci, kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Grace to You, shirin koyar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na rediyo da talabijin na kasa. Ya kuma kasance fasto na dogon lokaci na Grace Community Church, cocin da ba na addini ba a Sun Valley, California daga 1969 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2025. Bugu da ƙari, MacArthur ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar The Master's University da The Master'S Seminary, dukansu suna zaune a Santa Clarita, California. MacArthur an san shi da bayar da shawarwari game da wa'azin bayani, kuma Kiristanci A Yau ya gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu wa'ajin Kirista mafi tasiri na zamaninsa.[1] MacArthur ya rubuta ko ya shirya littattafai sama da 150. Littafinsa na MacArthur Study Bible ya sayar da fiye da miliyan ɗaya kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Gold Medallion Book.[2] A cikin 2021, ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar daga The Master's Seminary da Gidauniyar Lockman don samar da Legacy Standard Bible (LSB), sabuntawa na fitowar 1995 na New American Standard Bible (NASB). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi John MacArthur a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1939, a kasar [[Los Angeles]], California, ga mai wa'azin rediyo na Baptist Jack MacArthur da Irene Dockendorf . Ya kasance jikan ministan Anglican na Kanada Harry MacArthur (d. 1950).<ref name="VoC">{{Cite web |title=The Legacy |url=http://www.voiceofcalvaryradio.com/legacy3.htm |website=The Voice of Calvary |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Christianity Today">{{Cite web |last=Silliman |first=Daniel |date=2025-07-15 |title=Died: John MacArthur, Who Explained the Bible to Millions |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2025/07/died-john-macarthur-study-bible-expository-preaching-controversy/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Christianity Today |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin wata hira ta 1979, ya bayyana cewa yana da "dangi mai nisa da Janar Douglas MacArthur [...] dan uwan na biyar". <ref>{{Cite press release}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 Gold Medallion Book Awards Winners |url=http://www.ecpa.org/christianbookawards/gm1998.php |access-date=March 6, 2008 |website=ecpa.org |publisher=Evangelical Christian Publishers Association}}</ref> Bayan bin hanyar mahaifinsa, MacArthur ya halarci Jami'ar Bob Jones a Greenville, South Carolina daga 1957 zuwa 1959. Bayan shekara guda, ya shiga Kwalejin Los Angeles Pacific (wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Free Methodist) a shekara ta 1960. Ya sami digiri na Master of Divinity a Shekaran 1964 daga Talbot Theological Seminary, makarantar digiri na Cibiyar Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Los Angeles a La Mirada, California . <ref name="Graham" /> == Ayyuka == Lokacin da MacArthur yake a Jami'ar Bob Jones, mahaifinsa ya ɗauke shi zuwa ƙungiyar ''Muryar Calvary'', sau da yawa ana watsa shi a rediyo na Kirista a Kudancin California. Sa'an nan, daga shekaran 1964 zuwa 1966, mahaifinsa ya hayar da shi ya zama mataimakin fasto a cocin Harry MacArthur Memorial Bible Church (yanzu cocin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Calvary) a Burbank, California, wanda mahaifinsa Jack ya dasa kuma ya sanya masa suna ga mahaifinsa.<ref name="VoC"/> Daga shekaran 1966 zuwa 1969, John MacArthur ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kwalejin Talbot Theological Seminary . A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1969, an kawo shi a matsayin na uku kuma mafi ƙanƙanta har yanzu, fasto a cocin Grace Community Church na Sun Valley, unguwar Los Angeles kusa da Burbank.<ref>{{Cite press release}}</ref> == Matsayi na tauhidi == === Calvinism === John MacArthur ya ci gaba da bin addinin Calvinism na maki biyar (cikakken lalata, zabe mara iyaka, iyakantaccen kafara, alheri mai ban sha'awa da juriya ga tsarkaka). === Cessationism === John MacArthur ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ya yi imani da "kyautar alama", kamar annabci da aka bayyana a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, an ba da shi ga manzanni na ɗan lokaci don tabbatar da asalin da gaskiyar nassosi. Ya ci gaba da cewa an daina ba da waɗannan kyaututtuka bayan ƙarshen Zamanin Manzanni, bayan sun cika manufar.<ref name="ts">{{Cite web |last=MacArthur |first=John |title=The Temporary Sign Gifts, Part 3 |url=http://www.gty.org/resources/print/sermons/1858 |access-date=December 28, 2013 |website=gty.org |publisher=Grace to You |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161739/http://www.gty.org/resources/print/sermons/1858 |url-status=dead }}</ref> MacArthur ya kasance sanannen mai sukar ci gaba da imani na Pentecostalism da ƙungiyar Charismatic, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa Allah yana ci gaba da ba da kyauta ta ruhaniya a yau. Ya rubuta littattafai uku a kan batun. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, cocinsa ya dauki bakuncin "Strange Fire Conference" don nuna ƙaddamar da littafinsa, Strange Fire <ref name="ts" /> wanda ke nuna masu magana daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da shawarar tauhidin cessationist kuma suna sukar ƙungiyar Charismatic . <ref>{{Cite press release}}</ref> [1]<ref>{{Cite press release}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] ===MANAZARTA=== 1tjuepj5znm9zvrbmkycnslinkhyltz 0 131742 963138 956353 2026-10-04T20:37:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lilia Ann Abron''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1945 <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lilia Abron's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/lilia-abron |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> ) ' yar kasuwa ce kuma injiniyan sinadarai ta Amurka. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tennant |first=Kristin |title=Engineering Better Lives |url=https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010833/https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=2016-08-04 |website=WUSTL Magazine |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}</ref> A shekarar 1972, Abron ta zama mace 'yar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka]] ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyan sinadarai . <ref>name="UoI">{{Cite web |title=Lilia A. Abron |url=http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224143607/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |access-date=2016-08-03 |website=University of Iowa College of Engineering}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Abron a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], kuma ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu. An haife ta da wuri, a gida, kuma dole ne innarta ta kai ta asibiti a cikin taksi, domin ba a sami motocin ɗaukar marasa lafiya ga 'yan Afirka a lokacin ba. <ref name="Brown2011" /> Iyayenta dukkansu malamai ne waɗanda suka halarci Kwalejin LeMoyne (yanzu Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen) . Mahaifinta, Ernest Buford Abron, ya samu rauni a lokacin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji, don haka bai sami damar yin aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ba]] . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya na Pullman kuma daga baya ya zama malami. Mahaifiyar Abron, Bernice Wise Abron, mai buga rubutu ce daga [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] . Ta rubuta takardu ga Wiley Branton, lauyan kare Little Rock Nine . <ref name="Brown2011" /> Iyayen Abron mabiya addinin Baptist ne kuma an yi mata baftisma tana da shekaru tara. Ta halarci ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata 'Yan Scouts da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙarama a cocinta. <ref> name="FBC DC">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2018 |title=Meet Our Newest Deacons |url=https://www.firstbaptistdc.org/annoucements/?offset=1535720055809 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=firstbaptistdc.org |publisher=First Baptist Church of the City of Washington D. C.}}</ref> Abron ta halarci makarantar gwamnati kuma an sanya ta a cikin jerin makarantun lissafi da kimiyya. Bayan kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Memphis, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likitanci. == Ilimi == Abron ta yi karatu a Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen . An ba ta tallafin karatu, wanda ta rasa bayan shekarar farko ta karatunta saboda maki ba su da yawa. Ta sauya daga fannin ilmin halittu zuwa fannin sinadarai. <ref name="Brown2011" /> A shekarar 1966, Abron ta sami digirin farko a [[Kimiyya|fannin sinadarai]] daga Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen, tare da fifiko. <ref name="Brown2011" /> Mai ba Abron shawara a LeMoyne-Owen, Dr. Bueler, ta ba da shawarar ta yi karatun injiniya. Ta kuma yaba wa Dr. Juanita Williamson, Farfesa a Turanci a LeMoyne-Owen kuma ’yar Afirka Ba’amurke, da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ta ci gaba da karatu. <ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lilia Abron's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/lilia-abron |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/lilia-abron "Lilia Abron's Biography"]. ''The HistoryMakers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An ba ta cikakken tallafin karatu daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis don yin karatun injiniyan tsafta, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta ba da tallafi. Jami'ar Washington ta bambanta da duk wani abu da ta taɓa fuskanta har zuwa wannan lokacin: wannan shine karo na farko da ta fita daga gida, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal a cikin babban aji na maza fararen fata. Ta kammala karatun digirinta gaba ɗaya cikin watanni goma sha uku kacal, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Injiniyan Muhalli a 1968. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tennant |first=Kristin |title=Engineering Better Lives |url=https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010833/https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=2016-08-04 |website=WUSTL Magazine |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTennant">Tennant, Kristin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010833/https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx "Engineering Better Lives"]. ''WUSTL Magazine''. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from [https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx the original] on April 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da take Jami'ar Washington, Abron ta ƙirƙiro burin yin aiki a fannin ilimi kuma ta sami ƙwarewa ta hanyar yin aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na furofesoshinta. <ref name="Brown2011" /> Bayan kammala karatunta, Abron ta sami matsala wajen samun aiki a matsayin injiniyan muhalli. Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin masanin kimiyyar muhalli a sashen ruwa na birnin Kansas, sannan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin mai bincike kan kimiyyar muhalli a Gundumar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Metropolitan da ke Chicago. Ta fara karatun digirin digirgir na uku a watan Satumba na shekarar 1968 a sashen injiniyancin gine-gine na Jami'ar Massachusetts ta Amherst, karkashin kulawar Dr. Rolfe Skrimbee. Lokacin da ya koma Jami'ar Iowa, ta ƙaura tare da shi. Duk da haka, Dr. Skrimbree ta bar Jami'ar Iowa kafin Abron ta kammala bincikenta, don haka ta kammala digirinta a fannin injiniyancin sinadarai a shekarar 1972, a ƙarƙashin kulawar James O. Osburn. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Abron |first=Lilia Ann |last2=Osburn |first2=James O. |date=1973-03-01 |title=A transport mechanism in hollow nylon fiber reverse osmosis membranes for the removal of ddt and aldrin from water |journal=Water Research |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=461–477 |bibcode=1973WatRe...7..461A |doi=10.1016/0043-1354(73)90027-4 |issn=0043-1354}}</ref> Ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka ba wa digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyancin sinadarai, <ref> name="thehistorymakers.com">{{Cite web |title=Lilia Abron {{!}} The HistoryMakers |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/lilia-abron |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=www.thehistorymakers.com}}</ref> kuma ita ce mace ta uku da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyancin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Iowa. Takardar karatunta ta mayar da hankali kan reverse osmosis, kuma an yi mata taken: "Hanyar Sufuri a cikin Nailan Fiber Reverse Osmosis Membranes don Cire DDT da Aldrin daga Ruwa". <ref name="Brown2011" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Sana'a == Dr Abron ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin injiniyan gine-gine a Jami'ar Jihar Tennessee daga 1971. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin injiniyan muhalli Jami'ar Vanderbilt daga 1973. A shekarar 1975, ta koma Jami'ar Howard a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin injiniyan gine-gine da muhalli, a lokaci guda tana aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Washington (wanda yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia ). Dr Abron ƙwararren injiniya ce mai rijista, kuma memba ce a [[Hukumar kula da gurɓatar ruwa|Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Ruwa]], Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Ruwa ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Sigma Xi, da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'o'i ta Amurka . <ref>name="UIowa Honors">{{Cite web |title=Lilia A. Abron {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} The University of Iowa |url=https://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni/awards/honor-wall/lilia-abron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050124/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.engineering.uiowa.edu}}</ref> Tana kuma aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Injiniyanci ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . <ref name="Brown2011" /> A shekara ta 2004, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mamba a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> An zaɓe ta a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa a shekara ta 2020, saboda "jagoranci wajen samar da gidaje masu ɗorewa da kuma hanyoyin injiniyan muhalli da fasaha ta samar a Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu". <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2020 |title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 86 Members and 18 International Members |url=https://www.nae.edu/224584/National-Academy-of-Engineering-Elects-87-Members-and-18-International-Members- |access-date=2020-10-08 |publisher=National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> An shigar da ita cikin Tau Beta Pi, reshen DC Alpha a matsayin Fitaccen Injiniya, kuma ita ce Mai Gina Tarihi. Dr. Abron ta yi jawabi a TED a garinsu na [[Memphis, Tennessee]], game da Shiryawa don Kawar da Talauci a Makamashi a Memphis. An sake mayar da Dr Abron zuwa Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa (NAE) a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> An ba ta babbar girmamawa - Memba mai daraja, Aji na 2021 - na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi na Jama'a ta Amurka (ASCE). Tun daga watan Janairun 2021, ta zama shugabar [[Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Amurka da Masana Kimiyya|Kwalejin Injiniyoyi da Masana Kimiyya ta Amurka]] (AAEES). An shigar da ita Kwalejin Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniya da Halittu ta Amurka (AIMBE) a watan Maris na 2024. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>&nbsp; === Masu Ba da Shawara ga PEER, PC === A shekarar 1978, Abron ta kafa kuma ta zama shugaba kuma Shugaba na PEER Consultants, PC <ref name="UoI">{{Cite web |title=Lilia A. Abron |url=http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224143607/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |access-date=2016-08-03 |website=University of Iowa College of Engineering}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150224143607/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron "Lilia A. Abron"]. ''University of Iowa College of Engineering''. Archived from [http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron the original] on February 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> Ita ce Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka ta farko da ta fara kamfanin ba da shawara kan injiniya wanda ya mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli da damuwa da suka shafi muhallin zahiri da na ɗan adam. <ref name="PEER CPC">{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.peercpc.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402233853/http://www.peercpc.com/about |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=2016-08-03 |website=PEER Consultants, PC}}</ref> PEER tana ba da ayyukan injiniya da gudanar da gine-gine, ayyukan kula da muhalli da dorewa, da ayyukan ba da shawara/shawara. <ref name="PEER brochure">{{Cite web |title=PEER Consultants, P.C. Company Overview |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59dcff7e4c326d9f26e7b3d2/t/59e4d88fa8b2b019331d79b2/1508169884135/PEER+Consultants+-+Brochure.pdf |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=PEER Consultants, PC}}</ref> Da wannan kamfanin ba da shawara, Abron ta yi nasarar tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyuka masu dorewa a sassan duniya da talauci ya yi wa katutu, yanayin rayuwa a can zai iya inganta sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> A shekarar 1995, Abron ta kafa PEER Africa Pty. (Ltd.), tare da manufar gina gidaje masu amfani da makamashi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata. <ref name="thehistorymakers.com">{{Cite web |title=Lilia Abron {{!}} The HistoryMakers |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/lilia-abron |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=www.thehistorymakers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/lilia-abron "Lilia Abron | The HistoryMakers"]. ''www.thehistorymakers.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An bai wa Abron kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya saboda aikinta na haɓaka gidaje masu amfani da makamashi mai rahusa. Kamfanin ya gudanar da ayyuka a duk faɗin Afirka, ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu, Mali, Uganda da Najeriya. PEER ta gudanar da manyan shirye-shirye na Ruwa, Tsafta da Tsafta (WASH) tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Ruwan Wastewater na Black Belt Unincorporated (BBUWP), wata ƙungiya da aka kafa don magance rashin daidaiton samun tsafta a yankunan karkara [[Alabama|na Alabama]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Abron memba ce a ƙungiyar Delta Sigma Theta . <ref name="UIowa Honors">{{Cite web |title=Lilia A. Abron {{!}} College of Engineering {{!}} The University of Iowa |url=https://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni/awards/honor-wall/lilia-abron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050124/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.engineering.uiowa.edu }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050124/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron "Lilia A. Abron | College of Engineering | The University of Iowa"]. ''www.engineering.uiowa.edu''. Archived from [https://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni/awards/honor-wall/lilia-abron the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050124/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |date=2016-08-21 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050124/http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/alumni-friends/honor-wall/distinguished-engineering-alumni-academy-members/lilia-abron |archive-date=2016-08-21 |url-status=dead}} on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Tana gabatar da jawabai da gabatarwa da suka shafi makamashi da muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> Tana da himma sosai wajen haɓaka ilimin kimiyya, kuma ta hanyar kamfaninta, tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga mahalarta taron kimiyya. Ana ƙarfafa ma'aikatan PEER su yi aiki tare da ɗalibai a makarantun da ke makwabtaka da su, kuma Abron da kanta tana ba da jagoranci ga ɗaliban. Ta ambaci littafin ''Silent Spring'' na [[Rachel Carson]] a matsayin abin ƙarfafa gwiwa ga shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare muhalli. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tennant |first=Kristin |title=Engineering Better Lives |url=https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010833/https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=2016-08-04 |website=WUSTL Magazine |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTennant">Tennant, Kristin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010833/https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx "Engineering Better Lives"]. ''WUSTL Magazine''. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from [https://magazine.wustl.edu/2011/october/Pages/EngineeringBetterLives.aspx the original] on April 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Abron Kirista ce wadda ta fara aikinta na shekaru uku a matsayin diakoni a Cocin Baptist na Farko na Birnin Washington, DC a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2018. <ref name="FBC DC">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2018 |title=Meet Our Newest Deacons |url=https://www.firstbaptistdc.org/annoucements/?offset=1535720055809 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=firstbaptistdc.org |publisher=First Baptist Church of the City of Washington D. C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.firstbaptistdc.org/annoucements/?offset=1535720055809 "Meet Our Newest Deacons"]. ''firstbaptistdc.org''. First Baptist Church of the City of Washington D. C. June 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen Jack da Jill na Washington, DC, na Amurka. Tana kuma buga ƙararrawa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cocin Angelus. <ref name="Brown2011" /> <ref name="UIowa Honors"/> Abron yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da jikoki shida, ɗaya daga cikinsu jika ce kawai. <ref name="thehistorymakers.com"/> <ref name="FBC DC"/> == Daraja == * Kyautar William W. Grimes don ƙwarewa a fannin injiniyancin sinadarai daga Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Sinadarai ta Amurka, 1993 * Shiga Kwalejin Injiniya Mai Daraja ta Tsoffin Ɗaliban Jami'a a Jami'ar Iowa, 1996 <ref name="Brown2011" /> * An ba da lambar yabo ta Hancher-Finkbine Tsoffin Dalibai daga Ƙungiyar Finkbine ta Jami'ar Iowa, saboda ilmantarwa, jagoranci da kuma biyayya ga jami'ar, 1999 <ref name="Brown2011" /> <ref name="thehistorymakers.com"/> * Shigar da ɗalibai zuwa Ɗakin Shahararrun Tsoffin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Baƙaƙe ta Ƙasa, 1999 <ref name="Brown2011" /> * Kyautar Magic Hands daga Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen, Mayu 2001 <ref name="thehistorymakers.com" /> * Kyautar Nasarar Tsoffin Dalibai, Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa ta Jami'ar Washington, 2001 <ref name="Brown2011" /> * Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, 2004 <ref name="thehistorymakers.com" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> * Nasara Mai Kyau Daga Kwalejin Injiniya da Masana Kimiyya ta Muhalli ta Amurka, 2012 <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Inventors & Inventions |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:IRIN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=147CE715ED7A6908&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=8C87EBB2DB104CEAB04405DA52DA75FE |journal=The Indianapolis Recorder |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o6uqkuszedtvozchypd9a3f5kzh9keb 0 132508 963137 772238 2026-10-04T20:37:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lila''' / ( / ˈlaɪlə​ ˈtrɛ tɪkɒ f / ) ( an haife Olga '''(''' '''Lyaliya''' ) {{Efn|"Lyalya" is a Russian-language diminutive from the first name "[[Olga (name)|Olga]]"}} '''Tretyakova''', Russian , Janairu 25, 1978) injiniya ne kuma manaja ɗan ƙasar Rasha-Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2019 |title=Reimagining the arts with immersive technology |url=https://www.microsoft.com/inculture/arts/the-knight-foundation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927230349/https://inculture.microsoft.com/arts/the-knight-foundation/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tretikov a Moscow, [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . <ref>{{Cite AV media}}</ref> Mahaifinta masanin lissafi ne, kuma mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar mai shirya fina-finai ce. Bayan ta koma birnin New York tana da shekaru 15, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2019 |title=Reimagining the arts with immersive technology |url=https://www.microsoft.com/inculture/arts/the-knight-foundation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927230349/https://inculture.microsoft.com/arts/the-knight-foundation/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> ta koyi Turanci yayin da take hidimar abinci kuma ta halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley, amma ta tafi kafin ta kammala digirinta. <ref name="Seligman">{{Cite web |last=Seligman |first=Katherine |date=May 13, 2014 |title=The Woman To Run Wikipedia: Russian-born Former Cal Student Seen as "White Unicorn" |url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2014-05-13/woman-run-wikipedia-russian-born-former-cal-student-seen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824061932/http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2014-05-13/woman-run-wikipedia-russian-born-former-cal-student-seen |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |website=[[California Magazine]] |publisher=[[UC Berkeley]]}}</ref> Manyan darussanta sun haɗa da kimiyyar kwamfuta da fasaha, kuma ta yi bincike kan koyon injina . <ref name="Seligman" /> [[Fayil:WMF_Monthly_Metrics_Meeting_May_1,_2014.ogv|thumb| Tretikov ya gabatar da shi ga ma'aikatan WMF.]] == Sana'a == A shekarar 1999, Tretikov ta fara aiki a matsayin [[injiniyan software]] a California, inda ta rubuta takardun mallakar software da dama tare kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin software na kasuwanci . Tretikov ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a Sun Microsystems a matsayin injiniya a Sun-Netscape Alliance, inda ta yi aiki a kan sabar [[Java programming language|Java]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2016)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan ta kafa GrokDigital, wani kamfanin tallan fasaha, kuma daga baya aka naɗa ta a matsayin babbar jami'ar bayanai kuma mataimakiyar shugabar injiniya a SugarCRM Inc. <ref>{{Cite AV media}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, ta lashe lambar yabo ta tagulla a Stevie Awards a cikin rukunin "Mataimakiyar Shekara — ‌ Ayyukan — ‌ Ma'aikata zuwa 2,500 — ‌ Kayan Aiki da Manhajar ". <ref name="2012 Stevie Awards">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Stevie Awards For Women in Business: 2012 Stevie Award Winners |url=https://www.stevieawards.com/pubs/women/awards/414_2252_21756.cfm |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=stevieawards.com |publisher=Stevie Awards, Inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115120515/http://www.stevieawards.com/pubs/women/awards/414_2252_21756.cfm |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi haɗin gwiwa da rubuta takardun mallaka da dama a cikin taswirar bayanai masu wayo da aikace-aikacen harshe masu motsi. <ref name="USPTO">{{Cite web |title=Patent Search |url=http://search.uspto.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=web-sdmg-uspto.gov&query=Lila+Tretikov%E2%80%8E&go=Go |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029135948/https://search.uspto.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=web-sdmg-uspto.gov&query=Lila+Tretikov%E2%80%8E&go=Go |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]}}</ref> An naɗa Tretikov a matsayin babban darakta na [[Gidauniyar Wikimedia]] a watan Mayu na 2014, bayan Sue Gardner , kuma ta hau muƙamin a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2014. Ta gyara Wikipedia sau ɗaya kawai kafin naɗinta. <ref name="Seligman"/> Tretikov ta yi murabus daga Gidauniyar Wikimedia sakamakon aikin Injin Ilimi mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce na WMF da rashin jituwa da ma'aikatan, inda ranar ƙarshe ta kasance ranar 31 ga Maris, 2016. <ref name="resignation2016">{{Cite web |last=Lila Tretikov |date=February 25, 2016 |title=Thank you for our time together. |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2016-February/082470.html |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> [[Katherine Maher]] ta gaje ta a watan Maris na 2016. A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2016, an sanar da cewa Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta gayyaci Tretikov don shiga ƙungiyar Shugabannin Matasan Duniya . [undefined] Tretikov shi ma yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na OpenEd [undefined] da Rackspace , kuma ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na Volvo Cars a watan Maris na 2021. Ta shiga Microsoft Corporation a shekarar 2018 kuma ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kamfani & Mataimakiyar Babban Jami'in Fasaha. Daga nan ta koma zama Abokin Hulɗa, Shugaban Dabaru na AI, a New Enterprise Associates, wani kamfanin jarin kasuwanci. Ta kuma shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na Xylem Inc. A shekarar 2025, ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na UBS . == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Editocin Wikipedia]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] hkdbnkp1x1mrp4urw4a8j1seruan47c 0 133535 963246 774358 2026-10-05T04:09:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Grammar Firbank makaranta''' ce mai zaman kanta, ta Anglican, kuma [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana ce]] , wacce ke cikin yankin Brighton, a yankin Bayside na [[Melbourne]], Ostiraliya. An kafa makarantar a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1909, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Firbank Grammar School Magazine: The Green, Gold & White No. 54 Winter 2019 by Firbank Grammar School - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/firbank5/docs/ggw_may2019_forissuu/10 |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009021712/https://issuu.com/firbank5/docs/ggw_may2019_forissuu/10 |archive-date=2025-10-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ta hannun Babban Bishop na Anglican na Melbourne, Henry Lowther Clarke, kuma a halin yanzu makarantar tana ɗaukar kimanin ɗalibai 1,200. Cibiyar Koyon Farko da makarantar firamare suna da ilimi tare, yayin da makarantar sakandare (shekaru 7-12) ta 'yan mata ne kawai. Firbank memba ne na Cibiyar Makarantun Anglican ta Australiya, Gidauniyar Makarantun Burtaniya da Jami'o'i da kuma 'Yan Matan Wasannin Victoria (GSV). Firbank tana da kusanci da makarantar 'yar'uwarta, Makarantar Grammar Brighton, makarantar maza. Daliban makarantun biyu suna shiga cikin ayyukan ilimi tare kamar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Firbank1912.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ginin Firbank, {{Circa|1912}}]] An kafa Makarantar Grammar Firbank a matsayin makarantar kwana ta Kirista, makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata a shekarar 1909, ta hannun Babban Bishop na Anglican na Melbourne, Henry Lowther Clarke, wanda aka bar masa gado don ''dalilai na ilimi'' . Babban Bishop ya sayi 'Gawsworth', wani fili da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Outer da Middle Crescents, kuma ya sanya wa makarantar suna bayan Firbank, wurin haihuwarsa a Westmorland, Ingila. Ya zaɓi taken, ''Vincit Qui Se Vincit'' ("Ta ci nasara wanda ya ci nasara da kanta") kuma ya ba Makarantar lambar yabo ta Archbishop. An buɗe makarantar kuma a shekarar 1910 akwai wata shugabar makaranta mai ƙwarewa. Florence Emily Green ce ta kafa kuma ta gudanar da [[Makarantar 'yan mata ta New England|Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta New England]] kafin ta sayar da ita. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makaranta ta wucin gadi har zuwa 1911 amma ba ta da lafiya. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Maud Cameron, shugabar makarantar Firbank mafi daɗewa, yawan masu rajista ya ƙaru kuma an ƙara sayen filaye, ciki har da gidan 'Pen-y-bryn' da 'Atherstone' da ke Sandringham . Tun lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, Firbank ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Cocin Anglican na St Andrew, Brighton inda ake gudanar da ayyukan makaranta na yau da kullun.[1] A shekarar 1961 Dorothy Whitehead ta bar shugabancin Makarantar Ascham ta zama shugabar Firbank. Ta yi aiki har zuwa 1970 kuma a lokacinta an ba wa ɗaliban ƙarin 'yanci. Ta taɓa koyarwa da Shirin Dalton a Ascham. Ta maye gurbin jarrabawa da jarrabawa kuma ta cire yaɗuwar ɗalibai. An gabatar da sabbin gine-gine don ilimin motsa jiki da kuma ƙara yawan wuraren kwana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} awppodq7r3e5hlbcp40lb85ly8guz30 0 133666 963082 825441 2026-10-04T17:32:16Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 963082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aristomenios Haralampopoulos (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Australiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Cumberland United . == Ayyuka == Haralampopoulos ya girma ne a Adelaide, Kudancin kasar Australia, inda ya halarci [[Kwalejin Scotch, Adelaide]] da Babban Kwalejin Jami'ar. Yayinda yake matashi, ya kasance a makarantar matasa ta Bolton Wanderers kuma Preston North End ta ba shi tallafin karatu.<ref name="Stamocostas 2018">{{Cite web |last=Stamocostas |first=Con |date=March 7, 2018 |title=Haralampopoulos' riding the wave of Greek football |url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/111916/charalampopoulos-greek-football/ |access-date=December 26, 2018 |website=English Edition}}</ref> Ya bar Adelaide zuwa Girka don gwaji a Iraklis FC . A shekara ta 2016 ya sanya hannu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Girka Acharnaikos kafin ya sauya zuwa Apollon Larissa a shekara ta 2018. <ref name="Davidson 2018">{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=John |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Aussie Meni's Greek odyssey |url=https://www.ftbl.com.au/news/aussie-menis-greek-odyssey-484525 |access-date=December 26, 2018 |website=FTBL }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, ya koma Acharnaikos inda aka nada shi kyaftin din kulob din.<ref name="Stamocostas 2018 - Ambassadors">{{Cite web |last=Stamocostas |first=Con |date=October 12, 2018 |title=Ambassadors of Greek Australian football take on Europe |url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/122507/ambassadors-of-greek-australian-football-take-on-europe/ |access-date=December 27, 2018 |website=English Edition}}</ref> Ya koma kasar Ostiraliya a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya shiga Cumberland United a Kudancin kasar Australia. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9rxdh4nzoq75cp391bkbkptpccp54pf 0 133711 963052 774699 2026-10-04T14:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Sakandare ta Brighton''' makaranta ce ta gwamnati mai haɗin gwiwa ga ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa 12, wacce ke Brighton East, a cikin Birnin Bayside, Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1955, a da ana kiranta da Makarantar Sakandare ta Brighton har zuwa 1988. A yau, tana da ɗalibai sama da 1,200 da suka yi rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podbury |first=Julie |title=Welcome to Brighton Secondary College. |url=http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124022202/http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |archive-date=24 November 2005 |access-date=22 June 2015 |website=brightonsc.vic.edu.au}}</ref> Kwalejin Sakandare ta Brighton tana da haɗin gine-gine na tsakiyar ƙarni da na zamani. Cibiyar Da Vinci, wacce aka kammala a shekarun 2010, ta nuna misalin sabunta gine-ginen makarantar. Hayball Architects ne suka tsara ta, tana ɗauke da kayan aikin kimiyya, fasaha, da fasaha, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta 2015 ta CEFPI don Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Kayan Aiki na Mutum ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podbury |first=Julie |title=Welcome to Brighton Secondary College. |url=http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124022202/http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |archive-date=24 November 2005 |access-date=22 June 2015 |website=brightonsc.vic.edu.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brighton Secondary College, Da Vinci Centre |url=https://www.buildingengineering.com.au/project/brighton-secondary-college-da-vinci-centre/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Bldg Eng |language=en-AU}}</ref> Har ila yau, harabar makarantar ta haɗa da Cibiyar VCE da aka gina da manufa ga ɗaliban manyan makarantu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na hangen nesanta na gaba, Brighton tana shirin gina sabuwar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni don yi wa ɗalibai da kuma al'ummar Bayside hidima, tare da mai da hankali kan samun dama, dorewa, da kuma ƙira mai haɗaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YEAR 11 & 12 {{!}} Brighton Secondary College |url=https://brightonsc.vic.edu.au/learning/year-11-12/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914210631/https://brightonsc.vic.edu.au/learning/year-11-12/ |archive-date=2025-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsara shirin SEAL (Zaɓi Shigarwa Mai Sauƙi) don ɗaliban da suka ƙware a fannin ilimi, yana ba da manhaja mai wadata da sauri. Yana ba ɗalibai damar kammala Shekaru 7-10 cikin shekaru uku, yana ba da damar shiga darussan VCE da wuri da kuma damar zurfafa ilmantarwa. SEAL yana haɓaka tunani mai zaman kansa, warware matsaloli, da kwarin gwiwa a fannin ilimi. Shiga yana da gasa, bisa ga gwaji da tambayoyi. Dalibai suna amfana daga yanayi mai ban sha'awa wanda ke haɓaka ƙwarewa, jagoranci, da tushe mai ƙarfi don ilimin manyan makarantu da koyo na tsawon rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podbury |first=Julie |title=Welcome to Brighton Secondary College. |url=http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124022202/http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |archive-date=24 November 2005 |access-date=22 June 2015 |website=brightonsc.vic.edu.au}}</ref> Kwalejin tana da shirin kiɗan kayan kida da kuma shirin harsuna, ciki har da Faransanci da Jafananci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podbury |first=Julie |title=Welcome to Brighton Secondary College. |url=http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124022202/http://www.brightonsc.vic.edu.au/ |archive-date=24 November 2005 |access-date=22 June 2015 |website=brightonsc.vic.edu.au}}</ref> Darussan zaɓi a matakin aji na 9 sun haɗa da waɗanda suka shafi fasaha (fasaha, wasan kwaikwayo, kafofin watsa labarai, da kiɗa) da waɗanda suka shafi fasaha (hotuna na dijital, nazarin abinci, fasahar robotics, yadi, ƙirar sadarwa ta gani, da aikin katako). Ana ba wa ɗalibai gabatarwa ga Shirin Difloma na Baccalaureate na Duniya (IB) wanda ake bayarwa a aji na 11 da 12 a madadin VCE. Aji 11 da 12 suna ba da fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da waɗanda suka shafi fannonin STEM (Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya, da Lissafi), ilimin ɗan adam, fannoni masu alaƙa da kasuwanci, da sauran fannoni kamar Tsarin Samfura da Fasaha, Sadarwa da Zane-zane, Nazarin Waje da Muhalli, Nazarin Shari'a, Lafiya da Ci gaban Dan Adam, da Siyasar Ostiraliya da Duniya. Ana ba wa ɗalibai damar kammala darussan VET (Ilimin Sana'a da Horarwa). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nr9db0ub1g8kti0x4fh1t1d2cejasmg 0 134642 963383 795148 2026-10-05T10:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Kenneth Russell''' OBE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1974) babban jami'in agaji ne. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Yara . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Taron Majalisar Kiristoci na Cocin Ingila da kuma Majalisar Bishop-Bishop, daga 2005 zuwa 2011 da kuma daga 2015 zuwa 2019. <ref name="WW 2018"/> <ref name="bio CA">{{Cite web |title=Our CEO |url=https://churcharmy.org/Articles/497953/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Mark_Russell.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150143/https://churcharmy.org/Articles/497953/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Mark_Russell.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=churcharmy.org |publisher=Church Army}}</ref> A da, ya kasance mai wa'azi na gida a Cocin Methodist da ke Ireland, <ref name="bio ACoE">{{Cite web |title=Russell Mark |url=https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/413111/College_of_Evangelists/Our_Evangelists/Evangelists/Russell_Mark.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074653/https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/413111/College_of_Evangelists/Our_Evangelists/Evangelists/Russell_Mark.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2018 |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=Archbishops’ College of Evangelists |publisher=Church Army}}</ref> kuma mai karatu ne a Cocin Ingila . <ref name="bio ACoE" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2013 |title=Cork Diocese Prepares to Welcome Mark Russell, CEO of Church Army |url=https://churchofirelandcork.com/2013/10/13/cork-diocese-prepares-to-welcome-mark-russell-ceo-of-church-army/ |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=Latest News from the Church of Ireland Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross |publisher=Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Russell a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1974 kuma ya girma a Arewacin Ireland. <ref name="WW 2018"/> <ref name="bio CA"/> Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Portadown, wata makarantar nahawu da ke Portadown, County Armagh. <ref name="WW 2018" /> Ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Queen's Belfast, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB) a shekarar 1995. <ref name="WW 2018" /> <ref name="bio CA" /> == Sana'a == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 21, Russell ya sami lasisin zama mai wa'azi na gida a Cocin Methodist da ke Ireland . <ref name="bio ACoE"/> Daga 1997 zuwa 2000, ya kasance fasto na matasa a cocin Methodist da ke Lurgan, County Armagh. <ref name="WW 2018">{{Cite web |title=Russell, Canon Mark Kenneth |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U151466 |website=[[Who's Who 2018]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.151466}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba na taron Cocin Methodist a Ireland tsakanin 1996 da 1998. <ref name="WW 2018" /> A shekara ta 2000, Russell ya koma Ingila don zama malamin matasa a Cocin Christ, Chorleywood, wani cocin Anglican mai suna Evangelical Anglican da ke Chorleywood, Hertfordshire, kuma memba ne na Cocin Ingila . <ref name="bio CA"/> A shekara ta 2005, an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Babban Taron Majalisar Kiristoci na Cocin Ingila kuma an naɗa shi a Majalisar Archbishops a matsayin ƙaramin memba. <ref name="bio CA" /> A shekara ta 2006, ya bar Chorleywood bayan an naɗa shi babban jami'in gudanarwa na Church Army, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta bishara ta Anglican da ke aiki a Burtaniya da Ireland. <ref name="WW 2018"/> <ref name="bio CA" /> Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙungiyar Evangelical Alliance daga 2007 zuwa 2012. <ref name="WW 24">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Russell, Mark Kenneth, (born 25 June 1974), Chief Executive Officer, Children’s Society, since 2019 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U151466 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=[[Who's Who 2024]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> An naɗa shi babban malamin cocin Worcester a 2011. <ref name="WW 2018" /> Ya sauka daga babban taron majalisar Krista da kuma majalisar Bishop a ƙarshen 2011. <ref name="WW 2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=GENERAL SYNOD – Appointment s to the Archbishops' Council |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/gs%201850%20-%20approval%20of%20appointments%20to%20the%20archbishops%20council%20web_Feb12.pdf |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=Church of England |publisher=The Archbishops’ Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074713/https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/gs%201850%20-%20approval%20of%20appointments%20to%20the%20archbishops%20council%20web_Feb12.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2015, an sake zaɓe shi a babban taron majalisar Krista a matsayin wakilin cocin Katolika na Sheffield kuma aka sake naɗa shi a majalisar Bishop. Wa'adin aikinsa ya ƙare a 2019. <ref name="WW 2018" /> <ref name="bio CA" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance |url=http://www.sheffield.anglican.org/governance |access-date=27 January 2018 |website=Sheffield Anglican |publisher=The Diocese of Sheffield |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128190506/http://www.sheffield.anglican.org/governance |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, an sanar da shi a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Yara . [1] Ya karɓi muƙamin a watan Agusta. A cikin bikin karramawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2026, an naɗa shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) "don ayyukan agaji". [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] caiigrfr4t66chpd93izijr3yd7jgkn 0 136187 963339 956672 2026-10-05T08:47:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Georgiou Giannakaki''' (Girkanci: ; an haife ta 6 ga Mayu 1969) 'yar siyasa ce ta Girka, tsohuwar 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat kuma tsohuwar sakatare janar a Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Bayyanawa da 'Yancin Dan Adam . == Tarihi da aikin siyasa == An haife ta ne a Piraeus, kusa da [[Athens]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1969 kuma ta girma a Nice. Ta yi karatun Classics da Kimiyya ta Siyasa a Jami'ar Athens kuma ta kammala karatu a Paris.<ref>[https://www.eklogika.gr/page/vouli/gianakaki Γιαννακάκη Μαρία - Βιογραφικό] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |date=2022-07-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |archive-date=2022-07-15 |url-status=dead}} {{In lang|el}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Left kuma memba na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar. An zabe shi dan majalisa tare da Jam'iyyar Democrat a zaben Mayu da Yuni 2012. <ref>[https://www.eklogika.gr/page/vouli/gianakaki Γιαννακάκη Μαρία - Βιογραφικό] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |date=2022-07-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |archive-date=2022-07-15 |url-status=dead}} {{In lang|el}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen yanki na 2014 ta kasance 'yar takara ga Majalisar Yankin Attica tare da haɗuwa da "Intervention for Attica - Democratic Ecological Movement", wanda Democratic Left da Ecologist Greens suka goyi bayan.<ref>[https://www.eklogika.gr/page/vouli/gianakaki Γιαννακάκη Μαρία - Βιογραφικό] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |date=2022-07-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |archive-date=2022-07-15 |url-status=dead}} {{In lang|el}}</ref> An zabe ta a matsayin wakilin yanki tare da kuri'u 28,601 da 1.76%. A karo na 4 na Jam'iyyar Democrat Left a watan Yunin 2015 ta kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar. Ta zo ta biyu a bayan Thanasis Theocharopoulos inda ta samu kuri'u 40.84% da 241. <ref>[https://www.eklogika.gr/page/vouli/gianakaki Γιαννακάκη Μαρία - Βιογραφικό] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |date=2022-07-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |archive-date=2022-07-15 |url-status=dead}} {{In lang|el}}</ref> Ta bar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Agustan 2015 saboda rashin jituwa da shawarar jam'iyyar ta yanke na jefa kuri'a tare da PASOK.<ref>[https://www.eklogika.gr/page/vouli/gianakaki Γιαννακάκη Μαρία - Βιογραφικό] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |date=2022-07-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124415/https://www.eklogika.gr/page/Vouli/gianakaki |archive-date=2022-07-15 |url-status=dead}} {{In lang|el}}</ref> Tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 ta kasance Babban Sakatare na Bayyanawa da 'Yancin Dan Adam a Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Bayyanawa le'Yancin Dan adam. A watan Yunin 2017, a matsayinta na Sakatare Janar na Bayyanawa da 'Yancin Dan Adam, ta tsara gyare-gyare ga Dokokin 187 da 187A (Dokar kan "Kungiyoyin Laifuka" da "Tromonomos"). An yi ƙoƙari a zartar da wannan gyare-gyare ta hanyar gyare- gyare-rikice ga lissafin da ba shi da mahimmanci ga Dokar Shari'a, yayin da aka soki shi a matsayin ƙoƙari na aikata laifuka ga maganganun jama'a.[undefined] An janye wannan gyare-gyare na ɗan lokaci don ƙarin aiki.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6lr6lesbcm0o6dm2fvc3eifuiwzuqca 0 136681 963075 888049 2026-10-04T16:43:43Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 963075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Timothy James Harvey''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1961) direban tsere ne na [[Birtaniya]], wanda aka fi sani da zama Zakaran Motar Yawon Bude Ido na Burtaniya na 1992, da kuma zakaran gasar cin kofin Porsche Carrera na 2008 da 2010 na Burtaniya. Shahararren dan wasa ne a shekarun 1990, Harvey ya lashe tsere goma sha shida a gasar cin kofin Motar Yawon Bude Ido ta Burtaniya tsakanin 1987 da 1995, kuma ya fafata a jerin har zuwa 2002. Shi ne kuma ya lashe gasar tseren mota ta Guia Race of Macau da aka gayyata, a shekarar 1989. Bayan ya bar tseren mota mai tafiya a hankali, Harvey ya koma cikin jerin gasar cin kofin Porsche Carrera Cup ta Burtaniya mai nasara daya; bayan ya yi tuki biyu a shekarar 2003, ciki har da nasara daya, Harvey ya fafata a cikakken lokaci tun daga kakar wasa ta 2004 zuwa gaba. A cikin shekaru bakwai na cikakken gasar, Harvey ya kare a cikin manyan kungiyoyi hudu na karshe a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a kowace kakar wasa, kuma ya bar jerin bayan nasarar da ya samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Porsche Carrera a Nürburgring, tare da rikodin jerin nasarori 35. Tare da alkawuran kafofin watsa labarai ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ITV4, da kuma labaransu game da gasar cin kofin British Touring Car Championship, Harvey a halin yanzu yana fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Burtaniya ta GT; yana raba Porsche tare da Jon Minshaw, don kungiyar Trackspeed. == Farkon aikina == Harvey ya fara tsere a Formula Ford 1600 a shekarar 1983. A shekarun 1984 da 1985, Harvey ya yi tsere a gasar MG Metro Challenge. <ref>{{cite news |last=Meissner |first=Johan |date=17 February 2007 |title=History: BTCC 1992 – A controversial ending |url=http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322031838/http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=TouringCarTimes |publisher=Mediaempire Stockholm AB |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wannan ya sa ya fara tseren mota ta Touring a gasar Touring Trophy ta 1984 a Silverstone, inda ya raba tseren MG Metro Turbo tare da Robin Brundle da Patrick Watts . Rashin nasarar axis na baya ya tilasta musu yin ritaya. <ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2008 |title=Harvey lifts Carrera crown |url=http://www.crash.net/btcc/news/11444/1/pccgb_harvey_lifts_carrera_crown.html |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=Crash.net |publisher=Crash Media Group}}</ref> Hatsarin da ya faru a tseren motoci na Formula Ford a Silverstone a shekarar 1986 ya bar Harvey da ƙarancin motsi a idon sawunsa kuma bai iya ci gaba da tsere a cikin masu kujeru ɗaya ba. Wannan ya haifar da sauya sheka zuwa tin-tops, wanda ya fara da wani bikin Production Saloon na lokaci guda a Brands Hatch a cikin Rover Vitesse. == Aikin BTCC == An haife shi a Farnborough, London, Harvey ya fara tsere a BTCC a shekarar 1987, inda ya lashe gasar Class A sau uku a Rover Vitesse A shekarun 1988 da 1989 ya yi tsere a tseren motoci na wasanni tare da BTCC, kafin ya kare a matsayi na uku a Class A a shekarun 1989 da 1990. [[Fayil:Tim_Harvey_BTCC_1996.jpg|left|thumb|Harvey ya tuka [[Peugeot 406]] a kakar gasar British Touring Car Championship ta 1996 .]] Harvey ya zo na takwas a jimilla a shekarar 1991. An lashe gasarsa ta 1992 ne yayin da yake tukin motar BMW 318 coupe, wadda Vic Lee Motorsport ke jagoranta. Ya lashe tseren biyar daga cikin bakwai da suka gabata, bayan da ya lashe sau ɗaya kawai. Gasar karshe mai ban mamaki ta sa ya doke John Cleland da kuma zakaran da ke kan mulki Will Hoy zuwa ga lashe gasar, bayan da Hoy ya gamu da matsalar injin kuma Cleland ya fafata da abokin wasansa Steve Soper na Harvey. Ya fuskanci matsala a kakar wasa ta 1993 wajen haɓaka Renault 19 don sabon shiga na Renault amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar lashe tseren goyon bayan Turai na Grand Prix a cikin mawuyacin hali, yayin da abokin wasansa Alain Menu ya zarce shi a shekarar 1994 a sabuwar Laguna. Ya yi tsere don Volvo a shekarar 1995, yana amfani da kwarewarsa wajen haɓaka sabuwar motar Volvo 850, inda ya kare a matsayi na biyar gaba ɗaya kuma ya lashe nasara biyu amma gabaɗaya bai iya daidaita abokin wasansa Rickard Rydell ba. Daga nan aka yi amfani da gogewarsa wajen ƙirƙirar sabuwar motar Peugeot 406, inda ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Faransa a shekarar 1996, amma bai sami nasarar da ta sha ba wa Peugeot a lokacin da take kan gaba a gasar ba. Ya tuka motar Peugeot a kakar wasanni ta 1996, 1997 da 1998, mafi kyawun shekararsa ita ce 1997, inda ya kare a matsayi na tara a gasar, wadda ta haɗa da matsayi na biyu, da kuma ƙarfin gwiwa a gasar Thruxton. Bayan shekaru biyu da suka yi tafiya, shekarun ƙarshe na BTCC na Harvey sune 2001 (na takwas a cikin JSM [[Alfa Romeo]] ) da kuma na goma a 2002 (ya sake haɗuwa da Vic Lee don tuƙa ɗaya daga cikin [[Peugeot|Peugeots]] ɗinsa, kafin ya bar jerin don neman aikin jarida). Jirgin Alfa Romeo 147 da Harvey ya yi tsere yanzu mallakar Allitalia ne - ƙwararren mota na Italiya mai zaman kansa wanda ke Arewacin Wales. == Kofin Porsche Carrera == Harvey ya yi tsere a gasar Porsche Carrera Cup tsawon shekaru da dama, inda ya zo na biyu bayan Richard Westbrook a 2004 <ref>{{cite news |last=Meissner |first=Johan |date=17 February 2007 |title=History: BTCC 1992 – A controversial ending |url=http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322031838/http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=TouringCarTimes |publisher=Mediaempire Stockholm AB |df=dmy-all}}</ref> da Damien Faulkner a 2006. A shekarar 2007, Harvey ya yi tukin mota zuwa Redline Racing a cikin sabuwar motar Porsche GT3 ta 997 a gasar Carrera Cup ta Burtaniya. Ganin cewa taurari kamar Faulkner, Westbrook, Danny Watts da Richard Williams ba sa fafatawa, kuma Harvey yanzu yana cikin manyan 'yan wasa na 2006, ya fara a matsayin wanda ake so a lashe gasar, amma ya sake zama na biyu, da maki hudu kacal bayan James Sutton. [[Fayil:Tim_Harvey_Clay_Hill_(3580816345).jpg|thumb|Harvey yana fafatawa a Oulton Park a lokacin kakar wasan Porsche Carrera Cup ta 2009 .]] A shekara ta 2008, Harvey ya ci gaba da fafutukar neman kambun, inda ya fara gasarsa ta 100 (daga tsere 106 kacal). Ya lashe gasar Porsche Carrera Cup Drivers Championship, a ranar 21 ga Satumba a Brands Hatch. <ref>{{cite news |last=Meissner |first=Johan |date=17 February 2007 |title=History: BTCC 1992 – A controversial ending |url=http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322031838/http://www.touringcartimes.com/news.php?id=987 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=TouringCarTimes |publisher=Mediaempire Stockholm AB |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Yana da tarihin jerin wasannin da suka kare a kan dandamali da kuma zagaye mafi sauri. Ya kare a matsayi na uku a shekara ta 2009, inda ya lashe gasar farko ta shekara a tseren 6 a Thruxton da kuma nasara biyu a Snetterton. <ref>{{cite news |last=Pettit |first=Vince |date=9 October 2010 |title=First Win For Jelley As Harvey Claims Title |url=http://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/10/jelley-takes-first-win-as-harvey-claims-title/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311224121/http://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2010/10/jelley-takes-first-win-as-harvey-claims-title/ |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=The Checkered Flag |publisher=BlackEagleMedia Network}}</ref> Sannan ya bude gasar 2010 da nasarori tara a tseren farko goma (akasin haka, ya lashe wasanni hudu a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa gasar 2008). Ya kammala gasar 2010 da tsere daya da ya rage a Brands Hatch a ranar 9 ga Oktoba tare da matsayi na biyu a bayan Stephen Jelley don tabbatar da cewa Michael Caine, wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar ba zai iya kama shi ba. Bayan bugun fenariti a tseren lamba 20 wanda ya sa Harvey ya kasa samun maki a karon farko a kakar wasa, Harvey ya lashe gasar cin kofin Porsche Carrera ta GB Championship ta 2010 da maki goma, tare da nasarori 11 a tseren (da Caine bakwai). <ref>{{cite news |last=Kitchell |first=Norideen |date=16 November 1994 |title=Harvey primed for tour of duty |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/96102/harvey-primed-tour-duty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124812/http://www.scmp.com/article/96102/harvey-primed-tour-duty |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |publisher=[[SCMP Group]] |quote=Harvey, the 1989 Macau winner who turns 33 on race day, and fellow-Briton Justin Bell will be driving BMW 318is under the Motorola Pagers Racing Team banner.}}</ref> Nasarorin biyu da Harvey ya samu a Croft a ranar 20 ga Yuni sun sa ya zama direba mafi nasara a tarihin gasar, tare da nasarori 33 a tseren a lokacin (ya doke Richard Westbrook da nasarori 31). Zai kawo karshen kakar wasa da maki 4, da nasarori 35, da kuma sama da dandamali 150. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] fooikekka17qu3qcz6owmhnypc3zfpy 828 139568 963402 793146 2026-10-05T11:38:05Z Sophivorus 21003 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q137784397|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 963402 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:WikitextParser is a general-purpose wikitext parser -- Documentation and master version: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:WikitextParser -- License: GPL-3.0 (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html) -- Authors: User:Sophivorus, User:Certes, User:Aidan9382, et al. local str_find, str_sub, str_match = string.find, string.sub, string.match local str_gsub, str_gmatch, str_rep = string.gsub, string.gmatch, string.rep local str_lower = string.lower local table_insert, table_concat = table.insert, table.concat -- Private helper method to escape a string for use in regexes local function escapeString( str ) return str_gsub( str, '[%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%%]', '%%%0' ) end -- Fast gsplit (a la mw.text.gsplit) for fixed ASCII separators local function str_gsplit( str, sep ) if sep == '' or str_find( sep, '[\128-\255]' ) then error( 'Separator must be ASCII and cannot be empty' ) end local i, str1 = 1, str .. sep return function() local s, e = str_find( str1, sep, i, true ) if not s then return s end local t = i i = e + 1 return str_sub( str1, t, s - 1 ) end end -- Fast dedicated two-way split (a la mw.text.split) for fixed ASCII separators local function str_split2( str, sep ) if sep == '' or str_find( sep, '[\128-\255]' ) then error( 'Separator must be ASCII and cannot be empty' ) end local s, e = str_find( str, sep, 1, true ) if not s then return str end return str_sub( str, 1, s - 1 ), str_sub( str, e + 1 ) end -- Fast whitespace trim (a la mw.text.trim) local function str_trim( str ) return str_match( str, '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) end local parser = {} -- Get the lead section from the given wikitext -- The lead section is any content before the first section title. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Wikitext of the lead section. May be empty if the lead section is empty. function parser.getLead( wikitext ) wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '\n==.*', '' ) wikitext = str_trim( wikitext ) return wikitext end -- Get the sections from the given wikitext -- This method doesn't get the lead section, use getLead for that -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Map from section title to section content function parser.getSections( wikitext ) local sections = {} wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext .. '\n==' for title in str_gmatch( wikitext, '\n==+ *([^=]-) *==+' ) do local section = str_match( wikitext, '\n==+ *' .. escapeString( title ) .. ' *==+(.-)\n==' ) section = str_trim( section ) sections[ title ] = section end return sections end -- Get a section from the given wikitext (including any subsections) -- If the given section title appears more than once, only the section of the first instance will be returned -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @param title Required. Title of the section -- @return Wikitext of the section, or nil if it isn't found. May be empty if the section is empty or contains only subsections. function parser.getSection( wikitext, title ) title = str_trim( title ) title = escapeString( title ) wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext .. '\n' local level level, wikitext = str_match( wikitext, '\n(==+) *' .. title .. ' *==.-\n(.*)' ) if wikitext then local nextSection = '\n==' .. str_rep( '=?', #level - 2 ) .. '[^=].*' wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, nextSection, '' ) -- remove later sections at this level or higher wikitext = str_trim( wikitext ) return wikitext end end -- Get the content of a <section> tag from the given wikitext. -- We can't use getTags because unlike all other tags, both opening and closing <section> tags are self-closing. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @param name Required. Name of the <section> tag -- @return Content of the <section> tag, or nil if it isn't found. May be empty if the section tag is empty. function parser.getSectionTag( wikitext, name ) name = str_trim( name ) name = escapeString( name ) local sections = {} for section in str_gmatch( wikitext, '< *section +begin *= *["\']? *' .. name .. ' *["\']? */>(.-)< *section +end= *["\']? *'.. name ..' *["\']? */>' ) do table_insert( sections, section ) end if #sections > 0 then return table_concat( sections ) end end -- Get the lists from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of lists. function parser.getLists( wikitext ) local lists = {} wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext .. '\n\n' for list in str_gmatch( wikitext, '\n([*#].-)\n[^*#]' ) do table_insert( lists, list ) end return lists end -- Get the paragraphs from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of paragraphs. function parser.getParagraphs( wikitext ) local paragraphs = {} -- Remove non-paragraphs wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext .. '\n' -- add newlines to simplfy patterns wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]<!%-%-.-%-%-> *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove comments wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]%[%b[]%] *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove files and categories wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '<gallery.-</gallery>', '\n\n' ) -- remove galleries wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]%b{} *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove tables and block templates wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]%b{} *%b{} *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove neighboring tables and block templates wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]%b{} *<!%-%-.-%-%-> *%b{} *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove neighboring tables and block templates with a comment among them wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n][*#].-%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove lists wikitext = str_gsub( wikitext, '%f[^\n]==+[^=]+==+ *%f[\n]', '' ) -- remove section titles wikitext = str_trim( wikitext ) for paragraph in str_gsplit( wikitext, "\n\n" ) do paragraph = str_trim( paragraph ) if paragraph ~= "" then -- Filter out 3+ consecutive newlines table_insert( paragraphs, paragraph ) end end return paragraphs end -- Get the templates from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of templates. function parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) local templates = {} for template in str_gmatch( wikitext, '{%b{}}' ) do if str_sub( template, 1, 3 ) ~= '{{#' then -- skip parser functions like #if table_insert( templates, template ) end end return templates end -- Get the requested template from the given wikitext. -- If the template appears more than once, only the first instance will be returned -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @param name Name of the template to get -- @return Wikitext of the template, or nil if it wasn't found function parser.getTemplate( wikitext, name ) local templates = parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() for _, template in ipairs( templates ) do local templateName = parser.getTemplateName( template ) if lang:ucfirst( templateName ) == lang:ucfirst( name ) then return template end end end -- Get name of the template from the given template wikitext. -- @param templateWikitext Required. Wikitext of the template to parse. -- @return Name of the template -- @todo Strip "Template:" namespace? function parser.getTemplateName( templateWikitext ) return str_match( templateWikitext, '^{{ *([^}|\n]+)' ) end -- Get the parameters from the given template wikitext. -- @param templateWikitext Required. Wikitext of the template to parse. -- @return Map from parameter names to parameter values, NOT IN THE ORIGINAL ORDER. -- @return Order in which the parameters were parsed. function parser.getTemplateParameters( templateWikitext ) local parameters = {} local paramOrder = {} local params = str_match( templateWikitext, '{{[^|}]-|(.*)}}' ) if params then -- Temporarily replace pipes in subtemplates and links to avoid chaos for subtemplate in str_gmatch( params, '{%b{}}' ) do params = str_gsub( params, escapeString( subtemplate ), str_gsub( subtemplate, '.', { ['%']='%%', ['|']="@@:@@", ['=']='@@_@@' } ), 1 ) end for link in str_gmatch( params, '%[%b[]%]' ) do params = str_gsub( params, escapeString( link ), str_gsub( link, '.', { ['%']='%%', ['|']='@@:@@', ['=']='@@_@@' } ), 1 ) end local count = 0 local name, value for param in str_gsplit( params, '|' ) do name, value = str_split2( param, '=' ) if value then local number = tonumber( name ) if number then --XXX: What about keys like: 01, .1, 2e0, etc. name = number end value = str_trim( value ) else value = name count = count + 1 name = count end value = str_gsub( value, '@@_@@', '=' ) value = str_gsub( value, '@@:@@', '|' ) parameters[ name ] = value table_insert( paramOrder, name ) end end return parameters, paramOrder end -- Get the tags from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of tags. function parser.getTags( wikitext ) local tags = {} local tag, tagName, tagEnd -- Don't match closing tags like </div>, comments like <!--foo-->, comparisons like 1<2 or things like <3 for tagStart, tagOpen in str_gmatch( wikitext, '()(<[^/!%d].->)' ) do tagName = parser.getTagName( tagOpen ) -- If we're in a self-closing tag, like <ref name="foo" />, <references/>, <br/>, <br>, <hr>, etc. if str_match( tagOpen, '<.-/>' ) or tagName == 'br' or tagName == 'hr' then tag = tagOpen -- If we're in a tag that may contain others like it, like <div> or <span> elseif tagName == 'div' or tagName == 'span' then local position = tagStart + #tagOpen - 1 local depth = 1 while depth > 0 do tagEnd = str_match( wikitext, '</ ?' .. tagName .. ' ?>()', position ) if tagEnd then tagEnd = tagEnd - 1 else break -- unclosed tag end position = str_match( wikitext, '()< ?' .. tagName .. '[ >]', position + 1 ) if not position then position = tagEnd + 1 end if position > tagEnd then depth = depth - 1 else depth = depth + 1 end end tag = str_sub( wikitext, tagStart, tagEnd ) -- Else we're probably in tag that shouldn't contain others like it, like <math> or <strong> else tagEnd = str_match( wikitext, '</ ?' .. tagName .. ' ?>()', tagStart ) if tagEnd then tag = str_sub( wikitext, tagStart, tagEnd - 1 ) -- If no end tag is found, assume we matched something that wasn't a tag, like <no. 1> else tag = nil end end table_insert( tags, tag ) end return tags end -- Get the name of the tag in the given wikitext -- @param tag Required. Tag to parse. -- @return Name of the tag or nil if not found function parser.getTagName( tagWikitext ) local tagName = str_match( tagWikitext, '^< *(.-)[ />]' ) if tagName then tagName = str_lower( tagName ) end return tagName end -- Get the value of an attribute in the given tag. -- @param tagWikitext Required. Wikitext of the tag to parse. -- @param attribute Required. Name of the attribute. -- @return Value of the attribute or nil if not found function parser.getTagAttribute( tagWikitext, attribute ) local _, value = str_match( tagWikitext, '^<[^/>]*' .. attribute .. ' *= *(["\']?)([^/>]-)%1[ />]' ) return value end -- Get the content of the given tag. -- @param tagWikitext Required. Wikitext of the tag to parse. -- @return Content of the tag. May be empty if the tag is empty. Will be nil if the tag is self-closing. -- @todo May fail with nested tags function parser.getTagContent( tagWikitext ) return str_match( tagWikitext, '^<.->.-</.->' ) end -- Get the <gallery> tags from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of gallery tags. function parser.getGalleries( wikitext ) local galleries = {} local tags = parser.getTags( wikitext ) for _, tag in ipairs( tags ) do local tagName = parser.getTagName( tag ) if tagName == 'gallery' then table_insert( galleries, tag ) end end return galleries end -- Get the <ref> tags from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of ref tags. function parser.getReferences( wikitext ) local references = {} local tags = parser.getTags( wikitext ) for _, tag in ipairs( tags ) do local tagName = parser.getTagName( tag ) if tagName == 'ref' then table_insert( references, tag ) end end return references end -- Get the reference with the given name from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @param referenceName Required. Name of the reference. -- @return Wikitext of the reference function parser.getReference( wikitext, referenceName ) local references = parser.getReferences( wikitext ) for _, reference in ipairs( references ) do local content = parser.getTagContent( reference ) local name = parser.getTagAttribute( reference, 'name' ) if content and name == referenceName then return reference end end end -- Get the tables from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of tables. function parser.getTables( wikitext ) local tables = {} wikitext = '\n' .. wikitext for t in str_gmatch( wikitext, '\n%b{}' ) do if str_sub( t, 1, 3 ) == '\n{|' then t = str_trim( t ) -- exclude the leading newline table_insert( tables, t ) end end return tables end -- Get the id from the given table wikitext -- @param tableWikitext Required. Wikitext of the table to parse. -- @param attribute Required. Name of the attribute. -- @return Value of the attribute or nil if not found function parser.getTableAttribute( tableWikitext, attribute ) local _, value = str_match( tableWikitext, '^{|[^\n]*' .. attribute .. ' *= *(["\']?)([^\n]-)%1[^\n]*\n' ) if not value or value == '' then value = str_match( tableWikitext, '^{|[^\n]*' .. attribute .. ' *= *([^\n ]+)[^\n]*\n' ) end return value end -- Get a table by id from the given wikitext -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @param id Required. Id of the table -- @return Wikitext of the table or nil if not found function parser.getTable( wikitext, id ) local tables = parser.getTables( wikitext ) for _, t in ipairs( tables ) do if id == parser.getTableAttribute( t, 'id' ) then return t end end end -- Get the data from the given table wikitext -- @param tableWikitext Required. Wikitext of the table to parse. -- @return Table data -- @todo Test and make more robust function parser.getTableData( tableWikitext ) local tableData = {} tableWikitext = str_trim( tableWikitext ); tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '^{|.-\n', '' ) -- remove the header tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '\n|}$', '' ) -- remove the footer tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '^|%+.-\n', '' ) -- remove any caption tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '|%-.-\n', '|-\n' ) -- remove any row attributes tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '^|%-\n', '' ) -- remove any leading empty row tableWikitext = str_gsub( tableWikitext, '\n|%-$', '' ) -- remove any trailing empty row for rowWikitext in str_gsplit( tableWikitext, '|-' ) do local rowData = {} rowWikitext = str_gsub( rowWikitext, '||', '\n|' ) rowWikitext = str_gsub( rowWikitext, '!!', '\n|' ) rowWikitext = str_gsub( rowWikitext, '\n!', '\n|' ) rowWikitext = str_gsub( rowWikitext, '^!', '\n|' ) rowWikitext = str_gsub( rowWikitext, '^\n|', '' ) for cellWikitext in str_gsplit( rowWikitext, '\n|' ) do cellWikitext = str_trim( cellWikitext ) table_insert( rowData, cellWikitext ) end table_insert( tableData, rowData ) end return tableData end -- Get the internal links from the given wikitext (includes category and file links). -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of internal links. function parser.getLinks( wikitext ) local links = {} for link in str_gmatch( wikitext, '%[%b[]%]' ) do table_insert( links, link ) end return links end -- Get the file links from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of file links. function parser.getFiles( wikitext ) local files = {} local links = parser.getLinks( wikitext ) for _, link in ipairs( links ) do local namespace = str_match( link, '^%[%[ *(.-) *:' ) if namespace and mw.site.namespaces[ namespace ] and mw.site.namespaces[ namespace ].canonicalName == 'File' then table_insert( files, link ) end end return files end -- Get name of the file from the given file wikitext. -- @param fileWikitext Required. Wikitext of the file to parse. -- @return Name of the file function parser.getFileName( fileWikitext ) return str_match( fileWikitext, '^%[%[ *.- *: *(.-) *[]|]' ) end -- Get the category links from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of category links. function parser.getCategories( wikitext ) local categories = {} local links = parser.getLinks( wikitext ) for _, link in ipairs( links ) do local namespace = str_match( link, '^%[%[ -(.-) -:' ) if namespace and mw.site.namespaces[ namespace ] and mw.site.namespaces[ namespace ].canonicalName == 'Category' then table_insert( categories, link ) end end return categories end -- Get the external links from the given wikitext. -- @param wikitext Required. Wikitext to parse. -- @return Sequence of external links. function parser.getExternalLinks( wikitext ) local links = {} for link in str_gmatch( wikitext, '%b[]' ) do if str_match( link, '^%[//' ) or str_match( link, '^%[https?://' ) then table_insert( links, link ) end end return links end return parser 3r3fpf7d7jt2ttpx3ny4bt85muaz5lj 0 139789 963353 888367 2026-10-05T09:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marie A. Bernard, MD''' likita ce 'yar Amurka. Ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Kimiyyar Bambancin Ma'aikata a Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH). Kafin wannan, ita ce mataimakiyar darakta ta Cibiyar Kula da Tsufa ta Ƙasa a NIH, da kuma babbar likitan tsofaffi na cibiyoyin, inda ta kula da kimanin dala biliyan 3.1 a cikin binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan tsufa da [[cutar Alzheimer]] . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NIH |first=Office of Research for Women's Health |date=2025-02-03 |title=Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D. |url=https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2024}}</ref> Bernard ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Daraktan Ƙungiyar Aiki ta NIH kan Bambancin Ra'ayi, Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Kwamitin Gudanarwa ta NIH kan DEIA, da kuma shirin NIH UNITE da aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2021 don gano da magance duk wani wariyar launin fata da ka iya wanzuwa a cikin NIH da kuma a duk faɗin ma'aikatan likitanci da ɗabi'a. Ta kuma jagoranci haɓaka ''Tsarin Dabaru na NIH na Shekarar Kuɗi na 2023 - 2027 don Bambancin Ra'ayi, Daidaito, Haɗawa, da Samun Dama (DEIA)'' kuma ta yi aiki a kan aiwatar da shi. Ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da Hadaka, wanda ke haɓaka shiga cikin binciken asibiti ta hanyar jinsi/jinsi, launin fata/ƙabila, da shekaru. Ta kuma jagoranci maƙasudai biyu na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Lafiyar Mutane 2020: 1) Tsofaffi, da 2) [[Dementia|Hauka]], gami da [[cutar Alzheimer]] . Kafin ta isa NIH a 2008, Bernard ya yi aiki a matsayin Donald W. Reynolds Shugaba a fannin Magungunan Gari da kuma shugaban da ya kafa Sashen Magungunan Gari na Donald W. Reynolds a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Oklahoma, da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Kula da Gari da Tsawaita Kulawa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsofaffin Sojoji ta Oklahoma. Abubuwan da Bernard ke sha'awa a bincike sun haɗa da [[abinci mai gina jiki]] da aiki a cikin [[Ageing|tsofaffi]], musamman ma ga ƙananan kabilu . Bernard ta sami kyaututtuka biyu na ƙasa saboda jagorancinta a fannin likitancin tsofaffi: kyautar Kent ta 2014 ta ƙungiyar Gerontological Society of America ; da kyautar Clark Tibbits ta 2013 ta ƙungiyar Gerontology in Higher Education. Dr. Bernard ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024. == Ilimi da aiki == Bernard ta sami horon digirinta na farko a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1972, <ref> name="Bryn-Mawr-2014">{{Cite web |last=Campeggio |first=Diana |title=Marie Bernard '72 receives Gerontological Society of America Award |url=http://alumnews.blogs.brynmawr.edu/2014/08/14/marie-bernard-72-receives-award-by-gerontological-society-of-america/ |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Bryn Mawr College}}</ref> inda ta kammala karatun ''digiri na biyu'' da girmamawa a fannin sinadarai sannan ta sami digirin MD daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1976. Ta yi horo a fannin likitancin ciki a Asibitin Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban mazauninta . Bayan zamanta, Bernard ta ci gaba da aikinta a Makarantar Magunguna ta Temple, ta fara koyarwa a fannin likitanci, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin likitanci a Sashen Magungunan Cikin Gida na Gabaɗaya, Daraktan Asibitocin Lafiya, da Mataimakin Shugaba na Shiga Jami'a. <ref> name="AGS-profile">{{Cite web |last=The American Geriatrics Society |title=Marie A. Bernard, MD |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The American Geriatrics Society}}</ref> A shekarar 1990, Bernard ta shiga Jami'ar Oklahoma don gina shirye-shiryenta na ilimi da bincike kan tsofaffi . Har zuwa lokacin da ta koma NIA, Bernard ita ce daraktar da ta kafa Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Gari na Reynolds na Oklahoma, Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Gari na uku a Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Q&A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga kafa da kuma jagorantar sashen, Dr. Bernard ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Kula da Lafiyar Gari da Tsawaita Kulawa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsoffin Sojoji ta Oklahoma City. <ref name="AGS-profile">{{Cite web |last=The American Geriatrics Society |title=Marie A. Bernard, MD |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The American Geriatrics Society}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_American_Geriatrics_Society">The American Geriatrics Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ "Marie A. Bernard, MD"]. The American Geriatrics Society. Archived from [http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112939/http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/profiles_in_geriatrics/marie_bernard/ |date=2015-04-02 }} on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Bernard ya sami ƙarin horo ta hanyar Cibiyar Bincike kan Ayyukan Lafiya ta Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitanci ta Amurka, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gariatric ta Pennsylvania, da kuma shirin Ci gaban Zartarwa na Makarantar Wharton. <ref name="GSA-press-release">{{Cite web |last=The Gerontological Society of America |title=Bernard selected for GSA's 2014 Donald P. Kent Award |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/tgso-bsf071714.php |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=EurekAlert |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010928/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/tgso-bsf071714.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bernard ta jagoranci ci gaban Tsarin Binciken Bambancin Lafiya na Cibiyar Kasa kan Tsufa, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2015, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tantance ci gaba da damammaki a cikin bincike kan bambance-bambancen lafiya tsakanin kabilu da kabilu da suka shafi tsufa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Q&A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2021, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar Jami'a don Bambancin Ma'aikata a Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=NIH names Dr. Marie A. Bernard as Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-names-dr-marie-bernard-chief-officer-scientific-workforce-diversity}}</ref> Bernard ta kuma jagoranci kwamitin mace mai launin fata na Ƙungiyar Aiki ta NIH kan Mata a Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NIH |first=Office of Research for Women's Health |date=2025-02-03 |title=Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D. |url=https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNIH2025">NIH, Office of Research for Women's Health (2025-02-03). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235630/https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf "Biography for Marie A. Bernard, M.D."] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/BernardMarie_Bio_508C.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 5, 2024.</cite></ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu a fannin likitanci da bincike == * Wanda ya lashe kyautar 2023 a cikin Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society * Kyautar Amintaccen Gidauniyar John A. Hartford ta 2022 * Lakca ta 2020 Barbara Payne a fannin Gerontology, Jami'ar Jihar Georgia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Q&A with Marie A. Bernard, deputy director of the National Institute on Aging {{!}} medicine.duke.edu |url=https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=medicine.duke.edu |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818141521/https://medicine.duke.edu/medicinenews/qa-marie-bernard-deputy-director-national-institute-aging |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Kent ta 2014, Gerontological Society of America (wanda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga memba na Ƙungiyar "wanda ya fi misalta mafi girman ƙa'idodi na jagoranci na ƙwararru a fannin ilimin gerontology") <ref name="GSA-press-release"/> * Kyautar Clark Tibbits ta 2013, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Gerontology a Ilimi Mai Girma (saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin gerontology da ilimin tsofaffi) <ref name="Tibbits">{{Cite web |last=Association for Gerontology in Higher Education |title=Clark Tibbits Award |url=https://www.aghe.org/membership/awards/clark-tibbits-award |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Association for Gerontology in Higher Education (AGHE) |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320023137/http://www.aghe.org/membership/awards/clark-tibbits-award |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar 2008 50 sama da 50, AARP, Babi na Oklahoma <ref name="Muskegee-Phoenix">{{Cite web |last=Muskegee Phoenix |date=14 September 2008 |title=AARP honors 50 Oklahomans at anniversary celebration |url=http://www.muskogeephoenix.com/archives/aarp-honors-oklahomans-at-anniversary-celebration/article_b8449c95-7905-561a-a854-1084175b1f47.html |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Muskegee Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132020/http://www.muskogeephoenix.com/archives/aarp-honors-oklahomans-at-anniversary-celebration/article_b8449c95-7905-561a-a854-1084175b1f47.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kyautar Pathmakers ta 2007, Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Oklahoma City/County <ref name="Edmond Sun">{{Cite web |last=10-9 Local News |date=Oct 9, 2007 |title=Oklahoma City/County Historical Society honors Bernard |url=http://www.edmondsun.com/news/local_news/local-news/article_81cf3d56-0c7a-567a-b915-f446c9452835.html?TNNoMobile |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=The Edmond Sun |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132023/http://www.edmondsun.com/news/local_news/local-news/article_81cf3d56-0c7a-567a-b915-f446c9452835.html?TNNoMobile |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2007-2010 Babban Malamin Jagoranci na Hartford <ref name="ADGAP">{{Cite web |last=Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs |title=Leadership |url=http://adgap.americangeriatrics.org/adgap-programs/leadership/ |access-date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs (ADGAP)}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3v5voq0d97qhxv67xq2pn0fs8r19sqt 0 140310 963251 962218 2026-10-05T04:44:43Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Rukunan zaɓe */ 963251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jekadefari''' yanki ne a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yankin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi domin a nan ne turawa suka zauna bayan sun ci nasara a kan sarkin Gombe a shekarar 1903. == Asalin Kalmar == Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu na Hausa: "jeka," ma'ana"bi," da "fari," ma'ana "fari." Don haka, Jekadefari ana fassara shi zuwa "bi fararen maza." == Tarihi == Saboda shekarun yankin, dukkan gine-ginen yankin an yi su ne da yumbu kuma ba su da ingantaccen tsarin gari. Da ace Alh. [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], tsohon gwamnan, bai gina hanyoyin shiga unguwan ba, da ba hanyar shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Gombe to pay over N229m compensation to Jekadafari community |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-to-pay-over-n229m-compensation-to-jekadafari-community/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Alhaji [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] ya kula da waɗannan hanyoyin domin tabbatar da cewa akwai hanya masu kyau. Haka kuma shine garin da gidan iyalan Gwamna na yanzu yake. Jekadefari ta shahara wajen samar da cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, kamar [[Makarantar Jinya da unguwarzoma ta Jihar Gombe|Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=School Of Nursing And Midwifery Gombe « HEYHEALTHCLINICS |url=https://heyhealthclinics.com.ng/0702212/School_Of_Nursing_And_Midwifery_Gombe |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=heyhealthclinics.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref> [[Asibitin Kwararru na Jihar Gombe|Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jiha]], da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kimiyya ta Gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Gombe secondary school students protest over food |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/466309-gombe-secondary-school-students-protest-over-food.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rukunan zaɓe == Jekadafari unguwa ce a karamar hukumar Gombe dake jihar Gombe a Najeriya. Rukunan zaɓe a Jekadafari: * Goni Ali, Kofar Goni Ali * Sarkin Fata, Kofar Sarkin Fata * Hassan Kwadon, Kofar H. Kwadon * Ung. Doma, Kotun Yankin Doma * Kani, Kofar Kani * Umaru Adamu, Kofar U. Adamu * Saidu Mangu, Kofar S. Mangu * Buzu, Kofar Buzu * Magaji Rumbudi, Kofar Magaji R. * Yahaya Umaru, Kofar Y. Umaru * Usman Asibity, Kofar U. Asibity * Mele Mai Gishiri, KM Mai Gishiri * Ibrahim Nayaya, K. Ibrahim Nayaya * Malma Mamman, KM Mamman * Malam Mamman, KM Mamman 2 * Modibo Tukur, KM Tukur * Alh. Sarki, Kofar Alh. Sarki * Checheniya, K. Bappayo Jamjam * Nayaya, Karamin Jami'in Ilimi * Namadi, Kofar Namadi * Tsamiya, Kofar J. Tsamiya * Gidaje na Buhari, Gidaje na Buhari * Ofishin Shige da Fice, Ofishin Shige da Fice * Wuraren Shige da Fice, Wuraren Shige da Fice * Wanzam, K. Adamu Wanzam * Benue ta Upper, K. Upper Benue * Bappah Tirebo, K/bappah Tirebo * Mai Saka, Kofar Mai Saka * JI Orji, JI Orji Quarters. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeka Dafari Polling Units |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/ward/4168/jeka-dafari |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |first=Uchechukwu |date=2021-08-02 |title=APC Congress: Gombe elects ward executives in peaceful, transparent process |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-congress-gombe-elects-ward-executives-in-peaceful-transparent-process/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gine-gine masu mahimmanci == * Primary Health Care Jekadafari <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jekadafari Primary Health Care Centre Gombe - Phone Number, Branch Code & Address |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=branches.com.ng |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150511/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tsohuwar filin Kabari, Abacha Road, Jekadafari * Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jihar Gombe * Gombe Old Market (Tsohuwar Kasuwa) * Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe == Manazarta == gf0q9qafi31woxvqqvgr63dm44m016s 0 140734 963026 941178 2026-10-04T12:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Dore Numa''' makaranta ce ta gwamnati a [[Warri]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ukah |first=Celestine Chijoke |date=15 August 2022 |title=Warri: Opuoru Discloses Plans To Renovate Dore Numa College, Commences Phase 2 Distribution Of Furniture To Schools |url=https://freshangleng.com/21274/warri--opuoru-discloses-plans-to-renovate-dore-numa-college--commences-phase-2-distribution-of-furniture-to-schools |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=FRESHANGLE NEWS}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dafe |first=Daniel |last2=Ologide |first2=Ambrose |date=21 June 2022 |title=Warri Rainstorm: Dore Numa College, Ogedegbe Primary School Appeal For Renovation Of Infrastructure |url=https://oasismagazine.com.ng/2022/06/warri-rainstorm-dore-numa-college-ogedegbe-primary-school-appeal-for-renovation-of-infrastructure/ |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=Oasis Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Delta govt distributes furniture to schools in Warri |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/delta-govt-distributes-furniture-to-schools-in-warri/ |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=Nigerian Tribune}}</ref> Makarantar kwana ce da aka sanya wa suna bayan Chief Dore Numa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Chief Dore Numa? |url=https://urhobodigitallibrarymuseum.com/who-was-chief-dore-numa/ |publisher=Urhobo Historical Society}}</ref> An kafa ta a watan Oktoban 1980 don samar da ilimin sakandare ga yara kuma taken ta shine "Aiki Mai Kyau Shine Nasara". A watan Yunin 2013, a lokacin gwamnatin Gwamna Emmanuel Uduaghan, Kwalejin Dore Numa tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da Gwamnan Jihar Delta ya duba, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da lalata ayyukan gwamnati a sabbin makarantun da aka gina. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2021, an ruwaito cewa an sami rikicin ƙungiyar asiri tsakanin wasu ɗaliban Kwalejin Dore Numa da wasu ɗalibai waɗanda suka fito daga makarantu daban-daban a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opukeme |first=Cletus |date=11 December 2021 |title=Warri: Hussey, Essi, Dore-Numa schools alleged cult war, several injured, others arrested |url=https://dailywatchng.org/warri-hussey-essi-dore-numa-schools-alleged-cult-war-several-injured-others-arrested/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |publisher=Daily Watch}}</ref> Wata daliba mace a Kwalejin Dore Numa mai suna Sharon Taiwo ita ma ta kasance wacce [[Safarar Mutane|aka yi safarar mutane]] kuma matar Gwamnan Jihar Delta, Mrs. Dame Edith Okowa, ta taimaka mata da kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osayande |first=Monday |date=7 December 2021 |title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Tears As Mother Narrates How Her 13-Year-Old Daughter Was abducted, Raped In Ghana |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=The Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405031311/https://thestreetjournal.org/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Otuya |date=7 December 2021 |title=Mother recounts how 13-year-old daughter was abducted from Delta, used as sex slave in Ghana |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/mother-recounts-how-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-from-delta-used-as-sex-slave-in-ghana/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=The Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025312/https://thestreetjournal.org/mother-recounts-how-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-from-delta-used-as-sex-slave-in-ghana/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Louis |first=Fadaka |date=8 December 2021 |title=How my 13-year-old daughter was abducted and raped in Ghana |url=https://www.gbetutv.com/how-my-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-and-raped-in-ghana/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=GbetuTV.com |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208195557/https://www.gbetutv.com/how-my-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-and-raped-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |date=7 December 2021 |title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana |url=https://www.afriupdate.com/breaking-news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/ |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=Afriupdate News |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405121343/https://www.afriupdate.com/breaking-news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Anderson Esiti, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2013 |title=Sporting Lisbon Preparing To Launch Bid For Anderson Esiti |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=10979 |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2015 |title=Anderson Esiti Pledges Allegiance To Estoril Amid Interest From Monaco |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=15268 |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji]] 3fzuvi18alsvn2ebbta15qv8pljpp8w 0 141109 963090 861708 2026-10-04T18:07:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lance X̱ʼunei Twitchell''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) masanin Amurka ne, mawaki, kuma mai ba da shawara kan farfado da harshe. Yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Harsunan asalin Alaska a Jami'ar Alaska ta Kudu maso Gabas. Ya rubuta wa "[[Molly of Denali|Molly na Denali]]". An ba X̱'unei Lance Twitchell matsayi a Ma'aikatar Humanities, Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya a Cibiyar UAS Juneau a cikin 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UAS Celebrates 2018 Faculty Promotions and Tenure |url=https://www.uas.alaska.edu/about/press-releases/2018/180822-faculty-promotions.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=University of Alaska Southeast |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043821/https://www.uas.alaska.edu/about/press-releases/2018/180822-faculty-promotions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin harshen Hawaiian da na asali da kuma farfado da al'adu daga Kwalejin Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani na Harshen Hawaiian a Jami'ar Hawaii a Hilo, M.F.A. a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro daga Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks, da kuma BA a Turanci tare da ƙarami a cikin karatun Indiyawan Amurka daga Jami'in Minnesota Twin Cities . <ref name=":0"/> Yana aiki a Majalisar Kare Harshen Yaren Alaska da Ba da Shawara ta jihar, wanda gwamnan ya nada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANLPAC Report |url=https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil/ |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=Alaska Dept of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165656/https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil/Languages.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Twitchell ɗan ƙasa ne na Majalisar Tsakiya ta Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes na Alaska kuma ɗan asalin Tlingit, Haida, Yup'ik, da Sami ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Keeping Alaska Native Languages Alive: Interview with Dr. X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/keeping-alaska-native-languages-alive/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |publisher=[[Harvard International Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105233219/https://hir.harvard.edu/keeping-alaska-native-languages-alive/ |archive-date=2024-01-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title='We are past the point of crisis' |url=https://ictnews.org/news/we-are-past-the-point-of-crisis |access-date=2024-01-07 |publisher=[[Indian Country Today]]}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da aiki == === Kyaututtuka === * Kyautar Top Forty Under 40, Alaska Journal of Commerce (2013) * Kyautar Jagorancin Judson L. Brown daga Cibiyar Tarihin Sealaska (2016) * Gudummawa ga Literacy a Alaska (CLIA) Awards, Alaska Center for the Book (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=CLIA Awards List – Alaska Center for the Book |url=https://www.alaskacenterforthebook.org/clia-awards-list/ |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Alaska Center for the Book}}</ref> * Cibiyar Nazarin Matasan Kasa ta Alaska ta Farko (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitchell earns prestigious award |url=https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/twitchell-earns-prestigious-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201231559/https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/twitchell-earns-prestigious-award/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=KINY radio |publisher=Frontier Media |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Emmy don "Molly of Denali" a cikin rukunin Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Shirin Animated na Makarantar (2025) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=16 March 2025 |title=Childrenʼs and Family Emmy Award |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] gk6jiw8sgwlwzblvk3vil5jfli0asqm 0 141377 963093 879016 2026-10-04T18:11:53Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Bayani */ 963093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Masallaci]] Pathar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Naev Masheed''''' ([[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]]: / ˈnəw ˌməʃiːd̪ /), masallaci ne na [[Duwatsu (geology)|dutse]] na zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] wanda ke cikin tsohon garin Srinagar, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]] . Tana a gefen hagu na Kogin Jhelum, a gaban masallacin Khanqah-e-Moula . Tsarin masallacin abin tunawa ne na muhimmancin kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu & Kashmir |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |archive-date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masallacin ya gina ta Mughal Empress [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jehan]], matar sarki Jehangir, a cikin Shekaran 1623. <ref name="KT">{{Cite web |date= |title=Pathar Masjid |url=http://www.kashmirtourism.org/attractions/mosques/pathar-masjid-in-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Kashmir Tourism}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina shi, an ayyana masallacin bai dace da addu'o'i ba kuma an yi amfani da shi a maimakon haka don dalilai marasa addini. An sake mayar da tsarin zuwa masallaci a farkon shekarun 1930. {{Efn|The reconversion happened in the aftermath of communal riots in 1931, though earlier attempts were made in the 1910s.<ref name=rai-archaeology/>}} == Gine-gine == Masallacin yana da wasu siffofi daban-daban waɗanda suka raba shi daga sauran masallatai a cikin [[Kwarin Kashmir]]. Ba kamar sauran masallatai ba, ba shi da rufin pyramidal na gargajiya. Bugu da ƙari, masallacin yana da ''[[Mihrab|mehraabs]]'' tara (arches), tare da tsakiya ya fi sauran girma.<ref name="A Desecrate Mosque - Pathar Masjid">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2016 |title=A Desecrate Mosque |url=http://www.bongblogger.com/kashmir-diary-story-of-a-desecrate-mosque-pathar-masjid-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Bong Blogger |archive-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311052956/http://www.bongblogger.com/kashmir-diary-story-of-a-desecrate-mosque-pathar-masjid-srinagar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulunci a kasar Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya * Jerin abubuwan tunawa na muhimmancin kasa a Jammu da Kashmir == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Pathar Masjid, Srinagar}} {{Mosques in India}} ml34oxcmcffu9k2jr7gvjzy08srea0b 0 141702 963108 799131 2026-10-04T18:40:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lauren Michele Jackson''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) ƙwararriyar mai sukar al'adu ce ta Amurka kuma farfesa ce a fannin nazarin Turanci da Afirka a Jami'ar Northwestern . Littafinta na farko, ''White Negroes'' (2019), tarin kasidu ne marasa almara waɗanda ke bincika yadda al'adu suka dace . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=[Conversation Issue] 'Appropriation is not in and of itself a bad thing, but the way it's invoked in the culture makes it seem like it is'—Lauren Michele Jackson talks to Khanya Mtshali about her book, White Negroes |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2020/01/16/conversation-issue-appropriation-is-not-in-and-of-itself-a-bad-thing-but-the-way-its-invoked-in-the-culture-makes-it-seem-like-it-is-lauren-michele-jackson-talks/ |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Michele Jackson On 'White Negroes' |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/10/778015473/lauren-michele-jackson-on-white-negroes |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Jackson ta halarci Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign don digirinta na farko . Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Harshe da Adabi na Turanci daga Jami'ar Chicago . Rubutun digirinta mai taken "Black Vertigo: Nausea, Aphasia, da Bodily Noise, shekarun 1970 zuwa yanzu." <ref>name="uchicago">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Michele Jackson Doesn't Do Hot Takes {{!}} Tableau |url=https://tableau.uchicago.edu/articles/2019/05/lauren-michele-jackson-doesnt-do-hot-takes |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=tableau.uchicago.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130031152/https://tableau.uchicago.edu/articles/2019/05/lauren-michele-jackson-doesnt-do-hot-takes |archive-date=2020-01-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an ɗauki Jackson aiki a Jami'ar Northwestern a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sassan nazarin Turanci da Afirka ta Amurka. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Michele Jackson On 'White Negroes' |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/10/778015473/lauren-michele-jackson-on-white-negroes |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.npr.org/2019/11/10/778015473/lauren-michele-jackson-on-white-negroes "Lauren Michele Jackson On 'White Negroes'"]. ''NPR.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Jackson ta fara rubutu mai zaman kanta tun tana ɗalibar digirin digirgir. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Criticism in Public: An interview with Lauren Michele Jackson |url=https://thepointmag.com/dialogue/try-something-out/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Point Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi rubutu ga ''Vulture'', ''The Paris Review'', da ''The New Yorker ,'' da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Laura |title=In highly anticipated 'White Negroes,' Lauren Michele Jackson offers nuanced critique of cultural appropriation |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-books-fall-preview-lauren-michele-jackson-0901-20190828-zshca5rcjvbxpb474r73fr6mq4-story.html |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Littafin farko na Jackson, ''White Negroes: Cornrows Were in Vogue...'' ''da Sauran Tunani akan Tsarin Al'adu'' "ya binciko yadda tsarin ke bayyana a cikin kiɗa, fasaha, memes, da ƙari." <ref name="pw2019">{{Cite web |title=Quietly Curious: PW Talks with Lauren Michele Jackson |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/interviews/article/81057-quietly-curious-pw-talks-with-lauren-michele-jackson.html |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref> Beacon Press ne ya buga shi a watan Nuwamba 2019. <ref name="nymag2019">{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Brian |date=2019-12-05 |title=Lauren Michele Jackson on the Inherent Blackness of Meme Culture |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/12/white-negroes-author-lauren-michele-jackson-q-and-a.html |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us}}</ref> An yi wahayi zuwa ga taken daga rubutun Norman Mailer na 1957 " The White Negro ". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=[Conversation Issue] 'Appropriation is not in and of itself a bad thing, but the way it's invoked in the culture makes it seem like it is'—Lauren Michele Jackson talks to Khanya Mtshali about her book, White Negroes |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2020/01/16/conversation-issue-appropriation-is-not-in-and-of-itself-a-bad-thing-but-the-way-its-invoked-in-the-culture-makes-it-seem-like-it-is-lauren-michele-jackson-talks/ |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2020/01/16/conversation-issue-appropriation-is-not-in-and-of-itself-a-bad-thing-but-the-way-its-invoked-in-the-culture-makes-it-seem-like-it-is-lauren-michele-jackson-talks/ "&#x5B;Conversation Issue&#x5D; 'Appropriation is not in and of itself a bad thing, but the way it's invoked in the culture makes it seem like it is'—Lauren Michele Jackson talks to Khanya Mtshali about her book, White Negroes"]. ''[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]]''. 2020-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Alanna Okun ta rubuta, "Ta amfani da nazarin ''shari'o'i'' tun daga Kardashians zuwa Miley Cyrus zuwa Paula Deen zuwa Big Dick Energy, ta bincika kuma ta nuna kalmar da zurfi, son sani, da kuma rashin hankali." <ref name="vox2019">{{Cite web |last=Okun |first=Alanna |date=2019-12-05 |title=The driving force behind cultural appropriation? Capitalism. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/12/5/20995415/lauren-jackson-white-negroes-cultural-appropriation |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin marubuciya mai bayar da gudummawa ga jaridar The New Yorker a watan Satumba na 2020. == Littattafan tarihi ==   === Littattafai === *   === Rubuce-rubuce da rahotanni === * " [https://www.theawl.com/2016/01/drakes-playground/#.8o13036jl Filin Wasan Drake] " (Janairu 12, 2016) akan TheAwl.com * * ———————— ; Bayanan kula {{Reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] o1iugu0ia9aay8ycfwwhol9nznva10v 0 141782 963197 799424 2026-10-04T22:58:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lucy Addison''' (Disamba 8, 1861 a Upperville, [[Virginia]] &#x2013; Nuwamba 13, 1937 a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ) malamar makaranta ce ta 'yan Afirka-Amurka kuma shugabar makaranta. A shekarar 2011, an karrama Addison a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin " Mata a Tarihi na Virginia " na Laburare na Virginia saboda gudummawarta ga ilimi. <ref> name="vw">{{Cite web |title=Virginia Women in History: Lucy Addison |url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vawomen/2011/addison.htm |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Library of Virginia}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Addison a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1861 a Upperville, Virginia ga Charles Addison da Elizabeth Anderson Addison, waɗanda dukkansu [[Bauta a Amurka|bayi ne]] . Ita ce ɗa ta uku da ma'auratan suka haifa kuma 'yar ta biyu. <ref> name="ev">{{Cite web |last=Kneebone |first=John T. |title=Lucy Addison (1861–1937) |url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Addison_Lucy_1861-1937 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]}}</ref> Bayan da aka 'yantar da iyalinta, mahaifin Lucy ya sayi gonaki a gundumar Fauquier kuma Addison ta fara zuwa makaranta. Daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Philadelphia]] don halartar Cibiyar Matasa Masu Launi kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na koyarwa a 1882. Addison ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙwarewa ta hanyar halartar azuzuwan ci gaba da ilimi a makarantu, ciki har da [[Jami'ar Howard]] da Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Daga baya ta yi aiki a mukamai da dama na kulawa, ciki har da memba na kwamitin amintattu na Asibitin Tunawa da Burrell . <ref> name="ev" </ref> == Aikin ilimi == Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta sami digirinta, Addison ta koma Virginia ta fara koyarwa a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1886, ta koma Roanoke, Virginia don koyarwa a Makarantar Launi ta Farko. A shekara mai zuwa, Addison ta fara aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙo bayan mutuwar shugaban makarantar. Ta riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa 1888, lokacin da aka gina sabuwar makaranta aka kuma ɗauki shugaban makaranta namiji aiki. Daga nan Addison ta yi aiki fiye da shekaru goma a matsayin malami da mataimakin shugaban makaranta. A shekarar 1917, an ɗauki Addison aiki don ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makarantar Harrison, wata makaranta ga 'yan Afirka ta Amurka. Duk da cewa makarantar ta sami izinin koyarwa ne kawai har zuwa aji takwas, Addison ta faɗaɗa manhajar karatu don haɗawa da azuzuwan makarantun sakandare yayin da kuma take ci gaba da yin kira ga Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Virginia da ta nemi cikakken izini. Aikinta ya yi nasara a shekarar 1924, lokacin da hukumar ta ba da cikakken izini ga makarantar kuma makarantar ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu. <ref> name="ev">{{Cite web |last=Kneebone |first=John T. |title=Lucy Addison (1861–1937) |url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Addison_Lucy_1861-1937 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKneebone">Kneebone, John T. [http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Addison_Lucy_1861-1937 "Lucy Addison (1861–1937)"]. [[Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Addison ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1927 ta koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] don zama tare da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwanta amma ta koma Virginia na lokuta da dama, ciki har da sanya wa Roanoke sunan makarantar sakandare ta farko ta gwamnati ga 'yan Afirka ta Amurka don girmama ta. <ref name="ev" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Addison ta sha fama da ciwon nephritis mai tsanani kuma ta mutu a Washington, DC a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1937. An binne ta a [[Kabari na Harmony na Colombia|Makabartar Columbian Harmony]] . A shekarar 1970, an sake binne gawarta lokacin da aka mayar da makabartar zuwa Maryland don zama wani ɓangare na National Harmony Memorial Park . <ref name="ev">{{Cite web |last=Kneebone |first=John T. |title=Lucy Addison (1861–1937) |url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Addison_Lucy_1861-1937 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKneebone">Kneebone, John T. [http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Addison_Lucy_1861-1937 "Lucy Addison (1861–1937)"]. [[Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Roanoke ta buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Lucy Addison shekara ɗaya bayan Addison ta yi ritaya, kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Virginia don halartar bikin buɗe makarantar. <ref name="ev"/> A shekarun 1970, makarantar ta kusa rufewa kuma ta mayar da ita makarantar koyon sana'a, kamar yadda shirin raba ɗalibai da Roanoke ya gabatar da shawarar tura ɗalibai zuwa yankunan da ke makwabtaka. Duk da haka, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Ted Dalton ya ba da umarnin a buɗe makarantar. A shekarar 1973, an sake tsara makarantar kuma ta zama Makarantar Sakandare ta Lucy Addison, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fifer |first=Jordan |date=13 September 2013 |title=Principal guided Patrick Henry through tumultuous integration |url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/local/roanoke/principal-guided-patrick-henry-through-tumultuous-integration/article_719a20b7-dbf4-55c8-867e-8d6c6874a6fe.html |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Roanoke Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423194525/http://www.roanoke.com/news/local/roanoke/principal-guided-patrick-henry-through-tumultuous-integration/article_719a20b7-dbf4-55c8-867e-8d6c6874a6fe.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Sakandare ta Lucy Addison. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Joanne |date=23 October 2014 |title=Deadline nears for inscriptions on the Lucy Addison High School Monument Wall |url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/columns_and_blogs/columns/giving/deadline-nears-for-inscriptions-on-the-lucy-addison-high-school/article_bb989866-84b3-5ecb-a444-9beb58c5427c.html |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Roanoke Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legacy of Miss Lucy Addison |url=http://addison.rcps.info/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=170847 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150313111951/http://addison.rcps.info/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=170847 |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Lucy Addison Middle School}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j95f2fciytf2jn3rfr2ooiogn2vcmwr 0 142050 963385 914516 2026-10-05T10:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marquita Bradshaw''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu shekarar, 1974) 'yar Amurka ce mai rajin kare muhalli, mai fafutuka, kuma 'yar takarar siyasa. Ita ce 'yar takarar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na shekarar 2020 a Tennessee, mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta lashe babban zaɓen jam'iyyar siyasa a kowace takara a jihar Tennessee. Bradshaw ta sha kaye a babban zaɓen ga ɗan Republican Bill Hagerty . Bayan ta sha kaye a zaɓen shekarar, 2020, Bradshaw ta zama wadda ta kafa Sowing Justice, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da kuma siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Stephen |date=2023-07-20 |title=Former Nominee Marquita Bradshaw Running for Senate Again |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/former-nominee-marquita-bradshaw-running-for-senate-again/article_c970a05b-3364-589d-a340-51354d7c60c7.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Nashville Scene |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi rashin nasara a zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa na shekarar 2024, inda ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga Gloria Johnson . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Stephen |date=2023-07-20 |title=Former Nominee Marquita Bradshaw Running for Senate Again |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/former-nominee-marquita-bradshaw-running-for-senate-again/article_c970a05b-3364-589d-a340-51354d7c60c7.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Nashville Scene |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bradshaw kuma ta girma a [[Memphis, Tennessee]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eskind |first=Amy |date=2020-10-08 |title=A Black Single Mom Seeks to Make History, Fill Alexander's U.S. Senate Seat |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/coverstory/a-black-single-mom-seeks-to-make-history-fill-alexander-s-u-s-senate-seat/article_c50fa9c6-dbae-573a-bc23-eeeab1a22b27.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Nashville Scene |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807211106/https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/coverstory/a-black-single-mom-seeks-to-make-history-fill-alexander-s-u-s-senate-seat/article_c50fa9c6-dbae-573a-bc23-eeeab1a22b27.html |archive-date=2024-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin yarintarta, iyalinta sun kasance masu himma wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da gurɓataccen iska da ke fitowa daga Memphis Defense Defense Defense Defense Defense Defense, wani sansanin soja mai gurbata muhalli a unguwar Memphis wacce galibi 'yan Afirka ne suka fi zama wurin Superfund a shekarar 1992. Iyayenta sun shirya "kwamitin 'yan ƙasa mai damuwa" game da wurin saboda mazauna yankin sun yi imanin cewa yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya na gida. Bradshaw ta samu tasiri daga kawunta John DeBerry, wanda ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tennessee tsawon shekaru da yawa. Bradshaw ta sami digirin farko na Nazarin 'Yancin Kai a fannin aikin jarida da nazarin sadarwa daga Jami'ar Memphis . <ref name="TSD0813">{{Cite web |last=Ajanaku |first=Karanja A. |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Marquita Bradshaw's 'active listening' campaign for the U.S. Senate |url=https://tri-statedefender.com/marquita-bradshaws-active-listening-campaign-for-the-u-s-senate/08/13/ |access-date=August 27, 2020 |website=Tri-State Defender |quote=..we are leading with environmental justice principles with the voices of the people who are experiencing the pain. It’s value and is put in this platform. By that way, we are being inclusive and it’s for everybody because we want America to be for all, not just for some people.}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ita ce shugabar kwamitin [[Adalcin Muhalli|adalci na muhalli]] na reshen Tennessee na [[Cibiyar Sierra|Sierra Club]] . <ref name="SierraClubTN">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sierra Club Tennessee Chapter |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/tennessee |access-date=August 26, 2020 |publisher=Sierra Club |quote=Marquita Bradshaw, our Tennessee Chapter Environmental Justice Chair - the need to rid ourselves of racism in the fabric of America to achieve climate justice. |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802194424/https://www.sierraclub.org/tennessee |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar ''Chattanooga Times Free Press'', "Ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin al'umma, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, ciki har da Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Shari'a ta Tsakiyar Kudu, AFL–CIO, Sierra Club da Tennessee don Haraji Mai Kyau ." === Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2020 ===   A watan Oktoban shekarar 2019, Bradshaw ta sanar da takararta ta neman kujerar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka wadda Sanata Lamar Alexander mai ritaya ke rike da ita. Ta shaida wa ''Nashville Scene cewa'', "Abin da ke faruwa a Majalisar Dattawa shi ne, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ba sa wakiltar yadda mazauna Tennessee suke. Yawancin 'yan Majalisar Dattawa attajirai ne, kuma ni uwa ce mai aiki da ba ta da aure. Akwai wasu mutane masu aiki a fadin Tennessee, kuma wani lokacin idan aka sauke waɗannan manufofi, suna da sakamako mara kyau wanda ke cutar da ma'aikata." Bradshaw ta shaida wa ''Tri-State Defender'' cewa "muna jagorantar da ka'idojin adalci na muhalli." <ref name="TSD0813"/> Ta shaida wa wasu manema labarai daga WPLN News cewa "Mutanen launin fata, baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa, 'yan asalin ƙasar da fararen fata talakawa ba sa fuskantar irin waɗannan dokoki kamar kowa idan ana maganar muhalli." Baya ga matsalolin muhalli, dandamalinta ya amince da Medicare for All da [[Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Green|Green New Deal]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues &#124; Marquita Bradshaw &#124; US Senate |url=https://www.marquitabradshaw.com/platform |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818122816/https://www.marquitabradshaw.com/platform |archive-date=2020-08-18 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=Bradshaw4senate}}</ref> Tana kuma goyon bayan binciken bayanan sirri na duniya game da siyan bindigogi, da kuma ci gaba da aiki da Dokar Dakatar da Zuwan Yara, da kuma soke ''yarjejeniyar Citizens United da FEC'' . A zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, Bradshaw yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara biyar, ciki har da tsohon soja James Mackler wanda DSCC ke marawa baya. Yaƙin neman zaɓen Mackler ya tara dala miliyan 2.1, yayin da kuɗin Bradshaw ya kai ƙasa da dala 10,000 a watan Maris. A ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓen fidda gwani, Bradshaw ya tara dala 24,000. [4] Babban tsammanin shine cewa Mackler zai yi nasara cikin sauƙi a kan filin da aka raba da sauran 'yan takara huɗu. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, Bradshaw ta yi nasara, da kashi 35.5% na ƙuri'un, yayin da Mackler ta zo ta uku da kashi 23.8%. Nasarar Bradshaw mai muhimmanci ta zaɓen fidda gwani ba zato ba tsammani; Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya kira ta "nasara mai ban mamaki kan zaɓin jam'iyyar Democrat" wanda "ya jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya." <ref name="AP_WaPoEvery" /> Nasarar Bradshaw ita ce ƙalubalen farko da ya yi nasara ga duk wani ɗan takara da DSCC ke goyon baya tun 2010. Kafin nasarar Bradshaw a zaɓen fidda gwani, 'yan Democrat na Tennessee ko na Republican na Tennessee ba su taɓa zaɓar mace baƙar fata a matsayin 'yar takararsu ta mukamai a duk faɗin jihar ba. <ref name="AP_WaPoEvery" /> Bayan nasararta a zaɓen fidda gwani, ƙungiyar [[Motsi na Rana|Sunrise Movement]] ta taya Bradshaw murna, kuma daga baya ta amince da ita. A watan Satumba, Elizabeth Warren, Pete Buttigieg, Bernie Sanders da [[Cibiyar Sierra|Sierra Club]] sun amince da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Endorsements &#124; Warren Democrats |url=https://elizabethwarren.com/endorsements?page=0&q=#marquita-bradshaw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129212823/https://elizabethwarren.com/endorsements?page=0&q=#marquita-bradshaw |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |website=[[Elizabeth Warren]]}}</ref> Bradshaw ta yi alƙawarin ziyartar kowace gundumomi 95 na [[Tennessee]] don yin kamfen don zaɓen gama gari. Ta fuskanci ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican Bill Hagerty a babban zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar, 2020. Hagerty ta kayar da Bradshaw, inda ta sami kashi 62% na ƙuri'un da Bradshaw ya samu kashi 35%, sakamakon da ''Facing South'' ta danganta da dokokin zaɓe masu tsauri na Tennessee da gazawar ƙungiyoyin ƙasa wajen tallafawa kamfen ɗin Bradshaw. <ref name="210408FSouth">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Elisha |date=April 8, 2021 |title=Meet the South's next wave of voter mobilization groups |url=https://www.facingsouth.org/2021/04/meet-souths-next-wave-voter-mobilization-groups |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=Facing South |quote=Tennessee has one of the most restrictive voter ID laws in the country and has been consistently ranked as having one of the lowest voter turnout rates nationally...Parker noted that national investment in organizing Tennessee's electorate has been inconsistent.}}</ref> ( Amy McGrath, 'yar Democrat daga Kentucky, da tallafin dala miliyan 90, sabanin dala miliyan 1.5 na Bradshaw, ta sha kashi a hannun abokin hamayyarta Mitch McConnell da irin wannan rata). <ref name="1109Next">{{Cite web |last=Hardiman |first=Samuel |date=November 9, 2020 |title=What's next for Marquita Bradshaw after pioneering bid for Tennessee office? |url=https://eu.commercialappeal.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/09/marquita-bradshaw-plans-whats-next-after-2020-senate-race/6186720002/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109165822/https://eu.commercialappeal.com/story/news/politics/2020/11/09/marquita-bradshaw-plans-whats-next-after-2020-senate-race/6186720002/ |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=Memphis Commercial Appeal |quote=McGrath, who lost to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in Kentucky, raised $90 million through Oct. 14, according to finance filings. Thus far, McGrath has received 37.8% of the vote. In Tennessee, with far less money, Bradshaw had received 35.1% of the vote.}}</ref> 'Yan Republican sun riƙe kujerun Majalisar Dattawa guda biyu na Tennessee tun daga 1994, lokacin da Bill Frist na Republican ya kayar da [[Jim Sasser]] na Democrat. <ref name="BidenBillboard">{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Natalie |date=April 5, 2021 |title=DNC takes out Nashville billboard touting Biden stimulus funds, blasting GOP for voting against bill |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2021/04/05/nashville-biden-billboard-dnc-touts-stimulus-attacks-blackburn-hagerty/4852245001/ |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=Nashville Tennessean}}</ref> === Ayyukan tayin bayan Majalisar Dattawa === Bayan rashin nasarar da ta samu a takarar majalisar dattawa, Bradshaw ta kafa Sowing Justice, wata kungiya da ke kokarin kara hada kan jama'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci a muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCaskill, Nolan D. |last2=Sabrina Rodriguez |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Warnock win puts spotlight on Senate's shortcomings |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/08/warnock-win-highlights-senate-shortcomings-456731 |access-date=May 24, 2021 |website=Politico.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 466 ta roƙi Shugaba Biden da ya maye gurbin Neil Chatterjee da Trump ya naɗa a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya (FERC), inda ta naɗa Bradshaw a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar kare muhalli uku da suka ba da shawara. <ref name="2021Petition">{{Cite web |last=Budryk |first=Zack |date=August 6, 2021 |title=More than 400 advocacy groups ask Biden to appoint environmentalist to energy commission |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/566709-more-than-400-advocacy-groups-ask-biden-to-appoint-environmentalist |access-date=September 4, 2021 |website=The Hill |quote=In a letter to Biden, 466 groups identified three potential candidates to replace Neil Chatterjee...Potential replacements floated in the letter include former Georgia Public Service Commission candidate Daniel Blackman; former Tennessee Democratic Senate candidate Marquita Bradshaw; and Clean Energy for Biden national co-chair Nidi Thakar.}}</ref> <ref name="NP2021Petition">{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Stephen |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Environmental groups suggest former Senate candidate for Biden administration |url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/politics/federal/environmental-groups-suggest-former-senate-candidate-for-biden-administration/article_a2b0283e-f63f-11eb-92fc-df1a1b06e507.html |access-date=September 4, 2021 |website=Nashville Post |quote=A coalition of environmental justice groups is asking the Biden administration to nominate one of three environmental justice activists to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, including Marquita Bradshaw of Memphis.}}</ref> A cewar takardar, "Muna buƙatar sabon kwamishinan FERC wanda zai mai da hankali kan kimiyya, adalci, da daidaito, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin iskar gas mai datti da sauran man fetur." <ref name="ComDrms2021">{{Cite web |last=Corbett |first=Jessica |date=August 6, 2021 |title=460+ Groups Demand Biden Pick a Climate Champion for Key Energy Position |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/08/06/460-groups-demand-biden-pick-climate-champion-key-energy-position |access-date=September 4, 2021 |website=Common Dreams |quote=With U.S. West plagued by raging wildfires and scientists warning of what the future holds on a rapidly heating planet, more than 460 advocacy groups on Friday urged President Joe Biden to choose a climate champion for a key federal energy post—and gave him three potential candidates}}</ref> A cewar Bradshaw, "Muna buƙatar makomar da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya za ta goyi bayan [[Canjin Adalci|sauyi mai adalci]] don ya fi tasiri da inganci, don kawar da gurɓatawa a matsayin wani abu da ya samo asali daga tushen makamashinmu da tattalin arzikinmu." <ref name="NP2021Petition" /> Ta kasance 'yar takara a zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na shekarar 2024 a Tennessee, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Gloria Johnson a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name=":0"/> == Duba kuma == * Mata baƙaƙe a harkokin siyasar Amurka * Jerin 'Yan Takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka Bakar fata == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1e5x8qev4urwzfs511aaro3m1xrz79p 0 143540 963045 804503 2026-10-04T14:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Loyola_Academy_2013-08-10_21-56.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Kwalejin Loyola]] Kwalejin Loyola da Kwalejin PG wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta Katolika mai zaman kanta da firistocin Jesuit na tsarin Society of Jesus da ke Old Alwal ([[Telangana]]), [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1092270.ece|title=Ex-staffer of school dies|date=2011-01-14|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025204151/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1092270.ece|archive-date=2012-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rev Fr Baliah SJ ne ya kafa shi a cikin 1976 Kwalejin tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Osmania kuma an ba shi matsayin ikon cin gashin kai a cikin 1992 ta Hukumar Gudanar da Jami'o'i (UGC). == Tarihi == Kwalejin ta fara ne da tsakiya a shekara ta 1976, sannan kuma ta biyo bayan shekaru uku da ake kira digiri na Fasahar Chemical (ADCT) a shekara ta 1977. Kwalejin Loyola tana sarrafawa da kuma gudanar da ita ta Jesuits na lardin Andhra Jesuit na Society of Jesus, tsarin addinin Katolika na duniya. Kwalejin Loyola, Degree da Post Graduate College da kuma Kwalejin Junior ta Loyola ne Fr. T. Balaiah, SJ a 1976 a Old Alwal, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Loyola |url=https://www.loyolaacademyugpg.ac.in/about-us/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.loyolaacademyugpg.ac.in/about-us/history/}}</ref> Kwalejin Loyola tana da harabar kadada 138, tare da filayen wasa da gona. Hukumar Gudanar da Jami'o'i (UGC) ta ba da matsayi mai ban mamaki na "Koleji tare da Kwarewa don Kwarewa" ga kwalejin kuma ta tsawaita ayyukan CPE na II. Majalisar amincewa ta kasa ta ba da lambar yabo ta 'A' ga ma'aikatar don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga hanyar ilimi mafi girma a shekara ta 2005. Kwalejin ta sake amincewa da NAAC tare da 'A' a cikin 3rd Cycle (2019) NIRF 2021: Kwalejin (Rank-band: 151-200) ‘India Today’ rated the college for the third consecutive year{{When|date=November 2018}} by giving First Rank among the city colleges of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, for Commerce, Science and Arts. The college is under autonomous status from 2010 on. == Darussa == Darussan da shekarar farawa '''Darussan digiri na farko''': 1 1978 B.Sc. Fasahar sinadarai 2 1983 B.Sc. (Hons) Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona & Ci gaban Karkara 3 1988 B.Sc. Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kwamfuta 4 1991 K.Z. Daraja 5 1991 B.Sc. Fasahar Lantarki da Sadarwa 6 1994 B.Sc. Tsarin Kwamfuta & Injiniya / Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai 7 1994 K.Z. Tallace-tallace 8 2001 B.Sc. Biotechnology, Genetics & Chemistry 9 2004 K.Z. Sadarwar Jama'a 10 2004 B.Sc. Fasahar Abinci da Gudanarwa 11 2006 BA Ilimin halayyar dan adam, Turanci & Jarida 12 2007 B.Sc. Lissafi, Kididdiga & Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta 13 2008 B.Sc. Multimedia & Animation 14 2010 B.Com. Kwamfuta / Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta 15 2011 BA BA Bachelor na Gudanar da Kasuwanci 16 2016 K.Z. Lissafin Kasuwanci da Kudi na Duniya 17 2016 B.Sc. Kimiyyar Bayanai ta Kwamfuta & Bayanai Engg. 18 2016 K.Z. (Hons) Kudin dabarun 19 2018 K.Z. Gudanar da Tsarin Kasuwanci 20 2018 B.Sc. Kimiyyar Abinci, Abinci & Abinci 21 2018 B.Com. Nazarin Kasuwanci 22 2020 B.Sc. Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta da Tsarin Tunanin 23 2020 K.Z. Nazarin Kasuwanci 24 2021 B.A. Tattalin Arziki, Admn Jama'a. & Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta 25 2021 B.Sc. Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta da Tsaro na Cyber 26 2021 B.Sc. Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta da Ilimin Artificial 27 2022 KZ. Tsarin Bayanai 28 2022 BA Ci gaban Kasuwanci 29 2022 B.Sc. Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta & Kwamfuta ta Cloud 30 2022 B.Sc. Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta & Intanet na Abubuwa 31 2022 B.B.A. Gudanar da Ayyukan Kasuwanci 32 2022 B.P.C Biology, Physics da Chemistry 33 2022 M.P.C Lissafi, Physics da Chemistry 34 2022 AZ Civics, Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci '''Darussan digiri na biyu''' 1 1993 M.C.A. Jagora na Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta 2 2001 MA Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci 3 2003 M.Sc. Kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta 4 2006 M.Sc. Fasahar halittu 5 2013 M.Sc. Fasahar Abinci da Gudanarwa 6 2020 M.Sc. Kimiyya ta Bayanai 7 2020 M.Sc. Kimiyya da Abinci 8 2022 M.Sc. Babban Bayani na Bayanai '''Ph.D. Shirye-shiryen''': 1 2022 Makarantar Kimiyya ta Rayuwa 2 2022 Makarantar Gudanarwa Darussan ci gaban aiki: 1 Darussan Gudanar da Kwarewa - 40 2 NPTEL / SWAYAM Darussan 3 Darussan Gasar kamar Civils, IELTS, GRE CAT da sauransu. 4 CRT & Koyarwa Mai laushi 5 Shirye-shiryen Sabuntawa da Kasuwanci 6 Ayyukan aiki - 40 & Networking tare da kwalejojin rukuni 7 MBA Twinning Program tare da Jami'ar Pondicherry ta Tsakiya 8 PLANET (Loyola Academy Extension Programme) 9 Kungiyoyi da Al'adu == Cibiyar == Kwalejin ta bazu sama da kadada 133 (0.54 ). <ref name="about1">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Loyola Academy |url=http://www.loyolaacademy.ac.in/aboutus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150335/http://www.loyolaacademy.ac.in/aboutus.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12}}</ref> == Takaddun shaida == An haɗa shi da Jami'ar Osmania, An kafa shi a 1978 Kwalejin Mai cin gashin kanta (1992 UG & 2010 PG) Kwalejin da ke da Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar (2006) NAAC An amince da shi tare da 'A' a cikin 3rd Cycle (2019) NIRF 2021: Kwalejin (Rank-band: 151-200) == Duba kuma == * Jerin shafukan Jesuit == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e57botjdbtm67mkmx2nar6oxch0wig2 0 146066 963396 811478 2026-10-05T11:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Anne Richey''' (24 ga Oktoba, 1917 - 25 ga Nuwamba, 1983) ta kasance alkaliyar gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arizona . == Ilimi da aiki == An haifi '''Mary Anne Reimann''' a Shelbyville, [[Indiana]], <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=star |first=Kimberly Matas arizona daily |title=Bill Richey: Renaissance man could throw a punch |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/bill-richey-renaissance-man-could-throw-a-punch/article_6482b935-9143-58ad-86a9-54cc4882fdca.html |publisher= |access-date=2026-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126152443/https://tucson.com/news/local/bill-richey-renaissance-man-could-throw-a-punch/article_6482b935-9143-58ad-86a9-54cc4882fdca.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Richey tana cikin rundunar sojojin Amurka, matukan jirgin saman soja na mata a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], daga 1943 zuwa 1945. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta James E. Rogers a Jami'ar Arizona a 1951. Ta kasance a fannin shari'a na sirri a Tucson, [[Arizona]] daga 1951 zuwa 1952. Ta kasance mataimakiyar lauya a gundumar Pima, Arizona daga 1952 zuwa 1954. Ta kasance mataimakiyar lauya a gundumar Arizona da ke Tucson daga 1954 zuwa 1960. Ta kasance lauya a Amurka a gundumar Arizona daga 1960 zuwa 1961. Ta kasance lauya a Tucson daga 1962 zuwa 1964. Ta kasance Alkali a Babbar Kotun Arizona a gundumar Pima daga 1964 zuwa 1976. Ta kasance Alkalin Shugaba daga 1972 zuwa 1976. == Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya == Shugaba Gerald Ford ne ya naɗa Richey a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1976, a matsayin kujera a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arizona, wadda Alkali James Augustine Walsh ya sallama daga aiki. Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da ita a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1976, kuma ta karɓi aikinta a wannan ranar. Richey ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa mutuwarta sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1983. [1] [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] o8z52enwbt4idxdk4xic5n809w7nr8b 0 147359 963095 817485 2026-10-04T18:15:07Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 963095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''N. Lee S. Price'''jami'iat Sojojin Amurka ce mai ritaya wanda ta yi aiki na karshe a matsayin Babbar Jami'ar Shirin na Ofishin Zartarwa na Sojojin Amirka, Kwamandan Kula da Sadarwa-Tactical (PEO C3T), hedkwatar a Aberdeen Proving Ground. Price began her service as a Private First Class and, after shattering numerous gender ceilings, ultimately retired as a Major General. She led organizations at all levels during her storied career. She was the first female to receive a commission through the Officer Candidate School to achieve the rank of General Officer. In November 2008, Price became the first woman in the Army Acquisition Corps to be promoted to the rank of brigadier general.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2014}} She also was the first woman selected for general officer rank while serving in a special operations unit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army's first female program executive officer begins tenure |url=https://www.army.mil/article/30963/}}</ref> Price was nominated by President [[Barack Obama]] to the grade of major general on July 27, 2011. The Senate confirmed this nomination on November 10, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army PEO C3T Price promoted to major general - |url=http://defensesystems.com/articles/2011/11/14/agg-peo-c3t-lee-price-promotion.aspx}}</ref> Price became the first female Program Executive Officer for the Army in November 2009 when she became the PEO for C3T. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Army's first female program executive officer begins tenure |url=https://www.army.mil/article/30963/}}</ref> Price retired from military service in March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First female PEO leaves legacy of communications advancements |url=https://www.army.mil/article/110800/}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwar ta. == Farashin ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Shades Valley a Birmingham, Alabama, kuma ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Alabama a Birmingham . A cikin 2014, Farashin ya zama mutum na 24 mai suna UAB Distinguished Alumna. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a cikin tsarin bayanai, daga Jami'ar Arizona, digiri na biyu na biyu a fannin sadarwa (tare da mai da hankali kan Jagorancin Kungiya) daga Jami'an Alabama, da kuma wani digiri na biyu, daga Kwalejin Masana'antu na Sojoji a Washington, DC. == Ayyuka == Farashin ta fara aikin soja a shekara ta 1975 a matsayin mai zaman kansa na farko a cikin Alabama National Guard . An ba ta izini ta hanyar Jami'in Candidate School (Alabama Military Academy) a aji na uku wanda ya ba da izinin mata. Ta shiga aiki a watan Oktoba 1981. Farashin yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Alabama a Birmingham da kuma digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Arizona, Jami'ar Arizona, da Kwalejin Masana'antu na Sojoji a Washington, DC. A matsayinta na mace ta farko ta Jami'in Gudanar da Shirin (PEO), Farashin ya jagoranci Ofishin Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen, Kwamandan Kula da Sadarwa-Tactical (C3T) na ma'aikata sama da 1,800 waɗanda ke aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 4. Kungiyar PEO C3T da aka keɓe tana aiki ne a gefen Warfighter a cikin horo da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo a duk duniya. Suna samun, kiyayewa da tallafawa hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamandojin da ke kawo rinjaye na fasaha ga masu yaki na yanzu da na gaba. A cikin shekara guda na mulkin Price, wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, an ba PEO C3T lambar yabo ta David Packard, lambar yabo mafi girma ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hdcmhpeqlcn2rebzgy2qx9i8qzgil52 0 147903 963389 820109 2026-10-05T10:54:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marti Jett''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar halittu ce 'yar Amurka wacce ke bincike kan matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali da kuma ciwon coagulopathy a [[U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research|Cibiyar Binciken Lafiyar Muhalli ta Sojojin Amurka]] . Ita ce shugabar sashen ilimin kwayoyin halitta. == Rayuwa == An haife ta kuma ta girma kusa da Marion, Ohio, Jett ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Indiana Wesleyan da digiri a fannin sinadarai a shekarar 1962. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carignan |first=Sylvia |date=2015-02-13 |title=Detrick scientist finds 'twists and turns' in PTSD |url=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/health/detrick-scientist-finds-twists-and-turns-in-ptsd/article_c0c1f696-82d9-5713-8fd8-00c626319842.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Frederick News-Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614212535/https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/health/detrick-scientist-finds-twists-and-turns-in-ptsd/article_c0c1f696-82d9-5713-8fd8-00c626319842.html |archive-date=2024-06-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Peace Corps tsawon shekaru biyu a Indiya. <ref name=":1" /> Ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a [[Biochemistry|fannin sinadarai]] a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio kuma ta sami digiri na uku a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar Georgetown . <ref name=":0" /> Ta fara aikinta na digiri na uku a Dakin Gwaji na Binciken Jini da ke Bethesda, Maryland . <ref name=":0" /> Jett ta shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta Sojojin Walter Reed a shekarar 1981 inda aka naɗa ta shugabar sashen ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta bayan shekaru 15. [1] A shekarar 2011, ta zama darektan shirin ilimin halittu na tsarin haɗin gwiwa a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiyar Muhalli ta Sojojin Amurka (USACEHR) da ke Fort Detrick inda ta jagoranci bincike kan matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali da kuma ciwon coagulopathy . [1] [2] Jett kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban mai bincike kan tallafin bincike daga ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa . [1] Ita farfesa ce ta bincike a Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'ar Howard, da Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . [1] Ta haɗu ta kafa shirin Gaines in the Education of Lissafi and Science kuma ta taimaka wajen tsara Shirin Horar da Kimiyya da Injiniya. [1] An shigar da Jett cikin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da fasaha a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2014, a lokacin wani biki. [1] Tun daga shekarar 2022, ita ce shugabar sashen ilimin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta. [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 93jrmjo3knbv910zhh0jbyqgufre9nu 0 147929 963408 842437 2026-10-05T11:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Sally Matiella''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1951) jami'ar gwamnatin Amurka ce kuma 'yar takarar siyasa <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Joe |title=Mary Matiella, retired assistant secretary of Army, enters CD2 race |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/mary-matiella-retired-assistant-secretary-of-army-enters-cd2-race/article_245ed30b-1f41-5f0a-9d08-538d26c78860.html |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=Arizona Daily Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629234020/https://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/mary-matiella-retired-assistant-secretary-of-army-enters-cd2-race/article_245ed30b-1f41-5f0a-9d08-538d26c78860.html |archive-date=2020-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakataren Sojoji (Gudanar da Kudi da Mai Kula da Sufuri) a lokacin Gwamnatin Obama. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-11 |title=PN1209 - Nomination of Mary Sally Matiella for Department of Defense, 111th Congress (2009-2010) |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/111th-congress/1209 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Bayan shekaru da dama na aikin gwamnati na tarayya, Matiella ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakataren Sojoji, tana riƙe da ofis daga 16 ga Fabrairu, 2010, har zuwa 27 ga Fabrairu, 2014, lokacin da ta yi murabus kuma Robert M. Speer ya gaje ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Voter's Self Defense System - Mary Matiella's Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=Vote Smart}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Matiella ta tsaya takarar 'yar Democrat a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga gundumar majalisa ta biyu ta Arizona . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy for America : Mary Matiella - U.S. House, Arizona 2 |url=https://www.democracyforamerica.com/site/our_candidates/449-matiella-for-congress |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.democracyforamerica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta zo ta uku a zaben fidda gwani, bayan tsohuwar 'yar majalisar wakilai ta Amurka Ann Kirkpatrick da tsohuwar 'yar majalisar wakilai ta jiha Matt Heinz . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mary Matiella - |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/mary-matiella/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=Archives of Women's Political Communication |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Sally Matiella (née Garza), an haife ta a Three Rivers, Texas, ta girma a matsayin ɗiyar ma'aikatan gona 'yan ci-rani. <ref name=":2"/> Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Arizona lokacin da take da watanni 6. Tsakanin shekarunta na ƙanƙanta da na ƙarshe a Makarantar Sakandare ta Pueblo, ta ɗauki aikin bazara a Davis–Monthan Air Force Base kuma ta haɗu da Airman Francisco Matiella, wanda ta aura shekaru bakwai bayan haka. Francisco ta ba da shawarar ta je kwaleji. Ta sami tallafin karatu na Regents' a Jami'ar Arizona, inda ta sami digiri na BA a 1973 da kuma digiri na MBA a 1976. A 2013, an nada ta a Jami'ar Arizona, wacce ta zama ɗalibi mafi ƙwarewa a Kwalejin Ilimi ta shekara. <ref name="UAalum">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2013 |title=COE Alum of Year: From Farmworker Family to Pentagon Position |url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/coe-alum-of-year-from-farmworker-family-to-pentagon-position |access-date=11 April 2026 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014931/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/coe-alum-of-year-from-farmworker-family-to-pentagon-position |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa na kwaleji, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin gudanarwa a Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin da kuma a matsayin mai binciken kuɗi a Sashen Lafiyar Hankali da Rage Hankali na Texas . === Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya === A shekarar 1980, Matiella ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar farar hula a rundunar sojojin Amurka . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin kasafin kuɗi a sansanin sojojin sama na Ramstein daga 1980 zuwa 1983; a matsayin mai lissafin tsarin aiki na Hukumar Lissafin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama ta Amurka]], wacce ke [[Denver]] daga 1983 zuwa 1986; da kuma a matsayin babbar mai lissafin tsarin aiki a Fort Clayton daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Daga nan ta koma Denver, tana aiki a Hukumar Kuɗi da Lissafi ta Tsaro (DFAS) a matsayin mai lissafin tsarin aiki daga 1989 zuwa 1992; mai lissafin ma'aikata daga 1992 zuwa 1994; sannan kuma a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Aiwatar da CFO daga 1994 zuwa 1995. Daga 1995 zuwa 1998, ta kasance Daraktan Lissafi a ofishin DFAS da ke San Bernardino, California . Matiella ma'aikaciyar akawu ce a Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro (Comtroller), mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 2001. Tana aiki a Pentagon a lokacin [[September 11 attacks|hare-haren 11 ga Satumba]] . <ref name="UAalum"/> Matiella ta zama memba na Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a watan Disamba na 2001, inda ta zama Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Amurka . A can, ta kula da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 4. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na Lissafi na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka tana kula da kasafin kuɗi na dala biliyan 40 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2008. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kfa0ot6219vcylb7ox8g8yhhrvwo7fu 0 150691 963208 861751 2026-10-04T23:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Manuel Orejuela García''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] ga Deportivo Cali . == Aikin kulob == === Deportivo Cali === An haife shi a Cali, Orejuela ya wakilci Deportivo Cali a lokacin ƙuruciya. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2013 yana da shekaru 18, inda ya fara da kunnen doki 1-1 a Copa Colombia da Unión Magdalena . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=¿Quién es Luis Orejuela, el lateral convocado por Queiroz? |trans-title=Who is Luis Orejuela, the full back called up by Queiroz? |url=https://colombia.as.com/colombia/2019/03/14/futbol/1552521628_346953.html |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Orejuela ya fara buga wasa a Categoría Primera A a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2014, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Millonarios da ci 1-0. [1] Da farko ya zama dan wasa mai tsaron baya, ya zama dan wasan farko a kungiyar tun daga kakar wasa ta 2016; ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babban wasa a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, inda ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Rionegro Águilas da ci 3-1 a waje. [2] === Ajax === A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, Orejuela ya koma ƙasar waje ya kuma sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da ƙungiyar Ajax ta Eredivisie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=Ajax signs Luis Manuel Orejuela |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/ajax-signs-luis-manuel-orejuela-.htm |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> Da farko an tura shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Eerste Divisie, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba, inda ya fara da wasan SVV Scheveningen da ci 5-1 a waje don gasar cin kofin KNVB . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Dolberg leads Ajax to 2nd round KNVB Cup |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/dolberg-leads-ajax-to-2nd-round-knvb-cup-.htm |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> Orejuela ya fara buga wasa a Eredivisie a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2017, inda ya maye gurbin Deyovaisio Zeefuik a hutun rabin lokaci a wasan da suka doke AZ Alkmaar da ci 2-1 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=AZ Alkmaar vs. Ajax |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/17/netherlands/eredivisie/stichting-az/afc-ajax/2462489/ |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> === Cruzeiro === A ranar 8 ga Janairun 2019, Orejuela ya koma Cruzeiro a matsayin aro har zuwa Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Ajax loans out Luis Orejuela to Cruzeiro Esporte Clube |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/ajax-loans-out-luis-orejuela-to-cruzeiro-esporte-clube-.htm?_ga=2.267762638.1198844661.1551970408-1087441787.1551970408 |access-date=7 March 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> Da farko ya kasance mai goyon bayan Edílson, ya zama dan wasan farko na yau da kullun yayin da kungiyarsa ta fuskanci koma baya a karon farko a tarihin kungiyar. A karshen shekarar, Cruzeiro ta yi amfani da zabinta na sayen Orejuela, inda ta biya dala miliyan 1.5 don kashi 50% na hakkokinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2019 |title=Cruzeiro exerce preferência e anuncia compra de parte dos direitos de Orejuela |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/cruzeiro/noticia/cruzeiro-exerce-preferencia-e-anuncia-compra-de-parte-dos-direitos-de-orejuela.ghtml |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Globoesporte |language=pt-br}}</ref> ==== Lamuni (Grêmio) ==== A ranar 17 ga Janairun 2020, Orejuela ya koma Grêmio a matsayin aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Grêmio anuncia contratação do lateral Orejuela, do Cruzeiro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/google/amp/rs/futebol/times/gremio/noticia/gremio-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-orejuela-do-cruzeiro.ghtml |access-date=17 January 2020 |website=Globoesporte |language=pt-br}}</ref> === Sao Paulo === A kan 11 Maris 2021, Orejuela ya sanya hannu tare da São Paulo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=São Paulo anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Orejuela, ex-Grêmio e Cruzeiro, até 2025 |trans-title=São Paulo announces signing of right-back Orejuela, formerly of Grêmio and Cruzeiro, until 2025 |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/8308616/sao-paulo-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-direito-orejuela-ex-gremio-e-cruzeiro-ate-2025 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=ESPN.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Orejuela ya wakilci Colombia a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 kafin a kira shi zuwa ga cikakken ɗan wasan a ranar 13 ga Maris 2019, don buga wasannin sada zumunci guda biyu da Japan da Koriya ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2019 |title=Carlos Queiroz convocó a Luis Manuel Orejuela tras la lesión de Santiago Arias |trans-title=Carlos Queiroz called up Luis Manuel Orejuela after the injury of Santiago Arias |url=https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/carlos-queiroz-convoco-luis-manuel-orejuela-tras-la-lesion-de-santiago-arias-articulo-844835 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=[[El Espectador]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217203542/https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/carlos-queiroz-convoco-luis-manuel-orejuela-tras-la-lesion-de-santiago-arias-articulo-844835 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 26 ga Maris, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Orejuela hizo un "partidazo" ante Corea, según Queiroz |trans-title=Orejuela played "superbly" against Korea, according to Queiroz |url=https://www.antena2.com.co/futbol/amistosos/orejuela-hizo-un-partidazo-ante-corea-segun-queiroz |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Antena 2 |language=es |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217203547/https://www.antena2.com.co/futbol/amistosos/orejuela-hizo-un-partidazo-ante-corea-segun-queiroz |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|16 September 2020.}}<ref>{{Soccerway|luis-manuel-orejuela-garcia/306588|accessdate=17 December 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="6" valign="center" | Deportivo Cali | 2013 | rowspan="5" | Nau'in Primera A | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- | 2014 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | 2015 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 6 | 0 |- | 2016 | 24 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 29 | 1 |- | 2017 | 25 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 34 | 3 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 54 ! 3 ! 13 ! 1 ! 5 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 72 ! 4 |- | valign="center" | Jong Ajax | 2017–18 | Eerste Division | 16 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 16 | 1 |- | valign="center" | Ajax | 2017–18 | Eredivisie | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | valign="center" | Cruzeiro (lamuni) | 2019 | rowspan="2" valign="center" | Sire A | 23 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 <ref group="lower-alpha" name="COL" /> | 0 | 5 | 0 | 35 | 2 |- | valign="center" | Lamuni (Grêmio ) | 2020 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 <ref group="lower-alpha" name="COL" /> | 0 | 7 | 0 | 17 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | '''Jimillar aiki''' ! 103 ! 5 ! 19 ! 1 ! 10 ! 0 ! 12 ! 0 ! 144 ! 7 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 59bl5ik34c4tm639z9kdk58o1cr1m6q 3 151473 963397 836857 2026-10-05T11:23:00Z Céréales Killer 4616 Céréales Killer moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Անահիտ Կիրանց]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Մկրտչյան Անահիտ]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Անահիտ Կիրանց|Անահիտ Կիրանց]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Մկրտչյան Անահիտ|Մկրտչյան Անահիտ]]" 836857 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Անահիտ Կիրանց! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Անահիտ Կիրանց|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) po8f7lvept2c0u1pwq4utjdp451dzzp 0 157443 963206 899459 2026-10-04T23:18:15Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350503253|Cultura]]" 963206 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cultura''' kalma ce ta [[al'ada]] a cikin harsuna da dama. Yana iya nufin:Cultura (mujallar), mujallar ilimi da aka yi bita sau biyu a shekara wadda ke ɗauke da bayanai kan ayyukan falsafa. == Kafofin Watsa Labarai == * Al'adun Talabijin * NPO Cultura, tsohon sunan tashar talabijin ta Holland NPO 2 Extra * Rai Cultura, wani ɓangare na gidan rediyon jama'a na Italiya Rai == Sauran amfani == * <nowiki><i id="mwEw">Cultura</i></nowiki> (mujallar), mujallar ilimi da aka yi bita sau biyu a shekara wadda ke ɗauke da bayanai kan ayyukan falsafa. * <nowiki><i id="mwFg">Cultura</i></nowiki> (kundin wakoki), kundin wakokin Breed 77 * Cultura en Vivo, kundi mai rai ta ƙungiyar reggae ta Puerto Rican Cultura Profética * La Cultura metro tashar, tashar a Lima, Peru 8p8p0iiqi19a8efcfwx5dio44mc7kx9 963207 963206 2026-10-04T23:18:42Z Baffa ali 47435 963207 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Cultura''' kalma ce ta [[al'ada]] a cikin harsuna da dama. Yana iya nufin:Cultura (mujallar), mujallar ilimi da aka yi bita sau biyu a shekara wadda ke ɗauke da bayanai kan ayyukan falsafa. == Kafofin Watsa Labarai == * Al'adun Talabijin * NPO Cultura, tsohon sunan tashar talabijin ta Holland NPO 2 Extra * Rai Cultura, wani ɓangare na gidan rediyon jama'a na Italiya Rai == Sauran amfani == * <nowiki><i id="mwEw">Cultura</i></nowiki> (mujallar), mujallar ilimi da aka yi bita sau biyu a shekara wadda ke ɗauke da bayanai kan ayyukan falsafa. * <nowiki><i id="mwFg">Cultura</i></nowiki> (kundin wakoki), kundin wakokin Breed 77 * Cultura en Vivo, kundi mai rai ta ƙungiyar reggae ta Puerto Rican Cultura Profética * La Cultura metro tashar, tashar a Lima, Peru g9u6z76ctuqma688vnocuxp0cno9t6t 0 160160 963381 870802 2026-10-05T10:17:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Marjorie Beaucage''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947) 'yar fim ce ta Kanada kuma malama ce daga Manitoba . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Beaucage a Vassar, Manitoba a shekara ta 1947. <ref name="MQBio">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Marjorie Beaucage |url=https://www.mediaqueer.ca/artist/marjorie-beaucage |access-date=12 August 2018 |website=Media Queer |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Brandon kuma ta yi karatun fim a Jami'ar Ryerson . <ref name="CFDCBio">{{Cite web |title=Marjorie Beaucage Biography |url=http://www.cfmdc.org/filmmaker/76 |access-date=12 August 2018 |website=Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> == Ayyuka == <ref name="BeardWhite">{{Cite book|edition=Jerry}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Beaucage ya fitar da Coming In Stories: Two Spirit in Saskatchewan a cikin ƙoƙari na wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da mutane biyu ke fuskanta a Saskatchew. Mai kula da OUTSaskatoon da kuma mutum mai ruhohi biyu kanta, Beaucage ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Saskatoon StarPhoenix'' cewa ta yi fim din ne saboda yawan mutanen da ba su fahimci rawar da abubuwan da suka faru na mutane biyu ba: "akwai ainihin matasa da suka rayu kuma suna buƙatar tallafi, don haka an halicci fim ɗin don zama labarin fuska da fuska wanda ke buɗe zukatan mutane kuma yana taimaka musu su fahimta a hanyar da ba su taɓa gani ba. " Beaucage ita ce co-kafa Aboriginal Film and Video Art Alliance . <ref name="FEAIBio">{{Cite web |title=Marjorie Beaucage |url=https://sfai.org/residents/marjorie-beaucage/ |access-date=12 August 2018 |website=Santa Fe Art Institute}}</ref><ref name="CFDCBio"/> == Fim din == * ''Bingo'' (1991) * ''Mai Kyau'' (1993) * ''China... Ta hanyar Ido na Mata ɗaya'' (1996) * ''Ntapueu ... Ina faɗin gaskiya'' (1997) * Proz Anthology (2000) * ''Zuwa cikin Labarai: Ruhohi Biyu a Saskatchewan'' (2017) == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar |- |2018 |Saskatchewan Arts Awards: lambar yabo ta fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=Local artist wins provincial award |url=https://paherald.sk.ca/2018/11/01/local-artist-wins-provincial-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029164901/https://paherald.sk.ca/2018/11/01/local-artist-wins-provincial-award/ |archive-date=2019-10-29 |access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Gwamna Janar a cikin Ayyuka na Kayayyaki da Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners |url=https://en.ggarts.ca/marjorie-beaucage |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=en.ggarts.ca |publisher=Governor General of Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316151009/https://en.ggarts.ca/marjorie-beaucage |archive-date=16 March 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name|nm9937795}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] rnbdosm9wsrmwe33mpbs43zj6h1wkfv 0 161401 963394 906583 2026-10-05T11:07:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Kuciak''' (an haife shi 15 Maris 1982) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Slovakia kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . A halin yanzu yana kula da 2. Liga club MŠK Považská Bystrica . Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mai tsaron gida Dušan Kuciak . == Aikin kulob == Martin Kuciak samfur ne na makarantar matasa ta Žilina . === Rimavská Sobota === Bayan ya yi wasa a Kysucké Nové Mesto, Kuciak ya koma Rimavská Sobota a lokacin bazara na 2005, wanda aka sauke shi daga babban gasar Slovak a kakar wasa da ta gabata. Ya zama mai tsaron gida na farko a kulob din a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2007–08. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Gólman Kuciak považuje ViOn za správnu voľbu |url=http://novohrad.sme.sk/c/5227095/golman-kuciak-povazuje-vion-za-spravnu-volbu.html |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=SME |language=Slovak}}</ref> === ViOn Zlaté Moravce === Kuciak ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Corgoň liga ViOn Zlaté Moravce a lokacin hutun hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2009-10. A cikin shekaru huɗu da rabi da suka biyo baya a Zlaté Moravce, ya buga wasa a kowace gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2014 |title=Slovenský brankář Kuciak: 'Jako zahraniční štaci to neberu' |url=http://hradecky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/slovensky-brankar-kuciak-jako-zahranicni-staci-to-neberu-20140717.html |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Hradecký deník |language=Czech}}</ref> Duk da nasarar da ya samu a ƙungiyar, Kuciak ya yanke shawarar kin sabunta kwantiraginsa kuma ya bar Zlaté Moravce bayan karewar kwangilarsa a lokacin bazara na 2014. === Hradec Králové === Ba da daɗewa ba, Kuciak ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Czech First League Hradec Králové . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Martin Kuciak bude pokračovať v českom Hradci Králové |url=http://sport.aktuality.sk/c/170053/martin-kuciak-bude-pokracovat-v-ceskom-hradci-kralove/ |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Šport |language=Slovak}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Hradec Králové a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Příbram akan 4 Oktoba 2014. An yi amfani da shi galibi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na baya bayan Tomáš Koubek . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Predstavujeme novú posilu ŽP Šport Podbrezová |url=http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/35390B91A25CC5C9C1257E6C00458B53 |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=ŽP Šport Podbrezová |language=Slovak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044234/http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/35390B91A25CC5C9C1257E6C00458B53 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi watsi da Kuciak tare da kulob a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. === ŽP Šport Podbrezová === Kuciak ya zo ŽP Šport Podbrezová a lokacin rani na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Začiatok prípravy ŽP Šport Podbrezová v znamení nového trénera Frťalu |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/clanok193390-Zaciatok_pripravy_ZP_Sport_Podbrezova_v_znameni_noveho_trenera_Frtalu.htm |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=Profutbal |language=Slovak }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar 2-0 da AS Trenčín ta yi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=Muži prehrali s AS Trenčín |url=http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/7E184BEAC5B950F1C1257E85002A79F0 |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=ŽP Šport Podbrezová |language=Slovak}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2019, ya shiga Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Brankářský tým doplní Martin Kuciak |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Brankarsky-tym-doplni-Martin-Kuciak-16225 |access-date=12 March 2019 |publisher=Slavia Prague |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117231038/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Brankarsky-tym-doplni-Martin-Kuciak-16225 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|martin-kuciak/134943}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160718193826/http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/DB3E7FEFE5B68D50C1257AB10044E002 Player profile] at zpfutbal.sk {{In lang|sk}} * Martin Kuciak – Czech First League statistics at Fotbal DNES (in Czech) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sajsaa58y57klzh19z56ta7p4ibng1c 0 162911 963232 956476 2026-10-05T02:14:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ''''''agrishemical'''''' ko agrichemical, raguwar '''''sinadarin noma''''', samfurin [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sinadarai]] ne da ake amfani da shi a aikin gona na [[Noman Zamani|al'ada]] ko na [[Aikin noma na masana'antu|masana'antu]].<ref>{{Citation|journal=Agnieszka}}</ref> Agrochemical yawanci yana nufin magungunan kashe kwari da [[taki]] na roba. Kalmar agrochemical wani lokacin ana amfani da ita ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da magungunan kashe kwari ba, wani lokacin kuma ba bisa ka-ida ba don nufin magungunan kwari da taki, kuma wani lokacin mafi kyau don haɗawa da duk sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curley |first=Robert |title=agrochemical, agricultural technology |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/agrochemical |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Britannica (encyclopedia Britannica)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agrochemical |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrochemical |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Sauran sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona sune hormones na shuka-shuke da masu kula da ci gaban shuke-huke (PGRs), abubuwan jan hankalin kwari, Masu hana kwari, masu kare tsire-tsire, masu saurin kare herbicide, masu taimakawa da masu haɗin gwiwa, [4] masu yanayin ƙasa da gyare-gyaren ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gregg |first=Peter C. |last2=Del Socorro |first2=Alice P. |last3=Landolt |first3=Peter J. |date=2018-01-07 |title=Advances in Attract-and-Kill for Agricultural Pests: Beyond Pheromones |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=453–470 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=29058978 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> liming da masu saurin acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazra |first=Dipak Kumar |last2=Purkait |first2=Aloke |date=2019 |title=Role of pesticide formulations for sustainable crop protection and environment management: A review |url=https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019.v8.i2.7684/role-of-pesticide-formulations-for-sustainable-crop-protection-and-environment-management-a-review |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=686–693}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzupis |first=Denise |title=Soil & Plant Amendments |url=https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pda/plants-land-water/plant-industry/agronomic-products/soil-and-plant-amendments.html |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, department of agriculture}}</ref> Don kayan abinci na dabbobi, Masu kula da ci gaban dabbobi, anthelmintics da sauran magungunan rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Zachary K. |date=September 2024 |title=Overview of Growth Promotants and Production Enhancers in Animals |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers/overview-of-growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers-in-animals |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=MSD Veterinary Manual}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Claerebout |first=Edwin |date=April 2025 |title=Anthelmintic Drugs for Animals |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/anthelmintics/anthelmintic-drugs-for-animals?query=anthelmintics |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=MSD Veterinary Manual}}</ref> == Aiki == Ana yin magungunan kashe cuta da taki daban. Ana yin taki na nitrogen daga 3" href="./Ammonia" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ammonia">ammoniya (NH3) wanda aka samarwa ta hanyar Haber-Bosch. Potassium <ref name="FertEncyl">Vasant Gowariker, V. N. Krishnamurthy, Sudha Gowariker, Manik Dhanorkar, Kalyani Paranjape "The Fertilizer Encyclopedia" 2009, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|978-0-470-41034-9}}. Online {{ISBN|978-0-470-43177-1}}. {{Doi|10.1002/9780470431771}}</ref> da phosphate <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordell |first=Dana |last2=Drangert |first2=Jan-Olof |last3=White |first3=Stuart |date=2009 |title=The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=292–305 |bibcode=2009GEC....19..292C |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009 |s2cid=1450932}}</ref> taki ana yin su ne daga ma'adanai. Yawancin magungunan kashe kwari ana yin su ne ta hanyar kai tsaye daga sinadarin man fetur, wasu ana yin su ta hanyar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparks |first=Thomas C. |date=2023 |title=Natural Product-Based Crop Protection Compounds─Origins and Future Prospects |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=2259–2269 |bibcode=2023JAFC...71.2259S |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06938 |pmid=36693160 |s2cid=256230724}}</ref> == Kasuwanci da adadin da aka yi amfani da shi == Jimlar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a aikin gona a cikin 2021 ya kasance tan miliyan 3.54 na sinadaran aiki.user.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Pesticides use and trade 1990–2021 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cc6958en/cc6958en.pdf |access-date=January 15, 2024 |website=Food and agricultural organisation of the united nations}}</ref> A cikin 2018 an kiyasta tallace-tallace na ƙwayoyin cuta a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 65, wanda aka yi amfani da kashi 88% don noma. ChemChina (tare da rassa Syngenta da Adama), Bayer Crop Science, BASF da Corteva Agriscience tare sun wakilci kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na kasuwar maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin 2018.<ref name=":18" /> A cikin ₂ an yi amfani da tan miliyan 1₂ (Mt) na nitrogen (elemental), 44 Mt na phosphorus (P2O₅), da 45 Mt na potassium (K2O) taki. Kudin tallace-tallace na duniya don taki na inorganic a cikin 2018 an ruwaito kusan dala biliyan 151. <ref name=":182" /> Game da nitrogen da phosphorus, China, Amurka, Indiya, da Rasha sun mamaye ikon samarwa. Kanada ita ce babbar mai samar da potassium. A cikin kowace ƙasa 'yan masana'antun ne kawai suka mamaye kasuwa, kuma sun bambanta a kowace gundumar, kuma sun sha bamban da kamfanonin kashe kwari.<ref name=":182" /> == Tarihi == An yi amfani da man fetur da turare a tarihi a matsayin taki. [[Taki|ya fara]] kera taki a farkon karni na 20, tare da karuwar samarwa a rabi na biyu na karni na 20.123456Tsarin noma da yawa suna amfani da adadi mai yawa ko babu kayan aikin gona. Sun hada da noma mai ɗorewa, noma mai ɗorawa, noma na biodynamic, agroecology, noma mai tsayi, noma mai yawa, shuka mai tsayi. shuka mai yawa, tsire-tsire, Aikin noma mai sabuntawa, organopónicos, hydroponics, keken abinci mai gina jiki, sauyawa, juyawa, juyin amfanin gona, biofumigation, daidaitattun aikin gona, hadawa, composting, sarrafa kwayar cuta, shuka, shuka na halitta, shuka An yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari dubban shekaru da suka gabata a Sumeria da China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Unsworth |first=John |date=10 May 2010 |title=History of Pesticide Use |url=http://agrochemicals.iupac.org/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=3&sobi2Id=31&Itemid=19 |website=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |access-date=15 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225947/http://agrochemicals.iupac.org/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=3&sobi2Id=31&Itemid=19 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An fara kera magungunan kashe kwari a tsakiyar karni na 20. Yawancin magungunan kashe kwari an haɓaka su ne a ƙarshen karni na 20, kuma amfani da su ya faɗaɗa sosai a lokacin Green Revolution.<ref name="Carvalho 2006 pp. 685–692">{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=Fernando P. |year=2006 |title=Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=9 |issue=7–8 |pages=685–692 |bibcode=2006ESPol...9..685C |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2006.08.002 |issn=1462-9011}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=P. Indira |last2=Manjula |first2=M. |last3=Bhavani |first3=R.V. |date=2022-10-17 |title=Agrochemicals, Environment, and Human Health |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=399–421 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111015 |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin aikace-aikace == Ana iya amfani da sinadarai a hanyoyi da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bessin |first=Ric |date=2016 |title=Pesticide Application Equipment and Methods |url=https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/PSEP/14appequip2.html |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Kentucky Pesticide Safety Education Program. University of Kentucky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521171745/https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/PSEP/14appequip2.html |archive-date=21 May 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hanyoyin aikace-aikace na al'ada sun haɗa da fure-fure, da kuma tushen drenches, watsa shirye-shiryen granules, da murfin iri. == Rashin guba na muhalli == Agrochemicals, musamman idan ba a yi amfani da su ba ko kuma a sake su a cikin mahalli na gida, sun haifar da batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da muhalli.<ref name=":1" /> Agrochemicals da samar da su na iya zama gurɓataccen muhalli.<ref name=":1" /> Agrochemicals suna da alhakin mummunar lalacewa ga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar runoff, kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba da kuma sharar agrochemical suna da alƙawarin zubar, musamman a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anenberg |first=Susan C. |last2=Kalman |first2=Casey |date=May 2019 |title=Extreme Weather, Chemical Facilities, and Vulnerable Communities in the U.S. Gulf Coast: A Disastrous Combination |journal=GeoHealth |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=122–126 |bibcode=2019GHeal...3..122A |doi=10.1029/2019GH000197 |issn=2471-1403 |pmc=7038901 |pmid=32159036}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Bayan wallafa littafin Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, an kara mayar da hankali ga wadannan tasirin muhalli na wasu nau'ikan sunadarai, duka dangane da tasirin yanayin halittu da asarar halittu. Yawancin agrochemicals suna da guba, kuma agrochemists a cikin ajiya mai yawa na iya haifar da haɗarin [[Lafiya ta muhalli|muhalli]] da / ko [[Lafiyar jama'a|lafiya]] jiki, musamman a yayin zubar da haɗari. A kasashe da yawa, ana amfani da sinadarai sosai. Ana iya buƙatar izinin da gwamnati ta bayar don sayen da amfani da kayan aikin gona da aka amince da su. Hukunce-hukunce masu mahimmanci na iya haifar da rashin amfani, gami da ajiya mara kyau wanda ke haifar da zubar da ruwa. A gonaki, wuraren adanawa masu dacewa da lakabi, kayan tsaftacewa na gaggawa da hanyoyin, da kayan tsaro da hanyoyin sarrafawa, aikace-aikace da zubar sau da yawa suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodinsu. Yawancin lokaci, ana aiwatar da ka'idoji ta hanyar tsarin rajista. Misali, somatotropin na [[Saniya|shanu]], kodayake ana amfani dashi sosai a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ba a amince da shi a [[Kanada]] da wasu yankuna ba saboda akwai damuwa game da lafiyar shanu da ke amfani da shi. == Sauran hanyoyin == Tsarin noma da yawa suna amfani da adadi mai yawa ko babu kayan aikin gona. Sun hada da noma mai ɗorewa, noma mai ɗorawa, noma na biodynamic, agroecology, noma mai tsayi, noma mai yawa, shuka mai tsayi. shuka mai yawa, tsire-tsire, [[Sabunta noma|Aikin noma mai sabuntawa]], organopónicos, hydroponics, keken abinci mai gina jiki, sauyawa, juyawa, juyin amfanin gona, biofumigation, daidaitattun aikin gona, hadawa, composting, sarrafa kwayar cuta, shuka, shuka na halitta, shuka.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Catriona A.|url-status=Gupta|access-date=Podile}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran magungunan kashe kwari * Sashin sunadarai na noma * Kashe Muhalli * [[Eutrophication]] * Hukumar Kididdigar Aikin Gona ta Kasa (NASS) * [[Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki|Rashin gurɓataccen abinci]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7300hahwx3jvrz1jy5xwtxjfeqblga9 0 164405 963112 902661 2026-10-04T18:44:18Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366347526|Lola Randl]]" 963112 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] bj8mmxqeuf2x4bym2e2j32saznbw9xe 963113 963112 2026-10-04T18:45:37Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 88kl1fv7bsw5iujms2x0pdxlfxboy0i 963114 963113 2026-10-04T18:46:32Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife tane a shekara ta 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] c7qawxy70vw22yc7ahb29p15t799unt 963115 963114 2026-10-04T18:47:44Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife tane a shekarar 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] abimoiy8q4rq0rsbvnshfu852m05cc2 963118 963115 2026-10-04T18:51:11Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife tane a shekarar 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin shekara 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] nazj6gdhpjds4n6yfzq71s6g7kysnxc 963120 963118 2026-10-04T18:51:36Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 963120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Lola Randl''' (an haife tane a shekarar 1980, [[München|Munich]] ) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, marubuciyar fina-finai, kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lola Randl a shekarar 1980 a birnin Munich. Ita 'yar mai zane a fannin shimfidar wuri ce Marie Randl-Entrup da mawaki Joe Mubare. Ta yi karatun daraktan fina-finai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne daga 2001 zuwa 2005/2006 sannan ta kammala Bitar Rubutun Rubutu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich (HFF) a 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lola Randl tana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da mai shirya fina-finai kuma furodusa Philipp Pfeiffer, wacce take da 'ya'ya biyu. Pfeiffer ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto da furodusa a yawancin fina-finanta, ciki har da ''Die Libelle und das Nashorn'' (2012), ''Fühlen Sie sich manchmal ausgebrannt und leer?'' (2017), da kuma ''Von Bienen und Blumen'' (2018). == Sana'a == === Fim === ==== Aikin farko ==== A lokacin karatunta, Lola Randl ta jagoranci gajerun fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Geh aus mein Herz'' (2002), ''Verena Verona'' (2006), da ''Wohlfühlwochenende'' (2006). Shortan fim ɗinta ''Nachmittagsprogramm'' (2004) ta lashe Mafi kyawun Gajerun Fim na Jamus a Makon Gajeren Fim na Regensburg. Tsakanin shekara ta 2007 da 2010, ta jagoranci shirin gajerun fina-finai Die Leiden des Herrn Karpf tare da haɗin gwiwar mai shirya fina-finai Rainer Egger. Shirin Der Geburtstag (2009) ya sami kyautar UIP ta Prix a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar fina-finan Turai don Mafi kyawun fim ɗin gajereilm. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] gov025yyjtohbhkcl1i5nl6gq73muxn 0 164937 963135 905130 2026-10-04T20:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Libuše Moníková''' ( daga ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945 a [[Prag|Prague]] - zuwa ranar ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998 a [[Berlin]]) marubuciya ce ta Czech, mai bugawa a cikin [[Jamusanci|Harshen Jamusanci]]. A shekara ta 1968, bayan mamayewar Warsaw Pact na Czechoslovakia, ta tafi Jamus ta Yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faltýnek |first=Vilém |date=2008-03-16 |title=Libuše Moníková: Mé knihy jsou drahé |url=http://www.radio.cz/cz/clanek/101923 |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=Czech Radio |language=Czech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722162008/http://www.radio.cz/cz/clanek/101923 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fayil:Grabstätte_Libuše_Moníková.JPG|thumb|Kabarin Libuše Moníková a Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof, Berlin]] == Kyaututtuka == * 1987: Kyautar Alfred Döblin don Die Fassade . * 1989: Kyautar Franz Kafka (Klosterneuberg) * 1991, Kyautar Adelbert von Chamisso. * 1993: Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Vilenica * 1994: Mainzer Stadtschreiber * 1995: Kyautar Roswitha * 1997: Medal of Merit (Jamhuriyar Czech) * 1997: Cross of Merit (Jamus) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] pdpzorrweax4vhga5e54kuy386owyrp 0 166793 963250 919428 2026-10-05T04:36:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Katolika ta St Paul''' babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta ilimi tare da haɗin [[Makarantar da aka fi sani|gwiwa]] a Leadenhall, Milton Keynes, [[Ingila]] . Tana da matsayin ƙwararriyar kwalejin kimiyya da harsuna kuma ita ce Kwalejin Horar da Malamai . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialist Status |url=https://www.st-pauls.org.uk/about-the-school/specialist-status |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=www.st-pauls.org.uk |language=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227191730/https://www.st-pauls.org.uk/about-the-school/specialist-status |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rahotannin Ofsted == An sake duba makarantar a shekarar 2005 da 2008, kuma a dukkan waɗannan lokuta an yi la'akari da cewa " ''ta yi fice'' ". An duba makarantar a ƙarshen shekarar 2013, kuma an yi mata laƙabi da "buƙatar ingantawa" a kowace fanni. An ruwaito rahoton yana cewa: "Ba abu ne mai kyau ba saboda; Dalibai ba sa samun ci gaba mai kyau a ko'ina cikin makarantar, musamman waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa. Akwai kuma bambancin matsayi tsakanin darussan da ake koyarwa a matakin GCSE. Ba duk malamai ne ke da isasshen tsammanin ilimi ba kuma ba sa tsara darussan da za su ƙalubalanci ɗalibai bisa ga buƙatunsu, musamman waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa." A wani bincike da aka yi a watan Maris na 2016, an kimanta makarantar a matsayin "mai kyau". == Shugabannin makarantu == * Paul Tubb (1987-1994) * Michael Manley (1994 - Agusta 2016) - A baya Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a kuma Malamin Lissafi da Lissafi * Jo-Anne Hoarty (Satumba 2016 – yanzu) - A da Mataimakiyar Shugaba, Mataimakiyar Shugaba kuma Malamar Turanci == Fitattun Tsoffin Ɗalibai == * Brendan Galloway (Dan wasan Premier League) * [[Kevin Danso]] (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) * Enoch Opoku-Gyamfi (dan wasan rugby) * Andrew Osei-Bonsu (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) * David Kasumu (Mai ƙwallon ƙafa) * Ruchae Walton (A halin yanzu tana buga ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta NCAA Division 1 a Jami'ar Jihar Portland ) == Manazarta == ojme5cmoku0enpb1lskntazxf6iaskg 0 167184 963244 921003 2026-10-05T03:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Blewcoat''' gini ne da ke Titin Caxton, [[Landan|London]], wanda aka gina a shekarar 1709 a matsayin makaranta ga talakawa ( makarantar Bluecoat ). An yi amfani da shi a matsayin makaranta har zuwa 1926. A shekarar 1954, [[Amincewa ta Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Ƙasa]] ta sayi shi, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin shagon bayar da kyaututtuka da cibiyar bayanai. A shekarar 2013 an gyara ginin zuwa '''The Blewcoat''', wani shago na mai zane Ian Stuart . == Makaranta == [[Fayil:Blewcoat_School_2.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumi a saman ƙofa]] An kafa makarantar a Duck Lane a kusan shekarar 1688 ta hanyar biyan kuɗin [[Makarantar sadaka|makarantar agaji]] don ilmantar da yara maza marasa galihu don koya musu karatu, rubutu, addini, da sana'o'i. An ƙaura zuwa wani wuri da aka gina da gangan a Titin Caxton. Daga shekarar 1714 zuwa kusan shekarar 1876, an kuma shigar da 'yan mata. A shekara ta 1899, an amince cewa makarantar ta koma wani wuri da Christ Church National Schools Trust ta mallaka, sannan aka yi amfani da wurin Caxton Street don makarantar firamare. <ref name="Cox">{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Montague H. |date=1926 |title=Blue Coat School |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=67633 |access-date=21 April 2011 |website=Survey of London: volume 10: St. Margaret, Westminster, part I: Queen Anne’s Gate area (1926), pp. 144-147. |publisher=British History Online}}</ref> An rufe makarantar a shekarar 1926. <ref name="SW1">{{Cite web |last=Provençal |first=Nina |date=February 2011 |title=Business of the Month: January and February 2011 - The National Trust Shop |url=http://www.insw1.com/Business-of-the-Month-5870.html |access-date=21 April 2011 |website=Business of the Month |publisher=Victoria Business Improvement District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526153712/http://www.insw1.com/Business-of-the-Month-5870.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amfani daga baya == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ma'aikatan Amurka sun yi amfani da ginin a matsayin shago. Bayan haka, ' Yan Matan sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin ƙungiyar matasa. Lokacin da National Trust ta saya a shekarar 1954, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin memba da kuma babban ofishinsu. Daga baya, an mayar da shi shagon sayar da kyaututtuka. <ref name="SW1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tye |first=Timothy |title=Blewcoat School, London |url=http://www.london-traveltips.com/blewcoat-school.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006030603/http://www.london-traveltips.com/blewcoat-school.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=21 April 2011 |website=Historical Buildings in London |publisher=Timothy Tye}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2014 ne aka buɗe shagon sayar da kayan amarya na Birtaniya, Ian Stuart, wanda ke sayar da rigunan amarya, kayan sawa na musamman da kuma tarin rigunan yamma .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} == Manazarta == fxg7sevksge41osjc5jymfi4gombjtw 0 167214 963027 956084 2026-10-04T12:50:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Collège International de philosophie'''{{IPA|fr|kɔlɛʒ ɛ̃tɛʁnɑsjɔnal də filɔzɔfi}} ; '''CIPh''' ) yana cikin gundumar 5th na Paris . Cibiyar ilimi ce ta manyan makarantu da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai zurfi da Bincike ta Faransa kuma an tsara ta a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyi ta Faransa ta 1901. == Tarihi == An kafa ta ne tare a shekarar 1983 ta hannun Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye da Dominique Lecourt a wani yunƙuri na sake tunani game da koyarwar falsafa a Faransa, da kuma 'yantar da ita daga ikon hukumomi marasa dacewa (mafi mahimmanci daga [[jami'a]] ). Ana samun kuɗaɗen ne ta hanyar kuɗaɗen gwamnati ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Bincike da Ma'aikatar Ilimi. " <ref name="funding">{{Cite web |last=CIPh |title=CIPh financial partners (on the CIPh site) |url=http://www.ciph.org/college.php?rub=partenaires |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225071953/http://www.ciph.org/college.php?rub=partenaires |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |access-date=May 19, 2012 |language=fr}}</ref> == Shugabanci == Ana zaɓen shugaba ko "darektocin shirye-shirye" cikin gasa na tsawon shekaru 6 (ba za a iya sabunta su ba), bayan kiran da aka yi na neman shawarwari na duniya (kowace shekara ta uku). Shawarwari kyauta ne kuma ana zaɓen daraktoci bayan an yi nazari kan darajarsu ga falsafar jami'a. Kwalejin ta fahimci cewa falsafar ta fi dacewa ta kasance a "mahaɗa" kamar Falsafa/Kimiyya, ko Falsafa/Doka. Shawarwari dole ne su mayar da martani ga wannan buƙatar "mahaɗa" bisa ga burin Jacques Derrida . Kwalejin tana da ɗaliban da suka yi rijista kaɗan, waɗanda za su iya samun ''diplôme du Collège international de philosophie'', wanda ba digirin jami'a ba ne amma a wasu lokuta, jami'o'in Faransa ko na ƙasashen waje na iya tabbatar da hakan. In ba haka ba, halartar tarurrukan karawa juna sani a bude take kuma kyauta ce. == Raison d'être ( manufa da manufa) == A cewar Derrida, cibiyar nazarin Colloque de Cerisy ta yi masa wahayi zuwa ga kafa wannan sabuwar cibiyar, a tsakiyar barazanar gwamnati kan koyar da falsafa a aji na ƙarshe {{Efn|The French lycée is three years: Seconde, Prèmiere, and Terminale. See [[Secondary_education_in_France#Lycée]].}} Haka aka ƙirƙiri wannan Kwalejin, "daga asali mara gwamnati, mai faɗin ƙasashen duniya, wata cibiya wadda ba a ƙaddara ta yi adawa da kanta ba, amma don daidaita, tambaya, buɗewa, da mamaye gibin; inda za mu ba da fifiko ga hanyoyin ko hanyoyin da ba a saba gani ba amma jami'a ba ta saba da su ba, sabbin abubuwa, sabbin jigogi, sabbin fannoni; inda za mu yi la'akari da mahadar hanyoyi fiye da na fannonin ilimi." == Shugabannin majalisar gudanarwa == * Jacques Derrida * Jean-François Lyotard <ref name="ciphlyotard">{{Cite web |title=Qui sommes-nous ? &#124 CIPh Paris |url=https://www.ciph.org/spip.php?page=quisommesnousdetail&id_personne=1110}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * François Jullien <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qui sommes-nous ? &#124; CIPh Paris |url=http://www.ciph.org/college.php?rub=historique |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103112241/http://www.ciph.org/college.php?rub=historique |archive-date=2013-11-03 |access-date=2009-12-28}}</ref> * Jean-Claude Milner * François Noudelmann * Isabelle Alfandary (2013-2019) <ref name="ciphalfandary">{{Cite web |title=Isabelle Alfandary |url=https://ciph.org/spip.php?page=quisommesnousdetail&id_personne=1424# |access-date=26 August 2026 |website=CiPh |publisher=Collège international de philosophie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415201204/https://ciph.org/spip.php?page=quisommesnousdetail&id_personne=1424 |archive-date=15 April 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Daraktocin da ke yanzu == {| width="100%" | valign="top" width="33%" | * Elena Anastasaki * Manola Antonioli * Guillaume Artois-Bouvet * Quentin Badaire * Sina Badiei * Charles Boxant * Livio Boni * Vanessa Brito * Jean-Jacques ɗan jam'iyyar kadet * Rosaria Caldarone * Raffaele Carbon * Gaetano Chiurazzi * Hugues Choplin * Alexandre Chèvremont * Laura Cremonesi * Rémy David * Alessandro De Lima Francisco | valign="top" width="33%" | * Joana Desplat-Roger * Héctor G. Castano * Marc Goldschmit * Lorena Grigoletto * Emmanuel Guez * Joëlle Hansel * Étienne Helmer * Céline Hervet * Eric Hoppenot * Jannel na Romaric * Abbed Kanoor * Igor Krtolica * Alexis Lavis * Anna Longo * Cécile Malaspina * Cédric Molino-Machetto * Mara Montanaro | valign="top" width="33%" | * Laura Moscarelli * Michel Olivier * Alain Patrick Olivier * Chiara Palermo * Xavier Pavie * Éric Puisais * Stéphanie Péraud-Puigségur * Julien Rabachou * Stéphanie Ronchwski Degorre * Michele Saporiti * Diane Scott * Vicky Skoumbi * Angelo Vannini * Pauline Vermeren * Raphaël Zagury-Orly * Barbara Zauli |} == Tsoffin daraktoci == * Giorgio Agamben * Alain Badiou * Sidi Mohamed Barkat * Geoffrey Bennington * Barbara Cassin * François Châtelet * Joseph Cohen (2004-2010) <ref name="hinesinterview2012">{{Cite web |last=Hines |first=Andrew |date=1 July 2012 |title=Interview with Joseph Cohen |url=http://figureground.org/interview-with-joseph-cohen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150128123734/http://figureground.org/interview-with-joseph-cohen/ |archive-date=28 January 2015 |access-date=5 June 2026 |publisher=Figure/Ground |language=English }}</ref> <ref name="ucdublin">{{Cite web |title=BIO |url=https://people.ucd.ie/joseph.cohen |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=About Joseph Cohen |publisher=University College Dublin}}</ref> * José Gil * Kaka Olivier LeCour * Robert Harvey * Natacha Michel * Pascal Michon * Antonio Negri * Catherine Perret * Philippe-Joseph Salazar == Manazarta == ph7u1s35z0e423akq4xchyn7swnjwk5 0 167226 963238 921246 2026-10-05T03:01:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Songer(mawaki)''', ya na daya daga wanda aka fi sani da Songer, ɗan Burtaniya ne kuma marubucin waƙa daga Wokingham, Berkshire, Ingila, wanda aka sani da waƙarsa mai ƙarfi, salon wasa mai nauyi da kuma amfani da shi a cikin nau'o'i da yawa, gami da UK Hip Hop, Drum da Bass, da UK Garage . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Songer |url=https://notion.online/songer/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=notion.online}}</ref> Ya sami babban kulawa ta hanyar 'yancin kwayar cuta a kan sanannen dandalin Burtaniya BL@CKBOX kuma tun daga lokacin ya tara miliyoyin koguna a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Songer-Leeds |url=https://www.thewardrobe.co.uk/event/songer/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=The Wardrobe |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Songer kuma ta girma a Wokingham, wani gari da ke wajen Reading, Ingila.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Garratt-Stanley |first=Fred |date=22 March 2023 |title=Songer: a fearless new voice from UK rap's underground scene |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/songer-rapper-uk-skala-album-interview-d-double-e-radar-3416722 |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kodayake iyalinsa suna da ƙaunar kiɗa, tare da kakansa yana cikin ƙungiyar, da farko ya haɓaka sha'awarsa ga maganganun waka da hip-hop, yana ambaton masu fasaha kamar Eminem da J. Cole a matsayin tasirin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khupe |first=Thelma |date=13 February 2020 |title=Meet Songer: Reading's up-and-coming rapper |url=https://www.thelinkup.com/content/957/meet-songer-reading-s-up-and-coming-rapper |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Link Up Tv |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bunkasa kwarewarsa ta rap ta hanyar yin kyauta tare da abokai a lokacin hutun makaranta.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa na A-Levels a Reading, Songer ya yi karatun talla a Jami'ar Bournemouth . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dingley |first=Tom |date=30 January 2022 |title=Songer Album Review |url=https://www.subu.org.uk/news/article/now/Songer-Album-Review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624013638/https://www.subu.org.uk/news/article/now/Songer-Album-Review/ |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=www.subu.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasarar aikinsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2017 tare da bayyanarsa ta farko a kan sanannen tashar YouTube BL@CKBOX, wani dandamali da aka sani da nuna ƙwarewar Burtaniya. Ayyukansa a kan dandalin sun zama nasarorin da suka samu, tare da bayyanar da ta biyo baya ta kasance daga cikin wadanda aka fi kallo a tarihin dandalin.Halinsa mai zaman kansa da aka sani da "Toxic (Freestyle)," wanda ke amfani da kayan aiki daga [[Britney Spears]] ' "Toxik," ya zama sananne sosai, a ƙarshe ya haifar da fitowar guda ɗaya shekaru shida bayan asalin freestyle.<ref name=":2" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19 Songer ya fitar da kundi na farko, Dream Workz, tare da taken da murfin kundin da DreamWorks ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. A wannan shekarar ya kirkiro lakabinsa, Hard Reality, tare da Daneo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hard Reality |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNxnT5lTSpGVTNWBppXKdig |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Songer ya saki SKALA, mai suna bayan kare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=SONGER - SKALA {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/songer-skala/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hanyar kiɗa da jigogi == Halinsa na iya amfani da shi shine ainihin halayyar kiɗansa. Yayinda yake da tushe a cikin Hip Hop na Burtaniya, yana aiki tare da masu fasaha a duk faɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya a kan Drum da Bass da UK Garage beats. Wannan haɗuwa ta taimaka masa ya shiga cikin masu sauraro da yawa a cikin al'adun kiɗa na Burtaniya.<ref name=":1" /> == Bayanan da aka yi == Songer ya fitar da mixtapes da yawa na tsawon kundi a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa, yana samun nasara mai yawa ba tare da babban tallafin playlist ba. === Albums === * Dream Workz (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Dream Workz |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7DclFXDk1dg6FzTN4qLqaj |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> * ''Kalmomin don Sanity'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Lyrics for Sanity |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2kOZRsXARTsNmynDWIX3K4 |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> * Shirin Rana (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Ed |date=13 September 2021 |title=Songer - The Sunrise Projects (Album) |url=https://www.wordplaymagazine.com/blog-1/2021/8/31/songer-the-sunrise-projects-album |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Wordplay |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Skala'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Ed |date=24 April 2023 |title=Songer - Skala (Album) |url=https://www.wordplaymagazine.com/blog-1/2023/4/24/songer-skala-album |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Wordplay |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Farashin Magani'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=7 July 2025 |title=Songer Drops New Heater 'Alive' {{!}} News |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/songer-drops-new-heater-alive/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Me ya ce A'a?'' (2026) === Shahararrun mutane da haɗin gwiwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Shugabannin masu zane-zane !Bayani |- !2021 |"Balling" |Vibe Chemistry (feat. Songer, Mr Traumatik, Devilman & OneDa) |Haɗin gwiwar Drum da Bass. |- !2022 |"Rashin barci" |Issey Cross (feat. Songer) |Waƙoƙin Drum da Bass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Issey Cross returns with new single 'Sleepwalking' |url=http://www.womeninpop.com/news-home/issey-cross-drops-new-single-sleepwalking |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Women In Pop |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2023 |"Vino Bandit" |K Motsawa, Mai Rashin Rashin Riki |Jump-up Drum da Bass track, wanda ke amfani da samfurin "Together" na Ruff Sqwad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vino Bandit by K Motionz and Songer |url=https://www.whosampled.com/K-Motionz/Vino-Bandit/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=WhoSampled |language=en}}</ref> |- |"Toxic (Freestyle) " |Mai raira waƙa |Charting guda bisa ga kwayar cutar BL@CKBOX freestyle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Songer Unleashes His Famed Freestyle, "Toxic" |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2023/12/22/songer-toxic/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Wonderland |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- !2024 |"04:59" |Songer (feat. D Double E) |Waƙar Hip Hop ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boudine |first=Myriam |date=17 February 2023 |title=SONGER Releases New Single "4:59" With Grime Legend D Double E |url=https://www.newwavemagazine.com/single-post/songer-releases-new-single-4-59-with-grime-legend-d-double-e |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=newwavemagazine |language=en}}</ref> |- !2025 |"A karkashin Ruwa" |Halitta da Zuciya, Mai Rira waƙa |Waƙoƙin Drum da Bass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Under The Water |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/17EgTyJQL3fFEHQOJh4mPw |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> |} == Yawon shakatawa da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa == Nasarar Songer a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa ya fassara zuwa mabiya mai karfi. Yawon shakatawa na farko na Burtaniya ya sayar a cikin sa'o'i, gami da nune-nunen da yawa a London.<ref name=":1" /> Ya kuma kasance mai halarta a manyan bukukuwan kiɗa, yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a abubuwan da suka faru kamar Reading & Leeds Festival <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=BBC Radio 1 - Radio 1 at Reading and Leeds Festival, 2025, Songer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002hcfd |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> da Truck Festival . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clothier |first=Jake |date=20 August 2025 |title=From mosh pit to Main Stage: Local lad Songer on performing at Reading Festival |url=https://rdg.today/from-mosh-pit-to-main-stage-local-lad-songer-on-performing-at-reading-festival/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Reading Today Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Songer – Truck Festival 2026 |url=https://truckfestival.com/line-up/songer/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Truck Festival |language=en-GB}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] br23huq6kcyt3dzc3wgu8qdk6g0avyq 0 167237 963021 921393 2026-10-04T12:29:17Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376747661|Scientist]]" 963021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masanin kimiyya''' ƙwararre ne a fannoni ɗaya ko fiye na [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] kuma wanda ya saba amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya wajen gudanar da binciken kimiyya don haɓaka ilimi a kimiyya. <ref name="researchcouncil">{{Cite web |title=Our definition of a scientist |url=https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ |access-date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Science Council |quote=A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.}}</ref> A zamanin da, babu wani tsohon kwatancen masanin kimiyyar zamani. Madadin haka, [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] sun shiga cikin nazarin falsafar yanayi da ake kira falsafar yanayi . <ref name="Lehoux">{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Duk da cewa [[Thales na Miletus|Thales]] ( {{Circa}} 624–545 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) shine masanin kimiyya na farko da ya bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya za a iya ganin su a matsayin na halitta, ba lallai bane alloli su haifar da su ba, <ref name="books.google.com">Frank N. Magill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_CMl8ziTbKYC&pg=PA1121 ''The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography'', Volume 1], Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1135457395}}</ref> amma sai a ƙarni na 19 ne kalmar ''kimiyya'' ta fara amfani da ita akai-akai: masanin tauhidi, masanin falsafa, kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ne ya ƙirƙiro ta don bayyana Mary Somerville . <ref name="Lightman2011">{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|right|thumb| "Babu wanda a tarihin wayewa ya fi fahimtar kimiyya da falsafar yanayi girma fiye da babban masanin falsafa kuma masanin kimiyya na Girka [[Aristotle]] (384 &#x2013; 322 BC), wanda ya yi tasiri mai zurfi da ya yaɗu tsawon sama da shekaru dubu biyu" —Gary B. Ferngren ]] [[File:Georgius_Agricola.jpg|thumb| Georgius Agricola ya ba wa [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] suna na zamani. Ana kiransa da uban ilimin ma'adanai kuma wanda ya kafa [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]] a matsayin fannin kimiyya. <ref name="berk">{{Cite web |title=Georgius Agricola |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agricola.html |access-date=April 4, 2019 |publisher=University of California - Museum of Paleontology}}</ref> <ref name="Rafferty 2012 p. 10">Rafferty, John P. (2012). ''Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks''. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10. {{ISBN|9781615305445}}</ref>]] [[File:JKepler.jpg|thumb| [[Johannes Kepler]], ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma ubannin ilmin taurari na zamani, hanyar kimiyya, kimiyyar [[Kimiyya ta halitta|halitta]] da ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannes Kepler´s 450th birthday |url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/greatinventors/johanneskepler/index.html |publisher=German Patent and Trade Mark Office}}</ref>]] [[File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg|thumb|222x222px| Alessandro Volta, wanda ya ƙirƙiro [[batirin lantarki]] kuma ya gano [[methane]], ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a tarihi.]] [[File:Francesco_Redi.jpg|thumb| Francesco Redi, wanda ake kira "uban ƙwayoyin cuta na zamani", shine wanda ya kafa ilmin halittu na gwaji.]] [[File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689_(brightened).jpg|right|thumb| [[Isaac Newton]], wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "babban mutum na Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya ", <ref name=":92">{{Cite book|last3=Michael R. Matthews}}</ref> kuma wanda ya sami babban haɗin kai na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ya ƙirƙiri makanikai na gargajiya, lissafi kuma ya inganta hanyar kimiyya.]] [[File:Thomas_Phillips_-_Mary_Fairfax,_Mrs_William_Somerville,_1780_-_1872._Writer_on_science_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|right|thumb| Mary Somerville, wacce aka ƙirƙiro kalmar "masanin kimiyya".]] [[File:Albert_Einstein_photo_1921.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ƙirƙiro ka'idar dangantaka ta gabaɗaya kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga kimiyyar lissafi.]] [[File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg|right|thumb| An yaba wa masanin kimiyyar lissafi Enrico Fermi wajen ƙirƙirar bam ɗin atomic da kuma na'urar sarrafa nukiliya ta farko a duniya.]] [[File:Niels_Bohr.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin kimiyyar atomic [[Niels Bohr]] ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen fahimtar tsarin atomic da ka'idar quantum.]] [[File:Rachel-Carson.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin ilmin halittu na ruwa [[Rachel Carson]] ta ƙaddamar da [[Gudanar da muhalli|fafutukar kare muhalli]] ta ƙarni na 20.]] Matsayin "masana kimiyya", da magabatansu kafin fitowar fannonin kimiyya na zamani, ya ci gaba sosai a tsawon lokaci. Masana kimiyya na zamani daban-daban (kuma a gabaninsu, masana falsafa na halitta, masana lissafi, masana tarihi na halitta, masana ilimin tauhidi na halitta, injiniyoyi, da sauransu waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya) suna da wurare daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kuma [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ƙa'idodin zamantakewa]], ɗabi'un ɗabi'a, da kyawawan halaye da ke da alaƙa da masana kimiyya - da kuma waɗanda ake tsammani daga gare su - sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Saboda haka, ana iya gane mutane daban-daban na tarihi a matsayin masana kimiyya na farko, ya danganta da halayen kimiyyar zamani da aka ɗauka a matsayin masu mahimmanci. Wasu masana tarihi sun nuna juyin juya halin kimiyya wanda ya fara a ƙarni na 16 a matsayin lokacin da kimiyya ta bunƙasa a cikin wani yanayi na zamani da aka sani. Sai a ƙarni na 19 ne aka sami isassun sauye-sauye a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da masana kimiyya suka samu don zama babbar sana'a. <ref>On the historical development of the character of scientists and the predecessors, see: Steven Shapin (2008). ''The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation''. Chicago: Chicago University Press. {{ISBN|0-226-75024-8}}</ref> === Tsoffin tarihi === Masana da yawa sun bi diddigin ilimin yanayi a zamanin da . Gudummawar da Girkawa suka bayar ga kimiyya—gami da ayyukan lissafi da ilmin taurari na lissafi, labaran farko na hanyoyin halittu da kundin bayanai na tsirrai da dabbobi, da kuma ka'idojin ilimi da ilmantarwa— masana falsafa da likitoci ne suka samar da su, da kuma masu sana'o'i daban-daban. Waɗannan ayyuka, da kuma alaƙarsu da ilimin kimiyya, sun bazu tare da Daular Romawa, kuma tare da yaɗuwar Kiristanci, sun sami alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da cibiyoyin addini a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Falaki da ilmin taurari sun zama muhimmin fanni na ilimi, kuma rawar da masanin ilmin taurari/mai ilmin taurari ya taka ta hanyar goyon bayan siyasa da addini. A lokacin tsarin jami'a na zamanin da, an raba ilimi zuwa trivium - falsafa, gami da falsafar halitta - da kuma quadrivium - lissafi, gami da ilmin taurari. Saboda haka, kwatancen masana kimiyya na zamanin da galibi ko dai masana falsafa ne ko kuma masana lissafi. Ilimin tsirrai da dabbobi ya kasance fannin likitoci. === Tsakiyar Zamani === Kimiyya a zamanin da Musulunci ta ƙirƙiro sabbin hanyoyi na samun ilimin halitta, kodayake waɗannan ci gaban sun kasance cikin ayyukan zamantakewa na yanzu kamar masanin falsafa da masanin lissafi. Yawancin masana kimiyyar zamani na [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|Zamanin Zinare]] ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan ma'auni, wani ɓangare saboda babu wani fanni na kimiyya da aka fayyace a sarari kamar yadda aka fahimta a yau. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan farkon polymaths suma malaman addini ne. Misali, [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] da [[al-Biruni]] suna da alaƙa da mutakallimiin ; likitan [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] [[Hafizi|hafiz]] ne; likitan Ibn al-Nafis hafiz ne, muhaddith ne, kuma [[Ulama'u|ulama]] ; masanin tsirrai Otto Brunfels masanin tauhidi ne kuma masanin tarihi na Furotesta; kuma masanin ilmin taurari kuma likita [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] malami ne. A lokacin Renaissance na Italiya, mutane kamar [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Galileo Galilei]], da Gerolamo Cardano galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan ma'auni. === Farfado da Zamanin Farfadowa === A lokacin [[Renaissance]], masana kimiyya na Italiya sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga kimiyya. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ya yi manyan abubuwan lura a fannin ilmin halittar jiki da kuma ilmin halittar jiki. [[Galileo Galilei]], wanda wani lokacin ake kira uban kimiyyar zamani, ya inganta ma'aunin zafi da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda hakan ya ba da damar ƙarin cikakken bayani game da [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]] . [[René Descartes|Descartes]] ya fara nazarin lissafi, ya tsara ka'idar injiniya, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi game da motsi da fahimta na dabba. Bincike kan hangen nesa ya jawo hankalin masana kimiyyar lissafi kamar Thomas Young da Hermann von Helmholtz, waɗanda suka kuma yi nazarin na'urorin gani, [[ji]], da [[kiɗa]] . [[Isaac Newton]] ya faɗaɗa ci gaban lissafi na baya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar [[Calculus|lissafi]] tare (ba tare da [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz ba]] ). Ya tsara ka'idodin makanikai na gargajiya kuma ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan [[haske]] da na gani. Joseph Fourier ya haɓaka ka'idar jerin lokuta marasa iyaka, ya yi nazarin canja wurin zafi da radiation na infrared, kuma ya bayyana abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da [[Tasirin Greenhouse|tasirin greenhouse]]. Masana lissafi ciki har da Girolamo Cardano, [[Blaise Pascal]], Pierre de Fermat, John von Neumann, [[Alan Turing]], Aleksandr Khinchin, Andrey Markov, da Norbert Wiener sun ba da gudummawa ga lissafi da Ka'idar yiwuwar, gami da aikin tushe da ya dace da kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan kididdiga, da injiniyan lissafi. Masana kimiyya da yawa da ke da sha'awar lissafi, ciki har da Galileo, suma sun kasance ƙwararrun [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙa]]. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin kiwon lafiya da [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] sun hada da ci gaba wajen fahimtar yaduwar [[jini]], daga Galen zuwa Harvey. Wasu malamai da masana tarihi sun yi jayayya cewa [[Kiristanci]] ya ba da gudummawa ga tasowa na Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Peter |date=8 May 2012 |title=Christianity and the rise of western science |url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/05/08/3498202.htm |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> === Zamanin Haskakawa === A lokacin Age of Enlightenment, Luigi Galvani, mai gabatarwa na bioelectromagnetics, ya bincika abin da ya kira "wutan lantarki na dabba".Ya lura cewa yin amfani da cajin lantarki a cikin kashin baya na kwayar cuta na iya haifar da spasms na tsoka a duk jikinta. Ko da ƙafafun frog da aka raba sun yi rawar jiki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga motsawar lantarki. A cikin wani gwaji, Galvani ya lura cewa ƙafar ƙarfe da ke taɓa ƙugiya ta tagulla da ke riƙe da ƙafar kwaya ta sa kafa ta yi kwangila. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun ƙarfafa waɗannan abubuwan lura, wanda ya jagoranci Galvani ya kammala cewa yana shaida wani nau'i na ƙarfin lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin dabba. A Jami'ar Pavia, abokin aikinsa Alessandro Volta ya sake maimaita sakamakon amma ya yi tambaya game da fassarar Galvani. Lazzaro Spallanzani ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin ilimin gwaji da kimiyyar halitta. Binciken da ya yi yana da tasiri mai dorewa a kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, musamman a cikin binciken gwaji na ayyukan jiki da haihuwar dabba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spallanzani - Uomo e scienziato |url=http://www-3.unipv.it/webbio/spalla99/spallanz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603044941/http://www-3.unipv.it/webbio/spalla99/spallanz.htm |archive-date=2010-06-03 |access-date=2010-06-07 |publisher=Il museo di Lazzaro Spallanzani |language=it}}</ref> Francesco Redi ya nuna cewa microorganisms na iya haifar da [[Cuta|Cutar]]. === Karni na 19 === Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20, ana kiran masana kimiyya da "masu falsafa na halitta" ko "mutane na kimiyya". <ref>Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. {{Cite web |title=Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science |url=http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309165847/http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2008-01-15}}</ref> <ref>Steve Fuller, Kuhn VS. Popper: The Struggle For The Soul Of Science. Columbia University Press 2004. Page 43. {{ISBN|0-231-13428-2}}</ref> Masanin falsafa na Ingila kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ya kirkiro kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' a 1833. Ya fara bayyana a bugawa a cikin bita na 1834 na Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, wanda aka buga a cikin Quarterly Review . <ref name="Ross1962">{{Cite journal |last=Ross, Sydney |year=1962 |title=Scientist: The story of a word |journal=[[Annals of Science]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1080/00033796200202722 |doi-access=free}} To be exact, the person who coined the term ''scientist'' was referred to in Whewell 1834 only as "some ingenious gentleman." Ross later identified this as Whewell himself. Ross 1962, p.72.</ref> A cikin bita, Whewell ya tattauna abin da ya bayyana a matsayin karuwar halin zuwa ga ƙwarewa a cikin kimiyya. Kamar yadda takamaiman kalmomi kamar su ''masanin sunadarai'', ''masanin lissafi'', da ''masanin halitta'' suka zama ruwan dare, kalmar da ta fi girma ''masanin falsafa'' ba ta bayyana wadanda ke cikin binciken kimiyya ba. Whewell ya bambanta wannan yanayin da manufar Somerville na nuna yadda aka haɗa rassan kimiyya daban-daban a tarihi ta hanyar ka'idoji na gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whewell |first=William |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=John |title=On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences By Mrs. Sommerville |journal=The Quarterly Review |volume=LI |issue=March & June 1834 |pages=54–68}}</ref> Whewell ya ba da rahoton cewa membobin Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya sun nuna damuwa game da rashin kalmar da ta dace ga "ɗalibai na ilimin duniya mai mahimmanci".Da yake magana a kai tsaye game da kansa, ya lura cewa "wasu mutum mai basira" ya gabatar da kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' ta hanyar kwatankwacin ''mai zane'', yana jayayya cewa irin wannan tsari kamar ''masanin tattalin arziki'' da ''[[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]]'' an riga an yi amfani da shi. Duk da haka, ba a karɓi shawarar nan da nan ba. Daga baya Wheel ya sake gabatar da kalmar, musamman a cikin littafinsa na 1840 ''mai suna The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences'' . Ya kuma gabatar da kalmar ''kimiyyar lissafi'' a matsayin takwarar ''likitan'' Faransa. Babu ɗayan kalmomin da suka sami karɓuwa sosai nan take. ''Masana kimiyya'' sun zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a Amurka da kuma kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 a Burtaniya . <ref name="Ross1962" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Whewell (1794-1866) gentleman of science |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/whewell.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625171128/http://www.victorianweb.org/science/whewell.html |archive-date=2007-06-25 |access-date=2007-05-19}}</ref> <ref>Tamara Preaud, Derek E. Ostergard, The Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory. Yale University Press 1997. 416 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-07338-0}} Page 36.</ref> A ƙarni na ashirin, ra'ayin zamani na kimiyya a matsayin wani yanki na ilimi daban-daban, wanda wata al'umma ta musamman ke aiwatarwa kuma ake bi ta hanyoyi da aka sani, ya zama tabbatacce. === ƙarni na 20 === [[Marie Curie]] ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Nobel kuma mutum ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau biyu. Kokarin da ta yi ya haifar da haɓaka makamashin nukiliya da kuma radiotherapy don maganin ciwon daji. A shekarar 1922, Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta naɗa ta memba a Hukumar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haɗin Kan Fasaha. Ta yi fafutukar neman 'yancin masana kimiyya na mallakar takardun mallakar abubuwan da suka gano da kuma ƙirƙira. Ta kuma yi fafutukar ganin an samu damar samun damar yin amfani da littattafan kimiyya na duniya kyauta da kuma alamun kimiyya da aka amince da su a duniya. == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na sana'a, masanin kimiyyar yau an san shi sosai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Being a scientist, not just a job {{!}} ESWI |url=https://eswi.org/activities/podcasts/eswi-airborne-life-scientist/being-scientist-not-just-job |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=eswi.org |language=en}}</ref> . Duk da haka, babu wani tsari na musamman don tantance wanene masanin kimiyya kuma wanene ba masanin kimiyya ba. Kowa zai iya zama masanin kimiyya ta wata hanya. Wasu sana'o'i suna da ƙa'idodi na doka don aikinsu (misali lasisi ) kuma wasu masana kimiyya [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa|masana kimiyya ne masu zaman kansu]] ma'ana suna yin kimiyya da kansu, amma don yin kimiyya babu wasu ƙa'idodi na lasisi da aka sani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everyone is a Scientist – Scientific Scribbles |url=https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2014/08/07/everyone-is-a-scientist/}}</ref> === Ilimi === A zamanin yau, ƙwararrun masana kimiyya da yawa suna samun horo a fannin ilimi (misali, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] da cibiyoyin bincike ), galibi a matakin makarantun digiri na biyu . Da zarar sun kammala karatunsu, yawanci za su sami digiri na ilimi, inda mafi girman digirin shine digiri na uku kamar digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (PhD). <ref name="Cyranoski2011">{{Cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |last2=Gilbert |first2=Natasha |last3=Ledford |first3=Heidi |last4=Nayar |first4=Anjali |last5=Yahia |first5=Mohammed |year=2011 |title=Education: The PhD factory |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7343 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..276C |doi=10.1038/472276a |pmid=21512548 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa ilimin digiri na biyu ga masana kimiyya ya bambanta tsakanin cibiyoyi da ƙasashe, wasu buƙatun horo na gama gari sun haɗa da ƙwarewa a fannin da ake sha'awa, <ref name="Editorial2015">{{Cite journal |year=2015 |title=STEM education: To build a scientist |journal=Nature |volume=523 |issue=7560 |pages=371–373 |doi=10.1038/nj7560-371a |doi-access=free}}</ref> buga sakamakon bincike a cikin mujallun kimiyya da aka yi nazari a kansu <ref name="Gould2016">{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Julie |year=2016 |title=What's the point of the PhD thesis? |journal=Nature |volume=535 |issue=7610 |pages=26–28 |bibcode=2016Natur.535...26G |doi=10.1038/535026a |pmid=27383968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma gabatar da su a tarurrukan kimiyya, <ref name="Kruger2018">{{Cite journal |last=Kruger |first=Philipp |year=2018 |title=Why it is not a 'failure' to leave academia |journal=Nature |volume=560 |issue=7716 |pages=133–134 |bibcode=2018Natur.560..133K |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05838-y |pmid=30065341 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ba da laccoci ko [[Malami|koyarwa]], <ref name="Kruger2018" /> da kuma kare takardar digiri (ko dissertation) yayin jarrabawar baki . <ref name="Cyranoski2011" /> Domin taimaka musu a wannan aikin, ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri sau da yawa suna aiki ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Jagora|mai ba da shawara]], yawanci babban masanin kimiyya, wanda zai iya ci gaba bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir inda suke aiki a matsayin masu bincike na gaba da digiri na uku . <ref name="Lee2007">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Nature's guide for mentors |journal=Nature |volume=447 |issue=7146 |pages=791–797 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..791L |doi=10.1038/447791a |pmid=17568738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Sana'a === Bayan kammala horon su, masana kimiyya da yawa suna neman ayyuka a wurare da yanayi daban-daban na aiki. <ref name="Kwok2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kwok |first=Roberta |year=2017 |title=Flexible working: Science in the gig economy |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, mujallar kimiyya ta Birtaniya mai ''suna Nature'' ta buga sakamakon wani babban bincike da aka gudanar kan sama da ɗaliban digiri na uku 5,700 a duk duniya, inda aka tambaye su a kan waɗanne fannoni na tattalin arziki suke son yin aiki a cikinsu. Kusan rabin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi sun so su ci gaba da aiki a fannin ilimi, tare da ƙaramin adadin waɗanda ke fatan yin aiki a masana'antu, gwamnati, da kuma muhallin da ba na riba ba. <ref name="Editorial2017a">{{Cite journal |last=Woolston |first=Chris |year=2007 |title=Many junior scientists need to take a hard look at their job prospects |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Woolston2017">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship |journal=Nature |volume=550 |issue=7677 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke motsa su su ne amincewa da takwarorinsu da kuma daraja. [[Kyautar Nobel]] aka fi girmamawa a duniya, ana bayar da ita kowace shekara ga waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a fannin kimiyya a fannonin [[Ilimin magunguna|likitanci]], kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma [[Kimiyya|ilmin sinadarai]] . ==== Abubuwan bincike masu sha'awa ==== Masana kimiyya sun haɗa da masu gwaji waɗanda galibi ke yin gwaje-gwaje don gwada hasashe, da kuma masana ka'idoji waɗanda galibi ke ƙirƙirar samfura don bayyana bayanan da ke akwai da kuma hasashen sabbin sakamako. Akwai ci gaba tsakanin ayyukan biyu kuma rarrabuwar da ke tsakaninsu ba ta bayyana ba, inda masana kimiyya da yawa ke yin ayyukan biyu. Waɗanda ke ɗaukar kimiyya a matsayin sana'a galibi suna duban iyakokin ƙasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ilimin sararin samaniya da [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], musamman ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma aikin kwayar halittar ɗan adam . Sauran fannoni na bincike mai zurfi sun haɗa da binciken abu a ma'aunin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta kamar yadda kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi ta bayyana, da kuma kimiyyar kayan aiki, wanda ke neman gano da tsara sabbin kayan aiki. Wasu kuma sun zaɓi yin nazarin aikin [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]] da kuma masu ba da agajin jijiyoyi, wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "iyaka ta ƙarshe". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Brain: The Final Frontier? |url=https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-brain-the-final-frontier}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Frontier - Carnegie Mellon University &#124; CMU |url=https://www.cmu.edu/homepage/health/2010/summer/the-last-frontier.shtml}}</ref> Akwai muhimman abubuwan da za a gano game da yanayin [[Hankali|tunani]] da [[Tunani|tunanin]] [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], waɗanda har yanzu ba a san yawancinsu ba. Wasu masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar amfani da ilimin kimiyya don amfanin lafiyar mutane, ƙasashe, duniya, yanayi, ko masana'antu (masanin ilimi da [[Kimiyya mai amfani|masanin kimiyyar masana'antu]] ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2025 ya gano cewa wasu ƙalilan masana kimiyya sun fi fifita akida fiye da [[gaskiya]] ko kuma sun bayar da rahoton yin taka-tsantsan a cikin ayyukansu. <ref name="j182">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Cory J. |last2=Fjeldmark |first2=Matias |last3=Lu |first3=Louise |last4=Baumeister |first4=Roy F. |last5=Ceci |first5=Stephen |last6=Frey |first6=Komi |last7=Miller |first7=Geoffrey |last8=Reilly |first8=Wilfred |last9=Tice |first9=Dianne |last10=von Hippel |first10=William |last11=Williams |first11=Wendy M. |last12=Winegard |first12=Bo M. |last13=Tetlock |first13=Philip E. |date=2025 |title=Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916241252085 |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=941–957 |doi=10.1177/17456916241252085 |issn=1745-6916 |pmc=12408927 |pmid=38752984 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref> === Ta hanyar ƙwarewa === ==== Kimiyyar Halitta ==== ===== Kimiyya ta jiki ===== {| class="wikitable" | * Biologist ** Acarologist ** Aerobiologist ** [[Anatomy|Anatomist]] ** Arachnologist ** Astrobiologist ** Bacteriologist ** Bioclimatologist ** Biogeographer ** Bioinformatician ** [[Biotechnology|Biotechnologist]] ** Bioarcheologist ** Biochemist ** Biolinguist ** Biological anthropologist ** Biophysicist ** Biostatistician ** [[Botany|Botanist]] ** Cell biologist ** Chronobiologist ** Cognitive biologist ** Computational biologist | * [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|Conservation biologist]] * Dendrochronologist * Developmental biologist * [[Ecology|Ecologist]] * Electrophysiologist * Embryologist * Endocrinologist * Entomologist * Epidemiologist * Ethologist * Evolutionary biologist * Geneticist * Hematologist * Herbchronologist * Herpetologist * Histologist * Human behavioral ecologist * Human biologist | * Ichnologist * Ichthyologist * Immunologist * Integrative biologist * Lepidopterist * Mammalogist * Marine biologist * [[Ilimin halittu na kiwon lafiya|Medical biologist]] * Microbiologist * Molecular biologist * [[Mycology|Mycologist]] * Neuroendocrinologist * Neuroscientist ** Neuropsychologist * Ornithologist * Osteologist * Paleoanthropologist * Paleobotanist * Paleobiologist * Paleontologist * Paleopathologist | * Parasitologist * [[Ilimin Cututtuka|Pathologist]] * Physiologist * Phytopathologist * Population biologist * Primatologist * Quantum biologist * Radiobiologist * Sclerochronologist * Sociobiologist * Structural biologist * Theoretical biologist * Toxicologist * Virologist * Wildlife biologist * [[Zoology|Zoologist]] |} ==== Kimiyyar zamantakewa ==== {| class="wikitable" | * Masanin ilimin ɗan adam ** Masanin kayan tarihi ** Masanin ilimin al'adu ** Masanin ilimin harsuna * Masanin kimiyyar sadarwa * Masanin laifuka * Mai Zane-zanen Jama'a * Masanin tattalin arziki * Masanin kimiyyar gudanarwa * Masanin tattalin arziki na siyasa * [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Masanin kimiyyar siyasa]] * Masana harsuna | * Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ** Masanin ilimin halittar ɗabi'a ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na asibiti ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam mai fahimta ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ci gaba ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ilimi ** Masanin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na lafiya ** Masanin ilimin halayyar masana'antu da ƙungiya ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na likita ** Masanin halayyar ɗan adam na zamantakewa ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan wasa * [[Kimiyar al'umma|Masanin zamantakewa]] |} ==== Kimiyya ta yau da kullun ==== {| class="wikitable" | * Masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ** Masanin kimiyyar lissafi ** Masanin kimiyyar bayanai * Masanin lissafi ** Algebraist ** Mai sharhi ** Geometer ** Mai ba da shawara ** Mai yiwuwa ** Mai lissafin lissafi ** Masanin ilimin lissafi * Masanin kimiyya na tsarin |} ==== An yi amfani da shi ==== {| class="wikitable" | * [[Noma|Mai Noma]] * Tsarin kimiyyar lissafi ** Masanin kimiyyar lafiya ** Masanin kimiyyar lissafi * Masanin kimiyyar halittu * Masanin kimiyyar injiniya * [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Masanin kimiyyar muhalli]] * Masanin kimiyyar abinci * Masanin ilimin halittar jini * Mai ba da shawara kan abinci mai gina jiki * Masu binciken ayyuka da manazarta gudanarwa * Masanin kimiyyar likita |} ==== Ma'aikata daban-daban ==== === Ta hanyar ma'aikaci === * Ilimi * [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa]] * [[Kimiyya mai amfani|Masanin kimiyya/mai amfani]] * [[Kimiyya ta ɗan ƙasa|Masanin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa]] * Masanin kimiyyar gwamnati == Ƙididdige Jama'a == === Ta ƙasa === Adadin masana kimiyya ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, akwai masana kimiyya guda huɗu kacal a duk ma'aikata 10,000 a Indiya, yayin da wannan adadin ya kai 79 ga Burtaniya, da kuma 85 ga Amurka. <ref name="Noorden2015" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Masana kimiyya ga ma'aikata 10,000 na ƙasashe da aka zaɓa <ref name="Noorden2015">{{Cite journal |last=van Noorden |first=Richard |year=2015 |title=India by the numbers |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7551 |pages=142–143 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..142V |doi=10.1038/521142a |pmid=25971491 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- valign="top" | * [[Najeriya]] : 1 * [[Indonesiya]] : 1 * [[Maleshiya|Malesiya]] : 2 * [[Tailan|Tailandia]] : 2 * [[Bangladesh]] : 2 * [[Pakistan]] : 3 | * [[Indiya]] : 4 * [[Kenya]] : 6 * [[Chile]] : 7 * [[Brazil]] : 14 * [[Misra|Masar]] : 14 | * [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] : 15 * [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] : 15 * [[Sin|Kasar Sin]] : 18 * [[Afirka ta Kudu]] : 20 * [[New Zealand]] : 35 | * [[Ispaniya|Spain]] : 54 * [[Rasha]] : 58 * [[Faransa]] : 68 * [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] : 69 * [[Jamus]] : 70 * [[Italiya]] : 70 | * [[Kanada]] : 73 * [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] : 79 * [[Japan]] : 83 * [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : 85 * [[Isra'ila]] : 140 |} ==== Amurka ==== A cewar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, kashi 4.7&nbsp;mutane miliyan ɗaya da ke da digirin kimiyya sun yi aiki a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 2015, a dukkan fannoni da kuma fannonin aiki. Adadin ya ƙunshi maza sau biyu fiye da mata. Daga cikin wannan jimilla, kashi 17% sun yi aiki a fannin ilimi, wato a jami'o'i da cibiyoyin karatun digiri na farko, kuma maza suna da kashi 53% na waɗannan mukamai. Kashi 5% na masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a gwamnatin tarayya, kuma kusan kashi 3.5% suna aikin kansu. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƙarshe, kashi biyu bisa uku maza ne. Kashi 59% na masana kimiyya a Amurka suna aiki a masana'antu ko kasuwanci, yayin da wasu kashi 6% kuma suna aiki a wurare marasa riba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-02-22 |title=Employment: Male majority |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=542 |issue=7642 |pages=509 |doi=10.1038/nj7642-509b |s2cid=256770781}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Injiniyoyi]] * Mai ƙirƙira * [[Bincike|Mai Bincike]] * Lambar Filaye * Rantsuwar Hippocratic ga Masana Kimiyya * Tarihin kimiyya * Mai hankali * [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa]] * Lasisi * Masanin kimiyya mai hauka * [[Kimiyya ta halitta|Kimiyyar Halitta]] * [[Kyautar Nobel]] * Kimiyyar Proto * Kimiyyar al'ada * Kimiyyar Zamba * Malami * [[Ilmi|Kimiyya]] * [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa]] * Mata a fannin kimiyya ; Jerin masu alaƙa * Jerin injiniyoyi * Jerin Masana Lissafi * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Fannin Lissafi * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Kimiyyar Sinadarai * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Fannin Ilimin Halittar Jiki ko Magunguna * Jerin masana kimiyyar Rasha * Jerin malaman addinin Katolika na Roman == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a4qigwabkxrvhr6487qtrjcv5276b95 963022 963021 2026-10-04T12:32:26Z Baffa ali 47435 963022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masanin kimiyya''' ƙwararre ne a fannoni ɗaya ko fiye na [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] kuma wanda ya saba amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya wajen gudanar da binciken kimiyya don haɓaka ilimi a kimiyya. <ref name="researchcouncil">{{Cite web |title=Our definition of a scientist |url=https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ |access-date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Science Council |quote=A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.}}</ref> A zamanin da, babu wani tsohon kwatancen masanin kimiyyar zamani. Madadin haka, [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] sun shiga cikin nazarin falsafar yanayi da ake kira falsafar yanayi . <ref name="Lehoux">{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> Duk da cewa [[Thales na Miletus|Thales]] ( {{Circa}} 624–545 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) shine masanin kimiyya na farko da ya bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya za a iya ganin su a matsayin na halitta, ba lallai bane alloli su haifar da su ba, <ref name="books.google.com">Frank N. Magill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_CMl8ziTbKYC&pg=PA1121 ''The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography'', Volume 1], Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1135457395}}</ref> amma sai a ƙarni na 19 ne kalmar ''kimiyya'' ta fara amfani da ita akai-akai: masanin tauhidi, masanin falsafa, kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ne ya ƙirƙiro ta don bayyana Mary Somerville . <ref name="Lightman2011">{{Cite book|edition=Ronald}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|right|thumb| "Babu wanda a tarihin wayewa ya fi fahimtar kimiyya da falsafar yanayi girma fiye da babban masanin falsafa kuma masanin kimiyya na Girka [[Aristotle]] (384 &#x2013; 322 BC), wanda ya yi tasiri mai zurfi da ya yaɗu tsawon sama da shekaru dubu biyu" —Gary B. Ferngren ]] [[File:Georgius_Agricola.jpg|thumb| Georgius Agricola ya ba wa [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] suna na zamani. Ana kiransa da uban ilimin ma'adanai kuma wanda ya kafa [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]] a matsayin fannin kimiyya. <ref name="berk">{{Cite web |title=Georgius Agricola |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agricola.html |access-date=April 4, 2019 |publisher=University of California - Museum of Paleontology}}</ref> <ref name="Rafferty 2012 p. 10">Rafferty, John P. (2012). ''Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks''. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10. {{ISBN|9781615305445}}</ref>]] [[File:JKepler.jpg|thumb| [[Johannes Kepler]], ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma ubannin ilmin taurari na zamani, hanyar kimiyya, kimiyyar [[Kimiyya ta halitta|halitta]] da ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannes Kepler´s 450th birthday |url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/greatinventors/johanneskepler/index.html |publisher=German Patent and Trade Mark Office}}</ref>]] [[File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg|thumb|222x222px| Alessandro Volta, wanda ya ƙirƙiro [[batirin lantarki]] kuma ya gano [[methane]], ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a tarihi.]] [[File:Francesco_Redi.jpg|thumb| Francesco Redi, wanda ake kira "uban ƙwayoyin cuta na zamani", shine wanda ya kafa ilmin halittu na gwaji.]] [[File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689_(brightened).jpg|right|thumb| [[Isaac Newton]], wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "babban mutum na Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya ", <ref name=":92">{{Cite book|last3=Michael R. Matthews}}</ref> kuma wanda ya sami babban haɗin kai na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ya ƙirƙiri makanikai na gargajiya, lissafi kuma ya inganta hanyar kimiyya.]] [[File:Thomas_Phillips_-_Mary_Fairfax,_Mrs_William_Somerville,_1780_-_1872._Writer_on_science_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|right|thumb| Mary Somerville, wacce aka ƙirƙiro kalmar "masanin kimiyya".]] [[File:Albert_Einstein_photo_1921.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin kimiyyar lissafi [[Albert Einstein]] ya ƙirƙiro ka'idar dangantaka ta gabaɗaya kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga kimiyyar lissafi.]] [[File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg|right|thumb| An yaba wa masanin kimiyyar lissafi Enrico Fermi wajen ƙirƙirar bam ɗin atomic da kuma na'urar sarrafa nukiliya ta farko a duniya.]] [[File:Niels_Bohr.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin kimiyyar atomic [[Niels Bohr]] ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen fahimtar tsarin atomic da ka'idar quantum.]] [[File:Rachel-Carson.jpg|right|thumb| Masanin ilmin halittu na ruwa [[Rachel Carson]] ta ƙaddamar da [[Gudanar da muhalli|fafutukar kare muhalli]] ta ƙarni na 20.]] Matsayin "masana kimiyya", da magabatansu kafin fitowar fannonin kimiyya na zamani, ya ci gaba sosai a tsawon lokaci. Masana kimiyya na zamani daban-daban (kuma a gabaninsu, masana falsafa na halitta, masana lissafi, masana tarihi na halitta, masana ilimin tauhidi na halitta, injiniyoyi, da sauransu waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya) suna da wurare daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kuma [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ƙa'idodin zamantakewa]], ɗabi'un ɗabi'a, da kyawawan halaye da ke da alaƙa da masana kimiyya - da kuma waɗanda ake tsammani daga gare su - sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Saboda haka, ana iya gane mutane daban-daban na tarihi a matsayin masana kimiyya na farko, ya danganta da halayen kimiyyar zamani da aka ɗauka a matsayin masu mahimmanci. Wasu masana tarihi sun nuna juyin juya halin kimiyya wanda ya fara a ƙarni na 16 a matsayin lokacin da kimiyya ta bunƙasa a cikin wani yanayi na zamani da aka sani. Sai a ƙarni na 19 ne aka sami isassun sauye-sauye a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da masana kimiyya suka samu don zama babbar sana'a. <ref>On the historical development of the character of scientists and the predecessors, see: Steven Shapin (2008). ''The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation''. Chicago: Chicago University Press. {{ISBN|0-226-75024-8}}</ref> === Tsoffin tarihi === Masana da yawa sun bi diddigin ilimin yanayi a zamanin da . Gudummawar da Girkawa suka bayar ga kimiyya—gami da ayyukan lissafi da ilmin taurari na lissafi, labaran farko na hanyoyin halittu da kundin bayanai na tsirrai da dabbobi, da kuma ka'idojin ilimi da ilmantarwa— masana falsafa da likitoci ne suka samar da su, da kuma masu sana'o'i daban-daban. Waɗannan ayyuka, da kuma alaƙarsu da ilimin kimiyya, sun bazu tare da Daular Romawa, kuma tare da yaɗuwar Kiristanci, sun sami alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da cibiyoyin addini a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Falaki da ilmin taurari sun zama muhimmin fanni na ilimi, kuma rawar da masanin ilmin taurari/mai ilmin taurari ya taka ta hanyar goyon bayan siyasa da addini. A lokacin tsarin jami'a na zamanin da, an raba ilimi zuwa trivium - falsafa, gami da falsafar halitta - da kuma quadrivium - lissafi, gami da ilmin taurari. Saboda haka, kwatancen masana kimiyya na zamanin da galibi ko dai masana falsafa ne ko kuma masana lissafi. Ilimin tsirrai da dabbobi ya kasance fannin likitoci. === Tsakiyar Zamani === Kimiyya a zamanin da Musulunci ta ƙirƙiro sabbin hanyoyi na samun ilimin halitta, kodayake waɗannan ci gaban sun kasance cikin ayyukan zamantakewa na yanzu kamar masanin falsafa da masanin lissafi. Yawancin masana kimiyyar zamani na [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|Zamanin Zinare]] ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan ma'auni, wani ɓangare saboda babu wani fanni na kimiyya da aka fayyace a sarari kamar yadda aka fahimta a yau. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan farkon polymaths suma malaman addini ne. Misali, [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] da [[al-Biruni]] suna da alaƙa da mutakallimiin ; likitan [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] [[Hafizi|hafiz]] ne; likitan Ibn al-Nafis hafiz ne, muhaddith ne, kuma [[Ulama'u|ulama]] ; masanin tsirrai Otto Brunfels masanin tauhidi ne kuma masanin tarihi na Furotesta; kuma masanin ilmin taurari kuma likita [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] malami ne. A lokacin Renaissance na Italiya, mutane kamar [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Galileo Galilei]], da Gerolamo Cardano galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan ma'auni. === Farfado da Zamanin Farfadowa === A lokacin [[Renaissance]], masana kimiyya na Italiya sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga kimiyya. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ya yi manyan abubuwan lura a fannin ilmin halittar jiki da kuma ilmin halittar jiki. [[Galileo Galilei]], wanda wani lokacin ake kira uban kimiyyar zamani, ya inganta ma'aunin zafi da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda hakan ya ba da damar ƙarin cikakken bayani game da [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]] . [[René Descartes|Descartes]] ya fara nazarin lissafi, ya tsara ka'idar injiniya, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi game da motsi da fahimta na dabba. Bincike kan hangen nesa ya jawo hankalin masana kimiyyar lissafi kamar Thomas Young da Hermann von Helmholtz, waɗanda suka kuma yi nazarin na'urorin gani, [[ji]], da [[kiɗa]] . [[Isaac Newton]] ya faɗaɗa ci gaban lissafi na baya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar [[Calculus|lissafi]] tare (ba tare da [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz ba]] ). Ya tsara ka'idodin makanikai na gargajiya kuma ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan [[haske]] da na gani. Joseph Fourier ya haɓaka ka'idar jerin lokuta marasa iyaka, ya yi nazarin canja wurin zafi da radiation na infrared, kuma ya bayyana abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da [[Tasirin Greenhouse|tasirin greenhouse]]. Masana lissafi ciki har da Girolamo Cardano, [[Blaise Pascal]], Pierre de Fermat, John von Neumann, [[Alan Turing]], Aleksandr Khinchin, Andrey Markov, da Norbert Wiener sun ba da gudummawa ga lissafi da Ka'idar yiwuwar, gami da aikin tushe da ya dace da kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan kididdiga, da injiniyan lissafi. Masana kimiyya da yawa da ke da sha'awar lissafi, ciki har da Galileo, suma sun kasance ƙwararrun [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙa]]. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin kiwon lafiya da [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] sun hada da ci gaba wajen fahimtar yaduwar [[jini]], daga Galen zuwa Harvey. Wasu malamai da masana tarihi sun yi jayayya cewa [[Kiristanci]] ya ba da gudummawa ga tasowa na Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Peter |date=8 May 2012 |title=Christianity and the rise of western science |url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/05/08/3498202.htm |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> === Zamanin Haskakawa === A lokacin Age of Enlightenment, Luigi Galvani, mai gabatarwa na bioelectromagnetics, ya bincika abin da ya kira "wutan lantarki na dabba".Ya lura cewa yin amfani da cajin lantarki a cikin kashin baya na kwayar cuta na iya haifar da spasms na tsoka a duk jikinta. Ko da ƙafafun frog da aka raba sun yi rawar jiki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga motsawar lantarki. A cikin wani gwaji, Galvani ya lura cewa ƙafar ƙarfe da ke taɓa ƙugiya ta tagulla da ke riƙe da ƙafar kwaya ta sa kafa ta yi kwangila. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun ƙarfafa waɗannan abubuwan lura, wanda ya jagoranci Galvani ya kammala cewa yana shaida wani nau'i na ƙarfin lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin dabba. A Jami'ar Pavia, abokin aikinsa Alessandro Volta ya sake maimaita sakamakon amma ya yi tambaya game da fassarar Galvani. Lazzaro Spallanzani ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin ilimin gwaji da kimiyyar halitta. Binciken da ya yi yana da tasiri mai dorewa a kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, musamman a cikin binciken gwaji na ayyukan jiki da haihuwar dabba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spallanzani - Uomo e scienziato |url=http://www-3.unipv.it/webbio/spalla99/spallanz.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603044941/http://www-3.unipv.it/webbio/spalla99/spallanz.htm |archive-date=2010-06-03 |access-date=2010-06-07 |publisher=Il museo di Lazzaro Spallanzani |language=it}}</ref> Francesco Redi ya nuna cewa microorganisms na iya haifar da [[Cuta|Cutar]]. === Karni na 19 === Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20, ana kiran masana kimiyya da "masu falsafa na halitta" ko "mutane na kimiyya". <ref>Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. {{Cite web |title=Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science |url=http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309165847/http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html |archive-date=2008-03-09 |access-date=2008-01-15}}</ref> <ref>Steve Fuller, Kuhn VS. Popper: The Struggle For The Soul Of Science. Columbia University Press 2004. Page 43. {{ISBN|0-231-13428-2}}</ref> Masanin falsafa na Ingila kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya [[William whewell|William Whewell]] ya kirkiro kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' a 1833. Ya fara bayyana a bugawa a cikin bita na 1834 na Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, wanda aka buga a cikin Quarterly Review . <ref name="Ross1962">{{Cite journal |last=Ross, Sydney |year=1962 |title=Scientist: The story of a word |journal=[[Annals of Science]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1080/00033796200202722 |doi-access=free}} To be exact, the person who coined the term ''scientist'' was referred to in Whewell 1834 only as "some ingenious gentleman." Ross later identified this as Whewell himself. Ross 1962, p.72.</ref> A cikin bita, Whewell ya tattauna abin da ya bayyana a matsayin karuwar halin zuwa ga ƙwarewa a cikin kimiyya. Kamar yadda takamaiman kalmomi kamar su ''masanin sunadarai'', ''masanin lissafi'', da ''masanin halitta'' suka zama ruwan dare, kalmar da ta fi girma ''masanin falsafa'' ba ta bayyana wadanda ke cikin binciken kimiyya ba. Whewell ya bambanta wannan yanayin da manufar Somerville na nuna yadda aka haɗa rassan kimiyya daban-daban a tarihi ta hanyar ka'idoji na gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whewell |first=William |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=John |title=On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences By Mrs. Sommerville |journal=The Quarterly Review |volume=LI |issue=March & June 1834 |pages=54–68}}</ref> Whewell ya ba da rahoton cewa membobin Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya sun nuna damuwa game da rashin kalmar da ta dace ga "ɗalibai na ilimin duniya mai mahimmanci".Da yake magana a kai tsaye game da kansa, ya lura cewa "wasu mutum mai basira" ya gabatar da kalmar ''masanin kimiyya'' ta hanyar kwatankwacin ''mai zane'', yana jayayya cewa irin wannan tsari kamar ''masanin tattalin arziki'' da ''[[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]]'' an riga an yi amfani da shi. Duk da haka, ba a karɓi shawarar nan da nan ba. Daga baya Wheel ya sake gabatar da kalmar, musamman a cikin littafinsa na 1840 ''mai suna The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences'' . Ya kuma gabatar da kalmar ''kimiyyar lissafi'' a matsayin takwarar ''likitan'' Faransa. Babu ɗayan kalmomin da suka sami karɓuwa sosai nan take. ''Masana kimiyya'' sun zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a Amurka da kuma kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 a Burtaniya . <ref name="Ross1962" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Whewell (1794-1866) gentleman of science |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/whewell.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625171128/http://www.victorianweb.org/science/whewell.html |archive-date=2007-06-25 |access-date=2007-05-19}}</ref> <ref>Tamara Preaud, Derek E. Ostergard, The Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory. Yale University Press 1997. 416 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-07338-0}} Page 36.</ref> A ƙarni na ashirin, ra'ayin zamani na kimiyya a matsayin wani yanki na ilimi daban-daban, wanda wata al'umma ta musamman ke aiwatarwa kuma ake bi ta hanyoyi da aka sani, ya zama tabbatacce. === ƙarni na 20 === [[Marie Curie]] ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Nobel kuma mutum ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau biyu. Kokarin da ta yi ya haifar da haɓaka makamashin nukiliya da kuma radiotherapy don maganin ciwon daji. A shekarar 1922, Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta naɗa ta memba a Hukumar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haɗin Kan Fasaha. Ta yi fafutukar neman 'yancin masana kimiyya na mallakar takardun mallakar abubuwan da suka gano da kuma ƙirƙira. Ta kuma yi fafutukar ganin an samu damar samun damar yin amfani da littattafan kimiyya na duniya kyauta da kuma alamun kimiyya da aka amince da su a duniya. == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na sana'a, masanin kimiyyar yau an san shi sosai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Being a scientist, not just a job {{!}} ESWI |url=https://eswi.org/activities/podcasts/eswi-airborne-life-scientist/being-scientist-not-just-job |access-date=2026-06-13 |website=eswi.org |language=en}}</ref> . Duk da haka, babu wani tsari na musamman don tantance wanene masanin kimiyya kuma wanene ba masanin kimiyya ba. Kowa zai iya zama masanin kimiyya ta wata hanya. Wasu sana'o'i suna da ƙa'idodi na doka don aikinsu (misali lasisi ) kuma wasu masana kimiyya [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa|masana kimiyya ne masu zaman kansu]] ma'ana suna yin kimiyya da kansu, amma don yin kimiyya babu wasu ƙa'idodi na lasisi da aka sani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everyone is a Scientist – Scientific Scribbles |url=https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2014/08/07/everyone-is-a-scientist/}}</ref> === Ilimi === A zamanin yau, ƙwararrun masana kimiyya da yawa suna samun horo a fannin ilimi (misali, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] da cibiyoyin bincike ), galibi a matakin makarantun digiri na biyu . Da zarar sun kammala karatunsu, yawanci za su sami digiri na ilimi, inda mafi girman digirin shine digiri na uku kamar digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (PhD). <ref name="Cyranoski2011">{{Cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |last2=Gilbert |first2=Natasha |last3=Ledford |first3=Heidi |last4=Nayar |first4=Anjali |last5=Yahia |first5=Mohammed |year=2011 |title=Education: The PhD factory |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7343 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..276C |doi=10.1038/472276a |pmid=21512548 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa ilimin digiri na biyu ga masana kimiyya ya bambanta tsakanin cibiyoyi da ƙasashe, wasu buƙatun horo na gama gari sun haɗa da ƙwarewa a fannin da ake sha'awa, <ref name="Editorial2015">{{Cite journal |year=2015 |title=STEM education: To build a scientist |journal=Nature |volume=523 |issue=7560 |pages=371–373 |doi=10.1038/nj7560-371a |doi-access=free}}</ref> buga sakamakon bincike a cikin mujallun kimiyya da aka yi nazari a kansu <ref name="Gould2016">{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Julie |year=2016 |title=What's the point of the PhD thesis? |journal=Nature |volume=535 |issue=7610 |pages=26–28 |bibcode=2016Natur.535...26G |doi=10.1038/535026a |pmid=27383968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma gabatar da su a tarurrukan kimiyya, <ref name="Kruger2018">{{Cite journal |last=Kruger |first=Philipp |year=2018 |title=Why it is not a 'failure' to leave academia |journal=Nature |volume=560 |issue=7716 |pages=133–134 |bibcode=2018Natur.560..133K |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05838-y |pmid=30065341 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ba da laccoci ko [[Malami|koyarwa]], <ref name="Kruger2018" /> da kuma kare takardar digiri (ko dissertation) yayin jarrabawar baki . <ref name="Cyranoski2011" /> Domin taimaka musu a wannan aikin, ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri sau da yawa suna aiki ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Jagora|mai ba da shawara]], yawanci babban masanin kimiyya, wanda zai iya ci gaba bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir inda suke aiki a matsayin masu bincike na gaba da digiri na uku . <ref name="Lee2007">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Nature's guide for mentors |journal=Nature |volume=447 |issue=7146 |pages=791–797 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..791L |doi=10.1038/447791a |pmid=17568738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Sana'a === Bayan kammala horon su, masana kimiyya da yawa suna neman ayyuka a wurare da yanayi daban-daban na aiki. <ref name="Kwok2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kwok |first=Roberta |year=2017 |title=Flexible working: Science in the gig economy |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, mujallar kimiyya ta Birtaniya mai ''suna Nature'' ta buga sakamakon wani babban bincike da aka gudanar kan sama da ɗaliban digiri na uku 5,700 a duk duniya, inda aka tambaye su a kan waɗanne fannoni na tattalin arziki suke son yin aiki a cikinsu. Kusan rabin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi sun so su ci gaba da aiki a fannin ilimi, tare da ƙaramin adadin waɗanda ke fatan yin aiki a masana'antu, gwamnati, da kuma muhallin da ba na riba ba. <ref name="Editorial2017a">{{Cite journal |last=Woolston |first=Chris |year=2007 |title=Many junior scientists need to take a hard look at their job prospects |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Woolston2017">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship |journal=Nature |volume=550 |issue=7677 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke motsa su su ne amincewa da takwarorinsu da kuma daraja. [[Kyautar Nobel]] aka fi girmamawa a duniya, ana bayar da ita kowace shekara ga waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a fannin kimiyya a fannonin [[Ilimin magunguna|likitanci]], kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma [[Kimiyya|ilmin sinadarai]] . ==== Abubuwan bincike masu sha'awa ==== Masana kimiyya sun haɗa da masu gwaji waɗanda galibi ke yin gwaje-gwaje don gwada hasashe, da kuma masana ka'idoji waɗanda galibi ke ƙirƙirar samfura don bayyana bayanan da ke akwai da kuma hasashen sabbin sakamako. Akwai ci gaba tsakanin ayyukan biyu kuma rarrabuwar da ke tsakaninsu ba ta bayyana ba, inda masana kimiyya da yawa ke yin ayyukan biyu. Waɗanda ke ɗaukar kimiyya a matsayin sana'a galibi suna duban iyakokin ƙasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ilimin sararin samaniya da [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], musamman ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma aikin kwayar halittar ɗan adam . Sauran fannoni na bincike mai zurfi sun haɗa da binciken abu a ma'aunin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta kamar yadda kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi ta bayyana, da kuma kimiyyar kayan aiki, wanda ke neman gano da tsara sabbin kayan aiki. Wasu kuma sun zaɓi yin nazarin aikin [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]] da kuma masu ba da agajin jijiyoyi, wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "iyaka ta ƙarshe". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Brain: The Final Frontier? |url=https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-brain-the-final-frontier}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Frontier - Carnegie Mellon University &#124; CMU |url=https://www.cmu.edu/homepage/health/2010/summer/the-last-frontier.shtml}}</ref> Akwai muhimman abubuwan da za a gano game da yanayin [[Hankali|tunani]] da [[Tunani|tunanin]] [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], waɗanda har yanzu ba a san yawancinsu ba. Wasu masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar amfani da ilimin kimiyya don amfanin lafiyar mutane, ƙasashe, duniya, yanayi, ko masana'antu (masanin ilimi da [[Kimiyya mai amfani|masanin kimiyyar masana'antu]] ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2025 ya gano cewa wasu ƙalilan masana kimiyya sun fi fifita akida fiye da [[gaskiya]] ko kuma sun bayar da rahoton yin taka-tsantsan a cikin ayyukansu. <ref name="j182">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Cory J. |last2=Fjeldmark |first2=Matias |last3=Lu |first3=Louise |last4=Baumeister |first4=Roy F. |last5=Ceci |first5=Stephen |last6=Frey |first6=Komi |last7=Miller |first7=Geoffrey |last8=Reilly |first8=Wilfred |last9=Tice |first9=Dianne |last10=von Hippel |first10=William |last11=Williams |first11=Wendy M. |last12=Winegard |first12=Bo M. |last13=Tetlock |first13=Philip E. |date=2025 |title=Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916241252085 |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=941–957 |doi=10.1177/17456916241252085 |issn=1745-6916 |pmc=12408927 |pmid=38752984 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref> === Ta hanyar ƙwarewa === ==== Kimiyyar Halitta ==== ===== Kimiyya ta jiki ===== {| class="wikitable" | * Biologist ** Acarologist ** Aerobiologist ** [[Anatomy|Anatomist]] ** Arachnologist ** Astrobiologist ** Bacteriologist ** Bioclimatologist ** Biogeographer ** Bioinformatician ** [[Biotechnology|Biotechnologist]] ** Bioarcheologist ** Biochemist ** Biolinguist ** Biological anthropologist ** Biophysicist ** Biostatistician ** [[Botany|Botanist]] ** Cell biologist ** Chronobiologist ** Cognitive biologist ** Computational biologist | * [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|Conservation biologist]] * Dendrochronologist * Developmental biologist * [[Ecology|Ecologist]] * Electrophysiologist * Embryologist * Endocrinologist * Entomologist * Epidemiologist * Ethologist * Evolutionary biologist * Geneticist * Hematologist * Herbchronologist * Herpetologist * Histologist * Human behavioral ecologist * Human biologist | * Ichnologist * Ichthyologist * Immunologist * Integrative biologist * Lepidopterist * Mammalogist * Marine biologist * [[Ilimin halittu na kiwon lafiya|Medical biologist]] * Microbiologist * Molecular biologist * [[Mycology|Mycologist]] * Neuroendocrinologist * Neuroscientist ** Neuropsychologist * Ornithologist * Osteologist * Paleoanthropologist * Paleobotanist * Paleobiologist * Paleontologist * Paleopathologist | * Parasitologist * [[Ilimin Cututtuka|Pathologist]] * Physiologist * Phytopathologist * Population biologist * Primatologist * Quantum biologist * Radiobiologist * Sclerochronologist * Sociobiologist * Structural biologist * Theoretical biologist * Toxicologist * Virologist * Wildlife biologist * [[Zoology|Zoologist]] |} ==== Kimiyyar zamantakewa ==== {| class="wikitable" | * Masanin ilimin ɗan adam ** Masanin kayan tarihi ** Masanin ilimin al'adu ** Masanin ilimin harsuna * Masanin kimiyyar sadarwa * Masanin laifuka * Mai Zane-zanen Jama'a * Masanin tattalin arziki * Masanin kimiyyar gudanarwa * Masanin tattalin arziki na siyasa * [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Masanin kimiyyar siyasa]] * Masana harsuna | * Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ** Masanin ilimin halittar ɗabi'a ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na asibiti ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam mai fahimta ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ci gaba ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ilimi ** Masanin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na lafiya ** Masanin ilimin halayyar masana'antu da ƙungiya ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na likita ** Masanin halayyar ɗan adam na zamantakewa ** Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan wasa * [[Kimiyar al'umma|Masanin zamantakewa]] |} ==== Kimiyya ta yau da kullun ==== {| class="wikitable" | * Masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ** Masanin kimiyyar lissafi ** Masanin kimiyyar bayanai * Masanin lissafi ** Algebraist ** Mai sharhi ** Geometer ** Mai ba da shawara ** Mai yiwuwa ** Mai lissafin lissafi ** Masanin ilimin lissafi * Masanin kimiyya na tsarin |} ==== An yi amfani da shi ==== {| class="wikitable" | * [[Noma|Mai Noma]] * Tsarin kimiyyar lissafi ** Masanin kimiyyar lafiya ** Masanin kimiyyar lissafi * Masanin kimiyyar halittu * Masanin kimiyyar injiniya * [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Masanin kimiyyar muhalli]] * Masanin kimiyyar abinci * Masanin ilimin halittar jini * Mai ba da shawara kan abinci mai gina jiki * Masu binciken ayyuka da manazarta gudanarwa * Masanin kimiyyar likita |} ==== Ma'aikata daban-daban ==== === Ta hanyar ma'aikaci === * Ilimi * [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa]] * [[Kimiyya mai amfani|Masanin kimiyya/mai amfani]] * [[Kimiyya ta ɗan ƙasa|Masanin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa]] * Masanin kimiyyar gwamnati == Ƙididdige Jama'a == === Ta ƙasa === Adadin masana kimiyya ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, akwai masana kimiyya guda huɗu kacal a duk ma'aikata 10,000 a Indiya, yayin da wannan adadin ya kai 79 ga Burtaniya, da kuma 85 ga Amurka. <ref name="Noorden2015" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Masana kimiyya ga ma'aikata 10,000 na ƙasashe da aka zaɓa <ref name="Noorden2015">{{Cite journal |last=van Noorden |first=Richard |year=2015 |title=India by the numbers |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7551 |pages=142–143 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..142V |doi=10.1038/521142a |pmid=25971491 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- valign="top" | * [[Najeriya]] : 1 * [[Indonesiya]] : 1 * [[Maleshiya|Malesiya]] : 2 * [[Tailan|Tailandia]] : 2 * [[Bangladesh]] : 2 * [[Pakistan]] : 3 | * [[Indiya]] : 4 * [[Kenya]] : 6 * [[Chile]] : 7 * [[Brazil]] : 14 * [[Misra|Masar]] : 14 | * [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] : 15 * [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] : 15 * [[Sin|Kasar Sin]] : 18 * [[Afirka ta Kudu]] : 20 * [[New Zealand]] : 35 | * [[Ispaniya|Spain]] : 54 * [[Rasha]] : 58 * [[Faransa]] : 68 * [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] : 69 * [[Jamus]] : 70 * [[Italiya]] : 70 | * [[Kanada]] : 73 * [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] : 79 * [[Japan]] : 83 * [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] : 85 * [[Isra'ila]] : 140 |} ==== Amurka ==== A cewar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, kashi 4.7&nbsp;mutane miliyan ɗaya da ke da digirin kimiyya sun yi aiki a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 2015, a dukkan fannoni da kuma fannonin aiki. Adadin ya ƙunshi maza sau biyu fiye da mata. Daga cikin wannan jimilla, kashi 17% sun yi aiki a fannin ilimi, wato a jami'o'i da cibiyoyin karatun digiri na farko, kuma maza suna da kashi 53% na waɗannan mukamai. Kashi 5% na masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a gwamnatin tarayya, kuma kusan kashi 3.5% suna aikin kansu. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƙarshe, kashi biyu bisa uku maza ne. Kashi 59% na masana kimiyya a Amurka suna aiki a masana'antu ko kasuwanci, yayin da wasu kashi 6% kuma suna aiki a wurare marasa riba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-02-22 |title=Employment: Male majority |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=542 |issue=7642 |pages=509 |doi=10.1038/nj7642-509b |s2cid=256770781}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Injiniyoyi]] * Mai ƙirƙira * [[Bincike|Mai Bincike]] * Lambar Filaye * Rantsuwar Hippocratic ga Masana Kimiyya * Tarihin kimiyya * Mai hankali * [[Masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa]] * Lasisi * Masanin kimiyya mai hauka * [[Kimiyya ta halitta|Kimiyyar Halitta]] * [[Kyautar Nobel]] * Kimiyyar Proto * Kimiyyar al'ada * Kimiyyar Zamba * Malami * [[Ilmi|Kimiyya]] * [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa]] * Mata a fannin kimiyya ; Jerin masu alaƙa * Jerin injiniyoyi * Jerin Masana Lissafi * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Fannin Lissafi * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Kimiyyar Sinadarai * Jerin Wadanda Suka Lashe Kyautar Nobel a Fannin Ilimin Halittar Jiki ko Magunguna * Jerin masana kimiyyar Rasha * Jerin malaman addinin Katolika na Roman == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mgzfor432sca2lgivodcl3q39bw880p 0 167314 963068 921673 2026-10-04T15:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mt._Koubru.jpg|thumb| Hoton Dutsen Koubru daga kwarin Imphal]] '''Kwamitin Kariya da Kiyaye Haƙƙoƙin Tarihi na Koubru da Tsaunukan Thangjing (CPPKT)''' {{Efn|Known in [[Meitei language]] in [[Meitei script]] as ''({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯚꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯥ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯥꯏꯠ꯭ꯁ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯍꯤꯜ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ꯭ꯁ}})''}} ƙungiya ce ta farar hula a [[Manipur]] da ke da alhakin kare wuraren addini, al'adu, da tarihi da ke cikin tsaunukan Dutsen Koubru da Thangjing . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Discussion on 'Sacred sites of Koubru and Thangjing' held : 04th feb26 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..040226.feb26 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarify stand on Thangjing Hill : CPPKT to Govt |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/20/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-19-The-Committee-on-Protection-Preservation-of-the-Historical.amp.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt reminded to sanitise Mt Thangjing |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/6/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-5-The-Committee-on-Protection-and-Preservation-of-the-Historical-Rights-o.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin ya yi hulɗa da hukumomin gwamnati ta hanyar rubutattun bayanai, tarurruka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt asked to clarify on Thangjing hill ownership claim : 20th may22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..200522.may22 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> da kuma zanga-zangar jama'a game da shiga waɗannan wurare da kuma kasancewar gine-ginen da yake ɗauka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Communities hold meeting on Koubru and Thangjing, People's Convention planned on February 3: CPPKT |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/communities-hold-meeting-on-koubru-and-thangjing-peoples-convention-planned-on-february-3-cppkt/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=CPPKT warns govt to remove cross installed at Thangjing Hills |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/cppkt-warns-govt-to-remove-cross-installed-at-thangching-hills/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=four representatives of Committee on Protection & Preservation of Historical Rights of Koubru and Thangjing Hill ranges |url=https://bastihalchal.com/2023/11/02/four-representatives-of-committee-on-protection-preservation-of-historical-rights-of-koubru-and-thangjing-hill-ranges/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin addini da tarihi == Al'ummar Meitei suna ɗaukar tsaunukan Koubru da Thangjing a matsayin wurare masu tsarki. Ana danganta Koubru da Ibudhou Koubru, yayin da Thangjing ke da alaƙa da Ibudhou Thangjing, allahn kakannin Moirang . A cewar CPPKT, tuddai suna ɗauke da wurare da yawa na ibada da wurare masu mahimmanci na tarihi. Kwamitin ya bayyana cewa an takaita shiga waɗannan wurare tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, wanda hakan ya shafi bukukuwan addini da ayyukan hajji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=When Indigenous Tribes Claim Koubru and Thangjing as Their Own and Join the Meitei in Protecting |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/when-indigenous-tribes-claim-koubru-and-thangjing-as-their-own-and-join-the-meitei-in-protecting-1339179-2026-01-31 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Thangjing Hill desecrated' |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/9/19/By-Our-Staff-Reporter-IMPHAL-Sep-18-The-Committee-on-Protection-and-Preservation-of-the-Historical-Rights.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-installation of Cross atop Mt Thangjing CPPKT decries, demands legal action |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/2/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-1-Taking-strong-exception-to-the-re-installation-of-a-Cross-on-the-sacred.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> == Wakilai ga Gwamnati == === Takardar sanarwa ga Shugaban Kasa a shekarar 2021 === A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2021, CPPKT ta gabatar da wata takardar sanarwa ga Babban Minista N Biren Singh don neman kariya daga dukkan tsaunukan Koubru da Thangjing. Kwamitin ya lura cewa duk da cewa an riga an kare wasu sassan tsaunukan a ƙarƙashin [[Manipur Ancient and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976|Dokar Manipur ta Tsohuwar Wuraren Tarihi da Kayayyakin Tarihi ta 1976]], ba a haɗa wurare da yawa masu mahimmanci na addini da tarihi ba. CPPKT ta bayyana cewa Koubru ya ƙunshi wurare goma sha uku na ibada, yayin da Thangjing ya ƙunshi wurare goma sha uku na ibada da wurare tara na tarihi, kuma ta nemi a shigar da dukkan tsaunukan a ƙarƙashin [[Place of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991|Dokar Wurin Bauta (Tanadi na Musamman) ta 1991.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=CPKT submits memorandum |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/1/14/IMPHAL-Jan-14-The-Committee-on-Protection-and-Preservation-of-the-Historical-Rights-of-Koubru-and-Thangching-Hill-Ranges-CPKT-has-submitted-a-memorandum-to-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-to-protect.amp.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> === Yarjejeniya da Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Kuki a shekarar 2022 === A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2022, CPPKT da Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Kuki ta Henglep Block da Churachandpur sun cimma yarjejeniya game da tsaunukan Thangjing. Bangarorin biyu sun amince su janye sanarwar manema labarai da suka gabata game da batun, sannan suka yi kira da a dage a cikin sharhin jama'a. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ofishin Darakta Janar na 'Yan Sanda da ke Manipur, kuma Babban Minista N Biren Singh ya amince da ita a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stand off over Thangjing Hill resolved |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/24/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-23-The-Committee-on-Protection-Preservation-of-the-Historical.amp.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangjing pact Crucial test ahead for signatories PC 20220525 |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.editorial.editorial_2022.Thangjing_pact_Crucial_test_ahead_for_signatories_PC_20220525 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> == Hulɗa da Gwamna == A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2025, wakilan Thangjing Seva Mandal, ƙungiyar ci gaban tarihi, da CPPKT sun gana da Gwamna Ajay Kumar Bhalla a Raj Bhavan. Sun nuna damuwa game da wahalhalun da masu ibada ke fuskanta a ziyartar tsaunukan Thangjing. Gwamnan ya tabbatar da cewa za a binciki lamarin. Jami'an ofishin Gwamna da 'yan sandan gundumar Bishnupur sun halarci taron. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Irom |first=Bit |date=2025-04-02 |title=Manipur: Governor assures protection of Koubru and Thangjing hill range |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-governor-assures-protection-of-koubru-and-thangjing-hill-range.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226123306/https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-governor-assures-protection-of-koubru-and-thangjing-hill-range.html |archive-date=2026-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga baya CPPKT ta bayyana cewa Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cire wani gini ba tare da izini ba a Tudun Thangjing, binciken yankin, inganta matakan tsaro, da kuma shirye-shiryen zuwa Koubru da Thangjing a lokacin Sajibu na 2026. An gabatar da wata takardar tunatarwa da ke neman sabunta bayanai kan waɗannan tabbacin ga Gwamna a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2025, amma CPPKT ta ba da rahoton cewa ba a sami amsa ba. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CPPKT urges Governor to allow pilgrimage to Thangjing : 21st dec25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..211225.dec25 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> == Zanga-zangar jama'a == A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2025, CPPKT ta sanar da wani gagarumin gangami da za a gudanar a ranar 28 ga Disamba domin neman damar zuwa ga mahajjatan Meitei zuwa Koubru da Thangjing. Wannan shawarar ta biyo bayan taron hadin gwiwa na CPPKT da kungiyoyin fararen hula daban-daban a Moirang Kumam Mandap a ranar 25 ga Disamba. Taron ya tattauna ci gaba da takaita ayyukan ibada, ci gaba a tsaunukan Thangjing, da kuma rashin daukar matakin gwamnati. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Access to Koubru, Thangjing demand grows : 27th dec25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..271225.dec25 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CPPKT warns of intense agitation : 30th dec25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..301225.dec25 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to Koubru, Thangjing demand grows CPPKT to stage rally on Dec 28 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/12/27/by-our-staff-reporter-imphal-dec-26-the-committee-on-protection-and-preservation-of-the-historic-rights-of-kou.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da gangamin ne a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2025, a Moirang, wanda ya fara a Ibudhou Thangjing Moirang Laikol kuma ya kammala a filin wasanni na Hemam Nilamani Ngangkhalampak. CPPKT ce ta shirya taron tare da wasu kungiyoyin al'umma da dama, kuma ya kunshi jawabai na jama'a da ke kira ga gwamnati ta dauki matakin da ya dace domin ba da damar shiga wuraren ibada. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> == Takardar Amincewa ta 2025 == A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2025, CPPKT ta nemi ganawa da Gwamna Ajay Kumar Bhalla a Raj Bhavan amma ba a ba ta wani lokaci ba. Kwamitin ya gabatar da takardar sanarwa ta ofishin Gwamna. A cewar sakataren CPPKT Shyam Khumanthem, takardar ta yi magana game da takaita shiga wurare masu tsarki tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, kuma ta nemi a cire gine-gine marasa izini, a ba da izinin gudanar da ibada, da kuma kare wurare ciki har da Koubru da Thangjing. <ref name=":2" /> CPPKT ta bayyana cewa za a kuma mika kwafin takardar ga Babban Sakatare, Dan Majalisar Dokoki na Mazabar Majalisar Moirang, da Mataimakan Kwamishinoni da abin ya shafa. Kwamitin ya nuna cewa za a iya ci gaba da ɗaukar mataki a bainar jama'a idan ba a sami amsa ba. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == g209b56p2o95lqjvfh2xz08d2i3kcvr 0 167328 963221 921716 2026-10-05T00:13:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''MC Mehta da Tarayyar Indiya da Ors.''' '''(1996)''' , (1997) 2 SCC 353, wanda aka fi sani da '''Taj Trapezium Case''', wani muhimmin [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|shari'a ne na kare muradun jama'a]] (PIL) a cikin dokar muhalli ta Indiya da [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] ta yanke wanda ya amince da barazanar muhalli ga mahimmancin al'adu da tarihi [[Taj Mahal|na Taj Mahal]] daga gurɓatar masana'antu. Hukuncin ya haramta amfani da kwal, koken, da sauran masana'antun gurbata muhalli a yankin Taj Trapezium (TTZ), yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 10,400 a kusa da wurin tunawa. An yanke wannan hukunci ne a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1996 ta hannun wani kwamitin sashe wanda ya kunshi Alkali Kuldip Singh da Alkali Faizan Uddin . Shahararren lauyan kare muhalli MC Mehta ne ya fara shari'ar, wanda ya shigar da karar PIL a shekarar 1984. Takardar koke ta nuna tabarbarewar yanayin farin marmara na Taj Mahal wanda ke canzawa zuwa rawaya saboda gurɓataccen iska daga masana'antun da ke kusa, musamman masana'antun hakar ma'adinai, masana'antun sinadarai, da kuma Ma'aikatar Matatar Mathura . An lura da hukuncin saboda amfani da [[Tsarin taka Tsantsan|ka'idar kariya]] da kuma ka'idar biyan haraji ga masu gurbata muhalli, da kuma fifita kariyar al'adu da muhalli fiye da ci gaban masana'antu wanda ba zai dore ba. Shari'ar ta kuma kafa misali mai ƙarfi na amfani da muhimman ƙa'idodin muhalli a shari'o'in kotu. == Bayani == Damuwa game da ingancin muhalli na Taj Mahal ta taso ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙaddamar da Mathura Mafin, wata matatar mai da ke da nisan kimanin kilomita 40 arewa maso yamma da abin tunawa. {{Sfn|Dowdey|2007}} {{Sfn|Jayalakshmi|2014}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Twilight of the Taj |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/twilight_of_the_taj |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Saboda fargabar jama'a da na majalisar dokoki, gwamnatin Indiya ta naɗa kwamitin ƙwararru a shekarar 1977, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. S. Varadarajan, don tantance tasirin da matatar mai za ta iya yi wa muhalli a kan abin tunawa. Rahoton kwamitin na shekarar 1978 ya tabbatar da cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa, musamman sulfur dioxide da ake fitarwa daga matatar mai da sauran masana'antu na gida kamar masana'antun ƙarfe da gilashin gini, suna da babbar barazana. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title="Robert Environmental Impact of Mathura Refinery" (Varadharajan Committee) |url=http://www.ttzagra.com/docs/StudyReport/VARADHARAJAN%20COMMITTEE.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427061452/http://www.ttzagra.com/docs/StudyReport/VARADHARAJAN%20COMMITTEE.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.ttzagra.com}}</ref> Ya yi cikakken bayani game da yadda sulfur dioxide na yanayi zai iya canzawa zuwa sulfuric acid, kuma ta hanyar ruwan sama mai guba, yana haifar da "sulfuration," wani tsari da ke lalata da kuma yin launin rawaya a fuskar marmara. <ref name=":2" /> Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar, gami da toka daga ƙonewar man fetur, sun tsaya a kan fuskar, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga launin rawayarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=The Taj Mahal is turning yellow – and time is running out to restore it |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/architecture/taj-mahal-yellow-brown-air-pollution-acid-rain-restoration-india-architecture-a8489486.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Really Ails the Taj Mahal? |url=https://thewire.in/urban/what-really-ails-the-taj-mahal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812184339/https://thewire.in/urban/what-really-ails-the-taj-mahal |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_front_view_of_the_damage_being_done_to_the_Taj_Mahal_by_pollution.jpg|thumb|330x330px| An nuna Taj Mahal (an gyara shi don nuna lalacewa) tare da wuraren da matakin lalacewa da launin rawaya saboda tsatsawar saman marmara daga nitrous da sulfuric acid da ke cikin iska.]] Babban shawarar da Kwamitin Varadarajan ya bayar ita ce ƙirƙirar yankin kariya a kewayen abin tunawa. Bisa ga wannan, Hukumar Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Tsakiya (wanda yanzu ita ce [[Hukumar Kula da Gurbatawa ta Tsakiya|Hukumar Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Tsakiya]] ) ta ayyana kuma ta gabatar da shawarar ƙirƙirar Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ), yanki mai siffar trapezium wanda ya mamaye {{Convert|10400|km2|sqmi}}, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=30 April 1997 |title=Toxons and the Taj |url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/signe.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526021559/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/signe.htm |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=7 February 2015 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> wanda ya haɗa da gundumomin [[Agra]], Firozabad, Mathura, Hathras da Bharatpur, <ref name="TTZ Authority">{{Cite web |title=Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) |url=http://www.ttzagra.com/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ttzagra.com}}</ref> kuma a cikin su aka ba da shawarar tsauraran matakan shawo kan gurɓataccen yanayi. <ref name="Shodhganga">{{Cite web |title=Chapter IV: Legal and Institutional Framework for Controlling Air Pollution in the Taj Trapezium Zone |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10839/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |access-date=2024-06-10 |publisher=Shodhganga@INFLIBNET |pages=105–106}}</ref> Kwamitin ya kuma ba da shawarar rufe manyan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu da kuma maye gurbin kwal da dizal mai tsabta a wuraren da ake jigilar kayayyaki a layin dogo. <ref name=":3" /> Duk da waɗannan binciken da shawarwari na farko, ba a aiwatar da cikakken tsarin aiki ba gaba ɗaya. A farkon shekarun 1980, lalacewar abin tunawa ta bayyana a fili. Wannan rashin ɗaukar mataki ya sa lauyan kare muhalli MC Mehta ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin jama'a a gaban Kotun Koli ta Indiya a shekarar 1984. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How to Save the Taj Mahal? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-to-save-the-taj-mahal-49355859/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-05-13 |title=The Taj Mahal Man |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/the-taj-mahal-man-news-201409 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Takardar shigar da ƙararsa ta yi zargin cewa hukumomin jihar sun gaza wajen aiwatar da aikinsu na kundin tsarin mulki da na doka na kare wani abin tarihi mai muhimmanci na ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=M.C. Mehta vs Union Of India & Ors on 30 December, 1996 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1964392/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> A lokacin shari'ar da ta biyo baya, Kotun Koli ta ba da umarnin ƙarin bincike, ciki har da rahotanni huɗu daga Cibiyar Binciken Injiniyan Muhalli ta Ƙasa (NEERI), waɗanda suka ƙarfafa binciken da aka yi a baya kuma suka samar da ingantaccen tushe na kimiyya don hukuncin kotun a ƙarshe. <ref name="Shodhganga" /> == Hukunci == [[Fayil:Taj_Trapezium_Zone.png|alt=The area of Taj Trapezium Zone established per ruling by the court order.|thumb| An kafa yankin Taj Trapezium bisa ga hukuncin da kotu ta yanke.]] A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1996, wani Babban Kotun Koli, wanda ya ƙunshi Alƙalai Kuldip Singh da Faizan Uddin, ya yanke hukuncin ƙarshe a madadin MC Mehta. Kotun ta gano cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kamfanonin da ke shan kwal da kuma masu amfani da coke suna haifar da mummunar illa ga Taj Mahal da kewayenta a yankin Taj Trapezium (TTZ). Ta fahimci muhimmancin al'adun Taj Mahal da sauran wuraren tarihi a Agra da kuma buƙatar kiyaye su ga tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name=":2" /> Hukuncin ya yi amfani da muhimman ka'idoji na dokar muhalli, kamar ci gaba mai dorewa, ƙa'idar kariya, da kuma biyan kuɗin gurɓata muhalli, tare da Sashe na 21, 47, 48A, 51(A)(g) na kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya da dokokin muhalli da ake da su kamar Dokar Ruwa (Rigakafin da Kula da Gurɓata muhalli), 1974, Dokar Hana Gurɓata iska, 1981 da Dokar Kare Muhalli, 1986 don magance matsalar. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Katiyar |first=Deepali |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Taj Trapezium Case: An Analysis |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/injlolw5&div=308&id=&page= |journal=Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=thelegalquorum |date=2024-04-20 |title=M.C.MEHTA VS UNION OF INDIA & ORS (TAJ TRAPEZIUM CASE) |url=https://thelegalquorum.com/m-c-mehta-vs-union-of-india-ors-taj-trapezium-case/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Legal Quorum |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singhal |first=Harshita |last2=Koonan |first2=Sujith |date=31 May 2021 |title=Polluter Pays Principle in India: Assessing Conceptual Boundaries and Implementation Issues |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3857632 |journal=Rgnul Student Research Review |volume=7(2), 2021 |via=SSRN}}</ref> Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a haramta amfani da kwal da coke a cikin TTZ kuma an mayar da wasu kamfanoni 292 da aka ambata a cikin ƙarar zuwa iskar gas mai matsewa a matsayin mai na masana'antar su, idan ba haka ba dole ne su dakatar da aiki a cikin TTZ. Kotun ta kuma umurci jihar da ta samar da tabbacin aiki da kuma taimakon ƙaura, gami da diyya ga ma'aikatan da sauyin ya shafa. <ref name=":4" /> Hukuncin ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci kuma mai ɗorewa ga harkokin kula da muhalli a Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=THE TAJ TRAPEZIUM CASE; AN ANALYSIS ON THE LANDMARK CASE Of ENVIRONMENT LAW » Lawful Legal |url=https://lawfullegal.in/the-taj-trapezium-case-an-analysis-on-the-landmark-case-of-environment-law/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya haifar da rufewa da kuma mayar da masana'antu da dama da ke gurbata muhalli daga Agra, sannan ya tilasta wa waɗanda suka rage su canza zuwa fasahohin zamani masu tsabta. Shari'ar ta kafa misali mai ƙarfi na shiga tsakani na shari'a a cikin al'amuran kare muhalli da kuma kare al'adun gargajiya. A shekarar 1999, Kotun Koli ta ƙara ba da umarnin rufe masana'antun ƙarfe 53 da wasu masana'antu 107 a Agra waɗanda ba su bi umarninta ba. <ref name=":5" /> An kafa Hukumar Yankin Taj Trapezium a matsayin hukumar da ke kula da aiwatar da umarnin kotu da kuma kula da yanayin muhalli a yankin. Kotun Koli ta ci gaba da sa ido kan halin da ake ciki a yankin TTZ, tana kuma bayar da ƙarin umarni tsawon shekaru don magance barazanar muhalli da ke ci gaba da faruwa, ciki har da gurɓatar ababen hawa da sare dazuzzuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Taj Trapezium Zone Tree Felling: Supreme Court Recalls 2019 Order to Protect Green Cover - Doon Law Mentor |url=https://doonlawmentor.com/taj-trapezium-zone-tree-felling-supreme-court-recalls-2019-order-to-protect-green-cover/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420055159/https://doonlawmentor.com/taj-trapezium-zone-tree-felling-supreme-court-recalls-2019-order-to-protect-green-cover/ |archive-date=2025-04-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da hukuncin, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen shawo kan gurɓataccen iska a yankin TTZ har yanzu suna nan. <ref name=":2" /> Matsaloli kamar ayyukan masana'antu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, hayakin ababen hawa, da gurɓatar Kogin Yamuna na ci gaba da zama barazana ga Taj Mahal. <ref name=":0" /> Shari'ar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin fayil mai aiki a Kotun Koli, inda kotu ke duba aikace-aikace da rahotanni daban-daban lokaci-lokaci. ==Manazarta== qohb5vw3ycl9cnxk1rzmt7y7wx2m081 0 167378 963083 921948 2026-10-04T17:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Laifi a Iceland''' ana sarrafa shi da farko ta hanyar ''Almenn hegningarlög'' (General Penal Code) No. 19/1940 da Lög um meðferð sakamála Criminal Procedure Act No. 88/2008. 'Yan sanda na yau da kullun suna gudanar da' yan sanda na Icelandic (lögreglan) a karkashin Dokar' yan sanda No. 90/1996. Kididdiga game da aikata laifuka da ɗaurin kurkuku an buga su ne ta hanyar Statistics Iceland (''Hagstofa Íslands'') da Kwamishinan Kasa na 'yan sanda na Iceland (''Ríkislögreglustjóri'').<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=19/1940: Almenn hegningarlög |url=https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/1940019.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=88/2008: Lög um meðferð sakamála |url=https://www.althingi.is/lagas/140b/2008088.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=90/1996: Lögreglulög |url=https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/1996090.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |title=Afbrot og afplánun |url=https://www.hagstofa.is/talnaefni/samfelag/domsmal/afbrot-og-afplanun/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Hagstofa Íslands |language=is}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Árlegar úttektir – Afbrotatölfræði |url=https://www.logreglan.is/utgafa/stadfestar-tolur/arlegar-uttektir/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803204739/https://www.logreglan.is/utgafa/stadfestar-tolur/arlegar-uttektir/ |archive-date=2025-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alamun kwatankwacin da yawa koyaushe suna sanya Iceland cikin kasashe mafi aminci da zaman lafiya a duniya. The Global Peace Index 2025 ya lissafa Iceland a matsayin ƙasa mafi zaman lafiya, matsayin da ta rike tun 2008; rahoton ya lura cewa Iceland ta kasance ta farko a cikin yankin ''Tsaro da Tsaro'' kuma ta bayyana shi a matsayin ƙasa mai aminci a duniya a cikin 2025.<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=Global Peace Index 2025 |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Institute for Economics & Peace (Vision of Humanity) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=10 Most Peaceful Countries in 2025 |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/10-most-peaceful-countries-in-the-world-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Vision of Humanity |language=en}}</ref> Sauran matsayi masu kama da haka suna sanya Iceland a ko kusa da saman don amincin gaba ɗaya; alal misali, ''Kudin Duniya'' ya sanya Iceland na farko a cikin jerin Kasashe 100 masu aminci.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Top 100 Safest Countries In The World |url=https://gfmag.com/data/safest-countries-world/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == Tsarin shari'a == Tushen shari'a na dokar aikata laifuka a Iceland shine Almenn hegningarlög No. 19/1940, wanda ke bayyana laifuka da azabtarwa. Hanyar tana karkashin jagorancin Lög um meðferð sakamála No. 88/2008; an tsara ƙungiyar da kuma aikin 'yan sanda a cikin Lögreglulög No. 90/1996.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto6" /> === Cibiyoyin === Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na kasa na Iceland (''Ríkislögreglustjóri'') yana buga kididdigar aikata laifuka na kasa da kimantawa na dabarun kuma yana daidaita ƙwarewar ƙwararru. Gundumomin 'yan sanda na kowane mutum suna gudanar da bincike da tsari na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ríkislögreglustjóri – Lögregluvefurinn |url=https://www.logreglan.is/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Lögreglan |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2025 |title=Skýrslur greiningardeildar |url=https://www.logreglan.is/logreglan/rikislogreglustjori/skipurit-2/skyrslur-greiningardeildar/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is}}</ref> CERT-IS (Netöryggissveit Íslands) ne ke ba da martani na kasa a karkashin mai kula da sadarwa ta lantarki, wanda ke ba da faɗakarwa da sake dubawa na shekara-shekara game da abubuwan da suka faru na yanar gizo.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web |title=CERT-IS |url=https://cert.is/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=CERT-IS |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Netöryggi – hlutverk CERT-IS |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/verkefni/fjarskipti/netoryggi/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Stjórnarráðið |language=is}}</ref> == Kididdigar aikata laifuka == Statistics Iceland tana kula da jerin Afbrot og afplánun kuma tana ba da bayanai masu buɗewa game da laifuka da aka rubuta da ɗaurin kurkuku. 'Yan sanda suna buga teburin kasa na shekara-shekara 2001 zuwa 2024 da kuma dashboards na batutuwa (misali laifukan cikin gida da na jima'i). <ref name="auto5" /><ref name="auto4" /> A matsayin misalai na adadi da aka buga, 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton sanarwar tashin hankali na cikin gida 2,379 a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2024 da kuma rahotanni 279 na laifin jima'i a farkon rabin 2024 11% ƙasa da matsakaicin shekaru uku.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Tilkynningum um heimilisofbeldi fækkar á milli ára |url=https://www.logreglan.is/tilkynningum-um-heimilisofbeldi-faekkar-a-milli-ara/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621134843/https://www.logreglan.is/tilkynningum-um-heimilisofbeldi-faekkar-a-milli-ara/ |archive-date=2025-06-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=Tilkynntum kynferðisbrotum fækkar |url=https://www.logreglan.is/tilkynntum-kynferdisbrotum-faekkar/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623224710/https://www.logreglan.is/tilkynntum-kynferdisbrotum-faekkar/ |archive-date=2025-06-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Kynbundið ofbeldi – samantektir |url=https://www.logreglan.is/utgafa/stadfestar-tolur/kynbundid-ofbeldi/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717060105/https://www.logreglan.is/utgafa/stadfestar-tolur/kynbundid-ofbeldi/ |archive-date=2025-07-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jagoran hanyar a cikin kafofin Icelandic ya jaddada cewa ƙididdigar laifuka da aka rubuta ta nuna abubuwan da suka faru da aka ruwaito kuma ya kamata a fassara shi tare da ƙimar da aka daidaita da yawan jama'a da mahallin zalunci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=Hefur glæpatíðni aukist á Íslandi undanfarin ár? |url=https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=87804 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Vísindavefur HÍ |language=is}}</ref> == Nau'o'in aikata laifuka == === Laifin da aka tsara da laifin tattalin arziki === Binciken da 'yan sanda suka yi game da aikata laifuka ya bayyana shi a matsayin babbar barazana ga hukumomi da yawa a Iceland. Gwamnati ta lura da taƙaita kimantawar haɗari da ta gabata sun nuna matakin haɗari gaba ɗaya a matsayin gífurleg áhætta (babban gaske).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Skipulögð brotastarfsemi á Íslandi 2021 |url=https://www.logreglan.is/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Skipulogd-brotastarfsemi-a-Islandi-2021.pdf |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ríkislögreglustjóri |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125714/https://www.logreglan.is/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Skipulogd-brotastarfsemi-a-Islandi-2021.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Skýrsla og viðbrögð vegna skipulagðrar brotastarfsemi |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2019/05/28/Skyrsla-og-vidbrogd-vegna-skipulagdrar-brotastarfsemi-/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Stjórnarráðið |language=is}}</ref> A watan Yunin a shekarar 2025, hukumomi sun ba da sanarwar fadada hadin gwiwar hukumomi game da aikata laifuka da aka shirya da aka yi niyya ga bangaren jama'a. === Laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi === 'Yan sanda na Iceland a kai a kai suna tallata manyan magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi, gami da manyan cocaine da takardun magani-opioid, suna nuna rawar da kasar ke takawa a matsayin kasuwar sufuri da mabukaci a yankin Arewacin Atlantic. === Laifin yanar gizo da barazanar kan layi === CERT-IS tana daidaita martani da lamarin da gargadi na jama'a a Iceland. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton hare-haren da aka rarraba-rashin sabis da suka shafi shafukan yanar gizo na Icelandic, gami da shafin Althingi; CERT-IS ya yi sharhi a bainar jama'a game da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="auto10" /> === Rikicin jinsi === 'Yan sanda sun buga sabuntawa na yau da kullun game da tashin hankali na cikin gida da laifukan jima'i; an yi rajistar sanarwar tashin hankali na gida 2,379 a cikin 2024 kuma sanarwar cin zarafin jima'i ta fadi a farkon rabin 2024 dangane da matsakaicin shekaru uku.<ref name="auto9" /><ref name="auto" /> 'Yan sanda na Reykjavík da birni suna gudanar da haɗin gwiwar Saman gegn ofbeldi (Duka da tashin hankali) wanda ke buga bayanan kowane wata don Reykjavíg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saman gegn ofbeldi – Tölfræði |url=https://reykjavik.is/saman-gegn-ofbeldi-tolfraedi |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Reykjavíkurborg |language=is}}</ref> === Cinikin mutane === Hukumomin Iceland sun buga bayanai game da matakan yaki da fataucin mutane, shirye-shiryen aiki da tallafin wadanda aka azabtar; sabunta manufofi a cikin shekara ta 2019 zuwa 2024 suna jaddada ingantaccen hanyoyin da tallafi ga wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2024 |title=Aðgerðir gegn mansali |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/verkefni/almannaoryggi/adgerdir-gegn-brotastarfsemi/adgerdir-gegn-mansali-/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Stjórnarráðið |language=is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425225934/https://www.stjornarradid.is/verkefni/almannaoryggi/adgerdir-gegn-brotastarfsemi/adgerdir-gegn-mansali-/ |archive-date=2025-04-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dvalarleyfi fyrir hugsanlegt fórnarlamb mansals |url=https://island.is/dvalarleyfi-fyrir-hugsanlegt-fornarlamb-mansals |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ísland.is |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Þekkir þú vísbendingar um mansal? |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2022/03/15/Thekkir-thu-visbendingar-um-mansal/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Stjórnarráðið |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=419/154: Svar – mansal á Íslandi |url=https://www.althingi.is/altext/154/s/0419.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, Iceland ƙasa ce mai zuwa da kuma wucewa ga mata da ke fuskantar fataucin mutane, musamman tilasta karuwanci. Wasu rahotanni sun ci gaba da cewa Iceland na iya zama ƙasar da aka nufa ga maza da mata waɗanda aka tilasta musu aiki a cikin gidan cin abinci da masana'antun gine-gine. Wani rahoto na [[Icelandic Red Cross|Red Cross na Iceland]] na 2009 ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai akalla 59 kuma mai yiwuwa kusan mutane 128 da suka kamu da fataucin mutane a Iceland a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata; mata da ke fama da fatauccin mutane a Iceland sun fito ne daga [[Gabashin Turai]], [[Rasha]], [[Afirka]], Amurka ta Kudu da [[Southeast Asia|Kudu maso gabashin Asiya]]. Mata na kasashen waje da ke aiki a cikin kulob din strip na Iceland ko a cikin [[Brothel|gidajen karuwai]] sun kasance masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin jima'i. A cewar rahoton Red Cross, ma'aikatan kasashen waje marasa takardar shaidar - galibi daga Gabashin Turai - a masana'antu da masana'antu na Iceland suna da rauni ga aikin tilas. Iceland ta haramta fataucin mutane don cin zarafin jima'i da aikin tilas ta hanyar Sashe na 227 na dokar aikata laifuka. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, majalisa ta yi gyare-gyare game da ma'anar fataucin mutane a cikin lambar don daidaita shi da ma'anonin kasa da kasa a karkashin [[Yarjejeniya don hanawa da kuma azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara|Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta 2000. Iceland ta tabbatar da shi a watan Yunin 2010. Hukunce-hukuncen da aka tsara don fataucin mutane a karkashin Sashe na 227 ya kai shekaru takwas a kurkuku, wanda ya isa sosai duk da cewa bai dace da hukuncin da aka tsara ba don wasu manyan laifuka kamar fyade. Hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa masu aikata laifuka sun yi daidai da hukuncin fyade. Gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin horo na yaki da fataucin mutane (ciki har da wasu horo a kasashen waje) ga duk ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da wasu 'yan sanda da jami'an filin jirgin sama.<ref name="dos" /> A kokarin rage bukatar fataucin jima'i, majalisa ta zartar da doka a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 da ke aikata laifuka da sayen ayyukan jima'i da kuma wani a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 da ke hana nuna tsirara a Iceland. Shirin yaki da fataucin mutane na Iceland da aka karɓa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 ya tsara matakai na gaba don inganta matakan rigakafi da tanadi na yau da kullun don taimakon wadanda aka azabtar. A cikin 2012 Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Iceland a [[Rahoton Fataucin Mutane|Tier 1]]; ƙasar ta kasance a can har zuwa 2017 lokacin da aka sanya ta a Tier 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=www.state.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, kasar ta koma Tier 1. A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiyoyin Turai sun lura da karuwar shiga cikin wannan laifi; ya kuma lura da canje-canje a cikin doka don ganowa da kare wadanda abin ya shafa. == Tilasta bin doka da tsari na jama'a == 'Yan sanda suna karɓar rahotanni na aikata laifuka a kan layi da kuma ta hanyar lambar gaggawa ta ƙasa 112. Kwamishinan Kasa ya saki allon jigogi da teburin kasa na shekara-shekara don sanar da rigakafi da shirye-shiryen 'yan sanda na al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lögreglan – tilkynna brot |url=https://www.logreglan.is/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Lögreglan |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samfélagslöggæsla – upplýsingar og tölfræði |url=https://island.is/s/logreglan/samfelagsloggaesla |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Ísland.is |language=is}}</ref><ref name="auto4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pe9xmvmwz1n39hmuyp3bcwr6132d1rr 0 167412 963134 956346 2026-10-04T20:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Li Na''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1982) tsohon dan wasan [[Tennis]] ne na kasar Sin. An sanya ta a matsayi na 2 a duniya a cikin mata ta hanyar Kungiyar Tennis ta Mata, wanda aka samu a watan Fabrairun 2014. Li ya lashe lambobin yabo guda tara na WTA Tour, ciki har da manyan wasanni biyu a 2011 French Open (ya doke mai kare Francesca Schiavone) da kuma 2014 Australian Open . Ita ce ta farko da aka haifa a Asiya, namiji ko mace. Li ta kuma kasance ta biyu a 2011 Australian Open, 2013 Australian Open, da kuma 2013 WTA Tour Championships. Mai ba da labari ga wasan tennis a kasar Sin, Li ita ce 'yar wasan kasar Sin ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta WTA Tour (a 2004 Guangzhou International Women's Open), ta farko da za ta kai ga manyan' yan wasa (a 2006 Wimbledon Championships) da kuma ta karshe, kuma ta farko da ya shiga cikin manyan goma na duniya. A shekara ta 2013, nasarorin da ta samu sun sanya ta ta zama 'yar wasan tennis ta Asiya mafi nasara a ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'', ta sa ta sauka a cikin jerin mujallar Time na 100 Mafi Mutanen da suka fi tasiri a Duniya. Tsohon duniya No. 1 [[Chris Evert]] ya rubuta a can: "Tennis ya fashe a China. Kasar yanzu tana da 'yan wasan tennis miliyan 15; miliyan 116 sun kalli Li ya lashe gasar French Open. Irin wannan bayyanar tana da mahimmanci ga wasanmu, kuma ba zai taɓa faruwa ba tare da Li ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Chris Evert]] |date=18 April 2013 |title=Li Na: Tennis champion, 31 |url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/li-na/# |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529013815/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/li-na/ |archive-date=29 May 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Li ya yi ritaya daga wasan tennis a watan Satumbar 2014, yana da shekaru 32 a matsayin mai cin kofin Australian Open saboda matsalolin rauni. A cikin 2019, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Tennis na Duniya, ta zama dan wasan Asiya na farko da ya karbi wannan girmamawa. == Ayyukan wasan tennis == A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, Li ta bi sawun mahaifinta kuma ta fara buga badminton, wanda ya inganta hankalinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Christopher |date=26 January 2011 |title=One-on-one with Chinese tennis ace Li Na |url=http://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/play/one-one-chinese-tennis-ace-li-na-896676 |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kafin ta cika shekaru takwas, Li ta shawo kan sauyawa zuwa wasan tennis ta hanyar kocin Xia Xiyao na kungiyar wasan tennis ta matasa ta Wuhan. Malamanta sun koyar da wasan tennis ta hanyar karfafawa mara kyau, wanda ya shafi amincewar Li a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Li ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. A shekara mai zuwa, Li, wanda Nike ta tallafawa, ya tafi Kwalejin John Newcombe a Texas don nazarin wasan tennis.<ref name="nike athletes">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2012 |title=Jeremy Lin, Li Na and Xiang Liu show Nike has eye for talent |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120417000001&cid=1504 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220600/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120417000001&cid=1504 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |publisher=Wantchinatimes.com}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a can na watanni goma kuma ta koma kasar Sin. Yayinda take girma, 'yar wasan tennis da ta fi so ita ce Andre Agassi . Ta zama ƙwararru a 1999 tana da shekara goma sha shida. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2002, Li ta bar ƙungiyar wasan tennis ta ƙasa don yin karatu na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Huazhong (HUST), inda ta kammala digiri na farko a aikin jarida a shekara ta 2009. Kafofin yada labarai na kasar Sin sun ambaci dalilai daban-daban na wannan. Wasu sun ruwaito cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin ita da abokin aikinta da kuma mijinta na gaba, Jiang Shan, ta yi adawa da gudanarwar tawagar ta kasa, [1] wasu sun ruwaito gore kocinta, Yu Liqiao (余丽桥), ya yi tsauri sosai kuma yana da bukata, yayin da wasu rahotanni suka yi iƙirarin cewa bukatar ta ga kocin kansa bai wuce ba. [2][3] Koyaya, wasu sun ɗauki cewa matsalar kiwon lafiya ce kawai da ke haifar da ritaya.[4] Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa daya daga cikin dalilan shi ne cewa wani shugaban kungiyar yana son ta yi wasa ta hanyar shan maganin hormone yayin da Li ke gwagwarmaya da aikinta saboda rashin daidaituwa na hormone. Daga baya ta gaya wa CNN cewa tana jin rashin lafiya kowace rana kuma ba ta son rayuwarta ta kasance kawai don wasan tennis. Li ta koma tawagar kasa a shekara ta 2004 don "bayar" don taimakon su a lokacin da ta fara aiki. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, Li ta auri Jiang Shan wanda daga nan ya zama kocinta. Li ya bar tawagar kasa da kuma tsarin wasanni na jihar a cikin 2008 a karkashin manufofin sake fasalin gwaji ga 'yan wasan tennis. Wannan canjin an kira shi "Fly Solo" (单飞) ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na kasar Sin. A sakamakon haka, Li tana da 'yancin hayar ma'aikatanta masu horar da ita kuma za ta kasance da alhakin kudin horo da horarwa da kuma kudin yawon shakatawa. Ta iya ci gaba da samun karin nasarorin da ta samu, <ref name="cnn2010" /> tare da kashi goma sha biyu kawai na nasarorin da aka samu zuwa asusun ci gaban Kungiyar Tennis ta kasar Sin ba tare da kashi 65 cikin dari ba a baya. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, an ɗaga abin da ake buƙata na gudummawa ga asusun ci gaban wasan tennis na kasar Sin kuma Li ta riƙe duk kuɗin kyautar ta. A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2016, Wasannin Olympics na Musamman sun ba da izini ga Li a matsayin Jakadan Duniya. === 1999-2002: Gudanarwa a kan Yankin ITF === Li ta zama ƙwararru a shekara ta 1999, kuma ta lashe uku daga cikin wasanni huɗu na farko da ta shiga a kan ITF Circuit, biyu a Shenzhen da ɗaya a Westende, Belgium. Ta kuma lashe dukkan wasannin ITF na farko guda bakwai da ta shiga. A shekara ta 2000, ta lashe wasanni 52 a kan ITF Circuit, fiye da kowane dan wasa, inda ta samu wasu lambobin yabo guda takwas, ciki har da daya a matakin $ 50k, biyu a $ 25k, da kuma nasarar lashe gasar $ 10k hudu a watan Maris da Afrilu. Shahararrun nasarorin da aka samu a cikin shekara sun hada da nasarar da aka samu akan Flavia Pennetta, Emmanuelle Gagliardi, Maria Elena Camerin, Tamarine Tanasugarn da Yayuk Basuki . A watan Yuni, bayan da matsayi na duniya na Li ya tashi zuwa No. 136 a kan ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayon ITF kadai, ta sami shigarwa kai tsaye a cikin taron WTA na farko a Tashkent. Duk da lashe saiti na farko, Li ta rasa wasan farko na WTA ga Anna Zaporozhanova a cikin saiti uku, amma ta kama lambar yabo ta mata biyu a Tashkent tare da Li Ting a kan Zaporozjanova da Iroda Tulyaganova . A ƙarshen shekara ta 2000, Li ta lashe wasanni hudu na WTA Tour, wannan ya kawo ta yawan lambobin ITF har zuwa goma sha ɗaya. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma lashe wasu wasanni bakwai na ITF, shida daga cikinsu tare da Li Ting . Li ya fi kasancewa daga yawon shakatawa a shekara ta 2001. Ta ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun $ 25k guda biyu, inda ta doke Roberta Vinci a wasan karshe a Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, da Liu Nannan a wasan karshe da aka yi a Guangzhou a watan Yuli, amma daga nan ta buga wasa daya kawai a sauran shekarar, inda ta kai matsayi zuwa No. 303 a ƙarshen shekara. Ta lashe gasar cin kofin ITF ta 15 a Hangzhou a watan Maris. A shekara ta 2002, ta zo ta hanyar cancanta don lashe gasar farko ta $ 75k a Midland, Amurka a watan Fabrairu, inda ta doke Laura Granville, Tatiana Perebiynis, da Mashona Washington a kan hanyar zuwa taken, ta 14 a cikin aikinta. Amma daga nan sai ta buga wasa daya kawai (hasarar Zuzana Ondrášková a taron $ 50k a Dinan, Faransa a wannan watan Afrilu), sannan ta yi dogon lokaci daga da'irar na watanni 25 masu zuwa. Tushen ya bambanta game da dalilan wannan rashin, kafofin watsa labarai na kasar Sin galibi sun ambaci rikici tsakanin ta da gwamnatin kungiyar Tennis ta kasar Sin da ma'aikatan horarwa. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa kawai tana son hutu daga wasan tennis na sana'a don ta iya mai da hankali kan karatunta a jami'a. === 2004-2005: Nasara ta dawo wasan tennis === [[File:Li_Na_at_the_2009_US_Open_02.jpg|left|thumb|Li Na a 2009 US Open]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004, Li ya koma gasar bayan bai yi wasa ba tun shekara ta 2002. Kodayake ba ta da matsayi, ta lashe wasanni 26 a jere don samun karin nasarar lashe gasar $ 25k da kuma wani taken $ 50k, wanda ya kara yawan lambobin yabo zuwa 18, kawai don samun nasarar da Evgenia Linetskaya ta samu a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar Bronx ta $ 50k a watan Agusta. Koyaya, ta lashe gasar cin kofin ITF ta 16 a wannan taron, lambar yabo ta 17 ta aikinta. A wannan watan Satumba, ta rasa a wasan karshe na gasar $ 25k ga ɗan ƙasar Zheng Jie, kafin ta koma WTA Tour, godiya ga shigar da wildcard a cikin cancanta a Beijing. A can, ta kayar da Antonella Serra Zanetti, Marta Domachowska, da Nicole Pratt kafin ta rasa a wasan yanke shawara bayan da aka yi kusa da shi a zagaye na biyu da sabon zakara na US Open Svetlana Kuznetsova, a lokacin da ta gudanar da maki a kan Kuznetsov. Daga baya Rasha ta yaba da abokin hamayyarta na kasar Sin, tana mai cewa ta ji kamar tana adawa da dan wasa biyar. A mako mai zuwa, Li ta yi gwagwarmaya ta hanyar samun cancanta a cikin taron WTA Tour a Guangzhou (a Tier IV taron a lokacin, kodayake an inganta shi zuwa Tier III), sannan ta doke Vera Dushevina, Jelena Janković, Kristina Brandi, da Li Ting a cikin babban zane don isa ga karshe, inda ta doke Martina Suchá don lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta WTA Tour. Ta hanyar yin haka, Li ya zama Dan wasan kasar Sin na farko da ya lashe gasar WTA. A bayan maki masu daraja da aka tara ta hanyar wannan sakamakon, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2004, ta shiga cikin WTA saman 100 a karon farko. Don kammala shekarar da ta fi samun nasara a matsayin 'yar wasa, ta fafata a wasanni biyu na $ 50k a Shenzhen, inda ta lashe gasar farko ta kai tsaye don kawo mata lambar yabo ta 19 ta ITF da kuma lambar yabo ta 20 ta aikinta, amma ta rasa a wasan kusa da na karshe na na na na biyu ga yarinya mai ƙasa Yan Zi. Wadannan sakamakon sun ɗaga Li Na zuwa No. 80 na duniya a ƙarshen shekara, shekarar da ta lashe wasanni 51 kuma ta rasa hudu kawai. 2005 ya ga Li a ƙarshe ya bar ITF Circuit don mayar da hankali kawai kan abubuwan da suka faru a matakin yawon shakatawa. Ta fara shekarar tare da wasan kwaikwayo na biyu a Gold Coast da wasan kusa da na karshe a Hobart, amma ta rasa dan wasan kasar Sin kuma zakaran Zheng Jie. Daga nan sai ta fara Grand Slam a 2005 Australian Open, ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na uku tare da cin nasara a kan Laura Granville da Shinobu Asagoe kafin ta sha kashi a hannun [[Maria Sharapova]] . A farkon watan Fabrairu, ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a Hyderabad kuma ta cancanci Doha inda Patty Schnyder ta doke ta a zagaye na farko na babban zane. Bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Ai Sugiyama a zagaye na farko a Dubai a mako mai zuwa, Schnyder ne ya sake hana ta kaiwa ga matakan da suka biyo baya na taron. Bayan ya dauki wata daya daga gasar, Li ta koma Estoril a ƙarshen watan Afrilu, ta doke Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro, Nicole Pratt, Dally Randriantefy, sannan ta murkushe Dinara Safina don isa wasan karshe na WTA Tour na biyu. Lucie Šafářová, wanda ya yi nasara a wasan kusa da uku, ya hana Li taken. A Rabat a watan Mayu, Li ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe, amma ci gaba da samun nasara a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ba za a iya gani ba a gare ta. Tare da ci gaba a 3-3, ta yi ritaya saboda karkatar da idon dama yayin da take fada da Zheng Jie. Samun wannan wasan kusa da na karshe ya sa ta zama matsayi mai girma a duniya No. 33, amma raunin da ta samu an ƙaddara shi ne don hana ta aiki na watanni uku masu zuwa. A lokacin da ta dawo Los Angeles a watan Agusta, ta fadi a zagaye na farko ga Anna Chakvetadze na Rasha. A mako mai zuwa, duk da haka, a Canadian Open, ta sake doke Jelena Janković da María Vento-Kabchi, kafin ta sha kashi a hannun Nadia Petrova a zagaye na uku. Lindsay Davenport ce ta tabbatar da rashin nasarar da ta samu a wasanni biyu masu zuwa, inda ta doke ta a zagaye na farko na US Open, kuma a matakin kusa da na karshe a Bali a watan Satumba, amma ba kafin Li Na ta rama nasarar da Yan Zi ya yi a shekarar da ta gabata a zagaye ya biyu na wannan gasar ba. A mako mai zuwa, wani dan wasan Amurka mai matsayi mai girma, Jill Craybas, ya ci Li Na a wasan kusa da uku na zagaye na farko a Beijing. Li ta fara kare matsayinta na Guangzhou; amma an hana ta kammala shi a wasan kusa da na karshe ta hanyar zakara Yan Zi, wanda hakan ya sake fitowa a gaba a cikin rikodin su. Wannan asarar ta biyu a cikin uku da suka yi da Yan ya zama wasan karshe na Li na shekara ta 2005; kuma a lokacin da ba ta halarci gasar Shenzhen $ 50k inda ta samu wasu maki a ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata, ta sami kanta tana ci gaba da raguwa a cikin matsayi daga babban matsayi na No. 33 wanda ta kai a cikin bazara kafin hutun raunin ta, zuwa No. 56 a ƙarshen shekara. === 2006: Babban dan wasan China na farko === Tare da kusan dukkanin ragowar maki don karewa da aka mayar da hankali a cikin watanni hudu na farko na shekara, Li ta fara shekarar da ta fuskanci kalubalen daidaita sakamakon ta mai karfi daga farkon 2005 don ci gaba da matsayinta a tsakiyar WTA saman 100. Tallafin zagaye na farko da aka yi da manyan 'yan wasa zuwa farkon shekara ta 2006 ya dauki nauyi mai yawa a kan matsayi na Li, wanda ya kawo shi saukowa zuwa No. 71 a ƙarshen Fabrairu. Ta dawo tare da mafi kyawun aiki a abubuwan da suka faru na Tier I ta hanyar kaiwa wasan kusa da na karshe a Berlin. A kan hanyar zuwa can, ta sami nasarar ta farko a kan dan wasan da ke cikin matsayi na 10 na yanzu yayin da ta kori Patty Schnyder a karo na farko a matakin kwata-kwata. Koyaya, wannan wasan ya bar ta da ƙuƙwalwar tsoka, kuma ta rasa Nadia Petrova a wasan kusa da na karshe. Duk da haka, aikinta a wannan gasa mai girma ya gan ta a matsayi na 39. Ta shiga WTA Tour a karo na farko a Birmingham Classic a watan Yuni, ta gudanar da wani zagaye na uku tare da cin nasara a kan Mashona Washington da masanin filin Eleni Daniilidou, duka biyu a madaidaiciya, sannan ta rasa a karo na uku a tarurruka uku ga Maria Sharapova. Matsayinta bayan wannan gasa shine No. 30, wanda a wannan lokacin shine mafi girman matsayi da wata mace ta kasar Sin ta samu. A wannan taron, tare da Jelena Janković, ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta WTA, kusan daidai shekaru shida daga ta farko a Tashkent. Yin ritaya da wuri da Alona Bondarenko a zagaye na farko na Ondina Open a 's-Hertogenbosch a mako mai zuwa ya rage shirye-shiryen gasa na karshe don bayyanarta ta farko a Wimbledon. Amma tare da matsayi na 30th, ta sami kanta a matsayi na 27 bayan wasu janyewa, kuma ta haka ne ta sami wani na farko ga ƙasar ta zama mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da aka shuka don shiga gasar Grand Slam. A Wimbledon, ta kai zagaye na huɗu tare da nasarar da ta samu a kan 'yan wasan da aka girmama a filin wasa na Virginie Razzano da kuma dan wasan Birmingham na baya-bayan nan Meilen Tu, sannan ta samu nasara a kan Svetlana Kuznetsova ta 10, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama dan wasan kasar Sin na farko da ya kai ga kowane wasan karshe na Grand Slam. Li ta tashi zuwa sabon matsayi na WTA na No. 20 bayan gasar, duk da cewa ta rasa wasan ta na kwata-kwata da Kim Clijsters a cikin saiti biyu na kusa. Ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a Stockholm, da kuma zagaye na huɗu a US Open, inda, a matsayin iri na 24, Maria Sharapova ta doke ta a raga biyu. Daga nan sai ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a China Open, inda Svetlana Kuznetsova ta doke ta, kuma a Guangzhou . === 2007–2009 === [[File:Li_Na_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Li Na a gasar Luxembourg Open ta 2008]] Li ta fara shekarar ta hanyar shiga taron Tier III a Gold Coast, Australia, inda ta kai zagaye na biyu. A mako mai zuwa, ta yi gasa a Sydney. Ta doke Francesca Schiavone a zagaye na farko, Elena Dementieva a zagaye ya biyu, inda ta sami maki biyar, da Katarina Srebotnik a wasan kusa da na karshe. Sa'an nan kuma, ta kai ga wasan kusa da na karshe, inda ta rasa wasa mai wuya ga Kim Clijsters, 5-7 a saiti na uku. Koyaya, ta tashi zuwa matsayi na No. 16 daga baya. Li Na ta bi ta nuna karfi a Sydney tare da nunawa mai karfi a Australian Open, inda ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na huɗu. An shuka shi na 19, Li ya aika Elena Bovina da Lourdes Domínguez Lino a madaidaiciya a cikin zagaye biyu na farko, wanda ya haifar da wasa tare da No. 9 Dinara Safina . An jinkirta wasan saboda ruwan sama, amma Liily ya doke Safina don ci gaba zuwa zagaye na huɗu don buga wasan Switzerland, No. 6 Martina Hingis . Saboda jinkirin ruwan sama da kuma gaskiyar cewa Hingis ya taka leda a Rod Laver Arena, kotun da aka rufa, a ranar da aka tsara da farko, Hingis yana da karin rana ta hutawa. Wasan da ya gabata bai yi tasiri ba, yayin da Li ya dauki saiti na farko daga Hingis. Koyaya, Na ya ɓace yayin da wasan ya ci gaba kuma ya ɓace lokacin da ya yi kurakurai 69 ba tare da tilasta ba. Duk da asarar, gasar ta kasance nasara ga Li, saboda ta nuna karo na uku a jere a cikin Grand Slam cewa ta ci gaba aƙalla zuwa zagaye na huɗu. A Tier I Pan Pacific Open a Tokyo, Li ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu, ya ci Lilia Osterloh kafin ya rasa [[Samantha Stosur]] a cikin saiti biyu, ya canza sifili na maki goma sha ɗaya. A muhimmiyar Indian Wells Open a California, Li ya nuna karfi, ya ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. Ta sha kashi a hannun Daniela Hantuchová a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau a Miami Open, inda ta rasa wasanni uku kawai a wasanni biyu na farko da ta yi da Tamira Paszek da Katarina Srebotnik, kafin ta yi mamakin Kim Clijsters na huɗu a cikin saiti uku. Daga nan sai ta rasa Anna Chakvetadze a wasan kusa da na karshe. Daga nan sai ta koma kan yumbu mai kore na Tsibirin Amelia, inda ta sha wahala daga fitowar zagaye na biyu, bayan ta sami gaisuwa ta farko, ga tsohuwar 'yar wasan 20 Karolina Šprem a madaidaiciya. A gasar cin kofin Family Circle da aka gudanar a Charleston, South Carolina, ta fadi a zagaye na uku ga Anabel Medina Garrigues . Bayan da ta rasa a wani taron ciyawa a Birmingham, Li ta fice daga kowane gasa da za ta yi wasa a lokacin rani, gami da Wimbledon da US Open, inda ta yi nuni da rauni a haƙarƙari. [[File:Li_na_wim08_1.JPG|right|thumb|Li Na a gasar zakarun Wimbledon ta 2008]] Li ba ta buga wasan ƙwararru ba a cikin rabin shekara kuma ta sauka zuwa No. 29 a cikin matsayi na WTA lokacin da ta dawo daga raunin haƙarƙari a watan Janairun 2008 don yin gasa a Hardcourts na Mata na Australiya a Gold Coast. A zagaye na farko, ta doke Sybille Bammer na bakwai. Bayan nasarar da ta samu a zagaye na biyu a kan Monique Adamczak, an jawo ta don saduwa da Nicole Vaidišová a wasan kusa da na karshe. Li ta lashe gamuwarsu a madaidaiciya, ta ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, inda ta wuce Patty Schnyder . A wasan karshe, ta yi nasara a kan [[Victoria Azarenka]], ba wai kawai ta kawo karshen fari na shekaru uku ba (tun daga Guangzhou 2004) amma ta zira kwallaye na biyu. Duk da tashi zuwa duniya No. 24 bayan wannan nasarar, sai ta janye daga 2008 Sydney International, bayan ta ji rauni a gwiwa na dama. Rashin nasarar da ta samu na kare wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar da ta gabata a wannan taron ya kashe maki 125, wanda ya sa ta koma No. 30 na makon da ya fara 14 ga Janairu. Ta shiga cikin 2008 Australian Open, tana da ƙarin maki 140 don karewa daga aikinta na huɗu a 2007. Da yake fuskantar ɗan gajeren ra'ayi a farkon zagaye, ta tsira daga rikici na kusa da Séverine Brémond a zagaye na farko, kafin ta wuce Maria Elena Camerin a madaidaiciya a zagaye ya biyu. Marta Domachowska da aka sake farfadowa ta kasance tsakanin ita da kare maki na matsayi, kuma kodayake Li ta lashe saiti na farko da gamsarwa, ta yi kasa a gwiwa daga baya kuma a ƙarshe ta ba da wasan ga abokin hamayyarta na Poland ta hanyar hutu ɗaya na hidima a cikin saiti na yanke shawara. Bayan ta sauka wurare uku zuwa duniya No. 33 a lokacin da ta shiga gasar Tier II a Antwerp a farkon watan Fabrairu, duk da haka ta ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe tare da nasarar da ta samu a baya-baya a kan tsohuwar Rasha Elena Likhovtseva, Slovak duniya No. 45 Dominika Cibulková, da kuma duniya ta Sweden No. 66 Sofia Arvidsson. Koyaya, ta bushe a wasan kusa da na karshe da aka yi da duniya No. 47, Karin Knapp, duk da cewa ta dauki jagorancin farko tare da hutu na hidima a saiti na farko, a ƙarshe ta ba da wasan ga abokin hamayyarta na Italiya a cikin saiti biyu. Wannan gasar ta dawo da ita cikin manyan 30 a duniya No. 29. A mako mai zuwa a Tier I Qatar Open, Li ya sake saduwa da Likhovtseva a zagaye na farko. A wannan lokacin, bayan da ta dauki saiti na farko cikin kwanciyar hankali, an kalubalance ta zuwa gwagwarmaya mai tsanani, amma a ƙarshe ta ci nasara a cikin saiti uku. A zagaye na biyu, ta zira kwallaye na biyu a jere a cikin wasanni hudu da suka yi da duniya ta Rasha No. 6 Anna Chakvetadze, ta adana wani batu a cikin saiti na farko, kafin ta farfado don cin nasara. A zagaye na uku, ta ji daɗin nasara mai kyau a kan Isra'ila ta duniya No. 17, Shahar Pe'er, ta murmure daga raunin 1-3 a saiti na biyu. A cikin kwata-kwata, ta sadu da tsohon abokin hamayyarta kuma abokiyarta, duniya No. 4 Jelena Janković, ta shiga wasan tare da cin nasara 3-1 kai-da-kai rikodin ta ga darajarta a kan dan wasan Serbia. Ta hanyar kayar da Janković ta kara wannan rikodin zuwa 4-1 kuma ta koma wasan kusa da na karshe, inda ta buga Vera Zvonareva, wanda ta lashe duka wasanninta na baya. Duk da karbar saiti na farko, Li ta rasa na biyu ta wannan ƙuri'a; kuma kodayake ta kasance 3-2 a cikin saiti na ƙarshe, sai ta ba da wasanni huɗu a jere ga abokin hamayyarta don rasa wasan. Matsayinta ya tashi zuwa No. 23 a kan ƙarfin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, an hana ta karfafawa a kan wannan farfadowa ta hanyar fama da rauni a gwiwoyi na dama, wanda ya tilasta mata ta janye daga shigar da ta shirya a cikin taron Tier II a Bangalore a farkon Maris da kuma gasar Tier I a Indian Wells a tsakiyar watan. Ta koma aiki a Gasar Mata ta Duniya a Eastbourne, inda ta lashe zagaye daya kafin ta sha kashi a hannun Nadia Petrova . Daga nan sai ta fafata a Wimbledon, inda ta doke Anastasia Rodionova kafin ta sha kashi a hannun Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova . A Wasannin Olympics na Beijing, bayan nasarar da ta samu a farkon zagaye na 3 a kan Svetlana Kuznetsova, Ayumi Morita, da Kaia Kanepi, ta ci gaba da kayar da daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi so, Venus Williams, a wasan kusa da na karshe. Li tana bin 1-4 a saiti na farko, amma ta sami nasarar ƙarfafa wasanta don cin nasara a madaidaiciya. Li ta rasa wasan kusa da na karshe ga Dinara Safina na shida sannan Vera Zvonareva ta ci ta a wasan karshe na tagulla. A gasar US Open mai zuwa, mai lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics ta Beijing Elena Dementieva ta doke Li a zagaye na huɗu. A cikin 2008 Stuttgart Grand Prix, Li wanda ba a shuka shi ba ya kayar da Serena Williams a zagaye na biyu a cikin saiti uku. Li ta haka ne kawai ya zama dan wasan kasar Sin na biyu da ya ci dan wasan No. 1 a duniya, bayan nasarar Zheng Jie a kan Ana Ivanovic a Wimbledon a 2008. [[File:Li_Na_at_the_2009_US_Open_01.jpg|thumb|Li Na a 2009 US Open]] Li ta janye daga duka Brisbane International, inda ta kasance mai kare zakara (kamar yadda ta lashe taken a Gold Coast a 2008), da kuma 2009 Australian Open saboda raunin gwiwa na dama. Ta dawo a cikin Paris Indoors . A zagaye na farko, ta doke Ágnes Szávay, amma a zagaye na biyu ta sha kashi a hannun Jelena Janković na biyu. In the first round of the Dubai Championships, Li lost to Elena Vesnina in three sets. Unseeded at the Monterrey Open, she defeated world No. 10 and top seed Agnieszka Radwańska in a first round match that lasted over two hours. In the second round, she beat Petra Cetkovská and then advanced to the semifinals after defeating Lucie Šafářová. Li then moved into her fifth career tour final, after beating sixth-seeded Iveta Benešová. However, Li lost to second-seeded Marion Bartoli in the final in straight sets. She played in the Premier event at Indian Wells, where she defeated Tamarine Tanasugarn, Patty Schnyder, and[Amélie Mauresmo, all in straight sets, to advance to the fourth round, where she lost to eventual champion Vera Zvonareva. Daga nan sai ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na taron Firayim Minista a Miami, inda ta doke mai cancanta Urszula Radwańska a zagaye na farko kuma ta damu da iri na 29 Aleksandra Wozniak don isa zagaye na uku, inda ta haifar da babban damuwa ta hanyar kayar da zakaran Indian Wells na makon da ya gabata, na shida Vera Zvonareva a cikin saiti uku. Wannan nasarar ta kasance da mahimmanci ga Li, saboda Zvonareva ta doke ta mako da ya gabata a Indian Wells. Daga nan sai ta fuskanci Ekaterina Makarova ta Rasha a zagaye na huɗu kuma ta doke ta a cikin saiti uku don kafa wasan kwata-kwata tare da babban iri da kuma duniya No. 1, Serena Williams, wasan da ta rasa a cikin saitin uku. Saboda rawar da ta taka, matsayinta ya kai No. 29 a duniya daga No. 40. Taron Li na gaba shine Grand Slam na biyu na shekara, French Open a Paris. A matsayinta na iri na 25, ta lashe zagaye na farko da Marta Domachowska . Daga nan sai ta doke Timea Bacsinszky da Olga Govortsova . Daga nan sai ta sha kashi a hannun tsohon duniya No. 1, Maria Sharapova, a zagaye na huɗu. Bayan wannan sakamako mai ban sha'awa, ta yi tsalle zuwa No. 20. Ta fara kakar wasa ta ciyawa a matsayin iri na huɗu a Birmingham Classic kuma ta ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe tare da cin nasara a kan Maria Sharapova a wasan kusa da na karshe. Koyaya, Magdaléna Rybáriková ta ci Na a wasan karshe. Li ta kasance ta 19 a gasar zakarun Wimbledon ta 2009. Ta doke Galina Voskoboeva a zagaye na farko da Olga Govortsova a zagaye ya biyu, amma ta rasa No. 11 Agnieszka Radwańska a zagaye nke uku. A Bankin Yammacin Classic na 2009, ta sha kashi a hannun Serena Williams a zagaye na farko, kuma a Gasar Mata ta LA, ta janye saboda rauni yayin wasan da ta yi da Urszula Radwańska na Poland. An shuka ta 18 a US Open, ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na US Open, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Kim Clijsters. A kan hanyar zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe, ta ci Raluca Olaru, Michelle Larcher na Brito, Maria Kirilenko, da Francesca Schiavone duk a madaidaiciya. An shuka ta 15 a Pan Pacific Open, Li ta lashe wasan farko da Alizé Cornet . Daga nan sai ta doke Vera Dushevina kafin ta doke Kateryna Bondarenko . A cikin kwata-kwata, ta doke Victoria Azarenka a cikin saiti uku, biyu daga cikinsu sun kasance tiebreaks, kodayake ta kasa yin wasa sau biyu a saiti na ƙarshe. Li ta rasa a wasan kusa da na karshe ga Jelena Janković kuma ta gama shekara a duniya No. 15, matsayi na ƙarshen shekara a lokacin. === 2010: Babban wasan kusa da na karshe na farko da kuma hawa zuwa saman goma === [[File:Li_Na_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|thumb|Li Na a gasar Porsche Tennis Grand Prix ta 20102010 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]] Gasar farko ta Li ta 2010 ita ce Classic a Auckland, inda aka shuka ta biyu. Kaia Kanepi ta kayar da ita a zagaye na farko. A Sydney, ta doke Caroline Wozniacki na huɗu amma ta sha kashi a hannun Flavia Pennetta a zagaye na biyu. Li ta kasance ta 16 a Australian Open . Ta kayar da duniya No. 4 Caroline Wozniacki a zagaye na huɗu sannan ta zo daga saiti da 3-5 zuwa ƙasa don kayar da Duniya No. 6 Venus Williams, a cikin ta farko ta Australian Open kuma kawai ta uku a cikin manyan sassan karshe. A wasan kusa da na karshe, ta sha kashi a hannun Serena Williams a wasanni biyu masu tsananin gasa. A sakamakon wannan wasan kwaikwayon, Li ita ce mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da ta kasance a cikin manyan goma na wasan tennis na mata. A gasar zakarun Dubai, Li, na takwas, ya ci María José Martínez Sánchez a zagaye na biyu. Daga nan sai ta fito daga raunin 6-3, 5-2 don kayar da Marion Bartoli a zagaye na uku. An tilasta Li ta yi ritaya a wasan kusa da na karshe da Shahar Pe'er . Li ta ci gaba da kakar wasa a gasar Malaysian Open ta farko. A matsayin iri na biyu, ta fadi ga Tatjana Malek a zagaye na farko. A matsayin iri na bakwai a Indian Wells Open, Li ya fadi ga Elena Baltacha a zagaye na biyu. Li ya kasance na takwas a Miami Open, amma ya fadi ga Timea Bacsinszky a zagaye na biyu. A Stuttgart Grand Prix, Li ya kayar da mai kare Svetlana Kuznetsova a zagaye na biyu, kafin ya fadi ga wanda ya zo na biyu Sam Stosur a wasan kusa da na karshe. Li ita ce iri na 11 a Faransanci Open . Ta fadi ga zakara kuma ta duniya No. 17 Francesca Schiavone a zagaye na uku. An fara shuka Li a Birmingham Classic . Ta kayar da Aravane Rezai na 4 a wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma Maria Sharapova ta biyu a wasan karshe don lashe gasar. Tare da nasarar, Li ya koma saman 10 a cikin matsayi na WTA. Ya kasance na bakwai a Eastbourne, Li ya yi ritaya a zagaye na farko tare da raunin gwiwa bayan ya lashe saiti na farko da Elena Baltacha . Li ta kasance ta tara a Wimbledon. Ta kayar da Agnieszka Radwańska ta bakwai don ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe a Wimbledon a karo na biyu a cikin aikinta, inda ta sha kashi a hannun No. 1 na duniya kuma mai kare Serena Williams. A yin haka Li ya sake komawa saman 10 a cikin matsayi na WTA. A US Open, ta fara ne a matsayin iri na takwas, amma ta fadi a cikas ta farko ga Kateryna Bondarenko . Li ya kasance madadin a gasar zakarun WTA, amma bai sami damar yin wasa ba. Maimakon haka, ta taka leda a Gasar Zakarun Turai a matsayin iri na farko. Koyaya, Kimiko Date-Krumm ta Japan ta ci ta a zagaye na farko, ta kawo ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010, mafi kyawun lokacinta har zuwa yau. Ta gama kawai a waje da saman 10 a duniya No. 11. A ƙarshen shekara, kocin Li Thomas Högstedt ya zaɓi ya bar ta don ya horar da Maria Sharapova. ===2011: Babban ci gaba da nasara mai tarihi a French Open=== [[File:Li Na 2011 French Open.jpg|thumb|right|Li Na a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na French Open na 2011]] Li ta buga gasar Sydney International a matsayin ta takwas a jerin masu matsayi, inda ta yi nasara cikin sauƙi kan 'yar Australia mai katin gayyata Anastasia Rodionova, sannan ta yi nasarar doke Virginie Razzano a wasa mai wahala na set uku a zagaye biyu na farko. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, ta haɗu da wadda ta taɓa lashe Grand Slam sau biyu, Svetlana Kuznetsova, kuma ta samu nasara. Ta doke Bojana Jovanovski, wadda ta samu gurbi ba tare da tsammani ba, a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta samu damar shiga wasan ƙarshe na WTA karo na takwas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medibankinternational.com.au/2011/01/li-defeats-clijsters-to-take-womens-singles#more-5399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117024322/http://www.medibankinternational.com.au/2011/01/li-defeats-clijsters-to-take-womens-singles |archive-date=2011-01-17 |url-status=usurped |title=Li defeats Clijsters to take women's singles}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe, Li ta fuskanci Kim Clijsters mai matsayi na 3 a duniya, kuma duk da kasancewarta a baya da 5–0 a set na farko, Li ta ci gaba da doke Clijsters, inda ta lashe kambun WTA na huɗu a tarihinta. Li ita ce ta tara a jerin masu matsayi a Australian Open, inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Grand Slam na farko a wasannin mata, kuma ta zama 'yar wasan tennis ta farko da ke wakiltar ƙasar Gabashin Asiya da kuma Asiya da ta cimma wannan nasara. A kan hanyarta, ta doke Victoria Azarenka, wadda take matsayi na takwas, a set biyu kai tsaye. Ta doke Caroline Wozniacki, mai matsayi na 1 a duniya, a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe domin kaiwa wasan ƙarshe, bayan da ta ceci damar cin wasa a set na biyu. A wasan ƙarshe ta fuskanci Kim Clijsters, wadda take matsayi na 3 kuma wadda ta riga ta doke a Sydney International. Ko da yake Li ta lashe set na farko, Clijsters ta dawo da ƙarfi ta lashe gasar. Duk da rashin nasarar, matsayinta ya tashi zuwa matsayi na 7 a duniya, wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayinta a sana'arta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/sports/tennis/30tennis.html |title=Clijsters, While Not at Her Best, Is Still Too Much for Li |work=The New York Times |date=29 January 2011 |first=Christopher |last=Clarey |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Duk da kyakkyawan fara kakar, Li daga baya ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyar a jere. Bayan samun damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye zuwa zagaye na biyu, ta sha kaye a wasa mai tsananin wahala da Yanina Wickmayer a gasar Dubai Championships, Klára Zakopalová wadda ta samu gurbi a madadin 'yar wasan da ta janye a Qatar Ladies Open, da kuma 'yar ƙasarta Peng Shuai a Indian Wells. Duk da haka, bayan Indian Wells ta kai matsayi mafi girma a sana'arta, wato na 6 a duniya, saboda rashin nasarar Janković na kare maki da ta samu a baya. Jerin rashin nasarar Li ya ci gaba, lokacin da Johanna Larsson ta yi mata nasara ba zato ba tsammani a Miami Open. Da wannan rashin nasara, tare da rashin nasarar Andy Murray a Miami, dukkan 'yan wasan da suka kai wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open har yanzu ba su ci wasa ba tun bayan wasan ƙarshe na Grand Slam ɗinsu na farko. Ta koma matsayi na 7. Daga nan Li ta karya jerin rashin nasararta ta hanyar doke Anastasija Sevastova a zagayen farko a Stuttgart. Sai dai ta sha kaye a hannun Sabine Lisicki a zagaye na biyu. Ko da yake ba ta iya kare dukkan maki da ta samu a Stuttgart ba, ta koma matsayi na 6. Sai dai saboda sakamakon da bai gamsar da ita ba, Li Na ta kori mijinta daga matsayin mai horar da ita, sannan ta ɗauki Dane Michael Mortensen aiki.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/li-nas-honesty-earns-locals-backing-for-azarenka-showdown-8467850.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/li-nas-honesty-earns-locals-backing-for-azarenka-showdown-8467850.html |archive-date=2022-06-14 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Li Na's honesty earns locals' backing for Azarenka showdown |work=The Independent |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Ta shiga Madrid Open a matsayin ta shida a jerin masu matsayi. A zagaye biyu na farko, ta doke María José Martínez Sánchez da Iveta Benešová ba tare da wata wahala mai yawa ba. A zagaye na uku ta doke Roberta Vinci bayan ta dawo daga baya a set ɗaya. Daga nan ta doke Bethanie Mattek-Sands bayan ta dawo daga rashin nasara da break a set ɗin yanke hukunci. Wannan nasarar ta zama karo na farko da ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a Madrid, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Petra Kvitová, wadda daga baya ta lashe gasar. Komawar Li kan ganiyar wasa ta ci gaba a Italian Open. Tana matsayi na huɗu, ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye. Ta lashe wasanta na farko da Lourdes Domínguez Lino, sannan ta doke Jarmila Gajdošová da Gréta Arn a zagaye biyu na gaba, inda ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe sau biyu a jere a filin ƙasa. Sai dai ta sha kaye a hannun Samantha Stosur a set biyu. Li ta lashe kambunta na farko na Grand Slam a French Open a ranar 4 ga Yuni; ta haka ta kafa tarihi ta zama 'yar wasan tennis ta farko daga ƙasar Gabashin Asiya da Asiya da ta lashe gasar Grand Slam ta 'yan wasa ɗaya. Tana matsayi na shida, ta doke Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová, Sílvia Soler Espinosa, Sorana Cîrstea, Petra Kvitová mai matsayi na tara, Victoria Azarenka mai matsayi na huɗu, Maria Sharapova mai matsayi na bakwai, sannan Francesca Schiavone mai matsayi na biyar kuma wadda ke kare kambunta a wasan ƙarshe, wasan da masu kallo miliyan 330 suka kalla a duniya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jun/06/li-na-french-open-champion|title=Li Na of China keeps feet on ground after historic French Open victory|date=6 June 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Simon|last=Cambers}}</ref> Bayan wasan, kafafen yaɗa labarai na China sun yaba wa Li Na,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/story/print/?id=367845 |title=China hails Li Na's French Open win as source of pride |publisher=TSN |date=4 June 2011 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> kuma ana sa ran shahararta a duk faɗin China za ta ƙaru sosai a watannin da suka biyo baya, yayin da ta zama 'yar ƙasar China ta farko, mace ko namiji, da ta taɓa lashe kambun Grand Slam na tennis a gasar 'yan wasa ɗaya, lamarin da ya tabbatar da matsayinta a tarihin wannan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=296 |title=Li Na – From an athlete in the shadows to a new national hero |publisher=Thinking Chinese |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050810/http://thinkingchinese.com/index.php?page_id=296 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Ko da yake Li ita ce 'yar ƙasar China ta farko da ta lashe gasar Grand Slam ta 'yan wasa ɗaya, ba ita ce mutum na farko mai asalin Sinawa da ya yi hakan ba. Wannan matsayi na Michael Chang ne, Ba'amurke ɗan asalin China wanda ya lashe French Open na 1989.</ref> Bayan French Open, Li ta kai matsayi mafi girma a sana'arta, wato matsayi na 4 a duniya. A matsayinta na ta biyu a jerin masu matsayi a Eastbourne, Li ta sha kaye a zagaye na biyu a hannun Daniela Hantuchová. Saboda janyewar Kim Clijsters, Li ta zama ta uku a jerin masu matsayi a Wimbledon, wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayinta a gasar Grand Slam. Ta doke Alla Kudryavtseva a zagayen farko amma ta sha kaye a zagaye na biyu a hannun Sabine Lisicki ta Jamus, wadda daga baya ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, duk da cewa Li ta samu damar cin wasa sau biyu a 5–3 kuma ta yi serving domin rufe wasan sau biyu a 5–4 da 6–5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2015404732_aptenwimbledonli.html|title=French Open champ Li loses to Lisicki at Wimbledon|date=23 June 2011|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Li ta fuskanci rashin nasara mai ban mamaki a zagayen farko na US Open na 2011 a hannun matashiyar 'yar Romania Simona Halep, wadda take matsayi na 53, sannan ta kawo ƙarshen aiki da Mortensen a matsayin mai horar da ita. Daga nan a China Open, 'yar wasan Romania Monica Niculescu ta doke Li a zagayen farko. Sai dai saboda Vera Zvonareva da Samantha Stosur ba su iya wuce zagaye na uku ba, Li ta samu damar cancantar shiga WTA Tour Championships a karon farko a sana'arta. Li ta fara halarta a WTA Championships na 2011 a Istanbul. An sanya ta cikin White Group tare da Maria Sharapova, Victoria Azarenka da Samantha Stosur. Ta doke Sharapova a wasanta na farko amma ta sha kaye a sauran wasanninta biyu, ta kasa kaiwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Ta kammala shekarar a matsayi na 5 a duniya bayan wata kakar da ba za a manta da ita ba amma mai yawan sauyin sakamako. An zaɓi Li Na cikin rukuni biyu na kyaututtukan wasanni na ESPY: "Kyautar Babban Ci Gaba ta Shekara" da "Kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yar Wasan Tennis ta Mata ta Shekara".<ref name="Li Na in Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Rafael-Nadal-And-Li-Na-Nominated-For-Two-ESPY-Awar.aspx |title=Rafael Nadal And Li Na Nominated For Two ESPY Awards |publisher=Tennisnow.com |date=30 June 2011 |first=James |last= Waterson |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Ta sha kaye a hannun Blake Griffin da Serena Williams, bi da bi. A ranakun 17 da 18 ga Disamba, Li ta halarci Li Na & Friends Tennis Exhibition 2011 a Wuhan, China. ===2012: Gwarzon gasar Premier-5 ta farko=== Li ta fara kakarta ta 2012 a Hopman Cup tare da ɗan ƙasarta Wu Di, wanda shi ma ya fito daga lardin Hubei, inda ta lashe dukkan wasanninta uku na 'yan wasa ɗaya a kan Marion Bartoli, Anabel Medina Garrigues da Jarmila Gajdošová. Wannan ita ce nasararta ta farko a kan Anabel Medina Garrigues cikin haɗuwarsu huɗu. Wannan ya nuna dawowarta kan yanayin wasanta bayan da rashin nasara da fita tun a zagayen farko suka addabe ta a kusan dukkan gasanninta a rabin na biyu na 2011 bayan nasararta a Roland Garros. Daga nan Li ta buga Sydney domin kare kambunta. Ta doke Ekaterina Makarova, Chanelle Scheepers da Lucie Šafářová domin kaiwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, ta dawo daga rashin nasara a set ɗaya domin samun nasara a kan Petra Kvitová, mai matsayi na 2 a duniya kuma wadda ake ganin za ta lashe gasar. A wasan ƙarshe, Li ta kasa kare kambunta, inda Victoria Azarenka ta doke ta a set uku. Li ta fara gasar Australian Open ta 2012 da sauƙin wuce zagayen farko, inda ta doke Ksenia Pervak, Olivia Rogowska da Anabel Medina Garrigues, wadda ta janye saboda raunin ƙafa, kafin ta haɗu da Kim Clijsters, wadda ta doke ta a wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open na 2011, a zagaye na huɗu. Kim Clijsters ta karkatar da ƙafarta a 3–3 kuma Li ta lashe set na farko cikin sauƙi. Li ta samu damar cin wasa guda huɗu a 6–2 a tie-break na set na biyu, amma ta rasa maki shida a jere, abin da ya ba Clijsters damar lashe set na biyu saboda kurakuran da ba a tilasta mata ba da kuma zaɓin bugun ƙwallo mara kyau. A 1–5 a set na ƙarshe, Li ta fara dawowa ta hanyar lashe wasanni uku a jere, inda ta rage tazarar zuwa 4–5, amma 'yar Belgium ta samu damar rufe wasan. Rashin nasarar da ba a yi tsammani ba ya sa ta fashe da kuka a taron manema labarai bayan wasan. Bayan rashin nasarar Australian Open mai ban takaici, Li ta halarci Fed Cup na 2012 kuma ta lashe dukkan wasanninta uku a gida. Ta doke Kei-Chen Changand da Nigina Abduraimova a matakan zagayen rukuni, inda ta taimaka wa China kaiwa wasannin neman ci gaba da Kazakhstan. Daga nan ta buga da Galina Voskoboeva kuma ta yi nasara a set uku. Wannan nasarar ta tabbatar da nasarar China a fafatawar tare da tabbatar mata da gurbi a wasannin neman shiga World Group II. [[File:Li Na Miami.jpg|thumb|left|Li Na a Miami]] Daga nan Li ta halarci Open GDF Suez a Paris, amma ta janye a kan Tsvetana Pironkova a zagayen farko saboda raunin baya da ta samu a wasannin Fed Cup. Ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe sau biyu a jere a Indian Wells da Miami. A Indian Wells Open, Li ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, sannan ta sake fuskantar Galina Voskoboeva a zagaye na biyu, inda ta yi nasara a set uku. Li ta samu nasararta ta farko a kan Zheng Jie, bayan da ta sha kaye a haɗuwarsu biyar da suka gabata. A zagaye na huɗu ta samu nasara cikin sauƙi a kan Klára Zakopalová, wadda ke cikin yanayi mai kyau bayan ta doke Vera Zvonareva da Daniela Hantuchová. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe ta fuskanci Angelique Kerber kuma ta sha kaye a set biyu. A Miami Open, bayan samun damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, Li ta doke Melinda Czink, Iveta Benešová da Sabine Lisicki domin samun gurbi a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Nasararta a kan Lisicki ta rama rashin nasarar da ta yi a hannun 'yar Jamus mai ƙarfi wajen serving a zagaye na biyu na Wimbledon na shekarar da ta gabata. Li ta sha kaye a hannun Maria Sharapova, mai matsayi na 2 a duniya, a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, wanda shi ne rashin nasararta na farko a cikin haɗuwarsu huɗu na baya, inda 'yar China ta doke 'yar Rasha a dukkan lokutan baya a set biyu kai tsaye. Li ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Italian Open na 2012, inda ta doke Iveta Benešová, Chanelle Scheepers da Dominika Cibulková ba tare da rasa set ba, kafin Serena Williams ta ba ta damar wucewa kai tsaye zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe saboda janyewarta. A wasan ƙarshe ta sha kaye a hannun Maria Sharapova a set uku masu ban sha'awa, duk da kasancewarta a kan gaba da set ɗaya da 4–0 a set na biyu, sannan ta kasa amfani da damar lashe kambun a set na ƙarshe. Li ita ce ta 7 a jerin masu matsayi a French Open, inda take kare kambunta. Ta fara kare kambunta da doke Sorana Cîrstea, Stéphanie Foretz da Christina McHale a zagaye uku na farko, kafin Yaroslava Shvedova, wadda ta samu gurbi ta hanyar cancanta, ta yi ƙoƙarin yi mata rashin nasara a zagaye na huɗu. Saboda sakamakonta a French Open, Li ta fita daga cikin 'yan wasa goma mafiya matsayi a duniya. Li ta sha kaye a hannun Sorana Cîrstea a zagaye na biyu na Wimbledon, wanda shi ne rashin nasararta ta farko a hannun 'yar Romania. A gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012, Li, wadda take matsayi na 10, ta fita a zagayen farko bayan Daniela Hantuchová ta Slovakia ta doke ta. Rashin kyakkyawan sakamakonta ya sa ta sake fita daga cikin 'yan wasa goma mafiya matsayi a duniya a karo na biyu a shekarar bayan kammala wasannin. Bayan gasar Olympics, Li ta sanar da cewa ita da Carlos Rodríguez, mai horar da tsohuwar mai matsayi na 1 a duniya kuma wadda ta lashe manyan gasa sau bakwai Justine Henin, sun fara haɗin gwiwar horarwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-08-18/carlos-rodriguez-and-li-na/57127552/1 |title=Carlos Rodriguez opens up about teaming up with Li Na |work=USA Today |date=18 August 2012 |first=Bobby |last=Chintapalli |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Gasar da Li ta biyo baya ita ce Rogers Cup, inda ta kai har zuwa wasan ƙarshe. Ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye kafin ta doke fitacciyar 'yar wasan da ke gida, Eugenie Bouchard, a zagaye na biyu. A zagaye na uku, ta tsallake matsalar da Sara Errani, mai matsayi na 9 a duniya, ta kawo, sannan ta kawo ƙarshen burin Agnieszka Radwańska na zama ta 1 a matsayi ta hanyar doke ta a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, Li ta dawo daga rashin nasara da 5–1 a set na uku domin doke Lucie Šafářová, kafin Petra Kvitová ta doke ta a wasan ƙarshe. Bayan gasar ta koma cikin 'yan wasa goma mafiya matsayi a duniya a matsayi na 9. A Cincinnati Open, Li ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye kafin ta kawar da Sorana Cîrstea a zagaye na biyu, inda ta rama rashin nasarar da 'yar Romania ta yi mata a zagaye na biyu na Wimbledon. A zagaye na uku Li ta nuna cewa ta fi ƙarfin Johanna Larsson, sannan a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe ta doke Agnieszka Radwańska, mai matsayi na 3 a duniya kuma wadda take kan gaba a jerin masu matsayi, cikin gamsasshen wasa inda Li ta ba ta wasanni biyu kacal. Daga nan ta doke Venus Williams a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta mayar da tarihin haɗuwarsu zuwa 3–0, kafin ta doke Angelique Kerber, wadda take matsayi na biyar, a wasan ƙarshe; wannan shi ne karo na biyar da ta doke Kerber cikin wasanni shida. Wannan shi ne kambunta na farko tun French Open na 2011 da kuma kambunta na shida a sana'arta. Da lashe wannan gasa, ta hau matsayi ɗaya zuwa matsayi na 8 a duniya. A US Open, Li ta wuce zagaye biyu na farko cikin sauƙi, inda ta doke Heather Watson da Casey Dellacqua. Sai dai tafiyarta a gasar ta ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a zagaye na gaba, lokacin da matashiyar 'yar Burtaniya Laura Robson ta doke ta a set uku. Laura Robson ta riga ta doke Kim Clijsters, wadda ta taɓa lashe gasar sau uku, a zagayen da ya gabata. Wannan sakamakon yana nufin cewa ita ce kakarta ta farko tun 2008 da ta kasa kaiwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar Grand Slam. Daga nan Li ta yi tafiya zuwa Tokyo domin shiga Pan Pacific Open. Ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, sannan ta lashe wasanta na zagaye na biyu a kan Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova domin samun damar fuskantar tsohuwar mai matsayi na 1 a duniya Caroline Wozniacki a zagaye na uku. Ta lashe set na farko, amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kaye a wasan. Fitar tata daga gasar na nufin damar shiga gasar WTA Tour Championships da ke tafe za ta dogara ne da sakamakonta a China Open. Li ta lashe wasanta na zagayen farko a kan Francesca Schiavone. A zagaye na biyu ta samu nasararta ta farko a kan 'yar Rasha Nadia Petrova bayan rashin nasara shida da suka gabata, wadda ta fito daga lashe Pan Pacific Open mako guda kafin hakan. A zagaye na uku ta buga da 'yar ƙasarta Peng Shuai domin samun gurbi a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, kuma ta yi nasara a wasa mai sauyin sakamako na set uku wanda ya ɗauki sa'o'i 2 da mintuna 28. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, ta fuskanci wadda ke kare kambunta Agnieszka Radwańska, kuma ta buga tennis mai inganci sosai domin doke ta a karo na uku a wannan kakar. Ta sha kaye a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a hannun Maria Sharapova; 'yar Rasha ta lashe wasanni takwas a jere domin samun nasarar wasan. Da wannan sakamakon, ta zama 'yar wasa ta takwas kuma ta ƙarshe da ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ƙarshen kakar, WTA Tour Championships. A WTA Tour Championships na 2012, an sanya Li cikin Red Group tare da Victoria Azarenka, Serena Williams da Angelique Kerber. Ta buga da Serena Williams a wasanta na farko kuma ta sha kaye a set biyu bayan ta kasa amfani da damar da ta samu ta kasance a kan gaba da 4–1 a set na farko. Ta doke Angelique Kerber a wasanta na biyu kafin ta sha kaye a hannun Azarenka a wasanta na uku; a wannan wasan, ta yi serving domin lashe set na farko a 5–4, amma an karya serving ɗinta kuma ta rasa set ɗin a tie-break. Wannan shi ne wasan ƙarshe na kakarta ta 2012, inda ta kammala shekarar a matsayi na 7 a duniya. A ranar 29 ga Disamba 2012, Li ta doke Victoria Azarenka a gasar baje kolin wasanni ta shekara-shekara a Hua Hin, Thailand. ===2013: Wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open na biyu, komawa cikin 'yan wasa huɗu na farko, da matsayi na 3 a ƙarshen shekara=== [[File:Li Na Coach.JPG|thumb|Li Na tare da mai horar da ita Carlos Rodríguez a US Open na 2013]] Li ta fara kakarta a gasar farko ta [[2013 Shenzhen Open|Shenzhen Open]]. Ta kai wasan ƙarshe cikin sauƙi bayan ta doke [[Mandy Minella]], [[Julia Cohen]], [[Bojana Jovanovski]] da Peng Shuai ba tare da an kai wasan zuwa set na uku ba, lamarin da ya sanya ta cikin kyakkyawan matsayi na lashe kambunta na WTA na bakwai. A wasan ƙarshe, Li ta doke wadda aka ba matsayi na 5, Klára Zakopalová, cikin sets uku, inda ta lashe kambunta na farko a shekarar 2013 da na bakwai a tarihinta. Daga nan Li ta buga gasar [[2013 Apia International Sydney|Sydney International]], inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe a shekaru biyu da suka gabata a jere, kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 2011. Christina McHale ta matsa mata sosai, amma ba ta sha wahala sosai ba wajen doke [[Ayumi Morita]]. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, ta fuskanci matashiyar Ba'amurkiya [[Madison Keys]], wadda ta kasance babbar ƙalubale, amma Li ta yi nasara a cikin sets uku masu tsauri, ta samu damar buga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da 'yar wasa mai matsayi na 4 a duniya, Agnieszka Radwańska. Li ta yi kama da za ta yi nasara a farkon wasan, amma daga baya ta fara yin rauni, inda ta yi kurakurai da yawa da ba a tilasta mata su ba, waɗanda suka bai wa Radwańska damar lashe set na farko. Ta ceci damar cin wasan guda huɗu a lokacin da Radwańska ke yin hidima a wasa na tara na set na biyu, sannan ta ceci wasu uku yayin da ita ke yin hidima a wasa na goma. Sai dai daga ƙarshe ta kasa jure matsin lamba, kuma bugun rabin-voley da ta aika cikin raga ya tabbatar da nasarar Radwańska cikin awa 1 da mintuna 32, lamarin da ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Li a Sydney. A [[2013 Australian Open|Australian Open]], Li ta yi saurin kaiwa wasan kwata fainal, inda ta fuskanci Agnieszka Radwańska mai matsayi na 4 a duniya, wadda ba ta rasa ko da set ɗaya ba a wasanni 13 da ta ci a jere. Li ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ta doke ta a wannan kakar, sannan ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta doke Maria Sharapova mai matsayi na 2 a duniya cikin sets biyu, wadda a gasar ta rasa wasanni tara kacal, adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka taɓa samu. Wannan ya zama karo na biyu da Li ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open cikin shekaru uku, bayan ta zo ta biyu a bayan Kim Clijsters a shekarar 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-25/china-media-hail-li-na-as-resurgent-champion-at-australian-open.html |title=China Media Hail Li Na as Resurgent Champion at Australian Open |work=Bloomberg |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe, Li ta fuskanci cikas sakamakon raunin da ta samu, inda ta faɗi sau biyu. Na farko ya faru ne lokacin da take baya da 1–3 a set na biyu, faɗuwar da ta sa ta samu hutun jinya na mintuna 10. Ta sake faɗuwa karo na biyu bayan hutun wasan wuta na Ranar Australia, inda ba kawai ta sake karkatar da ƙafarta ta hagu ba, har ma ta bugi bayan kanta da ƙarfi a filin wasa, lamarin da ya sa ta ɗan suma na wani lokaci. Duk da cewa raunin ya hana ta motsi yadda ya kamata, ta ci gaba da wasa amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kashi a sets uku a hannun Victoria Azarenka. Raunin ƙafar hagu da ta samu a wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open ya tilasta mata janyewa daga gasannin da suka biyo baya, ciki har da [[2013 Qatar Total Open|Qatar]] da [[2013 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Open]], da kuma wasan baje koli na [[BNP Paribas Showdown]] a Hong Kong, inda aka shirya za ta fafata da tsohuwar 'yar wasa mai matsayi na 1 a duniya, Caroline Wozniacki. Bayan shafe makonni bakwai ba ta buga wasa ba, Li ta dawo gasar a [[2013 Sony Open Tennis|Miami Open]] a matsayi na biyar. Bayan samun damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, ta doke [[Kiki Bertens]] a zagaye na biyu cikin sets biyu masu sauri ba tare da rasa hidimarta ba, a wasanta na farko tun bayan wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open. Daga nan ta fuskanci [[Varvara Lepchenko]] da [[Garbiñe Muguruza]], inda ta doke su duka cikin sets biyu, ta samu damar fuskantar Serena Williams mai matsayi na 1 a duniya a wasan kwata fainal. Duk da kasancewarta a gaba da ci 5–2 a set na biyu da kuma samun damar lashe set a lokacin da Williams ke yin hidima, ba ta samu hanyar cin gajiyar damar ba, kuma daga ƙarshe ta sha kashi a wasan tie-break. Gasar da Li ta buga ta gaba ita ce [[2013 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]], wadda ita ce babbar gasar farko ta [[clay court|filin yumbu]] a kakar. A matsayi na biyu, ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye. Ta doke wadda ta samu cancanta, [[Mirjana Lučić-Baroni]], cikin sauƙi a zagaye na biyu, inda hakan ya kafa mata wasa da Petra Kvitová a wasan kwata fainal. Ta doke Kvitová sannan ta doke 'yar wasan da ta yi mamaki ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, duka cikin sets biyu, inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe a karon farko, tana neman kambunta na takwas a sana'arta. Wasan ƙarshe ya kasance tsakanin ta da Maria Sharapova, wadda hanyarta zuwa wasan ƙarshe ta ƙunshi wasanni uku da suka kai set uku, kowannensu ya ɗauki sama da sa'o'i uku. Sai dai Sharapova ta doke Li cikin sauƙi cikin sama da mintuna 90, inda ta ƙara yawan wasannin da ta ci a jere a filin yumbu zuwa 16, tare da ɗaukar fansa kan rashin nasarar da Li ta jawo mata a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Australian Open a farkon shekarar. A mako na gaba, Li ta sha mamaki a hannun lucky loser Madison Keys a zagayen farko na [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], wanda ya zama karon farko a kakar da ta fita daga gasa tun farkon matakanta. Ta koma [[2013 Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] a matsayin wadda ta kai wasan ƙarshe a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan samun damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, ta doke Zheng Jie cikin sets biyu, sannan ta fafata da tsohuwar abokiyar wasanta ta doubles Jelena Janković, wadda ta doke Li a wani dogon wasa, inda rashin daidaiton Li ya zama sanadin rashin nasararta, bayan ta yi kurakurai 62 da ba a tilasta mata su ba. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake ganin za su iya lashe gasar, neman kambunta na biyu na Grand Slam ya fara ne lokacin da ta fuskanci Anabel Medina Garrigues a zagayen farko na [[2013 French Open|Roland Garros]], inda ta yi nasara cikin sets biyu. Sai dai matsalolinta a filin yumbu sun ci gaba, yayin da Bethanie Mattek-Sands, wadda ke matsayi na 67, ta doke ta a zagaye na biyu da aka katse saboda ruwan sama – ta sha kashi a sets uku, lamarin da ya kawo ƙarshen kakarta mai ban takaici a filin yumbu. Li ta fara kakar wasannin filin ciyawa da nasara, inda ta doke [[Alizé Cornet]] a zagayen farko na [[2013 Aegon International|Eastbourne International]], inda aka ba ta matsayi na biyu. Ta samu gurbin wasan kwata fainal da Elena Vesnina bayan abokiyar hamayyarta a zagaye na biyu, Marion Bartoli, ta janye saboda rashin lafiya da wata ƙwayar cuta ta haddasa. 'Yar wasan Rasha ta kawo ƙarshen tafiyar Li, sannan ita ma ta ci gasar. Li ita ce wadda aka ba matsayi na shida a [[2013 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]. Ta doke [[Michaëlla Krajicek]] a zagayen farko da [[Simona Halep]] a wani wasa mai ban sha'awa na sets uku. A zagaye na uku da Klára Zakopalová, wadda aka ba matsayi na 32, Li ta rasa set na farko, amma ta lashe wasan cikin sets uku bayan Zakopalová ta kasa kammala wasan yayin da take yin hidima. A zagaye na huɗu ta doke Roberta Vinci, inda ta samu gurbin shiga cikin 'yan wasa takwas na ƙarshe a karo na uku. Bayan wasan, ta bayyana cewa sirrin nasararta shi ne atisayen slice da mijinta Jiang Shan ya yi mata kafin wasan. A wasan kwata fainal da Agnieszka Radwańska, Li tana gaba da ci 5–4 a set na farko kuma tana da damar lashe set lokacin da ta buga ace wanda aka yi kiran cewa ya fita, alhali bai fita ba. Li ba ta kalubalanci hukuncin ba, kuma ta rasa set ɗin a tie-break, inda ita ma take gaba da ci 5–3. Ta yi ƙoƙarin dawowa ta lashe set na biyu, bayan ta dawo daga ci 4–2. Wani ɗan gajeren hutun ruwan sama ya dakatar da wasan a farkon set na uku. Bayan an dawo wasa, Radwańska ce ta yi saurin zuwa gaba da ci 5–2. Li ta ceci damar cin wasa guda takwas, amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kashi bayan awa 2 da mintuna 47.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/a-challenge-not-taken-a-match-not-won/ |title=A Challenge Not Taken, a Match Not Won |work=The New York Times |date=3 July 2013 |first=Craig |last=O'Shannessy |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Li Na 2013 Rogers Cup Practice.jpg|thumb|left|Li Na tana atisaye a Rogers Cup na 2013 a Toronto]] Daga nan Li ta fafata a [[2013 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] a Toronto, inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan samun damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, ta doke Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova cikin sets biyu masu sauƙi, sannan ta samu nasarori masu wahala a kan 'yan wasa da ke cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, Ana Ivanovic (a tie-break na set na ƙarshe, bayan ta tsira daga ci 2–5) da Dominika Cibulková, inda ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, amma ta sha kashi a hannun [[Sorana Cîrstea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/tennis/2013/08/10/rogers_cup_sorana_cirstea_beats_li_na_to_make_final.html |title=Rogers Cup: Sorana Cirstea beats Li Na to make final |work=Toronto Star |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> A [[2013 Western & Southern Open|San Diego Open]], ta samu nasarori a kan [[Lauren Davis]] da Angelique Kerber kafin Agnieszka Radwańska ta ba ta walkover a wasan kwata fainal bayan 'yar Polan ta janye saboda dalilai na kashin kanta. A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Serena Williams, an karya hidimarta lokacin da take ƙoƙarin kammala kowane ɗayan sets ɗin, kuma zakarar gasar ta ƙarshe ta doke ta.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} An ba Li matsayi na biyar a [[2013 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], inda ta doke Olga Govortsova da [[Sofia Arvidsson]] cikin sets biyu, sannan ta rama wa Laura Robson a zagaye na uku, wato matakin da Robson ta doke ta a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga nan ta doke tsohuwar 'yar wasa mai matsayi na 1 a duniya Jelena Janković cikin sets biyu. Bayan doke Janković, ta kai wasan kwata fainal na US Open a karo na biyu kacal a sana'arta. A can ta doke Ekaterina Makarova, inda ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na US Open a karon farko, sannan kuma ta zama karo na farko da wata 'yar China ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na US Open, kafin Serena Williams ta sake kawo ƙarshen tafiyarta cikin sets biyu, bayan da ta buƙaci damar cin wasa guda shida kafin ta yi nasara. Daga nan ta tafi Beijing domin shiga [[2013 China Open (tennis)|2013 China Open]] a matsayin wadda magoya bayan gida suka fi so, inda ta doke Daniela Hantuchová, Bojana Jovanovski da Sabine Lisicki cikin sets biyu kafin Petra Kvitová ta doke ta a wasan kwata fainal. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, Li ta samu cancantar shiga [[2013 WTA Tour Championships]]. Ta lashe dukkan wasanninta uku na zagayen rukuni da Sara Errani, Jelena Janković da Victoria Azarenka, don haka ta samu damar shiga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a karon farko. Bayan ta doke Petra Kvitová, matsayinta ya tashi zuwa sabon mafi girman matsayi a sana'arta, na 3 a duniya, wanda shi ne matsayi mafi girma da wata 'yar wasan tennis daga ƙasar Gabashin Asiya da Asiya ta taɓa samu, inda ta wuce Maria Sharapova da Agnieszka Radwańska. A wasan ƙarshe, ta fara da ƙarfi, inda ta buga winners guda goma a kan hanyarta ta lashe set na farko a kan Serena Williams, amma ƙarfinta ya ƙare a ci 3–3 a set na biyu, inda ta rasa wasanni tara a jere kuma ta sha kashi a wasan. ===2014: Zakarar Australian Open da ritaya=== Li ta fara kakar 2014 a matsayin wadda ke kare kambunta a [[2014 WTA Shenzhen Open|Shenzhen Open]]. Ta doke wadda aka ba katin gayyata kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasa mai matsayi na 2 a duniya Vera Zvonareva a zagayen farko, [[Nadiia Kichenok]] a zagaye na biyu, Monica Niculescu a wasan kwata fainal da [[Annika Beck]] a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe na farko a shekarar, sannan a cikin wannan tsari ta kafa wasan ƙarshe na biyu tsakanin 'yan China kawai a tarihin WTA, inda ta doke Peng Shuai cikin sets biyu ta lashe kambunta na takwas na 'yan wasa ɗaya a sana'arta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/tennis-women-shenzen-idINDEEA0302420140104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306111323/http://in.reuters.com/article/tennis-women-shenzen-idINDEEA0302420140104 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |title=Li Na overcomes Peng to defend Shenzhen Open title |publisher=Reuters |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko a sana'ar Li da ta samu nasarar kare kowane irin kambu. A [[2014 Australian Open|Australian Open]], Li ta fafata a matsayin wadda aka ba matsayi na huɗu. Ta yi nasara cikin sauri a kan 'yan wasa biyu da ke cikin manyan biyu na matasan duniya, [[Ana Konjuh]] da [[Belinda Bencic]], a zagayen farko da na biyu. Bayan ta rasa set na farko a hannun [[Lucie Šafářová]], ta ceci damar cin wasa lokacin da take baya da 5–6 a set na biyu, kafin ta dawo a tie-break da set ɗin yanke hukunci don kauce wa babbar nasara da ba a zata ba. Daga nan ta doke Ekaterina Makarova, Flavia Pennetta da Eugenie Bouchard cikin sauƙi, inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open a karo na uku cikin shekaru huɗu, inda ta doke wadda ta kai wasan ƙarshe na babban gasa a karon farko kuma aka ba ta matsayi na 20, Dominika Cibulková, cikin sets biyu, ta lashe kambunta na farko na Australian Open. Hakan ya sa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko daga Gabashin Asiya da Asiya da ta lashe Australian Open, sannan ta zama mace ta huɗu da ta lashe kambun bayan ta taɓa kasancewa tana fuskantar damar rasa wasan.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jan/25/li-na-v-dominika-cibulkova-live |title= Li Na wins Australian Open final against Dominika Cibulkova – as it happened|date=25 January 2014|work=Guardian UK|first=Dan|last=Lucas|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/25875113|title= Li Na beats Dominika Cibulkova to win Australian Open final|date=25 January 2014|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Piers|last=Newbery|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> Li ta ƙara yawan nasarorin da ta samu a jere zuwa wasanni 13 bayan ta doke [[Magdaléna Rybáriková]] a wasanta na farko a [[2014 Qatar Total Open|Qatar Ladies Open]]. Daga nan ta sha kashi na farko a kakar a hannun wadda ta samu cancanta [[Petra Cetkovská]] a wani wasa mai tsauri na sets uku a zagaye na uku. Bayan gasar, Li ta kai sabon matsayi mafi girma a sana'arta, na 2 a duniya a matsayin 'yar wasan ɗaya. Gasar da Li ta shirya bugawa ta gaba ita ce [[2014 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Open]], inda ba ta samu damar fafatawa a shekarar da ta gabata saboda rauni. A matsayin wadda aka ba matsayi na farko a gasar Premier Mandatory a karon farko, ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, kafin ta samu nasarori cikin sets biyu a kan 'yar ƙasarta Zheng Jie, [[Karolína Plíšková]] da [[Aleksandra Wozniak]], inda ta kai wasan kwata fainal da Dominika Cibulková, a sake fafatawa kamar wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open. Duk da cewa Li ta yi kurakurai 54 da ba a tilasta mata su ba, ta yi nasara cikin sets uku, sannan ta fuskanci Flavia Pennetta a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A can, 'yar Italiyiyar da aka ba matsayi na 20 kuma wadda daga baya ta lashe gasar ta doke ta cikin sets biyu.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/beyond-baseline/2014/03/15/flavia-pennetta-agnieszka-radwanska-indian-wells-final |title=Flavia Pennetta stuns Li Na, will face Aga Radwanska in Indian Wells final |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=15 March 2014 |first=Courtney |last=Nguyen |access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> A [[2014 Sony Open Tennis|Miami Open]], ta samu damar wuce zagayen farko kai tsaye, sannan ta samu walkover a zagaye na biyu saboda janyewar [[Alisa Kleybanova]]. Li ta doke Madison Keys, Carla Suárez Navarro da Caroline Wozniacki a kan hanyarta zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Dominika Cibulková, wadda ake sa ran za ta shiga cikin manyan goma bayan nasarar da ta samu a baya kan Agnieszka Radwańska. Li ta ci gaba da cikakkiyar tarihinta a kan 'yar Slovakia zuwa 7–0, inda ta samu gurbin wasan ƙarshe na Premier Mandatory a karon farko. A wasan ƙarshe da ya haɗa da manyan 'yan wasa biyu na duniya, Li ta yi saurin zuwa gaba da ci 5–2 a set na farko kuma ta rasa damar lashe set, kafin abokiyar hamayyarta, Serena Williams mai matsayi na 1 a duniya, ta dawo ta kwace set ɗin da ci 7–5. Li ta samu nasarar lashe wasa guda kacal a set na biyu. Bayan fara kakar da nasara 21–3, raunin gwiwar hagu ya tilasta Li janyewa daga [[2014 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]], inda ta kai wasan ƙarshe a shekarar 2013. Ta fara fafutukar kakarta ta filin yumbu a [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], inda ta samu nasarori a kan [[Kirsten Flipkens]] da Zheng Jie a zagayen farko da na biyu. Daga nan Li ta sha wahala kafin ta doke [[Sloane Stephens]] a sets uku, sannan ta sake shiga wani wasa mai tsauri na sets uku a wasan kwata fainal da Maria Sharapova, inda daga ƙarshe 'yar Rasha ta doke ta bayan Li ta lashe set na farko cikin sauƙi. A [[2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Italian Open]], Li ta doke 'yan Australiya Casey Dellacqua, domin samun nasararta ta 500 a sana'arta, da Sam Stosur, kafin Sara Errani ta yi mata rashin nasara na farko a wasan kwata fainal. Bayan wasan, Li ta gaya wa manema labarai cewa ta yi amai ƙasa da mintuna 20 kafin ta shiga filin wasa saboda gubar abinci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/308245.html |title=Errani upsets Li to reach Rome semi-finals |publisher=ESPN |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> A [[2014 French Open|French Open]], matashiyar 'yar Faransa [[Kristina Mladenovic]] ta yi mata babban rashin nasara a zagayen farko. Wannan shi ne kuma fitowarta mafi wuri daga gasar. Rashin nasarar Li a zagayen farko ya taimaka wajen kafa tarihin tennis guda uku marasa kyau. Saboda zakaran Australian Open na maza na shekarar 2014, [[Stan Wawrinka]], shi ma ya sha kashi a zagayen farko, wannan ya zama karo na farko a tarihin tennis da zakarun Grand Slam masu kare kambunsu suka fita a zagayen farko na babban gasarsu na gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/05/li-na-stan-wawrinka-french-open-first-time-ever-loss |title=Li Na and Stan Wawrinka made the wrong kind of history at the French Open |work=USA Today |date=27 May 2014 |first=Chris |last=Chase |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Saboda Serena Williams, wadda aka ba matsayi na farko, ta sha kashi a zagaye na biyu, wannan ya zama karo na farko a tarihin Open Era da manyan mata biyu da aka ba matsayi na farko suka fita kafin zagaye na uku a kowace gasar Grand Slam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/serena-williams-and-older-sister-venus-both-lose-in-2nd-round-of-french-open/ |title=Serena Williams and older sister Venus both lose in 2nd round of French Open |work=Fox News |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Bayan Agnieszka Radwańska, wadda aka ba matsayi na 3, ta sha kashi a zagaye na uku, wannan kuma ya zama karo na farko a Open Era da babu ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na farko da aka ba matsayi da ta kai sama da zagaye na uku. Li ta zaɓi kada ta buga wata gasar share fage kafin babban gasa ta uku ta kakar ta fara. Raguwar yanayin wasanta ta ci gaba a [[2014 Wimbledon Championships]], inda aka fitar da ita a zagaye na uku a hannun Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová, bayan ta doke [[Paula Kania]] da [[Yvonne Meusburger]] a zagayen farko da na biyu. A watan Yuli, Li da mai horar da ita Rodríguez sun raba hanya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/11174514/li-na-part-ways-coach-carlos-rodriguez |title=Li Na, Carlos Rodriguez part ways |publisher=ESPN |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 }}</ref> Bayan ba ta sake buga wasa ba tun Wimbledon saboda raunin gwiwar hagu wanda ya buƙaci a yi mata tiyata, Li ta sanar da yin ritaya daga wasan tennis na ƙwarar ==Shahara da tallace-tallacen kasuwanci== A matsayinta na 'yar wasan tennis mafi nasara daga Gabashin Asiya da Asiya gaba ɗaya, Li ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa kuma waɗanda kamfanoni suka fi sha'awar tallatawa a duniya.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/25/sport/tennis/tennis-french-open-li-na/index.html |title=Courting China: Li Na leaps up sport's rich list |publisher=CNN |date=25 May 2012 |first=Caroline |last=Cheese |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Li ta bayyana a bangon mujallar ''Time'', wadda ta sanya sunanta cikin jerin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a duniya na shekara; Li tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa huɗu kacal da aka sanya cikin jerin. Tsohuwar 'yar wasa mai matsayi na 1 a duniya [[Chris Evert]] ta rubuta cewa: "Tennis ya bunƙasa a China. Yanzu ƙasar tana da kusan 'yan wasan tennis miliyan 15; mutane miliyan 116 sun kalli Li tana lashe French Open. Irin wannan yaɗuwar labari tana da muhimmanci ga wasanmu, kuma da ba a samu Li ba da hakan ba zai faru ba. A gasa, na ga yadda take burge jama'a. Idan ta yi murmushi, kowa yana narkewa. Ita mutum ce mai kawo sabon yanayi. Halinta na abokantaka a filin wasa da kuma hirarrakinta masu ban dariya bayan wasa suna sa kowa murmushi."<ref name="SI Li on TIME Magazine Cover">{{cite magazine |url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/04/18/li-na-time-magazine-cover-100-most-influential/ |title=Li Na on Time Magazine cover, named one of 100 most influential people |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=18 April 2013 |first=Courtney |last=Nguyen |access-date=19 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502042752/http://tennis.si.com/2013/04/18/li-na-time-magazine-cover-100-most-influential/ |archive-date=2 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="2013 TIME 100 cover">{{cite magazine |url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/cover-shots/slide/li-na/ |title=The 2013 TIME 100 Cover Shots |magazine=Time |date=2013 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044828/http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/cover-shots/slide/li-na/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The 2013 TIME 100 List">{{cite magazine |url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/li-na/ |title=The 2013 TIME 100 List - Li Na |magazine=Time |date=18 April 2013 |first=Chris |last=Evert |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529013815/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/li-na/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Li ta kuma bayyana a bangon mujallar ''Time'' ta ranar 26 ga Mayu 2014, wadda ta ƙunshi wani labari mai taken "The Passion of Li Na", inda marubuciya Hannah Beech ta bayyana Li a matsayin fitacciyar jarumar wasanni ta duniya, wadda ke zaburar da miliyoyin Sinawa su ɗauke ta a matsayin abin koyi wajen neman 'yancin kai da 'yancin tunani.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/100575/the-meaning-of-li-na/ |title=The Meaning of Li Na |magazine=Time |date=15 May 2014 |first=Hannah |last=Beech |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2014/05/16/chinese-tennis-star-li-na-will-be-on-time-magazine-cover/ |title=Chinese tennis star Li Na will be on Time magazine cover |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 May 2014 |first=Kelyn |last=Soong |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/173099-1.htm |title=Li Na Enters SportsPro's Most Marketable Athletes List |publisher=womenofchina.cn |date=22 May 2014 |first=Arnold |last=Hou |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328172618/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/173099-1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, ''Forbes'' ta sanya Li a matsayi na 85 a jerin [[Forbes Celebrity 100]]. Li, tare da 'yan wasan tennis [[Maria Sharapova]] da [[Serena Williams]], su ne mata 'yan wasa uku kacal da suka shiga cikin jerin manyan 100 da suka fi samun kuɗi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Six-tennis-stars-make-the-Forbes-Celebrity-100-list--articolo18890.html |title=Six tennis stars make the Forbes Celebrity 100 list |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> An sanya Li a matsayi na 5 da na 8 a jerin [[Forbes China Celebrity 100]] a shekarun 2012 da 2014 bi da bi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2012/05/21/taiwan-singer-jay-chou-tops-the-2012-forbes-china-celebrity-list/ |title=Taiwan Singer Jay Chou Tops The 2012 Forbes China Celebrity List |work=Forbes |date=21 May 2012 |first=Russell |last=Flannery |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2014/05/06/actress-fan-bingbing-repeats-at-no-1-on-new-forbes-china-celebrity-list/ |title=Actress Fan Bingbing Repeats At No. 1 On New Forbes China Celebrity List |work=Forbes |date=6 May 2014 |first=Russell |last=Flannery |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref> A cikin al'ummomin Sinawa ana kiran Li da ƙauna da "Big Sister Na" ({{lang-zh|c=娜姐 |p=Nàjiě}}), kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin koyi mai "ƙarfi, mai tsayin daka kuma mara karkata". Ba wai kawai ta zama sananniya a duk faɗin China ba, har ma ta zama shahararriyar alama a duniya, inda microblogging ɗinta na [[Sina Weibo]] ya samu mabiya sama da miliyan 23 zuwa watan Oktoba 2014.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Xinhua |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/05/c_13912229.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610053245/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/05/c_13912229.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |title=Li Na hailed as China' s new idol |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref> Ra'ayin da mutane suka yi game da rashin bin ƙa'ida nata, wanda ake misalta shi da zanen [[tattoo]] na fure a kirjinta da kuma tsoffin saɓanin da ta taɓa samu da shirye-shiryen wasanni na gwamnati, ya taimaka wajen ƙara shahararta.<ref name="CNN" /> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2015, Li ta karɓi lambar yabo ta [[Laureus World Sports Awards#Exceptional Achievement Award|Laureus Academy Exceptional Achievement]] a [[Laureus World Sports Awards]] da aka gudanar a [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4642214/title/li-na-honored-at-laureus-awards|title=Li Na Honored At Laureus Awards|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year, tare da [[Serena Williams]]. [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] ta kasance mai ɗaukar nauyin tufafi da takalmin Li na shekaru da dama, tun daga farkon sana'arta ta wasan tennis.<ref name="nike athletes"/> Li ta yi amfani da raket ɗin [[Babolat]] Pure Drive GT.<ref name="babolatserialplayers.com">{{cite web |title=Babolat Serial Player Wanted |url=http://en.babolat.ca/player/tennis/show/na-li |work=Babolat |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054849/http://en.babolat.ca/player/tennis/show/na-li |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2009, [[IMG (company)|IMG]] ta sanya hannu da Li. Ta shahara sosai bayan nasarar da ta samu a Roland Garros, kuma tun daga lokacin ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin tallata kayayyaki guda bakwai na shekaru da yawa.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/8676962/Li-Na-poised-to-become-worlds-top-earning-female-athlete.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/8676962/Li-Na-poised-to-become-worlds-top-earning-female-athlete.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Li Na poised to become world's top-earning female athlete |date=2 August 2011 |first=Malcolm |last=Moore |access-date=19 September 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=The Week |url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/people-news/3401/china%E2%80%99s-li-na-set-earn-more-maria-sharapova |title=China's Li Na set to earn more than Maria Sharapova |date=2 August 2011 |first=Jonathan |last=Harwood |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043218/http://www.theweek.co.uk/people-news/3401/china%E2%80%99s-li-na-set-earn-more-maria-sharapova |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2011/06/06/win-by-chinas-li-na-to-boost-sponsors-may-spur-spending-on-other-stars/ |title=Win By China's Li Na To Boost Sponsors, May Spur Spending On Other Stars |date=6 June 2011 |first=Russell |last=Flannery |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Wakilinta, [[Max Eisenbud]], ya kuma yi nasarar sasanta yarjejeniya da ta ba Li damar sanya alamun wasu masu ɗaukar nauyi a kan rigar tennis ɗinta ta [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], abin da kamfanin kayan wasanni ba ya yawan amincewa da shi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-31/li-na-nears-top-earner-sharapova-with-42-million-in-endorsement-contracts.html |title=Li Na Nears Top Earner Sharapova With $42 Million in Endorsement Contracts |work=Bloomberg |date=31 July 2011 |first=Danielle |last=Rossingh |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27795565 |title=Wimbledon 2014: Li Na courts fans and sponsors |publisher=BBC News |date=22 June 2014 |first=Bill |last=Wilson |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, [[Peter Chan]] ya jagoranci wani fim game da rayuwar Li Na, wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwarta da ta rubuta, amma har yanzu ba a san ranar fitar da shi ba.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/19/sport/li-na-movie-and-motherhood-spt-intl/index.html|title=Li Na: Tennis player wants the movie about her life to inspire women|date=19 April 2019 |publisher=CNN|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> ==Salon wasa== Li ta kasance 'yar wasan da ke kai hare-hare daga bayan filin wasa, inda wasanta ya dogara ne kan saurin amsawa, ƙwarewar motsa jiki da kuma ƙarfi wajen bugun ƙwallaye daga ƙasa, waɗanda ke da daidaito, kyakkyawan sanya ƙwallo da zurfi. Bugun forehand ɗinta na ƙetare filin wasa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin bugun da ta fi so, inda take bugunsa da matuƙar daidaito da sauri, duk da cewa an ce backhand ɗinta shi ne bugun ƙwallo daga ƙasa mafi daidaito da aminci. Dukansu ta shahara da sakin su ba zato ba tsammani zuwa dukkan sassan filin wasa domin sarrafa yadda ake gudanar da wasa. Tana da ƙwarewa ta musamman wajen bugun backhand a layi kai tsaye, wanda yake da matuƙar tasiri wajen samar da winners ko tilasta abokiyar hamayya ta yi rauni. Masu nazarin wasan tennis da yawa sun ɗauki Li a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa masu tsafta da ƙarfi wajen bugun ƙwallo a yawon shakatawar tennis, wadda ke iya rinjayar abokan hamayya da ƙarfi daga bayan filin wasa. Ko da yake ba ta da hidima mai matuƙar ƙarfi, tana sanya ƙwallon hidimar da kyau, wanda a wasu lokuta ke ba ta damar samun aces ko ƙwallayen da ba za a iya mayarwa ba, amma hidimarta kan zama matsala idan ta rasa kwarin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, lamarin da ke haifar da kurakuran hidima sau biyu da yawa. Li ta yi amfani da ingantaccen salon tsaro wanda ya haɗa da kyakkyawan aikin ƙafafu, sauri da motsi a gefe. Ƙarfinta na mayar da tsaro zuwa hari ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙarfinta, domin tana iya bugawa da kyau yayin gudu kuma ta yi ta motsawa a filin wasa cikin sauƙi. Da yake ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan doubles, ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali yayin wasa a kusa da raga, kuma sau da yawa tana matsowa gaba domin cin gajiyar gajeriyar ƙwallo ko kammala dogon musayar ƙwallaye. Rashin daidaiton wasanta an bayyana shi a matsayin babban rauninta a duk tsawon sana'arta, domin tana iya shiga yanayin wasa mai tsauri da rashin daidaito tare da yawan kurakuran da ba a tilasta mata su ba. Saboda yawanci tana bugun ƙwallayenta da ƙarfi kuma a layi, ba tare da yawan topspin ko slice ba, wasanta ya rasa bambance-bambance. Motsin zuciyarta a filin wasa ya cutar da wasanta a lokutan da ake fafatawa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/tennis/australian-open-womens-finalists-victoria-azarenka-and-li-na-put-mind-over-matter/story-e6frfgao-1226561998169?nk=33bd52a767d10d236a6eaf53b256fab1 |title=Australian Open women's finalists Victoria Azarenka and Li Na put mind over matter |work=The Herald Sun |date=26 January 2013 |first=Todd |last=Balym |access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Carlos Rodríguez (tennis coach)|Carlos Rodríguez]], Li ta ƙara rungumar salon wasa mai cikakken zagaye, inda ta ƙara topspin a bugun forehand ɗinta<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/sports/tennis/li-na-finds-quick-success-with-coach-carlos-rodriguez.html?_r=0 |title=After Replacing Coach, Li Finds Quick Success |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2012 |first=Ben |last=Rothenberg |access-date=22 September 2014 }}</ref> da yawan matsowa kusa da raga cikin dabarunta, tare da inganta daidaito, kwanciyar hankali na tunani,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/features/victoria-azarenka-defeats-li-na-australian-open-women-final/ |title=Drama Queens |work=Grantland |date=28 January 2013 |first=Louisa |last=Thomas |access-date=22 September 2014 }}</ref> motsi da daidaituwar jiki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/30/us-open-2013-li-na-coach-carlos-roeriguez/2749029/ |title=Carlos Rodriguez on Li Na: 'A lot of improvement' |work=USA Today |date=30 August 2013 |first=Bobby |last=Chintapalli |access-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> ==Fafatawa== ===Li da Sharapova=== Li Na ta yi wata fafatawa mai sauyawa da [[Maria Sharapova]], inda Sharapova ta lashe wasanninsu biyar na farko tun daga shekarar 2005, ciki har da wasan farko na Li a Grand Slam a [[2005 Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-01-21/sharapova-breezes-through-to-fourth-round/623370 |title=Sharapova breezes through to fourth round |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=21 January 2005 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Li ta lashe wasanta na farko da Sharapova a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Birmingham a shekarar 2009, inda ta fara jerin nasarori huɗu a jere a kan Sharapova. Li ta sake doke Sharapova a Birmingham a shekarar 2010, a wannan karon a wasan ƙarshe, da kuma a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na [[2011 French Open]], a kan hanyarta ta lashe Grand Slam na farko. A gasar ƙarshen shekara daga baya a wannan shekarar, Li ta doke Sharapova a zagayen rukuni. A shekarar 2012, Li da Sharapova sun fafata sau uku, inda Sharapova ta lashe dukkan wasanninsu ukun, mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne wasan ƙarshe na gasar filin yumbu a Rome. Li ta lashe set na farko kuma ta yi kama da za ta yi nasara lokacin da ta koma gaba da ci 4–0 a set na biyu saboda salon hari mai ƙarfi wanda ya sa ta lashe maki 15 daga cikin 17. Yayin da nasara ke kusa, Li ba zato ba tsammani ta rasa daidaiton bugunta, kuma kurakurai 24 da ba a tilasta mata su ba suka bai wa Sharapova damar dawowa cikin wasan, daga ƙarshe ta yi nasara a kan Li cikin sets uku.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharapova beats Li to retain Rome title |work=USA Today |access-date=21 October 2012 |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-05-20/maria-sharapova-beats-li-na-at-italian-open-in-rome/55093174/1 |date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Sun sake haɗuwa a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na [[2013 Australian Open]], inda Li ta samu babbar nasararta mafi shahara a kan Sharapova, inda ta yi nasara cikin sets biyu kuma ta ba da wasanni huɗu kacal (Sharapova ta rasa wasanni tara kacal kafin wannan wasan). Bayan 'yan watanni, a gasar 2013 Porsche Grand Prix Tennis a Stuttgart, Sharapova ta kare kambunta ta hanyar doke Li a wasan ƙarshe. Ma'auratan sun sake fafatawa a wani wasa mai tsauri na sets uku a wasan kwata fainal na [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open]], inda Sharapova ta yi nasara daga ƙarshe duk da cewa Li tana gaba da set ɗaya da break. Sharapova ta jagoranci tarihin fafatawarsu da ci 10–5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Head to Head with M. Sharapova |work=wtatennis.com |access-date=24 January 2013 |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/4846/player2/9499 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623113151/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/4846/player2/9499 |archive-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Li da Radwańska=== Li da [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] sun fara fafatawa da juna a shekarar 2009. Li ce ke kan gaba a tarihin fafatawarsu da ci 6–5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Head to Head with A. Radwanska |work=wtatennis.com |access-date=22 January 2013 |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/4846/player2/11530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208063524/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/4846/player2/11530 |archive-date=8 December 2014 }}</ref> Bayan wasanninsu huɗu na farko a shekarun 2009 da 2010, tarihin fafatawarsu ya yi kunnen doki da 2–2. Wannan ya haɗa da nasara ɗaya kowannensu a [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Championships]]; Radwańska ta yi nasara a 2009, Li kuma a 2010. A shekarar 2012, Li da Radwańska sun fafata sau huɗu, inda Li ta lashe uku. Li ta sha kashi a wasan kwata fainal na Stuttgart cikin sets uku, amma ta mamaye a Montréal, Cincinnati da Beijing. Li ta hana Radwańska samun matsayi na [[List of WTA number 1 ranked players|1 a duniya]] daga hannun [[Victoria Azarenka]] da nasarorin farko guda biyu, yayin da kuma ta kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙarinta na kare kambunta a Beijing, tare da samun gurbi na takwas kuma na ƙarshe a [[2012 WTA Tour Championships|gasar ƙarshen shekara]] a cikin wannan tsari. A shekarar 2013, dukansu sun lashe gasar farko da suka shiga. Dukansu ba su sha kashi ba lokacin da suka haɗu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasarsu ta biyu ta shekara a Sydney. Radwańska ta doke Li sannan daga ƙarshe ta lashe gasar. Wannan shi ne rashin nasarar Li na farko a shekarar 2013, yayin da Radwańska ta ci gaba da kasancewa ba a doke ta ba. A wasan kwata fainal na [[2013 Australian Open]], Li ta jawo wa Radwańska rashin nasararta ta farko a kakar. Sun sake haɗuwa a Wimbledon a wasan kwata fainal, inda Radwańska ta samu nasara mai tsauri a sets uku. ===Li da Clijsters=== Li da [[Kim Clijsters]] sun kafa wata shahararriyar fafatawa, inda suka haɗu sau takwas tsakanin shekarun 2006 da 2012. Clijsters ta jagoranci tarihin fafatawarsu da ci 6–2, ciki har da 4–0 a Grand Slam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.wettpoint.com/en/h2h/78852-100240.html |title=Head to Head Statistics: K. Clijsters und N. Li Year up to 2014 |work=Tennis Datenbank |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Li ta kai wasan kwata fainal na Grand Slam a karon farko a [[2006 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] a shekarar 2006, inda Clijsters, wadda aka ba matsayi na biyu, ta doke ta cikin sets biyu. Li ta kai wasan kwata fainal na Grand Slam na biyu a [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]], kuma a wannan karon ma Clijsters ce abokiyar hamayyarta, wadda a lokacin ta dawo wasan tennis bayan ta fara iyali, kuma ta yi nasara cikin sets biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin Li guda biyu a kan Clijsters ta zo ne a wasan ƙarshe na [[2011 Medibank International Sydney|2011 Sydney International]]. Li tana baya da ci 0–5 a set na farko kafin ta dawo ta lashe set ɗin a tie-break, sannan ta kammala gagarumar nasara cikin sets biyu, inda ta hana Clijsters lashe kambunta na uku a Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-01-14/li-upsets-clijsters-in-sydney-final/1905820 |title=Li upsets Clijsters in Sydney final |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Bayan makonni biyu kacal, sun sake haɗuwa a wasan ƙarshe na [[2011 Australian Open]], wani was ===Li vs. Azarenka=== '''Jerin dukkan wasanninsu''' {| class="sortable collapsible autocollapse sortable wikitable" |- style="background:#eee;" ! No. ! Shekara ! style="width:120px;" |Gasa ! Filin wasa ! Kewaye ! Mai nasara ! Sakamako ! Tsawon lokaci |- bgcolor="" | 1. | 2008 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Gold Coast | Hard | F | Li | 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 | N/A |- bgcolor="" | 2. | 2009 | {{flagicon|JPN}} Tokyo | Hard | QF | Li | 7–6^(9–7), 4–6, 7–6^(7–4) | 2:11 |- bgcolor="" | 3. | 2010 | {{flagicon|CAN}} Montreal | Hard | R16 | Azarenka | 6–3, 6–3 | 1:24 |- bgcolor="" | 4. | 2011 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Australian Open | Hard | R16 | Li | 6–3, 6–3 | 1:24 |- bgcolor="" | 5. | 2011 | {{flagicon|FRA}} French Open | Clay | QF | Li | 7–5, 6–2 | 1:29 |- bgcolor="" | 6. | 2011 | {{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul | Hard | RR | Azarenka | 6–2, 6–2 | N/A |- bgcolor="" | 7. | 2012 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Sydney | Hard | F | Azarenka | 6–2, 1–6, 6–3 | 1:56 |- bgcolor="" | 8. | 2012 | {{flagicon|ESP}} Madrid | Clay | QF | Azarenka | 3–6, 6–3, 6–3 | 1:54 |- bgcolor="" | 9. | 2012 | {{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul | Hard | RR | Azarenka | 7–6^(7–4), 6–3 | 1:39 |- bgcolor="" | 10. | 2013 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Australian Open | Hard | F | Azarenka | 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 | 2:40 |- bgcolor="" | 11. | 2013 | {{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul | Hard | RR | Li | 6–2, 6–1 | N/A |} Li da Victoria Azarenka sun haɗu sau goma sha ɗaya tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.wettpoint.com/en/h2h/101836-100240.html |title=Head to Head Statistics: V. Azarenka und N. Li Year up to 2014 |work=Tennis Datenbank |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Azarenka ce ke gaba a tsakaninsu da nasara 6–5 gaba ɗaya, da kuma 2–1 a wasannin karshe na neman zakara, amma Li ce ke gaba da 2–1 a wasannin Grand Slam. Haɗuwarsu ta farko ita ce a wasan karshe na gasar Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts na shekarar 2008 (wadda daga baya aka sauya wa suna zuwa Brisbane International), inda Li Na ta yi nasara a saiti uku bayan Azarenka ta ci saiti na farko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-01-05/li-storms-to-victory-in-gc-hardcourts-final/1003664 |title=Li storms to victory in GC Hardcourts final |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 January 2008 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Nasarar farko da Azarenka ta samu a kan Li ta kasance ne a zagaye na uku na Rogers Cup na shekarar 2010. Sun haɗu sau uku a shekarar 2011, inda guda biyu daga ciki suka kasance a Grand Slams, kuma Li ta yi nasara a duka lokutan biyu, kafin Azarenka ta sami nasara a haɗuwarsu ta uku a WTA Tour Championships na shekarar 2011, a hanyarta ta zuwa wasan karshe. Sun sake haɗuwa sau uku a shekarar 2012, inda Azarenka ta yi nasara a dukkan lokutan. Sun haɗu a wasan karshe na Sydney International na shekarar 2012, inda ɗan wasan ƙasar Belarus ta yi nasara a saiti uku bayan ta karɓe bauta daga wurin mai riƙe da kofin wato Li a maki 4–3 a saiti na ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-13/azarenka-victorious-in-sydney-decider/3772550 |title=Azarenka victorious in Sydney decider |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Azarenka ta kuma sami nasara a haɗuwarsu a Madrid da kuma gasar ƙarshen shekara ta WTA Tour Championships. Haɗuwarsu ta mafi muhimmanci har zuwa yau ita ce a wasan karshe na Australian Open na shekarar 2013. Yan wasan biyu sun shiga wasan karshe kowanne yana ɗauke da kofin Grand Slam guda ɗaya (Azarenka ta ci Australian Open na shekarar 2012, yayin da Li ta ci French Open na shekarar 2011), kuma suna cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, inda Azarenka ta yi rashin saiti ɗaya kacal a duk tsawon gasar kuma Li ba ta yi rashin saiti ko ɗaya ba sannan ta doke ƴan wasa biyu daga cikin na farko guda 4 (Agnieszka Radwańska da Maria Sharapova) a hanyarta ta zuwa karshe. Bayan Li ta ci saiti na farko, ta sami rauni mai tsanani a kai da idon kafa kuma a ƙarshe ta yi rashin nasara a saiti uku.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/9827160/Australian-Open-final-2013-Victoria-Azarenka-retains-title-after-tense-battle-with-brave-Li-Na.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/9827160/Australian-Open-final-2013-Victoria-Azarenka-retains-title-after-tense-battle-with-brave-Li-Na.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Australian Open final 2013: Victoria Azarenka retains title after tense battle with brave Li Na|first=Simon|last=Briggs|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=26 January 2013|access-date=2 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Haɗuwarsu ta ƙarshe a WTA Tour Championships na shekarar 2013 ta kasance wasa na gefe ɗaya, inda Li ta sami nasara a saiti biyu jera guda sannan ta yi rashin wasanni uku kacal a dukkan wasan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-26/li-na-defeats-victoria-azarenka-to-qualify-for-wta-championship/5047658?section=sport |title=Li Na defeats Victoria Azarenka to qualify for WTA Championships semi-finals |work=ABC Grandstand Sport |date=26 October 2013 |access-date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> ==Ruyuwar Mutum== ===Iyayenta=== An haifi Li Na a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1982 a tsakiyar birnin Wuhan, Hubei. Kakan mahaifinta Li Longli malamin wasannin motsa jiki ne a Makarantar Primari ta Baoxing Street da ke Hankow.<ref>{{Cite news|title=中网球童选拔李娜母校进行 娜爷爷寄语下一代|date=2011-06-28|work=腾讯体育|url=https://sports.qq.com/a/20110628/000528.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=亲情浇灌娜朵奇葩 爷爷爸爸把她领进体育门 |date=2011-06-05|work=楚天金报 |last=王际凯 |url=https://sports.sohu.com/20110605/n309364038.shtml}}</ref> Mahaifinta Li Shengpeng (1957–1996<ref name="qnb0">{{cite news |date=31 January 2011 |script-title=zh:她最爱吃妈妈煮的面 |url=http://sports.163.com/11/0131/09/6RNE178U00051CDG.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608161447/http://sports.163.com/11/0131/09/6RNE178U00051CDG.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011 |language=zh |script-work=zh:青年报}}</ref>), daga Lardin Hanyang, Hubei,<ref name="Caidian">{{cite news |date=2011-06-08 |title=网友争夺李娜籍贯 记者多方求证李娜确系湖北人 |url=http://news.cnhubei.com/hbrb/hbrbsglk/hbrb06/201106/t1728012.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611085531/http://news.cnhubei.com/hbrb/hbrbsglk/hbrb06/201106/t1728012.shtml |archive-date=2011-06-11 |work=湖北日报}}</ref> ya shiga ƙungiyar badminton ta lardin Hubei a takaice amma harkar wasanninsa ta tsaya lokacin da aka tura shi karkara a lokacin Motsin Tafi Karkara na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu. Li Shengpeng ya wuce kololuwar sa'arsa lokacin da ya dawo daga karkara kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tallata kayayyaki a Ma'aikatar Karfe ta Yangtze ta jiha a Wuhan.<ref name="Chengdu 2011"/> Ya mutu daga wata cuta mai wuya ta zuciya da jijiyoyin jini lokacin da Li Na ke da shekaru sha huɗu.<ref name="qnb0" /><ref name="nyt2013" /> Kakanin Li Na na wajen uwa da mahaifiyarta, duka daga Lardin Xinhua, Hunan, sun kasance suna da zama a Port Baoqing a Wuhan, makwabcin da aka saba zama da masu harkar sufurin ruwa na kogi daga Lardin Xinhua.<ref name="Xinhua, Hunan" /><ref name="Caidian" /> Mahaifiyarta Li Yanping (1957–) ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Ferry na Yangtze a Wuhan.<ref name="Chengdu 2011">{{cite news|title=李娜母亲讲述女儿成长史 坎坷网球路辛酸事颇多|date=2011-06-21|work=成都商报|last=李晶|url=https://sports.sohu.com/20110621/n310979915.shtml}}</ref> Lokacin da Li Na ke da shekaru uku, mahaifiyarta ta kai ta zama na ɗan lokaci tare da kakar mahaifiyarta a Baixi, Xinhua, Hunan.<ref name="Xinhua, Hunan">{{cite news |date=2011-08-07 |title=李娜 新化人的骄傲 |url=https://maimai.cn/article/detail?fid=1680260401&efid=lpB3YBIpKFgAuntB6w4ogQ |work=新化在线}}</ref> ===Aure=== Li da mijinta, Jiang Shan, suna da yaruka biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=2019-04-19 |title=Li Na: Tennis player wants the movie about her life to inspire women |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/19/sport/li-na-movie-and-motherhood-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2015, Li ta sanar cewa ita da mijinta suna tsammanin samun ɗansu na farko.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2015 |title=Retired Champion Li Na Announces She's Pregnant |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/retired-champion-li-na-announces-shes-pregnant-28317041 |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=ABC News}}</ref> Ta haifi ɗyarta mace mai suna Alisa a watan Yuni na shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 June 2015 |title=Li Na shares delivery-room photo of newborn daughter, Alisa |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/06/li-na-daughter-baby-alisa-mother-gave-birth-picture-photo |access-date=3 June 2015 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Danta na biyu, namiji, an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-24 |title=2 Grand Slams und jetzt auch 2 Kinder |url=http://www.spox.com/de/tennisnet/turniere/wta/1612/Artikel/na-li-geburt-mutter-kind-sapajou.html |access-date=2016-12-26 |work=spox.com}}</ref> Massamman tana kiran mijinta da 'Dennis'.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2019, Li ta sayi gidan bene a Hudson Yards da ke birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=lovetennis |date=2020-01-11 |title=Li Na Enjoying Retirement with $10 Million New York Apartment Purchase - Tennis News |url=https://www.lovetennis.com/tennis-news/li-na-enjoying-retirement-with-10-million-new-york-apartment-purchase/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Love Tennis |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma mallaki gidan bene a Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |date=2020-01-11 |title=Li Na Purchases Apartment in New York for $10.6 Million |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/82528/li-na-purchases-apartment-in-new-york-for-106-million/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> ==Ƙididdigar aiki== ===Tarihin ayyukan gasar Grand Slam=== ====Ɗaiɗaiku==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Gasa!!2000!!2001!!...!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!SR!!Nasara–Rashin Nasara!!Rabon Nasara % |- | align="left" |Australian Open |A |LQ |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |A | style="background:yellow;" |SF | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' |1 / 9 |34–8 |81% |- | align="left" |French Open |A |A |A |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |1 / 8 |20–7 |74% |- | align="left" |Wimbledon |A |LQ |A |A | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |0 / 8 |19–8 |70% |- | align="left" |US Open |LQ |A |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | style="background:yellow;" |SF |A |0 / 8 |17–8 |68% |-style=background:#efefef;font-weight:bold | style="text-align:left" |Nasara–Rashin Nasara |0–0 |0–0 | |2–2 |9–4 |5–2 |6–3 |9–3 |11–4 |14–3 |9–4 |16–4 |9–2 |2 / 33 |90–31 |74% |} ====Maza biyu/Mata biyu==== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- !Gasa!!2000!!2001!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!SR!!Nasara–Rashin Nasara |- |align=left|Australian Open |A |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |A |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |0 / 4 |2–4 |- |align=left|French Open |A |A |A |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |A |0 / 2 |2–2 |- |align=left|Wimbledon |A |A |A |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |A |A |0 / 1 |1–1 |- |align=left|US Open |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |A |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |bgcolor=afeeee|1R |A |A |0 / 3 |3–3 |-style=background:#efefef;font-weight:bold | style="text-align:left" |Nasara–Rashin Nasara |1–1 |0–1 |2–1 |3–4 |2–2 |0–1 |0 / 10 |8–10 |} ===Wasan ƙarshe na gasar Grand Slam=== ====Ɗaiɗaiku: 4 (Kofuna 2, Wadda ta zo ta biyu 2)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Sakamako !Shekara !Gasa !Filin wasa !Abon karawa !class="unsortable"|Sakamako |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Rasa||2011||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|BEL}} Kim Clijsters||6–3, 3–6, 3–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Nasara||2011||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|ITA}} Francesca Schiavone||6–4, 7–6^(7–0) |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Rasa||2013||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open ||Hard||{{flagicon|BLR}} Victoria Azarenka|| 6–4, 4–6, 3–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Nasara||2014||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|SVK}} Dominika Cibulková|| 7–6^(7–3), 6–0 |} ===Wasannin neman lambar yabo ta Wasannin Olimpic=== ====Ɗaiɗaiku: 1 (Matsayi na 4)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Sakamako !Shekara !Gasa !Filin wasa !Abon karawa !class="unsortable"|Sakamako |- | style="background:yellow;"|Matsayi na 4 || 2008 || style="background:#ffea5c;"|Summer Olympics Beijing, China || Hard || {{flagicon|RUS}} Vera Zvonareva || 0–6, 5–7 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f38l5w1pftut9irr9qwtr8fn9epm6oy 0 167546 963210 941166 2026-10-04T23:25:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luke John Hendrie''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar Northern Premier League Bradford (Park Avenue) . Ya fara aikinsa da ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[Manchester United F.C.|ta Manchester United]] sannan daga baya ya kom a Derby County da Burnley . Lokacin da ya yi wasa a Turf Moor ya yi zaman aro a Hartlepool United, York City, Kilmarnock da kuma kulob dinsa na Bradford City, kafin ya koma Shrewsbury Town daga baya kuma ya koma Grimsby Town . Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ne kuma ya buga wasanni 5 a shekarar 2010. == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haife Hendrie a [[Leeds]], West Yorkshire, kuma ta girma a Menston kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aikin Katolika ta St Mary's Menston da ke ƙauyen. Ya fito ne daga dangin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, tare da mahaifinsa John Hendrie wanda ya taɓa bugawa Bradford City, [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da kuma kakansa Paul Hendrie, wanda tsohon ɗan wasa ne kuma manaja a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa . <ref name="Leeds">{{Cite web |title=Hendrie: John Grattan (John) |url=http://www.ozwhitelufc.net.au/players_profiles/H/HendrieJG.php |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=Leeds United F.C. History |publisher=Tony Hill}}</ref> 'Yan uwan mahaifinsa tsohon ɗan wasan Ingila Lee Hendrie da kuma tsohon ɗan wasan Morecambe Stuart Hendrie ne. <ref name="Leeds" /> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Staffordshire a shekarar 2017 da digiri na farko a fannin Rubutu da Watsa Labarai na Wasanni. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Hendrie ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar matasa tare da Bradford City kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasa ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] tun yana matashi. <ref name="Tony">{{Cite web |title=Luke Hendrie Manchester United FC Academy player |url=https://www.tonys-soccer-school.net/premier-league-academy-player-rankings/943-luke-hendrie-manchester-united-fc-academy-player.html |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=Tony's Soccer School |publisher=Tony Pickford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220450/https://www.tonys-soccer-school.net/premier-league-academy-player-rankings/943-luke-hendrie-manchester-united-fc-academy-player.html |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya ci gaba a makarantar da farko yana farawa a matsayin ɗan baya na dama, kafin ya tilasta wa kansa shiga matsayin da yake so a tsakiyar tsakiya, inda ya buga wasanni 25 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a kakar wasa ta 2011-12. <ref name="Tony" /> A watan Yulin 2012, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da Manchester United, inda ya amince da kwangilar shekara ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coppack |first=Nick |date=5 July 2012 |title=Six sign pro forms |url=http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2012/Jul/six-young-players-sign-pro-forms-with-manchester-united.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220744/http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2012/Jul/six-young-players-sign-pro-forms-with-manchester-united.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref> Ya yi mintuna 76 kacal na ƙwallon ƙafa a shekararsa ta farko a matsayin ƙwararre kuma an sallame shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa, bayan ya kasa samun nasara a ƙungiyar farko. Bayan an sake shi, ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship ta Derby County a shari'a, inda daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa tare da Derby a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa kuma ya kasa buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko kuma aka sake shi a watan Mayu na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Derby County confirm end of season retained list |url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2015/05/derby-county-confirm-end-of-season-retained-list |access-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar League One Bradford City a gwaji a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa. <ref name="Burnley">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2015 |title=Hendrie completes Clarets move |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/news/2015/august/hendrie-completes-clarets-move-/ |access-date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Burnley F.C.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> === Burnley === A watan Agusta na 2015, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Burnley tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara, bayan da ya buga wasa da su a wasan sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa tare da Bradford City. A watan Oktoban 2015, bayan ya taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar Development Squad, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar League Two ta Hartlepool United a yarjejeniyar aro ta farko ta wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka doke Dagenham &amp;amp; Redbridge da ci 1-0, inda ya buga mintuna casa'in da biyar. Ya buga wasanni uku a Hartlepool a cikin watan kafin ya koma Burnley. <ref name="sb1516" /> Hendrie ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta York City a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2016 bisa aro na wata ɗaya. A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2016, Hendrie ya koma kulob din Kilmarnock na Scotland a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairu 2017. Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana ɗaya, a fafatawa da Ross County . Daga baya an tsawaita yarjejeniyar aro tsakanin Burnley da Kilmarnock har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2016-17 . A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2017, ya sanya hannu a kulob din League One Bradford City a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairu 2018. Ya buga wasanni 18, kuma ya tafi bayan ya kasa amincewa da tsawaita kwangilarsa. === Garin Shrewsbury === Hendrie ya rattaba hannu a kulob din League One Shrewsbury Town a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2018 kan kwantiragin watanni 18 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, Hendrie ya koma kulob din League Two Grimsby Town a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairu 2019. === Garin Grimsby === Hendrie ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da Grimsby a ranar 11 ga Janairun 2019 bisa kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi. Bayan faduwar Grimsby daga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa, an bai wa Hendrie sabon kwantiragi amma a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2021, bayan da har yanzu ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba, kulob ɗin ya janye tayin a hukumance, inda kocinsa Paul Hurst ya ce ya riga ya wuce wa'adin da aka ƙayyade domin sanya hannu, yana mai cewa a wannan lokacin Mariners sun sayi 'yan wasan baya biyu na dama a matsayin Michee Efete da Ryan Sears a shirye-shiryen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. === Hartlepool United === Hendrie ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Hartlepool United a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pools sign Luke Hendrie - News - Hartlepool United |url=https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/2021/august/pools-sign-luke-hendrie/ |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830123241/https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/2021/august/pools-sign-luke-hendrie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2022, kulob din ya dakatar da kwangilarsa da Hendrie. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Hendrie leaves Pools |url=https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/2022/january/hendrie-leaves-pools/ |website=www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Birnin Bradford === Daga baya a ranar, Bradford City ta sanya hannu kan Hendrie. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Hendrie Returns To Utilita Energy Stadium |url=https://www.bradfordcityafc.com/news/2022/january/hendrie-returns-to-utilita-energy-stadium/ |website=www.bradfordcityafc.com}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai da Bradford City ta ba wa sabuwar kwangila a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Bantams says goodbye to six as seven including skipper offered new deals |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/sportlatest/20138405.bradford-city-bid-farewell-six-seven-offered-new-deals/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, Hendrie ya sake sanya hannu a kulob din National League Hartlepool United don yin wasa na uku a matsayin aro daga Bradford. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2024, an sanar da cewa Hendrie ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ba saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, don haka zai koma Bradford don kammala murmurewarsa. Ya buga wasanni 23 a Hartlepool a lokacin zaman aronsa. Bradford City ta sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023–24. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=City departure Chapman counts cost of County Ground injury |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/24294281.harry-chapman-among-players-released-bradford-city/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> === Morecambe === Hendrie yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 15 masu zaman kansu da suka sanya hannu a kulob din League Two Morecambe a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2024, bayan da aka ɗage takunkumin da ƙungiyar ta sanya wa sabbin 'yan wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Morecambe: League Two side make 15 signings after embargo lifted |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3gr4nyjj84o |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Bradford (Park Avenue) === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2025, Hendrie ya koma ƙungiyar Bradford (Park Avenue) [[Northern Premier League|ta Arewa Premier League]] Division One East. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2025 |title=Bradford (Park Avenue) Secure Signing of Luke Hendrie |url=https://bpafc.com/bradford-park-avenue-secure-signing-of-luke-hendrie/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=bpafc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901144824/https://bpafc.com/bradford-park-avenue-secure-signing-of-luke-hendrie/ |archive-date=1 September 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Hendrie ya cancanci bugawa Ingila da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland|Scotland]] wasa ta hannun mahaifinsa. A watan Oktoban 2009, ya sami kiran farko zuwa ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Ingila don buga wasan sada zumunta da Wales, inda ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0. <ref name="FA">{{Cite web |title=Luke Hendrie |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/H/Luke-Hendrie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195042/http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/H/Luke-Hendrie |archive-date=24 October 2012 |publisher=The Football Association}}</ref> Ya kuma samu damar buga wasanni biyar ga ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17, <ref name="FA" /> ya buga wasanni biyu a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA a shekarar 2011 da Poland da Georgia . A watan Mayun 2013, an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Scotland don halartar gasar matasa a Netherlands. == Aikin koyarwa == Hendrie tana da lasisin horarwa na UEFA A. A watan Satumba na 2025, ya haɗa aikinsa na wasa da cikakken horo a matsayin kocin Bradford City na Babban Kocin Ci gaban Matasa. Kafin wannan lokacin, ya kasance yana koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 2 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup{{Efn|Includes [[Scottish Cup]] and [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Derby County |2013–14 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2014–15 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Burnley |2015–16 |Championship |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2016–17 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2017–18<ref name="sb1718" /> |Premier League |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 |- |Hartlepool United (loan) |2015–16<ref name="sb1516" /> |League Two |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |York City (loan) |2015–16<ref name="sb1516" /> |League Two |18 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |0 |- |Kilmarnock (loan) |2016–17<ref name="sb1617" /> |Scottish Premiership |32 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |0 |- |Bradford City (loan) |2017–18<ref name="sb1718" /> |League One |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |18 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Shrewsbury Town |2017–18 |League One |10 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |10 |0 |- |2018–19<ref name="sb1819" /> |League One |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !10 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Grimsby Town |2018–19 |League Two |41 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[b] |0 |46 |1 |- |2019–20 |League Two |32 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 |1[b] |0 |36 |1 |- |2020–21 |League Two |38 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |39 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !111 !4 !4 !0 !3 !0 !3[b] !0 !121 !5 |- |Hartlepool United |2021–22 |League Two |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[b] |0 |11 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Bradford City |2021–22<ref name="sb2022" /> |League Two |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- |2022–23 |League Two |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |3[b] |0 |5 |0 |- |2023–24 |League Two |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !22 !0 |- |Hartlepool United (loan) |2023–24 |National League |21 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}} |0 |23 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Morecambe |2024–25 |League Two |34 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 |2[b] |0 |40 |0 |- |2025–26 |National League |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !0 !3 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !42 !0 |- |Bradford Park Avenue |2025–26 |[[Northern Premier League|NPL East Division]] |30 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |38 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !299 !5 !12 !0 !5 !0 !23 !0 !339 !5 |} {{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Luke Hendrie at Soccerbase [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 6fkx0wo064q40t95tcw2g11r81uqiw8 0 168251 963209 926076 2026-10-04T23:20:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luis Mariano Rendón Escobar''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1963) ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma [[lauya]] ne wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga haƙƙin ɗan adam (DD. HH.) <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Luis Mariano Rendón (D13): "Se requiere un proceso de refundación policial y militar del país" |url=https://www.diarioconstitucional.cl/videos/luis-mariano-rendon-d-13-se-requiere-un-proceso-de-refundacion-policial-y-militar-del-pais-y-esto-significa-dejar-atras-estas-viejas-instituciones-y-crear-unas-nuevas/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=Diario Constitucional}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Mariano Rendón: Por décadas la armada ha sido adoctrinada en un culto al golpismo |url=https://rvl.uv.cl/noticias/7068-luis-mariano-rendon-por-decadas-la-armada-ha-sido-adoctrinada-en-un-culto-al-golpismo |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=Radio Universidad de Valparaíso}}</ref> da haƙƙin muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Clinic.cl |date=30 May 2013 |title=Ecologistas acusan a Claude de "colaborar con las autoridades de la dictadura" mientras "la ciudadanía comenzaba a levantarse" |url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2013/05/30/ecologistas-acusan-a-claude-de-colaborar-con-las-autoridades-de-la-dictadura-mientras-la-ciudadania-comenzaba-a-levantarse/ |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin dan Adam, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka kare al'ummomin da manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da makamashi suka shafa tare da tasirin yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2011 |title=Luis Mariano Rendón: El dueño del megáfono |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2011/06/07/luis-mariano-rendon-el-dueno-del-megafono/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=[[El Mostrador]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da aka yi wa HidroAysén, wanda ya tara mutane 100,000 a babban birnin, Santiago. Wadannan zanga-zangar sun haɗu da zanga-zambe na dalibai. Shekaru goma bayan haka, ya gabatar da karar da aka yi wa Shugaba Sebastián Piñera <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Caso Estallido: abogado Luis Mariano Rendón pide formalizar a ex Presidente Piñera |url=https://www.adprensa.cl/politica/caso-estallido-abogado-luis-mariano-rendon-pide-formalizar-a-ex-presidente-pinera/ |access-date=21 May 2025}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da sauran manyan hukumomi <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Abogado Rendón critica a altos mandos de Carabineros por no orientar ni sancionar abusos durante el 18O y sostiene que pedirá la prisión preventiva de Yáñez |url=https://universo.cl/actualidad/abogado-rendon-critica-a-altos-mandos-de-carabineros-por-no-orientar-ni-sancionar-abusos-durante-el-estallido-social-y-sostiene-que-pedira-la-prision-preventiva-de-yanez/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Radio Universo}}</ref> saboda yadda suke magance Rikicin zamantakewar Chile na 2019. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Ayyukan sana'a === Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar dalibai ta Jami'ar Chile a cikin shekarun 1980, inda ya fara gwagwarmayarsa a cikin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Chile (JJCC). <ref name="Valech">{{Cite web |title=Un repaso a la trayectoria política y a la perseverancia de Luis Mariano Rendón |url=http://www.la4tamuralla.cl/index.php/articulos/230-un-repaso-a-la-trayectoria-politica-y-a-la-perseverancia-de-luis-mariano-rendon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329144541/http://www.la4tamuralla.cl/index.php/articulos/230-un-repaso-a-la-trayectoria-politica-y-a-la-perseverancia-de-luis-mariano-rendon |archive-date=2017-03-29 |access-date=28 March 2017 |publisher=La Cuarta}}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, ya ba da gudummawa ga cire Rector José Luis Federici a shekarar 1987. <ref name="Valech" /> Wadannan ayyukan sun haifar da tsananta masa daga jami'an mulkin kama-karya (1973-1990), tare da shari'arsa ta amince da shi ta Commission Valech . <ref name="Valech" /> A shekara ta 1983, ya shiga Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Chile . <ref name="Valech" /> Ya kasance dalibi mai fafutuka, daga ƙarshe ya shiga jagorancin FECH a cikin 1990. <ref name="Valech" /> Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanarwa da Manufofin Jama'a daga wannan jami'ar.<ref name="ElCiu">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2009 |title=Organizaciones ciudadanas proponen a Luís Mariano Rendón como director de la Conama Metropolitana |url=https://www.elciudadano.com/organizacion-social/organizaciones-ciudadanas-proponen-a-luis-mariano-rendon-como-director-de-la-conama-metropolitana/03/20/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=[[El Ciudadano]]}}</ref> Ya kasance farfesa a fannin Shari'ar Muhalli a Jami'ar Chile, <ref name="ElCiu" /> a UTEM <ref name="ElCiu" /> da kuma a Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello . <ref name="ElCiu" /> Ya kuma kasance farfesa a fannin Shari'ar Gudanarwa a UTEM, kuma marubucin rubutun kan Dokar Muhalli da Da'a ta Muhalli, wanda aka buga a Chile da kasashen waje. A waje da rayuwarsa ta ilimi, ya yi takarar zababben mukamin, kodayake ba a taba zabarsa ba. === Rayuwar jama'a === A shekara ta 2010, ya shiga cikin tattara 'yan ƙasa game da amincewar Barrancones Thermoelectric Plant saboda yiwuwar lalacewar muhalli irin waɗannan kamfanoni zasu iya haifar. Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin adawa da ayyukan kamar Pascua Lama .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniela Estrada, Mines & Communities Website |date=12 November 2005 |title=Pascua Lama Conflict Reaches a Climax |url=http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/press803.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220053130/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/press803.htm |archive-date=2008-02-20 |access-date=28 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gustavo González, Observatorio Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales (OLCA) |title=Proyecto aurífero amenaza glaciares andinos |url=http://olca.cl/oca/chile/region03/pascualama46.htm |access-date=28 November 2007}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2011, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya waɗanda suka mamaye tsohon majalisa na Kasa, suna buƙatar plebiscite don fara majalisa don maye gurbin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1980. <ref name="Emol-1">{{Cite web |last=EMOL.com |date=8 April 2014 |title=Absuelven a Luis Mariano Rendón tras juicio por toma a la sede del ex Congreso |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2014/04/08/654291/absuelven-a-luis-mariano-rendon-tras-juicio-por-toma-a-la-sede-del-ex-congreso.html |access-date=28 March 2017 |quote="no existen antecedentes para acreditar la responsabilidad del ecologista en el delito de atentado a la autoridad"}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara ya gabatar da tuhuma, amma bayan dogon shari'a, an wanke shi.<ref name="Emol-1" /> Daga baya, a cikin 2016, ya shiga ƙungiyar da ke adawa da TPP-11, ko kuma Trans-Pacific Partnership. Rendón ya yi jayayya cewa ya tilasta ƙasashe cikin "tsarin muhalli na asali".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2016 |title=Luis Mariano Rendón sobre TPP: "Hace que las condiciones de la desigualdad se mantengan" |url=http://www.cnnchile.com/noticia/2016/02/04/luis-mariano-rendon-sobre-tpp-hace-que-las-condiciones-de-la-desigualdad-se-mantengan |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ya shigar da korafi tare da [[FIFA]] game da zargin da ake yi tsakanin Peru da Colombia, wanda aka buga a [[Lima]] a ranar 10 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Rendón ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ba su mutunta dokokin ɗabi'a da ƙwarewa ba ta hanyar zargin yarda da zanawa. Ya nemi a cire maki ko kuma a cire kungiyoyin daga gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018]] a [[Rasha]]. Koyaya, an yi watsi da korafinsa saboda rashin shaidar.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] joooljjjqm6a1i5xvsn1oupcmu8k68a 0 168284 963089 926161 2026-10-04T18:06:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laminu Njitiya''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1871) ya kasance dan kasar Shuwa na karni na 19 wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga [[Umar of Borno|Umar Kura bin Muhammad al-Kanemi]], [[Masarautar Borno|Shehu na Bornu]] . Sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mafi iko a [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] a lokacin mulkin Umar na biyu (1854 zuwa 1881). Da farko ɗan fashi ne, Laminu ya zama mai bin manyan ma'aikatan Shehu, gami da Mallam Tirab, kuma daga baya ɗansa, al-Hajj Bashir. A matsayinsa na babban mataimakin Bashir, ya kasance sananne ne saboda aiwatar da aikin datti na ubangijinsa, wanda ya yi da rashin tausayi. Bayan mutuwar Bashir a 1853, Laminu ya zama mai ba da shawara mafi kusa ga Umar. Wannan matsayi ya ba shi tasiri da wadata a Bornu. An san shi da ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai gudanarwa kuma ana tunawa da shi a matsayin mafi girma a karni na 19 a [[Magumeri]] . : 80–81  == Rayuwa ta farko == Laminu Njitiya ya fito ne daga zuriyar Shuwa Arab da [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]]. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da hanya a [[Magumeri]], wani yanki na [[Mallam Tirab]], mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga [[Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi|Muhammad al-Kanemi]], [[Masarautar Borno|Shehu na Bornu]] . Njitiya daga ƙarshe ya watsar da 'yan fashi don bin Mallam Tirab kuma da sauri ya tashi ta hanyar manyan mabiya Tirab. Bayan mutuwar Mallam Tirab a 1846, dansa [[al-Hajj Bashir]] ya gaji shi a majalisar Shehu, ya gaji tasirin Tirab da mabiyansa, gami da Njitiya.: 80–81  == Wakil na al-Hajj Bashir == Laminu ya zama amintaccen aboki na al-Hajj Bashir, wanda ya nada shi a matsayin ''Wakil'' (babban mataimakin). Bashir sau da yawa ya dogara da Laminu don aiwatar da aikinsa na datti, wanda ya yi da "cikakken aminci da rashin tausayi".Dokta [[Heinrich Barth]], mai binciken Jamus wanda ya ziyarci Bornu a cikin shekarun 1850, ya bayyana Laminu a matsayin "hannun hagu mara kunya na [[Vizier]]," yana hukunta shi saboda "jin zuciyarsa da rashin jin daɗi". : 80–82  [[Fayil:Barth_1857_Dendal_in_Kukawa.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Gidan sarauta na Shehu a Kukawa (1857) ]] Bashir ya zama memba mai tasiri sosai na majalisar Shehu Umar, daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki matsayin ''Waziri'' (Vizier). Dogaro da Shehu Umar da Bashir ya ba shi iko mai girma, wanda ya jawo ƙiyayya daga sauran ma'aikatan kotu, musamman [['Abd ar-Rahman bin Muhammad al-Amin|Abdurrahman]], ɗan'uwan Umar, wanda yake so ya zama Shehu. Wannan tashin hankali ya haifar da rikici a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1853, wanda ya tilasta Shehu ya sanya dokar hana fita a [[Kukawa]], babban birnin Bornu. An ba Laminu aikin tilasta shi, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar bayin Waziri da mabiyanta. Yayinda yake aiwatar da wannan aikin, ya shiga cikin rikici tare da magoya bayan Abdurrahman, yana fama da rauni.: 77–78  Wannan rikici ya kara karfafa rashin jin daɗi a Kukawa. Kungiyoyin biyu sun yi rikici a yaƙi, wanda ya haifar da cin nasara ga ƙungiyar Shehu. Sakamakon haka, an sanya Abdurrahman da sauri a matsayin Shehu, yayin da Bashir ya tsere daga babban birnin, kuma Laminu ya shiga ɓoye.: 78  Sarautar Abdurrahman ta kasance takaice sosai. Bayan ya kashe al-Hajj Bashir, ma'aikatansa daga ƙarshe sun yi watsi da mulkinsa, suna kallon shi a matsayin mai zalunci. Tun da yake babban rashin amincewa da mulkin Umar shine dogaro da Bashir, wanda yanzu ya mutu, ma'aikatan kotu sun sake juyin mulki, wanda ya haifar da maido da Umar a matsayin Shehu a farkon Satumba 1854. : 79  == Sarautar Shehu Umar ta biyu == Bayan da aka kori Abdurrahman, Laminu ya koma Kukawa don yin aiki kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Shehu Umar . Laminu ya girma kusa da Umar kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama memba na majalisarsa. Bayan mutuwar al-Hajj Bashir, Abdurrahman ya kwace dukiyarsa da bayi, amma bayan dawowar Umar zuwa mulki, an ba Laminu babban ɓangare na yankin Bashir, ya bar ƙauyuka kaɗan ga Abba Salih, ɗan'uwan Bashir. An ba da wannan lada ne don nuna godiya ga amincin Laminu da ƙwarewar jagoranci ta musamman.: 81–82  Saboda wadatar da yake da ita, Laminu ya tara mabiya da yawa, wadanda suka hada da tsoffin magoya bayan al-Hajj Bashir. Sabanin sunansa a lokacin da yake yin aikin Bashir, Laminu ya zama sananne sosai a Kukawa. An san shi da ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai gudanarwa kuma ana tunawa da shi a Magumeri a matsayin mafi girma a cikin karni na 19, tare da yawan mutanen gundumar fiye da ninki biyu a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Ya jagoranci balaguro da yawa, wanda ya haifar da sojojin Bornu da suka ci manyan sassan ƙasar [[Mutanen Marghi|Marghi]], wanda ke kudu da masarautar.: 80–82  Shahararren Laminu, haɗe da amincewar Shehu Umar a gare shi, ya sanya Laminu daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka fi tasiri a Bornu. Kodayake ya zama mai tasiri kamar tsohon maigidansa kafin mutuwarsa, ya yi kama da ya sami nasarar magance shi da kyau. Duk da cewa yana da abokan gaba masu ƙarfi, koyaushe yana riƙe da abokai da yawa.: 80–82  == Mutuwa == Laminu ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1871. Gustav Nachtigal, mai binciken Jamus wanda ke Kukawa a lokacin, ya dauki mutuwarsa babban bala'i ga Bornu da Umar wanda ya rasa 'mai ba da shawara mai gaskiya' kawai.: 82 Nachtigal ya rubuta abin da ya faru a Kukawa bayan mutuwarsa:<blockquote>"Mene ne zai yi ba tare da wannan mai ba da shawara mai gaskiya ba, wannan mai neman hanya ta kowane wahala, wannan mutum na gaskiya a cikin kotun sycophants, wannan dukiya ɗaya a cikin tarin basussuka? A titunan birnin mutum ya fahimci bala'in da mutuwar wannan mutumin ya kawo. Dukkanin kasuwancin ya tsaya; halin farin ciki na mutanen babban birnin ya zama kamar sun mutu; mutane sun yi magana kuma sun yi tunanin komai sai babban baƙin ciki. "</blockquote>A cewar Nachtigal, Laminu ya bar dukiya ta: "dubu da yawa bayi, kusan 1,000 dabbobin shanu da yawa, wasu dubban shanu, dakuna 27 tare da shagunan zane da sauran kayayyakin kasuwa, kimanin 1,000 takobi, garkuwar 500, daruruwan bindigogi da carbines, 200 coats na wasika da 20,000 Maria Theresa dollar a tsabar kudi" <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mukhtar |first=Yakubu |date=1996 |title=Merchants of colonial Borno : men, means and methods |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1813 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268 |volume=8 |pages=231–254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916232555/https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1813 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2026-09-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar Laminu, dansa Abba Aji (wanda aka fi sani da Sanda Laminumi) ya gaji mallakarsa da wani ɓangare na dukiyarsa amma nan da nan aka kwace shi bayan rikici mai tsanani da [[Bukar Kura of Borno|Shehu Bukar]] . :: 100  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammed |first=Kyari |date=1997 |title=Borno under Rabih Fadl Allah, 1893-1900: The Emergence of a Predatory State |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40341740 |journal=Paideuma |volume=43 |pages=281–300 |issn=0078-7809}}</ref> : 99 Daga baya aka sake nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Gundumar Magumeri kuma ya zama dan kasuwa mai cin nasara a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Borno]]. Abba Aji ya mutu a shekara ta 1916, kuma dansa, Abba Kyari (wanda aka fi sani da Baba Sandabe), ya gaji shi a matsayin Shugaban Gundumar Magumeri . Dan Kyari, Abba Sadiq, daga ƙarshe ya zama Waziri na Borno a ƙarƙashin Shehu [[Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi|Mustafa bin Umar al-Kanemi]] . <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ktmlx8tibbq26aqtdu49h9ger9vyzft 0 168847 963019 928041 2026-10-04T12:14:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kurame-bebe''' kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a tarihi don gane mutumin da ko dai [[Rashin ji|kurma ne]] kuma yana amfani da harshen kurame ko kuma duka biyun kurma ne kuma ba ya iya magana . Ana ci gaba da amfani da kalmar don nufin kurame waɗanda ba za su iya magana da harshen baki ba ko kuma suna da ɗan ikon magana, amma sun zaɓi kada su yi magana saboda mummunan hankali ko rashin son murya da ba ta dace ba a wasu lokutan suna jan hankali. Irin waɗannan mutane suna sadarwa ta amfani da yaren kurame . Wasu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin kalma mai ɓatanci idan aka yi amfani da ita a waje da mahallin tarihi; kalmar da aka fi so a yau ita ce kawai ''kurma'' . == Amfani da tarihi na ''bebe-bebe'' da sauran kalmomi == === Ƙasar Ingila === A ƙarni na 19, Ingilishi na Burtaniya ''mai bebe'' da ''bebe'' yana nufin 'rashin magana', kuma ba kalmomi ne masu ɓatanci ba. Misali, a shekarar 1889 [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta kafa ''Hukumar Sarauta kan Makafi, Kurame da Bebaye da sauransu a Burtaniya'' . Manufar ita ce a binciki ilimin zamani da kuma aikin yi ga makafi ko kurame, da nufin inganta musu yanayi. Zuwa shekarun 1840, an kiyasta cewa mutum ɗaya cikin 1,622 na yawan jama'a a Burtaniya an ɗauke shi a matsayin kurma-bebe. ''Kamus na Turanci na Oxford'' ya bayyana cewa amfani da kalmar "wawa" ta Arewacin Amurka da ke nuna wauta an fara lura da ita a Burtaniya a shekarar 1928. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OED |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58378?rskey=J1nLbA&result=1#eid |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=oed.com |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> A cewar OED, an ƙirƙiro ''kurma-bebe'' a farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin kalmar likita don rashin iya magana sakamakon kurma. Babu ambaton cin zarafi na wannan kalmar a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OED |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47698?redirectedFrom=deaf-mute#eid |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=oed.com |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> === Amirka ta Arewa === Babban ma'anar ''wawa'' a cikin ''Kamus na Webster'' shine "rashin hankali" ko "wauta". Ma'anar kalmar ta biyu ita ce "rashin iya magana ... yanzu sau da yawa yana ɓata rai". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Merriam-Webster |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dumb?src=search-dict-hed |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster Incorporated}}</ref> Ma'anar Webster na "bebe", a gefe guda kuma, ta ba da ma'anar siffa a matsayin "ba za a iya magana ba", yayin da ɗaya daga cikin amfani da shi a matsayin suna shine "mutumin da ba zai iya magana ba ... wani lokacin yana ɓata rai". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Merriam-Webster |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mute |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster Incorporated}}</ref> A cikin Turancin Amurka na yau da kullun, kalmar ''"budu"'' wani lokaci ana amfani da ita don nufin wasu mutane masu ji da wasa, don yin gunaguni, ko kuma don yin hoton wani wanda ya ƙi amfani da hankali ko wanda ba shi da aminci. A da, ana amfani da ''kalmar kurame'' don bayyana kurame waɗanda ke amfani da yaren kurame, amma a zamanin yau, ana yawan kallon kalmar a yau a matsayin abin ƙyama da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Association of the Deaf - NAD |url=https://www.nad.org/resources/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-frequently-asked-questions/ |website=www.nad.org |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602172603/https://www.nad.org/resources/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=2025-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga zamanin da (kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Dokar Hammurabi ) har zuwa kwanan nan, wasu mutane masu ji suna ɗaukar kalmomin ''kurame-bebe'' da ''kurame da bebe'' a matsayin kama ''da wawa'' . Al'ummar da ke sanya hannu kan ''kurame'' ta rungumi asalin kurame tun daga tushe na ilimin kurame na jama'a a ƙarni na 18 kuma ya kasance kalmar da aka fi so ta zama ma'anar asali ko ta asali tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin al'ummar kurame akwai wasu da suka fi son kalmar <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Kurame</i></nowiki> (babban harafi D) maimakon ''kurame'' (ƙaramin harafi) a matsayin bayanin matsayinsu da asalinsu. === Dokar Yahudawa === Rarrabawa a matsayin bebe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin dokar Yahudawa . Domin a tarihi ana ɗaukar cewa ba zai yiwu a koyar ko yin magana da su ba, kurame-bebe ba masu ɗabi'a ba ne, don haka ba sa iya mallakar gidaje, yin shaida, ko a hukunta su saboda wani laifi. Duk da haka, a yau da aka san dabarun ilmantar da kurame, ba a sake rarraba su a matsayin haka ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Deaf People & Halacha |url=http://www.dpii.org/deafhalacha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923075058/http://www.dpii.org/deafhalacha.html |archive-date=2012-09-23 |access-date=2012-09-13 |publisher=The Institute for the Advancement of Deaf Persons in Israel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gracer |first=Bonnie L. |date=Spring 2003 |title=What the Rabbis Heard: Deafness in the Mishnah |url=http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/423/593 |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=2 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v23i2.423 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mutane masu kurame a tarihi == Sarakunan Ottoman sun yi amfani da mutanen da ake kira "kurma-bebe na haihuwa" (wanda ake kira da {{Lang|tr|dilsiz}} a cikin harshen Turkanci). ko {{Lang|tr|bizeban}}, wato 'bebe' ko 'ba tare da harshe ba') a cikin hidimarsu ta kashin kansu tun daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa ƙarshen Daular Ottoman . Saboda yanayinsu, sau da yawa ana ba su amana da ayyukan sirri da na sirri, gami da aiwatar da kisa. == Kurame - bebe a cikin fasaha da adabi == [[File:Jan_de_Stomme_-_Self-portrait.jpg|thumb| Jan Jansz. de Stomme , wani [[Painting|mai zane mai zane]] na zamanin zinare na ƙasar Holland na ƙarni na 17, mai kurma kuma bebe.]] Littafin Stephen King mai suna ''The Stand'' ya ƙunshi wani babban jarumi mai suna Nick Andros wanda ake kira "bebe mai kurma." Ko da yake kurame kusan koyaushe suna da murya, King ya fassara kalmar a zahiri kuma ya sa Nick bai iya furta ta ba. Duk da haka, yana iya karanta lebe kuma ya fahimci kansa sosai ta hanyar yin motsa jiki da rubutu. An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin ''littafin The Catcher in the Rye'' don nuna mutumin da bai faɗi ra'ayinsa ba, kuma bai ji komai ba, wanda hakan ke nufin ya ware kansa daga duniya. Cif Bromden, a cikin ''fim ɗin One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', kowa yana ganin cewa kurma ne kuma bebe, amma a zahiri yana iya ji da magana; bai bar kowa ya san wannan ba domin, yayin da yake girma, ba a yi masa magana ba (yana sa shi "kurma") kuma ba a yi watsi da shi ba (yana sa shi "bebe"). An kira halin Mawaki a cikin littafin ''The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter'', wanda aka rubuta a shekarar 1940, "bebe-bebe" a ko'ina. A cikin labaran Zorro na gargajiya, shirye-shiryen talabijin, da sauransu. Taimakon Zorro ga Bernardo, bebe, yana nuna kamar shi ma ba zai iya ji ba, domin ya sami bayanai da za su taimaki ubangidansa a fafutukarsa ta neman adalci. A farkon littattafan ''Precinct na 87'' da Ed McBain ya rubuta, an kira Teddy Carella, matar Detective Steve Carella, a matsayin "babu-bebe," amma a cikin littattafan da suka biyo baya, McBain ya daina amfani da kalmar. A cikin gabatarwar wani bugu na ''The Con Man'' da aka sake bugawa, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1957, McBain ya ce, "Wani mai karatu ya nuna min shekaru biyu ko uku da suka gabata cewa wannan furucin yanzu an dauke shi abin raini. Daga taga ya tafi, kuma Teddy yanzu yana da matsalar magana da ji." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83s2wyoq7krhjrqctldou2ow88dn54h 0 168867 963325 941916 2026-10-05T07:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marconi Plaza''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na birni wanda ke Kudancin Philadelphia, [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], Amurka. An sanya wa filin suna ne don a gane asalin al'adun karni na 20 a Philadelphia na unguwar 'yan asalin Italiya 'yan asalin Amurka da ke kewaye, kuma ya zama wurin da aka keɓe don bikin faretin ranar Columbus na shekara-shekara. Marconi Plaza tana da manyan rassa biyu, gabas da yamma, waɗanda Broad Street ya raba a tsakiya. Tana nan a ƙarshen kudu na birnin kuma a cikin iyakar arewacin gundumar ayyuka ta musamman ta filin wasanni da kuma iyakar kudu ta Lower Moyamensing . Ana iya isa ga filin shakatawa ta hanyar tashar Oregon Avenue ta jirgin ƙasa na Broad Street . [[Fayil:MarconiPlazaPhiladelphia2.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px]] Iyakokin unguwar Marconi Plaza: {| class="wikitable" !Rabin yamma ! Rabin gabas |- | Titin Broad zuwa 20th St.<br /><br /><br /><br /> daga Oregon Avenue zuwa Packer Avenue<br /><br /><br /><br /> ciki har da Moyamensing Blvd | Titin Broad zuwa Titin 8<br /><br /><br /><br /> daga Oregon Avenue zuwa Packer Avenue |- |} Filin shakatawa na birni da kansa, wanda unguwar ta samo sunansa daga gare shi (Marconi East da "Marco" Marconi West), fili ne {{Convert|19|acre|m2}} wurin shakatawa mai kusurwa huɗu. An raba filin da aka yi wa ado da salon Romawa a tsakiya da Broad Street kuma yana da iyaka da titin 13th, titin 15th, titin Bigler, da titin Oregon. == Tarihi == [[File:1926_Sesqui-Centennial_Exposition_"Luminous_Liberty_Bell",_Philadelphia,_PA.jpg|right|thumb| Babban shiga don bikin baje kolin cika shekaru 1926 - wanda aka rushe a 1927]] [[File:Guglielmo_Marconi_1937_Dedication_Plaque_in_Marconi_Plaza.jpg|thumb| Allon keɓewa na 1937]] An yaba wa ƙirar filin jirgin ne saboda ƙarfin tasirin shahararren mai zane Paul Philippe Cret a shekarar 1904 a matsayin wani ɓangare na halartarsa a cikin Jury na Fasaha yana bitar tsare-tsaren farko da masu zane-zanen shimfidar wuri na Olmsted Brothers suka gabatar, waɗanda aka ɗora musu alhakin ƙira da aka gyara don kammala aikin. . Daga baya, Plaza ta yi aiki a matsayin babban shiga don bikin baje kolin Sesquicentennial na 1926, inda ta jagoranci baƙi zuwa kudu tare da bishiyar Southern Boulevard Parkway (wani yanki mai faɗi na titin South Broad) zuwa filin baje kolin da ya fara a Packer Avenue sannan ya ci gaba zuwa League Island Park . Wannan wurin shakatawa na unguwa mai tagwayen yana kama da madubi a ɓangarorin biyu na Broad Street kuma ya zama mallakar tsarin Fairmount Park . Tana riƙe da sunan Oregon Plaza har zuwa ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1937 lokacin da aka sanya mata suna Marconi Plaza a hukumance don girmama Guglielmo Marconi, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, wanda ya ƙirƙiro rediyo. An ƙara Makarantar F. Amadee Bregy cikin Rijistar Wurare Masu Tarihi ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1988. == Gine-gine == Tsarin Plaza na asali ya kasance baranda mai matakai biyu tare da hanyoyi, kayan ado na marmara, tukwane, waɗanda suka sami tasirin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri kamar lambunan Romawa da lambunan Ingila . Filin gabas da yamma ya nuna irin wannan hanyoyin da ke lanƙwasa, wanda ya kai ga wani bene mai tsayi da aka kewaye da shingen dutse da sassaka manyan tukwane, tare da ƙananan tafkuna biyu masu "nuna" waɗanda ke fuskantar Broad Street a tsakiyar wurin, wanda a wancan lokacin aka yanke shi daga layin layin, wanda ya samar da rabin da'ira a buɗe ga zirga-zirga a gabas da yamma. An yi amfani da wannan lafazi a shekarar 1926 don sanya babban kararrawa ta Liberty a tsakiyar titi, wanda hakan ya ba da damar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa su yi ta zagaye. Tsawon shekaru, an goge da yawa daga cikin kyawawan bayanai, ciki har da layin layin da aka yi da'ira a kowane gefen titin Broad a tsakiya. Wannan wurin kuma yana da, a ɓangarorin biyu na filin, tafkuna biyu masu nuna ruwa. An cika wuraren waha don samar da harsashin mutum-mutumi guda biyu waɗanda daga baya aka gina don tallafawa tarihin al'adun al'ummar Italiya baƙi da kuma mayar da martani ga kin jinin Italiya . A halin yanzu wurin shakatawa yana cike da bishiyoyi kashi 25% waɗanda aka ƙawata da benci a wurin shakatawa, wuraren buɗewa ga ƙananan filaye guda biyu, filin wasan baseball, filin wasan ƙwallon kwando, da kuma filin wasan bocce mai kama da na ƙauye. Iyakar gefen titin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawar tana da manyan bishiyoyin maple masu tsayin ƙafa 30-50. == Fasaha ta jama'a == [[File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi,_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg|left|thumb|287x287px| Mutum-mutumin tagulla na Guglielmo Marconi, wanda Saleppichi Giancarlo ya sassaka, an gina shi a farfajiyar gabas a shekarar 1975]] [[File:Columbus_Broad_St_Philly_art.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px| Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus mai siffar marmara wanda Emanuele Caroni ya sassaka, an gina shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1876. An sake mayar da shi zuwa West Plaza a shekarar 1982]] An gina '''mutum-mutumin tagulla na Guglielmo Marconi''', wanda Saleppichi Giancarlo ya sassaka, a farfajiyar gabas a shekarar 1975, kodayake ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar Itali-American ya kasance "Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Marconi" ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Frank P. DiDio. An keɓe mutum-mutumin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1980, domin tunawa da cika shekaru 106 da haihuwar fitaccen masanin kimiyya kuma mai ƙirƙira na Italiya a duniya. An gina '''mutum-mutumin [[Christopher Columbus]] mai marmara''' a dandalin yamma a shekarar 1976. An fara gano wannan aikin ne a gefen titin Belmont da ke Fairmount Park, bayan an buɗe shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1876, don bikin baje kolin karni na Philadelphia. Ana kyautata zaton aikin Emanuele Caroni ne, amma an ce wannan shine abin tunawa na farko da gwamnati ta ba da kuɗi ga Christopher Columbus a Amurka. An saya shi akan dala $18,000 tare da kuɗin da 'yan Italiya-Amurkawa da Ƙungiyar suka tara, ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Alonzo Viti na Philadelphia da 'yan uwansa. Da farko da aka kafa mutum-mutumin ya fara al'adar shekara-shekara ga mazauna galibin 'yan Italiya a Kudancin Philadelphia su yi tattaki kowace shekara a ranar Columbus zuwa ga mutum-mutumin da ke Fairmount Park. Tsawon {{Convert|6|mi|km}} an gano cewa tafiyar ta yi matuƙar gajiyarwa kuma a shekarar 1920 bikin ya canza wurare. '''Takaddama game da mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus''' * 2018 An zana kalmomin "'Yan Italiya-Amurkawa masu adawa da wariyar launin fata" a kan titin da ke gaban mutum-mutumin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin zanga-zangar da aka yi a ranar Columbus. * 2020 A lokacin zanga-zangar [[George Floyd]] da kuma babbar kungiyar [[Black Lives Matter]] (BLM) a watan Yuni, mutum-mutumin da ke nuna [[Christopher Columbus]] da sauran fitattun mutane a tarihi sun zama abin da ake kai hari ga barna da kuma haramta korar birane a duk fadin kasar. Wasu daga cikin al'ummar 'yan asalin ƙasar Italiya da Amurka da ke Kudancin Philadelphia sun taru a Marconi Plaza, suna da yakinin cewa za a lalata mutum-mutumin Columbus da 'yan ci-rani na Italiya suka ƙirƙira; wasu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da makamai kuma sun kewaye mutum-mutumin. Duk da haka, bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd, masu zanga-zangar daga wasu 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda ba 'yan unguwa ba ne suka fara bayyana. Jim Kenney ya fitar da wata sanarwa a shafinsa na Twitter;{{Cite tweet|user=PhillyMayor|date=14 June 2020|title=We are aware of the groups of armed individuals protecting the Columbus statue in Marconi Plaza. All vigilantism is inappropriate, and these individuals only bring more danger to themselves and the city.}} Jami'an birnin sun sanar da cewa mutum-mutumin zai ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin har zuwa yanzu, kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni ma'aikatan birnin sun sanya shi a cikin akwati na katako don kare shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2020 |title=For second day, group 'protects' Christopher Columbus statue in South Philadelphia; mayor denounces 'vigilantism' |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/floyd-protest-columbus-statue-protesters-unrest-philadelphia-police-20200614.html}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa na rediyo na WPHT mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Dom Giordano, ya yi hira da wani mazaunin Kudancin Philadelphia wanda ya kare mutum-mutumin a wani sashe mai suna "The 'Gravy Seals' Speaks Out". <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Podcasts &#124; Talk Radio 1210 WPHT |url=https://1210wpht.radio.com/media/audio-channel/the-gravy-seals-speak-out |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052713/https://1210wpht.radio.com/media/audio-channel/the-gravy-seals-speak-out |archive-date=2020-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa mutumin zai kare mutum-mutumin, an ambace shi yana cewa "...ya fi mutum-mutumi kawai, wannan mutum-mutumin an bayar da shi ne daga al'umma kuma al'umma ce ta biya shi. Don haka yana wakiltar gadon Italiya, duk da cewa tarihin na iya zama nakasu ga Columbus da kansa. Har yanzu ana gane shi a matsayin alamar gado ta Italiya, don haka muna jin kamar ana kai mana hari. Domin kun sani - sun sauke Rizzo, sun sauke hoton bango, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2020 |title=Frank Rizzo Mural Removed from Italian Market |url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/frank-rizzo-mural-removed-from-italian-market/2422910/}}</ref> yanzu za su sauke wannan kuma wataƙila za su dakatar da faretin ..." A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, rikici ya sake barkewa a karo na biyu a dandalin Marconi mai shiru, lokacin da gungun masu zanga-zanga kusan 50 suka haɗu da gungun masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati kusan 100. An ji ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe tana rera "Amurka" kafin a yi rikici kuma aka tsare wani mutum daga kowane ɓangare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Brawl ensues near South Philadelphia Columbus statue after march, protest at Municipal Services Building |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/south-philly-protest-marconi-plaza-christopher-columbus-20200623.html}}</ref> <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/hR6yX2awLcA Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Photographer punched during protest in Philadelphia; suspect charged |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hR6yX2awLcA |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 11, 2026 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806023548/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hR6yX2awLcA |url-status=bot: unknown }}: {{Cite web |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Photographer punched during protest in Philadelphia; suspect charged |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hR6yX2awLcA |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Yuni aka sanar da cewa birnin zai nemi izini daga Hukumar Fasaha ta Philadelphia don cire mutum-mutumin, tare da tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a a yanar gizo sannan a yi zaman sauraren karar a hukumance a ranar 22 ga Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2020 |title=The future of the Christopher Columbus Statue in Marconi Plaza {{!}} Managing Director's Office {{!}} City of Philadelphia |url=https://www.phila.gov/2020-06-24-the-future-of-the-christopher-columbus-statue-in-marconi-plaza/}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, Hukumar Zane-zane ta Philadelphia ta bayar da umarnin cire mutum-mutumin daga Marconi Plaza sannan a ajiye shi a wurin ajiya na wucin gadi. Wannan ya biyo bayan amincewa da wani kudiri na birnin, makonni biyu da suka gabata, daga Hukumar Tarihi ta Philadelphia, na cire mutum-mutumin, yana mai cewa tsaron jama'a da kuma yiwuwar lalacewar mutum-mutumin sakamakon zanga-zangar George Floyd . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2d5x1lwd5w18hq3b9wr7vj5utrtcyhx 0 168875 963126 928132 2026-10-04T19:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gardenology.org-IMG_1977_rbgs11jan.jpg|right|thumb| Dutse mai kauri a matsayin iyakar yanke itace]] '''Layin yanke ciyawa''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gefen yanke ciyawa''' ko '''iyakar yanke ciyawa''' ; a cikin Jamusanci ''Mähkante'' ) wani kunkuntar siffa ce ta yanke ciyawa mai faɗi wacce aka sanya a cikin ƙasa tsakanin lawn da shingen da ke kusa, kamar gadon lambu, shinge, bango, ko baranda . Babban manufarsa ita ce kawar da buƙatar gyara igiya ta biyu ko kuma gefuna da hannu ta hanyar barin ƙafa ɗaya ta injin yanke ciyawa ta hau saman tsiri, ta yadda za a yanke ciyawar a gefen ba tare da lalata gine-ginen da ke kewaye ba. Haka kuma yana iya zama shingen tushe don hana ciyawa shiga cikin gadajen shuka. == Ayyuka == * '''Rage Kula da Lambun:''' Ta hanyar samar da wuri mai kyau da daidaito ga ƙafafun injin yanke ciyawa, tsiri mai motsi zai iya ba da damar yanke gefen lawn da injin yanke ciyawa lafiya, ta haka rage ko cire buƙatar amfani da injin yanke igiya . * '''Rigakafin tasirin datsa:''' Zane-zanen da ke motsa jiki na iya kare benen katako, shinge, da sauransu daga lalacewar jiki da ke faruwa sakamakon tasirin da ke faruwa da sauri daga layukan datsa. Haka kuma zai iya hana zare na injin gyaran gashi daga harba duwatsu masu laushi zuwa ƙofofin ciyawa ko gilashi cikin haɗari. * '''Kariya daga cututtuka masu rai:''' Yana iya aiki a matsayin shingen tushe wanda ke hana ciyawar ciyawa shiga cikin gadajen lambu, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yake hana ciyawa, ƙasa, ko tsakuwa zubewa a kan ciyawar. * '''Magudanar Ruwa:''' Ana iya tsara yanke-yanke ta yadda ruwa zai iya nisantar da shi daga gine-ginen katako don hana ruɓewa, sannan a kan shuke-shuke da kwararar ruwa masu dacewa (duba magudanar ruwa ta Faransa ). == Kayan aiki da gini == Ana yin yanke-yanke ne daga kayan da suka daɗe waɗanda aka zaɓa bisa ga fifikon kyau da kasafin kuɗi. Domin yanke ciyawar ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata, sau da yawa yana da amfani a sanya shi a cikin ruwa ko a ƙasa kaɗan (yawanci 10)&nbsp;mm ko makamancin haka) matakin ƙasar ciyawar. Idan tsirin ya yi tsayi sosai, ruwan yanka ciyawa na iya bugi kayan tsirin yanke ciyawar ba tare da gangan ba. Faɗin yankin yanke ciyawa ya kamata ya zama babba wanda zai iya raba nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban ko kuma ya ba wa injin yanke ciyawa damar birgima ba tare da wata matsala ba a kan dukkan ciyawar don kada a sake duba shi da wani abu mai kaifi daga baya. Misali, ƙaramin gefen da aka yanke zai iya kaiwa santimita 15&nbsp;faɗin santimita, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-26 |title=How Wide A Mowing Strip Should Be – With Extra Tips! |url=https://canberradimondblade.com.au/how-wide-a-mowing-strip-should-be/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Canberra Diamond Blade Suppliers - CDBS Construction and Garden Centre |language=en-AU}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> yayin da faɗin gefen yankewa na 30&nbsp;cm kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman hanyar tafiya. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu kayan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da: * '''Bulo da Famfo:''' Ana iya shimfida tubali mai kusurwa huɗu ko famfo mai haɗe-haɗe a kan gado mai yashi da tsakuwa. Ana iya shimfida su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali layuka madaidaiciya ko masu lanƙwasa. * '''Simintin da aka zuba:''' Ana iya zuba iyaka ta siminti mai ci gaba zuwa siffofi daban-daban. * '''Tufafi ko Slate:''' Duwatsu masu faɗi na halitta na iya samar da kamannin ƙauye. == Hotuna == <gallery widths="180"> Fayil:A_sculpted_stone_Eagle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593885.jpg|alt=Gravel as a lawn border against a sculpted stone| Tsakuwa a matsayin gefen ciyawa a kan dutse da aka sassaka Fayil:Tile_patio_meeting_a_lawn_with_a_capped_privacy_fence_(5139872581).jpg|alt=Patio tiles as border against the grass| Tiles na baranda suna da iyaka da ciyawa Fayil:Horizontale_Linien_004_2017_06_26.jpg|alt=Mowed and trimmed strip| An yanka kuma an gyara tsiri </gallery> == Manazarta == ssfs550u356pfcwykp6g9279c8xb6ji 0 168889 963253 928161 2026-10-05T04:49:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lycée Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul''' ( Turkish ) wata makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa da ke a unguwar Harbiye, Şişli da ke [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya. An kafa ta a shekarar 1856. An kafa makarantar sakandare a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a matsayin makarantar mishan ta 'yan mata kawai. Daga baya aka mayar da shi matsayin ilimi na haɗin gwiwa. Tsarin koyarwa daga aji na shiri zuwa aji na sha biyu yana cikin harshen [[Faransanci]] da [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], kuma yana ɗaukar shekaru huɗu bayan aji na shiri na shekara ɗaya na makaranta. Makarantun NDS ( Baturke : Neslin Değişen Sesi Okulları ko NDS Okulları ), wanda Cibiyar Ilimi ta Notre Dame de Sion ta kafa a 2001, tana ba da ilimin harshen Faransanci don makarantun gaba da sakandare, firamare, da sakandare a yankin Istanbul Bahçeşehir, Başakşehir . [1] == Tarihi == Wata ƙungiyar mata masu ibada 'yan Faransa goma sha ɗaya ta yi tafiya zuwa Istanbul zuwa ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1856. Sun karɓi ragamar gudanarwar ''Maison du Saint-Esprit'', wata [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] a unguwar Pangaltı, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan ginin cocin Ruhu Mai Tsarki da aka gina a shekarar 1846 kusa da ita, kuma ƙungiyar 'Ya'yan Sadaka ta Saint Vincent de Paul ce ke kula da ita ( French ), wata al'umma mai rayuwar manzanni ga mata a cikin [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] . An buɗe makarantar kwana ta Faransa a hukumance da sunan Lycée Notre Dame de Sion a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Ta zama makarantar 'yan mata ta farko a Turkiyya. Da farko makarantar kwana ce ga 'yan mata [[Kirista|Kiristoci]], amma jim kaɗan bayan haka ta jawo hankalin ɗaliban [[Yahudawa]] . Tun daga shekarar 1863, 'yan mata [[Musulmi]] sun halarci makarantar ne bisa ga sha'awar manyan iyalai a Daular da kuma amincewar Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya. An rufe makarantar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] lokacin da malaman addinin Kirista na Faransa suka bar ƙasar sakamakon yaƙin da ƙasarsu ke yi da Turkiyya. A shekarar 1919, an sake buɗe makarantar. Da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a shekarar 1923, makarantar ta kasance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, kuma masu gudanarwa da malamai na Turkiyya sun shiga cikin ma'aikatan makarantar. Ya fara zama [[Makarantar rana|makarantar kwana]] . An rufe sashen [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] a shekarar 1971, sannan aka rufe makarantar kwana a shekarar 1972. Tun daga shekarar 1989, an miƙa shugaban hukumar makarantar ga wani babban malamin addini yayin da malaman cocin suka ci gaba da hidima a makarantar. Bayan shekaru 140 na al'adar makaranta ga 'yan mata kawai, sai aka fara koyar da yara maza tare, inda aka karɓi yara maza a shekarar makaranta ta 1996-97. == Ayyukan al'adu == Makarantar ta shirya gasar piano ta ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2013. An yi wani wasan kwaikwayo na ɗakin karatu a makarantar a shekarar 2014 don tunawa da Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu, wacce ta mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama na Air France Flight 447 a shekarar 2009. A shekarar 2015, gidan adana kayan fasaha na makarantar ya shirya wani baje koli mai taken " ''Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Kadınlar'' " ( [[Turanci]] : Mata daga Daular Ottoman zuwa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya) wanda ke nuna mata Kiristoci, Yahudawa da Musulmai galibi a kan katunan gaisuwa daga 1880 zuwa 1930. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Yaran [[Mustafa Kamal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] na riƙo, ciki har da Afet Inan (1908-1985) * Ayla Algan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937), jarumar fina-finai da dandamali kuma mawaƙiya * Adile Ayda (1912-1992), jami'in diflomasiyya * Oya Baydar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940), masanin ilimin zamantakewa kuma marubuci * Aliye Berger (1903–1974), mai zane, mai sassaka da mai zane * Selina Özuzun Doğan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977), lauya kuma yar siyasa * Balçiçek İlter (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), ɗan jarida kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin * Güzin Sayar (1922-2006), ɗan jarida kuma inna mai raɗaɗi wanda aka fi sani da 'Güzin Abla' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Güzin Abla kimdir - Biyografi.net.tr |url=https://www.biyografi.net.tr/guzin-abla-kimdir/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125135204/https://www.biyografi.net.tr/guzin-abla-kimdir/ |archive-date=2022-11-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Nazlı Ilıcak (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci * Suzan Kahramaner (1913–2006), masanin lissafi, ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan ƙasar Turkiyya na farko da suka yi digirin digirgir. * Füreya Koral (1910-1997), masanin yumbu * Matild Manukyan (c. 1916-17–2001), yar kasuwa * Bedia Muvahhit (1897-1994), yar wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo * Türkan Rado (1915–2007), farfesa mace ta farko 'yar Turkiyya a fannin shari'a * Pınar Selek (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), masanin zamantakewa, marubuci kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata * Gimbiya Fahrelnissa Zeid (1901–1991), mai zane === Tsoffin Ɗaliban Almara === * Feride, babban jigon littafin ''Çalıkuşu'' na Reşat Nuri Güntekin, ya yi karatu a Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul. == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Daular Usmaniyya == Manazarta == 0uqp1iykgwwhn4us8lxaki1qtiz2jrv 0 169062 963039 928774 2026-10-04T13:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''Kwalejin Immaculate, Alicante''', [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ta hannun Society of Jesus a shekarar 1954. Ilimi ne na haɗin gwiwa kuma ya haɗa da yara 'yan shekara uku zuwa firamare, sakandare ( ESO ), da kuma digiri na biyu (baccalaureate ). == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1872, 'yan Jesuit suka zauna a Orihuela a Kwalejin Santo Domingo, bisa ga buƙatar Bishop. Sai a shekarar 1921, da sha'awar kafa makaranta a babban birnin Alicante, 'yan Jesuit suka sayi fili a unguwar Benalúa da ke can, amma rashin kuɗi ya jinkirta ci gaba. Sai a shekarar 1954 aka buɗe makarantar, aka kuma sanya mata suna bayan Immaculate Conception . A shekarar 1956, 'yan Jesuit suka bar Kwalejin Santo Domingo da ke Orihuela suka koma Inmaculada, a kan Avenida de Denia a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Valencia . [ana buƙatar hujja] Filin Kwalejin ya ƙunshi eka 124. An tsara shi ne don ɗalibai 750, kuma da farko ya karɓi ɗalibai 557 (158 daga babban birnin). Tana da Jesuits 32 da kuma mutane 13 a cikin ma'aikatan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} Yawan ɗaliban da Kwalejin ta ɗauka a shekarar 2016 ya wuce ɗalibai 1800, masu shekaru 3 zuwa 18.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} A shekarar 2016 an sanya ta a matsayi na shida a tsakanin makarantun da ke Valencia <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=El Mundo ranking for UNICEF |url=http://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2016/04/17/57126a46e2704e4c |access-date=31 December 2016 |website= |publisher=}}</ref> kuma daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantu 100 a Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un año más el colegio de la Inmaculada entre los 100 mejores de España |url=https://www.aacolegioinmaculada.es/noticias/2887_un_ano_m |access-date=2016-12-31 |website=www.aacolegioinmaculada.es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161834/https://www.aacolegioinmaculada.es/noticias/2887_un_ano_m |archive-date=2017-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren Jesuit == Manazarta == 6cdicyv8wlmzb3u3mdrnrvnxa6nbcvg 0 169065 963046 928787 2026-10-04T14:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Mai Ceto''' ( Spanish , Mutanen Spanish a da ) makarantar firamare da sakandare ta Katolika ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Zaragoza]], Aragon, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Ƙungiyar Yesu ce ta kafa makarantar a shekarar 1879. Ya haɗa da firamare har zuwa baccalaureate . == Malamai == Colegio del Salvador makarantar Jesuit ce da ke unguwar Romareda da ke Zaragoza. An fara ginin a shekarar 1877. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colegio Jesús María El Salvador, Zaragoza |url=http://www.colegiosdezaragoza.com/colegios/Colegio-Jesus-Maria-Zaragoza.php |access-date=2016-12-31 |website=www.colegiosdezaragoza.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025224951/http://www.colegiosdezaragoza.com/colegios/Colegio-Jesus-Maria-Zaragoza.php |archive-date=2016-10-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Makarantar tana da azuzuwa biyu da aka keɓe ga ɗaliban da ke fama da matsalolin sadarwa da dangantaka, kamar autism. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DIGITAL |first=GRUPO ARAGÓN |title=Aragón cuenta con cinco aulas para alumnos afectados por trastornos generalizados del desarrollo |url=http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=56705 |access-date=2016-12-31 |website=www.aragondigital.es}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, makarantar ta lashe kyautar ƙasa ta ilimi don ci gaba "Vicente Ferrer" saboda halartarta a Makon Haɗin Kan Duniya wanda ke mai da hankali kan zama ɗan ƙasa a duniya, haɗin kai, jajircewa wajen kawar da talauci da abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, da kuma ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga ɗan adam da kuma ci gaba mai ɗorewa. [1] == Fitattun ɗalibai da ma'aikata ==   * [[Arbeloa|Álvaro Arbeloa]] - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Xabier Arzalluz - ɗan siyasa * Luis Buñuel - mai shirya fina-finai * Ander Herrera - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Longinos Navás - masanin kimiyyar halittu, masanin tsirrai da kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu na Sipaniya * María Teresa Fernández de la Vega - 'yar siyasa == Manazarta == mlnu0evgg7ni2iv2s08bje56uxwjm1p 0 169170 963062 929061 2026-10-04T14:50:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin St. Ignatius, San Sebastian''' (" Donostia " a Basque ), a gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] an kafa ta ne ta ƙungiyar Yesu a shekarar 1929 kuma a halin yanzu tana da digiri na farko kafin shiga jami'a . Hakanan yana da alaƙa da wuraren renon yara na [[Servants of Jesus|Bayin Yesu]] da na [[Carmelite Teresiana Missionaries|Mishan na Carmelite Teresiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrador |title=Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola Ikastetxea (San Sebastián) |url=http://www.educacionjesuitas.es/colegio-san-ignacio-de-loyola-ikastetxea-san-sebastian |access-date=2017-01-09 |website=www.educacionjesuitas.es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090646/http://www.educacionjesuitas.es/colegio-san-ignacio-de-loyola-ikastetxea-san-sebastian |archive-date=2017-01-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1929 an fara azuzuwan a Makarantar San Ignacio de Loyola a San Sebastián. An naɗa darakta na farko, Amaia Arzamendi, a shekarar 2009. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren Jesuit == Manazarta == 794r3x6b7loi1n6tf12z4pyucdl7co4 0 169172 963061 929064 2026-10-04T14:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St. Ignatius College''' ( Catalan ) wata makarantar firamare da sakandare ta Katolika ce mai zaman kanta da kuma cibiyar horar da sana'o'i, wacce ke cikin unguwar Sarrià da ke [[Barcelona]], a [[Katalunya|Catalonia]], wata al'umma mai cin gashin kanta a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1892 ta hannun Ƙungiyar Yesu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesuïtes Educació {{!}} Jesuïtes Catalunya |url=http://www.jesuites.net/jesuites-educacio |access-date=2017-01-07 |website=www.jesuites.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094248/http://www.jesuites.net/jesuites-educacio |archive-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin St. Ignatius a halin yanzu tana ba da horon [[Makarantar jariri|yara a]] makarantun firamare, firamare, sakandare, da kuma sana'o'i; ɓangaren da ake buƙata shine tallafin gwamnati.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} == Tarihi == Cibiyar ta fara ne a matsayin [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] a wani ginin gwamnati da aka yi haya a Manresa, wanda aka kwashe daga cikinsa bayan rashin fahimta tsakanin Majalisar da Jesuits.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} A shekara ta 1892, Jesuits suka sayi kadarar Gardeny, wadda ta ƙunshi gida da manyan lambuna. An gina ƙarin ɗaki kuma an fara azuzuwan a wannan shekarar. An gina ginin da ke yanzu tsakanin 1893 da 1896, kuma an buɗe shi a 1895 ba a gama ba (an kammala shi tsakanin 1915 da 1926). Da farko makarantar kwana ce amma ta fara ɗaukar ɗaliban waje a shekarar 1905. A shekarar 1907, tana da malamai 20 da ɗalibai 230, galibinsu 'yan makaranta ne.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} An rufe makarantar a shekarar 1914 domin ta sami damar ɗaukar gidajen Jesuit na nazarin falsafa da tauhidi don firistoci, amma an sake buɗe ta a shekarar 1927.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu sakamakon umarnin korar Jesuits, Gwamnati ta mayar da ita makarantar gwamnati har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa . Bayan shekara ta 1939, an mayar da makarantar ga Jesuits kuma ta fara aiki yadda ya kamata. Yawan masu shiga makarantar ya yi yawa a shekarar 1949, tare da ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin ɗalibai. [1] A halin yanzu makarantar tana da ɗalibai kusan 3,000. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Manazarta == fmdfaqmvi2k9q5ocnjrr7bkvoqx7zci 0 169194 963025 929112 2026-10-04T12:40:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Castleknock''' ( Irish ) makarantar sakandare ce ta Vincentian ta son rai ga yara maza, wacce ke cikin unguwar zama ta Castleknock, {{Cvt|8|km}} yamma da tsakiyar birnin [[Dublin]], Ireland. An kafa makarantar ne a shekarar 1835 ta Philip Dowley, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun yara maza a Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.castleknockcollege.ie/about-us/history/ |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=Castleknock College |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana ba da fifiko ga waɗanda ke bin babban al'adar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], a matsayin makarantar [[Kiristanci|Kirista]], ɗaliban wasu ƙungiyoyi da addinai suna halarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Headmaster's Message |url=https://www.castleknockcollege.ie/about-us/headmasters-message/ |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=Castleknock College |language=en-GB}}</ref> Launin makarantar launin ruwan kasa ne da shuɗi mai haske. Alamar makaranta littafi ne, wanda ke nuna ilimi, gicciye, yana nuna Katolika, shamrock na Irish, yana nuna nasarar Vincentians a Ireland da kuma tiara na Paparoma, wanda ke nuna aminci ga Holy See . == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1830, shekara guda bayan rasuwar ' Yancin Katolika, firistoci daga Al'ummar Vincentian (Congregation of the Mission; CM) a Kwalejin Maynooth sun sami izinin buɗe makarantar kwana a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Archbishop na Dublin . A ranar 28 ga Agusta 1833 aka buɗe makarantar kwana a lamba 24 Usher's Quay, a tsakiyar Dublin. A ranar 28 ga Agusta 1835, an buɗe Makarantar Koyar da Addini ta St. Vincent a Castleknock, a matsayin makarantar kwana da ke ɗaukar yara maza 47 kacal. [1] Ɗalibi na farko da ya yi rajista a shekarar 1835 shine John Lynch na Clones, County Monaghan . Daga baya ya shiga tsarin Vincentian kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Archbishop na Toronto. Patrick Moran, wanda ya yi zamani da John Lynch, shi ne wanda aka naɗa shi firist na Vincent kuma ya zama Bishop na Cape Town kafin a naɗa shi bishop na Katolika na farko na Dunedin (New Zealand) a 1869. Philip Dowley tsohon shugaban jami'ar Maynooth kuma shugaban lardin Vincentians, shi ne shugaban kwalejin na farko. A da, makarantar [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ce ke zaune a wurin, wadda William Gwynne ke jagoranta. An sayar da gine-ginen makarantar tare da eka 40 na fili ga Iyayen Vincentian a shekara ta 1835. [[Sarauniya Victoria]] da jam'iyyarta ta sarauta sun ziyarci makarantar a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1900. Wannan lamari na tarihi ne, domin shi ne karo na farko da wani basarake ɗan Ingila ya ziyarci wata kwalejin Katolika ta Ireland. Rudolph Feilding, Earl na 9 na Denbigh, ya sanar da hukumomin makarantar ziyarar da Sarauniya za ta kai Castleknock kwanaki kafin hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen Victoria visits Castleknock College |url=https://www.knockunion.ie/news/queen-victoria-visits-castleknock-college-11553 |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=KnockUnion.ie |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131152/https://www.knockunion.ie/news/queen-victoria-visits-castleknock-college-11553 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan ziyarar sarauta ta tabbatar da samun matsayi a makarantar a taron koli na ilimi na Irish da kuma al'ummar Ireland. Kafin kafa Kwalejin Clonliffe a shekarar 1861, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Dublin Archdiocese za su yi karatu a Castleknock kafin su kammala karatunsu a Kwalejin Maynooth . == Rayuwar ilimi == [[File:Castleknock_Dinner.jpg|right|thumb|255x255px| Menu daga abincin dare na bikin aure]] Makarantar tana da burin samun ƙarancin rabon malamai/ɗalibai, kuma tana da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta da kimiyya iri-iri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The College and its Facilities |url=https://www.castleknockcollege.ie/about-us/facilities/ |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=St. Vincent's Castleknock College |language=en-GB}}</ref> Laburaren Alton na makarantar, wurin ba da lamuni da kuma bayar da rance, shine babban ɗakin karatu na aji na biyu a Ireland. <ref name="about01">{{Cite web |title=The College and its Facilities |url=https://www.castleknockcollege.ie/about-us/facilities/ |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=Castleknock College |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Al'adar wasanni == Kayan wasanni a makarantar sun haɗa da filayen wasan rugby guda tara, filin ƙwallon ƙafa ɗaya, filin wasan kurket mai rumfar wasa, ɗakin wasan tennis na tebur, filin wasan tennis na zamani, ɗakin nauyi mai cikakken kayan aiki da kuma filin wasa na wasanni. An fara buga wasanni a Castleknock tun lokacin da aka kafa kwalejin. A tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara, ana buga wani wasa na musamman na Castleknock, wanda aka fi sani da ''stilts'', wanda dukkan ɗaliban makarantar suka buga a kan wani yanki mai tsakuwa a filin wasa. Saboda yawan ƙoƙarin da mahalarta ke yi na wuce gona da iri, wannan wasan ya hana iyayen makarantar shiga gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], wanda shine wasan da ɗaliban Castleknock suka fi so har zuwa 1909 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da wasan rugby a matsayin babban wasan kwalejin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rugby |url=https://www.castleknockcollege.ie/rugby/ |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=Castleknock College |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 1918, kwalejin ta lashe gasar zakarun manyan jami'o'in Leinster . Ba da daɗewa ba, kwalejin ta fi mai da hankali kan wasan rugby kuma wasan Gaelic ya fara raguwa. === Rugby === An fara gina wuraren wasan rugby a kwalejin a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1909. Makarantar ta lashe Kofin Manyan Makarantun Leinster sau takwas tun lokacin da ta fara shiga (kuma ta lashe) gasar a shekarar 1913. Ƙungiyoyin Castleknock sun zo na biyu a gasar sau goma sha biyar, inda suka fafata a gasar ƙarshe fiye da kowace makaranta, ban da Kwalejin Belvedere da Kwalejin Blackrock . An kuma lashe gasar cin kofin matasa ta makarantun Leinster sau takwas, karo na karshe a shekarar 1966. Ana ɗaukar Castleknock a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Makarantun Rugby na Leinster, sauran kuma sune Blackrock, Clongowes, Belvedere, Terenure, [[Kwalejin St Michael, Dublin|St Michael's]] da [[Kwalejin St Mary, Dublin|St Mary's]] . Kwalejin ta naɗa Adrian Flavin, tsohon ɗan wasan rugby na Ireland, a matsayin darektan wasan rugby a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adrian Flavin, College Director of Rugby |url=https://www.knockunion.ie/news/adrian-flavin-college-director-of-rugby-310 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=KnockUnion.ie |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203192549/https://www.knockunion.ie/news/adrian-flavin-college-director-of-rugby-310 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Yan wasa 26 a baya sun wakilci Ireland a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, na baya-bayan nan shi ne Devin Toner na Leinster Rugby (ajin 2004) wanda aka yi masa wasa sau saba'in. Toner yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu da suka taɓa lashe Kofin Heineken (2009, 2011, 2012) tare da Denis Hurley na Munster Rugby wanda ya lashe Kofin a 2008. Tsoffin 'yan wasan James Leo Farrell da Michael Dunne suna cikin tawagar British Lions da Irish da suka yi rangadin zuwa New Zealand da Ostiraliya. Farrell ya kuma buga wa Lions wasa a rangadin da suka yi zuwa Argentina a shekarar 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jjjx20knfmyluhfio7i4cr2varbp0le 0 169254 963088 929254 2026-10-04T17:58:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Laluan Penarikan''' ( Malay ) jerin hanyoyin jigilar kaya ne a faɗin yankin Malay . Mafi shahararru daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa Kogin Muar da Kogin Pahang . Jirgin ruwan Penarikan ya rage tafiyar jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya tsakanin mashigar Malacca da Tekun Kudancin China . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Rizuan Abdul |date=4 May 2021 |title=Laluan Silam: Sejarah, Lagenda dan Rahsia |trans-title=Ancient Route: History, Legend and Secret |url=https://alternatif.press/articles/laluan-silam-sejarah-lagenda-dan-rahsia |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Alternatif |language=ms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214082251/https://alternatif.press/articles/laluan-silam-sejarah-lagenda-dan-rahsia |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == A zamanin da, kogunan Muar da Pahang kusan suna da alaƙa a wani wuri da ake kira Jempol musamman a garin Bahau, a Negeri Sembilan na yanzu, inda Muar ya haɗu da Kogin Jempol. Kogin Serting, wanda ba shi da nisa da haɗuwar tsoffin biyun, yana kwarara zuwa Kogin Bera, wani magudanar ruwa ta Pahang. Penarikan ta ba da damar yin ciniki tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa daga ɓangarorin biyu na Malay, kamar 'yan kasuwa daga Malacca ko Muar waɗanda za su iya ci gaba da tafiyarsu ta hanyar Muar har sai sun isa Kuala Pahang a Pekan, ko Kuala Lipis su ci gaba zuwa Terengganu, Kelantan ko Perak . A Penarikan, an buƙaci taimakon mutanen yankin don jan kwale-kwalen kimanin mita 300 a saman ƙasa. [[Fayil:Silk_route.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Hanyar Siliki (ja) da kuma hanyoyin cinikin kayan ƙanshi (shuɗi) masu mahimmanci a tattalin arziki sun toshe ta daular Seljuk a kusan shekara ta 1090, wanda ya haifar da [[Crusades|Yaƙin Jihadi]], da kuma [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a {{Circa|1453}}, wanda ya haifar da [[Age of Discovery|Zamanin Ganowa]] da Mulkin Mallaka na Turai .]] [[Fayil:Penarikan.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Haɗin tsakanin Muar (hagu) da kogin Jempol a Kampung Jambu Lapan, Bahau, gundumar Jempol, Negeri Sembilan, shine tsakiyar tsakiyar ''Penarikan'' .]] Wataƙila an gano Penarikan {{Circa}} ƙarni na 14. ' Yan kasuwan [[Larabawa]] suna ci gaba da kasuwanci da kuma yaɗa addinin Musulunci. Lokacin da aka gano Malacca, sun zo Malacca don kasuwanci kuma a lokaci guda; Pasai ma sun zo Malacca don samun kayan abincinsu na yau da kullun. Larabawa sun koyi Laluan Penarikan daga Pasai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} Penarikan ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan soji tsakanin Siam da Malacca. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar, Siamese sun kai hare-hare da yawa a kan Malacca. An aika da rundunar sojoji don yin kwanton bauna . Rabin rundunar sun tsaya kusa da Penarikan a matsayin masu taimakawa, yayin da sauran rabin suka kai hari kan Malacca. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar agajin tana da wani aiki, dole ne su haƙa babban [[Mashigar Ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] mai zurfin ƙafa 30 da ƙafa 20, don su haɗa kogunan Jempol da Serting. Daga baya aka binne wani shugaban rundunar Siamese kusa da Penarikan. An yi imanin cewa an yi jigilar dutsen kabari daga Siam har zuwa yanzu. Har yanzu ana iya samun kabarin shugaban Siamese kusa da hanyar, wacce ta samo asali tun daga shekarar 1265. Penarikan ta kuma shaida manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi. Shahararren jarumin Malaccan Hang Tuah, yayin da yake gudu tare da Tun Teja, ya yi amfani da Penarikan don guduwa zuwa Pahang. Sarkin Malacca na ƙarshe, Mahmud Shah, bayan nasarar da [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal]] ta yi wa Malacca, shi ma ya yi amfani da Penarikan don tserewa zuwa Pahang. A shekara ta 1613, wani jami'in Portugal ya rubuta cewa ya hau jirgin ruwa daga Muar zuwa Pekan, kuma tafiyar ta ɗauke shi kwana shida. Taswirar da aka samar a shekarar 1598 ta nuna cewa Kogin Muar da Kogin Pahang suna da alaƙa a wani wuri da ake kira Serting a Negeri Sembilan yanzu. Hanyar Penarikan ta Kogin Muar zuwa Kogin Pahang hanya ce mafi aminci zuwa Tekun Kudancin China ko zuwa Mashigar Malacca, saboda babu wata matsala da barazanar [[Fashi a Teku|fashin teku]] . Baya ga haka akwai kuma alamun ayyukan ciniki, inda kayayyaki suka canza hannu a wannan lokacin. Wannan yana nufin cewa jiragen ruwa daga Pahang dauke da kayan amfanin gona sun tsaya a nan, suna ciniki kuma suna ɗaukar kayayyaki da ke gabas zuwa Pahang. Hakazalika, an kawo jiragen ruwa daga Muar, waɗanda ke ɗauke da kayayyaki daga Malacca da [[Singafora|Singapore]] zuwa Penarikan, inda aka yi cinikin . == Duba kuma == * Cinikin kayan ƙanshi * Hanyar Siliki * Hanyar Tarayya ta Malaysia 9 - Karak zuwa garin Malacca * Hanyar Tarayya ta Malaysia 10 - Temerloh zuwa Gemas * Hanyar Tarayya ta Malaysia 12 - Segamat zuwa Gambang * Tsakanin KTM daga Gemas zuwa Mentakab == Manazarta == t2etu54zdmbbzqnohyb2xgaifgn3wlb 0 169326 963070 929503 2026-10-04T16:02:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:USA_Antelope-Canyon.jpg|thumb| Hasken rana a cikin Upper Antelope Canyon]] '''Kwarin rami''' wata hanya ce mai tsayi, kunkuntar hanya ko magudanar ruwa mai kauri wadda ke da ganuwar duwatsu masu laushi waɗanda galibi ke lalacewa zuwa ko dai dutsen yashi ko wani dutse mai laushi . Kwarin rami yana da rabon zurfin-zuwa-faɗi wanda yawanci ya wuce 10:1 akan mafi yawan tsawonsa kuma yana iya kusantowa 100:1. Ana amfani da kalmar musamman a kudu maso yammacin Amurka mai ɗan hamada, musamman a Colorado Plateau . Kwarurukan rami suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi kuma galibi suna ɗauke da al'ummomin muhalli na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da tsaunukan da ke kusa da su, busassun wurare. Wasu ramukan ramin za su iya auna ƙasa da {{Convert|1|m|ft}} a saman amma ya faɗi sama da {{Convert|30|m}} zuwa ƙasan kwarin. Ana samun kwaruruka da yawa a cikin duwatsun yashi da dutse na dutse, kodayake kwaruruka a cikin wasu nau'ikan duwatsu kamar granite da basalt suna yiwuwa. Ko da a cikin duwatsun yashi da dutse mai daraja, ƙananan [[Korama|rafuffuka]] ne kawai za su samar da ramuka saboda haɗuwa da takamaiman halayen dutsen da ruwan sama na yanki. == A duk faɗin duniya == Ana samun kwaruruka a sassa da dama na duniya, galibi a yankunan da ruwan sama bai kai na da ba. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun kwarurukan ramin suna samuwa a Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka . Sauran muhimman wurare sun haɗa da Sierra de Guara a arewacin [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Pyrenees da ke kan iyakar [[Faransa]] da Spain, da kuma Blue Mountains a New South Wales, Ostiraliya. [[Fayil:A163,_Karijini_National_Park,_Australia,_Knox_Gorge,_2007.JPG|left|thumb| Knox Gorge, Karijini National Park]] === Ostiraliya === Mafi girman yankin da aka sani na kwarurukan rami a Ostiraliya (wanda ya ƙunshi sama da 900) yana cikin Blue Mountains, yammacin [[Sydney]] . Suna faruwa ne a cikin wani ƙaramin yanki na dutse mai nisan kusan {{Convert|30|km}} daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma kimanin {{Convert|100|km}} daga kudu zuwa arewa. Yawancin waɗannan kwaruruka suna cikin Dajin Wollemi, kuma suna da wahalar shiga. Mutane ba su taɓa bincika kwaruruka da yawa a cikin jejin Wollemi ba tukuna. Kananan mutane suna ziyartar canyoners akai-akai a ƙarshen mako a lokacin bazara, waɗanda suka fi kusa da Katoomba su ne waɗanda aka fi ziyarta. Babban kogin, kusa da Blackheath, yana da hanyar yawon bude ido a gefensa, amma yana buƙatar yin iyo ko yin iyo kafin ya isa ga cikakken wurin. Ana iya samun kwarurukan ramin dutse a wasu sassa na Ostiraliya, ciki har da Karijini National Park da Bungle Bungles a Purnululu National Park, duka a Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Carnarvon Gorge a Queensland . [[Fayil:Annie's_Slot_Canyon.jpg|thumb| Annie's Canyon, wanda ke San Diego, California]] [[Fayil:Wirepass_slot_canyon.jpg|thumb| Hanyar Wire Pass da ke kaiwa zuwa Buckskin Gulch, Utah]] === Amurka === Kudancin [[Utah]] yana da yawan jama'a mafi yawan kwaruruka a duniya tare da kwaruruka sama da dubu ɗaya a cikin hamada a kudu da Interstate 70. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zion slot canyons |url=http://www.zionnational-park.com/slots.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002940/http://www.zionnational-park.com/slots.htm |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2005-10-17}}</ref> Ana samun kwarurukan ramin Utah a Zion National Park a <nowiki><i id="mwTA">The Narrows</i></nowiki>, tare da ''Hanyar Haɗin gwiwa'' ta [[Gidan shakatawa na Canyonlands|Canyonlands National Park]], a duk faɗin [[Gidan shakatawa na Capitol Reef|Capitol Reef National Park]], a cikin San Rafael Swell da Babban Matakala-Escalante National Monument, musamman a gefen [[Canyons na Escalante|magudanar ruwan Kogin Escalante,]] gami da [[Coyote Gulch]] . Akwai ƙarin kwaruruka da yawa a Ofishin Gudanar da Filaye na Jama'a da filayen gwamnati a kudancin Utah, a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren shakatawa da abubuwan tarihi da aka ambata a sama. Buckskin Gulch &#x2014; ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin kwaruruka a duniya &#x2014; ya fara a kudancin Utah kuma ya ci gaba zuwa arewacin [[Arizona]] a cikin daji na Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs . Arewacin Arizona kuma yana da tarin kwaruruka masu yawa, ciki har da Antelope Canyon da Secret Canyon, waɗanda su ne biyu daga cikin shahararrun kwaruruka masu rami da ke kusa da Page a kan ƙasar mallakar Navajo Nation . Ana kuma samun kwarurukan rami a kwarin da ke tsakanin hanyar US Route 89 da Vermilion Cliffs da ke Arizona, kuma ana iya ganinsu yayin da mutum ke saukowa cikin kwarin a kan titin US 89, amma waɗannan suna kan wurin ajiyar Navajo kuma an rufe su ga jama'a. A [[New Mexico]], hanyar Slot Canyon Trail ta National Monument ta Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks ta musamman ce domin an sassaka ta da tuff (tokar aman wuta). Ana iya samun ƙarin abubuwa da yawa a wasu wurare a kan Pajarito Plateau a cikin tsaunukan tuff tsakanin [[Potrero (ƙasa)|potreros]] . Akwai kuma tarin jama'a da yawa a cikin tsaunukan basalt da ke kewaye da Dutsen Taylor, arewa maso yammacin Grants, da kuma kusa da Brimhall Nizhoni . Wurin Plaza Blanca Slot Canyon a cikin fararen duwatsu na Abiquiu Formation kusa da garin Abiquiu shine abin da ya jawo hankalin wasu zane-zanen Georgia O'Keeffe . A [[California]], akwai wasu ramukan rami da dama a cikin Death Valley National Park . [[Fayil:Lower_antelope_1_md.jpg|left|thumb| Kogin Antelope na Ƙasa, Arizona]] === Turai === Akwai kwaruruka da dama a Spain, musamman a cikin busassun gindin Pyrenees, kamar a kan kogin Balcez. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estrechos del Balced (Spain) |url=http://www.archmillennium.net/Estrechos_Balced.htm}}</ref> Akwai masana'antar yawon buɗe ido mai faɗi da aka gina a kusa da canyoning a wannan yankin. A ƙasar Czechia, akwai wani babban kwarin rami a tsaunukan Teplice <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2017 |title=Hiking Czech Republic — Hidden Rock Towns Beyond Reality |url=https://www.livenowdreamlater.net/en/2017/10/02/hiking-czech-republic-adrspach-teplice/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219203723/https://www.livenowdreamlater.net/en/2017/10/02/hiking-czech-republic-adrspach-teplice/ |archive-date=February 19, 2018}}</ref> mai suna Little Siberia saboda yanayin ƙasa, wanda ya fi sanyi fiye da yankin da ke kewaye. Kwarurukan da ke Teplice suna kewaye da duwatsu masu kama da ginshiƙai waɗanda suka yi kama da dabbobi daban-daban kuma su ne wurin da aka ɗauki fim ɗin The Chronicles of Narnia <ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Adršpach-Teplice Rocks: The Chronicles of Narnia Filming Locatation Tour |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/AttractionProductReview-g274812-d15803311-Adrspach_Teplice_Rocks_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_Filming_Locatation_Tour-Wroclaw_Lo.html |website=Tripadvisor}}</ref> . == Haɗari == Kwarurukan rami na iya samun haɗari kamar faɗuwar duwatsu, ƙasa mara kwanciyar hankali, kunkuntar ramuka, saman da ke zamewa, toshewa, saukowa mai tsayi da hawa, ramuka, wuraren waha (siphons), ruwan sanyi, duckunders, dogon iyo, ruwa mai gudu da sauri, da ambaliyar ruwa. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Canyoning Deaths - OZultimate.com canyoning |url=https://ozultimate.com/canyoning/canyoning_deaths.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=ozultimate.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316152805/https://ozultimate.com/canyoning/canyoning_deaths.htm |archive-date=2025-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sakamakon faɗawa cikin waɗannan haɗarin na iya ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar wahalhalu ko haɗari ga ƙungiyoyin ceto da ke shiga kwaruruka ko yankunan kwaruruka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bushwalkers of NSW |url=http://www.bushwalkermagazine.org/The%20Newsletters/vol-7-no-1-december-1981.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924205935/http://www.bushwalkermagazine.org/The%20Newsletters/vol-7-no-1-december-1981.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Watta Canyon accident (24/12/2011) - Canyoning Australia |url=https://canyoning.org.au/forum/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=572 |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112041110/https://canyoning.org.au/forum/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=572 |archive-date=2024-01-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sami manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kwaruruka saboda yanayin ruwa mai haɗari, musamman [[ambaliyar ruwa]] mai haɗari da guguwar gida da ta nesa ke haifarwa. Bai kamata masu tafiya a ƙasa su shiga kwaruruka na rami ba idan akwai wata alamar ruwan sama a yankin da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-24 |title=Safety Tips |url=http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante/Recreation/safety_tips.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930174802/http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante/Recreation/safety_tips.html |archive-date=2016-09-30 |access-date=1 November 2016 |website=blm.gov |publisher=Bureau of Land Management}}</ref> A cikin kwaruruka da yawa na rami, yana iya ɗaukar mil kafin a sami mafita mai aminci ko ceto. An samu asarar rayuka a tsaunukan Blue Mountains na Ostiraliya sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma yanayin ruwa mai haɗari. An samu rahoton mutuwar mutane da suka nutse a cikin ruwa a Claustral Canyon, Bowen Creek North Canyon, Empress Canyon, Arethusa Canyon da Wollangambe Canyon. <ref name="auto" /> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 1982, mutane uku sun mutu a Claustral Canyon sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newcaves chronicles |url=http://www.nhvss.org.au/pubs/Newcaves11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821221639/http://www.nhvss.org.au/pubs/Newcaves11.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-21}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1997, ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe masu yawon bude ido goma sha ɗaya, bakwai daga Faransa, ɗaya daga Burtaniya, ɗaya daga Sweden da biyu daga Amurka a Lower Antelope Canyon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flash Flood Antelope Canyon |url=http://climb-utah.com/Powell/flash_antelope.htm |access-date=2006-03-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antelope Canyon |url=http://www.photodude.com/road/redrocka.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317074316/http://www.photodude.com/road/redrocka.htm |archive-date=17 March 2006 <!--DASHBot--> |access-date=2006-03-20}}</ref> Ruwan sama kaɗan ne ya faɗi a wurin a wannan rana, amma wani tsawa da ta biyo baya ta jefa ruwa mai yawa a cikin kwarin, mil bakwai a sama. Wanda ya tsira daga ambaliyar ruwan shine jagoran yawon bude ido Francisco "Poncho" Quintana, wanda ya taɓa yin atisaye a cikin ruwa. A lokacin, tsarin tsani ya ƙunshi tsani na katako da aka gina da son rai wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta tafi da shi. A yau, an sanya tsarin tsani a wurin, kuma an sanya ragar kaya masu amfani a saman kwarin. Ana ajiye rediyon yanayi na NOAA daga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa da kuma ƙaho mai ƙararrawa a wurin biyan kuɗi. <ref name="Kramer2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Kelly |year=2008 |title=Man vs. Wild |journal=Arizona Highways |volume=84 |issue=11 |pages=23}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2021, wata mata a Michigan ta mutu a wani ambaliyar ruwa da ta ratsa wani rami a wurin shakatawa na kasa na Grand Canyon. Ta kasance kwastoma a wata ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta rafting wadda ta yi sansani a cikin dare kusan kwata mil daga wani ramin rami. An ɗauki wasu mutane biyar da suka ji mummunan rauni daga kwarin sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta afku. == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" widths="160" heights="160"> Fayil:A263,_Zion_National_Park,_Utah,_USA,_the_Narrows_of_Zion_Canyon,_2008.JPG| The Narrows, Zion National Park, Utah Fayil:Kasha_katuwe_canyon2.jpg| Kasha-Katuwe, New Mexico Fayil:Taminaschlucht_Quelle_Mai13.JPG|alt=Taminaschlucht, Tamina River, Switzerland| Taminaschlucht, Kogin Tamina, Switzerland Fayil:Wadi_Mujib_Siq_Trail.jpg|alt=Siq in Wadi Mujib, Jordan| Siq a Wadi Mujib, Jordan </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 38sxkwt0gkcelcwrb7q9yvc8dxwso92 0 169357 963301 929598 2026-10-05T07:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manuela León Guamán''' (c. 1844 - 8 Janairu 1872) mace ce ta Ecuador wacce ta shiga matsayin jagora a cikin tashin hankali na 'yan asalin ƙasar . Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar [[Ecuador]] ta ayyana ta a matsayin jarumi a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-10 |title=Manuela León, la rebelde |url=https://digvas.org/2010/05/10/manuela-leon-la-rebelde/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Historias desde Riobamba |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124130342/https://digvas.org/2010/05/10/manuela-leon-la-rebelde/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haife ta ne a cikin al'ummar San Francisco de Macshi, wanda a yau ake kira Cachatón San Francisco (Hatun Kacha), 'yar Hermenegildo León da María Guamán, an yi rajistar haihuwarta a Punín, Ikklisiyar Riobamba, a 1844. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández |first=Publicado por Hortensia |title=Manuela León heroína ecuatoriana |url=http://www.heroinas.net/2021/01/manuela-leon.html |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref> Shekarar 1871 ce lokacin da babban rukuni na 'yan asalin suka yi ƙoƙari su dawo da abin da suka yi amfani da shi don kiran Daular Inca, karkashin jagorancin Manuela León (mai tawaye) da Fernando Daquilema (sabon sarki). Manuela León ta manufa ta kai ta ga jagorantar ayyuka don kare daidaito ga mutanenta da kuma dakatar da cin zarafi da zalunci da ya zo daga gwamnatin Gabriel García Moreno da kuma fuskantar fuska da fuska da kwamandojin abokan gaba.[1] An harbe ta saboda ayyukanta a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1872 kuma ta mutu a Riobamba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FERNANDO DAQUILEMA Y MANUELA LEON HÉROES NACIONALES |url=http://www.culturaenecuador.org/quienes-somos/miembros/259-fernando-daquilema-y-manuela-leon-heroes-nacionales.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216032051/http://www.culturaenecuador.org/quienes-somos/miembros/259-fernando-daquilema-y-manuela-leon-heroes-nacionales.html |archive-date=2011-02-16 |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> An ce lokacin da 'yan wasan suka tambayi idan tana da wani abu da za ta ce, sai ta amsa "Manapi", wato, "babu komai" a cikin yarinta. == Manazarta == 4ahynq67vgtguo7s4g5czrap8sx3zst 0 169393 963257 929668 2026-10-05T05:34:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Makarantar '''Sakandare ta Loreto Beaufort makaranta''' ce ta 'yan mata masu bin diddigin Roman Katolika wacce ke kan filin Beaufort House da ke kan titin Grange a Rathfarnham, Kudancin Dublin . Yana gefen titi daga Loreto Abbey. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.loretohighschool.com/about-us/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Loreto High School Beaufort}}</ref> == Tarihi == Uwa Frances Deasey ta sayi Beaufort House a shekarar 1925. Ya zama Kwalejin Kimiyyar Gida ta Beaufort, tare da gine-ginen da suka haɗa da makarantun renon yara da ƙananan makarantu. An ƙara ginin makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1952, da kuma wani ƙarin gini da ya haɗa da zauren taro a shekarar 1975. An dakatar da makarantar renon yara da ta firamare a shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2008 |title=Whole School Evaluation Report |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/report2_60340N.htm |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Education.ie}}</ref> Majalisar Gundumar Kudu ta Dublin ta samar da hasken bene mai hawa biyu a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title=Loreto High extension plans get the green light |url=https://www.echo.ie/news/article/loreto-high-extension-plans-get-the-green-light |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524075052/https://www.echo.ie/news/article/loreto-high-extension-plans-get-the-green-light |archive-date=24 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasanni == Makarantar Sakandare ta Loreto, Beaufort tana ba da wasanni iri-iri ciki har da Hockey, Kwando da Camogie, tare da nasarorin Leinster cikin shekaru. Makarantar tana da al'adar wasan hockey mai ƙarfi tare da filayen wasan hockey guda biyu, babban filin wasan shine matakin ruwa, yayin da filin wasan na biyu shine rabin girman. A shekarar makaranta ta 2024/25, 'yan wasan hockey na Senior 1 sun lashe Kofin Leinster, inda suka kai su ga All-Irelands inda suka kare a matsayi na uku. == BT Matashin Masanin Kimiyya == Dalibai suna shiga gasar BT Young Scientist == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Sarah Bolger (an haife ta a shekarar 1991), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Siobhán Cullen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Danielle Galligan (an haife ta a shekarar 1992), jaruma * Helen Keogh (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951), 'yar siyasa * Dervla Kirwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971), jaruma * Hannah Matthews (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991), 'yar wasan hockey * Janet Mullarney (1952–2020), mai sassaka * Deirdre O'Kane (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Olivia Tracey (an haife ta a shekarar 1960), mai tallan kayan kawa kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Rosemary Smith (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937), direban gangamin == Manazarta == c2yxk0au5qklyv3w04a0plhtgihfanr 0 169395 963042 929672 2026-10-04T13:56:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Loreto, St Stephen's Green''' (wani lokacin ana kiranta '''Loreto on the Green''' ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta 'yan mata ta Katolika wacce ke kan St Stephen's Green a Dublin, Ireland. An kafa makarantar a lamba 58 Harcourt Street a shekarar 1833 a matsayin gidan sufi da makaranta ta hannun Mother Teresa Ball jim kaɗan bayan 'yantar da Katolika . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History – Loreto College, St. Stephen's Green |url=https://www.loretothegreen.ie/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=www.loretothegreen.ie}}</ref> A shekarar 1841, makarantar ta koma gida mai lamba 53 St Stephen's Green kuma har yanzu tana nan a wannan ginin kamar na shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2016 |title=Extract from the Annals Loreto College 53 St Stephen’s Green 1914 - 1918 |url=https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ucdlib:45797 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Loreto 1916 |publisher=UCD Library, University College Dublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143406/https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ucdlib:45797 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loreto College, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, DUBLIN |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/50920301/loreto-college-53-st-stephens-green-dublin-2-dublin |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Buildings of Ireland}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loreto College St. Stephen's Green Dublin 2 Dublin |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/school-report/8trul5-/ |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == Makarantar tana da tsofaffin ɗalibai da yawa a fannin fasaha, wasanni, siyasa da addini === Fasaha === * Beatrice Behan - Mai zane kuma marubuciya * Maureen Charlton - mawaƙiya, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye * Gemma-Leah Devereux - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Kathleen Dolan - Mace ta farko da ta sanar da RTÉ * Sonya Lennon - mai gyaran gashi kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin * Ailbhe McDonagh - cellist kuma mawaki === Siyasa === * Helena Concannon - masanin tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa * Eibhlin Nic Niocaill - Mai fafutukar Gaelic League * Jennifer Carroll MacNeill - Ministar Lafiya ta Ireland == Manazarta == jz7eeahnwhiouq8tkt5xf10z3exh6ey 0 169398 963064 929683 2026-10-04T15:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin St Gerald''' makaranta ce ta 'yan Irish da aka gina bisa ga tsarin De La Salle, wacce ke cikin Castlebar, County Mayo . [1] An buɗe makarantar asali a shekarar 1908. An buɗe makarantar da ke wannan lokacin a shekarar 1971. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2024, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 626. [2] A shekarar 2009, makarantar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa. An ƙara wani ƙarin gini ga makarantar, kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 2013. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Enda Kenny (an haife ta a 1951) - tsohuwar 'yar siyasa, Taoiseach na Ireland (2011–2017), kuma Shugabar Fine Gael (2002–2017) * Micheál de Búrca (1912-1985), [[Masu kirkira|mai fasaha]] * Tom Coll, mai bugu na Fontaines DC . * Conor Deegan III, mai buga bass a Fontaines DC * John Jordan, alkali * Niall McGarry, ɗan kasuwa * Pádraig Flynn, tsohuwar 'yar siyasa kuma ministar Fianna Fáil * Richie Feeney, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic na Mayo * Aidan O'Shea, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic na Mayo * Cillian O'Connor, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic na Mayo * Nicholas Quinn, ɗan wasan ninkaya, ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Castlebar to Uberlândia: Irish Olympic swimmer Nicholas Quinn has come a long way to race in Rio |url=http://www.newstalk.com/Nicholas-Quinn:-Skipping-the-Olympics-was-never-an-option-It-honestly-never-even-occurred-to-me |access-date=17 August 2017 |publisher=newstalk.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Ciaran Kelly, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. * Ger Feeney (kimanin 1954–2010), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic na Mayo * Martin Carney, mai sharhi kan wasannin Gaelic na RTÉ . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Football |url=http://www.stgeraldscollege.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40&Itemid=81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074721/http://www.stgeraldscollege.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40&Itemid=81 |archive-date=2018-01-28 |access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Jamhuriyar Ireland == Manazarta == 1d1ewa5s76pgs78rd2wcxyelmzxznqp 0 169510 963169 930008 2026-10-04T21:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Achanalt''' ƙaramar ƙasa ce mai ruwa mai kyau, wadda ba ta da tsari iri ɗaya, a Ross da Cromarty a cikin tsaunukan Scotland, kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Achanalt da ƙauyen Achanalt . Yana da siffar murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i, diamita na kimanin {{Convert|1.21|km|mi}}, kuma yana a tsayin {{Convert|112|m|ft}} . Matsakaicin zurfin shine {{Convert|1.37|m|ftin}} kuma mafi girman zurfinsa shine {{Convert|2.75|m|ftin}} . Kogin Bran yana kwarara zuwa cikin loch da ke gabar yammacinsa, kuma a gabar gabashinsa akwai wani ƙaramin rafi mai sauri da ke malalawa zuwa [[Loch a' Chuilinn]] . An yi binciken wurin a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1902 ta hannun RM Clarke da James Murray a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Dare na Ruwan Dare na Scotland daga 1897–1909'' . <ref name="bathymap">{{Cite web |title=Lochs Achanalt & a' Chuilinn; Loch Beannachan (Vol. 4, Plate 58) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422217 |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=National Library of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155822/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422217 |archive-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jirgin ruwan Loch-class {{HMS|Loch Achanalt|K424|6}}An sanya wa {{HMS|Loch Achanalt|K424|6}} suna bayan Loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HMS Loch Achanalt, later HMNZS Pukaki |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-15Fr-Loch-LochAchanalt.htm |access-date=2017-09-27 |website=www.naval-history.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == qdkhsto11xv0pgwwkh4qvy137151ich 0 169526 963065 930044 2026-10-04T15:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St Jarlath's College''' ( Irish ) makarantar sakandare ce ta [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da ke Tuam, County Galway . An kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1800 kuma a shekarar 2009 ta karɓi Kwalejin St. Patrick, Tuam . <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Jarlath's history |url=https://www.jarlaths.ie/page/St-Jarlaths-history/122046/Index.html}}</ref> Kwalejin, wacce ke aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Babban Bishop na Tuam, an sanya mata suna ne bayan Jarlath, ko ''Iarlaith'', wanda ya kafa gidan sufi a garin lokacin da, kamar yadda aka sani, ƙafafun karusarsa sun karye. {{As of|2024}} , an yi rijistar mutane 625. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Jarlaths College |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/directory/page/mnv298-gkz78s-/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |publisher=[[Department of Education and Youth|Department of Education]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Gidauniya === An kafa Kwalejin St Jarlath ta asali a shekarar 1800 ta hannun Babban Bishop na Tuam Edward Dillon, da nufin shirya samari matasa don kafa tarurrukan karawa juna sani a Kwalejin St Patrick, Maynooth . Dole ne Dr Dillon ya nemi izinin kafa kwalejin daga Archbishop na Furotesta na Tuam, Dr Beresford . Ya fara da gidaje biyu masu rufin ƙasa a Mall, Tuam daga baya ya koma wani sabon gini a titin Bishop, wanda yanzu aka fi sani da "Tsohon Kwaleji". <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Jarlath's history |url=https://www.jarlaths.ie/page/St-Jarlaths-history/122046/Index.html}}</ref> Shugabanta na farko shine Rev Oliver Kelly, wanda daga baya ya zama Archbishop na Tuam. A shekara ta 1824, an ƙara girman kayan aikin Kwalejin ta hanyar gina ƙarin gidaje a titin Bishop, kuma a shekara ta 1856, Archbishop John McHale ya sayi wurin da kwalejin da filin take a yanzu. An san wannan kadarar da Keighrey's Park kuma an yi amfani da wani ɓangare nata a matsayin wurin shakatawa na gari. McHale ya ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin wurin kore ga kwamishinonin gari a kan haya na shekara-shekara na 30 har zuwa 1875, a wannan shekarar aka faɗaɗa kwalejin sosai ta hanyar ƙara fikafikai biyu a ginin farko wanda aka gina a 1858. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuam Schools in the Nineteenth Century |url=http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/history/chapter6.html |access-date=8 July 2017 |website=Places.galwaylibrary.ie}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 1851, Bishop John McHale ya gayyaci Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci zuwa Tuam. Gayyatar ta haifar da haihuwar Tuam CBS, daga baya kuma Kwalejin St Patrick, makarantar sakandare ta Katolika ta kwana ɗaya, wadda za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ilimin samari daga ƙananan hukumomi a Tuam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Jarlaths College &#124; Boys Secondary School, Tuam, Co. Galway |url=http://jarlaths.ie/ |access-date=2017-07-08 |website=Jarlaths.ie}}</ref> === Haɗaka === [[File:St._Jarlaths_College.JPG|thumb| Kwalejin St Jarlath (2008)]] An fara ba da shawarar haɗa kwalejojin St Patrick's da St Jarlath a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ta yi alƙawarin gina sabon ginin makaranta. Duk da haka, babu irin wannan ginin da aka yi. Ficewar da aka yi daga filin wasa a St Jarlath's ya haifar da raguwar yawan masu shiga gasar. A watan Maris na 2008, Archbishop Michael Neary (bishop), amintaccen makarantun biyu, ya sanar da ma'aikata cewa haɗin gwiwar zai ci gaba idan babu sabon ginin makaranta. Tsarin haɗakar ɗalibai ya fara ne a watan Satumba na 2008 tare da yin rijistar dukkan ɗaliban shekarar farko a makarantar St Jarlath. An kammala wannan tsari a watan Satumba na 2009 lokacin da ɗaliban makarantun biyu suka haɗu cikin sabuwar makarantar, a cikin tsohon ginin St Jarlath. == Opera == Tun daga shekarar 1944, ƙungiyar ''wasan'' opera ta Amateur Operatic Society ta fara yin waƙoƙi ko opera na shekara-shekara ga al'ummar yankin. Fim ɗin 1969, The Quaker Girl, shi ne na farko da aka gudanar tare da Mercy Convent, Tuam. Wasan opera na 2008 shi ma yana tare da Kwalejin St Patrick, saboda tsarin haɗakar waƙoƙin da ake yi a lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} An ci gaba da al'adar Opera ta shekara-shekara bayan haɗewar, Opera ta 2009 ita ce farkon shirya sabuwar makarantar da aka haɗa. Opera ta yi nasara{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} a cikin 'yan shekarun nan  a cikin Connacht Tribune sun shirya kyaututtukan kiɗa, inda suka lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jigo da kuma kyautar Mafi Kyawun Mawaka a 2008 don Hot Mikado.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} == Manazarta == 35u78nbw3xwov78ddhb0y8yguro1qmw 0 169530 963066 930061 2026-10-04T15:07:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin St Muredach''' makaranta ce ta maza gaba ɗaya da ke gefen Kogin Moy a Ballina, County Mayo, Ireland. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1906 domin samar da ilimin Katolika ga yara maza a yankin Killala. Ginin makarantar, wanda William Henry Byrne ya tsara, an haɗa shi cikin [[Kiyaye muhalli a Jamhuriyar Ireland|Tarihin Gine-ginen da aka Kare]] da Majalisar Gundumar Mayo ke kula da su. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1901, Bishop na Killala na lokacin ya gabatar da shawarar a buɗe sabuwar makaranta domin babu makarantar sakandare tsakanin Belmullet da Sligo. An buɗe St Muredach's a watan Satumba na shekarar 1906. An gina ginin makarantar asali, wanda WH Byrne ya tsara, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Co. Mayo, Ballina, St Muiredach's Seminary |url=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/3141/building/CO.+MAYO%2C+BALLINA%2C+ST+MUIREDACH%27S+SEMINARY |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Dictionary of Irish Architects |publisher=Irish Architectural Archive |quote=Byrne, William Henry [..] New College. 2-gabled Façade With Smaller Gable Over Door [..] Contractors: McKee & McNally, Cookstown}}</ref> a wani wuri da ke kallon Kogin Moy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Muredach's Catholic College, Howley Street, Abbeyhalfquarter, Ballina Originally Ardnaree, Mayo |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/31204119/saint-muredachs-catholic-college-howley-street-abbeyhalfquarter-ballina-originally-ardnaree-mayo |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=buildingsofireland.ie |publisher=National Inventory of Architectural Heritage}}</ref> Asalin makarantar tana ɗauke da ɗaliban kwana 76, an buɗe sabon ƙarin makaranta a shekarar 1937. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=St Muredach's College - School History |url=https://stmuredachscollege.ie/page/School-History/8548/Index.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=stmuredachscollege.ie}}</ref> Fr. Cyril Haran ya koyar a makarantar a tsakiyar karni na 20. A shekarar 1967, yawan masu shiga makarantar ya ƙaru saboda zuwan ilimi kyauta a duk faɗin ƙasar. [1] A daidai wannan lokacin, an bayar da ƙarin darussan, waɗanda suka haɗa da zane-zanen injiniya, aikin katako da fasaha. [1] An buƙaci ƙarin azuzuwan, kuma an ƙara ƙarin faɗaɗawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. An ƙara ɗakin koyar da motsa jiki a shekarun 1970. [1] A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, an daina amfani da tsarin hawa jirgi, kuma an fara amfani da sabon gini (wanda ya haɗa da ɗakin aikin katako, ɗakin zane-zane da azuzuwan karatu) a shekarar 1990. [1] An ƙara ɗakin kwamfuta, ɗakin karatu da kuma kantin abinci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. [1] An naɗa shugaban makarantar na farko a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=First lay principal for Muredach's |url=https://www.mayonews.ie/news/5645-first-lay-principal-for-muredacharsquos |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=mayonews.ie}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Malamai == * Patrick O'Boyle (1887–1971) - Bishop na Killala{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} * Cyril Haran (1931–2014) - firist, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic * Christopher Jones (1936–2018) - Bishop na Elphin <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Former Bishop of Elphin dies aged 82 |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2018/0519/964572-bishop-christopher-jones/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=RTÉ |quote=[Jones] spent the first three years of his priesthood at St Muredach's College in Ballina}}</ref> == Tsoffin tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Martin Birrane (1935–2018), ɗan kasuwa kuma direban motar tsere <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Obituary: Martin Birrane |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/motor-sport/obituary-martin-birrane/37018680.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Irish Independent |quote=Martin Brendan Birrane [..] was born in August 1935 and educated at St Muredach's College}}</ref> * Ger Cafferkey (an haife shi a shekarar 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} * Dara Calleary (b. 1976), Karamin Minista <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2026 |title=Biography - Dara Calleary |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-social-protection/biographies/dara-calleary/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=gov.ie |quote=Dara [Calleary] studied Business and Politics at Trinity College Dublin and attended St Muredach’s College Ballina and St Oliver Plunkett National School}}</ref> * David Cawley (an haife shi a shekarar 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} * David Clarke (an haife shi a 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} * Mark Duffy (an haife shi a 1991), Sanata{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} * Ray Foley (an haife shi a 1981), mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a rediyo da talabijin{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} * Michael Gaughan (1949–1974), ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ta Ireland, mai yajin cin abinci{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} * Mick Loftus (1929–2023), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGoldrick |first=Sean |date=22 April 2023 |title=Dr Mick Loftus – former GAA president and last surviving member of Mayo’s 1951 All-Ireland winning panel – dies aged 93 |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/dr-mick-loftus-former-gaa-president-and-last-surviving-member-of-mayos-1951-all-ireland-winning-panel-dies-aged-93/42444572.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Irish Independent |quote=[Loftus began] his GAA playing career with St Muredach's College in Ballina}}</ref> * Kevin McLoughlin (an haife shi a 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} * Kevin McStay (an haife shi a shekarar 1962), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manaja{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} * PJ Ruttledge (1892–1952), Fianna Fáil ' yar siyasa * Declan Walsh (an haife shi a shekarar 1976), ɗan jarida <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Mayo journalist wins Pulitzer Prize for international reporting |url=https://www.con-telegraph.ie/2025/05/08/mayo-journalist-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-international-reporting/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Connaught Telegraph}}</ref> == Manazarta == lj2k1l2q6ll5vwvv3eenwjnbe75bzmn 0 169540 963059 956162 2026-10-04T14:38:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Sancta Maria''' makarantar sakandare ce ta Katolika da ke Louisburgh, County Mayo, Ireland . <ref name="ceist">{{Cite web |title=Sancta Maria College, Louisburgh |url=https://www.ceist.ie/school/sancta-maria-college-louisburgh/ |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=CEIST {{!}} Catholic Education {{!}} An Irish Schools Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> Makarantar ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Katolika a Ireland wacce aka gina bisa tsarin ilimi na haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="mayonews2018">{{Cite web |title=Building boom in Louisburgh with Sancta Maria development |url=https://www.mayonews.ie/news/31583-building-boom-in-louisburgh-with-sancta-maria-development |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=mayonews.ie |publisher=Mayo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130073047/http://www.mayonews.ie/news/31583-building-boom-in-louisburgh-with-sancta-maria-development |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Department of Education and Skills - Whole-School Evaluation Report - Sancta Maria College |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/report8_64660F.pdf |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=education.ie |publisher=Department of Education}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1919, wasu 'Yan'uwa Mata biyu na Rahama sun isa Louisburgh, kuma suka fara gina abin da zai zama makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Katolika da ke koyar da yara a Ireland . <ref name="mayonews2017">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=New chapter begins for Sancta Maria College in Louisburgh |url=https://www.mayonews.ie/news/30275-new-chapter-begins-for-sancta-maria-college-in-lousiburgh |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=mayonews.ie |publisher=Mayo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065947/http://www.mayonews.ie/news/30275-new-chapter-begins-for-sancta-maria-college-in-lousiburgh |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Asalin sunan makarantar shine Holy Rosary Secondary School, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Double celebrations tomorrow at Sancta Maria College Louisburgh |url=https://midwestradio.ie/index.php/news/34875-double-celebrations-tomorrow-at-sancta-maria-college-louisburgh |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=midwestradio.ie |publisher=Midwest Radio |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805223802/https://midwestradio.ie/index.php/news/34875-double-celebrations-tomorrow-at-sancta-maria-college-louisburgh |archive-date=5 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> amma an fi saninta da 'The Convent'. Lokacin da aka fara buɗe makarantar, ɗalibai ashirin ne kawai suka biya kuɗin £9 ga kowane ɗalibi a kowace shekarar makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Years Old – Centenary Celebrations |url=https://www.sanctamaria.ie/?p=14920 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=sanctamaria.ie |publisher=Sancta Maria College}}</ref> An tsawaita makarantar sau da yawa a cikin ƙarni na 20, tare da manyan ayyuka da aka gudanar a shekarun 1980. <ref name="ceist" /> <ref name="mayonews2017" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 1984 |title=Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 8 Mar 1984 - Vol. 348 No. 10 - Written Answers - Mayo Schools |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1984-03-08/19/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=oireachtas.ie |publisher=Dáil Éireann}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A farkon ƙarni na 21, makarantar ta kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyar Katolika ta Makarantar Irish Education da ke kula da makarantun Katolika (CEIST). <ref name="ceist" /> A shekarar 2008, makarantar ta kasance ta 15 (cikin 28) a Mayo don halartar mataki na uku, inda kashi 77% suka ci gaba zuwa mataki na uku. Yawancin ɗalibai (27.5%) sun yi rajista a NUI Galway . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sancta Maria College |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/feeder-schools/sancta-maria-college/64660F |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=Irish Times Feeder School Map |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, makarantar ta yi wani aikin fadada makarantar wanda ya ci Yuro miliyan 7. [1] Aikin ya ci gaba har tsawon watanni 20 kuma ya haɗa da gina sabon bene mai hawa biyu wanda ya ƙunshi sabon babban ƙofar shiga, azuzuwan ƙwararru 12, ɗakin cin abinci na yau da kullun/ɗakin cin abinci da kuma ɗakin girki. [2] == Manazarta == 5ywkra39b69ypiqytha4wpzrsqe86wp 0 169598 963170 930252 2026-10-04T21:30:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Anna''' ƙaramin wuri ne mai tuddai, mai tsaftataccen ruwa, wanda girmansa ya kai kusan {{Convert|2.4|km|mi}} arewacin Loch Alsh a Ardelve, a cikin Lochalsh, [[Scotland]]. Yana kan arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso gabas, kimanin {{Convert|0.5|km|mi}} a tsayi, kuma yana a tsayin {{Convert|317|m|ft}} . Loch ɗin ba shi da tsari, yana da matsakaicin {{Convert|4|m|ft}} zurfi, tare da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|8.2|m|ft}} . An yi bincike a cikinsa a shekarar 1904 ta hannun James Murray <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Loch Anna; Loch na Leitreach (Vol. 5, Plate 23) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422311 |access-date=10 September 2017 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173657/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422311 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Fresh-Water Lochs na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' == Manazarta == kmzjh2pdybuium1n3xrfv022g5vsfuw 0 169615 963014 930311 2026-10-04T11:59:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Kaohsiung City Symphony Orchestra''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Kaohsiung Symphony Orchestra''' ( '''KCSO''' ko '''KSO''' ; Chinese ) ƙungiyar makaɗa ce ta Taiwan wacce ke a gundumar Fengshan, [[Kaohsiung]] . Ita ce kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ƙwararru kaɗai a Kudancin [[Taiwan]] . Gwamnatin birnin ce ta mallaki kuma ta gudanar da ƙungiyar makaɗa har zuwa lokacin da aka mayar da ita mallakarta <ref>{{Cite web |title=KCSO Introduction |url=http://www.kcso.org.tw/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107222539/http://www.kcso.org.tw/about.php |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=1 November 2011 |website=Introduction}}</ref> a shekarar 2009. == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa a shekarar 1981 a matsayin '''ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Kaohsiung Symphony''' . A shekarar 1991, an sake masa suna zuwa '''Kaohsiung City Experimental Symphony Orchestra''' . A shekara ta 2000, an sake canza masa suna zuwa '''Kaohsiung City Symphony Orchestra''' . A watan Afrilun 2009, magajin garin Kaohsiung Chen Chu ya haɗa ƙungiyar makaɗa da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Kaohsiung ta Sin don zama '''Gidauniyar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Kaohsiung''' . == Darakta == Henry Mazer ya fara gudanar da KCSO tun lokacin da aka fadada shi a shekarar 1986. Pang-Hsiang Hsiao, mai wasan violin, ya zama jagoran tun daga shekarar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |title=高雄市交響樂團-高雄市愛樂文化藝術基金會 |url=http://kpcaf.khcc.gov.tw/index.php?temp=kso&lang=cht |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401231724/http://kpcaf.khcc.gov.tw//index.php?temp=kso&lang=cht |archive-date=2017-04-01 |access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref> Mai jagorantar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yanzu ita ce jagoran ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Taiwan [[Yang Chih-Chin]], wanda aka naɗa bayan an yi masa gwaji a watan Janairun 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conductor-in-residence of KCSO |url=http://www.kcso.org.tw/about.php?func=2 |access-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110193250/http://www.kcso.org.tw/about.php?func=2 |archive-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1999, jagoran Pang-Hsiang Hsiao shi ma ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na wucin gadi. Shu-Si Chen ya zama Babban Daraktan ƙungiyar makaɗa a shekarar 1999. A shekara ta 2000, KCSO ta zama ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Kaohsiung Music Center kuma an sake mata suna a hukumance a ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Kaohsiung City Symphony Orchestra. <ref>{{Cite web |title=高雄市交響樂團-高雄市愛樂文化藝術基金會 |url=http://kpcaf.khcc.gov.tw/index.php?temp=kso&lang=cht |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401231724/http://kpcaf.khcc.gov.tw//index.php?temp=kso&lang=cht |archive-date=2017-04-01 |access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2007, an zaɓi Hung-Chang Chu a bainar jama'a a matsayin babban darektan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Haka kuma KCSO ce ta gayyaci maestro Henry Mazer zuwa Taiwan tun farko, wanda daga ƙarshe ya jagoranci Taipei Philharmonic, a lokacin Taipei Sinfonietta, zuwa shahararta. == Sufuri == Ana iya isa ga ginin ƙungiyar makaɗa daga Tashar Dadong ta Kaohsiung MRT . == Duba kuma == * Jerin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Symphony a Taiwan == Manazarta == 1ztll25t0dggthvsx7g0y6ypsxxdwpv 0 169801 963136 940679 2026-10-04T20:32:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Liceo statale "Niccolò Machiavelli"''' babbar makaranta ce mai suna bayan Niccolò Machiavelli da ke cikin kwata na tarihi na Olrarno na Florence, [[Italiya]] . A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2020 ta ba da makarantun sakandare [[Liceo na gargajiya|Liceo classico]], Liceo delle Scienze Umane (tare da zaɓi na tattalin arziki), [[Liceo Linguistico]] da Liceo Scientifico . Tana da ɗalibai sama da 1700, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama babbar makarantar sakandare ta biyu a lardin . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Popolazione scolastica delle Scuole Secondarie di Secondo Grado (periodo 2010-2016) - Città Metropolitana di Firenze - Popolazione scolastica aggregata per istituti secondari superiori 2010-2016 - OpenDataNetwork - CMFI |url=http://dati.cittametropolitana.fi.it/dataset/popolazione-scolastica-delle-scuole-superiori-periodo-2010-2016/resource/a5af4069-b3b8-4636-a596-231acef5554b |website=dati.cittametropolitana.fi.it}}</ref> Da farko tushen a cikin Fortezza da Basso, makarantar ta koma Palazzo Rinuccini, a cikin Via S. Spirito, a cikin 2004. Reshen makarantar da ke ɗauke da sassan ilimin harsuna na duniya da na kimiyya na duniya yana cikin [[Palazzo della Missione|Palazzo Frescobaldi]], wanda aka fi sani da Della Missione. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun koyar da 'yan mata na Italiya kuma ya ɗauki nauyin darussan ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Sarauta guda biyu. == Tarihi == === Liceo Ginnasio Niccolò Machiavelli === An kafa Liceo Ginnasio Niccolò Machiavelli a shekarar 1968 bayan da aka mayar da Fortezza da Basso daga rundunar sojin Italiya zuwa ga jama'a a shekarar 1967. Ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi ƙarama a birnin. Ginin da ke ɗauke da makarantar sakandare ta zamani shine rumfar Machiavelli ta cibiyar baje kolin kayan tarihi da ke Fortezza, wanda aka shirya yin gyare-gyare a tsakanin 2020 zuwa 21. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Restyling Fortezza da Basso, c'è il primo bando {{!}} Toscana24 |url=http://24o.it/HzOcO9 |website=Toscana24 - Il Sole 24 Ore}}</ref> === Magistrale Gino Capponi === ==== Scuola magistrale sperimentale mace (Magistral da Gwajin Makarantar Mata) ==== A shekarar 1860, an kafa Makarantar Magistral and Experimental School for women a Palazzo Frescobaldi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantun gwaji tara na mata da aka kafa a Italiya a lokacin. An tsara ta ne don ta zama makarantar gwaji mai jadawalin aiki daban-daban daga sauran makarantun koyarwa na Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ELISABETTA ULIVI L'ISTRUZIONE PREUNIVERSITARIA A FIRENZE TRA IL 1860 E IL 1870 |url=http://150.217.34.175/files/Istruzione-conferenza-Mathesis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422133835/http://150.217.34.175/files/Istruzione-conferenza-Mathesis.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> An wargaza makarantar gwaji a shekarar 1869, kuma bayan sake tsara ta ta hanyar kwamiti, aka sake fasalinta zuwa Scuola Normale Feminine a Florence, <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIUSA - Università degli studi di Firenze. Facoltà di magistero |url=https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag=prodente&Chiave=28342 |website=siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it}}</ref> wanda ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1824, shekarar da aka mayar da ita Cibiyar Shari'a. ==== Regio Istituto Superiore di Magistero (Cibiyar Magisterial Higher Female Royal) ==== Daga 1882 zuwa 1901, shekarar da aka mayar da ita del Parione, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dall Istituto superiore di Magistero alla Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione: le trasformazioni di un istituzione universitaria a Firenze - PDF Download gratuito |url=https://docplayer.it/2618307-Dall-istituto-superiore-di-magistero-alla-facolta-di-scienze-della-formazione-le-trasformazioni-di-un-istituzione-universitaria-a-firenze.html |website=docplayer.it |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009000143/https://docplayer.it/2618307-Dall-istituto-superiore-di-magistero-alla-facolta-di-scienze-della-formazione-le-trasformazioni-di-un-istituzione-universitaria-a-firenze.html |archive-date=2020-10-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Palazzo Frescobaldi kuma tana da Cibiyar Magisterium ta Mata ta Royal Higher, ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyi biyu kacal a Italiya (ɗayan yana cikin Roma). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nella Scuola Di Ieri - uniPD |url=http://servizi.fisppa.unipd.it/musedu/nella_scuola_diieri/glossario/universita.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160436/http://servizi.fisppa.unipd.it/musedu/nella_scuola_diieri/glossario/universita.html |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> ==== Istituto Majistral (Cibiyar Koyarwa) ==== A shekarar 1924, bayan gyaran da aka yi wa Al'ummai, wanda ya soke makarantar Al'ada kuma ya ƙirƙiri Cibiyoyin Magistral, an mayar da makarantar zuwa Cibiyar Magistral kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan Gino Capponi, wani ɗan siyasa kuma masanin tarihi na Italiya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Storia del Palazzo della Missione |url=http://www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it/com/file/storia/Il%20Palazzo%20della%20Missione.pdf |website=www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160045/http://www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it/com/file/storia/Il%20Palazzo%20della%20Missione.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Makarantar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a matsayin Cibiyar Shari'a har zuwa 1997, lokacin da aka haɗa ta da Liceo Ginnasio Machiavelli. === Na zamani Liceo Statale Niccolò Machiavelli (o Machiavelli-Capponi) === An ƙirƙiri Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Niccolò Machiavelli ta yanzu a shekarar 1997 bayan haɗakar Liceo Ginnasio Machiavelli da Cibiyar Magistral. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Page "History" of the official web site |url=http://www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it/it/index.php?id=2&label=Machiavelli%20Capponi |website=www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926200352/https://www.liceomachiavelli-firenze.edu.it/it/index.php?id=2&label=Machiavelli%20Capponi |archive-date=2025-09-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, saboda fara gyare-gyare da sake amfani da Fortezza da Basso, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Liceo Machiavelli – Fortezza da Basso – Firenze – Sodi e Associati |url=https://www.sodieassociati.it/portfolio/ex-liceo-machiavelli-fortezza-da-basso-firenze/}}</ref> makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya, wacce har yanzu tana koyarwa a Fortezza, an mayar da ita Palazzo Rinuccini, wacce a da take zama cibiyar Cibiyar Kwararru ta Lucrezia Tornabuoni. An ƙaura da Cibiyar Magistral (wanda yanzu ita ce cibiyar kimiyyar ɗan adam) daga hedikwatar tarihi da ke Palazzo Rinuccini, kuma an kafa Adireshin Harsuna da Kimiyya na Duniya a Palazzo Frescobaldi don samar da lokacin shekaru biyu na gama gari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anagrafe delle scuole della provincia di Firenze |url=https://www.csa.fi.it/cgi-bin/anagrafe_scuole.pl?provincia=FI |website=www.csa.fi.it |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917012356/https://www.csa.fi.it/cgi-bin/anagrafe_scuole.pl?provincia=FI |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gine-gine == === Palazzo Rinuccini === [[File:Teatro_di_palazzo_rinuccini_di_giulio_mannaioni_04.JPG|thumb| Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palazzo Rinuccini]] Palazzo Rinuccini a zahiri haɗin gine-gine da dama da ke kusa da ita waɗanda aka gina daban-daban kuma aka haɗa su a ƙarni na sha takwas ta hanyar facade ɗaya. Baya ga facade, an gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka a ƙarni na sha takwas: matakala, lambu da kuma yawancin frescoes da mutum-mutumi sun samo asali ne tun daga lokacin. Tsakanin ƙarni na sha takwas zuwa sha tara, iyalan Rinuccini sun sayi gine-ginen da ke makwabtaka da su, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don faɗaɗa ginin da kuma yin rumfunan rumfuna . A ƙarni na gaba, wasu sassan tsoffin gidajen sun zama Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Rinuccini, wanda makarantar ta haɗa shi kuma ta yi amfani da shi don wasannin kwaikwayo da tarurruka. Bayan ƙarshen magada maza na iyali, fadar ta koma ga 'ya'yan magajin ƙarshe. Daga baya ne karamar hukumar ta saya, inda ta yi amfani da shi a matsayin cibiyar kwararru (Istituto Professionale Lucrezia Tornabuoni). A shekarar 1997, lardin ya sayi ginin kuma aka gyara shi don makarantar sakandare ta Machiavelli ta yi amfani da shi a shekarar 2004. [1] === Palazzo Frescobaldi ko della Missione === [[File:Lungarno_guicciardini,_palazzo_della_missione(mattina)_02.jpg|thumb| Ofishin Jakadancin Palazzo della]] An gina fadar mishan a wurin da a da shine mafi mahimmancin fadar dangin Frescobaldi . Ƙananan ragowar wannan tsohon gini: gobara ta lalata shi tsakanin ƙarni na sha uku da sha huɗu sannan aka rushe shi aka sake gina shi a ƙarni na sha shida. Tun daga ƙarni na 16, ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban sun mamaye shi; a lokacin mulkin [[Firenze Capitale]], ita ce cibiyar ma'aikatar sojojin ruwa kafin ta zama ginin makaranta. <ref name=":3" /> == Laburare == Laburaren ya haɗa da mallakar tsoffin Machiavelli (sama da kundin littattafai 6000) da kuma cibiyoyin Capponi (sama da kundin littattafai 8000). <ref>{{Cite web |title=EasyWeb Five |url=http://servizi.nexusfi.it/easyweb/w3136/index.php?scelta=scheda_bib&opac=w3136&&biblio=LMACH&lang=fra |website=servizi.nexusfi.it}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tun daga shekarar 2017, an fara yin rajista bisa ga tsarin Dewey na Decimal . Ana iya samun kundin adireshin yanar gizo daga gidan yanar gizon makarantar. == Gwajin ajin "Confucius" == A shekarar 2013, makarantar ita ce ta farko da aka fara a Tuscany, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Sant'Anna di Pisa da Jami'ar Chongqing da ke [[Sin|China]], aikin [[Confucius]] . Wannan aikin yana ba wa ɗalibai talatin daga cibiyar damar halartar jami'ar kasar Sin na wani ɓangare na shekara. == Ƙididdiga (shekaru 2010-2015) == Yawan ɗaliban sun kai kimanin mata 2/3 da kuma maza 1/3. Akwai ƙananan adadin 'yan ƙasashen waje, ciki har da ɗaliban ƙarni na biyu. Kimanin mutane 70-80 ne suka ci jarrabawar ƙarshe. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nm0h2bejyk7d8olkd7tcpo7r74cgxti 0 169841 963249 931452 2026-10-05T04:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Rome''' ( '''RIS''' ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta kuma mai ilimi tare da haɗin gwiwa a [[Rum|Rome]], Italiya. Makarantar tana ba da ilimi na ƙasashen duniya ga yara 'yan shekara 2 zuwa 18 daga Makarantar Nursery har zuwa aji 13. Harshen koyarwa shine Turanci. RIS wata makaranta ce ta kasa da kasa da ke bayar da shirin shekarar firamare na IB a Makarantar Firamare da kuma Shirin Difloma na IB a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe na Makarantar Sakandare. Daliban aji 10 da 11 suna ɗaukar IGCSE na Cambridge . == Tarihi == RIS ta buɗe ƙofofinta ga ɗaliban makarantar firamare na farko a watan Satumbar 1988. An buɗe Makarantar Tsakiya a watan Satumba na 2001, kuma an ƙaddamar da Makarantar Sakandare a shekarar 2007. An ba RIS izinin gabatar da Shirin Difloma na Baccalaureate na Duniya a watan Yunin 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=International Baccalaureate |url=http://www.ibo.org/school/004795/ |access-date=2014-10-03 |publisher=Ibo.org}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == In 2018, Rome International School was acquired by Globeducate (formerly known as NACE Schools).<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rome International School |url=https://globeducate.com/school/rome-international-school// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227212034/https://www.globeducate.com/school/rome-international-school/ |archive-date=2021-02-27 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Globeducate |publisher=Globeducate.com}}</ref> == Manhaja ta Manhaja == RIS ta kasance makarantar baccalaureate ta duniya tun daga watan Yunin 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=International Baccalaureate |url=http://www.ibo.org/school/004795/ |access-date=2012-05-07 |publisher=Ibo.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=il Velino/AGV Agenzia Giornalistica il Velino - EXPLOIT DEI GRILLINI. PDL E PD AL PALO. TOSI PASSA AL PRIMO TURNO |url=http://www.ilvelino.it/articolo.php?Id=873738 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229233003/http://www.ilvelino.it/articolo.php?Id=873738 |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2012-05-07 |publisher=Ilvelino.it}}</ref> In July 2012, Rome International School received authorisation from the IB governing body in [[Hague|The Hague]], The Netherlands to offer the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP).<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=International Baccalaureate |url=http://www.ibo.org/school/004795/ |access-date=2014-10-03 |publisher=Ibo.org}}</ref> RIS makaranta ce mai kyau: ci gaba ya dogara ne akan iyawar mutum da kuma nasararsa. Shiga makarantar yana da zaɓi, sai dai idan an yi hira da ɗalibai, jarrabawar shiga da rahotanni daga makarantun da suka gabata, kuma ana samun guraben karatu ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje masu cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rome International School |url=http://romeinternationalschool.it/admissions-policy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091928/http://romeinternationalschool.it/admissions-policy/ |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2014-10-03 |publisher=romeinternationalschool.it}}</ref> == Makarantar Firamare == Yaran makarantar firamare daga shekara 6 zuwa 11 suna halartar Shirin Shekarar Firamare na Duniya (IB PYP). PYP tana ƙarfafa yara su ɗauki nauyin koyo da kuma gina ƙwarewarsu don zama masu koyo har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Years Programme (PYP) |url=https://www.ibo.org/programmes/primary-years-programme/}}</ref> PYP yana da fannoni daban-daban, ma'ana ɗalibai suna bincika manyan ra'ayoyi da aka tallafa musu kuma aka wadatar da su daga fannonin da aka saba amfani da su. IB ta kuduri aniyar tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban da ke cikin shirye-shiryen IB sun cika kuma sun wuce ƙa'idodin gida ko na ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.ibo.org./ |website=ibo.org. |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831104633/https://www.ibo.org/ |archive-date=2026-08-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana ilmantar da ɗalibai a Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Rome ta hanyoyi daban-daban a fannoni kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome International School - ‘What We Offer’ 2018 - 2019 |url=https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/uploaded/Portals/GENERAL_COMMUNICATIONS/What-We-Offer-2018-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215254/https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/uploaded/Portals/GENERAL_COMMUNICATIONS/What-We-Offer-2018-2019.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> * Turanci * Italiyanci * Lissafi * Kimiyya * Tarihi * Yanayin ƙasa * Fasaha: ** Wasan kwaikwayo ** Kiɗa ** Fasahar Kayayyaki ** PSPE (Ilimin Kai, Zamantakewa da Ilimin Jiki) ** Kiɗa ** fasahar sadarwa ta zamani (ICT) * Kimiyya * Tarihi da Labarin Ƙasa (Nazarin Zamantakewa) == Makarantar Sakandare == Ɗalibai daga shekara 12 zuwa 14 suna zuwa Makarantar Middle School. Makarantar ba ta bin diddigin aiwatar da cikakken shirin IB Middle Years ba. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin muhimman ra'ayoyin MYP an haɗa su a cikin manhajar karatun Tsakiyar Shekaru da nufin haɓaka halayen Bayanin Ɗaliban IB. Shirin Makarantar Tsakiya shine tarin albarkatun ilmantarwa da ake da su don Ilimin Sakandare na Cambridge. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle School (Ages 11 to 14) - Rome International School |url=https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/academics/middle-school |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184153/https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/academics/middle-school |archive-date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> A shekarar makaranta ta 2015/16, makarantar ta gabatar da Cambridge Checkpoint ga ɗaliban aji 9, wani kayan aikin bincike da aka tsara don tantance ɗalibai a ƙarshen shekarun tsakiya, a Turanci, Lissafi da Kimiyya. Makarantar tana ba da zaɓin harsunan Faransanci, Sifaniyanci, Larabci ko Sinanci, kuma tana ba wa ɗalibai damar bin manhajar Italiyanci don ta yi daidai da manhajar karatu ta duniya inda a ƙarshen Aji na 9, waɗannan ɗaliban za su iya ɗaukar Italian ''Terza Media'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome International School - ‘What We Offer’ 2018 - 2019 |url=https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/uploaded/Portals/GENERAL_COMMUNICATIONS/What-We-Offer-2018-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215254/https://www.romeinternationalschool.it/uploaded/Portals/GENERAL_COMMUNICATIONS/What-We-Offer-2018-2019.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> == Makarantar Sakandare == Matasa daga shekara 14 zuwa 18 suna halartar Makarantar Sakandare inda ɗaliban Aji 10 da 11 za su yi jarrabawar Cambridge International Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) a ƙarshen Aji 11 kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara za su iya yin Shirin Difloma na IB na shekaru biyu kuma za su iya yin ''Maturità'' na Italiyanci. == Wuri da kayan aiki == A watan Yulin 2014, Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Rome ta koma wani sabon harabar jami'a a Via Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi, mai shekaru 137. Harabar makarantar tana cikin wani wurin shakatawa na halitta mai fadin 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) kuma tana da fadin fili mai fadin 9,000 square metres (11,000 sq yd) . Tana da babban ɗakin taro mai kujeru 230, dakunan motsa jiki guda biyu, filin tsere na ƙasa, manyan filayen wasanni na waje, da kuma wuraren nishaɗi da karatu masu yawa. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qflpl8takw59uu2mepneu5nejcf2keb 0 169925 963171 931735 2026-10-04T21:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Arienas''' wani yanki ne mai faɗi, ƙasa mai laushi, mai tsafta a yankin Ardtornish Estate a yankin Morvern a tsaunukan Scotland. Tana kan hanyar yamma-arewa maso yamma zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas, tana da girman kusan {{Convert|3.2|km|mi}} tsayi da {{Convert|1.21|km|mi}} faɗi, kuma yana a tsayin {{Convert|12|m|ft}} . Gabar arewacin loch galibi tana da tsari na yau da kullun, yayin da gabar kudu ba ta da tsari na yau da kullun. Matsakaicin zurfinsa shine {{Convert|17.2|m|ft}} kuma mafi girman zurfinsa shine {{Convert|35|m|ft}} . An yi binciken wurin a ranakun 18 da 19 ga watan Agusta 1904 ta hannun John Hewitt a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Daji na Ruwan Daji na Scotland daga 1897-1909'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lochs Arienas & Doire nam Mart; Loch Tearnait (Vol. 5, Plate 25) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map/74422313 |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=National Library of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032422/http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map/74422313 |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Loch ɗin yana ɗauke da kifi mai launin ruwan kasa na asali kuma ana buƙatar izini don kamun kifi na Loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Fishing |url=http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Ardtornish Estate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826165413/http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |archive-date=2017-08-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin dajin da ke bakin gabar arewa na loch akwai ragowar bukkokin masu ƙona gawayi da kuma dandamalin gawayi. Akwai kuma wani dutse mai kama da dutse da aka gina tun kimanin shekara ta 1780, wanda wataƙila an yi amfani da shi wajen rufe itacen don kare shi daga dabbobin kiwo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahoy Hill wildlife reserve |url=https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/027__108__reserve_leaflets__Rahoy_Hills_Wildlife_Reserve__1307102552.pdf |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Scottish Wildlife Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032516/https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/027__108__reserve_leaflets__Rahoy_Hills_Wildlife_Reserve__1307102552.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == h5e71zt9d87ul4f1dzfjmn1gnup2n8f 0 169989 963234 931884 2026-10-05T02:36:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963234 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin zane-zane, mai tsara shimfidar shimfiɗa (SLD) tsari ne na XML wanda Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) ya ƙayyade don bayyanar shimfidar taswira. Yana iya bayyana fassarar bayanan vector da raster. Amfani da SLDs na yau da kullun shine don ba da umarni ga Sabis ɗin Taswirar Yanar Gizo (WMS) yadda za a fassara takamaiman Layer. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007 OGC ta raba tsohuwar ƙayyadaddun SLD zuwa sabbin ƙayyadadden aiwatarwa na OGC guda biyu: * Alamar Alamar (SE) * Mai Bayyana Layer (SLD) Bayanan Styled Layer Descriptor yanzu kawai ya ƙunshi yarjejeniyar sadarwa tare da WMS game da yadda za a tsara Layer. Ainihin bayanin salon yanzu an bayyana shi ne kawai a cikin alamun ƙididdigar aiwatarwa. == Software mai tallafawa SLD == === Tushen budewa === Software na tebur: * OpenJUMP * UDig * [http://en.geopublishing.org/AtlasStyler Editan AtlasStyler SLD] * [[Gaia (software)|Gaia]] * HQGIS * [[github:robward-scisys/sldeditor|Editan SLD]] * [[github:geopaparazzi/smash|SMASH]] (wanda aka fi sani da Geopaparazzi) Software na gefen uwar garken: * goyon baya * GeoServer * Mai ba da Taswirar * Geomajas === Mai mallakar === Software na gefen uwar garken: * [http://server.arcgis.com/en/server/latest/publish-services/linux/wms-styled-layer-descriptor-sld-support-in-arcgis-server.htm Sabon Esri ArcGIS] * [http://ecere.ca/ Mai ba da Taswirar GNOSIS ta Ecere] Software na abokin ciniki: * [http://ecere.ca/ Mai tsara taswirar Ecere] == Dubi kuma == * UDig * GeoServer == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ogc.org/standard/sld/ OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Implementation Specification] * [https://www.ogc.org/standards/se OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Aiwatar Bayani] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190227081421/http://wald.intevation.org/projects/atlas-framework AtlasStyler SLD Edita] kyauta ce (LGPL) Edita SLD da aka haɓaka tare da GeoTools + [[Java programming language|Java]] + Swing. * Littafin SLD Cookbook, tarin samfurori masu sauƙi na SLD, wani ɓangare na Manual Mai Amfani da GeoServer. {{OGC}} mt33l36nvxiamkbe5gh8d0scejte792 0 170016 963287 931945 2026-10-05T07:05:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manajan Bayanai na Gida''' (LDM) jerin shirye-shirye ne don rarraba bayanan duniya na kusa da ainihin lokacin ga masu bincike da malamai kyauta yayin da yake samuwa. Tsarin yana mai da hankali musamman tare da wucewa, karɓa, da sarrafa samfuran bayanai da aka samu ta hanyar fasahar sarrafawa ta hanyar Intanet. Kayayyakin bayanai galibi sun haɗa da hotunan tauraron dan adam na GOES, Hotunan radar, da kuma fitar da samfurin daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Muhalli na Kasa, Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Kanada, da Cibiyar Kulawa da Yanayi da Oceanography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Data Manager (LDM) |url=http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/ldm/ |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> Ana ba da LDM kyauta, gami da lambar tushe ta Jami'ar Jami'ar don Binciken Yanayi a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Shirin Unidata kuma ta hanyar [[github:Unidata/LDM|GitHub]] na mai haɓakawa. Ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin al'ummar meteorological, kuma samfurin Shirin Rarraba Bayanan Intanet (IDD) ne wanda ya haɗu da jami'o'i sama da 160 a cikin al-ummar Unidata don gina hanyar yadawa da samun dama ga bayanai daga tsarin lura da bayanan da zaran sun kasance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Fact Sheet |url=http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/publications/factsheets/2010sheets/data_factsheet.pdf |access-date=7 April 2013 |publisher=UCAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714010053/http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/publications/factsheets/2010sheets/data_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> calabcjsc4p5rg91egldu2rraio7hih 0 170157 963096 932226 2026-10-04T18:17:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawrence "Larry" Rosebaugh''' (wanda ake kira '''Lorenzo''') (Mayu 16, 1935 - Mayu 18, 2009) ya kasance firist ne na Amurka, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, kuma mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga [[Wisconsin]] wanda ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana aiki a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. 'Yan bindiga masu rufe fuska ne suka kashe shi a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{In lang|it}} [http://www.lastampa.it/2009/05/27/blogs/san-pietro-e-dintorni/morte-di-un-prete-di-strada-bMDr1oQGpundpcF6wtrkoK/pagina.html Marco Tosatti, "Morte di un prete di strada"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216001611/http://lastampa.it/2009/05/27/blogs/san-pietro-e-dintorni/morte-di-un-prete-di-strada-bMDr1oQGpundpcF6wtrkoK/pagina.html |date=2013-02-16 }}, ''[[La Stampa|www.lastampa.it]]'', May 27, 2009</ref><ref>{{In lang|en}} [http://www.nonviolentworm.org/Milwaukee14Today/LarryRosebaugh ''Larry Rosebaugh'', "www.nonviolentworm.org"]</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rosebaugh a Appleton, Wisconsin a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1935, ɗan Donald da Mildred (O"Gorman) Rosebaugh . Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da izinin inshora kuma daga ƙarshe aka sauya shi zuwa yankin St. Louis, inda Rosebaugh ya halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Katolika.[1] Da yake bin zama memba a cikin Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, ya halarci St. Henry's Seminary a Belleville, Illinois, kuma ya kammala karatunsa na tauhidi a Our Lady of Snows Scholasticate, Oblate seminary a Pass Christian, Mississippi. Ya yi alkawarin sa na dindindin a matsayin memba na Oblates a watan Agustan 1960, kuma An naɗa shi firist a watan Maris na shekara ta 1963.[2] == Milwaukee == Bayan wani ɗan gajeren aikin Ikklisiya da shekaru da yawa na koyar da makarantar sakandare a Duluth, Minnesota da [[Chicago]], ya koma Milwaukee a 1968 don yin aiki a Casa Maria Hospitality House, wurin da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Katolika wanda ke ba da mafaka ga iyalai da mata marasa gida. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Milwaukee Fourteen, ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya masu adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam (ciki har da limaman Katolika guda shida) waɗanda a watan Satumbar 1968 suka shiga ofisoshin kwamitin Milwaukees, suka cire kuma suka ƙone wasu fayiloli a wani fili da ke kusa yayin da suke gudanar da addu'a. A cikin tarihin kansa, Rosebaugh ya taƙaita manufar kungiyar, "Dukan manufar aikinmu ita ce don samun batun ko yaƙin Vietnam yana da ɗabi'a ko lalata, adalci ko rashin adalci kuma ko Amurka ya kamata ta kasance a yaƙi a cikin idon jama'a ..." An sami Milwaukee goma sha huɗu da laifin sata, ƙonewa, da fashi. Yawancin mambobin kungiyar za su cancanci samun damar yin salula a cikin watanni goma sha huɗu, amma Rosebaugh ya yi karin watanni goma a kurkuku saboda kin yin aiki yayin da yake kurkuku. Ya bayyana cewa, "Kamar yadda nake so in sami 'yanci, yanzu na gamsu da cewa akwai wata tambaya ta ɗabi'a a nan, lalata da kasancewar sojojinmu a Vietnam, don haka na sake cewa ba zan yi aiki ba yayin da nake yin lokaci a kurkuku. " == Brazil == A shekara ta 1975, Rosebaugh ya tashi daga St. Louis, Missouri zuwa sabon aikinsa a [[Recife]], [[Brazil]], inda ya yi aiki tare da mafi talauci daga cikin matalauta bisa buƙatar Archbishop Dom Helder Camara . A shekara ta 1977, 'yan sanda sun kama Rosebaugh da wani ma'aikacin Mennonite a kan zargin da aka yi cewa sun sace karusar da suke turawa. Rosebaugh ya bayyana cewa, "Ya bayyana dabara kawai don fitar da mu daga titunan birni inda muka kasance shaidu ga cin zarafin mata, yara da maza da aka tilasta su fara rayuwa a can saboda rashin wani madadin. "A lokacin da aka tsare su na kwana huɗu, an yi musu duka kuma an tsare su ba tare da tufafi ba a cikin tantanin halitta tare da wasu maza talatin. An sake su ne saboda kokarin da Dom Helder Camara ya yi. Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Rosalynn Carter]] daga baya ta sadu kuma ta yi magana da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje yayin da suke tafiya a Latin Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] elk1r14qorzetwdw3kni1qvwf32xtl1 0 170234 963128 953022 2026-10-04T19:39:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''lemur na wasanni na arewa''' (Lepilemur septentrionalis), wanda aka fi sani da lemur na wasanni ya Sahafary ko lemur na arewa, nau'in lemur ne a cikin iyalin Lepilemuridae . Yana da iyaka a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A sakamakon matsanancin matsin muhalli da na ɗan adam, an rarraba lemur a matsayin mai haɗari (CR) ta IUCN Red List . == Tarihin lissafi == Da farko an yi tunanin jinsin ''Lepilemur'' ya ƙunshi nau'o'i 2 kawai: <nowiki><i id="mwKA">L. mustelinus</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwKg">L. ruficaudatus</i></nowiki>, tare da ƙarshen ya kasu kashi 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Ernst |date=21 August 2009 |title=20. A Revision of the Genera and Species of Madagascar Lemuridae |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=399–428 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01020.x}}</ref> Daga baya aka sake rarraba jinsin kamar yadda yake da nau'in 1 kawai, ''mustelinus'', tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan 5.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petter |first=J. J. |last2=Petter-Rousseaux, A. |year=1960 |title=Remarques Sur La Systématique du Genre Lepilemur |journal=Mammalia |volume=24 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1960.24.1.76 |s2cid=83740368}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Petter et al. sun kara yawan nau'in jinsin zuwa 7, inda aka rarraba nau'in ''L. septentrionalis'', kuma an rarraba shi a matsayin yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan 4.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Kamar yadda 2 daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan ba su da bambanci a cikin ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da adadin ''L. septentrionalis'' zuwa 2: L. s. septentriinalis da L. s s. ankaranensis . A sakamakon binciken cytogenetic da kwayoyin da suka biyo baya, Rumpler et al. sun tabbatar da nau'ikan ''Lepilemur'' guda 7, amma an ɗaga nau'ikan ''L. s. ankarensis'' zuwa matsayin cikakkun nau'ikan, wanda ya haifar da nau'in lemur 8 da aka rarraba a cikin jinsin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rumpler |first=Yves |last2=Prosper |last3=Hauwy, Marcel |last4=Rabarivola, Clément |last5=Rakotoarisoa, Gilbert |last6=Dutrillaux, Bernard |year=2002 |title=Chromosomal evolution of the Hapalemur griseus subspecies (Malagasy Prosimian), including a new chromosomal polymorphic cytotype |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1023/A:1014953202718 |pmid=11993935 |s2cid=23728128}}</ref> Ƙarin nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda uku sun haifar da haɗa wasu nau'ikan ''Lepilemur'' 15, suna mai da shi mafi yawan nau'ikan lemur a nau'ikan 23. <ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rabarivola |first=C. |last2=Zaramody |first2=A. |last3=Fausser |first3=J.-L. |last4=Andriaholinirina |first4=N. |last5=Roos |first5=C. |last6=Zinner |first6=D. |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of a new species of sportive lemur from northern Madagascar |url=http://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20(2006).pdf#page=47 |journal=Lemur News |volume=11 |pages=45–49}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an gudanar da binciken alaƙar juyin halitta na ƙananan mutane daban-daban na arewacin wasanni, inda aka gudanar da nazarin jerin mitochondrial DNA na yawancin mutane na ''L. septentrionalis'' daga ƙananan mutane daban. Yawancin bambance-bambance da ke cikin lemurs a yankin Sahafary sun bambanta su daga lemurs a wasu yankuna, suna nuna cewa lemur na wasanni na arewa a zahiri ya wanzu a matsayin nau'o'i biyu daban-daban, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da Sake tsara chromosomal a daya daga cikin Halin juyin halitta na ''L. septentrionalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravaoarimanana |first=IB |last2=Tiedemann, R |last3=Montagnon, D |last4=Rumpler, Y |date=May 2004 |title=Molecular and cytogenetic evidence for cryptic speciation within a rare endemic Malagasy lemur, the Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis). |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-05_31_2/page/440 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=440–8 |bibcode=2004MolPE..31..440R |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.020 |pmid=15062786}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''L. septentrionalis'' lemur ne na wasanni, don haka ana kiranta ne saboda matsayin dambe da lemur ya ɗauka lokacin da aka yi barazana. Lemurs na wasanni na arewa suna girma zuwa tsawo na kusan {{Convert|53|cm|in}} in). Suna da tsawon kai da jiki da tsawon wutsiya wanda ke da matsakaicin 25 da 28 in) bi da bi, kuma suna da matsakaitan 0.7 zuwa 0.8 . <ref name="PriMad" /> Girman su ya sa su ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jinsuna a cikin jinsin ''Lepilemur''. Har ila yau, kunnuwansu ba su da yawa fiye da sauran nau'in ''Lepilemur''. Suna da launin toka a ƙasa kuma gashin gashin kansu yana da launin launin toka-launin, wanda ya fi duhu a kambin kuma yana motsawa a cikin layin dorsal a cikin launin toka mai duhu, yana ƙare a cikin rump da kuma gaɓoɓin baya a matsayin launin toka. Lemurs sau da yawa suna ɗaukar matsayi na tsaye, ta amfani da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai ƙuƙwasawa a hannayensu da ƙafafunsu don mannewa sosai ga rassan bishiyoyi. Lemurs na iya tsalle daga wannan matsayi na tsaye, yana mai da su nau'in bishiyoyi masu saurin aiki. Babban idanunsu masu fuskantar gaba suna ba da hangen nesa.<ref name="PriMad" /> == Rarraba da mazaunin == Lemur na wasanni na arewa yana zaune a wani yanki mai iyaka a Arewacin Madagascar. Ana samun nau'in daga gefen hagu na Kogin Loky zuwa gabar teku. Gidan halitta na jinsin ya kunshi ƙananan gandun daji a arewacin [[Irodo|Kogin Irodo]], kusa da ƙauyukan Madirobe da Ankarongana a yankin Sahafary da kuma kusa da Andrahona, wanda shine ƙaramin dutse wanda ya tashi a kudancin Antsiranana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mittermeier |first=Russell A. |last2=Ganzhorn |first2=Jörg U. |last3=Konstant |first3=William R. |last4=Glander |first4=Kenneth |last5=Tattersall |first5=Ian |last6=Groves |first6=Colin P. |last7=Rylands |first7=Anthony B. |last8=Hapke |first8=Andreas |last9=Ratsimbazafy |first9=Jonah |last10=Mayor |first10=Mireya I. |last11=Louis |first11=Edward E. |last12=Rumpler |first12=Yves |last13=Schwitzer |first13=Christoph |last14=Rasoloarison |first14=Rodin M. |date=4 December 2008 |title=Lemur Diversity in Madagascar |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1607–1656 |doi=10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y |s2cid=17614597 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Halin da ake ciki == Lemur na wasanni na arewa yana tafiya da dare, yana neman abinci da dare kuma yana barci da rana. Lemurs suna barci a cikin ramuka ko ganye masu yawa a cikin bishiyoyi daga mita 1 zuwa 8 (3.3 zuwa 26.2 . Mata za su bar 'ya'yansu a kan reshe yayin neman abinci. Maza suna kadaici da yanki, kuma yankunansu galibi suna haɗuwa da gidajen mata da yawa. Lemurs maza za su kare yankunansu a lokacin jima'i. Ana tunanin namiji gabaɗaya yana da 'yanci, amma an ba da shawarar cewa maza na iya zama mai aure ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jolly |first=Alison |year=1998 |title=Pair-Bonding, Female Aggression and the Evolution of Lemur Societies |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=69 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1159/000052693 |pmid=9595685 |s2cid=46767773}}</ref> Mutanen ''L. septentrionalis'' suna sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta sinadarai a cikin nau'in halayyar bayan gida don nuna yankin, da kuma sadarwa ta murya (kira). Akwai manyan kira guda biyu: kira mai ƙarfi kamar crow da kiran ƙin lamba. Lemurs suna amfani da kiran da babbar murya don bayyana kasancewarsu da ikirarin yankin ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Fleagle" /> Kira na ƙin lamba shine jerin sautin sauti wanda ya biyo bayan sautin murya guda biyu, wanda aka fi ji lokacin da mutane biyu suka kusanci juna a cikin daji. Ana kuma jin kiran ƙin lamba lokacin da ƙwararrun suka haɗu da juna a cikin bauta, a wannan lokacin suna iya buga juna da hannayensu.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=G.A.}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin haifuwa !Lokacin haifuwa !Matsakaicin adadin 'ya'ya !Lokacin daukar ciki !Matsakaicin shekarun yayewa !Matsakaicin lokacin samun 'yancin kai !Matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin jima'i ko haihuwa (mace) !Matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin jima'i ko haihuwa (maza) |- |Sau ɗaya a shekara |Afrilu zuwa Agusta |1 |Kwanaki 120 zuwa 150 |Watanni 4 |Shekara 1 |Watanni 18 |Watanni 18 |} == Muhalli == Lemur na wasanni na arewa wani nau'in foliovorous ne, kodayake za su kuma ci 'ya'yan itace da furanni don kara yawan abincin su. Hakazalika da sauran lemurs na wasanni, ''L. septentrionalis'' yana da caecotrophic, yana cinye naman sa don narke abinci a karo na biyu. Wadannan nau'o'in suna da manyan ceca cike da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke taimaka musu narke kwayoyin shuke-shuke kamar cellulose kuma su raba shi zuwa sukari da starches. 8qvbqsrgnycy0hehy1cjg5rbneb043s 0 170304 963179 932599 2026-10-04T21:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Teàrnait''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Loch Tearnait''' ko '''Loch Ternate''', ƙaramin wuri ne mai kyau, mai tsafta a yankin Ardtornish Estate a yankin Morvern a tsaunukan Scotland. Tana kan gabas zuwa yamma kuma tana da girman kusan {{Convert|6.4|km|mi}} kudu maso gabashin [[Loch Arienas]] da {{Convert|4.8|km|mi}} gabashin Loch Aline . Yana da {{Convert|1.21|km|mi}} tsayi da {{Convert|0.53|km|mi}} faɗi, kuma yana a tsayin {{Convert|141|m|ft}} . Matsakaicin zurfin shine {{Convert|4.9|m|ft}} kuma mafi girman zurfinsa shine {{Convert|12|m|ft}} . An yi binciken wurin a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1904 ta hannun James Murray a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Dare na Scotland daga 1897-1909''.<ref name="bathymap">{{Cite web |title=Lochs Arienas & Doire nam Mart; Loch Tearnait (Vol. 5, Plate 25) |url=http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map/74422313 |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=National Library of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032422/http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/map/74422313 |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A tsakiyar loch ɗin akwai wani ƙaramin tsibiri mai zagaye wanda ake tsammanin shine ragowar crannog . Yana da {{Convert|18|m|ft}} mai diamita, an gina shi da katako da dutse, kuma yana da ƙananan hanyoyin shiga jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Wataƙila an mamaye shi tun [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani]], kuma a al'adar yankin an ce ana amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka ga masu gudu a ƙarƙashin kariyar Sarakunan Tsibirai . <ref name="arch">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Jennifer G. |date=May 2008 |title=An Archaeological Survey of River Rannoch and Loch Tearnait, Ardtornish Estate, Morvern, Lochaber, Highland. |url=http://her.highland.gov.uk/hbsmrgatewayhighland/DataFiles/LibraryLinkFiles/86027.pdf |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=The Highland Council |ref=arch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033430/http://her.highland.gov.uk/hbsmrgatewayhighland/DataFiles/LibraryLinkFiles/86027.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 kamfanin Hydroplan ya fara gina cibiyar samar da [[wutar lantarki ta ruwa]] a wurin fitar da wutar lantarki ta loch. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012, kuma an bude wannan tsarin a hukumance a watan Mayu na shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2008, kafin a gina tsarin samar da ruwa, an gudanar da wani bincike na kayan tarihi a cikin da kewayen wurin, wanda ya rubuta wuraren tarihi 31. <ref name="arch" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dam Engineering |url=http://www.hydroplan.co.uk/public/new-website/index.php/services/dam-engineering/ |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Hydroplan |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardtornish Estate Hydro-Electric Scheme, Loch Tearnait, Ardtornish Estate, Morvern |url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/50384/item65plr02709.pdf |website=The Highland Council |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075618/https://www.highland.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/50384/item65plr02709.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2013 |title=Chairman's Report to AGM |url=http://www.morvernheritagesociety.co.uk/docs/chair_2013.pdf |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Morvern Heritage Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530175155/http://morvernheritagesociety.co.uk/docs/chair_2013.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Loch ɗin yana ɗauke da kifi mai launin ruwan kasa na asali kuma ana buƙatar izini don kamun kifi na Loch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Fishing |url=http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Ardtornish Estate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826165413/http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |archive-date=2017-08-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nassoshi == 0rgxboeghe0aux76kxb33a9g60fo7or 0 170313 963172 932622 2026-10-04T21:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Doire nam Mart''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Loch Durinemart''' ko '''Loch Durinemast''', ƙaramin yanki ne mai kyau, mai tsafta a yankin Ardtornish Estate a yankin Morvern a tsaunukan Scotland . Tana kan hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas kimanin {{Convert|5.6|km|mi}} zuwa arewa maso yamma da Loch Aline . Yana da {{Convert|1.06|km|mi}} tsayi da {{Convert|0.4|km|mi}} faɗi, kuma yana a tsayin {{Convert|15|m|ft}} . Tana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Loch Arienas|Loch Arienas,]] wanda ke da nisan mil {{Convert|200|m|ft}} zuwa kudu maso gabas. Matsakaicin zurfin shine {{Convert|6.4|m|ft}} kuma mafi girman zurfinsa shine {{Convert|15|m|ft}} . An yi binciken wurin a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1904 ta hannun James Murray a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Dare na Scotland daga 1897-1909.'' Loch ɗin yana ɗauke da kifi mai launin ruwan kasa na asali kuma ana buƙatar izini don kamun kifi na Loch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Fishing |url=http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=Ardtornish Estate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826165413/http://www.ardtornish.co.uk/loch-fishing/ |archive-date=2017-08-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == cctn94tloh3a9cpssypmr315yvxptw8 0 170325 963242 932694 2026-10-05T03:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Meander Valley''' hukuma ce ta ƙananan hukumomi a arewacin Tasmania . Ya mamaye gefen yammacin [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]], sannan ya wuce yamma da [[Kogin Meander (Tasmania)|Kogin Meander]] . Majalisar Meander Valley an rarraba ta a matsayin karamar hukumar karkara kuma tana da yawan jama'a 19,713. Manyan garuruwa da yankunan yankin sun haɗa da Elizabeth Town, Mole Creek, Westbury da kuma babban garin Deloraine . == Tarihi da halaye == A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1993, an haɗa ƙananan hukumomin Deloraine da Westbury don kafa Majalisar Meander Valley. <ref name="GovAgencyDetail">{{Cite web |title=Agency Details: Meander Valley Council |url=http://search.archives.tas.gov.au/default.aspx?detail=1&type=A&id=TA01392 |access-date=11 June 2018 |website=search.archives.tas.gov.au |publisher=Tasmanian Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142949/http://search.archives.tas.gov.au/default.aspx?detail=1&type=A&id=TA01392 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An rarraba Meander Valley a matsayin yankunan karkara, noma da kuma babban yanki a ƙarƙashin Rarraba Kananan Hukumomin Australiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Local government national report 2014-2015 |url=http://regional.gov.au/local/publications/reports/index.aspx |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=regional.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> === Yankuna === Karamar hukumar ta haɗa da yankunan Bracknell, Carrick, Chudleigh, Hagley, Meander, Whitemore, Bracknell, Mole Creek, Westbury, Deloraine, Elizabeth Town, Caveside, Exton da Travellers Rest . Haka kuma ya haɗa da unguwannin yammacin Launceston da suka haɗa da Blackstone Heights da Prospect Vale, da kuma garin Hadspen mai tauraron dan adam. Yawancin tsaunukan Great Western Tiers suna cikin yankin gundumar Meander Valley. == Tsarin da ke ciki na yanzu == {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Matsayi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Councillors |url=https://www.meander.tas.gov.au/councillors}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | Biki |- | Wayne Johnston | Magajin Gari | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Stephanie Cameron | Mataimakin Magajin Gari | {{Australian party style|Liberal}} | | Liberal |- | Christine Cronshaw | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Ben Dudman | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | | Labor |- | Anne Marie Loader | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Kevin House | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Haikalin Yahaya | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Rodney Synfield | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |- | Daniel Smedley | Kansila | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | | Independent |} == Yankuna da unguwannin bayan gari == Jerin yankuna da unguwannin da ke kewaye. <ref name="Meander Valley Suburbs and Surrounding Districts">{{Cite web |last=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=2011 Census QuickStats |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/LGA64210?opendocument&navpos=220 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313014036/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/LGA64210?opendocument&navpos=220 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Localities !Census population 2011 !Reason |- |Kimberley |436 |Includes Weegena, Moltema, Dunorlan |- |Weegena | |Incl. in Kimberley |- |Moltema | |Incl. in Kimberley |- |Dunorlan | |Incl. in Kimberley |- |Elizabeth Town |420 |Includes Parkham |- |Parkham | |Incl. in Elizabeth Town |- |Reedy Marsh |309 | |- |Birralee |362 |Includes Rosevale, Selbourne |- |Rosevale | |Incl. in Birralee |- |Selbourne | |Incl. in Birralee |- |Westwood | |Incl. in Carrick |- |Blackstone Heights |1,294 | |- |Travellers Rest |244 | |- |Prospect Vale |5,021 | |- |Hadspen |2,063 | |- |Quamby Bend | |Incl. in Westbury |- |Quamby Brook | |Incl. in Golden Valley |- |Westbury |2,104 |Includes Quamby Bend, Osmaston |- |Osmaston | |Incl. in Westbury |- |Carrick |870 |Includes Westwood, Oaks |- |Hagley |330 | |- |Whitemore |236 |Includes Cluan |- |Oaks | |Incl. in Carrick |- |Cluan | |Incl. in Whitemore |- |Montana | |Incl. in Meander |- |Bracknell |375 | |- |Liffey |259 | |- |Golden Valley |290 |Includes Quamby Brook |- |Jackeys Marsh | |Incl. in Meander |- |Meander |415 |Includes Jackeys Marsh |- |Western Creek | |Incl. in Caveside |- |Lake McKenzie | |Incl. in Mersey Forest |- |Rowallan | |Incl. in Mersey Forest |- |Mersey Forest |0 |Includes Lake McKenzie, Rowallan, Parangana, Lemonthyme, Cradle Mountain |- |Parangana | |Incl. in Mersey Forest |- |Lemonthyme | |Incl. in Mersey Forest |- |Cradle Mountain | |Incl. in Mersey Forest, Staverton (Kentish) |- |Liena | |Incl. in Mole Creek |- |Mayberry | |Incl. in Mole Creek |- |Mole Creek |609 |Includes Mayberry, Liena |- |Caveside |318 |Includes Western Creek, Dairy Plains |- |Chudleigh | |Includes Needles, Red Hills, Lemana Junction |- |Needles | |Incl. in Chudleigh |- |Red Hills | |Incl. in Chudleigh |- |Lemana Junction | |Incl. in Chudleigh |- |Deloraine |2,741 | |- |Exton | |Incl. in Reedy Marsh |- |'''Total''' |19,031 | |- | |(143) |Variance |- |'''Local government total''' |18,888 |Gazetted Meander Valley local government area |- |} == Manazarta == q0jfk7e53xwcul1bjvmhra5oc266rhu 0 170418 963125 933056 2026-10-04T19:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fog Line''''' wani gajeren fim ne na gwaji mai shiru na 1970 wanda Larry Gottheim ya jagoranta. Yana nuna yanayin karkara tare da hazo mai narkewa a hankali. == Bayani == [[File:Fog_Line_(1970).jpg|thumb| Siffofin da ba a iya gani sosai na shimfidar wuri suna ƙara bayyana a tsawon lokacin fim ɗin.]] ''Layin Hazo'' hoto ne mai motsi na mintuna 11 na yanayin karkara. A farkon fim ɗin, hazo mai ƙarfi ya ɓoye ra'ayin. Layukan waya guda biyu sun ratsa firam ɗin, suna kusan raba hoton (don haka taken). A tsawon lokacin da fim ɗin ke tafiya, hazo ya ɓace a hankali, yana bayyana mutane daban-daban a fagen. Bishiyoyi da dama sun bazu a yankin. Dawakai biyu suka shiga cikin firam ɗin suka yi kiwo a ƙasan hoton, sai tsuntsu ya tashi a faɗin filin. <ref name="macdonald">{{Cite book|last3=Scott MacDonald (media scholar)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Remes |first=Justin |date=July 2012 |title=Motion(less) Pictures: The Cinema of Stasis |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1471&context=oa_dissertations |journal=[[British Journal of Aesthetics]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |page=257 |doi=10.1093/aesthj/ays021 |url-access=subscription |access-date=}}</ref> == Samarwa == Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Yale, Gottheim ya koma Jami'ar Binghamton da ke New York. Ya harbi ''Fog Line'' kusa da gidansa da ke can. Ya zaɓi ya ɗauki hoton wani ɓangare na ƙauyen da dawaki ke wucewa da safe. Ya yi nazarin yankin na tsawon watanni kuma ya ɗauki bidiyonsa sau da yawa. Gottheim ya yi amfani da ruwan tabarau na telephoto don ɗaukar fim ɗin. <ref name="macdonald" /> == Fitowa == An nuna ''Fog Line'' a bikin fina-finai na New York a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapfogel |first=Jared |date=May 2006 |title=Stop Motion: Transformation and Stasis at the NYFF's Views from the Avant-Garde |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/festival-reports/views_avant_garde2005/ |access-date= |website=[[Senses of Cinema]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914092138/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/festival-reports/views_avant_garde2005/ |archive-date=2026-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi canjin dijital don haɗa shi cikin tarin DVD na 2008 '', Treasures IV: American Avant-Garde Film, 1947-1986'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Wheeler Winston |author-link=Wheeler Winston Dixon |date=July 2009 |title=''Treasures IV: American Avant-Garde Film, 1947-1986'' (Image Entertainment) |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2009/dvd/treasures-iv-american-avant-garde-film/ |access-date= |website=[[Senses of Cinema]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419215111/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2009/dvd/treasures-iv-american-avant-garde-film/ |archive-date=2024-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Mai suka Dave Kehr ya kira ''Fog Line'' "ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan avant-garde mafi ban tsoro". A cikin rubutunsa na ''Take One'', Bob Cowan ya yaba da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun fina-finan da ya gani, yana mai cewa, "Yana da ma'anar sirrin; ba a taɓa sanin ainihin lokacin da canje-canjen suka faru ba." Darakta Paul Schrader ya lura cewa "yana nuna yadda jira zai iya zama abin mamaki." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Schrader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Silima mai jinkirin jinkiri == Manazarta == cd6q4j3jildqsf5mnxd0amszo14yvd6 0 170459 963235 933329 2026-10-05T02:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Felistas Murata''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Zimbabwe, mai zaman kanta, mai fafutuka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mai yin rikodin rikodin da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Mai Tt . Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya a cikin 2016 ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na kafofin sada zumunta, bayan da ta fara aikinta a matsayin mawaƙa na bishara. Murata kuma an san ta da bayar da shawarwari ga haƙƙin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau / AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2018 |title=Mai Titi leads march against HIV stigmatisation |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/06/mai-titi-leads-march-against-hiv-stigmatisation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mai Titi bares soul |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/mai-titi-bares-soul/}}</ref> == Tarihi == Murata ta halarci karatun farko a makarantar sakandare ta Mufakose da Glenview . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2020 |title=The True Lifestory Of Mai TT |url=https://www.zimbolivenews.com/news/the-true-lifestory-of-mai-tt- |website=Zimbo Live News}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2020, an jefa ta a cikin fim din Tanzaniya A Life of Regret, kodayake daga baya ta janye bayan rikice-rikice game da biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Mai Tt hits back at 'broke' film company after it claims to have sacked her |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2021/05/18/mai-tt-hits-back-at-broke-film-company-after-it-claims-to-have-sacked-her/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Film producer ditches Zimbabwean actress Mai Titi for 'Unprofessionalism' |url=https://thetimesofafrica.com/film-producer-ditches-zimbabwean-actress-mai-titi-for-unprofessionalism/}}</ref> === Komawar fim (2025) === A cikin 2025, Mai Tt ta koma yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da haɗin gwiwar Nollywood-Zimbabwean Lost in Ashes . Farko ya faru ne a Harare kuma ya nuna sanannun 'yan wasan Nollywood da yawa waɗanda suka tashi don ƙaddamarwa.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=Thunderous heroes welcome for Nigerian stars ahead of Lost in Ashes premiere |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/thunderous-heroes-welcome-for-nigerian-stars-ahead-of-lost-in-ashes-premiere/}}</ref> Wadanda aka jefa sun hada da: * Felistas "Mai Tt" Murata - jagorar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, tare da labarin da ya danganta da rayuwarta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=Zimbabwean comedian shines in Nollywood film |url=https://1stafrika.com/2025/08/11/zimbabwean-comedian-shines-in-nollywood-film/}}</ref> * Mike Ezuruonye - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, wanda aka san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin Nollywood blockbusters.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Seven Nollywood stars for Mai Tt’s film premiere |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/seven-nollywood-stars-for-mai-tts-film-premiere/}}</ref> * Mike Godson - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya wanda aka sani da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya.<ref name="auto" /> * Chinyere Wilfred - tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nollywood, sau da yawa ana jefa ta a matsayin uwa.<ref name="auto1" /> * Anita Joseph - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nollywood kuma mai nishadantarwa.<ref name="auto2" /> * Joy Patrick Ezedike - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nollywood wacce ta shiga aikin.<ref name="auto1" /> * Iyke Odife - darektan fina-finai na Najeriya kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="auto1" /> * Flossy Florento - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nollywood wacce ta bayyana a kaddamar da Harare . <ref name="auto2" /> Fim din ya sami karbuwa daga magoya baya da masu sukar, tare da kafofin watsa labarai suna yabon Mai Tt don "sake kirkirar kanta" bayan rikice-rikice da suka gabata.<ref name="auto" /> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * 2018 - Babban Kasuwancin Nishaɗi na Mata da Harkokin Watsa Labarai da ''Shugaban Kasuwanci na Shekara'' (Kungiyar Duniya ta Tarihin Mata). <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Mai Titi to receive top award |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/03/mai-titi-to-receive-top-award/}}</ref> * 2019 - Finalist a cikin Mata Mafi Tasiri a Afirka a Kasuwanci da Gwamnati (Pan African Awards). <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Mai Titi extends hand to the needy |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/07/mai-titi-extends-hand-to-the-needy/}}</ref> * 2020 - An zabi shi don ''Kyautar Gwarzon Al'umma ta SADC'' don aiki tare da Gidauniyar Mai Ts Diaries . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Mai TT nominated for SADC Community Championship Award |url=https://gambakwe.com/2020/12/11/mai-tt-nominated-for-sadc-community-championship-award/ |access-date=13 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230074754/https://gambakwe.com/2020/12/11/mai-tt-nominated-for-sadc-community-championship-award/ |archive-date=30 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == * ''Ndinouya Ikoko'' (2017) * ''Dzora Mwoyo'' (2017) * ''Cocin Dhukeke'' (2018) * Makat na farko (2019) * ''Ngithande'' ft Dereck Mpofu (2019) * ''Waridongorera'' ft Mathias Mhere (2019) * ''Babu Wani Sunan'' (2020) * Ka Kazz Khalif (2020) * ''Nyarara'' ft Lamont Chitepo (2020) * ''Dzoka Undinyepere'' (2020) * ''Hush'' ft Tocky Vibes (2020) * ''Sheriyo'' (2020) * ''Rita'' x Baba Harare (2021) * ''Mwari Makanaka'' (2022) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] 41wddylpzj6ksipxh94o3vjgmzftaov 0 170516 963245 941570 2026-10-05T04:01:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stavanger Cathedral School''' ( ''Yaren mutanen Norway: Stavanger katedralskole'' ) makarantar sakandare ce a cikin birnin [[Stavanger]], gundumar Rogaland, [[Norway]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Om skolen |url=http://www.stavanger-katedralskole.vgs.no/Om-skolen |access-date=December 1, 2016 |publisher=Stavanger katedralskole |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103043548/http://www.stavanger-katedralskole.vgs.no/Om-skolen |archive-date=November 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An bazu a yankuna biyu; Kongsgård na gargajiya da kuma sabon ginin makarantar a Bjergsted. Makarantar tana da ɗalibai 555 da ma'aikata 94 a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogaland County |title=Stavanger katedralskole / Skolene / Om fylkeskommunen - Rogaland fylkeskommune |url=http://www.rogfk.no/Om-fylkeskommunen/Skolene/Stavanger-katedralskole |access-date=2017-03-20 |website=www.rogfk.no |language=nb-no |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320145536/http://www.rogfk.no/Om-fylkeskommunen/Skolene/Stavanger-katedralskole |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Darussa == Makarantar ta ƙware a fannin kiɗa, rawa da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma kimiyyar halitta da zamantakewa, da harsunan waje, tana ba da darussan [[Jamusanci]], [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]], [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Larabci]] . == Ƙungiyar ɗalibai == Makarantar tana jan hankalin ɗalibai da yawa masu hazaka kuma ta ci gaba da haɓaka kyawawan halaye na ilimi a matakin ƙasa, tare da taimakon babban rabo tsakanin malamai da ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.udir.no/ |website=udir.no}}</ref> An san ɗaliban makarantar Stavanger Cathedral da kasancewa masu himma sosai a siyasance, suna bayyana ra'ayoyin 'yan hagu musamman waɗanda aka saba wakilta fiye da kima, duk da cewa makarantar tana yaba wa kanta a matsayin al'umma mai bambancin ra'ayi. Makarantar tana da wani aikin taimakon ƙasashen duniya da ɗalibai ke gudanarwa mai suna ''Project for International Solidarity'' wanda ke tattara kuɗi don sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasɗinawa a [[Beirut]] da Bethlehem . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Svein Magne Sirnes |title=Stavanger katedralskole |url=https://snl.no/Stavanger_katedralskole |access-date=December 1, 2016 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Babban gininsa yana ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen da suka fi shahara a birnin. Tare da [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]], Makarantar Cathedral ta Stavanger ta shahara da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin makarantun sakandare kaɗan mafi kyau a Norway. == Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da jami'a == === Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai === * Alexander Kielland, marubuci, magajin gari * Sigbjørn Obstfelder, mawaƙi * Fartein Valen, mawaki * Christian Lous Lange, ɗan siyasa * Jan Egeland, jami'in diflomasiyya * Aslak Sira Myhre, ɗan siyasa * Laila Goody, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Tore Renberg, marubuci * Torstein Tvedt Solberg, ɗan siyasa * Eili Harboe, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo === Ma'aikata Masu Shahara === * Hartvig Sverdrup Eckhoff, masanin gine-gine da zane-zane <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steigan |first=Geir Tandberg |title=Hartvig Sverdrup Eckhoff (1855-1928) |url=http://www.artemisia.no/arc/arkitekter/norge/eckhoff.h.s.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Arc! |language=no}}</ref> * Arvid Knutsen, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Gustav Natvig-Pedersen == A cikin al'adun jama'a == Babban jarumin littafin Tore Renberg mai suna ''The Man Who Loved Yngve'' (2003) ɗalibi ne a Makarantar Cathedral ta Stavanger. Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare a cikin littafin da kuma fim ɗin. Littafin Alexander Kielland na shekarar 1883 mai suna Poison ya yi suka ga tsarin ilimin ƙasar Norway. Makarantar Latin, wadda manyan jaruman ke halarta, ta dogara ne akan abubuwan da marubucin ya fuskanta lokacin da ya halarci Makarantar Cathedral ta Stavanger. == Manazarta == t3kuldbdcrrf2relpnpq1bc3am3kgfp 0 170632 963258 941846 2026-10-05T05:46:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thor Heyerdahl Babban Sakandare''' ( Norwegian ) makarantar sakandare ce ta sama a Larvik, Norway, wacce aka sanya wa suna saboda mai binciken Thor Heyerdahl, wanda aka haifa a birnin. An kafa ta ne ta hanyar haɗa makarantun sakandare na baya a Larvik. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun sakandare a Norway, tare da kimanin ɗalibai 1,650 {{As of|2013|12}} , kuma yana bayar da shirye-shirye ko darussa 10 na koyarwa. <ref name="About">[http://www.vfk.no/Thor-Heyerdahl-vgs/Om-skolen/ Om skolen], Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole, updated 6 December 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> An raba makarantar tsakanin wurare da dama har sai da aka buɗe wani sabon gini, wanda aka gina a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Arena Larvik a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2009. == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Thor Heyerdahl a shekara ta 2004 ta hanyar haɗakar da manyan makarantun sakandare a Larvik: ''Farris videregående skole'' (wanda aka fi sani da ''Larvik handelsskole'', makarantar kasuwanci ta Larvik), ''Gloppe skole'' (wanda ya gabata Vestfold ''fylkes husflidskolederskoleders'', ''Vest skole'' ). (a baya ''Larvik yrkesskole'', Makarantar koyon sana'a ta Larvik) da ''Larvik gymnas'' ( ''Gymnasium'' na Larvik). <ref name="About" /> <ref name="SNL">Svein Magne Sirnes, [http://snl.no/Thor_Heyerdahl_videreg%C3%A5ende_skole "Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole"], ''[[Store norske leksikon]]'', retrieved 13 December 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Tarihin ''ɗakin motsa jiki'' ya fara ne tun lokacin da aka kafa makarantar ''Laurvigs Middelskole'' (Makarantar Sakandare ta Larvik) a shekarar 1824; an fara amfani da sunan Thor Heyerdahl a shekarar 1994. <ref>Heidi, [http://www.vestfoldarkivet.no/thor-heyerdahl-vgs/ "Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062205/http://www.vestfoldarkivet.no/thor-heyerdahl-vgs/ |date=2016-03-04 }}, Vestfold Archive, 19 April 2012, retrieved 11 January 2014 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Gundumar Larvik ta sayi ginin dakin ''motsa jiki'' ta kuma sayi Ahlefeldtsgate 6, 8 da 10 akan 30.3&nbsp;miliyan kroner, amma ban mallaki wuraren makarantar Farris ko Gloppe ba. A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2009 aka buɗe sabon ginin makarantar, wanda ya haɗa dukkan darussa a harabar jami'a ɗaya. An gudanar da bikin bude gasar a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Satumba. <ref name="Facts">[http://www.op.no/kultur/article4472595.ece "Fakta om den nye storskolen Thor Heyerdal videregående skole"], ''[[Østlands-Posten]]'', 21 July 2009 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Kamfanin gine-gine na ƙasar Denmark na Schmidt Hammer Lassen ne ya tsara ginin, wanda ya lashe gasar zane a watan Janairun 2006 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri na SLA tare da wani tsari mai suna ''Synergy'' . Aikin ya kuma haɗa da Arena Larvik, wanda makarantar ke amfani da shi don wasanni; <ref name="WAN" /> an yi hasashen zai kashe 597 a shekarar 2004.&nbsp;kroner miliyan, bayan da farashin gini ya karu sosai, an ware kasafin kudin aikin gaba daya a kan 983&nbsp;miliyan kroner a watan Nuwamba 2006. <ref>[http://www.op.no/nyheter/article2341780.ece "Storskolen i Larvik blir for dyr"], ''Østlands-Posten'', 10 October 2006, updated 11 October 2006 {{In lang|no}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.op.no/nyheter/article2394263.ece "Skolen vil koste 983 millioner"], ''Østlands-Posten'', 6 November 2006, updated 7 November 2006 {{In lang|no}}</ref> An fara ginin a watan Yunin 2007 tare da rushe tsohuwar makarantar; <ref name="Veidekke">[http://www.veidekke.no/prosjekter/offentlige-bygg/skole/article57130.ece Thor Heyerdahl Videregående Skole], Veidekke ASA (contract builders), with pictures, retrieved 13 December 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> an karya ginin sabon ginin a watan Agusta. <ref name="Facts" /> A wannan lokacin, an gina makarantar a wani wuri na wucin gadi, wanda ya haɗa da faɗin {{Convert|900|sqm|sqft}}tanti . <ref>[http://www.ramirent.no/referanse/thor-heyerdahl-videregaende-skole-25.aspx "Thor Heyerdahl Videregående Skole"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308093516/http://www.ramirent.no/referanse/thor-heyerdahl-videregaende-skole-25.aspx |date=2018-03-08 }}, Ramirent, 2010, retrieved 13 December 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Sabon ginin yana da hawa biyar baya ga bita; an haɗa shi da filin wasa ta hanyar gada mai hawa na farko. An tsara kasafin kuɗin ƙawata sabon ginin a kan kusan dala 1.8&nbsp;miliyan kroner, wanda alkalai suka zaɓa domin tsara tsarin. An zaɓi ginin a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar ginin shekara ta ''Byggeiindustrien'' . <ref>Bjørn-Tore Sandbrekkene, [http://www.op.no/nyheter/article4893600.ece "Nominert til Årets Bygg 2009"], ''Østlands-Posten'', 18 February 2010, updated 25 February 2009 {{In lang|no}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an sanar da Lin Marie Holvik a matsayin sabuwar shugabar makarantar. <ref>[https://www.vtfk.no/skoler/thor-heyerdahl-vgs/aktuelt/ny-rektor-ved-skolen/ "Ny rektor ved skolen"], Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole, 3 January 2020, updated 11 December 2020 {{In lang|no}}</ref> <ref>Sigrid Ringnes, [https://www.op.no/nyansatt-rektor-har-en-oppfordring-til-elever-ikke-nol-med-a-ta-kontakt/s/5-36-892231 "Nyansatt rektor har en oppfordring til elever: – Ikke nøl med å ta kontakt!"], ''op.no'', 19 March 2020 {{In lang|no}}</ref> == Tayin ilimi da kayan aiki == Makarantar tana ba da darussa uku na shirye-shiryen jami'a da kuma na sana'o'i bakwai tare da [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] ; <ref>[http://www.vfk.no/Thor-Heyerdahl-vgs/Utdanningstilbud-2/ Utdanningstilbud], Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole, retrieved 13 December 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> daga cikin darussa 12 na manyan makarantun sakandare na ƙasa, aikin gona ne kawai ake koyarwa a wata makarantar sakandare, ''Melsom videregående school'' a Stokke . <ref name="SNL" /> <ref>[http://www.vfk.no/Melsom-vgs/Utdanningstilbud/Naturbruk/ Naturbruk], Melsom videregående skole, 23 May 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Ginin makarantar ya ƙunshi yanki mai tsawon {{Convert|80|m|yds}} kuma yana da {{Convert|34000|sqm|sqft}} na sararin koyarwa, gami da azuzuwa 320, {{Convert|3000|sqm|sqft}} na bita, wurin wasanni mai zauren taro shida mai kujeru 4,000, wurin zama uku na mutane &#x2013;, da kuma faɗin {{Convert|370|sqm|sqft}} ɗakin girki na ƙwararru. <ref name="About" /> <ref name="Veidekke" /> Ana sanya wa ɗakin karatu suna Fatu Hiva ne saboda tsibirin Polynesian inda Thor Heyerdahl ya yi hutun amarcinsa a shekarun 1930. <ref>[http://www.vfk.no/Thor-Heyerdahl-vgs/Laringssenteret/ Biblioteket], Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole, updated 11 October 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> Kashi 11% na ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare ta Thor Heyerdahl suna magana da wani harshe daban banda harshen Norway a gida. Makarantar makaranta ce mai mayar da hankali ga ''Cibiyar Koyar da Al'adu da Yawa ta Ƙasa (Nasjonalt senter for flerkulturell opplæring'' ) kuma ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Norway da ta yi amfani da ilimin harsuna biyu cikin tsari, tun daga watan Agusta na 2009. <ref>[http://www.vfk.no/Thor-Heyerdahl-vgs/Om-skolen/Prosjekter1/test/ Minoritetsspråklige elever], Thor Heyerdahl videregående skole, updated 10 October 2013 {{In lang|no}}</ref> == Wasannin Opera na Peru == Wani tsohon ɗalibi, Dag Petter Svendsen, ya ƙaddamar da Operasjon Peru (Operation Peru ) a cikin 1992 a ɗayan makarantun farko, Larvik Handelsskole, a matsayin madadin Operasjon Dagsverk na ƙasa (Ayyukan Ranar Aiki). [1] Dukansu ayyukan agaji ne da ɗalibai suka shirya don taimaka wa yara a wasu ƙasashe wajen samun ilimi: babban hanyar shiga shine ɗalibai su ba da gudummawar albashinsu daga aikin yini ɗaya. Operasjon Peru tana taimaka wa yara musamman a Peru kuma tana aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta Thor Heyerdahl, Makarantar Sakandare ta Re da ke Re, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Holmestrand da ke Holmestrand . [2] A shekarar 1993, Svendsen ya kafa gidan yara na La Aldea a wajen Chiclayo, kuma a shekarar 1996, Operasjon Peru ta bude makaranta a Monsefú ; a shekarar 2013, daliban makarantu uku sun bayar da gudummawar 786,000 kroner. [2] == Manazarta == q95q947nenqkv9shtxe299s57feoh72 0 170803 963236 941452 2026-10-05T02:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963236 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox spaceflight/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sentinel-2A tauraron dan adam ne na Turai wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2015. Ita ce tauraron dan adam na farko na Sentinel-2 da Hukumar Kula da Sararin samaniya ta Turai ta kaddamar kuma wannan Sentinel wani bangare ne na Shirin Copernicus na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. Satellite ɗin yana ɗauke da hoto mai zurfi mai zurfi tare da bands 13 na bakan gizo. Binciken sa yana tallafawa ayyuka kamar sa ido kan gandun daji, gano canjin ƙasa, kula da bala'i na halitta da saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa. A ranar 7 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017 ne aka haɗu da Sentinel-2A a cikin sararin samaniya ta 'yar uwarsa, Sentinel-2. == Tarihin aikin == === Farawa === An kaddamar da Sentinel-2A ta hanyar rokar Vega VV05 a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2015 a 01:52 UTC. &nbsp;Satellite ya rabu da matakin sama 54 min 43 s bayan tashi. [[File:End_of_LEOP_(18987328049).jpg|none|thumb|Masu kula da jirgin sama a ESA's ESOC suna murna da ƙarshen LEOP don Sentinel-2A]] === Ayyukan sararin samaniya === Satellite din ya kama hotonsa na farko sa'o'i 100 bayan kaddamarwa, yana rufe kilomita {{Convert|290|km|mi}} (180 mai faɗi daga Sweden ta Tsakiyar Turai zuwa Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=Sentinel-2 delivers first images |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2/Sentinel-2_delivers_first_images |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref>: 8 An fara aiki ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015. <ref name="StockholmPresentation" /> : 8 {{Rp|8}} Tsakanin 20 da 23 Janairun 2017 jirgin sararin samaniya ya sha wahala daga wani shiri na manufa wanda ya haifar da asarar bayanai daga kayan aikinsa, Multi-Spectral Imager . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2017 |title=Loss of Sentinel-2A acquisitions between 20 and 23 January 2017 |url=https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2/news/-/article/loss-of-sentinel-2a-acquisition-between-20-and-23-january-2017 |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=European Space Agency }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><gallery widths="400px"> File:Orbit_path_-_Sentinel_2A_descending_-_day.png|Sentinel 2A's descending orbital path </gallery>A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Sentinel-2A ta yi gwajin dare, wani abu da ba a tsara shi ba, don gwada waɗannan ayyukan don aikin Sentinel 2 Next Generation. Satellite din ya sami nasarar kama hotuna na dare na fitila na gas daga samar da mai a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], gobarar daji a [[Indiya]], da jiragen kamun kifi a bakin tekun [[Koriya ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentinel-2 explores night vision |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2/Sentinel-2_explores_night_vision |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enthusiast |first=Space |date=2026-01-18 |title=ESA Switches on Night-Time Imaging for Sentinel-2A Copernicus Satellite [PHOTOS] |url=https://orbitaltoday.com/2026/01/18/esa-switches-on-night-time-imaging-for-sentinel-2a-copernicus-satellite-photos/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Orbital Today |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118124551/https://orbitaltoday.com/2026/01/18/esa-switches-on-night-time-imaging-for-sentinel-2a-copernicus-satellite-photos/ |archive-date=2026-01-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Wildfire_in_India_imaged_by_Sentinel-2A_at_night_ESA516826.jpg|none|thumb|Wutar daji a Indiya da Sentinel-2A ta ɗauka da dare]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2 Shirin Sentinel-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302205148/https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2 |date=2017-03-02 }} An adana shi a ESA's Sentinel Online * [http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2 Shirin Sentinel-2] a ESA.int * [https://uphere.space/satellites/40697 Binciken sararin samaniya na ainihi] - uphere.space[https://uphere.space ci gaba. sarari] {{Copernicus programme}}{{European Space Agency}}{{Orbital launches in 2015}} 2fqs1p040o24g8c6e486aqcsik4wxig 0 170838 963241 934406 2026-10-05T03:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Jared_Huffman_speaking_at_National_Council_on_Independent_Living_event_-_2020.jpg|thumb|Wani taron NCIL tare da Majalisa Jared Huffman a matsayin mai magana a shekarar 2020]] '''Majalisar Kasa kan Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta''' ('''NCIL''') kungiya ce ta Amurka mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan kare [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]]. Kungiyar membobin cibiyoyin rayuwa mai zaman kanta ce waɗanda ke ba da sabis, shawarwari, da kuma turawa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa; majalisun rayuwa masu zaman kansu a duk fadin jihar; da sauran kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da manufofi. NCIL tana aiki tare da ƙungiyar VoteRiders <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteRiders Partner Organizations |url=https://www.voteriders.org/partners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019003103/https://www.voteriders.org/partners/ |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref> waɗanda ba na jam'iyya ba don yada takamaiman bayanai game da bukatun ID na mai jefa kuri'a. NCIL an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1982 da Marca Bristo, Charlie Carr, da Max Starkloff. Shirin rayuwa mai zaman kansa na farko ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu Ed Roberts a matsayin dalibi na kwaleji a Berkeley, California. NCIL ta dauki bakuncin taron shekara-shekara a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wanda ya hada da taro da tafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2019 |title=StackPath |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/bus/paratransit/press-release/21089676/motor-coach-industries-mci-riders-with-disabilities-guide-redesign-of-new-transit-coach |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=www.masstransitmag.com}}</ref> Labarin labarai na kan layi na NCIL shine The Advocacy Monitor . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Advocacy Monitor |url=https://advocacymonitor.com/ |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Advocacy Monitor |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615040718/https://advocacymonitor.com/ |archive-date=2020-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> NCIL ta ba da shawara game da ƙirar "ƙananan shigarwa" don inganta shigarwar keken guragu don sabbin bas din Motor Coach Industries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoff |first=Rick |date=2019-10-06 |title=Accessible travel advances with low-entry motorcoach |url=https://www.busandmotorcoachnews.com/accessible-travel-advances-with-low-entry-motorcoach/ |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Bus & Motorcoach News |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019, NCIL ta ƙaddamar da shirin Elevate Campaign Training don horar da mutanen da ke da nakasa don yin takarar zaɓaɓɓen ofis. NCIL kuma ta yi aiki tare da kamfanin inshorar kiwon lafiya, Centene, a kan wani aikin da ake kira Provider Accessibility Initiative don inganta kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hanyar kara yawan masu ba da kiwon lafiya waɗanda ofisoshin su da aiyukan su suka cika ka'idojin samun dama. == Manazarta == ksc32zyqzgqf882uhrj2h23vhsfk1sk 0 170926 963069 934653 2026-10-04T15:54:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwarin Derwent''' [[Ƙorama|kwarin kogi]] ne da kuma yanki na ƙasa da ke kudancin Tasmania, Ostiraliya. Garin da ya fi girma shine New Norfolk, tare da wasu ƙananan garuruwa da suka bazu a yankin. Yankin kwarin Derwent yana da yawan jama'a 10,942 a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Census QuickStats - Derwent Valley (M) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA61510 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=censusdata.abs.gov.au |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Fara daga Tafkin St Clair kuma ya kai {{Convert|239|km}} zuwa babban birnin jihar Hobart, Kogin Derwent yana karɓar gudummawa daga magudanan ruwa da yawa kuma yana taka rawa a cikin tsarin [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|wutar lantarki]] mai rikitarwa na Tasmania a wasu wurare. An san shi da yawan amfanin [[Noma|gona]], 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ne suka fara zama a kwarin Derwent a lokacin shekarun 1800. Kafin mulkin mallaka, mutanen Leenowwenne na gundumar Big River suna zaune a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willow Court Precinct Heritage Interpretation Plan |url=https://www.derwentvalley.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/1350384/WillowCourt_HIP_full-version-Final-10_05_23.pdf |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[Derwent Valley Council]] |page=3}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin kwarin Derwent yana da bambancin ra'ayi, tare da gaurayen noma (musamman [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noman lambu]] da noman bishiyoyi ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derwent Valley Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-derwent+valley |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[Wine-Searcher]]}}</ref> [[yawon bude ido]], ƙananan kasuwanci, da masana'antu na gida suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan tattalin arzikin yankin. {{Sfn|Derwent Valley Council|2020}} [[File:Bushy_Park_Derwent_Valley_(22659179635).jpg|left|thumb| Bushy Park a shekarar 2014]] Masana'antar hop a kwarin Derwent ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci a matsayin babban fanni kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa ita ce yankin da ya fi samun nasara a fannin noman hop a Kudancin Duniya . Tun daga shekarar 1849, iyalan Shoobridge sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ciyar da wadata da ci gaban noman hops a kwarin Derwent. Bayanan sun nuna farkon ambaton hops a cikin rahotannin noma na Tasmania a shekarar 1854. Tsawon shekaru 65 masu ban sha'awa, iyalan Shoobridge sun yi noma da himma a gonakin Bushy Park, inda suka sadaukar da mafi yawan lokacin don samar da hop akai-akai. Wannan ƙoƙari mai ɗorewa ya sa Bushy Park ta zama sananne a matsayin yankin da ya fi wadata a yankin kudu maso yamma. Kwarin ya shahara saboda ƙasarsa mai albarka da kuma yanayi mai kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma. Yankin yana samar da nau'ikan kayayyakin noma iri-iri, ciki har da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar [[Tuffa|apples]], [[Cherry|ceri]], berries, da 'ya'yan itatuwa na dutse, da kuma [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] . {{Sfn|Derwent Valley Council|2020}} Gonaki da yawa a kwarin Derwent suna yin [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] da kuma noma, wanda hakan ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga amfanin gona na Tasmania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derwent Valley Council area - Industry sector of employment |url=https://profile.id.com.au/derwent-valley/industries |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Informed Decisions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024011540/http://profile.id.com.au/derwent-valley/industries |archive-date=2017-10-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwai wuraren kiwon kifi na kifi da [[salmon]] masu bunƙasa, misali Salmon Ponds, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1864 da nufin gabatar da kifin salmon a yankin. Duk da cewa farkon gabatar da kifin salmon bai yi nasara ba kamar yadda aka zata, an mayar da hankali kan kifin kifi, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Ingila. Wannan wurin kiwon kifi ya zama ginshiƙin wuraren kiwon kifi a faɗin Ostiraliya da New Zealand. A halin yanzu, Salmon Ponds na ci gaba da samar da kifin kifi ga tafkuna da koguna na Tasmania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stocking database |url=https://www.ifs.tas.gov.au/fisheries/stocking/?page=1 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Inland Fisheries Service}}</ref> Kyawawan shimfidar wurare da kuma muhimmancin tarihi na kwarin Derwent suna jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. Masu ziyara suna sha'awar kyawawan dabi'un yankin, wuraren tarihi, da kuma ayyukan nishaɗi a waje. Kasuwanci masu alaƙa da yawon buɗe ido kamar masauki, gidajen cin abinci, kasuwannin gida, da ayyukan yawon buɗe ido na kasada suna taka rawa a tattalin arzikin yankin. Kwarin Derwent yana dauke da wurin shakatawa na Mount Field National Park, daya daga cikin tsoffin wurare na halitta da aka kiyaye a Ostiraliya. Wannan wurin shakatawa yana da namun daji da tsire-tsire na musamman na Tasmania, gami da nau'ikan halittu na asali da ba a saba gani ba da kuma wasu daga cikin manyan bishiyoyi a duniya. Tana da tafkuna, kololuwar da dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe a lokacin hunturu, da kuma magudanar ruwa mai ban sha'awa kamar [[Lady Barron Falls]], Horseshoe Falls, da [[Russell Falls]] . Baƙi za su iya yin ayyuka daban-daban kamar hawa dutse, yawon shakatawa na dare, {{Sfn|Derwent Valley Council|2018}} yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, yin tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma yin sansani a cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa. {{Sfn|Derwent Valley Council|2020}} A tarihi, kwarin Derwent yana da hannu a ayyukan gandun daji da na itace. Duk da cewa wannan fanni ya fuskanci sauye-sauye tsawon shekaru, harkar gandun daji ta kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=Broad support for new forestry venture centred in New Norfolk |url=https://newnorfolknews.com/2020/10/broad-support-for-new-forestry-venture-centred-in-new-norfolk/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=New Norfolk and Derwent Valley News}}</ref> == Tarihi == Turawa ne suka fara zama a yankin a farkon shekarun 1800. Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Derwent Valley ya buɗe a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1887. == Kafofin Watsa Labarai == Kwarin Derwent yana dauke da ''Jaridar Derwent Valley Gazette'', wata jarida ta gida da ke daukar nauyin mako-mako, da kuma ''Jaridar New Norfolk da Derwent Valley News'', wata sabuwar hanya ta yanar gizo. Edge Radio ita ce tashar rediyo ta matasa ta yankin, kuma New Norfolk ita ce hedikwatar TYGA FM, wata tashar rediyo ta al'umma. == Manazarta == qyb1l2d4hbuhdt2mma0pcx8xncghbl7 0 171176 963077 940306 2026-10-04T16:57:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Labarin da ya gabata labarin''' almara ne na tarihi da kuma wani nau'in labarin kimiyya wanda aka rubuta shi a cikin dogon lokaci na ɗan adam, har ma da dabbobi, [[Prehistory|kafin tarihi]] <ref name="trussel">{{Cite web |last=Trussel |first=Stephen |date= |title=Prehistoric Fiction |url=http://www.trussel.com/f_prehis.htm |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=www.trussel.com}}</ref> ; Tarihin Paleolithic, Mesolithic da Neolithic har zuwa Zamanin Tagulla, [[Zamanin Tagulla]] da Zamanin ƙarfe na Yammacin Eurasia da Arewacin Afirka, da kuma ƙarin bayani game da Matsayin Lithic da Matsayin Archaic na Arewacin Amurka. Nau'in yana da alaƙa da almarar hasashe . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Prehistoric SF |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/prehistoric_sf |access-date=2020-04-05 |website=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]}}</ref> A cikin labarai irin wannan, misali, an nuna cewa [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] da dinosaur suna zaune tare. Masanin burbushin halittu kuma marubuci Björn Kurtén ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "fiction na paleofiction" don bayyana ayyukansa. Nau'in zamani da ake kira " stonepunk " yana nuna amfani da fasahar zamani a zamanin da. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Punkpunk: A Compendium of Literary Punk Genres |url=https://litreactor.com/columns/punkpunk-a-compendium-of-literary-punk-genres |access-date=2021-12-31 |website=LitReactor |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, almarar tarihi ta tarihi na iya zama daidai kuma bisa ga hujjoji masu ƙarfi na binciken burbushin halittu, kayan tarihi da kuma [[Ilimin ɗan adam|na ɗan adam]] . == Jerin almarar tarihi == === Buga === [[File:Caveman_1.jpg|thumb| "Mafarauci ya kai hari kan beyar launin ruwan kasa", zane daga littafin ''The Cave Boy of the Age of Stone'', littafin Margaret A. McIntyre.]] * ''[[The Eyes of the Leopard]]'' (2022) by [https://brianhaydenauthor.com Brian D. Hayden] * ''[[The Last Men in the North]]'' (2014) by Edward Ashton * ''Siver Skin'' (2015) by [https://joanlennon.co.uk Joan Lennon] * ''Circle of Days'' (2025) by Ken Follett * ''Sun Horse, Moon Horse'' (1977) by Rosemary Sutcliff * ''Warrior Scarlet'' (1958) by Rosemary Sutcliff * ''The Boy with the Bronze Axe'' (1968) by Kathleen Fidler * ''Shadow Valley: A Novel'' (2009) by Steven Barnes * ''Great Sky Woman: A Novel'' (2006) by Steven Barnes * ''The First Americans'' (1987–2000) by William Sarabande * ''North America's Forgotten Past'' (1990–2022) by W. Michael Gear and Kathleen O'Neal Gear * ''Wolves of the Dawn'' (1987) by William Sarabande * ''Warrior Daughter'' (2009) by Janet Paisley * ''The Gift of Stones'' (1988) by Jim Crace * ''Stonehenge'' (1999) by Bernard Cornwell * ''Pillar of the Sky: A Novel of Stonehenge'' (1985) by Cecelia Holland * ''Singletusk'' (1984) by Björn Kurtén * ''The Animal Wife'' (1990) by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas * ''Reindeer Moon'' (1987) by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas * ''The Last Neanderthal'' (2017) by Claire Cameron * ''The Dog Master'' (2015) by W. Bruce Cameron * ''The Gathering Night'' (2009) by Margaret Elphinstone * ''Shaman: A Novel of the Ice Age'' (2013) by Kim Stanley Robinson * ''Evolution'' (2003) by Stephen Baxter * ''[[Littattafan Masu Sunayen|The Books of the Named]]'' (1983–2008) by Clare Bell * ''Chronicles of Ancient Darkness'' (2004–2009) by Michelle Paver * ''Ivory Carver Trilogy'' (1990-1994) by Sue Harrison * ''Earth's Children'' (1980-2011) by Jean M. Auel * ''The Cave Boy of the Age of Stone'' (1907) by Margaret A. McIntyre * ''Dance of the Tiger'' (1978) by Björn Kurtén * ''Darkwing'' (2007) by [[Kenneth Oppel]] * ''The Eternal Lover'' (1913) by Edgar Rice Burroughs<ref name="trussel" /> * ''The Inheritors'' (1955) by William Golding * ''The Mammoth Trilogy'' (1999–2001) by Stephen Baxter * ''Mists of Dawn'' (1952) by Chad Oliver * ''The Land That Time Forgot'' (1918) by Edgar Rice Burroughs * ''The People That Time Forgot'' (1918) by Edgar Rice Burroughs * ''Out of Time's Abyss'' (1918) by Edgar Rice Burroughs * ''The Quest for Fire'' (1911) by J.-H. Rosny, Joseph Henri Honoré Boex * ''Raptor Red'' (1995) by Robert T. Bakker * ''Sambaqui: A Novel of Pre-History'' (1975) by [[Stella Carr Ribeiro]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Sousa Causo |first=Roberto |date= |title=Curiosities - Sambaqui: A Novel of Pre-History, by Stella Carr Ribeiro (1987) |url=https://www.sfsite.com/fsf/2009/cur0904.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501083555/http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/2009/cur0904.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2009 |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=[[SF Site]]}}</ref> * ''Saga of Pliocene Exile'' (1981–1984) by Julian May * ''The Story of Ab'' (1897) by Stanley Waterloo * ''Paris Before Man'' (1861) by Pierre Boitard<ref name="trussel" /> * ''Ivory and Bone'' (2016) by Julie Eshbaugh * ''Shifting Sands'' (1977) by Rosemary Sutcliff * ''The Pagans Trilogy'' (1978–1984) by Richard Herley * ''Solutré ou les chasseurs de rennes de la France centrale'' (1872) by Adrien Arcelin * ''Stone Arrows: A Stone Age Adventure Book 1'' (2023) by [https://elizabethbarberwriter.co.uk/ Elizabeth Barber] * ''Stone Warriors: A Stone Age Adventure Book 2'' (2026) by [https://elizabethbarberwriter.co.uk/ Elizabeth Barber] * ''Song Hunter'' (2013) by Sally Prue ==== Labarai da tarin gajerun labarai ==== [[File:Amazing_stories_194901.jpg|thumb| Rushewar Dinosaur ta CM Eddy Jr., ''Labarun Ban Mamaki'', Janairu 1949 zane mai bango na J. Allen St. John]] * ''Allahn Kunama'' (1971) (biyu daga cikin gajerun labaransa guda uku an saita su a cikin tarihin kafin) na William Golding * ''Labarin Zamanin Dutse'' (1897) na HG Wells * ''The Grisly Folk'' (1921) na HG Wells * ''Mashi da Fang'' (1925) na Robert E. Howard <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=G. W. |date=2020-02-03 |title=Spear and Fang: A Prehistoric Premiere |url=https://darkworldsquarterly.gwthomas.org/spear-and-fang-a-prehistoric-premiere/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=Dark Worlds Quarterly |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204234449/http://darkworldsquarterly.gwthomas.org/spear-and-fang-a-prehistoric-premiere/ |archive-date=2020-02-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Da Makamai na Dutse'' (1924) na CM Eddy Jr. * ''Arhl-a of the Caves'' (1925) na CM Eddy Jr. ==== Littattafan zane-zane da barkwanci ==== * Jerin Sláine (1983 gaba) na Pat Mills da Angela Kincaid * ''Littafin Peeps na Kafin Tarihi'' (1893) na Edward Tennyson * ''Anthro'' (1968) na Howard Post * ''Dinosaur na Shaiɗan'' (1978) na Jack Kirby * Jerin ''Rahan'' (1969–2010) na Roger Lécureux, André Chéret, da Jean-François Lécureux <ref>{{Cite web |title=BD de préhistoire - Pascal Semonsut - Hominidés |url=https://www.hominides.com/html/prehistoire/prehistoire-bd-bande-dessinee.php |access-date=2020-04-05 |website=www.hominides.com}}</ref> * Jerin ''Tor'' (1953–1993) na Joe Kubert * Jerin ''Cavern Clan'', Mauricio de Sousa da sauransu (1961-present), litattafan zane-zane sun haɗa da ''Piteco - Ingá'' (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=Shiko faz releitura ousada de personagem de Mauricio de Sousa |url=https://www.epgrupo.com.br/shiko-faz-releitura-ousada-de-personagem-de-mauricio-de-sousa/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=EP Grupo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916224055/http://www.epgrupo.com.br/shiko-faz-releitura-ousada-de-personagem-de-mauricio-de-sousa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta Shiko da ''Piteco - Fogo'' (2019), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=Gabriel |date=2019-06-05 |title=Piteco - Fogo {{!}} Preview da Graphic MSP mostra luta de tribos; confira |url=https://www.omelete.com.br/turma-da-monica/piteco-fogo-preview-da-graphic-msp-mostram-luta-de-tribos-confira |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=Omelete |language=pt-br}}</ref> ''Piteco - Presas'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piteco - Presas, o novo lançamento do selo Graphic MSP, tem capa revelada |url=https://jovemnerd.com.br/noticias/hqs-e-livros/graphic-msp-piteco-presas-tem-capa-revelada |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=Jovem Nerd |language=pt-br}}</ref> da ''Piteco - Conquista ta'' Feeto (2026) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piteco - Conquista (Graphic MSP) - Capa Dura |url=https://panini.com.br/piteco-conquista-graphic-msp-capa-dura |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=panini.com.br |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * ''Mezolith: Mafarkai da Mafarkai na Zamanin Dutse #1'' (2010) na Ben Haggarty da Adam Brockbank * ''Mezolith: Mafarkai na Zamanin Dutse da Mafarkai Masu Ban Mamaki #2'' (2014) na Ben Haggarty da Adam Brockbank == Manazarta == am7a79hv325t5k726d5ezcxr8q4ursb 0 171225 963332 956641 2026-10-05T08:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margaret Cornelia Morgan Lawrence''' (Agusta 19, 1914 - Disamba 4, 2019) ta kasance likitan kwakwalwa na Amurka kuma mai nazarin kwakwalwa, ta sami waɗannan cancanta a cikin 1948.<ref name="P&S-1989">{{Cite journal |date=1989 |title=Yes, There is Balm in Gilead |url=http://cumc.columbia.edu/psjournal/sites/cumc.columbia.edu.psjournal/files/margaret_morgan_lawrence.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=P&S |publisher=Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons |issue=Fall |pages=48–50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045007/http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/psjournal/sites/cumc.columbia.edu.psjournal/files/margaret_morgan_lawrence.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Skyview">{{Cite web |title=About Margaret Morgan Lawrence |url=http://skyviewacres.typepad.com/blog/about-margaret-morgan-law.html |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=Skyview Acres: A Cooperative Community |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103352/http://skyviewacres.typepad.com/blog/about-margaret-morgan-law.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kula da asibiti, koyarwa, da bincike, musamman a cikin kasancewar da ci gaban ƙarfin kai a cikin iyalai na cikin gari.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Dr Margaret Morgan Lawrence |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_195.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117185516/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_195.html |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Lawrence ya yi nazarin yara ƙanana da malaman su suka gano a matsayin "mai ƙarfi" a [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] da [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], da kuma sabbatical a Afirka a 1973, yana rubuta littattafai biyu game da lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara da iyalai na cikin gari.<ref name="Skyview" /> Lawrence ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Ci Gaban Yara da Yara (da iyalansu) a Asibitin Harlem na tsawon shekaru 21, da kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin hauka a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia (P&S), ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1984.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == Lawrence ya girma ne kawai yaro mai rai <ref name="Skyview" /> na Mary Elizabeth (Smith) Morgan, malamin makaranta, da kuma Reverend Sandy Alonzo Morgan, ministan Episcopal. Sun zauna a Richmond, Virginia amma sun yi tafiya zuwa Birnin New York don haihuwar Lawrence, yayin da ɗansu na farko ya mutu a asibitin rarrabewa na yankin.<ref name="Warren-1999" /> Lawrence ya ce, "A lokacin yaro da kuma lokacin balaga na ce ina so in zama likita saboda mutuwar ɗan'uwana guda ɗaya, ɗan'uwa, yana da watanni goma sha ɗaya, kuma shekaru biyu kafin a haife ni. Wani kamar ni zai iya cetonsa. "<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" />Bayan haihuwar Lawrence, iyalin sun koma Virginia, sannan suka koma Vicksburg, Mississippi. == Ilimi == Saboda tana so ta zama likita, Lawrence ta koma Harlem, Birnin New York a matsayin matashiya a cikin 1920s don halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Wadleigh don 'yan mata kuma ta zauna tare da iyali. Lawrence ya sami tallafin karatu daga Majalisar Kasa ta Ikilisiyar Episcopal kuma ya halarci [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] daga 1932 zuwa 1936. <ref name="Warren-1999" /> Ita ce kadai 'yar Afirka ta Amurka da ke karatun digiri, an hana ta zama a cikin ɗakin kwana na wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Swarthmore-honorary">{{Cite web |title=Margaret Morgan Lawrence Honorary Degree Citation |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/news/commencement/2003/lawrence2.html |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=Swarthmore College}}</ref> Lawrence ta tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar aiki da farko a matsayin baiwa ga fararen iyali, tana zaune a cikin ɗaki, <ref name="Warren-1999" /> kuma daga baya a matsayin mataimakiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje.<ref name="NYTimes-Balm-in-Gilead" /> Duk da kyakkyawan aikin ilimi, an ki yarda da ita a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell saboda baƙar fata ce.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Lawrence ya zama Ba'amurke na uku da aka shigar da shi a Kwalejin Columbia P&amp;amp;S, ya fara azuzuwan a farkon shekara ta 1936 kuma ya kammala a shekara ta 1940. An ƙi ta daga zama a asibitin New York Babies saboda tseren ta, kuma an ƙi ta daga Asibitin Grasslands saboda ta yi aure.<ref name="Warren-1999" /> Lawrence ya kammala karatun yara na shekaru biyu a Asibitin Harlem (1940-1942). <ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Rosenwald, Lawrence ya sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta a can shine Dokta Benjamin Spock, wanda ya gabatar da ita ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin jiki, zamantakewa, da lafiyar hankali.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Lawrence ya koyar da ilimin yara da lafiyar jama'a a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee kuma ya yanke shawarar zama likitan kwakwalwa.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> A shekara ta 1947 ta fara hulɗa da Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa a asibitin Babies, yanzu mataimakiyar farfesa.<ref name="Warren-1999" /> A shekara ta 1948 ta zama Ba'amurke ta farko da ta shiga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Jihar New York, da kuma Ba'amurkiya ta farko da aka horar da ita a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Columbia ta Jami'ar Columbia, <ref name="Warren-1999" /> ta sami takardar shaidar a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa na yara a shekara ta 1951.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> == Ayyuka == Lawrence ya ba da umarnin Cibiyar Kula da Kula da Lafiya a Asibitin Harlem kuma ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Kula Da Lafiya ta Ci Gaban Yara da Yara (da iyalansu) a can na tsawon shekaru 21.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Lawrence ya kuma kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Columbia's P&S, ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1984. <ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Ta yi nazarin yara masu wahala da yara da malaman su suka gano a matsayin "mai ƙarfi", a Georgia da Mississippi, da kuma sabbatical a Afirka a 1973.<ref name="Warren-1999" /> A cikin 1970s da 1980s Lawrence na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Zuciya ta Rockland County kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Shirye-shiryen Jihar New York don Kiwon Lafiya.<ref name="Warren-1999" /> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga asibiti da matsayi na ilimi a shekarar 1984, ta shiga aikin sirri.<ref name="Skyview" /> == Manyan nasarori da girmamawa == Lawrence ya kasance co-kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Rockland County a New York, mai karɓar farko na Rockland County, lambar yabo ta J. R. Bernstein ta New York.<ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Ta kasance memba na kwamitin kafa Cibiyar Harlem Family (HFI) <ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> .<ref name="HFI">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.harlemfamilyinstitute.org/hfi-about.php |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=The Harlem Family Institute}}</ref> HFI ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta Margaret Morgan Lawrence don girmama fitaccen aiki ga yara da iyalai na Harlem.<ref name="Chicago-school">{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2010 |title=Margaret Morgan Lawrence Award Recognizes Outstanding Service |url=http://www.thechicagoschool.edu/News/2010/The_Chicago_School_of_Professional_Psychology_Professor_Claude_Barbre_Receives_Award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530040133/http://www.thechicagoschool.edu/News/2010/The_Chicago_School_of_Professional_Psychology_Professor_Claude_Barbre_Receives_Award |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=July 12, 2022 |publisher=[[The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]]}}</ref> Ita ce marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu, The Mental Health Team in Schools (1971) [1] da Young Inner City Families: Development of Ego Strength Under Stress (1975). [2] Susan Smith McKinney Steward Medical Society ta girmama ta da Kyautar Mata Masu Kula da Magunguna.[3] A shekara ta 2003 Kwalejin Swarthmore ta ba Lawrence digiri na girmamawa na Doctor of Science a Kwalejin Fasaha, kuma ta ba da Adireshin Farawa.[4][5] Lawrence ta kuma sami Kyautar Sayre ta Episcopal Peace Fellowship a shekara ta 2003, don nuna godiya ga aikinta na inganta zaman lafiya, adalci, da rashin tashin hankali.[6] A shekara ta 2004 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Virginia Kneeland Frantz Distinguished Women in Medicine ta Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia.[7] == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Birnin New York, Lawrence ya girma a cikin jerin garuruwan Kudancin. A cikin 1938, yayin da yake makarantar likita, Lawrence ya auri [[Charles Radford Lawrence]] II, sannan ɗalibin ilimin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Morehouse, wanda ya ci gaba a matsayin masanin zamantakewa da mai fafutukar zamantakewa, ya mutu a cikin 1986.<ref name="Swarthmore-honorary" /><ref name="FOR-2009">{{Cite web |last=Deats |first=Richard |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Margaret Morgan Lawrence: The Journey of a Healer |url=http://forusa.org/blogs/richard-deats/margaret-morgan-lawrence-journey-healer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101008235441/http://forusa.org/blogs/richard-deats/margaret-morgan-lawrence-journey-healer |archive-date=October 8, 2010 |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=Fellowship of Reconciliation}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Balm-in-Gilead" /> Sun raba zurfin sadaukarwa ga addini da zaman lafiya.<ref name="FOR-2009" /> Lawrences suna da 'ya'ya uku, <ref name="Skyview" /> daya daga cikinsu masanin zamantakewa Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot. Wata 'yarsu, Paula Lawrence Wehmiller, ta kasance malama ce kuma firist na Episcopal. <ref name="Swarthmore-honorary" /><ref name="Wehmiller">{{Cite web |title=Paula Lawrence Wehmiller |url=http://www.paulalawrencewehmiller.com |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref> Ɗansu, Charles R. Lawrence III, farfesa ne a fannin shari'a.<ref name="Charles-Lawrence-III">{{Cite web |title=Charles R. Lawrence, III |url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/personnel/lawrence/charles |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=University of Hawai'i at Mānoa}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa wata al'umma mai hadin gwiwa da ake kira Skyview Acres <ref name="FOR-2009" /> a Rockland County, New York, Lawrence ya zauna a can daga shekara ta 1951. <ref name="NLM-Changing-Medicine-bio" /> Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a majalisun zaman lafiya.<ref name="Skyview" /> A shekara ta 1998 ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin rukuni na mutane a kan tafiya mai nisan kilomita 85 don zaman lafiya daga London zuwa Canterbury . <ref name="FOR-2009" /> <ref name="EPF-2003">{{Cite web |last=Sheridan |first=Sharon |date=August 5, 2003 |title=Episcopal Peace Fellowship award recognizes Margaret Lawrence |url=http://archive.episcopalchurch.org/3577_18325_ENG_HTM.htm |access-date=March 22, 2015 |publisher=Episcopal News Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233514/http://archive.episcopalchurch.org/3577_18325_ENG_HTM.htm |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai karatu a cikin Diocese na Episcopal na New York . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulsen |first=David |date=December 6, 2019 |title=RIP: Margaret Morgan Lawrence, lay champion of peace and reconciliation work, dies at 105 |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2019/12/06/rip-margaret-morgan-lawrence-lay-champion-of-peace-and-reconciliation-work-dies-at-105/ |access-date=December 10, 2019 |publisher=Episcopal News Service}}</ref> Lawrence-Lightfoot ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyarta, Balm in Gilead: Journey of Healer (1988). H. Jack Geiger ya sake dubawa a cikin The New York Times, littafin ya ba da labarin "shekaru bakwai na gwagwarmaya, canji da nasarori," gami da alamun motsin rai da rikice-rikice. Geiger ya rubuta cewa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4hn0tpnnq2nl0ng9so4pp57ljke8vrb 0 171382 963401 936358 2026-10-05T11:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mary Hospicia Kafyome | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Tanzania]] | nationality = ’Yar Tanzania | education = [[St. Augustine University of Tanzania]]; [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike, ƙwararriyar hulɗar jama'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Dodoma]] | known_for = Bincike da koyarwa a fannin sadarwa, hulɗar jama'a da jinsi | organization = Public Relations Society of Tanzania }} '''Mary Hospicia Kafyome''' ’yar ƙasar [[Tanzania]] ce malamar jami'a, mai bincike kuma ƙwararriyar [[hulɗar jama'a]] da [[sadarwa]]. Ita malamar koyarwa ce a [[Jami'ar Dodoma]], inda take aiki a fannin sadarwa da hulɗar jama'a. Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu manyan cibiyoyin ilimi na Tanzania, ciki har da St. Augustine University of Tanzania da School of Journalism and Mass Communication na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]].<ref name="UDOM">{{cite web |title=Mary Hospicia Kafyome |url=https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=VFZSQmVrMTNQVDA9 |website=University of Dodoma |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == Kafyome ta halarci Rugambwa Girls Secondary School kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a St. Augustine University of Tanzania, inda ta samu Advanced Diploma a Journalism da kuma digirin Master's a Mass Communication. Daga baya ta samu Postgraduate Diploma a Journalism and Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]].<ref name="TAMCODE">{{cite web |title=Mary Hospicia Kafyome |url=https://tamcode.org/mary-hospicia-kafyome/ |website=Tanzania Media for Community Development |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ta nuna sunanta cikin masu neman digirin PhD a fannin Journalism and Mass Communication. Taken binciken nata shi ne ''Corporate Social Media Usage in Public Relations Departments of Tanzania’s Energy and Water Utility Parastatals''.<ref name="UDSMPhD">{{cite web |title=Viva Voce Examination Sessions: November Batch II-2024 |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/upload/20241106_015929_VIVA%20VOCE%20EXAMS%20NOV-%20BATCH%20II%202024.pdf |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118103554/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/upload/20241106_015929_VIVA%20VOCE%20EXAMS%20NOV-%20BATCH%20II%202024.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Kafyome ta koyar da darussan [[sadarwa]] musamman hulɗar jama'a na fiye da shekaru goma a cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban na Tanzania. Daga cikin wuraren da ta koyar akwai St. Augustine University of Tanzania, Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College da School of Journalism and Mass Communication na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam.<ref name="TAMCODE"/> A halin yanzu, Jami'ar Dodoma ta bayyana ta a matsayin Assistant Lecturer. Jami'ar ta kuma bayyana cewa tana da fiye da shekaru goma na gogewa a fannin mass communication, musamman public relations.<ref name="UDOM"/> Ta kuma jagoranci sassan Gender and Public Relations da Advertising a Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College.<ref name="UDOM"/> == Aikin hulɗar jama'a == Kafin ta mai da hankali sosai kan aikin koyarwa da bincike, Kafyome ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar hulɗar jama'a a Kolping Society of Tanzania. Daga baya ta zama managing editor na jaridar ''Kiongozi Newspaper''.<ref name="TAMCODE"/> Ta kuma kasance mai horarwa da mai ba da shawara ga cibiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Gender Links, Media Institute of Eastern Africa-Tanzania Chapter (MISA-TAN), Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA), Public Relations Society of Tanzania (PRST), Tanganyika Law Society, UNESCO da SIKIKA.<ref name="UDOM"/> == Jagoranci a PRST == A watan Nuwamba 2021, an zaɓi Kafyome a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Public Relations Society of Tanzania (PRST).<ref name="Citizen">{{cite web |title=Mary: Resilience can define your success |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/mary-resilience-can-define-your-success-3746206 |date=13 Maris 2022 |website=The Citizen |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> A matsayinta na shugabar ƙungiyar, ta shiga harkokin ƙarfafa ƙwararrun masu aikin hulɗar jama'a da kuma inganta matsayin mata a shugabanci.<ref name="Citizen"/> == Bincike == Kafyome ta wallafa bincike a fannin [[sadarwa ta zamani]] da hulɗar jama'a. A shekarar 2024, ita da Michael Andindilile sun wallafa binciken da ya yi nazari kan yadda [[kafofin sada zumunta]] ke taimakawa wajen samar da bayanai game da ayyukan ruwa a Tanzania.<ref name="UDSMLibrary">{{cite journal |last=Kafyome |first=Mary Hospicia |author2=Michael Andindilile |title=Efficacy of Social Media Platforms in Fostering Access to Information on Water Utility Services in Tanzania |journal=University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=106–119 |year=2024 |doi=10.4314/udslj.v19i1.8 |url=https://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/lj/article/view/6587 |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> Binciken ya mayar da hankali musamman kan yadda abokan cinikin Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) ke samun bayanai ta shafukan [[Instagram]] da [[Facebook]], da kuma yadda suke ganin yadda hukumar ke amsa tambayoyi, koke-koke da sharhi.<ref name="UDSMLibrary"/> == Aikin jinsi da horar da ’yan jarida == Kafyome ta yi aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi [[jinsi]] da kafafen yaɗa labarai. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da horo ga ’yan jarida, musamman kan yadda ake bayar da rahotannin da suka shafi jinsi.<ref name="TAMCODE"/> A wata hira da ''The Citizen'' a shekarar 2022, ta yi magana kan muhimmancin juriya, ilimi da bai wa mata damar shiga matakan shugabanci. Ta kuma bayyana muhimmancin samar da yanayin da zai ba mata da ’yan mata damar cimma burinsu.<ref name="Citizen"/> == Ayyukan ƙwararru == Kafyome memba ce ta Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA), Media Institute of Eastern Africa-Tanzania Chapter (MISA-TAN) da Public Relations Society of Tanzania.<ref name="UDOM"/> Ta kuma gudanar da horo da bincike na shawarwari ga kungiyoyi daban-daban a fannin sadarwa, jinsi, hulɗar jama'a da kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name="UDOM"/> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Dodoma]] * [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] * [[Sadarwa]] * [[Hulɗar jama'a]] * [[Ilimin jinsi]] * [[Jarida]] * [[Mata a Tanzania]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=VFZSQmVrMTNQVDA9 Mary Hospicia Kafyome — University of Dodoma] * [https://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/lj/article/view/6587 Bincikenta a University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal] * [https://tamcode.org/mary-hospicia-kafyome/ Mary Hospicia Kafyome — TAMCODE] * [https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/mary-resilience-can-define-your-success-3746206 The Citizen — Mary: Resilience can define your success] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124963046 Mary Hospicia Kafyome — Wikidata] [[Category:Matan Tanzania]] [[Category:Mutanen Tanzania]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masu binciken Tanzania]] [[Category:Marubutan Tanzania]] [[Category:’Yan jaridar Tanzania]] [[Category:Masu aikin hulɗar jama'a]] [[Category:Masu fafutukar daidaiton jinsi]] 9gkc5r9xvlzgr6tx5060kt7wdjonpsz 0 171427 963399 941930 2026-10-05T11:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Antona Ebo''', FSM, (an haife ta '''Elizabeth Louise "Betty Lou" Ebo'''; Afrilu 10, 1924 - Nuwamba 11, 2017) ta kasance 'yar asalin Amurka ce, mai kula da asibiti, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta jagoranci asibitin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], kuma an san ta da tafiya tare da [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] a Selma a shekarar 1965, sananne yana cewa "Ina nan ne saboda ni Negro ne, nun, Katolika, kuma saboda ina so in ba da shaida".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Franciscan Sr. Mary Antona Ebo, civil rights leader, dies at 93 |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/franciscan-sr-mary-antona-ebo-civil-rights-leader-dies-93-50376 |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref>Ta kasance memba na Franciscan Sisters of Mary . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ebo a Bloomington, Illinois, 'yar Daniel Ebo da Louise Teal Ebo. Ta zauna a McLean County Home for Colored Children tare da 'yan uwanta biyu daga 1930 zuwa 1942, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta da rashin aikin mahaifinta a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 6, 2020 |title=PFOP: Sister Mary Antona Ebo a 'witness' for civil rights, justice |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/pfop-sister-mary-antona-ebo-a-witness-for-civil-rights-justice/article_374f0630-17e1-5027-a570-838acbb28eea.html |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=The Pantagraph |language=en}}</ref> An kwantar da ita a asibiti na dogon lokaci na yarinta, sau ɗaya don yatsa mai kamuwa da cuta wanda ke buƙatar yankewa, kuma daga baya tare da [[tarin fuka]]. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannen Dee |date=2017-11-22 |title=Sister Antona Ebo's lifelong struggle against white supremacy, inside and outside the Catholic Church |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/11/22/sister-antona-ebos-lifelong-struggle-against-white-supremacy-inside-and-outside |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ta tuba zuwa [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] a 1942. Ta ba da labarin a wata hira da ta yi daga baya cewa lokacin da labarin cewa tana zama Katolika ya kai ga shugaban kwamitin McLean County Home for Colored Children, an gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya zama a can ba. Wata ma'aikaciyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a daga Fairview ta kawo ta makarantar sakandare ta Triniti mai tsarki da kuma dangin yankin. A shekara ta 1944, ta zama ɗalibar baƙar fata ta farko da ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Triniti Mai Tsarki.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Antona Ebo, F.S.M.: 1924-2017 |url=https://www.slu.edu/news/2017/november/sister-antona-ebo-obit.php |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Saint Louis University |language=en}}</ref> An hana ta shiga makarantar jinya ta St. Joseph saboda tseren ta, ta horar da ita a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta hanyar US Cadet Nurse Corps a St. Mary's (Colored) Infirmary School of Nursing a [[St. Louis]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Sister Mary Antona Ebo ta kasance daga cikin dangin Ebo daga Kudancin Carolina. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Isra'ila Ebo Sr. (1909-1985), ɗan Burrell Ebo da Eliza Lark . Iyalin Ebo sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Georgia da South Carolina bayan sake ginawa, tare da tsararraki da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga bangaskiya, hidima, da ilimi. 'Yan gidan Ebo sun kasance sanannun, masu mallakar ƙasa na Afirka a Kudancin Carolina kuma suna riƙe da al'ada mai ƙarfi na ilimi, bangaskiya, da shiga cikin jama'a wanda ya tsara hidimar Sister Ebo daga baya da kuma gwagwarmaya, da kuma jajircewarta ga adalci na zamantakewa da jagorancin ruhaniya Ebo zai shiga Franciscan Sisters of Mary a 1946 kuma ya yi alkawari na ƙarshe a 1954 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Black membobin farko na tsari, a lokacin da har yanzu ana kiyaye tsananin rarrabewa a cikin tsari kanta. A matsayinta na 'Yar'uwa mai addini, Ebo ta ci gaba da ilimi, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar rikodin kiwon lafiya daga Jami'ar Saint Louis a 1962, da digiri biyu na biyu, daya a ci gaban zartarwa na asibiti (1970) daga Jami'iyyar Saint Louis, kuma daya a cikin tauhidin kiwon lafiya (1978) daga Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi ta Aquinas.<ref name=":5" /> Daga shekara ta 1979, ta rike takardar shaidar chaplain daga Ƙungiyar Katolika ta Kasa . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Obituary {{!}} Sister Mary Antona Ebo, FSM |url=https://www.archstl.org/obituary-sister-mary-antona-ebo-fsm-1499 |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Archdiocese of St. Louis |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na fastoci === Ebo na ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata uku na farko da suka shiga Sisters of St. Mary a 1946, kuma ta zama Sister Mary Antona lokacin da ta ɗauki alkawuranta na ƙarshe a 1954. Ta yi aiki a cikin bayanan kiwon lafiya a Asibitin Firmin Desloge daga 1955 zuwa 1961, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Gloria S. |date=14 November 2017 |title=Obituary: Sister Mary Antona Ebo, one of the 'sisters of Selma' |url=https://www.wglt.org/post/obituary-sister-mary-antona-ebo-one-sisters-selma |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=WGLT |language=en}}</ref> kuma ta kasance darektan bayanan kiwon lafiyar a St. Mary's Infirmary daga 1962 zuwa 1967 kuma ta yi aiki na shekara guda a matsayin darektan tarihin kiwon lafiya na St. Mary. <ref name=":3" /> Ta haɗu da ma'aikatan ma'aikatan ƙungiyar. A shekara ta 1967, an nada ta darakta mai zartarwa na asibitin St. Clare a Baraboo, Wisconsin, mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta zama shugabar asibitin Katolika. <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1974 an nada ta babban darakta na Taron Asibitocin Katolika na Wisconsin . Ta yi aiki a asibitocin Katolika a Madison, Wisconsin, da kuma [[Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi]]. Daga 1992 zuwa 2008, ta kasance mai ba da shawara a Cocin St. Nicholas a St. Louis . <ref name=":3" /> === Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama === Tare da ƙarfafawa daga mahaifiyarta mafi girma, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sexauer |first=Cornelia F. |date=2004 |title=A Weil-Behaved Woman Who Made History: Sister Mary Antona's Journey to Selma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44195508 |journal=American Catholic Studies |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=37–57 |issn=2161-8542 |jstor=44195508}}</ref> Ebo da wasu 'yan majami'a biyar sun shiga Martin Luther King's march a Selma a 1965, suna sanye da cikakkun halaye na umarnin su. <ref name=":4" /> A lokacin tafiyar, ta shahara ta gaya wa manema labarai, "Ina nan saboda ni Negro ne, nun, Katolika, kuma saboda ina so in ba da shaida".An haɗa labarin Ebo a cikin shirin Sisters of Selma: Bearing Witness for Change (2007). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Feister |first=John |date=May 19, 2020 |title=Antona Ebo, FSM: Brave Sister of Selma |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/st-anthony-messenger/antona-ebo-fsm-brave-sister-of-selma |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Franciscan Media |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119194915/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/st-anthony-messenger/antona-ebo-fsm-brave-sister-of-selma |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma zama mai fafutuka a cikin rayuwar addinin Roman Katolika. A shekara ta 1967, shugabanninta na addini ba su so su ba da ɗan gajeren lokaci daga ayyukanta don ba ta damar karɓar aiki tare da Taron Katolika na Kasa don Adalci na Ƙasa (NCCIJ). Ta rubuta wa 'yar'uwar NCCIJ mafi girma tana sukar "ba wai kawai rashin karimci na waɗancan umarni waɗanda zasu iya samun 'yar'uwa don ba da gudummawa ba. . . amma kuma umarni waɗanda suka daɗe suna ɗaukar halin 'farin fata' game da ayyukan da Allah ya ba su". <ref name=":7" /> a cikin 1968, Ebo ta kasance mai kafa Taron Black Sisters na Kasa, kuma shugaban taron daga 1980 zuwa 1982. A shekara ta 1989, ta sami lambar yabo ta Harriet Tubman ta taron don hidima da jagoranci. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Archdiocese na St. Louis, kuma ta kasance memba na Taron Katolika na Missouri kan Damuwar Jama'a.<ref name=":3" /> A shekara ta 1999, ta karbi Eucharist daga [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]], a cikin ƙungiyar masu ikilisiya ciki har da [[Rosa Parks]], lokacin da pontiff ya ziyarci St. Louis. A shekara ta 2013 ta halarci bikin tunawa da shekarar 1965 kuma ta haye Edmund Pettus Bridge tare da Majalisa John Lewis . <ref name=":4" /> A cikin shekara ta 2014, a cikin shekarunta na casa'in, Ebo ta ba da saƙo a hidimar addu'a a Ferguson bayan mutuwar Michael Brown Jr.<ref name=":0" /> == Mutuwa == Sister Mary Antona Ebo ta mutu a shekara ta 2017, tana da shekaru 93, a Sarah Community, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollinshed |first=Denise |date=November 11, 2017 |title=Sister Antona Ebo, civil rights leader and nun for 71 years, dies at 93 |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/sister-antona-ebo-civil-rights-leader-and-nun-for-71-years-dies-at-93/article_9874dc36-ab6a-5ee3-bf17-da5363c3ea11.html |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> gidan ritaya a Bridgeton, Missouri, <ref name=":0" /> bayan shekaru 71 a rayuwar addini. == Daraja == Gidan taro a Cibiyar Cardinal Rigali a St. Louis an sanya masa suna ne don Ebo . <ref name=":3" /> Gidan Tarihin Missouri ya yi bikin ta a watan Yulin 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na nune-nunen da ake kira, ''# 1 a cikin 'Yancin Bil'adama: Yakin' Yancin Afirka da Amurka a St. Louis'' . <ref name=":3" /> Ta sami digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa guda shida, ciki har da daya daga Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi ta Aquinas a St. Louis a cikin 2009, da sauransu a cikin 2010 daga Jami'ar Saint Louis da Jami'ar Missouri-St. Louis.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Honorary Degree Recipients & Commencement Speakers - Aquinas Institute of Theology |url=https://www.ai.edu/support/special-events/graduation/past-honorees |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.ai.edu |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180246/https://www.ai.edu/support/special-events/graduation/past-honorees |archive-date=2024-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Honorary Degree Recipients {{!}} UMSL |url=https://www.umsl.edu/externalrelations/honoraryawardnominations/pasthonorarydegrees.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.umsl.edu}}</ref> Abubuwa biyu na Afrilu 2024 a St. Louis sun nuna bikin cika shekaru dari na haihuwarta. Ofishin Ma'aikatar Katolika ta St. Louis ya tuna da ita a Mass a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2024, a Cocin Katolika na St. Josephine Bakhita . Sister Mary Antona Ebo, Kwamitin Centennial na FSM ya gudanar da bikin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2024, a St. Alphonsus Liguori "Rock" cocin Katolika, inda aka gudanar da jana'izarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=St. Louis to fete 100th birthday of Sr Mary Antona Ebo, 'Sister of Selma' |url=https://www.blackcatholicmessenger.org/sr-mary-antona-ebo-centennial-events/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Black Catholic Messenger |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9yx05q0551o4w5vmv4z3047pp0dabm 0 171739 963237 937599 2026-10-05T02:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Spiver Gordon (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1939) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa a lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama . Ya fara aikinsa a cikin gwagwarmaya yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Kudancin da ke Baton Rouge, Louisiana, inda ya yi aiki a kan rajistar masu jefa kuri'a tare da NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon, Spiver, 1939- {{!}} ArchivesSpace Public Interface |url=https://amistad-finding-aids.tulane.edu/agents/people/626 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=amistad-finding-aids.tulane.edu}}</ref> Daga nan ya zama sakataren filin CORE kuma ya yi aiki a kan haƙƙin jefa kuri'a a Louisiana da Florida. A shekara ta 1968, Gordon ya koma Eutaw, Alabama don zama darektan Greene County SCLC Chapter. Ya zauna a Eutaw tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Spiver W. Gordon |url=https://www.crmvet.org/vet/gordons.htm |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.crmvet.org}}</ref> Gordon ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa na shari'a da siyasa game da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a kudu daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 2010. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Spiver Gordon yana da matarsa, Barbara, da ɗa, Kenyatta . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Appreciation held for Spiver W. Gordon,veteran civil rights and community leader |url=https://greenecodemocrat.com/2023/06/15/appreciation-held-for-spiver-w-gordonveteran-civil-rights-and-community-leader/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Greene County Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama == Spiver Gordon ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin, amma ya bar don shiga cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a cikin cikakken lokaci. A watan Satumbar 1963, an kama shi tare da wasu 22 saboda tayar da zaman lafiya da tsayayya da kamawa yayin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a a Plaquemine, Louisiana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Connecting Maryland's Past to Louisiana's Present: The Georgetown 272 |url=https://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/presentations/GU272/c6.html# |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.lib.lsu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108175729/https://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/presentations/GU272/c6.html |archive-date=2026-01-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yayinda yake aiki tare da NAACP, ya shiga cikin Maris na 1963 a Washington da Maris na Selma na 1965. Tsakanin 1965 da 1968, ya yi aiki a Louisiana da Florida, kuma ya shiga cikin yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a na farko a St. Francisville da Bristol, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights educational, commemorative program Aug. 23, 25 |url=https://www.postsouth.com/story/entertainment/local/2013/08/22/civil-rights-educational-commemorative-program/44324968007/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Plaquemine Post South |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1968, ya koma Eutaw a Greene County, Alabama don karɓar jagorancin reshen SCLC na gida kuma ya kasance a wurare daban-daban na jagoranci a cikin kungiyar har zuwa shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-11 |title=SCLC board ousts its embattled chairman Raleigh Trammell, treasurer Spiver Gordon of Eutaw |url=https://www.al.com/spotnews/2010/04/sclc_board_ousts_its_embattled.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=al |language=en |agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> A watan Yunin 1999, jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta bayyana rawar da Gordon ya taka a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin "mai kula da jihar [Louisiana] ga Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin jefa kuri'a". == Rashin jituwa == A cewar Reverend kuma shugaban kare hakkin bil'adama Joseph Lowery, Eutaw ya kasance " tsibiri mai rarrabe a cikin teku mai hadewa" har ma bayan Zamanin 'Yancin Bil'adama. Yayinda hukumar Greene County ta zabi mafi rinjaye a shekarar 1969, majalisar birni ta Eutaw da magajin gari sun kasance fari har zuwa shekarar 1984. A shekara ta 1984, an haɗa al'ummomin baƙar fata da ke kewaye da su a cikin iyakokin birnin Eutaw bayan raba gardama na gundumar, kuma Spiver Gordon ya zama baƙar fata na farko da aka zaba a majalisar birni. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka, binciken tarayya game da cin hanci da rashawa na masu jefa kuri'a a cikin yankuna da yawa na Black [[Alabama]] ya haifar da tabbatar da shi ta hanyar juriya mai fata akan ƙididdiga huɗu na keta dokokin jefa kuri'u. An wanke shi daga wasu ƙididdigar ƙididdigal 9 da ba su halarta ba da kuma ƙididdigat 2 na zamba da wasiku da kuma ba da bayanan ƙarya ga jami'in zabe. An gurfanar da wasu 7 a cikin binciken; 5 an same su ba su da laifi, 1 an bayyana shi da rashin adalci, kuma 1 ya nemi laifi ga laifin laifi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1985, alƙalin tarayya E.B. Haltom Jr. ya yanke wa Gordon hukuncin shekaru 3 a kurkuku, ya ci masa tarar $ 1,000, kuma ya ba da umarnin kammala sa'o'i 500 na aikin al'umma. Dukkanin sai dai watanni 6 na hukuncin an dakatar da shi. Shugaban SCLC a lokacin, Rev. Joseph Lowery, ya soki hukuncin, yana mai cewa: "wannan alƙali ya yi garkuwa da juri ... Ina tsammanin yana da ban sha'awa cewa Ma'aikatar Shari'a dole ne ta sami juriya da alƙali wanda zai ci gaba da juriya na kwanaki biyar don samun hukunci". Lauyan kare Gordon, J.L. Chestnut, ya nemi John England Jr., daya daga cikin wadanda suka kammala karatun Black na farko a Jami'ar Alabama, don daukaka kara a shari'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil rights worker Spiver Gordon became the first person... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/10/17/Civil-rights-worker-Spiver-Gordon-became-the-first-person/7335498369600/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Adam |date=2021-02-26 |title=America's Political Roots Are in Eutaw, Alabama |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/02/americas-political-roots-are-in-eutaw-alabama/618120/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Gordon ya kasance mai 'yanci kuma ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa ta majalisa a lokacin da ake kira. A shekara ta 1988, Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 ta yi fice kuma ta soke hukuncin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Spiver Whitney Gordon, Defendant-appellant, 836 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir. 1988) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/836/1312/420332/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> Ra'ayi na 11th Circuit ya ambaci yadda gwamnati ta yi amfani da dukkan kalubalen da suka shafi 6 don ware masu baƙar fata kuma ya tabbatar da cewa lauyoyin Gordon sun nuna cewa binciken ya yi niyya ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankuna masu yawa, a wani bangare saboda wata sanarwa da wani jami'in Ma'aikatar Shari'a da ba a san shi ba wanda ya ce "sabuwar manufa ... ta hanyar girman kai daga bangaren baƙar fata a waɗannan yankuna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=817 F.2d 1538 |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/817/817.F2d.1538.85-7726.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=law.resource.org}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997, an yanke wa Gordon hukuncin watanni 12 a kurkuku bayan da wata juriya ta Tuscaloosa County ta wanke shi da fyade, amma ta same shi da laifin lalata da wata yarinya mai shekaru 16. Daga karshe ya yi watanni 6 na hukuncin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Re Spiver Whitney Gordon v. State). (1997) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/al-supreme-court/1325530.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=FindLaw |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tommy Stevenson |title=Greene SCLC head calls charges 'baseless' |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2010/02/14/greene-sclc-head-calls-charges-baseless/27939814007/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Tuscaloosa News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan zaben tsakiya na shekara ta 1994, Gordon ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi niyya a binciken hadin gwiwa na tarayya da na jihar game da zamba na masu jefa kuri'a, wanda Babban Lauyan Alabama Jeff Sessions ya jagoranci. Hakazalika da shari'ar 1984-1985, wannan binciken ya yi niyya ga masu gwagwarmayar Black da 'yan siyasa a yawancin yankunan "Black Belt" na Alabama. Margaret Carey-McCray, tsohon darakta na Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Tsarin Mulki a Greenville, Mississippi, ta soki kokarin gwamnati, ta kira su "ƙoƙarin cin zarafi don murkushe ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a ta baƙar fata ... sun san hanya mafi kyau don murkusha kuri'un ita ce su bi masu fafutuka". Sauran. ciki har da tsohon lauyan Gordon J.L. Chestnut da Wilcox County Sheriff Prince Arnold sun yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati tana mai da hankali kan al'ummomin baƙar fata yayin da suke watsi da zarge-zargen rashin cancanta a cikin fararen fata. Chestnut ya ambaci rashin aiki na shari'a bayan an gano rashin daidaito a cikin sake zaben 1992 na White Selma Mayor Joe Smitherman, wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan Black-town tun daga shekarun 1960, yayin da Sheriff Arnold ya yi jayayya cewa hukumomin tarayya da na jihar sun yi watsi da shawarwarinsa na bin zarge-zargen da aka yi wa White mutane da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa don neman shari'o'in Black Alabamans. Arnold daga ƙarshe ya kammala cewa binciken an "caje shi da launin fata". Duk da wadannan da'awar, Spiver Gordon ya yi ikirarin laifi a watan Fabrairun 1999 don zargin cewa ya keta dokokin zabe. Ya yarda da tambayar wani wanda ke zaune a waje da Greene County ya cika kuri'un da ba a halarta ba kuma ya lissafa adireshin Greene County. Gordon na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin 6 na Greene County, gami da Shugaban Hukumar County, Garria Spencer, wanda ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka ga ƙananan zarge-zargen zamba daga zaben 1994. A watan Yunin 1999, wani alƙali na tarayya ya yanke wa Gordon hukuncin watanni 6 a kurkuku, ya ɗora tarar $ 2,000, kuma ya ba da umarnin shekaru 3 na gwaji. Gordon ya kuma rasa kujerarsa ta Majalisar Birnin Eutaw sakamakon hukuncin. Lauyoyin Tsaro na Shari'a da Asusun Ilimi na NAACP waɗanda suka kula da shari'ar sun yi jayayya cewa yunkurin su na tabbatar da zaɓaɓɓen gurfanar da aka yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma na Greene County, gami da Gordon, an hana su ta hanyar kin raba bayanai kuma don haka sun ba da shawarar yin ikirarin laifi ga ƙananan tuhume-tuhumen. Bayan hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kurkuku, Gordon ya koma Eutaw, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabanci na SCLC kuma yana aiki a cikin siyasa na gida. Ayyukansa na jin kai tare da SCLC na gida sun haɗa da ma'aikatar kurkuku, wurin ajiyar abinci, da cibiyar matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tommy Stevenson |title=Greene SCLC head calls charges 'baseless' |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2010/02/14/greene-sclc-head-calls-charges-baseless/27939814007/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Tuscaloosa News |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Kwamishinan Greene County Chris Beeker ya nada shi a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara da nufin murkushe rikice-rikicen launin fata wanda ya haifar da wani tsari na haɗa al'ummomin da ba su da yawa kuma galibi baƙar fata a cikin iyakokin birnin Eutaw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnny Kampis |title=Racial divide still exists in Greene |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2003/02/23/racial-divide-still-exists-in-greene/27835265007/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Tuscaloosa News |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na SCLC, Spiver Gordon, tare da shugaban kwamitin ƙasa Rev. Raleigh Trammell, an zarge shi da cin zarafin har zuwa $ 560,000 na kudaden kungiyar. Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta binciki da'awar cewa Gordon bai amince da takardun ba, ya karkatar da kudi daga asusun aiki na kasa zuwa asusun na musamman da kansa ke sarrafawa, ya yi ikirarin biyan kuɗi na ƙarya, kuma ya tura kuɗi cikin aljihunsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two ousted SCLC officers convene a separate board meeting in hopes of regaining control - The Charlotte Post |url=https://www.thecharlottepost.com/index.php?src=permalinks/Two_ousted_SCLC_officers_convene_a_separate_board_meeting_in_hopes_of_regaining_control |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.thecharlottepost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru 3 da rabi, Gordon ya yi ikirarin biyan kuɗi na $ 236,739 don ma'aikatar kurkukun Eutaw kuma an karkatar da $ 162,927 na kudaden kasa zuwa ofishinsa na SCLC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tommy Stevenson |title=Greene SCLC head calls charges 'baseless' |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2010/02/14/greene-sclc-head-calls-charges-baseless/27939814007/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Tuscaloosa News |language=en-US}}</ref> Gordon da Trammell sun musanta zargin kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun kasance ƙoƙari ne na hadin gwiwa daga bangarorin adawa a cikin SCLC don kalubalantar jagorancin su. Sun yi jayayya cewa kudaden don dalilai ne na halal kuma sun yi alkawarin ba da cikakken hadin kai ga kowane bincike. A farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, 19 daga cikin mambobin kwamitin SCLC 44 na kasa sun hadu ta hanyar kiran taron don tattauna cire Gordon da Trammell daga matsayinsu, wanda daga ƙarshe suka amince da yin hakan bayan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-11 |title=SCLC board ousts its embattled chairman Raleigh Trammell, treasurer Spiver Gordon of Eutaw |url=https://www.al.com/spotnews/2010/04/sclc_board_ousts_its_embattled.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=al |language=en |agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> Koyaya, rashin ƙuri'a daga kwamitin ya nuna rabuwa a cikin jagorancin kungiyar. A cikin watanni bayan zaben, kwamitoci biyu daban-daban sun fara haduwa, dukansu suna da'awar su ne shugabannin SCLC. A ƙarshen watan Afrilu, ƙungiyar da ke adawa da Gordon ta taru a Atlanta, yayin da ƙungiyar da ke da aminci a gare shi ta taru ne a garinsu na Eutaw . Yaƙin kotu tsakanin bangarorin biyu ya biyo baya, tare da Alkalin Kotun Koli na Atlanta ya yanke hukunci a watan Satumbar 2010 cewa ƙungiyar da ke adawa da jagorancin Gordon da Trammell ita ce kwamitin da ya dace na SCLC. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da Martin Luther King III da Bernice King.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-02 |title=SCLC Control Dispute Ruled On By Judge |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2010/09/02/sclc-control-dispute-ruled-on-by-judge |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Georgia Public Broadcasting |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda Gordon ya rasa matsayinsa na shugabanci, ofishin Lauyan Gundumar Fulton County (wanda D.A. Paul Howard ke jagoranta) ya wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen, ya kammala cewa babu wata hujja da Gordon ko Trammell ya sace kudade, kuma ya ba da rahoto da ke tabbatar da cewa kudaden da ake ciki don dalilai na halal ne da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trammell, Gordon cleared in SCLC probe |url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/trammell-gordon-cleared-sclc-probe/OR7g9m9v6HEnDXg86NPmoN/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=dayton-daily-news |language=English}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta baya == Bayan 2010 SCLC Scandal, Gordon ya ci gaba da aiki a rayuwar jama'a ta Eutaw. A watan Agustan 2013, an girmama shi yayin wani shirin tunawa da shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama a Cocin Baptist na Plymouth Rock a garin Plaquemine, Louisiana. A watan Yunin 2023, Magajin garin Eutaw, Latasha Johnson (wanda ya rasa sake zaben ga Corey Cockrell a watan Agustan 2025 kuma ya bar ofis a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2025), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Corey Cockrell elected new Mayor of Eutaw Jonathan Woodruff (D-2) |url=https://greenecodemocrat.com/tag/corey-cockrell-elected-new-mayor-of-eutaw-jonathan-woodruff-d-2/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Greene County Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> ya ba Gordon maɓallin birnin kuma ya ayyana Yuni 11 "Ranar Mai leken asiri Gordon" yayin wani taron girmamawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Eutaw City Council certifies election results Runoff for District 4, between French and Brewer |url=https://greenecodemocrat.com/2025/09/03/eutaw-city-council-certifies-election-results-runoff-for-district-4-between-french-and-brewer/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Greene County Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan taron ya ga shugabannin jama'a na Eutaw da sauran jami'an da aka zaba na Alabama sun yaba wa Gordon saboda rayuwarsa ta hidimar kare hakkin bil'adama da aikin agaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Appreciation held for Spiver W. Gordon,veteran civil rights and community leader |url=https://greenecodemocrat.com/2023/06/15/appreciation-held-for-spiver-w-gordonveteran-civil-rights-and-community-leader/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Greene County Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] tsgit9nqpafn6ytk0fgti641wg0pm2a 0 171876 963194 942036 2026-10-04T22:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963194 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Lucille Times''' (22 ga Afrilu, 1921 - 16 ga Agusta, 2021) ya kasance [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama]] na Amurka. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]] a duk rayuwarta. Times ya yi aiki don dalilin a lokacin da birnin yake a tsakiyar motsi na kasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lucille a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1921, a Hope Hull, Alabama . Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da Lucille ke ƙarama, kuma mahaifinta, William Sharp, ne ya tashe ta a gidan Kirista tare da 'yan uwa shida. A lokacin yarinta, iyalin sun zauna a Chicago, Detroit, da Alabama. Mista Sharp ya yi amfani da ra'ayoyi biyu a kan Lucille: na farko, "Ba ku da kyau fiye da kowa," kuma na biyu, "Lokacin da kuka yi daidai, kada ku koma baya. " Lucille ta auri mijinta, Charlie Times, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1939. Ita da Charlie sun shiga NAACP jim kadan bayan aure, kuma a cikin 1950, lokacin da aka dakatar da NAACP, ma'auratan sun shirya tarurruka a gidansu, duk da haɗari. A cikin 1950, duka Lucille da mijinta sun zama masu jefa kuri'a. A shekara ta 1952, sun bude Times Café (a.k.a. "Sugarhill") a kan titin Holt, wanda ke aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucille Times Collection {{!}} Trenholm State Community College |url=http://www.trenholmstate.edu/future-students/student-resources/library/collections/lucille-times-collection |access-date=2017-01-29 |website=www.trenholmstate.edu |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202073306/http://www.trenholmstate.edu/future-students/student-resources/library/collections/lucille-times-collection |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == === A cikin Detroit === Lokacin da Times ke zaune a [[Detroit]], ta kasance wani ɓangare na nasarar kauracewa wani shagon nama a kan titin 12 (daga baya ake kira Rosa Parks Blvd). Mai shagon ya sayar da nama ga wani baƙar fata kuma ya ki maye gurbin nama ko bayar da maidowa. Mazaunan unguwar sun yi fushi kuma sun ki sayayya a can, kuma shagon ya fita daga kasuwanci a kasa da wata daya. === Kauracewa motar bas ta Montgomery === A cikin tattaunawar jama'a a Gidan Tarihi na Rosa Parks a cikin 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Lucille Times launched a boycott of city buses before the Montgomery Bus Boycott began |url=https://today.troy.edu/news/lucille-times-launched-boycott-city-buses-montgomery-bus-boycott-began/ |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=Troy Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Times ta ba da labarin labarinta bayan da ta yi ikirarin cewa ta fara kauracewa bas din Montgomery. A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1955, ta tuka ta 1955 Buick Special zuwa masu tsaftacewa a kan Mobile Highway . A kan hanya, direban bas James F. Blake ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta motarta daga hanya sau uku. Bayan ta shiga filin ajiye motoci na masu tsabta, Blake ya fita daga bas dinsa ya fuskanci ta, "Kai baƙar fata ne!"Times ta amsa da "Kai fari ne na mace!" kuma nan da nan suka fara fada. Ba da daɗewa ba, 'yan sanda biyu na babur sun zo don raba su. A wannan lokacin, Times ya cinye biceps na hagu na Blake. Bayan raba su, daya daga cikin 'yan sanda ya yi magana da Blake daban sannan ya kusanci Times da fushi tare da "Shin kun san cewa wani fari ne da kuka kira 'farin ɗan mace'?"Times ta amsa, "Shin kun san cewa ni baƙar fata ce da ya kira 'baƙar fata ɗan mace.'" Dan sanda ya yi fushi kuma ya girgiza fitilarsa a fuskar Times kuma ya ce, "Idan kai namiji ne, zan doke kai zuwa jelly". A wannan dare E. D. Nixon ya zo gidan Times na Holt Street, kuma Times ya gaya masa labarin. Nixon ya amsa, "Ba zan iya yin wani abu game da abin da ya faru daga bas ba; wani abu ya faru a cikin bas".Amsar Times ita ce, "Ina fara kauracewa gobe!"Nixon ya ce, "Ka jira har sai bayan godiya lokacin da tallace-tallace suka zo kuma za mu buga su a cikin aljihu".Times ta maimaita da jaddada, "Ina fara kauracewa gobe!" Kashegari, Times ta fara kauracewa ta da motarta. Ta kori mutane a unguwarsu zuwa inda suke zuwa kuma za ta dauki mutanen da ke jira a tashar bas. Mijinta ya taimaka da motarsa, kuma suna da kwalba ta "kyauta" a cikin cafe inda mutane suka ba da gudummawa ga man fetur. Cafe din ya zama cibiyar sufuri ta zahiri, kuma mutane za su kira cafe lokacin da suke buƙatar hawa. Sau biyu a wannan lokacin, Nixon ya kawo A. Philip Randolph zuwa gidan Times na Holt Street, kuma Times ta gaya masa labarinta. A wannan lokacin, Charlie Times ya fara ganawa da Nixon a asirce a cikin cafe kuma yana shirin babban, shirya kauracewa. Mista Times har ma ya ɓoye waɗannan tarurruka daga matarsa har sai bayan babban kauracewa ya fara a watan Disamba. Times ta ci gaba da tuka mutane kamar yadda ta kasance har sai babban kauracewa ya ƙare a watan Disamba 1956. == Mutuwa == Times ya mutu daga [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2021 yana da shekaru 100 kuma an binne shi a Cocin Katolika na St Jude a Montgomery . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2021 |title=Montgomery civil rights legend Lucille Times dies at 100 |url=https://www.wsfa.com/2021/08/19/montgomery-civil-rights-legend-lucille-times-dies-100/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] du4h4hhi8bagbr980amqsi6tuqra2x0 0 172393 963024 956069 2026-10-04T12:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Bonaventura''' makarantar sakandare ce [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]] a Leiden, [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Makarantar tana ba da ilimi a cikin dakin motsa jiki, atheneum, HAVO, da VMBO . Yana da reshe uku a Leiden . Tare da Visser 't Hooft Lyceum, wani ɓangare ne na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Leiden Confessional. An kafa Kwalejin Jesuit St. Willibrord a shekarar 1831, wadda ta koma [[Hague]] a shekarar 1927, wanda hakan ya sa aka kafa ta a Leiden na St. Bonaventure ta hannun Franciscans . == Wurare == === Burgravenlaan === Kwalejin Bonaventura Burggravenlaan tana ba da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki, atheneum, HAVO, da kuma VMBO . A tsakanin shekarar 2010 zuwa 2011, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 1057. An gina shi a cikin ginin Dudok da aka gina a cikin 1915, a kusurwar Burggravenlaan da Hoge Rijndijk. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Bonaventuracollege Burggravenlaan |url=https://burggravenlaan.bonaventuracollege.nl/ |access-date=2017-08-05 |website=burggravenlaan.bonaventuracollege.nl |language=nl}}</ref>  === Boerhaavelaan === [[File:Leiden4.JPG|thumb| Boerhaavelaan]] Reshen Boerhaavelaan yana ba da ilimi a duk matakan VMBO. Yana bai wa ɗaliban da ke aji uku da huɗu zaɓi tsakanin sana'o'i huɗu: gudanarwa, injiniya, injiniyan lantarki da kuma na'urorin lantarki. A tsakanin 2009 zuwa 2010, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 375. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Bonaventuracollege Boerhaavelaan |url=http://boerhaavelaan.bonaventuracollege.nl/ |access-date=2017-08-05 |website=boerhaavelaan.bonaventuracollege.nl |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805151459/http://boerhaavelaan.bonaventuracollege.nl/ |archive-date=2017-08-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>  === Mariënpoelstraat === Reshen Mariënpoelstraat yana ba da tsarin motsa jiki, atheneum, da shirye-shiryen ilimi na HAVO. An gina shi a tsohon gidan ibada na Franciscan a Mariënpoelstraat. A tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2016, tana da ɗalibai 1000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Bonaventuracollege Marienpoelstraat |url=https://marienpoelstraat.bonaventuracollege.nl/ |access-date=2017-08-05 |website=marienpoelstraat.bonaventuracollege.nl |language=nl}}</ref> <gallery> File:Leiden3.JPG| Mariënpoelstraat File:LeidenBona1.JPG|alt=Memorial plaque| Allon tunawa File:LeidenBona6.JPG|alt=Statue| mutum-mutumi </gallery> === Roelofarendsveen === Reshen Roelofarendsveen yana ba da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki, atheneum, HAVO, VMBO theoretical (MAVO) da shirye-shiryen sana'o'i na gudanarwa na tsakiya. Bayan shekararsu ta uku, ɗaliban makarantar motsa jiki, atheneum, da HAVO sun ci gaba da karatunsu a reshen Mariënpoelstraat da ke Leiden. A tsakanin 2009 zuwa 2010 makarantar tana da ɗalibai 285. An rufe wannan wurin har abada bayan shekarar makaranta ta 2018-2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}} == Tsoffin tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Boudewijn Büch mawaƙi, marubuci, mai gabatar da talabijin, mai tarawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=De romanticus |url=https://literatuurmuseum.nl/verhalen/boudewijn-buch/de-romanticus |website=[[Literatuurmuseum]] |language=nl}}</ref> * Femke Heemskerk dan wasan ninkaya, zakaran Turai da na Olympic a 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Femke Heemskerk |url=http://cel.bs/celeb/femke-heemskerk/ |language=nl-NL |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014110017/http://cel.bs/celeb/femke-heemskerk/ |archive-date=2018-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Carel Stolker farfesa kuma shugaban jami'ar Leiden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carmel Stolker |url=http://www.marleenhogendoorn.nl/wp-content/uploads/portret-carel-stolker.pdf |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005639/http://www.marleenhogendoorn.nl/wp-content/uploads/portret-carel-stolker.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Bettine Vriesekoop ' yar wasan tennis ta tebur, zakaran Turai a 1982 da 1992 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettine Vriesekoop |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettine_Vriesekoop}}</ref>  == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren Jesuit == Manazarta == jutwb7jo3d3ovdbq0oar1lpgf2eou99 0 172410 963248 956525 2026-10-05T04:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Duniya ta Twente''' ( '''ISTwente''' ) makaranta ce ta duniya da ke koyar da Turanci wadda ke Enschede, Overijssel a [[Holand|ƙasar Netherlands]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Enschede |url=http://cityofenschede.com/aboutenschede/living/education/schools-enschede/ |access-date=17 April 2016 |website=City of Enschede |publisher=Gov. of Enschede |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412155207/http://cityofenschede.com/aboutenschede/living/education/schools-enschede/ |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in the Netherlands |url=http://www.iamexpat.nl/education/main/international-schools-in-the-netherlands |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of international schools in the Netherlands by expatica |url=http://www.expatica.com/nl/education/Listing-of-international-schools-in-the-Netherlands_102018.html |access-date=17 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407030951/http://www.expatica.com/nl/education/Listing-of-international-schools-in-the-Netherlands_102018.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=International School Twente Home Page |url=https://internationalschooltwente.nl/ |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi sashe na farko da sashe na biyu. Duk sassan biyu suna koyar da dukkan azuzuwan cikin Turanci (sai dai wasu azuzuwan harshe). Sashen firamare yana da azuzuwa daga aji 1-6 yayin da sashen sakandare ke da azuzuwa daga aji 7-13. Duk sassan biyu suna aiki tare amma har yanzu ba a haɗa su gaba ɗaya ba. == Tarihi == Sashen farko na ISTwente ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2008.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} sakandare a hukumance a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2012 ta hannun Mai Girma Misis Ank Bijleveld, Kwamishinan Sarauniya na lardin Overijssel.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=History Page of IST Secondary |url=https://internationalschooltwente.nl/secondary/}}</ref> Bayan shekaru da dama na ci gaba, ta girma zuwa makaranta mai ɗalibai sama da 100 daga ƙasashe sama da 40. == Kayan aiki == Sashen sakandare na ISTwente yana cikin harabar Zuid na Het Stedelijk Lyceum. Tana da sashenta a cikin harabar jami'ar yayin da take raba dakunan motsa jiki masu cikakken kayan aiki, filin wasanni, dakunan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya, da kuma sashen fasaha da kiɗa. Ana yin hidima a kanti ga ISTwente, kuma wurin ajiye motoci na harabar Zuid yana gaban makarantar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} Babban sashin ISTwente yana daban a gininsa da ke Johannes ter Horststraat. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New location of IST Primary |url=http://www.istwente.com/new-location/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073037/http://www.istwente.com/new-location/ |archive-date=2016-04-24 |access-date=2016-04-16}}</ref> == Manhajoji == Sashen sakandare na ISTwente a halin yanzu yana ba da manhajar karatu ta Cambridge Secondary ga ɗalibai daga 11/12-18/19, waɗanda suka haɗa da Cambridge Secondary 1 (tare da Checkpoint), Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International AS da A-Level, da kuma Cambridge Pre-U . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curriculum offered at IST secondary |url=https://internationalschooltwente.nl/secondary/curriculum-inquisitive-learners/ |access-date=2016-04-16 |website=International School Twente |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116202901/https://internationalschooltwente.nl/secondary/curriculum-inquisitive-learners/ |archive-date=2021-01-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da sauya sheka daga CIE A-Levels zuwa Shirin Difloma na IB a hankali. A wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka bayar sun haɗa da: Manhajar farko ta ISTwente ta dogara ne akan Manhajar Ƙasa ta Ingila (NCE), da Manhajar Firamare ta Duniya (IPC). A watan Yulin 2016, makarantar ta sami takardar shaidar IPC, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama makarantar IPC ta uku da aka amince da ita sosai a Netherlands. [1] == Manazarta == e40vta6ummd62d9wo09vl9mysi27jff 0 172511 963333 941243 2026-10-05T08:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margaret Ward''' (kimanin 1550–30 Agusta 1588), wacce ake kira "lu'u-lu'u na Tyburn", <ref name="shrewsburydiocese">{{Cite web |title=St Margaret Ward, August 30th |url=https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/download_item/st-margaret-ward-august-30th/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Diocese of Shewsbury |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120035000/https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/download_item/st-margaret-ward-august-30th/ |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wata waliyya ce kuma shahidi ' yar Ingila wacce aka kashe a lokacin mulkin [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth ta ɗaya]] saboda taimaka wa wani firist ya tsere daga kurkuku. An naɗa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shahidai Arba'in na Ingila da Wales a shekarar 1970. == Rayuwa == An haifi Margaret Ward a Congleton, Cheshire, a Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila, a kusan shekara ta 1550. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwar Ward a farkon rayuwa ba, sai dai cewa, kamar yadda ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' ya ce, "ta kasance daga cikin iyali mai kyau" <ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> kuma an siffanta ta da mace mai kirki . <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> A cewar mai nazarin hagiographer Alban Butler, Ward ya kasance wanda aka sake tsanantawa a Ingila a lokacin, a zamanin mulkin [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth ta ɗaya]] . <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> Ward ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida ko abokiyar zama a gidan "wata mace mai daraja" mai suna Whitall a Landan. <ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> Ward ya yanke shawarar taimaka wa William Watson, firist kuma mai haɗa baki, daga baya aka kashe shi bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa, wanda aka daure a gidan yarin Bridewell . Butler ya bayyana cewa "labarinta galibi ɓangare ne na" Watson. <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> Ward ya yi abota da matar mai gadin, ya kai abinci ga Watson, sannan ya yi fasakwaurin igiya don taimakawa Watson ya tsere. Ta shirya wa ma'aikatan ruwa na Katolika guda biyu su haɗu da Watson a kan kogin Thames a ƙarƙashin bangon gidan yarin; duk da cewa ya karye hannu da ƙafarsa yayin tserewarsa, masu ruwa sun ɗauke shi, "waɗanda suka tuƙa shi zuwa wani wuri mai aminci". <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> Watson ya bar igiyar da ke rataye a jikin bangon gidan yarin kuma an gano ta a Ward. An kama ta, an tuhume ta, aka kuma yi mata shari'a kan "taimakawa wani maci amana ya tsere" <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> kuma an azabtar da ita ta hanyar rataye ta da wuyan hannunta kuma aka yi mata duka na tsawon kwanaki takwas. <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> A cewar Robert Southwell, wani shahidi kuma firist na Jesuit, Ward "an yi masa bulala kuma an rataye shi da wuyan hannu, ƙarshen yatsun hannunta sun taɓa ƙasa kawai, na tsawon lokaci har ta nakasa kuma ta gurgunta, amma waɗannan wahalhalun sun ƙarfafa shahidi mai ɗaukaka a gwagwarmayarta ta ƙarshe". An kama John Roche, wanda ko dai bawanta ne ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu ruwa da suka taimaka wa Watson ya tsere a kan kogin kuma ya yi musayar tufafi da shi, aka kuma yi masa shari'a tare da Ward. <ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> An yi musu tayin a sake su idan suka nemi afuwar sarauniya kuma suka amince su "bi koyarwar Cocin da aka kafa", <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> amma suka ƙi kuma aka rataye su a Tyburn a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1588. <ref name="butlerslives-405" /> <ref name="catholicencyclopedia" /> == Girmamawa == An yi wa Ward da Roche yabo a cikin babban rukuni a shekarar 1929, kuma Paparoma Paul VI ya naɗa Ward a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shahidai Arba'in na Ingila da Wales a shekarar 1970. Ranar bikinta, ga [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika na Roman]] da Cocin Episcopal, ita ce ranar 30 ga Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martirologio |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/cult-martyrum/martiri/009.html#agosto |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Vatican}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolution A007 Authorize Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2022 |url=https://www.vbinder.net/resolutions/24?house=HD&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913143652/https://www.vbinder.net/resolutions/24?house=HD&lang=en |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=General Convention Virtual Binder |publisher=Episcopal Church}}</ref> An nuna Ward a cikin faifan bidiyo a Cocin St Joseph da ke Sale da Cocin St Alban da ke Wallasey, a cikin Diocese na Shrewsbury, a Arewa maso Yamma da Yammacin Midlands na Ingila. Akwai wani mutum-mutumin katako nata a Cocin St Lawrence da ke Birkenhead, an sanya mata suna a makaranta da coci a Sale, sannan kuma an sanya mata suna a wata coci a Holmes Chapel . An sanya wa Kwalejin Katolika ta St Margaret Ward da ke Tunstall, Staffordshire suna, kuma an sanya mata suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stmargaretward.co.uk/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=St Margaret Ward Catholic Academy}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9xl9mumqm1imgay2acb4ti263dcbhiq 0 172568 963060 940537 2026-10-04T14:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Segbroek''' makarantar sakandare ce a [[Hague|birnin Hague]], [[Holand|ƙasar Netherlands]] . Yana bayar da Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (HAVO, ilimin sakandare na gabaɗaya), {{Interlanguage link|Middelbaar algemeen voortgezet onderwijs|nl}} (MAVO), da Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO, ilimin share fage na jami'a) aikin kwas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BOEKENPAKKETNUMMERS CURSUS 2019-2020 |url=https://www.segbroek.nl/actueel/nieuws/2019/07/boekenpakketnummers-cursus-2019-2020/ |access-date=2019-09-02 |publisher=Segbroek College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902042454/https://www.segbroek.nl/actueel/nieuws/2019/07/boekenpakketnummers-cursus-2019-2020/ |archive-date=2019-09-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tana zaune a ginin tsohon '''Grotius Lyceum''', wani tsohon ginin tarihi na ƙasar Holland, wanda {{Interlanguage link|Sjoerd Schamhart|nl}} ya tsara. kuma an gina shi a tsakanin 1949–1955. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monumentnummer: 530834 Grotiuslyceum Klaverstraat 7 2565 BT te 's-Gravenhage |url=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/530834 |access-date=2019-09-02 |website={{ill|Monumentenregister|nl}} |publisher=[[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina reshen Klaverstraat a shekarar 1955 ta hannun mai ginin gine-gine Sjoerd Schamhart don Grotius Lyceum. Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine na ƙarshe da aka haɗa cikin tsarin birane bayan yaƙin The Hague a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake gina Sportlaan-Zorgvliet, wanda Willem Dudok ya tsara a shekarar 1946. Mai zane a Hague WJ Rozendaal ne ya tsara zane-zanen da ke bakin ƙofar ginin. Schamhart ya tsara makarantar don ta kasance mai kyau ga ilimin Dalton, tare da ɗakunan karatu na musamman ga kowane malami da kuma zaɓi ga ɗalibai su canza azuzuwa tsakanin darussa. Haka kuma yana da babban zauren taro da kuma matakala da yawa. An kuma samar da sarari don koyo mai zaman kansa ta hanyar wuraren aiki a cikin hanyoyin ginin. A shekarar 1968, haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Makarantun Hugo de Groot, wadda ta ci gaba da amfani da ginin. Tsakanin 1993 da 1998, Atelier PRO (Leon Thier da Hans Karsen) sun faɗaɗa ginin sosai. An ƙara ƙarin girma biyu na ginin, an haɗa su da bangon gilashi. An bar girman ginin asali kusan gaba ɗaya. Atelier PRO ta sami kyautar Gina Makaranta (2000) don wannan aikin a cikin rukunin "Gyara da Haɗaka". == Manazarta == 2qcyf80gno5olvc6wjt7hhuuqj7mlcc 0 173002 963203 951585 2026-10-04T23:14:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Luella Wilcox St. Clair Moss''' (25 ga Yuni, 1865 &#x2013; 18 ga Agusta, 1947) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai ra'ayin kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara zama shugaban jami'a a Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Luella Henrietta Wilcox a Virden, Illinois a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1865, ita ce ta shida cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Julia F. McLynn da Seymour B. Wilcox. Seymour Wilcox yana cikin harkar hatsi da ciyawa kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin sheriff a shekarar 1868. Moss ta yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Virden kuma mai kula da karatun digiri na uku a ajinta. <ref name="Ashman">{{Cite web |last=Ashman |first=Patricia |title=Luella St. Clair Moss (1865-1947) |url=https://missouriencyclopedia.org/people/moss-luella-st-clair |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Missouri Encyclopedia |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}}</ref> A shekarar 1885, bayan shekara guda na karatu, ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Hamilton, wata kwalejin mata a Lexington, Kentucky da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 17, ta ci gaba da zama a kwalejin don gyara mujallar adabi ta kwaleji, The Hamilton College Monthly. A shekarar 1886 ta auri Franklin P. St. Clair, manajan kasuwanci kuma malami a fannin Latin da lissafi a Hamilton. St. Clair ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Bethany (West Virginia) inda yawancin kwalejojin Lexington, ciki har da shugaban Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki John William McGarvey, suma suka kammala karatunsu. [[File:Hamilton_Female_College.jpg|right|thumb]] A shekarar 1888, St. Clairs sun bar Lexington, kuma sun zauna na ɗan gajeren lokaci a West Virginia, Pennsylvania, da Illinois. [1] Kimanin shekaru huɗu suna zaune a Colorado. Da farko sun ƙaura zuwa Montrose, Colorado don Franklin ya sha ruwan rijiyar artesian da aka haƙa a tsakiyar gari. An haifi ɗansu tilo, Annilee, a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1888. A cewar kundin adireshin birnin Pueblo na shekarar 1889, Franklin da ƙanensa William sun zauna tare; kuma, duk da cewa ba a lissafa ta a matsayin wacce ke zaune tare da su ba, Luella wataƙila tana koyar da makaranta a kusa da yankin karkara. == Jagorancin ilimi == Sun ƙaura zuwa Columbia, Missouri a lokacin bazara na 1893 inda aka yi hira da Franklin da Luella don neman matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista, wata makaranta da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . William S. St. Clair ya zo tare da su daga Colorado kuma an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin malamin falsafa da addini. Franklin ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1893, kuma amintattun Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista a wancan lokacin, kamar yadda aka tsara a baya, sun naɗa Luella St. Clair a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a Amurka da aka naɗa a matsayin shugabar jami'a. Manufarta ita ce ta mayar da kwalejinta " Mai Ra'ayin Yamma" kuma ta dage cewa ɗaliban su yi amfani da hula da rigar ilimi a matsayin kayan aiki na hukuma maimakon hular gargajiya ta Kwalejin Kirista. <ref name="Batterson" /> Lafiyarta ta yi tsanani kuma a shekarar 1897 ta miƙa shugabancin ga ƙawarta Emma Frederick Moore (1893–1920). Moore ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Wellesley kuma matar Dr. William Thomas Moore na Kentucky wacce kwanan nan ta karɓi matsayin shugaban sabuwar Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Missouri. <ref name="Friends">{{Cite web |title=Friends, Special Sesquicentennial Issue: The gates of change, 1851-2001 |url=http://www.columbiacollegealumni.org/~/media/Files/Alumni%20Relations/GatesofChange.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya tare da 'yar uwarta Maxine a Turai, ta dawo Columbia ta warke. Ta karɓi shugabancin tare da kawarta, Emma Moore. St. Clair ta zama memba na kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1899 ta ƙungiyar Tuesday Club wadda ta ɗauki nauyin inganta rayuwar jama'a kamar haɓaka ɗakin karatu na jama'a na birnin. <ref name="Ashman" /> Ba zato ba tsammani 'yarta Annilee ta mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar rheumatism a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1900. <ref>{{Cite web |title=College Traditions |url=https://my.ccis.edu/about-the-ccaa/college-traditions? |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni Relations}}</ref> === Kwalejin Mata ta Hamilton a Kentucky === [[File:Luella_Wilcox_St._Clair.jpg|thumb| Da aminci, Luella Wilcox St. Clair]] A shekarar 1903, shugaban Jami'ar Kentucky, Burris Jenkins, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da Kwalejin Bethany (West Virginia), ya ɗauki Luella St. Clair aiki a matsayin sabuwar shugabar Kwalejin Mata ta Hamilton da ke Lexington, Kentucky . Duk da cewa membobin Cocin Kirista na yankin (Almajiran Almasihu) ne suka mallaki makarantar, Jami'ar Kentucky (daga baya Jami'ar Transylvania ) a shekarar 1878 ta sayi hannun jari a makarantar, inda ta mallaki cikakken iko a shekarar 1903. Wannan sauyi a shugabanci ya tilasta wa shugaban Hamilton na yanzu, Barton C. Hagerman, mijin Mary Campbell wadda jikanyar wanda ya kafa Cocin Almajirai ta kori. Hagerman ta fara sabuwar makaranta ga mata, mai suna Campbell-Hagerman College, kuma kwalejin mata mai zaman kanta da ke da alaƙa da Almajiran Almasihu [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902045942/https://www.thehagerman.com/the-historic-hagerman , tubalan huɗu kacal] . An kafa cocin St. Clairs a Lexington a ƙarshen watan Yuni tun lokacin da Luella St. Clair ta kasance mai jawabi a lokacin Majalisar Mata a Lexington Chautauqua . Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Daidaito ta Kentucky ta shirya kwanaki goma na ayyukan da suka mayar da hankali kan rawar da mata ke takawa a sabon ƙarni, kuma sun ƙunshi masu rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a na ƙasa da masu fafutukar zaman lafiya kamar Reverend Anna Howard Shaw da Dr. Sophonisba Breckinridge, ban da shugabannin jihar a fannin ilimin mata. A wannan kaka, St. Clair ta yi jawabin bude taron majalisar mata ta Kirista (CWBM) a birnin Paris, Kentucky, kuma Burris Jenkins ya yi jawabin rufe taron. Shugabar CWBM, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Kentucky kuma mata a kulob, Ida Withers Harrison, ta gayyace ta zuwa yin jawabi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hume |first=Mary |last2=Walton-Hanley |first2=Jennifer |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Ida Withers Harrison, 1851-1927, Lexington suffragist |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/2289/discussions/1579470/ida-withers-harrison-1851-1927-lexington |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=H-Kentucky |publisher=H-Net.org}}</ref> An gayyaci St. Clair don sake yin jawabi a Majalisar Mata ta biyu da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Daidaito ta Kentucky ta shirya a lokacin bazara na 1904. Jenkins ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarin St. Clair mai girma kuma Kwalejin ta girma da wani adadi mai yawa: ƙaruwar kashi 47% na yawan ɗalibai a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa da sabbin malamai na kiɗa, fasaha da kuma sabbin manhajojin kimiyyar cikin gida da aka tsara - yayin da a lokaci guda ake gabatar da wasanni kamar ƙwallon kwando da wasan hockey. Jagorancin St. Clair ya yi tasiri ga makarantar har a shekarar 1916, shekaru da dama bayan ta tafi, da yawa daga cikin ɗaliban Hamilton da ma'aikatan da aka ɗauka aiki a lokacin mulkin St. Clair a matsayin shugaba, sun yi tattaki a babban faretin zaɓe na jihar. A kaka na shekarar 1909, St. Clair ta koma Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista a matsayin shugaba kuma ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa ta. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1911, ta auri bazawara Warren Woodson Moss, MD (1852–1920), shugaban sashen malaman likitanci a Jami'ar Missouri da kuma likitan likitancin ciki a Asibitin Parker Memorial. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 November 1903 |title=Parker Memorial Hospital |url=https://muarchives.missouri.edu/historic/buildings/parker/files/1903_Bulletin.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the University of Missouri |volume=IV |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> Ta sake zama bazawara lokacin da Dr. Moss ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1920. Daga nan ta yi ritaya a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Mata ta Kirista. == Aikin siyasa == A shekarar 1912 da kafa Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Columbia, St. Clair Moss ta ɗauki wani muhimmin mataki a bainar jama'a wajen tallafawa mata wajen zaɓe. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba, sanin cewa wannan aiki ne mai wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Christina |date=20 September 2020 |title='She Got the Vote' exhibit tells Columbia's story of suffrage |url=https://www.voxmagazine.com/news/womens-suffrage-columbia/article_00205202-f9f0-11ea-a63a-4f130fb2bfce.html |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Vox Magazine}}</ref> Mazan masu zaɓe a Missouri sun ƙi zaɓen mata a jihar a shekarar 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Clare |date=15 September 2019 |title=History of local movement for women's vote told in new exhibit |url=https://www.columbiatribune.com/news/20190915/history-of-local-movement-for-womens-vote-told-in-new-exhibit |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia Daily Tribune}}</ref> An yaba mata a lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar mata masu zaɓe a Missouri a shekarar 1919. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbia Equal Suffrage Association and League of Women Voters Records, 1912-1923 |url=https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/c2936 |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia Manuscript Collections |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}}</ref> A shekarar 1922 ta zama mace ta farko a Hukumar Ilimi ta Columbia. <ref name="Ashman" /> A wannan shekarar ne St. Clair Moss ya lashe zaben 'yan takarar gundumar Takwas ga Majalisar Wakilan Amurka bisa tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat. Ta sha kaye sosai a babban zaɓen da aka gudanar a hannun jam'iyyar Republican mai mulki da kashi 45.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A shekarar 1930, St. Clair Moss ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) . <ref name="Ashman" /> [[File:Luella_St._Clair_Moss_1937.jpg|thumb| Luella St. Clair Moss, LL. D.]] == Mutuwa == Luella St. Clair Moss ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1947, kuma an binne ta a Columbia, Missouri . == Daraja == A shekarar 1937, Kwalejin Culver-Stockton, wacce ke da alaƙa da Cocin Kirista (Almajiran Almasihu) da kuma cibiyar ilimi ta farko da aka yi hayar ta a yammacin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], ta ba wa St. Clair Moss lambar girmamawa ta LL. D. An kuma gayyace ta don zama memba a Delta Kappa Gamma, wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ga mata masu ilimi. <ref name="Ashman" /> An saka sunan Luella St. Clair Moss a kan wani allo da aka yi wa ado da girmamawa ga matan Missouri waɗanda suka taimaka wajen share fagen samun "cikakkiyar 'yancin kai a Missouri." An ajiye allon a bene na farko na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Missouri a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na Zauren Tarihi - a gefen gabas na ginin kusa da babban birnin rotunda. == Duba kuma == * Kwalejin Columbia (Missouri) * Jerin masu rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a a Missouri * Jadawalin lokacin zaɓen mata a Missouri == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite web |last=Ashman |first=Patricia |title=Luella St. Clair Moss (1865-1947) |url=https://missouriencyclopedia.org/people/moss-luella-st-clair |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Missouri Encyclopedia |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri}} *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Daines |first=Mary K. |date=July 1988 |title=The Congressional Campaign of Luella St. Clair Moss |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_missouri-historical-review_1988-07_82_4/page/386 |journal=Missouri Historical Review |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=386–407}} *   * {{Cite web |title=Friends, Special Sesquicentennial Issue: The gates of change, 1851-2001 |url=http://www.columbiacollegealumni.org/~/media/Files/Alumni%20Relations/GatesofChange.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=Columbia College Alumni |publisher=Columbia College Alumni Relations}} *   *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5q6axjd01ec6kcmvw96figl90fheeax 0 173399 963227 943263 2026-10-05T01:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa ta [[Iowa]]''' ('''Iowa DNR''' ko '''IA DNR''') sashen / hukuma ne na jihar Iowa ta Amurka da aka kafa a 1986, wanda ke da alhakin kula da wuraren shakatawa da gandun daji na jihar, kare muhalli na Iowa, da kuma sarrafa makamashi, kifi, namun daji, albarkatun ƙasa, da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]] na Iowa. == Tarihi == Babban Taron na 71 ne ya kirkiro DNR a shekarar 1986 a karkashin Terry E. Branstad, memba na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Iowa, ta hanyar hada hukumomin jihar hudu da suka gabata: Ruwa, Air, da Gudanar da Sharar gida; sassan Majalisar Manufofin Makamashi ta Iowa; Hukumar Kare Ilimin Iowa; da Hukumar Binciken Yanayi ta Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iowa DNR |date=2010 |title=Law Enforcement Bureau 2009 and 2010 Report |url=http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/Law%2520Enforcement/annualreport_09_10.pdf&sa=U&ei=4sxiVM_kA4-xyASroYHADg&ved=0CAcQFjAC&client=internal-uds-cse&usg=AFQjCNH6Rx6OFxnCBzzgLzsuXbe47s-3vg |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=Iowa DNR |pages=2}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref> Daraktocin DNR tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1986 sun kasance * Larry J. Wilson, 1986-1999, Shugaban Hukumar Kare Ilimin Ilimin Ivory Coast <ref name="cfwru" /> * Paul Johnson, 1999-2000 MS a cikin gandun daji <ref name="cfwru">{{Cite web |last=Iowa Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit |date=6 October 2007 |title=Celebrating 75 Years of Research Excellence 1932 - 2007 |url=http://www.cfwru.iastate.edu/75_slideshow/75th_program.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401191908/http://www.cfwru.iastate.edu/75_slideshow/75th_program.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=25 November 2014 |publisher=Iowa State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agricultural Research Service |date=January 2004 |title=Agricultural Research Service 50th Anniversary |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/aboutus/50th/conference/bio/bio.PaulJohnson.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129134326/http://www.ars.usda.gov/aboutus/50th/conference/bio/bio.PaulJohnson.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=25 November 2014 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture}}</ref> * Lyle Asell, 2000 (aiki), B.S. Kifi da Kayan Kayan Kudancin daji, <ref name="cfwru" /> Gwamna Vilsack<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iowa DNR |date=3 March 1999 |title=Three tapped for top DNR jobs |url=http://www.tecenv.com/News_Folder/Archives/dnr_news.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202182845/http://www.tecenv.com/News_Folder/Archives/dnr_news.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=25 November 2014 |website=DNR News |publisher=Thompson Environmental Consulting, Inc.}}</ref> * Jeffrey R. Vonk, 2001-2006, Gudanar da namun daji, BS Forest Biology . <ref>{{Cite web |last=South Dakota Governor's office |date=n.d. |title=Secretary Jeff Vonk - Governor Staff Biographies |url=http://sd.gov/governor/bios.aspx?id=vonk |access-date=24 November 2014 |publisher=South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Park}}</ref> * Richard Leopold, 2007-2010, masanin halitta * Roger Lande, 2010-2012, lauya * Chuck Gipp, 2012-2018, manomi mai shayarwa <ref name="DR52012" /><ref name="gettoknow">{{Cite web |last=Iowa DNR |date=24 January 2013 |title=Get to Know Us |url=http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/files/overview.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511081703/http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/files/overview.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources |pages=4}}</ref> * Kayla Lyon, 2019-yanzu <ref name="lyon">{{Cite web |title=Kayla Lyon named first female director of the Iowa DNR |url=https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2516/Kayla-Lyon-named-first-female-director-of-the-Iowa-DNR |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=Iowa Department of Natural Resources |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302181010/https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2516/Kayla-Lyon-named-first-female-director-of-the-Iowa-DNR |archive-date=2020-03-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, DNR tana da ma'aikata 1,200 na cikakken lokaci.<ref name="gettoknow" /> Gwamnan Iowa ne ke jagoranta, wanda ya zuwa Mayu 2019 Kayla Lyon ne.<ref name="lyon" /> DNR tana da bangarori uku na sabis: kiyayewa da nishaɗi, ayyukan muhalli da ayyukan gudanarwa. Akwai kwamitocin 'yan kasa guda biyu da gwamna ya nada wadanda ke yanke shawara kan manufofi da ka'idojin gudanarwa: === Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Halitta === Hukumar albarkatun kasa tana kula da kifi, namun daji, wuraren shakatawa da batutuwan gandun daji.<ref name="gettoknow" /> === Hukumar Kare Muhalli === Hukumar Kare Muhalli mai mambobi tara tana kula da batutuwan ruwa, ƙasa da ingancin iska.<ref name="gettoknow" /> Daga cikin kwamishinoni tara an gano akalla mambobi 5 a cikin 2014 bisa ga bayanan jama'a, don samun rikici na sha'awa, idan ya zo ga tsananin kariya ta muhalli, musamman tilasta Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. == Manazarta == gvhvqmw71e5dnyf3swjn1ur6paiktmu 0 173441 963225 943394 2026-10-05T00:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta [[New Mexico]] (NMED) ''' hukuma ce ta gwamnatin jihar da ke da alhakin "karewa da maido da muhalli na jihar New Mexico don inganta ingantaccen New Mexico ga tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba, "bisa ga sanarwar manufofinta.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=About NMED |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/NMED/aboutus.htm |access-date=2015-12-02 |publisher=New Mexico Environment Department}}</ref> Wannan kungiyar ta yi imanin cewa New Mexicans dole ne su sami kulawa mai kyau da kuma dama mai ma'ana don shiga cikin ci gaba, aiwatarwa da tilasta bin doka da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equity |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/general/environmental-justice-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> Wadannan sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, imani, launi, asalin ƙasa, jinsi, nakasassu, addini ko siyasa, samun kudin shiga ko matakin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equity |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/general/environmental-justice-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> Wannan sashen kuma yana da alhakin daidaito a cikin al'ummomin da suke aiki wanda ke jagorantar shirye-shiryen rashin nuna bambanci da [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equity |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/general/environmental-justice-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin Dokar Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Majalisar Dokoki ta 40), wanda aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1991, kuma sashen matakin majalisa ne don kula da dokokin muhalli na jihar. Kafin a halicce shi, waɗannan ayyukan muhalli sun raba su da Sashen Kare Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta New Mexico da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Ma'aikatar tana da ma'aikata kusan 650, kuma tana rufe yankuna kamar lafiyar muhalli da kariya, ingancin iska, lafiyar sana'a da aminci, kula da radiation, gudanar da ruwa da kuma kula da tankin ajiyar mai. New Mexico ta himmatu ga kare lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equity |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/general/environmental-justice-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bayan kirkirar Sashen, a lokacin gwamnatin Bruce King (1991-1995), an zabi Judith Espinosa (1991-1994) a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar kuma Ron Curry a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Majalisar. A lokacin wa'adin Gwamna Gary Johnson guda biyu (1995-2003), NMED tana da Sakataren Ma'aikatar uku. Mark E. Weidler (1995-1998) shine na farko. Mataimakin Sakataren Ma'aikatarsa shine Edgar T. Thornton, III. Weidler ya mutu a hatsarin mota a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1998. Zaɓin Johnson don maye gurbin Weidler shine Peter Maggiore (1998-2002), Darakta na Sashen Kare Muhalli. Maggiore ya zaɓi Paul Ritzma a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatarensa. Zuwa ƙarshen gwamnatin Johnson, Maggiore ya bar sashen, inda aka zaɓi John D"Antonio (2002) don aiwatar da nauyin Sakataren Majalisar don sauran watanni shida na gwamnatin Johnson. A lokacin gwamnatin Bill Richardson (2003-2011), Sakataren majalisar ministoci shine Ron Curry (2003-2010). Curry yana da Mataimakin Sakatare daban-daban guda uku. Na farko shi ne Derrith Watchman-Moore, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Sakataren Ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya. An zabi Cindy Padilla, Darakta na Sashen a NMED, don maye gurbin Watchman-Moore. Padilla ta yi aiki har sai da gwamnati ta nada ta a matsayin Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar sabuwar Sashen Kula da Tsofaffi da Tsawon Lokaci. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, Darakta na Sashen Jon Goldstein ya zama Mataimakin Sakatare. Daga baya aka nada Goldstein a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adanai da Ma'adinai. Bayan ya tashi daga NMED, an zabi Sarah Cottrell a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren majalisar. A karkashin gwamnatin Susana Martinez (2011-yanzu), F. David Martin shine Sakataren majalisar ministoci. A farkon gwamnatin, Mataimakin Sakataren majalisar ministoci shine Dhiraj Solomon . Solomon ya bar NMED kuma Butch Tongate ya maye gurbinsa, memba na ma'aikata tun 1993. F. David Martin ya bar hukumar a shekarar 2012 don ya zama Sakataren Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Ma'adanai da Ma'adinai. An maye gurbinsa da Ryan Flynn Janar mai ba da shawara ga hukumar. a shekarar 2015 Flynn ya bar hukumar kuma Butch Tongate ya maye gurbinsa. === COVID-19 === A watan Janairun 2022, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Mexico ta sabunta dokokin COVID-19 a wurin aiki bayan juyin mulki na Kotun Koli ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=Environment Dept. encourages vaccination policies for businesses |url=https://www.krqe.com/health/coronavirus-new-mexico/environment-dept-encourages-vaccination-policies-for-businesses/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=KRQE NEWS 13 - Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502190600/https://www.krqe.com/health/coronavirus-new-mexico/environment-dept-encourages-vaccination-policies-for-businesses/ |archive-date=2022-05-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar ta bukaci kamfanoni da su aiwatar da nasu allurar rigakafi da shirin gwaji. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, an sanar da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Mexico don karɓar ƙarancin kuɗi ga kasafin kuɗin su daga babban asusun jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The NM Political Report » New Mexico Environment Department |url=https://nmpoliticalreport.com/tag/new-mexico-environment-department/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The NM Political Report |language=en-US}}</ref> Hukumar tana da ma'aikata 550 a duk manyan ofisoshinmu a Santa Fe da ofisoshin gundumar 22 a duk fadin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mexico Environment Department |url=https://www.ecos.org/members/new-mexico/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The Environmental Council of the States (ECOS) |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Ofisoshin da bangarorin da ke ba da rahoto ga Mataimakin Sakatare a cikin 2012 sun haɗa da Ayyukan Gudanarwa, Fasahar Bayanai, Bayanan Jama'a, Kare albarkatu, Ayyukan Filin da Infrastructure da Kare Muhalli. * Ayyukan gudanarwa sun haɗa da ofisoshin albarkatun ɗan adam da sabis na kuɗi. * Kare albarkatun sun haɗa da ofisoshin ingancin ruwan kasa, ingancin ruwan sama, kulawar DOE, tankin ajiyar man fetur da sharar gida mai haɗari. * Ayyukan Filin da Infrastructure sun haɗa da ofisoshin shirye-shiryen gini, ruwan sha, kiwon lafiyar muhalli da hakar ma'adinai haɗin kabilanci. * Kare muhalli ya haɗa da ofisoshin ingancin iska, kiwon lafiya da aminci na sana'a, sharar gida da kula da radiation.{{Sfn|NMED Organization Chart August 2012}} * Kungiyar tana amfani da hanyoyin injiniya da fasaha don magance matsalolin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mexico Environment Department |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> === Ofishin Tanki na Man Fetur === Ofishin Tanki na Man Fetur (PSTB) na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Mexico yana da umarnin ragewa, ragewa da kuma kawar da barazanar da aka yi wa muhalli ta hanyar sakin kayayyakin man fetur daga tankunan ajiya.{{Sfn|Von Gonten|2007}}Ruwa mai zurfi a wasu sassan New Mexico, kamar Albuquerque Basin, na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙananan ruwa waɗanda ke kusa da farfajiya sabili da haka suna da saukin kamuwa da gurɓata.{{Sfn|Connell|2012}} Ruwan man fetur ba sabon abu ba ne. Daga cikin tankuna ɗari uku na ajiya a cikin Basin Española, gami da tankuna da ba sa aiki, an ba da rahoton sakin 137 daga farkon shekarun 1990 har zuwa 2007, wanda aka rufe 96. PSTB tana da Asusun Gyara wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don tsaftace ɓarkewar tanki da kare ruwan kasa.{{Sfn|Von Gonten|2007}} A watan Yulin 2012, an ba da rahoton cewa tsarin gyare-gyare a tankin ajiyar man fetur na Arroyo Honda a wajen Santa Fe, New Mexico ana inganta shi a karkashin bita na PSTB, wanda Asusun Ayyuka na Gyara ya tallafawa. Shafin yana da tarihin matsalolin da suka samo asali daga shekarun 1960, kuma rijiyoyi don samar da ruwa na cikin gida daga shafin sun gurbata.{{Sfn|Remediation System Expanded...2012}} A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, ofishin tankin man fetur ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai wuraren mallakar gwamnati sittin ko wuraren aiki tare da jimlar tankunan ajiya 126 na karkashin kasa. Dukkanin wadannan an bincika su a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, kuma babu wani rikodin rashin bin jagororin.{{Sfn|Davis|2007}} Farawa a cikin 2010 don manyan masu tankin ajiya, kuma daga 2012 ga duk masu, PSTB ta buƙaci cewa duk masu tankin adana man fetur dole ne su sami horo da aka amince da shi.{{Sfn|Class A/B Operators}} A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Mexico ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su aiwatar da dokoki masu tsauri don adana man fetur a kokarin hana kwararar da za ta iya gurɓata ruwan kasa. Idan an sami wurin ajiya yana da matsaloli, kuma bai gyara su a kan lokaci ba, za a yi amfani da tankin ja kuma an haramta isar da man fetur.{{Sfn|Slothower|2012}}Sabbin dokoki sun kawar da cirewa ga tankunan janareta na gaggawa.{{Sfn|Winchester|2012}} === Ofishin Kashewa Mai Tsarki === Ofishin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci yana inganta ayyukan kula da sharar gida. Wadannan hanyoyin suna inganta yanayin New Mexico da kuma lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solid Waste Bureau |url=https://www.env.nm.gov/solid-waste/ |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9u1xtt9kjl8u5n5g36un5hbv476ls2 0 173446 963224 943408 2026-10-05T00:49:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Arewacin Carolina (NCDEQ) hukuma ce ta Gwamnatin Arewacin Carolina wacce ke mai da hankali kan adanawa da kare [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun kasa]] da [[lafiyar jama'a]]. Sakataren Ingancin Muhalli ne ke jagorantar sashen, wanda Gwamnan Arewacin Carolina ya nada kuma memba ne na majalisar ministocin Arewacin Carolina. An kafa Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli a cikin 2015 kuma Ma'aikatu ta Muhalli da Albarkatun Halitta ce ta riga ta, wacce aka kafa a cikin 1971 ta Dokar sake tsarawa ta Arewacin Carolina.<ref name="DENR-now-DEQ">{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2015 |title=DENR has a new name - N.C. Dept. of Environmental Quality |url=http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/guest/denr-blog/-/blogs/denr-has-a-new-name-n-c-dept-of-environmental-quality |access-date=October 3, 2015 |publisher=N.C. Dept. of Environmental Quality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925021609/http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/guest/denr-blog/-/blogs/denr-has-a-new-name-n-c-dept-of-environmental-quality |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NCDEQ">{{Cite web |title=About the Department of Environmental Quality |url=https://deq.nc.gov/about |access-date=October 6, 2019 |website=DEQ.nc.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923151202/https://deq.nc.gov/about |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lewis, J.D. |title=NC Department of Environmental Quality |url=https://www.carolana.com/NC/Executive_Branch/nc_department_of_environmental_quality.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=carolana.com}}</ref><ref name="Act">{{Cite web |title=Statute, Chapter 143B, Article 7 |url=https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_143B/Article_7.pdf |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=ncleg.net}}</ref> Sakatariyar yanzu ita ce Elizabeth Biser, wacce Gwamna Roy Cooper ya nada ta. == Tarihi == An kafa sashen ne da farko a matsayin Sashen Muhalli da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar Dokar Kungiyar Zartarwa ta 1971. A shekara ta 1977 an canza sunansa zuwa Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da ci gaban al'umma.{{Sfn|Cheney|1981}} == Rarrabawar == Rarrabawar NCDEQ na yanzu sun hada da: <ref name="Lewis" /> * Ingancin iska * Gudanar da Tekun * Makamashi, Ma'adanai, da albarkatun ƙasa * Taimako na Muhalli da Sabis ɗin Abokin Ciniki * Ilimi na Muhalli da Harkokin Jama'a * Kifi na Ruwa * Harkokin Shari'a da Harkokin Gwamnati * Ayyukan Ragewa * Gudanar da Sharar gida * Infrastructure na Ruwa * Ma'adanai na Ruwa * Ayyukan Kudi * Babban Mai ba da shawara * Albarkatun Dan Adam * Shirin Gudanarwa 19wdlitmrv62vbc8yo9f5zohwyklgg4 0 173467 963226 943453 2026-10-05T00:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta [[Oregon]] (DEQ) ita ce babbar hukumar kula da gwamnati ta jihar Oregon ta Amurka da ke da alhakin karewa da inganta albarkatun kasa na jihar da kuma kula da tsabtace tsabta da sharar gida. Hukumar tana daukar ma'aikata kusan masana kimiyya 700, injiniyoyi, masu fasaha, masu gudanarwa, da kwararru na muhalli. Tana da hedikwatar a Portland, ofisoshin gudanarwa na yanki a Bend, [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], da Portland; da kuma ofisoshin filin a Coos Bay, Medford, Pendleton, Salem, da The Dalles. Sashen Binciken Muhalli da Muhalli yana aiki da dakin gwaje-gwaje na muhalli a Hillsboro . Darakta na hukumar yana da ikon sanya tarar don keta dokokin yaki da gurɓataccen yanayi.<ref name="OBB DEQ Duties">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Department of Environmental Quality - Present Duties and Responsibilities |url=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/executive/environmental-quality.aspx |access-date=February 20, 2014 |website=Oregon Blue Book (Online) |publisher=Oregon Secretary of State}}</ref> Baya ga umarnin jihar, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) ta ba da iko ga DEQ don gudanar da shirye-shiryen muhalli na tarayya ciki har da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Tarayya, Dokar Tsabtar Ruwa, da Dokar Karewa da Maidowa a cikin jihar. <ref name="DEQ About Us">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=About us |url=http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/about_us.shtml |access-date=December 24, 2006 |website=Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (official website) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215061950/http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/about_us.shtml |archive-date=December 15, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Majalisar Dokokin Oregon ce ta kafa DEQ a shekarar 1969 lokacin da ta rushe wanda ya riga ta, Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Oregon, wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1938 don mayar da martani ga kukan jama'a don tsaftace Kogin Willamette. Yana gudanar da dokokin gurɓataccen jihar, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1889. <ref name="OBB DEQ Overview">{{Cite web |date=November 2009 |title=Department of Environmental Quality -- Administrative Overview |url=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/RecordView/7589737 |access-date=January 16, 2012 |website=Oregon Blue Book |publisher=Oregon Secretary of State |format=PDF}} </ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Oregon'' == Manazarta == t93y57ced4aprzlq6pg6f18ljzzmi2t 0 173859 963141 956403 2026-10-04T21:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lisa Changadveja''' ƴar siyasa ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a wurare da Kawai a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da MoveOn . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Changadveja |first=Lisa |date=2021-04-07 |title=Asian women must be represented in government: A community call to action {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/asian-women-must-represented-government-call-action-opinion-1581382 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, marubuciya ce kuma mai zane-zane na littattafan hotunan yara guda huɗu, ciki har da Chang's First Songkran da The Only Girl on a Motorcycle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=รู้จัก 'ลิซ่า ชงัดเวช' นักเขียนนิทานเด็ก ถ่ายทอดเรื่องราวสงกรานต์ไทย |url=https://www.voathai.com/a/lisa-changadveje-a-thai-american-author-songkran-story-book-for-kids-interview-voa-thai/6557863.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=VOA |language=th}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Changadveja a Atlanta, Jojiya <ref name="blade">{{Cite web |last=Chibbaro |first=Lou |date=20 November 2013 |title=Already Ready for Hillary |url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2013/11/20/already-ready-hillary/ |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=[[Washington Blade]]}}</ref> kuma ta girma a Helen, Jojiya. <ref name="ntl">{{Cite web |last=Hopkins |first=Christopher |date=30 October 2013 |title=Lining Up Gay Voters Behind a Clinton Presidency |url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/67529/lining-up-gay-voters-behind-clinton-presidency |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=[[National Journal]]}}</ref> Ita 'yar baƙi ce ta [[Tailan|Thai]].<ref name="nbc">{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Amna |date=25 August 2015 |title=Hillary Clinton Goes After Asian-American Vote with New Outreach Director |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/hillary-clinton-goes-after-asian-american-vote-new-outreach-director-n415576 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na [[John Kerry]] na 2004 kuma ta yi aiki a kan nasarar sake zaben 2006 ga gwamnan Oregon na lokacin Ted Kulongoski . A shekara ta 2007, Changadveja ta janye daga Kwalejin Mata ta Jami'ar Brenau na ɗan lokaci don shiga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Hillary Clinton, inda ta tattara masu jefa kuri'a a Nevada, Ohio, da Indiana a matsayin darektan filin yanki. <ref name="ntl" /><ref name="nbc" /> == Ayyuka == Changadveja ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan filin na Sanata Michael Bennet na 2010 kafin ya shiga Planned Parenthood Federation of America a 2011 a matsayin Manajan filin Arewa maso Yamma. <ref name="gavoice">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2013 |title=Atlanta native named as LGBT director for 'Ready for Hillary' campaign |url=https://thegavoice.com/atlanta-native-named-as-lgbt-director-for-ready-for-hillary-campaign/ |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=[[The Georgia Voice]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na Ann Johnson na 2012 don Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas. <ref name="blade" /> A cikin 2013, Changadveja ta shiga Ready for Hillary super PAC a matsayin Darakta na LGBT Americans, yanke shawara da ta kira "na sirri".[1]"Muna nan ne don ƙarfafa ta ta gudu a cikin 2016 saboda tana da goyon baya a bayanta kuma tana da al'ummar LGBT a bayanta idan kuma lokacin da ta yanke shawarar gudu, "in ji ta bayyana. "Hillary ta kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin al'ummar LGBT kuma ta kasance abokiyar dogon lokaci. Ita ce uwargidan farko da ta yi tafiya a cikin Gay Pride parade. "[2]A cikin wannan rawar ta shirya masu tara kudade na LGBT na PAC da kuma kasancewarsu a bukukuwan Pride da taron LGBT tare da burin samun bayanai game da masu jefa kuri'a 100,000 na LGBT. [2][3] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na AAPI na super PAC . [4] Ta kuma yi aiki a yakin neman zabe na Sanata Mark Udall na shekarar 2014.[5] Bayan Clinton ta sanar da takarar ta a shekarar 2015, an nada Changadveja a matsayin Darakta na AAPI na Hillary ga Amurka <ref name="nbc" /> inda ta taimaka wajen gina shirin don isa ga masu jefa kuri'a na Asiya ta Amurka da Pacific . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2016 |title=International Women's Day 2016: A Spotlight on AAPI Leaders, Influencers |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/international-women-s-day-2016-spotlight-asian-american-leaders-influencers-n534241 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Luciana |date=19 March 2016 |title=Clinton hires former Planned Parenthood staffer for Asian outreach |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-clinton-asians/clintons-asian-american-outreach-director-leaving-campaign-idUSKCN0WL0OC |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="nation">{{Cite web |last=Hing |first=Julianne |date=23 February 2016 |title=The Gap Between New America and Old Politics |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-gap-between-new-america-and-old-politics |access-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=[[The Nation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505071739/https://www.thenation.com/article/the-gap-between-new-america-and-old-politics/ |archive-date=5 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Asma |date=20 February 2016 |title=Cultural Differences, Lack Of Resources Impede Asian-American Voter Outreach |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/02/20/467468398/cultural-differences-lack-of-resources-impede-asian-american-voter-outreach |access-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta bar mukamin a matsayin Darakta na AAPI don shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Colorado a matsayin Dakataren Kamfen a shekarar 2016. <ref name="denverpost">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2016 |title=Trump campaign fills top positions for Colorado push |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2016/08/08/trump-campaign-colorado/ |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=[[Denver Post]]}}</ref> Jason Tengco ya gaje ta a matsayin Darakta na AAPI bayan tafiyarta.<ref name="global">{{Cite web |last=Melegrito |first=Jon |date=29 March 2016 |title=Clinton campaign taps Fil-Am for top post |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/138123/138123 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref><ref name="rafu">{{Cite web |last=Shimpo |first=Rafu |date=22 April 2016 |title=Clinton campaign names new AAPI Outreach Director |url=http://www.rafu.com/2016/04/clinton-campaign-names-new-aapi-outreach-director/ |access-date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Los Angeles Japanese Daily News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Changadveja ta kasance a bayyane ɗan luwaɗi tun tana matashiya.<ref name="ntl" /> Ta bayyana a RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, tare da Jessica Wild . Tana sha'awar fiction kimiyya.<ref name="ntl" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hrgqmcu07uzb87v13b5ur1o9cai1mmy 0 173874 963213 944477 2026-10-04T23:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ly Xīnzhèn M. Zhǎngsūn Brown''' (tsohon '''Lydia X. Z. Brown''', an haife ta a shekara ta 1993) 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu, marubuciya, lauya, kuma mai magana da yawun jama'a wacce [[White House|Fadar White House]] ta girmama ta a shekarar 2013. Su ne shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama da na jama'a na kungiyar lauyoyin Amurka. Su kuma masu ba da shawara kan manufofi ne don sirri da bayanai a Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Fasaha, da kuma darektan manufofi, shawarwari, da harkokin waje a Cibiyar Nazarin Mata da Nonbinary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Adjunct Professorial Lect |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/faculty/lydiab.cfm |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ba su yi nasara ba don Majalisar Wakilai ta Maryland a Gundumar 7A, sun sha kashi a hannun wakilin jihar Kathy Szeliga da wakilin da aka zaba [[Ryan Nawrocki]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2022 |title=2022 Voter Guide: Lydia X. Z. Brown, candidate for Maryland House District 7A |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2022/05/18/2022-voter-guide-lydia-x-z-brown-candidate-for-maryland-house-district-7a/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en}}</ref> == Yunkurin dalibai == A matsayinsa na dalibi na digiri a Jami'ar Georgetown daga 2011 zuwa 2015, Brown ya kasance mai shirya dalibai kuma mai ba da shawara ga sauran ɗalibai masu nakasa a harabar. Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin nakasassu na farko na kungiyar daliban Jami'ar Georgetown kuma yana cikin kwamitin tsarawa na watan al'adun nakasassu ta farko da aka amince da ita a jami'a a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-24 |title=Disability Month Focuses on Diversity |url=https://thehoya.com/disability-month-focuses-on-diversity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520135653/https://thehoya.com/disability-month-focuses-on-diversity/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sun rubuta kuma sun yada jagora a duk fadin birni ga albarkatun dalibai masu nakasa, masu binciken dalibai-gwamnati kan batutuwan nakasassu, sun shirya tattaunawar [[Twitter]] ga daliban Georgetown masu nakasa, kuma sun shirya kuma sun shirya lacca da jerin wasan kwaikwayon kan adalci na nakasassu wanda ya nuna tattaunawa tare da masu gwagwarmayar nakasassu da ma'aikata, da ma'aikatan al'adu, gami da Karen Nakamura, Margaret Price, Leroy F. Moore Jr., Kassiane Asasumasu, Stephanie Kerschbaum, da Shain M. Neumeier. [5] [6] A cikin fall of 2012, Brown ya tsara wani tsari kuma ya shirya kwamitin tsarawa na mambobi sama da 20 na al'ummar jami'a don ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar cibiyar al'adu ta nakasassu a harabar. Shawarwarin kwamitin tsarawa, tare da haɗuwa da 2014 #BeingDisabledAtGeorgetown (ƙananan sigar: #BDGU ) kamfen ɗin kan layi, sun ba da gudummawa ga kafa ƙungiyar karatun nakasassu ta Ƙananan Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun a cikin fall na 2015 da kuma amincewar Jami'ar Georgetown ta gaba game da ƙirƙirar ƙaramin karatun nakasasshen a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-25 |title=Protest Thrives in Diverse Forms |url=https://thehoya.com/protest-thrives-in-diverse-forms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129123117/https://thehoya.com/protest-thrives-in-diverse-forms/ |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=2022-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Disability Course Cluster Established |url=https://thehoya.com/disability-course-cluster-established/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129123116/https://thehoya.com/disability-course-cluster-established/ |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=2022-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=EDITORIAL: Establish the Disability Cultural Center |url=https://thehoya.com/editorial-establish-the-disability-cultural-center/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520135743/https://thehoya.com/editorial-establish-the-disability-cultural-center/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya haifar da kirkirar asusun sadaukarwa don fassarar yaren kurame da rubutun lokaci na ainihi, da kuma kirkirar matsayin mai tsarawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=The autistic, non-binary, queer, law student fighting for disability justice |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2018/04/19/the-autistic-non-binary-queer-law-student-fighting-for-disability-justice/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=News @ Northeastern |language=en-US}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a kafa cibiyar al'adu ta nakasassu ba har zuwa Mayu 2022.<ref name=":1" /> A matsayinsa na Masanin Shari'a na Jama'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, Brown ya taimaka wajen kafa Kungiyar Shari'a mai Lafiya. <ref name=":2" /> == Yunkurin nakasassu == Brown ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda "ya fada cikin gwagwarmaya ta hanyar haɗari".<ref name=":2" /> Sun tara sama da $ 1,200 don kamfen ɗin sanarwa na autism na ƙungiyar ba da riba kuma sun mayar da kudaden ga masu ba da gudummawa bayan sun gano halayyar "ta saba wa aikin da kungiyar ta bayyana".Wannan gogewa ya kai su ga neman kuma daga baya su yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Advocacy Autistic. A Massachusetts, Brown ya fara rubuta kuma ya ba da shawarar doka a cikin 2010 wanda zai samar da horo na autism da nakasa ga masu tilasta bin doka, gami da jami'an gyara. Sun ci gaba da yin lobby don wucewar wannan lissafin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Brown ya rubuta takarda da ke buƙatar sauye-sauyen manufofin gundumar makaranta a cikin Mercer County, Kentucky bayan kallon labaran labarai na cikin gida game da wani abin da ya faru wanda Christopher Baker, dalibi mai shekaru tara mai suna autistic, ya sami horo ta hanyar sanya shi cikin babban jaka. Takardar neman izinin ta sami sa hannu sama da 200,000 da kuma kulawar kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2013, Brown ya shirya zanga-zangar a waje da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta White Oak Campus a Maryland a kan Cibiyar Alkalin Rotenberg, wani wurin da aka fi sani da amfani da girgizar lantarki mai ƙarfi don azabtar da mazauna autistic da sauran masu nakasa. [1] A cikin 2014, Brown ya ba da shaida game da amfani da Cibiyar Alkalin Rotenberg na girgizar lantarki a wani sauraron kwamitin ba da shawara na Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna.[2] Kafin sauraron karar, Brown ya gabatar da wata shaida da aka rubuta a madadin TASH New England yana jayayya cewa ya kamata a dakatar da na'urorin da ke hana wutar lantarki a matsayin hanyar magani mara inganci da haɗari.[3] Brown yana kula da ɗakunan ajiya na takardu da sauran albarkatun da suka shafi JRC a shafin yanar gizon su.[4] Yayinda yake a kwaleji, Brown ya kafa kungiyar Washington Metro Disabled Students Collective . Brown ita ce jagorar edita na All the Weight of Our Dreams, wani tarihin fasaha da rubuce-rubuce gaba ɗaya ta mutanen autistic na launi, wanda Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network ta buga a watan Yunin 2017. A cikin 2020, Brown ya goyi bayan haramtacciyar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta na'urorin lantarki a Cibiyar Alkalin Rotenberg kuma ya ce ya kamata a yi gyare-gyare ga waɗanda suka tsira daga wannan hanyar azabtarwa. === Jima'i === Binciken da aka yi ta hanyar Nature Communications ya gano cewa mutane masu canza launin fata sun ninka sau uku zuwa shida su kasance masu cutar autism, kuma mutane masu jinsi daban-daban sun fi iya bayar da rahoton halaye na autism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dattaro |first=Laura |date=2020 |title=Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity |journal=Spectrum |doi=10.53053/wnhc6713 |issn=2770-0976 |s2cid=251633487 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin ''Jima'i'' na jinsi da neurodivergence ya haifar da kirkirar kalmar gendervague, wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin layin da ba na binary ba da kuma transgender.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Gendervague » The Trans Language Primer |url=https://translanguageprimer.com/gendervague/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=translanguageprimer.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin masu saurin jinsi suna jin cewa asalin jinsi da neurodivergence suna da alaƙa. Brown, wanda ya shahara da kalmar, ya lura, "Ga yawancinmu, jinsi galibi yana tasiri ga rayuwarmu lokacin da aka tsara mu ta hanyar tunanin wasu mutane, amma ba shi da ma'ana sosai. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2021 |title=Gendervague: Autistic + Trans |url=https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/blogs/post/gendervague-autistic-trans |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca |language=en-CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516035058/https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/blogs/post/gendervague-autistic-trans/ |archive-date=2023-05-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Brown tsohuwar Patricia Morrissey Disability Policy Fellow ce a Cibiyar Jagoranci ta Ilimi . Sun kuma kasance masu sharhi kan manufofi ga Cibiyar Advocacy Autistic.<ref name=":2" /> Brown ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ƙaramin wanda aka nada wanda ke jagorantar kowane majalisar kula da ci gaba a Amurka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=National Disability Mentoring Coalition (NDMC) |url=https://ndmc.pyd.org/hall-of-fame/class-of-2019/lydia-xz-brown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518090900/https://ndmc.pyd.org/hall-of-fame/class-of-2019/lydia-xz-brown/ |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=National Disability Mentoring Coalition (NDMC) |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsu na dalibi na digiri, sun kasance 2018-2019 Justice Catalyst Legal Fellow a Cibiyar Alkalin David L. Bazelon don Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya. <ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1pffr80ng5s8wvb5ke6p09aom9l4dsm 0 173914 963247 944664 2026-10-05T04:21:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Harsuna ta NSW''' (wanda a da ake kira '''Open High School''' ) makarantar sakandare ce ta ilimi ta ƙwararru, wacce ke da ƙwarewa a koyar da harsuna ta hanyar ilimin nesa, wacce ke a West Street, Petersham, wani yanki na cikin gida na [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New South Wales ce ke gudanar da makarantar. == Tarihi == A shekarar 1991, Makarantar Wasiku ta New South Wales, wacce ke kula da ɗaliban makarantar renon yara zuwa aji 12, an raba ta zuwa cibiyoyin ilimi na nesa 19 da ke cikin makarantu a faɗin jihar. A wannan lokacin an kafa Cibiyar Samar da Kayan Koyo don samar da kayan koyo ga dukkan waɗannan cibiyoyi kuma an kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta Buɗe don koyar da harsuna ta nesa ga ɗalibai a faɗin jihar. A shekarar 2017, Open High School ta canza sunanta zuwa NSW School of Languages. Makarantar a da tana cikin harabar tsohuwar makarantar sakandare ta Randwick North . A shekarar 2018, Makarantar Harsuna ta NSW ta ƙaura zuwa wurin da take a yanzu kuma na dindindin a Petersham, a harabar tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Petersham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiberce |date=21 February 2019 |title=NSW School of Languages Petersham {{!}} Patterson Building Group |url=https://www.pattersonbuild.com.au/nsw-school-of-languages-petersham/ |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref> == Rijista == Ana samun damar yin rajista ga ɗaliban da ke aji 9-12 waɗanda ke karatun sakandare ko na tsakiya a halin yanzu, na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke New South Wales ko kuma waɗanda Babban Birnin Australiya ya amince da su ko makarantun sakandare ko na tsakiya na Papua New Guinea . [1] Babban manufar makarantar ita ce taimaka wa ɗalibai su faɗaɗa zaɓuɓɓukan manhajar karatunsu da kuma ci gaba da karatu, misali lokacin canja wuri tsakanin makarantu. Domin yin rijista, dole ne ɗalibai su cika sharuɗɗan rajista da aka buga. Ana ƙayyade matsakaicin adadin masu shiga makarantu ta hanyar tsarin rabon kaso; misali makarantar da ke da ɗalibai 600 za a ba ta izinin yin rajista har zuwa sabbin makarantun nesa shida kowace shekara. A halin yanzu ana bayar da darussan a cikin [[Mandarin Chinese|Sinanci]], [[Faransanci]], [[Jamusanci]], Indonesiya, [[Italiyanci]], [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]], Koriyanci, [[Harshen Latin|Latinanci]], Girkanci na Zamani, [[Harshen Portuguese|Fotigal]], [[Rashanci]], da [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSW School of Languages |url=https://www.schoolinfrastructure.nsw.gov.au/schools/8/8588.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=@NSWDepartmentofEducation}}</ref> Makarantar Harsuna ta NSW tana aiki a yanayin ilimi mai nisa. Malamai suna ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa mai kyau da jan hankali game da koyo waɗanda aka tsara don biyan buƙatunsu na mutum ɗaya. Wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da amfani da waɗannan: * LMS na kan layi (Canvas da Moodle) * kayan da aka buga * Kayan CD/DVD * darussa na kan layi * darussa na mutum ɗaya da na rukuni fuska da fuska * sadarwa ta hanyar kwamfuta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open High School – Researching Virtual Initiatives in Education |url=http://www.virtualeducation.wiki/index.php/Open_High_School |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=virtualeducation.wiki}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarorin == Makarantar Harsuna ta NSW tana da tarihin manyan nasarorin da ɗaliban da suka yi jarrabawar HSC suka samu. Ɗaliban Makarantar Harsuna ta NSW galibi suna kan gaba a jihar a darussan harshen HSC ɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 HSC First in Course |url=https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/about/events/merit-lists/first-in-course/2021 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=educationstandards.nsw.edu.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantun gwamnati a New South Wales: G–P * Ilimi a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == g5zhflqq6kivfu2rlueglag7cv804ds 0 174094 963196 945319 2026-10-04T22:56:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucrecia Martel''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1966) ita ce darektan fina-finai na Argentina, marubuciya, kuma furodusa wacce fina-fakka na ta saba zuwa Cannes, Venice, Berlin, Toronto, da sauran bukukuwan fina-falla na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{IMDb name|0551506}}</ref> Masanin fina-finai Paul Julian Smith ya rubuta a shekarar 2015 cewa ita ce "mai yiwuwa mafi kyawun marubucin a cikin fina-fallafen fasahar Mutanen Espanya a waje da Latin Amurka" kuma cewa "ƙwarewar kasa da kasa da kuma abubuwan da ke buƙata sun ba ta suna mai wuya a cikin bikin fina-falance na duniya".<ref name="PJS">{{Cite book|edition=Julián Daniel}}</ref> Hakazalika, masanin fina-finai Haden Guest ya kira ta "ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-fakkaatu masu basira a fina-fukkuna na duniya na zamani", kuma masanin fina'a [[:es:David Oubiña|David Oubiña]] ya kira aikinta "cikakke mai ban mamaki". <ref name="DO">{{Cite web |last=Oubiña |first=David |author-link=:es:David Oubiña |date=26 January 2015 |title=''La Ciénaga'': What's Outside the Frame |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3444-la-cienaga-what-s-outside-the-frame |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[The Criterion Collection]]}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, ''Vogue'' ta kira ta "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a duniya a yanzu". Fim dinta na farko na shekara ta 2001, La ''Ciénaga'' (The Swamp), game da dangi mai zaman kansa wanda ke ciyar da lokacin rani a cikin gidan hutu mai lalacewa a lardin Salta, Argentina, an yaba da shi sosai a duniya bayan an sake shi ''Ruwa'' ya gabatar da sabuwar murya mai mahimmanci ga fim din Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=19 October 2001 |title=La Cienaga Movie Review & Film Summary (2001) |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/la-cienaga-2001 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |publisher=Ebert Digital LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Cienaga (2001) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/la_cienaga/ |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]}}</ref> David Oubiña ya kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarori" na New Argentine Cinema, wani yunkuri na fina-finai na zamani wanda ya fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s don mayar da martani ga shekarun da suka gabata na rikice-rikicen siyasa da tattalin arziki a kasar. Fim din, Oubiña ya rubuta, "wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa game da wani lokaci mai matukar damuwa a cikin tarihin kasar na baya-bayan nan. "<ref name="DO" /> Hotuna uku na Martel sun sami karin yabo na kasa da kasa: wasan kwaikwayo na matasa The Holy Girl (La niña santa) (2004), mai ban tsoro na tunanin mutum The Headless Woman (La mujer sin cabeza) (2008), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na ''Zama'' Zama (2017). == Rayuwa ta farko == Na biyu cikin yara bakwai, an haifi Martel kuma ya girma a Salta. Mahaifinta Ferdi ya mallaki kuma yana gudanar da shagon fenti, yayin da mahaifiyarta Bochi ta keɓe kanta ga iyalin. Iyayenta sun hadu a jami'a (inda Ferdi ya yi karatun kimiyya kuma Bochi ya yi karatun falsafar) kuma sun yi aure yana da shekaru 24. Daga ƙarshe sun bar ayyukansu kuma suka zauna a Salta. A makarantar firamare, kawun Martel ya taimaka mata ta bunkasa sha'awar tatsuniyoyi, Girkanci, da yarukan Latin. A aji na biyar, ta sa ido kan samun shiga cikin ƙwararrun, makarantar sakandare ta "Katolic" Bachillerato Humanista Moderno, saboda ita ce kawai makarantar a Salta da ke ba da azuzuwan a cikin tsoffin harsuna. Iyayenta sun yi tsayayya da makarantar saboda al'adunsu na elitist wanda suka ji ya karfafa bambance-bambance na aji, amma, saboda [[:es:Categoría:Alumnado del Bachillerato Humanista Moderno de Salta|Shahararrun tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar]] da sha'awar Martel, ba su hana ta daga bin ta ba. A ƙarshe, Martel ya wuce jarrabawar shiga kuma ya shiga makarantar a aji na shida. Tun da ta fito ne daga dangin "tsakiyar matsakaici", kamar yadda ta bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2008 tare da BOMB Magazine, Martel ta ji kamar baƙo a makarantar. Ta ce takwarorinta sun halarci makarantar saboda iyalansu suna sa ran su, yayin da ta halarta ne kawai don ta iya karatun Helenanci da Latin. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2018 tare da mujallar ''Gatopardo'', mahaifiyarta ta ce a makarantar Martel daliba ce mai daraja "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai ƙalubale" wacce ta yi fice a kimiyya. A gidanta, Martel ta ce "akwai zurfin sadaukarwa ga ba da labari".Mahaifinta, mahaifiyarta, da kakarta Nicolasa sun kasance "masu ba da labari masu kyau" kuma za su gaya mata da 'yan uwanta shida "labaran da yawa" don su shiru a gado yayin da manya suka yi barci na rana. Ta yi sha'awar yadda kakarta ta yi amfani da sauti daban-daban, sautuna, da kuma wuraren da aka zaɓa a hankali don kafa "yanayi" a cikin labaran ta masu ban tsoro. "Yar yaro", in ji Martel, "kuma har ma a yau, koyaushe ina sha'awar hanyar ba kawai labaru da ba da labari ba, har ma da tattaunawa da kuma yadda mutane ke tsayawa da barin sarari don wani ya shiga tsakani. Duk hanyoyin da, musamman idan kai yaro ne, ana jin daɗi da kuma ana jagorantar ka kawai da kalmomi kawai".Ta ce sha'awarta da wannan "duniya ta tattaunawa" a cikin labarun baki shine abin da ya kara sha'awar ta ga labarun fina-finai da kuma jaddada sauti a cikin fina-fakka. Martel ta fara amfani da kyamarar bidiyo lokacin da take "shekara 15 ko 16", in ji ta, bayan mahaifinta ya sayi daya don adana abubuwan tunawa da babban danginsu. "Babban saka hannun jari a gare mu, "ta ce game da kyamarar, babu wanda ke cikin iyali da ya yi amfani da ita sai ita. "Na fara yin rikodin tattaunawa da abubuwa na yau da kullun: kayan iyali, "in ji ta. "Iyalina sun saba da shi saboda koyaushe ina yin fim... Akwai shekaru biyu ko uku a rayuwarmu ta iyali inda ban bayyana a cikin bidiyo ko hotuna ba, saboda koyaushe ina bayan kyamara. Binciken wani abu ne da ya burge ni, amma ba ya zama kamar a gare ni sai makata za ta iya danganta da hakan. "<ref name="LM">{{Cite book|edition=Diego}}</ref> Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 17, ta bi mahaifinta zuwa Buenos Aires kuma ta halarci baje kolin fina-finai na ''Camila'' (1984), fim din da María Luisa Bemberg ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni kuma Lita Stantic ta samar game da labarin soyayya na gaske da bala'i tsakanin firist da budurwa na babban al'umma na Buenos Aires. Da yake sha'awar mata masu kirkirar fim din da kuma nasarar da aka samu, Martel ta ce a sakamakon kallon ta "yi tunanin fim din aikin mace ne", "rashin jituwa", kamar yadda ta bayyana shi, wanda "ya kasance tare da " na tsawon shekaru.[her] == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare, Martel ta yi niyyar karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Balseiro, amma "ta fara samun shakku" kuma a maimakon haka ta shiga cikin tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Salta ta Kasa, da kuma karatun injiniyan sinadarai da ilimin dabbobi a Tucumán, lardin da ke kusa. "Suna fama da rashin tabbas" kuma tana ƙoƙarin yanke shawarar "abin da za a yi nazari ko yi da rayuwarta", <ref name="LM" /> ta kiwon aladu a wannan shekarar, ma - kiwo, kiwo, da sayar da su - har ma ta yi la'akari da yin hakan rayuwarta ta gaba. [ing][her] Koyaya, tallace-tallace mara kyau na aladu biyu kawai a kowane wata ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai zama zaɓi na aiki ba a gare ta. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar makaranta, Martel ya yi tafiya zuwa Buenos Aires don nazarin talla a Jami'ar Katolika. Shirin ya haɗu da kerawa da fasaha, don haka ita da iyalinta sun yi tunanin zai iya aiki a gare ta. Kodayake Martel ta ce ta rasa bangaskiyar Katolika a lokacin da take da shekaru 15, a jami'a ta ba da gudummawa tare da Catholic Action kuma ta yi magana game da zubar da ciki. Da yake ba ta jin daɗi ba, sai ta yanke shawarar nisanta kanta daga bangaskiya kuma ta bar makarantar don bin sabon shirin digiri na kimiyyar sadarwa a Jami'ar Buenos Aires. Ta bayyana shirin a matsayin "wani shiri na musamman na bayan sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya da aka yi don horar da 'yan jarida da masu sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai. Tabbas, wani yanki ne na al'adun Argentina wanda shekarun mulkin kama-karya suka shafi shi sosai. Akwai furofesoshi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke dawowa daga gudun hijira a lokacin, mutanen da ke da hanyoyin tunani na hagu. Lokaci ne mai kyau ga shirin saboda babu wanda ya san ainihin abin da wannan aikin ya kawo".Ta kammala dukkan bukatun digiri, in ji ta, amma "ba ta yi wani aiki ba don karɓar digiri na [ainihin]". Koyaya, ta yi imanin cewa lokacinta a makaranta "ya taimaka mata sosai".[her] Ba ta son yin watsi da sha'awarta a cikin fasaha da kirkirar abubuwa, yayin da a Jami'ar Buenos Aires ta shiga cikin darasi na raye-raye na dare a [[:es:Instituto de arte cinematográfico de Avellaneda|Cibiyar Fim ta Avellaneda (IDAC)]] da ke kusa da kilomita 5.5, wanda Martel ya bayyana cewa muhimmiyar tafiye-tafiye ce a lokacin. "Wani abu na ruhun kimiyya a cikin ni ya kasance, "ta ce game da shawarar da ta yanke na yin rajista a makarantar, "kuma ina son yadda wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance mai fasaha sosai, daidai, da sarrafawa". A makarantar, ta fara saduwa da mutanen da ke karatun fim kuma ta fara samar da gajeren fina-finai. Yayinda take IDAC, ta yanke shawarar yin jarrabawar shiga makarantar fina-finai ta Argentina a lokacin - Makarantar Nazarin Fim da Fim ta Kasa (ENERC). Tun da mutane sama da 1,000 sun yi rajista don jarrabawar kuma akwai wuraren zama 30 kawai a makarantar, ana buƙatar masu neman su ɗauki "babban karatun cancanta", wanda Martel ta ce ta shafe watanni tana shirya don. Bayan ta "ƙasa shiga", makarantar ta rufe saboda rashin kuɗi. "Lokacin da makarantar ta fara, "ta ce, "matsalar tattalin arziki ta riga ta yi tsanani sosai cewa babu farfesa ko kayan aiki. Ba mu da darussan. Abinda kawai za a iya yin karatu da kansa, don kallon fina-finai da kuma nazarin su. Na kalli Pink Floyd: The Wall sau 23, muna nazarin fim din. Za mu kalli fim sau da yawa don koyon yadda aka shirya shi. Ina koyon ta hanyoyi da yawa - shiga cikin gajerun fina-fukan da abokai ke yi, taimakawa da samarwa ko daukar hoto, wani abu kawai don ci gaba da koyo.Martel ta ci gaba a cikin tambayoyin cewa ta kasance mai koyar da kanta.<ref name="ND" /><ref name="AMB">{{Cite book|edition=Cheryl}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Yayinda yake halartar [[:es:Instituto de arte cinematográfico de Avellaneda|IDAC]], Martel ya ba da umarnin gajeren fina-finai mai suna El 56 ("The 56") a cikin 1988 da Piso 24 ("24th Floor") a cikin 1989. A matsayinta na dalibi a [[:es:Escuela Nacional de Experimentación y Realización Cinematográfica|ENERC]], Martel ya ba da umarnin No te la llevarás, maldito ("Ba za ku same ta ba, Bastard", 1989), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro mai kishi wanda ke tunanin kashe saurayin mahaifiyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=You Won't Get Her, Bastard (1989) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/you-wont-get-her-bastard/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No te la llevarás, maldito (C) (1989) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film780001.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> Masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin ya rubuta cewa a cikin fim din, "akwai bincike game da ikon rushewa na yara wanda zai zama muhimmiyar fasalin aikin [Martel] na baya, yayin da jin daɗin kisan kai na yaro ga masoyin mahaifiyarsa ya cika a cikin mafarki da yake rayuwa ta hanyar zane-zanensa. " Wani ɗan gajeren fim ɗin da Martel ya shirya a matsayin dalibi shine La otra ("The Other", 1990), wani shirin fim game da wani mutum wanda ke magana game da farin ciki da baƙin ciki na rayuwarsa a matsayin mai canza tufafi yayin da yake ado kamar mace don raira waƙoƙin tangos a wani kulob din dare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La otra (1990) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/la-otra-1990/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, Martel ya ba da umarnin Besos rojos ("Red Kisses", 1991), wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya dogara da shari'ar 'yan sanda ta ainihi tsakanin masoya uku da aka kama a cikin triangle na soyayya. Martel ta ce "lokacin da fara tunanin cewa [aiki a cikin] fim ba zai yiwu ba, cewa lokaci ya yi da [ta' don samun aiki (ainihin) " ta shiga gasar rubutun jama'a da Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Argentina (INCAA) ta shirya, babban kyautar da kasafin kudin ta samar da gajeren fim.[she][her]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historias Breves 2017 |url=http://www.incaa.gov.ar/concursos/cerrados/historias-breves-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034255/http://www.incaa.gov.ar/concursos/cerrados/historias-breves-2017 |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |website=[[National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts|Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales (INCAA)]] |language=es}}</ref> Martel ta lashe gasar kuma, a sakamakon haka, ta sami damar samar da fim dinta mai suna Rey muerto ("Mutu Sarki", 1995), wani tashin hankali na yamma game da wata mace da ta tsere wa mijinta mai cin zarafi, mai shaye-shaye tare da 'ya'yanta uku a wani karamin gari da ake kira Rey Muerto a lardin Salta. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a bikin fina-finai na Havana na 1995. An nuna Rey muerto a Argentina a matsayin wani ɓangare na fim mai girma da ake kira Historias breves ("Short Stories", 1995). Martel ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din "ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin ƙasar" kuma ya zo ne bayan duk daraktocin sauran gajerun fina-finai masu cin nasara a cikin rubutun sun haɗu tare kuma sun ziyarci hedikwatar INCAA a Buenos Aires akai-akai don neman masu shirya gasar su fara dukkan gajerun fim din a matsayin jerin fina-fallace a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Martel ta ce ita da 'yan uwanta masu shirya fina-finai "sun zauna na sa'o'i har sai [masu shirya gasar] za su hadu da mu. Mun yi jayayya cewa ɓata kudade ne na jihar idan ba su nuna fina-fakkaatan da aka gama ba".A sakamakon haka, an nuna fina-finai a kan allon sadaukarwa na da'irar jama'a ta kasa da INCAA ke gudanarwa.<ref name="PJS" /> Martel ya ce gabatarwa na Historias ya kasance "mai nasara sosai" kuma ya jawo masu kallo 10,000. "Ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga mutane, "ta ce, don nazarin yin fim da fara yin gajeren lokaci. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Abin sha'awa, yawancin daraktocin da suka fara ayyukansu a lokacin - '95 ko '96 - har yanzu suna yin fina-finai a yau. Wannan taron ya kaddamar da aikin daraktoci da yawa, da kuma sha'awar matasa da yawa a fim".Masanin fina-finai Haden Guest ya ce ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Sabon Cinema na Argentina kuma "a zahiri ne inda [motsi] ya fara". Martel ya ce "godiya ga Rey ya mutu, fara samun aiki a talabijin".[she]Daga 1995 zuwa 1999 ta ba da umarnin shirin yara na Magazine For Fai, wanda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara suka yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magazine For Fai (Serie de TV) (1995) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film660201.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> A cikin wata hira ta 2013 tare da ABC Color, Martel ya ce wasan kwaikwayon "ya zama al'ada ga yara.... Ba a san shi da kasuwanci ba, amma akwai matasa da yawa da suka gan shi. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yanzu taurari ne na fina-finai na Argentina".Ta kuma yi shirye-shirye guda biyu don talabijin: Encarnación Ezcurra (1998), game da matar da ake kira dan siyasa da jami'in soja na Argentina Juan Manuel de Rosas, da Las dependencias (The Outbuildings) (1999), sake gina rayuwar shahararren marubucin ɗan gajeren labari na Argentina Silvina Ocampo, wanda ya samo asali daga shaidar bayin Ocampo da abokai. <ref name="IFFR">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Lucrecia Martel |url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/lucrecia-martel |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] (IFFR) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214456/https://iffr.com/en/persons/lucrecia-martel |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Salta trilogy === A cikin 1999, rubutun Martel na fim dinta na farko La ''Ciénaga'' ya lashe kyautar Sundance Institute / NHK, wanda ke girmamawa da tallafawa masu shirya fina-finai masu zaman kansu "waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'adun gani na duniya da inganta musayar al'adu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is "Sundance Institute/NHK Award"? |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/sun-asia/sundance/about/index_e.html |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[NHK|NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)]]}}</ref> Kotun ta ba da shawarar cewa ta sake rubuta rubutun don bin tsarin gargajiya a kusa da daya ko biyu, amma Martel ya zaɓi maimakon ya riƙe yanayin rubutun. Don jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara na fim din, Martel ta gudanar da sauraro 2,400, 1,600 daga cikinsu ta yi rikodin bidiyo a cikin garage kusa da gidanta a Salta . <ref name="LM" /> A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓi Martel don fitowar ta uku ta shirin Cinéfondation mai zane-zane na Cannes Film Festival, wanda aka tsara don yin wahayi da tallafawa matasa masu shirya fina-finai na duniya da ke aiki a fim na farko ko na biyu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Martel ta zauna a Paris na watanni huɗu da rabi, ta halarci forums kuma ta yi aiki tare da masu sana'a na masana'antar fina-finai wajen bunkasa fim dinta na biyu, The Holy Girl, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="LMCFF">{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia MARTEL |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/lucrecia-martel |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Residence > Presentation |url=http://www.cinefondation.com/en/generalinformation |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618071336/http://www.cinefondation.com/en/generalinformation |archive-date=June 18, 2017 |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cinéfondation]] – [[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Residence > The Programme |url=http://www.cinefondation.com/en/residenceprogram |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214509/http://www.cinefondation.com/en/residenceprogram |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Cinéfondation]] – [[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]}}</ref> Tare da The Headless Woman, fina-finai uku na farko na Martel sun hada da abin da ''Gatopardo'' ya kira "a trilogy sadaukar da mata da Salta," rubuta, "An rubuta rubutun uku, an yi fina-fallace uku a Salta, kuma, a cikin duka, wani abu da ba a tsammani ya canza ilimin sararin samaniya na iyali. Haruffa suna ganin rayuwar da suka yi makami, amma, kodayake wani mummunan abu ya sauka a kansu, ba su amsa ba. A cikin La ''Ciénaga'', hatsari ne na gida cewa mahaifiyar yarinya mai girma tana rufewa a cikin rayuwarta mai girma mai girma, yarinya mai suna zaune a makarantar. "Matsayin fim na Martel game da ''Ruwa'' a lardin Salta, Argentina, "in ji masanin fim din Paul A. Schroeder Rodríguez, "ya binciki canjin da ba cikakke ba na ƙasar zuwa dimokuradiyya daga hangen nesa na mata masu karfi, masu basira, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idodin shugabanci ba: na farko a lokacin ƙuruciya a La ''Ciénaga'' (The Swamp, 2001), sannan a lokacin farkawar jima'i a La niña santa (The Holy Girl, 2004); kuma a ƙarshe a cikin balaga, a cikin La mujer sin cabeza, a cikin Mace, The Headless "...Ayyukan Martel suna da kyau sosai ga takamaiman rhythms da dabi'u na lardin tsakiya na Argentina, duniya wacce ta sami daidaito na tattalin arziki da kuma fatarar ɗabi'a ta hanyar labaran da ke taka leda a kan jin tausayi na masu kallo ta hanyar sauyawa tsakanin ra'ayoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau game da halayenta. " ==== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==== Mujallar Filmmaker ta rubuta, "[Martel's] debut feature La ''Ciénaga'' ya fara a Sundance, ya lashe Alfred Bauer Award a Berlin, kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ya buga. Martel's 2004 follow-up, The Holy Girl, game da jima'i da addini sha'awar 'yan mata biyu na Argentina, ya fara a Cannes kuma ya karfafa sunan Martel a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyau emerging talent a duniya. " Masanin fina-finai Paul Julian Smith ya rubuta cewa kodayake "Martel dole ne ta dogara da ƙananan kamfanoni, galibi na Turai, masu samarwa" don tallafawa fina-ffinai, "ƙuntatawa na masana'antu da gudana na kasa da kasa ba su lalata halayyar fasaha ba...[Halin fim dinta mai tsanani ya nuna ta tare da wasu Marubutan na kasa da aka fi so a zagaye na bikin". <ref name="PJS" />[her] La ''Ciénaga'' ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ciénaga (2001) Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240419/awards |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> kuma an zabi ''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki'' da Mace marar Gida don Palme d'Or a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2004 da 2008, bi da bi. A cikin binciken da aka yi wa fitattun masu sukar fina-finai 35, malamai da masana'antu da ke zaune a Birnin New York, dukkan fina-fallace guda uku sun kasance cikin fina-fakkaatan goma na Latin Amurka na shekaru goma, tare da La ''Ciénaga'' da ke da matsayi na farko, suna doke sanannun (kuma mafi sauƙin isa) ayyukan maza uku na Mexico na Alejandro González Iñárritu, [[Alfonso Cuarón]], da Guillermo del Toro.<ref name="PJS" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ten Best Latin American Films of the Decade |url=http://www.cinematropical.com/programming.php?pid=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031105/http://www.cinematropical.com/programming.php?pid=3 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, The Headless Woman ya kasance # 89 a cikin fina-finai 100 mafi girma na BBC na karni na 21, wanda aka bincika daga masu sukar fina-fakkaatu 177 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]]}}</ref> ==== Kula da ilimi ==== [[File:Master_class_Lucrecia_Martel_-_33_Festival_Internacional_de_cine_de_Mar_del_Plata_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Lucrecia Martel ta Masterclass a 33 Festival Internacional, 2018]] Ayyukan Martel sun kuma ja hankalin masu ilimi da yawa. Masana da yawa sun rubuta da yawa game da sukar fina-finai game da jinsi da jima'i, da kuma nunawa mai ban tsoro game da aji, kabilanci, ƙasa, da mulkin mallaka. Masanin fina-finai Deborah Shaw ya yi jayayya cewa trilogy "ya gabatar da jikin mutum na Argentina, asalin mata na bourgeois" kuma "ya binciki ƙananan siyasa na jinsi, jima'i da wuri, maimakon labaran ƙasa na zalunci da 'yanci na rukuni".<ref name="DSID">{{Cite book|edition=Deborah}}</ref> Paul A. Schroeder Rodríguez ya bayyana fina-finai a matsayin "Oedipal tare da fansa" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa "kowane fim an kafa shi azaman dialectic tsakanin batun mata mai sha'awa da gaskiyar shugabanci". Masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin ya rubuta littafi mai tsawo game da aikin Martel, wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2016, inda ta yi jayayya cewa fina-fakka na Martel "yana nuna yiwuwar fashewa da tserewa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na fina-fallace na haramtacciyar sha'awar 'yan mata masu tawaye.... Duk da gaskiyar cewa waɗannan fina-ffinai suna nuna dalla-dalla tsarin zalunci na zamantakewa da siyasa, suna aiki a matsayin abin da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba kuma karfi da yawa wanda zai iya shawo kan waɗannan tsarin. A cikin 2024 Jami'ar Edinburgh Press ta buga ReFocus: Films of Lucrecia Martel, kallon hadin gwiwa ga ayyukan Martel, gami da gajeren fina-finai da tasirin su akan masu sauraro da nazarin fim. ''ReFocus'' jerin littattafai ne da Edinburgh University Press ta buga wanda ke fadada kan daraktoci daban-daban da ayyukansu. A cikin wannan rukuni, ana tattauna fina-finai huɗu na Martel tare da fina-fukkuna kamar ''Muta'', Pescados, da Nueva Argirópolis . A cikin gabatarwa ta ''Natalia Christofoletti Barrenha'', ''Julia Kretje'', da ''Paul R. Merchant'', suna magana game da Martel da yadda ayyukanta suka shafi mutane da yawa, kuma cewa "Baya ga irin waɗannan sanannun maganganun sha'awa, fina-finai na Martel sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci, kyaututtuka masu daraja da kuma mahimman hankali na ilimi, duka a cikin asalin ƙasar Argentina da kuma tsakanin malaman fim ɗin da suka saita don samar da wasu mahimman abubuwan da suka gabata". === Ayyukan bayan-trilogy === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an ruwaito Martel kamar yadda aka shirya don jagorantar gyaran fim na The Eternaut, shahararren fim din kimiyya na Argentina wanda Héctor Germán Oesterheld da Francisco Solano López suka kirkira a shekara ta 1957 game da dusar ƙanƙara mai guba da mamayewar baƙi na Buenos Aires. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Martel ya ce game da aikin ga BOMB Magazine: "Na aika da ra'ayina game da yadda za a daidaita shi da mai gabatarwa, kuma yana da sha'awar. Na kuma san cewa mambobin iyalin Oesterheld suna son shi".A cewar masanin fina-finai Deborah Martin, Martel yana daidaita shi a matsayin "tunani game da iko da zamantakewar jama'a a Buenos Aires".A shekara ta 2009, duk da haka, an bar aikin, bayan an yi aiki mai mahimmanci a ciki, saboda bambance-bambance na ra'ayi tare da mai samarwa. Martel ta 2010 ta ɗan gajeren fim Nueva Agirópolis ("Sabon Argirópolis") a kwatanci yana wakiltar juriya ta 'yan asalin ƙasar ga kamawa da tambayoyi da jihar Argentina ta yi da kuma bambancin al'adu da ba za a iya gujewa ba wanda ya biyo baya tsakanin ƙasashe biyu duk da wannan juriya. <ref name="ERCV">{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Eduardo |last2=Vallina |first2=Carlos |date=May 2012 |title=[en primera persona] Lucrecia Martel |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/35270/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 |format=PDF |journal=Tram[p]as de la Comunicación y la Cultura |language=es |issue=70 |issn=2314-274X |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> Ya ɗauki sunansa daga littafin ''Argiropolis'' na 1850, wanda tsohon [[Shugaban Ƙasar Argentina|Shugaban kasa]] Argentina kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ya rubuta, wanda Argirópólis shine sunan babban birnin ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya tsakanin Argentina, Uruguay, da Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinna |first=Pablo |title=Argirópolis, la capital soñada por Sarmiento para unir Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay |url=https://www.vix.com/es/mundo/182625/argiropolis-la-capital-sonada-por-sarmiento-para-unir-argentina-uruguay-y-paraguay |access-date=26 August 2018 |website=[[Batanga Media|VIX]] |language=es}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Argentina ce ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim din a matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan Bicentennial kuma an nuna shi a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani bangare na fim din 25 miradas, 200 minutes ("25 Looks, 200 Minutes", 2010), kallon tarihin Argentina daga ra'ayi na daraktocin fina-finai 25. <ref name="DMJLACS">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=1 September 2016 |title=Lucrecia Martel's ''Nueva Argirópolis'': Rivers, Rumours and Resistance |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1493022/ |journal=Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=449–465 |doi=10.1080/13569325.2016.1167018 |s2cid=157236618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nueva Argirópolis (C) (2010) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film546350.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=25 miradas, 200 minutos (2010) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film500920.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, gajeren fim din Martel ''Muta'' ("Mutate") ya fara ne a wani taron gayyata kawai a Beverly Hills wanda taurari kamar [[Emma Roberts]], [[Hailee Steinfeld]], Ashley Tisdale, Cat Deeley, Diane Kruger, Jeremy Renner, da [[Marilyn Manson]] suka halarta. Miu Miu, kamfanin kayan ado na Italiya mallakar Prada, ne ya ba da izini, fim din shine kashi na biyu na jerin fina-finai na mata na kamfanin, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun fina-fukkuna da aka samar tare da manyan daraktocin mata na duniya. Martel ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi, fim din ya nuna wani jirgin fatalwa na zamani wanda ba shi da fuska, halittu mata masu kama da kwari suna ƙoƙarin kawar da kansu daga mutumin da ke ƙoƙarin shiga cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muta (2011) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1993373/ |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cozarinsky |first=Edgardo |author-link=Edgardo Cozarinsky |title=''Muta''. 2011. Directed by Lucrecia Martel. ''La Noche (The Night)''. 2016. Directed by Edgardo Castro |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/4443 |website=[[Museum of Modern Art|The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]]}}</ref> A cikin gajeren fim dinta Leguas ("Leagues", 2015), Martel ta binciki batun warewar ilimi a cikin al'ummomin asalin Argentina. An sanya masa suna bayan ma'auni na archaic, fim din ya nuna yadda ilimi, kodayake kayan aikin zamantakewa, zai iya haifar da rarrabuwa da nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leagues (2015) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/leagues/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref> An rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin El aula vacía ("The Empty Classroom", 2015), inda daraktoci goma sha ɗaya da suka lashe lambar yabo suka bincika dalilan da suka sa kusan ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Latin Amurka biyu ba su kammala makarantar sakandare ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2018 |title=Leguas |url=https://homemcr.org/film/leguas/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[HOME (Manchester)|HOME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827173950/https://homemcr.org/film/leguas/ |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El aula vacía (2015) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film333591.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=[[FilmAffinity]] |language=es}}</ref> === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan === Fim na huɗu na Martel ''Zama'' ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Venice a watan Agusta 2017. Wani gyare-gyare na littafin Antonio di Benedetto na 1956 mai suna, ya ba da labarin mummunan labarin Don Diego de Zama, wani ma'aikacin mulkin mallaka na Spain wanda ke zaune a Asunción, Paraguay wanda ke jiran, a banza, don manyansa su ba da izinin komawa gida ga matarsa da iyalinsa. Ya kasance hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe takwas: Argentina, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, Faransa, Amurka, Netherlands, da Portugal, tare da taurari kamar Pedro Almodóvar, Gael García Bernal, da Danny Glover daga cikin jerin sunayen masu samarwa. Ya ci gaba da nunawa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto da kuma bikin fina-fukaki na New York kuma ya sami yabo mai yawa daga masu sukar. Ga ''Gatopardo'', Mónica Yemayel ta rubuta "Kamar sauran haruffa na Lucrecia Martel, yanzu kawai a ƙarshen karni na 18, Diego de Zama ba zai iya ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsa ba; an bar makomarsa a hannun wasu. Asalin da ya ɗora kansa kuma wasu suka ɗora masa shi ne kurkuku".[[:es:Rolling Stone (Argentina)|Rolling Stone na Argentina]] ya rubuta "[''Zama''] ba kasusuwa ce mai sauƙi ba don fashewa. Martel ta ba da mafi kyawunta, mafi yawan abubuwan da ba a iya fahimta ba, mafi yawan abin ban mamaki har yanzu".Jaridar Burtaniya ''The Guardian'' ta rubuta "Ina fatan Martel ba za ta jira ƙarin shekaru tara ba kafin ta yi fim dinta na gaba. Tana da kyau sosai a matsayin darektan da za a zauna a gefe na dogon lokaci kuma ''Zama'' na iya zama ainihin aikinta na hagu; hoton da yake da tsufa, mai sha'awa da baƙo, tare da saman barazana da iska ta zazzabin cizon sauro.An zaɓi fim ɗin don wakiltar Argentina a cikin Oscar da Goya Awards, wanda ƙarshen ya sami gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Mutanen Espanya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, Martel ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta ba da jerin tarurruka game da aikin fim dinta ga ɗalibai, ma'aikata, da al'ummar jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title='The greatest director in the world right now' begins residency at Centre for Film and Screen |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-greatest-director-in-the-world-right-now-begins-residency-at-centre-for-film-and-screen |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, Marvel Studios ta kusanci Martel don jagorantar ''Black Widow'', amma ta ki saboda tana so ta iya jagorantar ayyukanta. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Martel ya jagoranci mawaƙin Icelandic Björk a ''Cornucopia'', wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a The Shed, cibiyar zane-zane a Manhattan. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, an yi bikin Martel a matsayin baƙo na girmamawa a Visions du Réel, bikin fim na kasa da kasa a Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia Martel, Guest of Honour 2023 |url=https://www.visionsdureel.ch/en/program/guest-of-honour/lucrecia-martel/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Visions du Réel |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin taron, Martel ta yi magana game da shirin da take yi na ''Chocobar'', wanda ke nazarin haƙƙin ƙasar asali da kuma gadon mulkin mallaka a Argentina. Da yake kwatanta aikinta na farko a cikin wadanda ba na almara ba, Martel ya bayyana, "Ina koyo kamar yadda nake yi, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Lise |date=2023-04-27 |title=Lucrecia Martel Discusses Hybrid Project 'Chocobar,' About Real-Life Murder of Indigenous Leader Javier Chocobar |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/lucrecia-martel-visions-du-reel-1235596282/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Martel ya ba da umarnin fim din Our Land na 2025, game da kisan gillar shugaban 'yan asalin Javier Chocobar da kuma gadon mulkin mallaka a Latin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Aprile |first=Marianela |date=2026-07-05 |title=In Nuestra Tierra, Collective Identity Is Built in Struggle |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/07/documentary-martel-nuestra-tierra-indigenous-peoples |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Lise |date=2023-04-27 |title=Lucrecia Martel Discusses Hybrid Project ‘Chocobar,’ About Real-Life Murder of Indigenous Leader Javier Chocobar |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/lucrecia-martel-visions-du-reel-1235596282/ |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Martel ya ambaci María Luisa Bemberg, Ingmar Bergman, da Pedro Almodóvar a matsayin tasiri. Ta kasance memba na 2006 Cannes Film Festival Feature Films Jury, tare da Wong Kar-wai, [[Helena Bonham Carter]], da Samuel L. Jackson . <ref name="LMCFF" /> A watan Fabrairun 2016, yayin da yake gyara ''Zama'', an gano Martel da ciwon daji na mahaifa. Ta bayyana cewa rashin lafiyarta ta haifar da jinkiri a cikin fim din bayan samarwa amma a ƙarshe ta haifar da kammalawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, IndieWire ta ba da rahoton cewa ta kasance cikin raguwa tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 2016. <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |last=Kohn |first=Eric |date=21 November 2017 |title=How Pedro Almódovar Pushed Argentina's Greatest Filmmaker to Make Her Best Movie Ever |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/11/lucrecia-martel-zama-interview-pedro-almodovar-1201899907/ |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> Martel 'yar luwaɗi ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anarte |first=Enrique |date=24 February 2020 |title=El cine LGBTI argentino cautiva en Berlín y el resto de Europa |url=https://www.dw.com/es/el-cine-lgbti-argentino-cautiva-en-berlín-y-el-resto-de-europa/a-52509912 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |language=es}}</ref> Ta fito ga iyalinta kafin farkon fim din La ''Ciénaga'' na 2001 saboda ta damu game da yadda suka yi game da luwadi da aka nuna a fim din. Mahaifiyarta ta amsa da kyau kuma ta ce ta san shi tun lokacin da Martel ke da shekaru bakwai. Martel tana cikin dangantaka da mawaƙa Julieta Laso, tsohuwar jagorar mawaƙa ta Fernández Fierro Orchestra . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=Cat |date=August 29, 2019 |title=All About Mujeres (Women) - Variety Bash at Hotel Daniel - 76th Venice Film Festival |url=https://venetiancat.blogspot.com/2019/08/all-about-mueres-women-variety-bash-at.html |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Venetian Cat}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2018, tana zaune a unguwar Buenos Aires ta Villa Crespo . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Hotuna masu ban sha'awa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci !Taken asali !Bayani |- !2001 | colspan="2" |''Ciyawa'' | |- !2004 |''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki'' |''Yarinya mai tsarki'' | |- !2008 |''Mace marar kai'' |''Matar da ba ta da kai'' | |- !2017 | colspan="2" |''Zama'' | |- !2025 |''Ƙasarmu'' |''Ƙasarmu'' |Hotuna |} === Gajeren fina-finai === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci ! scope="col" |Taken asali ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''56'' |''A shekara ta 56''| {{N/a}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |1989 |''bene na 24'' |''Fasali 24''| {{N/a}} |- |''Ba za ku same ta ba, Bastard'' |''Kada ka ɗauke ta, an la'anta shi''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Sauran'' |''Sauran''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Red Kisses'' |''Red Kisses''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Sarki Matattu'' |''[[:es:Rey Muerto (cortometraje)|Sarki da ya mutu]]'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin 1995 Historias breves (Short Stories). |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Birnin da ke Fitarwa'' |''Birnin da ke gudu''| {{N/a}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2010 |''Sabon Argirópolis'' |''Sabuwar Argirópolis'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin 2010 25 miradas, minti 200 (25 Looks, 200 Minutes). |- |''Kifi'' |''Kifi''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Canja wuri'' |''Muta''| {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2015 |''Ruwa'' |''Rashin lafiya'' |Wani ɓangare na fim din tarihin tarihin El aula vacía (The Empty Classroom). |- ! scope="row" |2019 |''AI'' |''AI'' |Trailer na bikin don Viennale |- ! scope="row" |2021 |''Tashar Arewa'' |''Tashar Arewa''| rowspan="2" {{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |2022 |''Mace'' |''Mai ba da abinci'' |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken |- ! scope="row" |1995–1999 |''[[:es:Magazine For Fai|Mujallar Ga Fai]]'' |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Jiki Ezcurra'' |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Abubuwan da ke dogara da su'' (The Outbuildings) |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Fim din ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |1995 |Bikin Fim na Havana |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim (Coral) | rowspan="1" |''[[:es:Rey Muerto (cortometraje)|Sarki da ya mutu]]''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |1999 |Bikin Fim na Sundance |Kyautar NHK | rowspan="8" |''Ciénaga''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin |Bear na Zinariya| {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Alfred Bauer| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Havana |Fim mafi kyau (Grand Coral - Kyauta ta farko) | {{Won}} | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Latin Amurka na Toulouse |Babban Kyauta| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Bincike ta Masu sukar Faransa| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2002 |Kyautar Fim ta MTV Latin Amurka |Fim din da aka fi so - Argentina| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2004 |Bikin Fim na Cannes |Itacen dabino na zinariya | rowspan="3" |''Yarinyar Mai Tsarki''| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucrecia MARTEL - Festival de Cannes 2023 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/lucrecia-martel |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.festival-cannes.com |language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2005 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Reykjavík |Golden Puffin| {{Nom}} | |- |Bayyanawa ta Musamman| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2008 |Bikin Fim na Cannes |Itacen dabino na zinariya |''Mace marar kai''| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2017 | rowspan="3" |Bikin Fim na Havana |Fim mafi kyau (Grand Coral) | rowspan="6" |''Zama''| {{Nom}} | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} | |- |Kyautar FIPRESCI| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Turai na Seville |Golden Giraldillo| {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2018 |Kyautar Goya |Mafi kyawun Fim na Iberoamerica| {{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2020 |Bikin Locarno |Fim bayan Gobe |''Chocobar''| {{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2025 |BFI Fim na London |Fim mafi kyau |''Alamomi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date=2025-10-19 |title=London Film Festival Awards: Lucrecia Martel's 'Landmarks' Wins Best Film |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/london-film-festival-awards-lucrecia-martel-landmarks-best-film-1236556421/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin daraktocin fina-finai da talabijin na mata * Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na lesbian * Jerin fina-finai masu alaƙa da LGBT da mata suka shirya == Masu == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1vym4ygtl1h5sdf5ny2jomzrkxwg3gg 0 174114 963217 956440 2026-10-04T23:57:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lynn Hershman Leeson''' (née '''Lynn Lester Hershman'''; <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Tony |date=April 6, 2022 |title=At 80, S.F. artist celebrated by industry that once shunned her |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/at-80-artist-lynn-hershman-leeson-is-more-relevant-than-ever |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Datebook {{!}} San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1941) 'yar fim ce kuma Mai shirya fim-finai ta Amurka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://art21.org/artist/lynn-hershman-leeson/ |access-date=2019-09-08 |website=art21.org}}</ref> Ayyukanta tare da fasaha da kuma ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai ana yaba da su tare da taimakawa wajen halatta siffofin fasahar dijital. Abubuwan da take so sun haɗa da mata, tseren, sa ido, da hankali na wucin gadi da sata ta hanyar algorithms da bin diddigin bayanai.e An bayyana Hershman Leeson a matsayin "sabon majagaba na kafofin watsa labarai" don haɗa fasahar da ke tasowa a cikin aikinta kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane biyar da masanin tarihin fasaha Patrick Frank ya bincika a cikin littafinsa na 2024 Art of the 1980s: As If the Digital Mattered . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lynn Hershman a shekara ta 1941 a [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] . <ref name=":3" /> Mahaifinta, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] daga [[Montréal|Montreal]], masanin magani ne, kuma mahaifiyarta masanin ilimin halitta ce.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman (biography) |url=https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=168 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.fondation-langlois.org}}</ref> Ta ba da rahoton fuskantar [[cin zarafin jiki]] da [[Cin zarafin yara|cin zarafin jima'i]] a lokacin yarinta.<ref name="fifty">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=28 March 2017 |title=A New Future from the Passed: Lynn Hershman Leeson Comes into Her Own After 50 Years of Prophetic Work |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/a-new-future-from-the-passed-lynn-hershman-leeson-comes-into-her-own-after-50-years-of-prophetic-work-8028/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=ARTnews}}</ref> A shekara ta 1963, Hershman ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin Ilimi, Gudanar da Gidan Tarihi da Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Case Western Reserve da ke Cleveland . <ref name="auto" /> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma California da niyyar karatun zane da shiga aikin dalibai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ta bar Berkeley kafin ta yi rajista don azuzuwan.<ref name="fifty" /> Daga baya ta kammala digiri na Master of Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto" /> Ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin rubutun Hershman ya haɗa da sukar fasaha a ƙarƙashin sunaye uku: Prudence Juris, Herbert Goode da Gay Abandon . <ref name="auto" /> Ta sami digiri na Ph.D na girmamawa daga Cibiyar Pratt a 2023. <ref name="pratt">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Commencement 2023 to Be Held on May 17 at Radio City Music Hall |url=https://www.pratt.edu/news/commencement-2023-to-be-held-on-may-17-at-radio-city-music-hall/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Pratt Institute}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Hershman Leeson sun shafi ainihi, cinikin kayayyaki, sirri a zamanin sa ido, hulɗa da mutane da injuna, mata, tashin hankali, hankali na wucin gadi da sata ta hanyar algorithms da bin diddigin bayanai, da kuma alaƙar tsakanin duniyoyi na ainihi da na kama-da-wane. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga fasahar shigarwa da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo, tare da jaddada hulɗa. Ayyukanta suna bincika fasaha a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da kimiyya. Hershman Leeson ita ce mai zane na farko da ta ƙaddamar da wani abu mai ma'amala ta amfani da Videodisc, mai gabatarwa ga DVD (''Lorna'', 1983-84), da kuma mai zane na mbụ da ya haɗa da allon taɓawa a cikin aikinta (Deep Contact, 1984-1989). Tsayar da fasahar robotic ta hanyar sadarwa (The Difference Engine # 3, 1995-1998) misali ne na halinta na fadada zane-zanen ta fiye da al'adun gargajiya na fasaha. Ayyukan Hershman Leeson suna nunawa a cikin tarin jama'a na Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Gidan Tarihin William Lehmbruck, ZKM (Zentrum fur Kunst und Medientechnologie), Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County, National Gallery of Canada, di Rosa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2010 |title=The Collection |url=http://www.dirosaart.org/about/the-collection/ |access-date=2016-11-03 |website=dirosaart.org}}</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker da Gidan Tariha na Jami'ar, Berkeley, ban da tarin masu zaman kansu na Donald M. Hess da Arturo Schwarz, da sauransu da yawa. Kwamitin sun haɗa da ayyukan Tate Modern, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, de Young Museum, Daniel Langlois da [[Jami'ar Stanford]], da Charles Schwab.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 1993 zuwa 2004, Hershman Leeson ta koyar a cikin shirin Art Studio a Jami'ar California, Davis, inda a halin yanzu farfesa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/lynn-hershman-leeson-0 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=UC Davis}}</ref> An nada ta shugabar sashen fina-finai na Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="sfai">{{Cite web |title=SFAI Proudly Welcomes Lynn Hershman Leeson as New Head of Its Film Department |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/111509/sfai-proudly-welcomes-lynn-hershman-leeson-as-new-head-of-its-film-department/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=e-flux}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa A. D. White a Babban [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta kasance 2013-2014 Dorothy H. Hirshon "Director in Residence" a Sabon Makarantar.<ref name="Cornell">{{Cite journal |title=lynn hershman leeson archive |journal=Cornell Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art |publisher=Cornell University Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Film Screening and Q&A |url=http://events.newschool.edu/event/lynn_hershman_film_screening_and_qa#.UosAOY2E6IA |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=The New School}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Ayyukan Hershman Leeson na baya sun jawo sha'awa daga jigogi a cikin fiction kimiyya da tarurruka na jikin mutum da jima'i. Bayan fama da cututtukan zuciya yayin da take da ciki a shekarar 1965, Leeson, ta kirkiro ta Breathing Machine, wanda ya kunshi kayan kwalliya na fuskarta tare da dyes da assemblages da kuma rikodin wahalar numfashi a lokacin rashin lafiya. Rubuce-rubucen ya haɗa da muryar da ke tambayar mai kallo jerin tambayoyin sirri da marasa jin daɗi.<ref name="fifty" /> Yankin ta na 1968 Breathing Machine II ya ƙunshi fuskar wax tare da wig da butterflies da ke cikin itace da plexiglass, yana nuna bambancin rayuwa da tarko a cikin jikin mace. An tsara ta da abubuwan da ta samu, ayyukan farko na Leeson sun kasance na siyasa a cikin yanayi kuma an nuna su a matsayin binciken da ya fi dacewa da matsayin mata da jinsi.<ref name="guard">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Origins of the Species (Part 2) review – always alert to the future |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/31/lynn-hershman-leeson-review-modern-art-oxford-origins-of-the-species-part-2 |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> === Abinda ke da girman kai === Daga shekara ta 1974 har zuwa shekara ta 1978, Hershman Leeson 'ya haɓaka' wani mutum mai suna "Roberta Breitmore".Ya kunshi ba kawai sauya kai ta jiki ba ta hanyar kayan shafawa, tufafi, da gemu, amma cikakkiyar halayyar da ta wanzu a tsawon lokaci kuma za'a iya tabbatar da wanzuwarsa a duniya ta hanyar shaidar jiki, kamar lasisin direba, katin kiredit, da wasiƙu daga likitan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breitmore, Roberta (Lynn Hershman Leeson) |url=http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/roberta_breitmore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110030405/http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/roberta_breitmore |archive-date=2013-11-10 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=fictive.arts.uci.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarin shaidar wanzuwar Roberta sun haɗa da samfurin jini, tallace-tallace na jarida, da kuma X-ray na hakora.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Selected works from the exhibition: Selected works from the exhibition {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/slideshows/18/296 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Roberta kuma ta shiga cikin abubuwan da suka shahara a lokacin, ta shiga cikin Erhard Seminars Training (EST) da kuma shiga cikin shirin abinci na Weight Watchers.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name=":5" /> Ta hanyar takardun ta game da wanzuwar Roberta kawai ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, Hershman Leeson ta bincika iyakokin tsakanin gaskiyar da aka gina ainihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellamy |first=Dodie |date=2022-06-01 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/lynn-hershman-leeson-4-250014/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|journal=Annalisa|url-status=Schmitz}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da ''Shafin Harshen Jiki na Roberta'', wanda Hershman Leeson ya rubuta harshen jikin Roberta a matsayin hali mai kama da hysteria na mata.<ref name=":6" /> Wani ƙarin misali shine Roberta's Construction Chart 1, inda Hershman Leeson ya kafa ginin Roberta a kan tallace-tallace na mujallar koyarwa wanda ya sanar da mata yadda za su kyautata kansu.<ref name=":6" /> Daga baya aka dauki wasan kwaikwayon zuwa karin tsawo lokacin da Hershman Leeson ya gabatar da wasu 'Robertas' guda uku, ta hanyar hayar wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo don aiwatar da halinta. Wadannan 'clones' na Roberta sun ɗauki irin wannan kallo da tufafi, sun shiga wasu wasikun Roberta kuma sun ci gaba da wasu kwanakin Roberta (Hershman Leeson). Hershman Leeson ya nemi wadannan 'clones' na Roberta don tabbatar da cewa ta (dukansu Hershman leeson da Roberta) abubuwan da ba su da kyau a matsayin mace ba ne kawai ga ita ba; sauran 'yan wasan da ke wasa da Roberta sun ƙare da abubuwan da ba daidai ba, suna nuna alamun mata da suka fuskanta a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun a lokacin. Zuwa karshen, 'asalin' Roberta ta janye daga halinta ta bar 'clones' uku don ci gaba da aikinta, har sai sun yi ritaya a wasan kwaikwayon a Palazzo dei Diamanti a Ferrara, Italiya a 1978, yayin fitar da aljanu a kabarin Lucrezia Borgia. Abin da ya rage shine kayan tarihi na zahiri na kowane rayuwa: takardu da kayan mutum kamar takardun shari'a da na likita da kuma littafin rubutu. Tsakanin 1995 da 2000, Roberta ta canza zuwa CybeRoberta, wani zane-zane mai ma'amala a yanar gizo. ''CybeRoberta'' ita ce ta biyu daga cikin 'yan tsana biyu na telerobotic daga jerin Hershman Leeson The ''Dollie Clones'', na farko shine Tillie, The Telerobotic Doll - mai suna bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tilda Swinton, wanda ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Concepting Ada, fim ɗin da Hershman leeson ya ba da umarni. ''CybeRoberta'' yar tsana ce da aka yi da al'ada tare da kyamarori da aka haɗa a cikin idanunta, tare da ido ɗaya yana gudana a kai tsaye, a cikin abinci na bidiyo mai launi, yayin da ɗayan ke ɗaukar hotuna 320-by-200 na baki da fari waɗanda ake ɗorawa akan layi kowane sakan 30.<ref name=":6" /> Baƙi na mutum na iya loda hotuna, kazalika da danna "eyecon" a shafin yanar gizon yar tsana don juya kan yar tsana 180 digiri, yana ba shi damar bincika yankin da ke kewaye.<ref name="auto1" /> Lokacin da aka nuna ''CybeRoberta'' da Tillie tare, suna kuma satar bidiyon juna.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="auto1" /> A shekara ta 2006 Roberta Breitmore ta zama hali a Second Life . Bayan Jami'ar Stanford ta sami tarihinta, Leeson ta yi aiki tare da Henry Lowood (Stanford Humanities Lab) don canza sassan tarihin zuwa wani abu ga jama'a da yawa. Sun yi aiki don sakewa da sakewa duka Roberta Breitmore da Otal din Dante a cikin sararin samaniya.<ref name="Hacking the Codes of Self Representation, LEA Magazine">{{Cite journal |last=Aceti |first=Lanfranco |date=2011-08-06 |title=Hacking the Codes of Self-representation LEA Magazine Article |url=http://www.leoalmanac.org/hacking-the-codes-of-self-representation-lea-magazine-article/ |publisher=Leoalmanac.org |access-date=2014-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072444/http://www.leoalmanac.org/hacking-the-codes-of-self-representation-lea-magazine-article/ |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''Lorna'' (1983) === An bayyana shi a matsayin aikin zane-zane na laser na farko, <ref name=":2" /> aikin Hershman Leeson na 1983 ''Lorna'' ya ba da labarin wata mace mai tsananin damuwa wacce ba ta taɓa barin ɗakinta ɗaya ba. Yayin da Lorna ke kallon labarai da tallace-tallace, tana kallon labarai da tallan, sai ta ji tsoro, tana tsoron barin ƙaramin ɗakinta. An gayyaci masu kallo don 'yantar da Lorna daga tsoronta, ta amfani da raka'a masu sarrafa nesa, kuma suna da zaɓi na jagorantar rayuwarta cikin makirci da yawa da kuma ƙarewar.<ref name="lorna">{{Cite web |date=2011-02-23 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson – Lorna |url=http://www.lynnhershman.com/lorna/ |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=Lynnhershman.com}}</ref> Makircin yana da bambance-bambance da yawa waɗanda za a iya gani a baya, gaba, a ƙarawa ko raguwa, kuma daga ra'ayoyi da yawa. Babu matsayi a cikin tsari na yanke shawara. Kuma ana yin gumakan sau da yawa daga sassan jiki masu yankewa da rarraba kamar baki, ko ido.<ref name="lorna" /> === Gidan Ɗaya (1990-1993) === Daga 1990 zuwa 1993, Lynn Hershman Leeson ta samar da wani aikin da ake kira Room of One's Own . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/about/feminist_art_base/lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org}}</ref> An ce aikin ya samo asali ne daga fim din Thomas Edison, na'urar da ake nuna fim a kan madauki kuma an ba mutum damar kallon shi ta hanyar rami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Room of One's Own |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/project/room-of-ones-own/ |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin, Room of One's Own, yana bawa mai kallo damar yin kallo a cikin akwati ta hanyar ƙaramin na'urar periscopic kuma ya ga gado, tarho, kujera, talabijin, da wasu tufafi a ƙasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman : Room of One's Own |url=https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=169 |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.fondation-langlois.org}}</ref> A bayan ƙaramin ɗaki, wata mace ta bayyana a allon kuma a can ne ta tambayi waɗannan abubuwa: "Mene ne kake yi a nan? Da fatan za ka duba wani wuri!".<ref name=":0" /> Akwai kusan sassan 17 kuma dangane da inda mai kallo ke mai da hankali, bidiyo daban-daban yana wasa a bangon baya.<ref name=":0" /> A duk lokacin da aka samu, mai kallo ya zama mai kallo, mutum wanda ke samun gamsuwa ta jima'i ta hanyar kallon mutum marar sani ko dai ya cire tufafi, ya tsirara ko ya shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i, amma duk wani jin daɗi da aka samu ya yi saurin takaici a hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshe, ana nuna tunanin mai kallo a cikin ƙaramin talabijin a bayan dakin.<ref name=":0" /> === ''Jami'in Ruby'' === Hershman Leeson ta kirkiro shafin yanar gizon "Agent Ruby" a matsayin aboki ga fim dinta na 2002 ''Teknolust.'' . <ref name=":2" /> Wakilin Ruby ya yi amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don gudanar da tattaunawa tare da masu amfani da kan layi. Wadannan tattaunawar sun tsara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Agent Ruby, ilimi, da kuma yanayin. A cikin 2013 SFMOMA ta gabatar da Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files, <ref name=":2" /> gabatarwar dijital da analog wanda ya sake fassara tattaunawar da aka samo daga tarihin fayilolin rubutu na tsawon shekaru goma na tattaunawar Agent Ruby tare da masu amfani da kan layi don yin tunani game da fasaha, jigogi masu maimaitawa, da kuma alamu na shiga masu sauraro. <ref name="Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files">{{Cite web |title=Exhibitions + Events &#124; Calendar &#124; Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files |url=http://www.sfmoma.org/exhib_events/exhibitions/512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071419/http://www.sfmoma.org/exhib_events/exhibitions/512 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=SFMOMA}}</ref> == Fim da shirye-shirye == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Lynn Hershman Leeson ta ba da umarnin fina-finai 26, ciki har da fina-fukkuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=Film |url=https://www.lynnhershman.com/film/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Lynn Hershman Leeson |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Leeson: <ref name="Hacking the Codes of Self Representation, LEA Magazine" /><blockquote>Fim din duk game da asarar da fasaha ne. Ada Lovelace ta kirkiro harshen kwamfuta, amma ba a taɓa ba da kyauta ba kuma an share shi daga tarihi. Teknolust game da clones na fasaha na wucin gadi ne: bots da ke tserewa cikin gaskiyar kuma suna hulɗa da rayuwar ɗan adam, a zahiri haɗin kai tsakanin rayuwar fasaha da rayuwar ɗan Adam, da kuma yadda biyun zasu iya yin aure. Al'adun ban mamaki kuma game da rashin fahimta ne, inda kafofin watsa labarai suka kirkiro wani hali na almara wanda suke zargin wannan laifi, maimakon ainihin mutum. Dukkanin wadannan ayyukan suna game da share ainihi da kuma yadda fasaha ke karawa da shi kuma ke kirkirar shi. Kuma yadda za ku iya kayar da hakan.</blockquote>Wani shirin fim na 1990, ''Desire Inc.'' yana nuna jerin tallace-tallace na talabijin mai ban sha'awa wanda wata mace mai ban shaʼawa ta nemi masu kallo su kira ta. Hotuna shida na Hershman Leeson - Strange Culture, ''Teknolust'', Conceiving Ada, !''!''Women Art Revolution, Tania Libre, da The Electronic Diaries - sun kasance wani ɓangare na bikin fina-finai na Sundance, bikin fina-fukki na kasa da kasa na Toronto da bikin fina-fi na kasa da duniya na Berlin, da sauransu, kuma sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa. Fitar da Hershman ya yi a shekara ta 2011, !''!''Women Art Revolution, wani fim ne mai tsawo game da Yunkurin fasaha na mata a Amurka, wanda Zeitgest Films ya rarraba. Masu zane-zane da aka yi hira da su don fim din sun hada da Judy Chicago, Guerilla Girls, Miranda Yuli, Mike Kelley, Joyce Kozloff, Howardena Pindell, Yvonne Rainer, Faith Ringgold, Martha Rosler, Carolee Schneemann, Cecilia Vicuña, da sauransu da yawa, gami da mai zane kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=© Stanford |last2=Stanford |last3=California 94305 |date=2016-08-25 |title=Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu Jami'ar Stanford ce ke gudanar da fim din a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar su, kuma ana iya samun damar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon jami'ar da ke ba da labarin aikin. <blockquote>Ma'anar canza kai ba sabon abu ba ne. Marubutan suna kare kansu ta wannan hanyar tsawon ƙarni. Mary Shelley ta yi hakan. Tabbas Laura ta ci gaba da wannan aikin kuma ina tsammanin yana da basira sosai kuma ban tsammanin ya cancanci irin la'akari da ta samu ba. Idan na yi abu na Roberta shekaru goma bayan haka, da na fuskanci irin waɗannan matsalolin.</blockquote>A cikin 2017, Leeson ta saki Tania Libre, wanda ya ƙunshi zaman magani tsakanin mai zane-zane da mai fafutuka Tanya Bruguera da Dokta Frank M. Ochberg da ke kewaye da batutuwan sa ido na siyasa, rauni da ya gabata da kuma sakamakon ɗaurin kurkuku a Havana bayan da ta yi kira ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thill |first=Vanessa |date=2017-05-22 |title=The Trauma of Political Engagement: Lynn Hershman Leeson's Tania Libre |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/the-trauma-of-political-engagement-lynn-hershman-leesons-tania-libre-59734/ |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan baya == Wani bita na 2007 a Whitworth Art Gallery a Manchester, Autonomous Agents, ya nuna cikakken aikin mai zane - daga jerin ''Roberta Breitmore'' (1974-78) zuwa bidiyo daga shekarun 1980 da shigarwar mu'amala da ke amfani da Intanet da software na fasaha na wucin gadi. Ayyukanta na farko da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo da daukar hoto an kuma nuna su a cikin baje kolin yawon shakatawa na yanzu ''WACK! '' Art and the Feminist Revolution, wanda Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Los Angeles ya shirya. The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson: Secret Agents, Private I, an buga shi ne ta [[Jami'ar California Press]] a shekara ta 2005 a lokacin wani bita a Henry Gallery a Seattle. A cikin 2014 Gidan Tarihi na ZKM na zamani a Karlsruhe, Jamus ya gudanar da "Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar", wani bita na aiki. Gidan kayan gargajiya na ZKM ya bayyana retrospective kamar yadda ya "yi nasarar retrospection na farko wanda ba kawai ya tabbatar da bayyani na duk matakai masu kirkirar aiki a cikin aikin Leeson ba har ma da abubuwan da aka samar kwanan nan na wannan mai zane-zane. "<ref name="The ZKM Museum of Contemporary Art">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Civic Radar |url=https://zkm.de/en/event/2014/12/lynn-hershman-leeson-civic-radar}}</ref>Duk da yake yana kunshe da aikin Hershman a cikin shekaru, a matsayin nune-nunen, "Civic Radar" yana nuna sha'awar Hershman ga fasaha, yana kallon hankali na wucin gadi da gyaran kwayar halitta. A cikin 2017, "Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar," Hershman ta retrospective daga ZKM an shirya shi a Cibiyar Yerba Buena don Arts a San Francisco, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar, February 10–May 21, 2017 |url=https://www.ybca.org/whats-on/civic-radar |access-date=2018-03-23 |website=www.ybca.org}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Sabon Gidan Tarihi a Birnin New York ya dauki bakuncin baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na farko a New York na aikin Hershman Leeson, mai taken Twisted . Sabon Gidan Tarihi ya bayyana nune-nunen kamar yadda ya kawo "zaɓin aikin Hershman Leeson a cikin zane, zane-zane, bidiyo, da daukar hoto, tare da ayyukan mu'amala da na yanar gizo, suna mai da hankali kan jigogi na canji, ginin ainihi, da juyin halitta na cyborg. Filling the New Museum's Second Floor gallery, wannan gabatarwa [ya haɗa da] wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukan mai zane-zane na Breathing Machine (1965-68) da zaɓaɓɓuka daga daruruwan zane-zane da yawa" na farko.<ref name="auto1" />Nunin ya kuma haɗa da ayyukan daga jerin ''Roberta Breitmore'' (1973-78), bidiyonta Seduction of a ''Cyborg'' (1994) da zaɓuɓɓuka daga jerin Water Women (1976-yanzu), Phantom Limb (1985-88), Cyborg-1996-2006), Infinity Engine (2014-yanzu), da sauran ayyukan.<ref name="auto1" /> Margot Norton, Allen da Lola Goldring Curator ne suka shirya baje kolin, kuma an haɗa shi da cikakken kundin da aka kwatanta tare da gudummawar Karen Archey da Martine Syms, da kuma hira da Lynn Hershman Leeson wanda Margot Norton ta gudanar.<ref name="auto1" /> == Nuni == === Nuni na kai tsaye === * 2001, Media & Identity, Sweeney Art Gallery, Jami'ar California, Riverside, Riversade, California * 2005, ''Hershmanlandia'', Henry Art Gallery, Jami'ar Washington, Seattle, Washington <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hershmanlandia: The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson - Henry Art Gallery |url=https://henryart.org/exhibitions/hershmanlandia-the-art-and-films-of-lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=henryart.org}}</ref> * 2008, ''Babu Jiki na Musamman'', Gidan Tarihi na De Young, San Francisco, California * 2008, ''Gidan Tarihi mai Ruwa (1975-1978): Lynn Hershman Leeson'', New Langton Arts, San Francisco, California * 2012, Ni a matsayin Roberta, Gidan Tarihi na zamani a Kraków, Krakow, Poland * 2012, ''Lokaci mai jan hankali'', Retrospective, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, Jamus * 2012, W.A.R. Bayani na takardu, Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain * 2012, W.A.R. Bayani na takardu, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden * 2013, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Wakilin Ruby Files'', San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMoMa), San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: The Agent Ruby Files |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/32880/lynn-hershman-leeson-the-agent-ruby-files/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2014, Pop Departures, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington * 2014, ''Tsaya Tsayayya da Yaƙi'', Gidan Tarihi na Lehmbruck, Duisburg, Jamus * 2014, ''Vertigo na Gaskiya'', [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]], Berlin, Jamus * 2014, ''Yadda za a ɓace'', Aanant & Zoo, Berlin, Jamus <ref name="Birds Eye View">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-29 |title=Immediate Kinship: Laura Albert on Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=http://birds-eye-view.co.uk/2016/08/03/laura-albert-on-lynn-hershman-leeson-and-author-the-jt-leroy-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153518/http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/2016/08/03/laura-albert-on-lynn-hershman-leeson-and-author-the-jt-leroy-story/ |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |website=Birds Eye View}}</ref><ref name="KubaParis Interview">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-03 |title=Interview: Lynn Hershman Leeson |url=http://kubaparis.com/interview-lynn-hershman-leeson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214180154/http://kubaparis.com/interview-lynn-hershman-leeson/ |archive-date=2019-02-14 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=KubaParis}}</ref><ref name="ArtNews">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson, Aanat & Zoo, Berlin |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51a6747de4b06440a162a5eb/t/54245b42e4b08dcc3b7ea279/1411668802589/RI%20INT%27l%20Reviews%20Nov%202014_Leeson.pdf |website=ArtNews Review}}</ref><ref name="Art in Berlin">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-02 |title=Spiel mit dem Feuer von Dr. Inge Pett |url=http://www.art-in-berlin.de/incbmeld.php?id=3328 |website=Art in Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="KubaParis">{{Cite web |last=Ansaldo |first=Carmen |date=2014-07-29 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson – How to Disappear, Ausstellung Aanant & Zoo |url=http://kubaparis.com/lynn-hershman-leeson-how-to-disappear/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215634/http://kubaparis.com/lynn-hershman-leeson-how-to-disappear/ |archive-date=2014-10-19 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=KubaParis}}</ref><ref name="ArtSlant Berlin">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Guy |year=2014 |title=Tracing the Invisible on the Cutting Edge |url=http://www.artslant.com/ber/articles/show/40261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174238/http://www.artslant.com/ber/articles/show/40261 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |website=ArtSlant Berlin}}</ref><ref name="Monopol">{{Cite web |last=Hinrichsen |first=Jens |date=2014-07-31 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson in Berlin Gegen den Datenstro |url=http://www.monopol-magazin.de/artikel/20108812/-Lynn-Hershman-Leeson-bei-Aanant-Zoo-Berlin-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803025450/http://www.monopol-magazin.de/artikel/20108812/-Lynn-Hershman-Leeson-bei-Aanant-Zoo-Berlin-.html |archive-date=2014-08-03 |access-date=2014-10-14 |website=Monopol |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Der Tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |last=Hinrichsen |first=Jens |date=2014-08-09 |title=Kreuzung mit Computer |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/lynn-hershman-leeson-bei-aanant-und-zoo-kreuzung-mit-computer/10310400.html |website=Der Tagesspiegel |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Berliner Zeitung">{{Cite web |last=Berner |first=Irmgard |date=2014-08-12 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Über das Verschwinden |url=http://mobil.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur/lynn-hershman-leeson-ueber-das-verschwinden,23785224,28103410.html |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> * 2014-2015, ''Civic Radar. '' Lynn Hershman Leeson - The Retrospective, ZKM Cibiyar Fasaha da Media Karlsruhe, Karlsruha, Jamus * 2015, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Asalin jinsuna (Sashe na 2) '', Modern Art Oxford, Oxford, Ingila, Ingila * 2016, Masana'antar Ruwa - Lynn Hershman Leeson, Masana'antu na Karni na 21, Gidan Tarihi na Lehmbruck, Duisburg, Jamus * 2016, Cyborgs da Self-Promotion, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio <ref name="auto2" /> * 2016, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Jikin jiki, Armory Gallery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia <ref name="auto2" /> * 2016, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson'', Ruth C. Horton Gallery, Moss Arts Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia <ref name="auto2" /> * 2017, ''Lynn Hershman Leeson: Civic Radar'', Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, California <ref name="auto2" /> * 2017-2018, ''VertiGhost'', Gidan kayan gargajiya na Legion of Honor, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts na San Francisco, San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: ''VertiGhost'' |url=https://legionofhonor.famsf.org/exhibitions/lynn-hershman-leeson-vertighost |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=Legion of Honor museum}}</ref> * 2018, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Littafin Manufa don Automatons, Bionic Beings da Cyborgs, 1962-1982, Anglim Gilbert Gallery, San Francisco, California * 2019, ''Mutum na farko da yawa'', Cibiyar Fasaha ta Biyu ta Mayu Al'ummar Madrid, Madrid, Spain <ref name="auto2" /> * 2019, ''Lorna'', Gidauniyar Thoma, Santa Fe, New Mexico <ref name="auto2" /> * 2021, Lynn Hershman Leeson: Twisted, New Museum, New York City, New York * 2024, Anti-Aging, Bridget Donahue, Birnin New York, New York <ref name="donahue">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson: Anti-Aging |url=https://www.bridgetdonahue.nyc/exhibitions/lynn-hershman-leeson-anti-aging/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Bridget Donahue}}</ref> === Nuni na rukuni === * 2013-2014, Sabon Samun a cikin Hotuna, Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMa), Birnin New York, New York * 2013-2014, ''Masu adawa da Makomar'', Cibiyar Yerba Buena don Fasaha, San Francisco, California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dissident Futures |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/32064/dissident-futures/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * [Hasiya] gallery, Birnin New York, New York * 2014, Mata: Ganin da Kasancewa, Scott Nichols Gallery, San Francisco, California . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-04 |title=Women: Seeing and Being Seen |url=https://wsimag.com/art/10954-women-seeing-and-being-seen |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Wall Street International |language=en}}</ref> * 2019-2020, Manual Override, The Shed, Birnin New York, New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manual Override |url=https://www.theshed.org/program/63-manual-override?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIkKuW7Jzq5QIVUIFaBR3l2wMpEAAYASAAEgIxg_D_BwE&sourceNumber=1334 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The Shed}}</ref> == Gudummawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2023, Leeson ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga Creative Capital The Mill Valley Film Festival, The Contemporary Jewish Museum (San Francisco). An girmama Leeson tare da tallafi daga Creative Capital, The National Endowment for the Arts, Nathan Cummings Foundation, Siemens International Media Arts Award, Prix Ars Electronica, da Alfred P Sloan Foundation Prize for Writing and Directing. A shekara ta 2009 ta kasance mai karɓar kyautar John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow Profile |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/16524-lynn-hershman-leeson |access-date=19 November 2013 |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081643/http://www.gf.org/fellows/16524-lynn-hershman-leeson |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2009, ta sami lambar yabo ta SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award |journal=Leonardo |volume=42 |issue=4 |page=296 |doi=10.1162/leon.2009.42.4.296}}</ref> Gidan Tarihin Digital a Berlin ya amince da aikinta tare da lambar yabo ta d.velop dijital (ddaa) don Lifetime Achievement a fagen New Media a cikin 2010. An haɗa aikinta kwanan nan a cikin Arthur da Marilouise Kroker's Top Ten don fitowar Janairu 2013 na Artforum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visual Arts Faculty featured in Artforum's Top Ten List |url=http://visarts.ucsd.edu/news/visual-arts-faculty-featured-artforums-top-ten-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091143/http://visarts.ucsd.edu/news/visual-arts-faculty-featured-artforums-top-ten-list |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kroker |first=Arthur and Marilouise |date=January 2013 |title=Top Ten |url=http://artforum.com/inprint/issue=201301 |journal=Artforum |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> A cikin 2014, IFP Pixel Market Prize ya tafi The Infinity Engine tare da Tilda Swinton, wanda Leeson ya jagoranta tare da haɗin gwiwar mai gabatarwa Lisa Cortes, wanda ya haɗa da Kyautar Kwalejin da Sundance Film Festival wanda ya lashe fim Precious . Infinity Engine shigarwa ce, fim da gidan yanar gizon mu'amala ta kan layi. Kyautar ta kunshi wata shida a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai da gayyatar shiga cikin shirin No Borders na shekara mai zuwa.<ref name="ScreenDaily">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-10 |title=Screen Daily |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/ken-loach-project-wins-top-pttp-prize/5078506.article#}}</ref><ref name="Power to the Pixel">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-10 |title=Power to the Pixel |url=http://powertothepixel.com/news/uncategorized/flickering-flame-takes-arte-international-pixel-market-prize-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018221628/http://powertothepixel.com/news/uncategorized/flickering-flame-takes-arte-international-pixel-market-prize-2014 |archive-date=2014-10-18}}</ref> An kuma nuna Leeson a cikin eNews na mata "Shugabannin 21 na karni na 21" na musamman a cikin 2014 don rawar da ta taka wajen karfafa matasan mata masu fasaha don karfafa muryoyin su na fasaha. Shirin ta !W.AR ta wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiyar cewa duniyar fasaha yanki ne mai rinjaye na maza kuma tana bincika ayyukan da yawa masu tasiri na mata masu zane-zane a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Rita |date=January 2014 |title=Women's eNews Announces 21 Leaders for 21st Century 2014 |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/140101/womens-enews-announces-21-leaders-21st-century-2014 |access-date=2014-02-05 |website=womensenews.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Gidan karatu na [[Jami'ar Stanford]] ya sami tarihin aiki na Hershman Leeson.<ref name="Stanford Archive">{{Cite web |title=Lynn Hershman Leeson Papers Finding Aid |url=http://findingaids.stanford.edu/xtf/view?docId=ead/mss/m1452.xml;query=;brand=default |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=Stanford Libraries}}</ref> Stanford kuma ta sami tarin tambayoyin da aka tattara don shirin Hershman Leeson na 2010 !!Juyin Juya Halin Mata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=!W.A.R.: Voices of a Movement |url=http://lib.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution |access-date=19 November 2013 |website=Stanford Libraries |publisher=Stanford University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913092816/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2018, The Women's Caucus for Art ya ba Hershman Leeson lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award, a Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |title=WCA Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php |access-date=2018-03-24 |website=Nationalwca.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223927/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php |archive-date=2018-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lynn Hershman Leeson an ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman daga juriya saboda shiga cikin 59th International Art Exhibition na La Biennale di Venezia - The Milk of Dreams . An gabatar da kyautar tare da wannan dalili: "don yin la'akari da damuwar cybernetic da ke gudana ta hanyar nune-nunen a hanya mai haske da ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da lokutan hangen nesa na aikinta na farko wanda ya hango tasirin fasaha a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun". <ref name=":4" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hershman Leeson yana zaune ne a [[San Francisco]], [[California]] . A shekara ta 1991, ta auri George Leeson, ta kara sunansa na karshe ga nata; wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na baya har yanzu ana gabatar da su a ƙarƙashin sunan Lynn Hershman . 'Yar Hershman Leeson, Dawn L. Hershman, likitan kanjamau ne wanda ke binciken ciwon nono a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamlin |first=Jesse |date=December 3, 2005 |title=Artist probes appearances in video, drawings, sculpture ... and, yes, robots |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Artist-probes-appearances-in-video-drawings-2591506.php |access-date=January 2, 2021 |publisher=SFGate}}</ref> Hershman Leeson yana da jikoki biyu, Noa da Eli.<ref name="dawn">{{Cite web |last=Benyon |first=Brielle |date=April 2022 |title=Bringing Creativity to Science: Dawn L. Hershman Is a Giant of Cancer Care |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/bringing-creativity-to-science-dawn-l-hershman-is-a-giant-of-cancer-care |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=OncLive}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9wqjjtqsm3vwlbyawy9ifqqouyjfsgz 0 174163 963205 945564 2026-10-04T23:16:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Camacho''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Luis Xtravaganza''' ko '''Luis Extravaganza''' ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai yin rikodi. An fi saninsa da aikinsa tare da [[Madonna]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Camacho ya horar da rawa a makarantar sakandare ta Fiorello H. LaGuardia don Kiɗa da Fasaha da Ayyuka tare da ɗan'uwansa Jose Gutierez . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Xtravaganza Pride: Vogue icons and celebrity grand marshals Jose Gutierez and Luis Camacho |url=https://www.ebar.com/bartab/daytime//261574 |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Da daddare ya kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan rawa na New York da kuma gidan rawa, ya bar gidan Lamé don shiga Gidan Xtravaganza. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Easter |first=Makeda |date=21 July 2018 |title=Ballroom's time to shine: 'Pose' choreographers Leiomy Maldonado and Danielle Polanco on bringing the ball to life |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-st-pose-choreographers-20180721-story.html |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Halin gidan sa hannu na sa hannu ya kasance mai saurin, kuma Camacho da Gutierrez, waɗanda suka shiga gidan Xtravaganza sun kasance masu yin wasan kwaikwayo akai-akai a cikin gasa. Camacho ya ɗauki sunan mataki na Xtravaganza a matsayin sunan mahaifi, kamar yadda 'yan wasan kulob dinsa suka yi. == Haɗin gwiwa tare da Madonna == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s mawaƙa Madonna tana neman masu rawa masu basira kuma an nuna bidiyon gida na Camacho da Gutierrez suna yin watsi da [bayani da ake buƙata] a Xtravaganza . [1] Sun saurare ta kuma ta sanya su a ƙarƙashin kwangila don yin aiki tare da ita don tallafawa kundi na gaba da yawon shakatawa - Blond Ambition .[2] Waƙar da bidiyon, "Vogue" daga kundin I'm Breathless, an yi wahayi zuwa gare su ne daga wurin bikin, kuma Camacho da Gutierrez sun tsara sassan su na bidiyon, wanda David Fincher ya yi fim. An zabi wasan kwaikwayon su don lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Award ta 1990 don Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon a cikin Bidiyo. Camacho da Gutierrez sun bayyana a cikin 1990 MTV Video Awards a kan mataki tare da Madonna don wasan kwaikwayon Marie Antoinette.[3] Sun bayyana a cikin sanarwar sabis na jama'a na Rock the Vote . [4] Camacho da Gutierrez sun kasance wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na Blond Ambition, wanda ya yi a fadin Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya kuma sun bayyana a cikin fim din Madonna: Gaskiya ko Dare (A gado tare da Madonna) (1991), wanda ya biyo bayan yawon shakata na duniya. Bayan yawon shakatawa na Blond Ambition ya ƙare, Madonna ta ci gaba da ba da tallafi ga Camacho da Gutierrez, waɗanda ke yin aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Jose da Luis, sun rubuta kundi, The Queen's English . Madonna ta raira waƙoƙin baya a kan wannan rikodin, wanda lakabin Madonna, Maverick ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Expatmichael |date=2014-09-16 |title=Disco Vinyl : THE QUEEN'S ENGLISH Jose & Luis Xtravaganza background vocals MADONNA |url=https://discovinyl-discovinyl.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-queens-english-jose-luis.html |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Disco Vinyl}}</ref> Sauran waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Do It to the Rhythm" da "You Want to Touch Me" sun bayyana a cikin samfurin Sire Records na 1993 New Faces . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Camacho ya yi gwagwarmaya da jaraba na shekaru da yawa bayan nasarar zamanin Madonna, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crazy True Story of Madonna's Truth or Dare Back Up Dancers (and Where They Are Now) |url=https://people.com/movies/madonna-blond-ambition-backup-dancers-where-are-they-now/ |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=PEOPLE.com |language=en}}</ref> yayin da shi da yawancin masu rawa daga yawon shakatawa suka sauya zuwa mataki na gaba na aikin su da mutuwar abokai da yawa a cikin al'ummar LGBTQ saboda cututtukan da suka shafi [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]]. Ya kasance mai natsuwa tun shekara ta 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Lessons in Humility – THE SHARE – Luis Camacho {{!}} The Fight Magazine |url=https://thefightmag.com/2016/09/the-share-09-2016-by-paulo-murillo/ |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=thefightmag.com}}</ref> == Fim da sauran ayyukan == Camacho ya yi a cikin fim din, The Birdcage (1996) da Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai rawa da mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo. Ya yi aiki tare da [[Tony Bennett]], Lisa Lisa da Cult Jam da [[Aretha Franklin]] . Ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na gidan caca, ciki har da Carnival Cabaret don Horizon Casino da Resort a Lake Tahoe, California . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Dan |date=10 September 2008 |title=Long-running Carnival Cabaret returns |url=https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/long-running-carnival-cabaret-returns/ |access-date=2019-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Camacho ya sake haɗuwa da masu rawa maza na yawon shakatawa na Blond Ambition a cikin fim din Strike a Pose (2016), wanda ya ba da labarin lokacin da suke aiki tare da Madonna da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dancers — Strike a Pose |url=http://www.strikeaposefilm.com/the-dancers/ |access-date=2019-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saldana |first=Janel |date=2016-04-18 |title=Meet The Latinos Who Taught Madonna How To 'Vogue' |url=https://www.latintimes.com/meet-jose-gutierrez-and-luis-camacho-latinos-who-taught-madonna-how-vogue-380470 |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Latin Times |language=en}}</ref> Shi da Jose Gutierrez sun kasance Celebrity Grand Marshals na San Francisco Gay Pride Parade a cikin 2018. <ref name=":0" /> Camacho ya ci gaba da koyar da rawa a yankin Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=werquedanceclass |url=https://www.werquedanceclass.com/ |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=werquedanceclass |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624014806/https://www.werquedanceclass.com/ |archive-date=2019-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f6s8r7kem6vmdfsk5o12h1fuhj8ibse 0 174171 963324 945576 2026-10-05T07:54:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcelo Hernandez Castillo''', an haife shi a shekara ta 1988, mawaki ne kuma mai fafutuka.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Marcelo Hernandez Castillo |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/marcelo-hernandez-castillo |access-date=February 1, 2020 |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> Yana zaune a Marysville, California, tare da matarsa da ɗansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Marcelo Hernandez Castillo a Zacatecas, Mexico . Ya koma Amurka yana da shekaru biyar.[1] Iyalinsa sun zauna a Yuba City, California, inda mahaifiyarsa ta yi aiki a wani masana'anta mai laushi a kan Hanyar 113.[2] A shekara ta 2003, an kori mahaifin Castillo.[2] A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da izinin iyayensa su koma Yuba City kuma su nemi mafaka.[2] == Ayyuka == Ya sami BA daga Jami'ar Jihar Sacramento kuma shi ne dalibi na farko da ba a rubuta shi ba don samun MFA daga Jami'an Michigan . <ref name="ref1" /> Yana koyarwa a shirin MFA mai ƙarancin zama a Jami'ar Ashland, da kuma matasa da ke kurkuku a arewacin California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Arts and Sciences Ashland University |url=https://www.ashland.edu/cas/faculty-staff/marcelo-hernandez-castillo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Hen Press: Nicole Sealey and Marcelo Hernandez Castillo |url=https://redhen.org/workshops/nicole-sealey-and-marcelo-hernandez-castillo/ |access-date=2026-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716091006/https://redhen.org/workshops/nicole-sealey-and-marcelo-hernandez-castillo/ |archive-date=2019-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya koyar a matsayin mai zane-zane a Cibiyar Atlantic don Fasaha a Florida, da kuma ɗaliban makarantar sakandare masu karamin kuɗi a cikin shirin Upward Bound a UC Davis. <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |title=Cenzóntle by Marcelo Hernandez Castillo |url=https://www.theparisamerican.com/poetry163.html |access-date=February 1, 2020 |website=theparisamerican.com}}</ref> Yana aiki a cikin yankin Yuba-Sutter a matsayin mataimakin malami. Ana iya samun waƙoƙin Castillo da litattafan a cikin ''BuzzFeed'', Drunken Boat, Gulf Coast, Indiana Review, ''Jubilat'', ''Muzzle Mag'', New England Review, The ''Paris American'', da Southern Humanities Review da sauransu. Tare da C.D. Wright, Castillo ya fassara waƙoƙin mawaki na Mexico Marcelo Uribe . <ref name="ref3" /> == Daraja == Rubutun Castillo, ''Cenzontle'', Brenda Shaughnessy ce ta zaba shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar A. Poulin, Jr. Poetry Prize na 2017, daga BOA Editions . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Great Lakes Colleges Association New Writers Award. [[Chris Abani]], Ed Roberson, da Matthew Shenoda ne suka zaba littafinsa, Dulce, don Kyautar Waƙoƙin Shafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulce |url=http://www.nupress.northwestern.edu/content/dulce |website=Northwestern University Press |access-date=2026-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301205328/https://nupress.northwestern.edu/content/dulce |archive-date=2021-03-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani dan takarar Pushcart, Castillo ya sami tallafi daga CantoMundo, Squaw Valley Writer's Workshop, da kuma Vermont Studio Center. == Littattafai == * ''Cenzontle'', (2018) BOA Editions {{ISBN|9781942683537}} * Dulce (2018), Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma {{ISBN|9780810136960}} * Yara na Ƙasar, tarihin, (2020), Harper {{ISBN|9780062825599}} == Yunkurin fafutuka == Castillo ya kasance wanda ya kafa, tare da mawaƙa Javier Zamora da [[Christopher Soto]] (AKA Loma), na kamfen ɗin Undocupoets wanda ya kawar da bukatun zama ɗan ƙasa daga manyan kyaututtuka na littafin waka na farko a Amurka. Tare da Gidauniyar Jarida ta Sibling da Hadin gwiwar Littattafan Amazon, Undocupoets Fellowship ta ba da kyautar $ 500 guda biyu ga tsoffin mawaƙa marasa takardun shaida don tallafawa farashin da suka shafi shayari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undocupoets Fellowship |url=https://siblingrivalrypress.com/undocupoets-fellowship/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m0zfnhu90y7kn54tt7gi5er7t7t8z1b 0 174224 963380 945731 2026-10-05T10:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marina Vishmidt''' an haife shi a ranar (6 ga Mayu, 1976 - 26 ga Afrilu, 2024) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, edita kuma mai sukar. Ta ba da lacca a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London a cikin shirin MA Al'adu Masana'antu, kuma ta koyar da Ka'idar Fasaha a MA Art Praxis a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Dutch a Arnhem . Binciken da ta yi ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha, darajar da aiki. Ta ci gaba da bincika wannan ta hanyar ayyukan kan bashi, haihuwar zamantakewa da kuma kasuwanci na fasaha. == Rayuwa == Vishmidt ta zo [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] tare da mahaifiyarta da kakanninta lokacin da take da shekaru uku a lokacin 1970s Soviet Union aliyah . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Bronx kuma ta tafi Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence . <ref>{{Cite web |last=variant |title=variant |url=https://variant.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=variant.org.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ta kammala digirinta na PhD mai taken Speculation a matsayin Yanayin samarwa a cikin Fasaha da Babban Birni a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London. A cikin Summer Semester, 2022, Vishmidt ya kasance [http://www.kunstgeschichte.hu-berlin.de/personen/ehemalige-mitarbeiterinnen/seiten-ehemaliger-mitarbeiterinnen/marina-vishmidt/ Farfesa mai ziyara na Arnheim] a Institut für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte a Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023 ta fara sabon matsayi a matsayin Farfesa na Ka'idar Fasaha a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina Vishmidt, head of the dept. Art Theory |url=https://kunsttheorie.uni-ak.ac.at/wordpress/mitarbeiterinnen/ |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Vishmidt ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2024 bayan dogon rashin lafiya na ciwon daji. == Rubuce-rubuce == Vishmidt ya rubuta kuma ya shirya wallafe-wallafe da yawa ciki har da Reproducing Autonomy: Work, Money, Crisis and Contemporary Art (2016) tare da Kerstin Stakemeier [1] da Media Mutandis (2006) da aka shirya tare da Mary Anne Francis, Jo Walsh da Lewis Sykes. [2] An yaba da littafinta na 2018 Speculation as a Mode of Production don kawo "cikakken nauyin ka'idar mahimmanci - tare da halayensa na halayyar ilimi - ... don ɗaukar fasaha da siyasa a zamanin samar da kuɗi. Vishmidt ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, kamar su Undoing Property? (Sternberg Press, 2013), Mobile Cinema (Archive Books, 2017), On Performance (Kunsthaus Bregenz, 2012), kundin baje kolin don baje kolin [[Grace Schwindt]] Run a Home, Build a Town, Lead a Revolution. ''Gudanar da Gida, Gina Garin, Jagora Juyin Juya Halin. ''Nuni a cikin Ayyuka Uku (1362), a MARCO - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Vigo, da Babban Juyin Juya Halin Cikin Gida GOES ON (2010) da Ayyukan Koyarwa: Ƙungiyoyin Fasaha a matsayin Sites for Unlearning (2018) <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Annette|url-access=Allan}}</ref> dukansu Casco, Utrecht ne suka buga su. Ta wallafa surori da yawa a cikin Routledge Companion to Art and Politics wanda ke tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da siyasa kuma an buga shi a cikin 2015. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga mujallu daban-daban, gami da Afterall, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists at Work: Maryam Jafri |url=https://www.afterall.org/online/artists-at-work_maryam-jafri#.WpmoVRPOVZ0 |access-date=2018-03-02 |website=www.afterall.org}}</ref> E-flux, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title="Mimesis of the Hardened and Alienated": Social Practice as Business Model |url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/43/60197/mimesis-of-the-hardened-and-alienated-social-practice-as-business-model/ |access-date=2018-03-02 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}},</ref> Mute Magazine, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishmidt |first=Marina |date=7 March 2013 |title=Permanent Reproductive Crisis: An Interview with Silvia Federici |url=https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/permanent-reproductive-crisis-interview-silvia-federici |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504121012/https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/permanent-reproductive-crisis-interview-silvia-federici |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Metamute}},</ref> da Texte zur Kunst <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sweetest Taboo |url=https://www.textezurkunst.de/articles/sweetest-taboo/?highlight=marina%20vishmidt |access-date=2018-03-02 |website=www.textezurkunst.de |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da take matashiya da farkon shekarunta na ashirin, Vishmidt ta kasance mai aiki a cikin al'adun zine na Amurka, ta amfani da sunan "Miss Mary Mack".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996 |title=Beri-Beri: No. 2. No.? / Marina Vishmidt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6KmnQAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Mary Mack - ZineWiki - the history and culture of zines, independent media and the small press |url=https://zinewiki.com/wiki/Miss_Mary_Mack |access-date=2026-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624004213/https://zinewiki.com/wiki/Miss_Mary_Mack |archive-date=2025-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vishmidt akai-akai ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha da masu gwagwarmaya daban-daban. A shekara ta 2010, ta ba da gudummawa ga matani ga kashi na 4 na aikin Lying Freely na mai zane Ruth Buchanan wanda ya ɗauki nau'in littafi. Ta kuma kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar bincike na dogon lokaci na masu zane-zane, marubuta, gine-gine da mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a kan gabatarwar tarihi da zamani, takardu da karɓar Victory over the Sun wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha na gaba wanda aka fara a 1913 a Saint Petersburg . An tattara kokarin bincike a cikin littafin Anfang Gut, Alles Gut - Actualizations of the Futurist Opera Victory Over the Sun 1913 . Vishmidt ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki ta Cinenova mai rarraba fim da bidiyo a [[Landan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Out of the Past: An Interview with Cinenova |url=http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/out-past-interview-cinenova |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.metamute.org |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Full Unemployment Cinema, ƙungiyar da ke nuna fina-finai a wurare masu zaman kansu, masu zaman kansu a kusa da London. Fim din ya fi mayar da hankali kan jigogi na aiki, rashin aiki, ƙin yarda da gwagwarmaya. == Haɗin waje == * [https://on-vishmidt.memoryoftheworld.org/ Marina Vishmidt Tattara Ayyuka] * Cues na Marina ta Kerstin Stakemeier don e-flux * [https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/spaces-of-speculation-movement-politics-in-the-infrastructure/ Tattaunawar Tarihi ta Tarihi ta 2020 tana tattauna aikinta] * [[iarchive:TS_feedback_as_cultural_logic_150111|Ra'ayoyi a matsayin Halin Al'adu]] (kwamitin tattaunawa na 2011 wanda Marina Vishmidt da Matthew Fuller suka jagoranta) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 2jfbgrfs4sz1y0ehoktbv31apcdcmd6 0 174274 963212 945836 2026-10-04T23:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|genus=Lupinus|species=elmeri|authority=[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]|synonyms=Lupinus albicaulis var. sylvestris ([[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]) Lupinus sylvestris (Drew)}} '''''Lupinus elmeri''''' wani nau'in lupine ne da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sani da sunaye da aka fi sani da '''Elmer's lupine''' da '''South Fork Mountain lupine''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[California]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elmer's lupine |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=LUEL2 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |website=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |publisher=Plants Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108091031/https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=LUEL2 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> inda aka san shi ne kawai daga wasu wurare da suka watse a tsaunukan arewacin Tekun Arewa, a gundumar Trinity . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lupinus elmeri Calflora |url=https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=5138 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.calflora.org}}</ref> == Bayani == Wannan ciyawa ce mai tsayi da daɗewa, tana da kauri mai launin ja da ganye kore mai gashi. Yana kaiwa matsakaicin tsayi kusan {{Convert|90|cm}} . Kowace ganyen dabino tana da ganye 6 zuwa 10 har zuwa {{Convert|6|cm}} dogon lokaci. Furen furanni masu launin rawaya kowanne yana da tsawon santimita ɗaya, waɗanda ba a shirya su a cikin manyan furanni kamar yadda suke a cikin sauran furannin lupine. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da gashi kamar ƙwayayen [[Legum|legume]] har zuwa {{Convert|5|cm}} dogon lokaci. Lokacin fure yana farawa ne daga watannin Yuli da Agusta. <ref name=":0" /> Launin furanni rawaya ne da fari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LUEL2 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.wildflower.org}}</ref> Ana samunsa a watan Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lupinus elmeri Greene |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2963837/metrics |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814215258/https://www.gbif.org/species/2963837/metrics |archive-date=2023-08-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4064 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lupinus+elmeri Hotunan hoto] {{Taxonbar|from=Q6704765}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qbez15hv3a1b3ov7wuw5zl1ts87w3gl 0 174496 963072 946458 2026-10-04T16:12:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Microbial_electrolysis_cell.png|right|thumb|200x200px|Kwayar cutar microbial]]{{Databox}} Kwayar microbial electrolysis ('''MEC''') fasaha ce da ke da alaƙa da sel na man fetur na Microbial (MFC). Yayinda MFCs ke samar da wutar lantarki daga lalacewar microbial na mahadi na kwayoyin halitta, MECs a wani bangare suna juyar da tsari don samar da Hydrogen ko [[methane]] daga kayan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badwal |first=SPS |year=2014 |title=Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies |journal=Frontiers in Chemistry |volume=2 |page=79 |bibcode=2014FrCh....2...79B |doi=10.3389/fchem.2014.00079 |pmc=4174133 |pmid=25309898 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Za a samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sabuntawa. Ana iya amfani da hydrogen ko methane da aka samar don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ƙarin sel na man fetur na PEM ko injin konewa na ciki. == Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta == Tsarin MEC ya dogara ne akan abubuwa da yawa: Microorganisms - suna haɗe da anode. Asalin microorganisms yana ƙayyade samfuran da ingancin MEC. '''Kayan aiki''' - Kayan anode a cikin MEC na iya zama daidai da MFC, kamar zane na carbon, takarda na carbon, felt na graphite, graphite granules ko brushes na graphate. Ana iya amfani da platinum a matsayin mai haɓaka don rage yawan ƙarfin da ake buƙata don Samar da hydrogen. Babban farashi na platinum yana motsa bincike a cikin biocathodes a matsayin madadin. Ko kuma a matsayin wani madadin don catalyst, an yi amfani da faranti na ƙarfe mara ƙarfe a matsayin kayan cathode da anode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azwar |first=M. Y. |last2=Hussain |first2=M. A. |last3=Abdul-Wahab |first3=A. K. |date=1 March 2014 |title=Development of biohydrogen production by photobiological, fermentation and electrochemical processes: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=31 |issue=Supplement C |pages=158–173 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.022}}</ref> Sauran kayan sun haɗa da membranes (ko da yake wasu MECs ba su da membrane), da kuma tsarin tarin bututu da gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=BioAge |title=Green Car Congress: Study Concludes That Microbial Electrolysis Cells Are a Promising Approach to Renewable and Sustainable Hydrogen Production |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/11/study-concludes.html |website=www.greencarcongress.com |access-date=2026-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121014243/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/11/study-concludes.html |archive-date=2018-01-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Samar da hydrogen == Microorganisms na lantarki da ke cinye tushen makamashi (kamar acetic acid) suna fitar da electrons da protons, suna haifar da yiwuwar lantarki har zuwa 0.3 volts. A cikin MFC na al'ada, ana amfani da wannan ƙarfin lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin MEC, ana ba da ƙarin ƙarfin lantarki ga tantanin halitta daga tushen waje. Haɗin ƙarfin lantarki ya isa ya Ragewa protons, samar da iskar hydrogen. A matsayin wani ɓangare na makamashi don wannan raguwa an samo shi daga aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, jimlar wutar lantarki da za a samar da ita ƙasa ne don electrolysis na ruwa ba tare da ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Samar da hydrogen ya kai har zuwa ³.1₂ m³/m3d tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na 0.8 volts. Ingancin samar da Hydrogen ya dogara da abin da ake amfani da kwayoyin halitta. Lactic da acetic acid suna samun inganci na 82%, yayin da dabi'u don cellulose ko glucose da ba a yi amfani da su ba suna kusa da 63%. Ingancin ruwa na yau da kullun shine kashi 60 zuwa 70 cikin dari. Yayin da MEC ta canza biomass mara amfani zuwa hydrogen mai amfani, suna iya samar da makamashi mai amfani 144% fiye da yadda suke cinyewa a matsayin makamashi na lantarki. Dangane da kwayoyin da ke cikin cathode, MECs na iya samar da methane ta hanyar hanyar da ta dace. ''C'' lissafa dawo da hyd''R''_E gaba ɗaya a matsayin ''RH'' = CERCat. I''P">nP">''''C'''''' Coulombic shi''n''_E _{_CE}= (''n'' / ''n''_{_th}), inda nth shine moles na hydrogen wanda za'a iya samar da shi kuma nCE = CP / (2''''F'''') shine moles ɗin hydrogen wanda za a iya samarwa daga auna halin yanzu, CP shine jimlar coulombs da aka lissafa ta hanyar haɗa halin yanzu a tsawon lokaci, F shine Faraday's, kuma 2 shine moles of electrons per mole na hydrogen. A''n'' lissafa dawowa''R'' hydroge''n'' ''n'' cathodic a matsayin RCat = n_{_H2}/n_CE, inda nH2 shine jimlar moles na hydrogen da aka samar. A''n'' li_s amfa''''n'''' h''Y'' (''Y''<_s id="mwVQ">_{_H2}) a matsayin YH2 = nH2 /ns, inda ns shine cirewa wanda aka lissafa bisa ga buƙatar iskar oxygen (22). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaoan Cheng |last2=Bruce E. Logan |date=20 November 2007 |title=Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18871–18873 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418871C |doi=10.1073/pnas.0706379104 |pmc=2141869 |pmid=18000052 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Hydrogen da [[methane]] za a iya amfani da su a matsayin madadin burbushin burbushin a cikin Injinan konewa na ciki ko don samar da wutar lantarki. Kamar MFCs ko tsire-tsire na samar da bioethanol, MECs suna da damar canza sharar gida zuwa tushen makamashi mai mahimmanci. Hakanan ana iya haɗa hydrogen tare da nitrogen a cikin iska don samar da ammoniya, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin taki na ammonium. An gabatar da Ammoniya a matsayin madadin amfani ga man fetur na burbushin halittu don injunan konewa na ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State Live |url=http://live.psu.edu/story/27233 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512141254/http://live.psu.edu/story/27233 |archive-date=2009-05-12 |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0bo52plfhjznm2hr92xrd0di99r84fy 0 174686 963252 946999 2026-10-05T04:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Lerotholi''' wata makaranta ce [[Injinia.|ta fasaha]] da sana'a da ke [[Maseru]], [[Lesotho]] . == Tarihi da ayyukan == Lerotholi Polytechnic (LP) wata cibiya ce ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1905. Dokar Lerotholi Polytechnic ta 1997 ce ke tafiyar da ita kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen sana'o'i da na fasaha. Cibiyar ta ƙunshi makarantu huɗu, wato Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha (SET), da Makarantar Muhalli da aka Gina (SOBE), wadda ke ba da takaddun shaida a shirye-shiryen sana'o'i da kuma difloma a fannin injiniya. Makarantar Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa (SEM) tana ba da takaddun shaida a fannin Yadi da kuma difloma a shirye-shiryen kasuwanci. Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi (SOCE) tana mai da hankali kan ƙara samun damar shiga ilimi ta hanyar bayar da shirye-shirye da darussa na musamman bisa ga buƙata ga masana'antu da jama'a, tare da amfani da damar da ake da ita don samar da kuɗi ga cibiyar. Babban jami'in Lerotholi ya fara tunanin Lerotholi Polytechnic, a matsayin makarantar fasaha da sana'a a shekarar 1894, don zama irinta ta farko a Lesotho. A shekarar 1905, an gina ginin farko kuma an gabatar da darussa daban-daban a fannin sana'o'i. An ƙara sabbin ƙwarewa da sana'o'i a cikin manhajar karatu a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1960, makarantar ta koma wata cibiya mai ra'ayin sana'a. An kafa sabbin makarantu guda biyu a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wato Cibiyar Horar da Kasuwanci da Makarantar Horar da Masu Fasaha. A shekarar 1991, an haɗa makarantu uku. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya zama sananne a matsayin Lerotholi Polytechnic (LP). A ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga yanayin sassaucin ra'ayi a duniya, gwamnatin Lesotho ta sauke nauyin da ke kanta kan wannan cibiya ta kuma ba ta 'yancin kai ta hanyar Dokar LP, Lamba ta 20 ta 1997 - wani mataki da aka yi niyya don bai wa cibiyar damar yanke shawara kan dabarunta. == Takaddama == Tun daga shekarar 2009, Lerotholi Polytechnic ta sami kulawa mai yawa game da ayyukan cin zarafi da ake zargin an yi wa ɗaliban shekarar farko. An tilasta wa makarantar soke bikin kammala karatunta a wannan shekarar bayan da tsoffin ɗalibai suka yi wa wani ɗalibi duka har lahira. An ruwaito cewa akalla ɗalibai shida sun mutu sakamakon al'adun "farawa" na makarantar kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=The wicked cult at Fokothi {{!}} The Post |url=http://www.thepost.co.ls/news/the-wicked-cult-at-fokothi/ |access-date=2018-11-02 |website=www.thepost.co.ls |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Lesotho * Jerin jami'o'i a Lesotho == Manazarta == dpegaua2z4cr2yda1f6dct3kq2sjis7 0 174704 963269 947050 2026-10-05T06:29:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|status_ref=|genus=Malacothrix (plant)|species=junakii|authority=[[William Stanley Davis|W.S.Davis]]}} '''''Malacothrix junakii''''' nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin Asteraceae ba, wanda aka fi sani da sunaye da aka fi sani da '''Anacapa Island desert-dandelion''', '''Junak's desertdandelion''', da '''Junak's malacothrix''' . Yana da yawa a Tsibirin Anacapa, ɗaya daga cikin Tsibiran Channel na California, inda aka san shi sau biyu kawai. Yana faruwa ne a yankin bakin teku na tsibirin. An bayyana shi ga kimiyya a matsayin sabon nau'in halitta a shekarar 1997. <ref name="davis">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=W. S. |date=1997 |title=The Systematics of Annual Species of Malacothrix (asteraceae: Lactuceae) Endemic to the California Islands |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425208 |journal=Madroño |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=223–244 |issn=0024-9637}}</ref> Wannan ciyawa ce ta shekara-shekara wacce take da rassan ganye masu rassa har zuwa santimita 30 a tsayi. Ganyen suna da siffar lace tare da ruwan wukake masu haƙori ko lobes, ganyen sama suna da ƙananan lobes masu ƙanƙanta. Inflorescences ɗin ya ƙunshi kawunan furanni da yawa a cikin gungu ɗaya ko fiye da buɗe. Kan an lulluɓe shi da phyllaries kore masu launin ja marasa gashi. Ya ƙunshi furanni masu launin rawaya kowanne tsawon santimita ɗaya. Wannan nau'in shuka mai wahalar samu yana fuskantar barazana daga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da aka fara samu a tsibirin. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=80211 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAJU2 Bayanin Shuke-shuke na USDA] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250067152 Flora na Arewacin Amurka] * [http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Malacothrix+junakii Tsarin Kula da Yanayi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q6740921}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8xzkutk0zrv8gjub5ydy367jmymwh0g 0 174866 963322 947539 2026-10-05T07:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mar Lodge Estate''' wani fili ne mai tsaunuka a yammacin Aberdeenshire, [[Scotland]], wanda [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] (NTS) ke da shi kuma ke kula da shi tun daga shekarar 1995. Babban gininsa, Mar Lodge, yana da nisan {{Convert|4|mi|km}} yamma da ƙauyen Braemar . An amince da kadarar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren kiyaye yanayi a Tsibiran Burtaniya kuma tana da kusan kashi 8% na [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]], wanda ya mamaye {{Convert|29340|ha|acre}} . <ref name="SNH-NNR">{{Cite web |title=Mar Lodge Estate |url=http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/mar-lodge-estate/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> Darajar gadon ƙasa ta bayyana ne ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa an sanya yawancinsa a matsayin Wurin da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI), Yankin Kare Muhalli na Musamman (SAC) da Yankin Kariya na Musamman (SPA). An rarraba dukkan kadarorin a matsayin wurin ajiyar yanayi na ƙasa tun daga watan Mayu na 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-17 |title=Scotland's Newest National Nature Reserves |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/What-we-do/Article/Scotlandas-Newest-National-Nature-Reserves/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004246/https://www.nts.org.uk/What-we-do/Article/Scotlandas-Newest-National-Nature-Reserves/ |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=2018-02-07 |publisher=National Trust for Scotland}}</ref> kuma Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta sanya shi yanki mai kariya [[Yankin kariya|na Rukunin II]].<ref name="planet">{{Cite web |title=Mar Lodge Estate |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555638750 |access-date=14 February 2021 |publisher=Protected Planet}}</ref> Ana fuskantar mummunan yanayi a duk faɗin yankin, musamman a kan tudun. Zaftarewar ƙasa, zaftarewar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa suna canza yanayin ƙasa kuma suna ba shi [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] mai ban sha'awa.<ref name="case">{{Cite web |title=Case Study – Mar Lodge |url=http://www.ntseducation.org.uk/students/case-mar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819181631/http://www.ntseducation.org.uk/students/case-mar.html |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=[[National Trust for Scotland]]}}</ref> Gidan yana da tsaunukan Cairngorm masu zagaye a arewa, tare da manyan koguna da duwatsu har zuwa ƙasan kwarin. [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|Matsalolin glacial sun]] haɗa da Lairig Ghru da Lairig an Laoigh. A kudu maso yamma akwai tsaunukan [[River Geldie|Geldie]] masu buɗewa da birgima. Ruwa da ke gudana daga tsaunuka ya zama tushen kogin Dee. Gidan yana da farin jini ga masu yawo a tsaunuka, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunuka 14 na Munros, da kuma tsaunuka 4 daga cikin 5 mafi tsayi a Scotland, ciki har da dutse na biyu mafi tsayi a Birtaniya, Ben Macdui. NTS tana da wurin ajiye motoci da bandaki kusa da magudanar ruwan Linn of Dee, wanda shine babban wurin shiga yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mar Lodge Estate |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/mar-lodge-estate |access-date=14 September 2020 |publisher=National Trust for Scotland}}</ref> Samun damar shiga gidan don ayyukan waje kamar tafiya a kan tsaunuka, hawa dutse da kuma sansani na daji ya samu izinin [[Ƴancin yawo|shiga ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka]] wanda ya shafi dukkan filaye a Scotland a ƙarƙashin dokar shiga waje ta Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Outdoor Access Code |url=https://www.outdooraccess-scotland.scot/ |access-date=2018-05-03 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> == Tsirrai da dabbobi == Gidan ya ƙunshi misalan ragowar tsohon [[Dajin Caledonia|dajin Pine na Caledonian]], dajin [[Ƙasar Moorland|heather moorland]], da kuma wani ɓangare na babban tudun Cairngorm. Yana tallafawa muhimman tarin jajayen grouse, wader da raptors.<ref name="nts">{{Cite web |title=Mar Lodge Estate |url=http://www.marlodgeestate.org.uk/ |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=[[National Trust for Scotland]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207105426/http://marlodgeestate.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dajin Pine na Caledonian gida ne ga squirrels ja, pine martens, tururuwa na itace da tsuntsaye kamar su black grouse, Scottish crossbill da parrot crossbill, waɗanda duk ba kasafai ake samun su ba ko kuma ba a same su a yawancin Burtaniya. Manyan yankuna a kan tudun Cairngorm suna ɗauke da yawan kiwo na dotterel, snow buntings da ptarmigan, kuma shine mafi girman yanki na flora na arctic-alpine a Burtaniya. <ref name="SNH-NNR" /> == Muhalli da aka gina == [[File:Mar_Lodge_Estate_-_Corrour_Bothy_'toilet_extension'_(21_August_2007)_(069).jpg|right|thumb| Corrour Bothy a Mar Lodge Estate, yana nuna tsawaita tubalin bayan gida]] Muhimmancin gine-ginen gidan ya bayyana ne a gaskiyar cewa akwai gine-gine guda 5 da aka jera, ciki har da Mar Lodge, wanda Duke na Fife ya gina a shekarar 1895. Ɗakin wasan yana da kan barewa ja 2,435 da aka lulluɓe a bango da silin. Gobara ta lalata masaukin sosai a shekarar 1991 amma an sake gina shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka. Tun daga lokacin aka mayar da shi gidajen hutu kuma yana riƙe da yawancin kyawawan abubuwan da suka faru a zamaninsa a matsayin masaukin farauta. An gina gidajen farauta guda shida a yankin domin ba da damar a ɗauki nauyin masu harbi daga babban ginin Mar Lodge. Ɗaya kawai, Derry Lodge, ya rage a jikinsa, duk da cewa yanzu yana cikin mawuyacin hali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derry Lodge |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/81561/derry-lodge |access-date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Canmore - National Record of the Historic Environment}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 NTS ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen gyara masaukin domin samar da masaukin baƙi: tunda masaukin yana nan&nbsp;kilomita daga titin Linn na Dee mafi kusa, wannan masaukin zai iya isa ta ƙafa ko keke ne kawai. Gidan ya haɗa da ƙasa wadda ke da wasu wurare na tarihi na ƙasa da na duniya, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren tarihi na ƙasar da aka tsara a matsayin wuraren tarihi. <ref name="nts" /> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Cairngorms ta amince da buƙatar tsare-tsare daga Ƙungiyar Mountain Bothies (MBA) don faɗaɗa Corrour Bothy don shigar da murhun ƙona itace da kuma ƙara tubalin bayan gida don inganta wuraren baƙi. A watan Janairun 2023, Ruighe Ealasaid ya buɗe a matsayin ƙarin gini a gidan, bayan shekaru biyu na aikin MBA don dawo da wani gini da ya lalace a baya. == Tarihi == Mar Lodge Estate ita ce mafi girman ragowar Earldom na tarihi na Maris . Bayan halartar John " <nowiki><i id="mwmw">Bobbing John</i></nowiki> " Erskine, Earl na 6 na Maris a cikin Tashi na Jacobite na 1715, an kwace kadarorin a 1716, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen tsarin mallakar filaye na feudal da ake amfani da shi a Earldom na Mar, kodayake tsarin warware kwace 1716 ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Masu mallakar kadarorin na gaba su ne James Erskine, Lord Grange, ɗan'uwan Earl of Mar, da David Erskine, Lord Dun. Ɗan kasuwa mai hazaka William Duff na Dipple ne ya sayi yankin Dalmore, mafi yammacin ƙasar, tsakanin 1730 da 1737. Wannan ya samar da cibiyar Mar Estate. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙananan wurare da yawa da suka kewaye manyan gidaje biyu na Invercauld da Mar an shagaltar da su a hankali ta hanyar ɗaya ko ɗayan, har sai da suka zama gidaje biyu kacal a Braemar. <ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.braemarscotland.co.uk/history/index.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224221/http://www.braemarscotland.co.uk/history/index.htm |archivedate=31 January 2009 |accessdate=7 February 2009 |publisher=Braemar Guide}}</ref> A ƙarni na 19, an fara amfani da wannan kadarar musamman don yin harbi da kamun kifi ta hanyar gina Hunting Lodges na Derry Lodge, Geldie Lodge da Bynack Lodge. Ƙauyen Inverey shi kaɗai ne ya tsira daga sharewar gidaje - ban da ƙauyen Braemar wanda wani ɓangare na ƙauyen shi ma wani ɓangare ne na Mar Estate har zuwa ƙarni na 20. A shekarar 1879 Alexander William George Duff ya gaji mahaifinsa James ya zama Earl Fife na 6. A wannan lokacin Earl ya mallaki filaye masu yawa ban da kadarorin a matsayin shugaban yawancin 'yan Baronies na Scotland, ciki har da MacDuff, wanda aka sanya wa suna James Duff, Earl Fife na 2. A shekarar 1889 ya auri [[Louise, Gimbiya ta Sarauta|Gimbiya Royal]] kuma aka naɗa shi Duke na 1 na Fife . Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1912, amintattu ne suka kula da kadarorin, daga baya aka mika su ga Gimbiya Alexandra, Duchess ta Fife . Tsakanin 1942 da 1944, Kamfani na 25, na Gundumar Gandun Daji ta 2, na Rundunar Gandun Daji ta Kanada, ya gudanar da sansanin Kanada, wani sansanin katako a ƙasar gabashin gadar Lui a ɓangarorin biyu na titin, kuma ya fara sare bishiyoyi da sarrafa su zuwa katako don tallafawa ƙoƙarin yaƙi. A shekarar 1959 , Alexander Ramsay, Lord da Baron na Braemar sun gaji gadon daga goggonsa. A shekarar 1962, Kamfanin Ashdale Property Company ne ya mallaki Mar Lodge Estate na ɗan lokaci, wanda daga nan ya sayar da shi ga iyalan Swiss Panchaud, a shekarar 1962. 'Yan'uwan Gerald da John Panchaud <ref name="Dawson" /> sun gudanar da kadarorin a matsayin wani kamfani na wasanni na kasuwanci, yayin da kuma Lodge a matsayin otal. An gina hanyoyin mota a ko'ina cikin gidan, ciki har da wanda ke kusa da saman Beinn a' Bhùird wanda aka gina don wani shiri na gina wuraren wasan kankara. Panchauds sun kuma fara gina cibiyar wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara a kan tudun da ke bayan Mar Lodge. A shekarar 1989, Mar Lodge Estate Inc., wani kamfani mallakar wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurke John Kluge, ya sayi kadarorin don dalilai na wasanni, tare da mai da hankali kan kula da filaye masu mahimmanci da inganta wurare da gine-gine. Gobara ta katse gyaran masaukin a shekarar 1991, kuma a ƙarshe gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1993. <ref name="case" /> A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1995, [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] ta sayi Mar Lodge Estate. Asusun ba shi da kuɗin da ake buƙata kuma yana buƙatar tallafin kuɗi mai yawa daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati don ɗaukar nauyin siyan. Ƙungiyar agaji ''ta Easter Charitable Trust'' ta yi tayin fam miliyan 4.5, kuma Asusun Caca na Heritage Lottery ya bayar da sama da fam miliyan 10. An yi amfani da fam miliyan 1.5 na kuɗin da aka tara wajen siyan, kuma an yi amfani da sama da fam miliyan 8 a matsayin tallafi, inda aka sanya wa [[NatureScot|Scottish Natural Heritage]] (SNH) yarjejeniyar gudanarwa ta shekaru 25, tsarin gudanarwa na shekaru 5, da kuma shirin aikin jari mai tsada na shekara 1 (wanda ake sabuntawa kowace shekara) tare da Trust a matsayin tsarin da zai jagoranci samar da ƙarin kuɗin jama'a. An kammala siyan ne da sanin cewa SNH za ta zama "abokin hulɗa mai aiki wajen kula da kadarorin". A lokacin akwai jita-jita da yawa cewa [[Charles III|Yarima Charles]], Duke na Rothesay ne ya bayar da gudummawar, duk da haka daga baya an gano cewa Ann Marie Salvesen, wata mamba mai jin kunyar tallatawa a daular jigilar kaya da rarraba kaya ta Kirista Salvesen ta bayar da gudummawar fam miliyan 4.5 ba tare da an ambaci sunanta ba don taimakawa wajen siyan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rswrqhx1qyig5q7dfea9oezoc0hlrur 0 174992 963223 948071 2026-10-05T00:28:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma'adinin lithium na Thacker Pass''' wani aikin ci gaban hakar ma'adinai ne na yumbu a cikin Humboldt County, Nevada, wanda shine mafi girman sanannen ajiyar lithium a Amurka kuma ɗayan mafi girma a duniya, <ref name="usgs2017">{{Cite report}}</ref> <ref name="CNN_2021-12-172">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |last2=Marsh |first2=Rene |date=2021-12-17 |title=A rush to mine lithium in Nevada is pitting climate advocates and environmental groups against each other |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/17/politics/lithium-mining-energy-climate/index.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> kuma wasu sun yi imanin cewa yana da damar samar da kashi 25% na bukatar lithium a duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uji |first=Azusa |last2=Song |first2=Jaehyun |last3=Dolsak |first3=Nives |last4=Prakash |first4=Aseem |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Pursuing decarbonization along with national security: Assessing public support for the Thacker Pass lithium mine |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=18 |issue=1 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1880720U |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0280720 |pmc=9873159 |pmid=36693043 |quote=The Thacker Pass lithium mine, located in Nevada's Humboldt County, is one of the largest known lithium deposits in the world [20]. Some suggest that it could even meet 25% of global lithium demand. |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi bincike mai mahimmanci na Thacker Pass tun 2007. Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa ya ba da rikodin yanke shawara wanda ya amince da ci gaban ma'adinai a watan Janairun 2021. Ginin ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 bayan Kotun daukaka kara ta 9 ta ki amincewa da karar gaggawa. Shafin aikin zai rufe kadada 18,000 (ha 7,300), tare da kasa da kadada 6,000 (ha 2,400) na wannan ana shi, a shafin {{Convert|21|mi}} yammacin arewa maso yammacin Orovada, Nevada a cikin McDermitt Caldera. Mine wani aiki ne na Lithium Nevada, LLC, cikakken mallakar Lithium Americas Corp. A ƙarshen Janairu 2023, babbar mota General Motors ta sanar da cewa za ta saka hannun jari $ 650M a cikin aikin ma'adinai, tana ba GM damar shiga matakin farko na samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=January 31, 2023 |title=GM to invest $650 million in a lithium company to support its electric vehicle business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/31/gm-to-invest-650-million-in-lithium-company-to-support-ev-growth.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2023, lokacin da aka kammala saka hannun jari na farko na dala miliyan 320, GM ya zama babban mai hannun jari da abokin tarayya na Lithium Americas.<ref name="LithiumAmericas2">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Thacker Pass Overview |url=https://www.lithiumamericas.com/files/doc_downloads/thacker-pass/factsheets/2024/2024-01-Thacker-Pass-Overview-Jan-2024.pdf |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Lithium Americas |language=en}}</ref> A cikakken ƙarfin ma'adinin zai samar da tan 66,000 a kowace shekara, <ref name="RGJ 2021-09-06" /> daidai da kashi 25% na buƙatun duniya don lithium a cikin 2021, wanda ake sa ran ya ninka sau uku a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa.<ref name="TheNation_2021-09-232" /> Ci gaban ma'adinai yana motsawa ta hanyar karuwar buƙatun lithium da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin batirin motocin lantarki da ajiyar grid na wutar lantarki da aka samar ta lokaci-lokaci daga tushe kamar wutar lantarki ta [[Ikon rana|hasken rana]] ko wutar lantarki ta iska.<ref name="CNN_2021-12-172" /> Aikin ya gamu da juriya ta hanyar kalubalen shari'a da mataki kai tsaye. Duk da yake kabilun 'yan asalin da ke da ƙasar gargajiya a yankin suna tallafawa aikin wasu kabilun da ke kusa da su suna adawa da aikin. Wadannan kabilun adawa sun bayyana cewa Thacker Pass wuri ne mai tsarki, wurin kisan gilla, kuma cewa Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa bai tuntube su sosai ba. Babu wani binciken BLM ko binciken hakar ma'adinai na al'adu da ya sami shaidar wurin kisan kiyashi a cikin yankin hakar ma-wallaye ko ma yankin da aka faɗaɗa. Bugu da ƙari, masu adawa da ma'adinai sun nuna damuwa game da sake dubawa na muhalli, barazanar da ke tattare da mazaunin namun daji, rushe wuraren al'adu. Masu goyon bayan ma'adinai sun bayyana cewa aikin ya zama dole don [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]] ta hanyar rage hayakin carbon daga motocin Amurka, yana da kyau a cikin tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli, kuma zai haifar da ayyuka 300 na dogon lokaci a yankunan karkara na Nevada, yana biyan matsakaicin $ 63,000 a kowace shekara. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa gardama game da ma'adinai "alamu ne na ainihin tashin hankali" tsakanin makamashi mai kore da lalacewar da aka haifar da hakar albarkatun da ake buƙata don waɗancan fasahohin.<ref name="NYT 2021-05-06" /> == Mallaka == A watan Fabrairun 2023, General Motors (GM) ya kammala saka hannun jari na farko na dala miliyan 320, ya zama babban mai hannun jari da abokin tarayya na Lithium Americas.<ref name="LithiumAmericas">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Thacker Pass Overview |url=https://www.lithiumamericas.com/files/doc_downloads/thacker-pass/factsheets/2024/2024-01-Thacker-Pass-Overview-Jan-2024.pdf |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Lithium Americas |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024, GM ta saka hannun jari na ƙarin dala miliyan 625, wanda ya ba shi kashi 38% na hannun jari, tare da [[Haƙƙin Siyayya|Hakkin sayen]] duk lithium da aka samar ta matakin farko na ma'adinai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Lithium Americas ta ba da sanarwar cewa [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] ta dauki kashi 5% a cikin ma'adinin. == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == Lithium Americas ya kiyasta cewa shafin ya ƙunshi lithium mai daraja dala biliyan 3.9.{{R|NYT 2021-05-06}}An kiyasta cewa ana iya samun isasshen batir don kimanin motocin lantarki miliyan a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2021 |title=Batteries and the new "lithium gold-rush" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/batteries-and-the-new-lithium-gold-rush/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gudanar da hakar ma'adinai da kuma hakar ma-adinai === Thacker Pass zai yi amfani da sabon tsari don cire lithium daga ajiyar yumɓu. Yawancin lokaci ana samun lithium ta hanyar hakar dutse mai wuya ko hakar saline.{{R|Lightcap2021}}Wannan ma'adinai zai yi amfani da cokali na hydraulic don cire yumɓu kuma ya juya shi cikin ƙamshi.{{R|Lightcap2021}}Za a raba yashi da dutse da ba su da lithium kuma nan da nan za a mayar da su cikin rami.{{R|Lightcap2021}} : 1 Za a haɗa yumbu mai dauke da lithium tare da sulfuric acid don cire ƙarfe.{{R|Lightcap2021}}Za a gina shuka a wurin don ƙone sulfur mai narkewa da samar da sulfuric acid, wanda ya fi aminci fiye da jigilar sulfuric acid, kuma zai haifar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan nauyin da ake buƙata.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="133" href="./Winnemucca,_Nevada" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Winnemucca, Nevada"><nowiki>Winnemucca. \"The upsides of making our own sulfuric acid are tremendous,\" says Crowley. \"For one, the chemical reaction going from sulfur to sulfuric acid creates heat, which we will use to produce carbon-free power that will be the primary energy source for the processing plant. The other upside is that we'll only need to truck in a third of the material. So we eliminate two-thirds of the truckloads by making sulfuric acid on-site.\""}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-Lightcap2021_12-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref"></nowiki>[./Thacker_Pass_lithium_mine#cite_note-Lightcap2021-12 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> : 1 Sulfur wani abu ne daga masana'antun mai, <ref name="Lightcap2021" /> kuma ana iya samo shi daga nesa kamar yashi na mai na Alberta. {{R|Bosler2021}} : 1 Ginin zai samar da tan 5,800 na sulfuric acid a kowace rana, yana buƙatar motoci 75 na sulfur mai narkewa da za a kawo kowace rana daga Winnemucca. Ƙone sulfur don samar da sulfuric acid wani abu ne mai zafi, yana ba da damar shuka ta samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki.<ref name="Lightcap2021" /> Bayan an yi amfani da slurry tare da sulfuric acid, za a matse shi ta hanyar filters wanda ke raba maganin lithium na asali, sannan a sarrafa shi cikin lithium carbonate ko lithium hydroxide don batir.{{R|Lightcap2021}} : 1 Za a mayar da [[Ramin hakar ma'adinai|wutsiyoyi]] zuwa rami. (Ma'adinai za su yi amfani da tsari da ake kira "ma'adinai na toshe", inda sassan da aka tono a baya suka cika da tailings yayin da aikin ke ci gaba.) : 1{{R|Lightcap2021}} An shirya ma'adinin don aiki na tsawon shekaru 46, tare da shekaru 20 na farko da ke cire kayan sama da [[teburin ruwa]], tare da Lithium Americas da ke da niyyar gudanar da karatu sama da shekaru goma a kan ruwa da ke gudana a kusa da ramin da fatan bayar da shawarar hanyar da ta dace don hakar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwan (wanda har yanzu ba a ba su izinin gudanarwa ba.) : 1{{R|Lightcap2021|page=1}} == Tarihi == === Bukatar duniya da ajiyar Amurka === Ci gaban ma'adinin lithium yana motsawa ta hanyar karuwar buƙatun lithium da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin batirin motocin lantarki da kuma ajiyar grid na wutar lantarki da aka samar ta lokaci-lokaci daga tushe kamar wutar lantarki ta [[Ikon rana|hasken rana]] ko wutar lantarki ta iska.<ref name="CNN_2021-12-17">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |last2=Marsh |first2=Rene |date=2021-12-17 |title=A rush to mine lithium in Nevada is pitting climate advocates and environmental groups against each other |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/17/politics/lithium-mining-energy-climate/index.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021 ana sa ran buƙatar lithium za ta ninka sau uku a cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa, ta karu sau goma nan da 2030, kuma tana iya ƙaruwa sau 50 nan da 2040.{{R|NYT 2021-05-06|TG 2021-12-02|RGJ 2021-09-06}}{{R|Lightcap2021|page=1}} : 1 Gwamnatin Amurka ta damu da cewa, tun daga 2021, kusan dukkanin lithium da aka yi amfani da shi a Amurka an shigo da shi, wanda Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta ce "rashin ƙarfi ne". [[Manufofin muhalli na gwamnatin Joe Biden|Manufofin gwamnatin Biden]] sun ga Amurka ta tabbatar da babban rabo na jerin samar da lithium-batir ta hanyar "amasa lafiya, daidaito da ɗorewa na hakar ma'adinai na cikin gida".{{R|TG 2021-12-02}} Duk da yake Amurka tana riƙe da wasu daga cikin manyan sanannun tanadi na lithium, babbar ma'adinai ta Amurka da ke samar da shi (wanda ke Silver Peak, Nevada) yana yin ƙasa da tan 5,000 a kowace shekara, wanda ke ƙasa da 2% na wadatar duniya.{{R|NYT 2021-05-06}}Ma'adinin Bessemer City da Ma'adinan Kings Mountain a Arewacin Carolina suna da ajiyar lithium.<ref name="CNN_2021-12-17" />{{R|NYT 2021-05-06}} : 1 <ref name="USGS_linked_from_NYT_2021-05-06">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-01 |title=LITHIUM |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |website=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2024, a Amurka, akwai ma'adanai takwas masu aiki na lithium tare da ayyukan goma sha ɗaya da aka jinkirta har abada ko kuma an soke su kuma shawarwari guda hamsin da ɗaya na aikin daban-daban suna cikin matakan bincike ko ci gaba. Yawancin shafukan da aka gabatar da su da kuma wuraren da ke aiki suna cikin yammacin Amurka, tare da maida hankali a California da Nevada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Sophie S. |last2=Clifford |first2=Michael J. |last3=Cohen |first3=Brian S. |date=2024 |title=Potential Impacts of Proposed Lithium Extraction on Biodiversity and Conservation in the Contiguous United States. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723072674 |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=911 |bibcode=2024ScTEn.91168639P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168639 |pmid=37992827 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rikicin muhalli]] a ma'adinin lithium na Thacker Pass yana wakiltar rikice-rikicen duniya wanda ya samo asali ne daga karuwar hakar ma'adinai wanda za'a buƙaci don yin [[canjin makamashi]] daga man fetur don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi. Wasu kungiyoyin adawa sun nuna damuwa cewa gagarumin duniya don mahimman ma'adanai kamar lithium, nickel, cobalt, da jan ƙarfe na iya keta hakkinsu na asali kuma ya jefa yanayin muhalli da al'adun al'adu cikin haɗari. Wasu al'ummomin gaba na kasa da kasa da hakar ma'adinai suka shafa sun yi kira ga sauyawa mai kyau wanda zai hana ko rage wannan lalacewar ga al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da muhalli. === Tarihin al'adu === Thacker Pass ita ce ƙasar gargajiya ta kasashe da dama masu alaƙa da 'yan asalin ƙasar, gami da kabilun Shoshone-Paiute na Duck Valley Reservation, Fort McDermitt Paiute da Shoshone Tribe, Lovelock Paiute Tribe, Fallon Paiute Shoshone kabilar, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribo da Reno-Sparks Indian Colony . Al'ummomin 'yan asalin yankin suna girbi abinci na gargajiya, magunguna da kayan aiki don bukukuwan tsarki a yankin. Membobin Fort McDermitt Paiute da Shoshone Tribe sun bayyana cewa kabilarsu "ta fito ne daga iyalai biyu waɗanda, suna ɓoye a Thacker Pass, sun sami damar kauce wa a tura su zuwa wuraren da ke nesa da ƙasashen kakanninsu" kuma saboda haka wannan kabilar ta kasance ta ne ga mafaka da Pass ya bayar. === Rashin Wata === Thacker Pass an san shi da Peehee mu'huh ta masu zanga-zangar kabilanci, ma'ana 'ruɓewar wata'. An fara yada sunan ne a watan Maris na 2021, ta hanyar People of Red Mountain, ƙungiyar da aka kafa goma sha biyu don adawa da ma'adinai.<ref name="RedMountainLetter-Jun-21">{{Cite court|date=August 1, 2021|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59247337/49/bartell-ranch-llc-v-McCullough/}} </ref> A cikin tambayoyin da yawa, lauyan kungiyar Will Falk, tare da membobin Myron Smart da Daranda Hinkey, sun ba da labarin kisan kiyashi na Paiutes.<ref name="RushWhiteGold-Jun21">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Austin |date=June 1, 2021 |title=The Rush For White Gold |url=https://earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/the-rush-for-white-gold |access-date=March 12, 2024 |website=Earth Island Journal}}</ref><ref name="WholeCommunityNews-Jul2021">{{Cite web |last=Falk |first=Will |last2=Hinkey |first2=Daranda |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Daranda and Will: Why we must protect Thacker Pass |url=https://wholecommunity.news/2021/07/01/daranda-and-will-why-we-must-protect-thacker-pass/ |access-date=March 12, 2024 |publisher=Whole Community News}}</ref><ref name="MktPlace-Oct2021">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Molly |date=October 6, 2021 |title=How We Survive: White Gold |url=https://www.marketplace.org/shows/how-we-survive/white-gold/#mp-episode-transcript |access-date=March 12, 2024 |publisher=MarketPlace}}</ref>{{R|FirstVoices-Mar2021}} {{R|WholeCommunityNews-Jul2021}}{{R|MktPlace-Oct2021}}: 1  Wadannan tambayoyin da Falk ya yi a watan Yulin / Agusta 2021, <ref name="DeclarationHinkey-452-July2021">{{Cite court|date=July 29, 2021|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59247337/45/2/bartell-ranch-llc-v-McCullough/}} </ref> ya ba da cikakken bayani game da kisan gillar labarin 'rugujewar wata', amma bai ambaci ba : 1 wanda ya kai harin da ya haifar da hasashe game da shigar sojoji. {{R|RedMountainLetter-Jun-21}}{{R|RushWhiteGold-Jun21}} : 1 Tsohon kabilanci, Alana Crutcher, ya karyata : 1 da'awar Peehee mu'huh sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don Thacker Pass kuma ya sanya shakku kan ko masu zanga-zangar da aka bayyana sun taɓa faruwa. {{R|MktPlace-Oct2021}} : 2 Mai ba da rahoto Molly Wood, wanda ya yi hira da Crutcher da Hinkey ba zai iya tabbatar da labarin ba duk da ƙarin bincike.{{R|MktPlace-Oct2021}} : 3  A watan Agustan 2021, Falk ya gano tarihin wani hari na sojan doki a 1865 a kan Paiutes a cikin kwarin Quinn River yana mai da'awar ya zubo cikin Thacker Pass.{{R|TG 2021-12-02}} : 1 <ref name="CourtOrder92-Sep2021">{{Cite court|date=September 3, 2021|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59247337/92/bartell-ranch-llc-v-McCullough/}} </ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2021, karar Falk <ref name="AmendedComplaint-139-1-Nov2021">{{Cite court|date=November 29, 2021|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/59247337/139/1/bartell-ranch-llc-v-McCullough/}} </ref> don mulkin mallaka na Indiya na Reno-Sparks ta bayyana hare-hare biyu daban-daban, tare da labarin Peehee mu'huh da aka sabunta don hada da Indiyawa na Pit River a matsayin masu aikata kisan kiyashi inda kabilar abokan gaba suka kashe wadanda aka kashe kuma an sanya su a cikin sagebrush. {{R|AmendedComplaint-139-1-Nov2021}}: 11 Labarin hare-haren kabilanci na Pit River na 'ruɓewar wata' an haɗa shi da rubuce-rubuce na 1865 da sojoji suka kai a cikin rahotanni da yawa, gami da waɗanda 'yan jarida na cikin gida suka biyo bayan shari'ar kotu.{{R|BLMDiscovers-NevCur-Sep22}} {{R|ThreeTribesFight-NevCur-Feb23}}{{R|AP-JudgeRules-Nov23}}: 1  A cikin bidiyon watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, <ref name="TY-PR">{{YouTube|title="Why is Thacker Pass called Peehee Mu'huh by Native Americans?"}}</ref> Mutanen Red Mountain's Day Hinkey ya kuma ce : 1 sunan Peehee mu'huh ya samo asali ne daga yakin kabilanci tare da Ƙabilar Pit River.{{R|TY-PR}} Falk, a cikin wata tattaunawa ta Afrilu 2021 tare da wanda ya kafa Deep Green Resistance, Derrick Jensen, ya ce asalin sunan hari ne na kabilar abokan gaba. <ref name="DGR-Falk-Jensen-Apr2021">{{Cite web |last=Falk |first=Will |last2=Jensen |first2=Derrick |date=April 4, 2021 |title=Deep Green Resistance Member Appearances: Derrick Jensen and Will Falk |url=https://deepgreenresistance.blogspot.com/p/deep-green-resistance-member-appearances.html#210404-WillFalk |access-date=March 10, 2024 |publisher=Deep Green Resistance |pages=39:00 to 40:00}}</ref>{{R|DGR-Falk-Jensen-Apr2021}} : 1  == Tasirin mine == A cewar [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]], ma'adinin lithium na Thacker Pass na iya samar da isasshen lithium carbonate har zuwa batirin motocin lantarki 800,000 a kowace shekara, rage amfani da man fetur da lita miliyan 317 a kowace shekara.<ref name="LPO-LOAN-Mar-24">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Jigar |date=March 14, 2024 |title=LPO Announces Conditional Commitment to Lithium Americas Corp. to Help Finance the Construction of a Lithium Processing Plant in Nevada |url=https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/lpo-announces-conditional-commitment-lithium-americas-corp-help-finance-construction |access-date=March 22, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Loan Programs Office (LPO) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084022/https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/lpo-announces-conditional-commitment-lithium-americas-corp-help-finance-construction |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da shawarar ma'adinin lithium ya zama aikin carbon-neutral, yana samar da wutar lantarki daga tashar sulfuric acid da aka gina a wurin don fitar da lithium daga ma'adinai da aka cire.<sup about="#mwt<sub id=" mwahg="">2" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SNAlly-Aug28-2020"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-SNAlly-Aug28-2020-46","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;first1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Brian&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Bahouth&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Scott&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;last2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;King&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Sierra Nevada Ally&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;August 28, 2020&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Thacker Pass Lithium Mine – Draft Environmental Impact Statement reaction&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://sierranevadaally.org/2020/08/28/thacker-pass-lithium-mine-draft-environmental-impact-statement-reaction/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;March 22, 2024&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBxU\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt271\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFBahouthKing2020\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Bahouth, Brian; King, Scott (August 28, 2020). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://sierranevadaally.org/2020/08/28/thacker-pass-lithium-mine-draft-environmental-impact-statement-reaction/\" id=\"mwBxY\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Thacker Pass Lithium Mine – Draft Environmental Impact Statement reaction\"</a></nowiki>. Sierra Nevada Ally<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBxc\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBxg\">March 22,</span></nowiki> 2024<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-SNAlly-Aug28-2020_46-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Thacker_Pass_lithium_mine#cite_note-SNAlly-Aug28-2020-46 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Sanarwar Tasirin Muhalli na Ƙarshe (FEIS) don ma'adinai ya kiyasta Mataki na 2 a daidai da tan 132,000 a kowace shekara na CO2 tare da ƙarin tan 20,000 na hayaki da aka samar a waje da shafin ta hanyar jigilar albarkatun kasa. FIS ta ce kusan tan ₂,000 a kowace shekara ana kauce wa iskar CO2 daidai a cikin samar da wutar lantarki a Mataki na 2 ta hanyar samar da wutar wutar lantarki ba tare da carbon ba a ma'adinai. Mataki na 1 ana kiyasta amfani da ruwa a 2,600 acre feet a kowace shekara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2023 |title=Recycling and Reusing Process Water to Minimize Environmental Impacts |url=https://www.lithiumamericas.com/thacker-pass/blog/details/2023/Recycling-and-Reusing-Process-Water-to-Minimize-Environmental-Impacts/default.aspx |access-date=22 March 2024 |publisher=Lithium Americas}}</ref>: 1 daidai da kusan biyar alfalfa ban ruwa pivots [1] na rijiyar ruwa.{{R|SNAlly-Aug28-2020}} Mine din zai cinye 5,200 acre feet na ruwa a kowace shekara a Mataki na 2, daidai da galan biliyan 1.7. Shirin canja wurin haƙƙin ruwa daga ruwan inabi na Quinn River Valley zuwa wurin ma'adinai ya haifar da zanga-zanga daga wani rancher na gida wanda ya yi iƙirarin karkatarwa ya kasance mai lahani ga aikin Bartell Ranch kuma ya saba wa sha'awar jama'a. {{R|SNAlly-Aug28-2020}} : 1 An soke zanga-zangar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta hanyar Injiniyan Jihar Nevada, wanda ya haɓaka samfurin ruwa mai zaman kansa don kimanta tasirin ma'adinai akan albarkatun ruwa na gida. Mine ɗin ya haɗu da kadada 2,866 (1,160 na babban wurin zama na sagebrush da sanannun wuraren kiwo na zinariya. Aikin na iya rushe mazaunin dabbobin da aka lissafa a cikin Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari. Wata hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin muhalli da ke gabatar da karar da aka yi wa ma'adinin sun bayyana cewa Thacker Pass "yana da matukar muhimmanci ga namun daji saboda yana haɗa Dutsen Double H zuwa Dutsen Montana" kuma "yana ba da mazaunin da ke ƙasa da namun daji ke buƙatar tsira daga hunturu".Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin masu kula da muhalli sun rasa yaƙin a kotu kuma an ba da izinin ma'adinai su ci gaba. Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana cewa yankin ya zama "ɗaya daga cikin manyan tubalan karshe na teku mara ci gaba".<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Great Basin Resource Watch |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Conservation and Public Accountability Groups File Legal Challenge to the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine |url=http://gbrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Thacker-Pass-PR-final.pdf |access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> Ƙarin damuwa game da muhalli sun haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwa daga gurɓatawar ruwa kamar arsenic, gurɓatacciyar iska daga leaching na sulfuric acid na lithium daga laka, da canje-canje a cikin haɗin ruwa na ƙasa da tsarin ruwa na sama. Wannan na iya cutar da mazaunin Lahontan cutthroat trout da ke cikin haɗari da kuma Kings River pyrg (''[[Pyrgulopsis imperialis]]''), wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ban sha'awa wanda ba a san shi da zama a ko'ina a duniya ba.<ref name=":7" /> Akwai damuwa game da tasirin ma'adinai a kan lafiyar al'ummomin yankin: ayyukan da ke kawo yawancin ma'aikatan maza daga waje na yankin na iya haifar da karuwar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da aikata laifuka, : 1 kuma suna da alaƙa da [[Mata 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka ɓace da kuma kashe su|tashin hankali ga mata 'yan asalin ƙasar]].{{R|TheNation_2021-09-23}} == Samun amincewar doka da shari'a == A watan Agustan 2019, lithium Americas ta gabatar da Shirin Ayyuka don aikin ci gaban hakar ma'adinai na yumbu na lithium da aka tsara tare da Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa (BLM), mai kula da hakar ma-adinai na tarayya. A watan Janairun 2020, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar buga sanarwar niyya don shirya Sanarwar Tasirin Muhalli don aikin lithium na Thacker Pass. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2021, BLM ta ba da rikodin shawarar da ta amince da ma'adinin Lithium na Thacker Pass . A cikin wani ra'ayi na jaridar yankin, mai shirya zanga-zangar Max Wilbert ya ambaci bincike da ke danganta manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa kamar ma'adinai da tashin hankali ga mata 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma ya nuna lokuta na baya-bayan nan na tashin hankali na jima'i a bututun Enbridge Line 3 inda aka kama 'yan kwangila a cikin fataucin jima'i. A cikin wani ra'ayi a cikin wata jarida ta gida, Shugaba na Lithium Americas Alexi Zawadzki ya soki zanga-zangar kuma ya tabbatar da damuwa game da tasirin muhalli. Ya yi jayayya cewa ci gaban ajiyar lithium na Thacker Pass zai goyi bayan burin tsaro na tattalin arziki na Shugaba Biden, samar da ayyuka, da kuma taimaka wa Amurka ta kai ga burin fitar da iskar gas. A cewar rahoto a cikin labarai na gida, Zawadzki da kamfanin sun kasance cikin sadarwa tare da kabilar Fort McDermitt Paiute da Shoshone, kuma yawancin mambobin kabilun sun nemi aiki a ma'adinin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothberg |first=Daniel |title=Amid plans to mine lithium in rural Nevada, Indigenous, rural communities at center of the energy transition |url=https://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/jun/22/amid-plans-mine-lithium-rural-nevada-indigenous-ru/ |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> A cikin wani ra'ayi a cikin wata jarida ta gida, Glenn C. Miller, farfesa emeritus na Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da kimiyyar muhalli, Jami'ar Nevada Reno ta rubuta "Maganar Thacker Pass da aka tsara za ta kasance mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan ma'adanai a Nevada, da farko ma'adinan zinariya da jan ƙarfe. "Miller ya kuma bayyana cewa babu hakar ma'adinai a ƙasa da matakin ruwa da zai faru a cikin shekaru 20 na farko, kodayake daga baya hakar ma-adinai na iya zuwa ƙasa da wannan matakin. Miller ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a ci gaba da tattaunawa game da yadda aikin zai canza halin kwarin. Miller ya rufe tare da "The Thacker Pass mine ne mai muhimmanci ragewa mataki ga rage gudummawar Amurka ga canjin yanayi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Glenn |date=July 20, 2021 |title=The Thacker Pass Mine is Indeed Benign, Compared to Most Gold and Copper Mines in Nevada |url=https://www.sierranevadaally.org/2021/07/20/the-thacker-pass-mine-is-indeed-benign-compared-to-most-gold-and-copper-mines-in-nevada/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |website=Sierra Nevada Ally}}</ref> Max Wilbert, mai shirya muhalli kuma mai zanga-zangar ya ce: "Yawancin mu fahimci fashewar dutse don hakar kwal ba daidai ba ne; Ina tsammanin fashewar tudu don hakar lithium daidai ba ne, kuma "Motunan lantarki ba za su rage yawan iskar gas ba; za su rage hayaki amma ba da adadi mai yawa ba". Koyaya manema labarai sun lura cewa kusan kashi 30% na hayakin gas na Amurka ya fito ne daga bangaren sufuri. {{R|CNN_2021-12-17}}{{R|CNN_2021-12-17}} Glenn Miller, farfesa mai ritaya na muhalli daga Jami'ar Nevada Reno ya bayyana cewa "ma'adinai ne mai kyau saboda girmansa". kuma "Waɗanda suka ce ba za su yi wani bambanci ba, ba daidai ba ne", in ji Miller. "Masu kula da muhalli masu tsattsauran ra'ayi za su yi jayayya cewa hanya daya tilo don magance matsalar canjin yanayi ita ce fitar da kasa da yawa kuma kada su ƙone man fetur ko kwal. To, wannan ba zai faru ba - an saita bukatun al'umma don haka za mu sami masana'antar sufuri mai aiki. "{{R|CNN_2021-12-17}} Shugaba na Lithium Americas ya ce mafi mahimmancin dalilin gina ma'adanai a Amurka ba don ayyukan ma'adinai kai tsaye ba ne, amma don ƙirƙirar tsaron sarkar samarwa da gida wanda hakan ke ba da damar yawan ayyukan Amurka a masana'antun batir. ProPublic ta ruwaito cewa masu fafutuka sun kasance masu sa ido kan tsaro ciki har da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta FBI. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5lnsx2fw372lvbm15lp0p5plu9p9zd6 0 175709 963117 949989 2026-10-04T18:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lauritz "Laurie" Dippenaar''' mashahurin Afirka ta Kudu ne, ɗan kasuwa, mai saka hannun jari, kuma ma'aikacin banki wanda ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Kudi ta FirstRand . Har ila yau, an san shi da ayyukan agaji kuma yana gudanar da shirin tallafin karatu ta hanyar asusun tallafinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pages - laurie dippenaar scholarship |url=http://www.firstrand.co.za/csi/Pages/laurie-dippenaar-scholarship.aspx |access-date=25 July 2017 |website=Firstrand.co.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731003120/http://www.firstrand.co.za/csi/Pages/laurie-dippenaar-scholarship.aspx |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Lauritz Dippenaar ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] tare da Jagora na Kasuwanci, ta cancanci zama Chartered Accountant tare da KPMG, kuma ta shafe shekaru uku tare da Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1977, Dippenaar ya kafa wanda ya riga FirstRand, Rand Consolidated Investing tare da Paul Harris da Gerrit Ferreira . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na RMB daga 1992 har zuwa kafa FirstRand a 1998. An nada shi a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na farko na FirstRand kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2005 lokacin da aka zaba shi a matsayin jagora don rawar da ba ta zartarwa ba a shekara ta 2008. == Taimako == Ya dauki nauyin Laurie Dippenaar Postgraduate Scholarship for International Study. Ana ba da tallafin karatu a kowace shekara kuma yana samuwa ga ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, don karatu a waje da Afirka ta Kudu a kowane horo a Jami'ar da aka amince da ita a duniya da suka zaɓa don digiri na biyu. Yana da darajar R350 000 ($37,000) a kowace shekara don matsakaicin shekaru biyu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dippenaar ta yi aure tare da 'ya'ya uku. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da kallon rugby, jirgin ruwa da keken keke. == Rashin jituwa na kudi da shari'a == Wani sanarwar manema labarai mai kwanan wata 27 ga watan Agusta, 2014 ya nuna cewa Hukumar Cinikin Kasuwanci ta Amurka (CFTC) ta ba da umarni da daidaita cajin da aka yi wa Bankin FirstRand Ltd (a karkashin shugabancin Lauritz Laurie Dippenaar) kuma ta sanya hukuncin kudi na farar hula na $ 150,000 don aiwatar da haramtacciyar cinikayya da ba ta dace ba, ba ta gasa ba da ta shafi kwangilar masara da soya a kan Hukumar Ciniki ta Chicago (CBOT), kwangilar kasuwar da aka tsara ta CME Group.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] h8l390qcrw1dlimwptveck702cqd2q3 0 175804 963173 956410 2026-10-04T21:37:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Eilt''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne na ruwa mai tsabta a Lochaber, a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|Yankin Yammacin Yammacin]] [[Scotland]]. Yana tsakanin ƙauyukan Glenfinnan da Lochailor, 30&nbsp;kilomita yamma da Fort William. Hanyar A830 tana bi ta gefen arewa, yayin da layin dogo na West Highland Line ke bi ta gefen kudu. Loch Eilt ta raba gundumomin gargajiya na Morar a arewa da Moidart a kudu. Loch yana da ƙananan tsibiran da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Eilean Mòr, Eilean an Tighe, Eilean Gaineamhach, Eilean nan Corra-ghriodhach da Eilean na Mòine. An yi amfani da Loch Eilt a matsayin wuri a cikin fina-finai da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Jarumin Gida'' (1983), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Doug |title=The helicopter taking Mac back to Houston |url=http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/eilt.html |access-date=8 February 2012 |website=Scotland the Movie Location Guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206204839/http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/eilt.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' (2004) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Potter comes to the Highlands |url=http://www.visithighlands.com/about/culture/onscreen/onscreen/filmfeature/harry/ |access-date=8 February 2012 |website=visithighlands.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005043004/http://www.visithighlands.com/about/culture/onscreen/onscreen/filmfeature/harry/ |archive-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Kashi na 1'' (2010). Shahararren tsibirin da aka yi amfani da shi don ''Harry Potter'' a Loch Eilt ana kiransa Eilean na Moine. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin kabarin Dumbledore, wanda daga baya aka sanya shi ta hanyar dijital a kan Loch Arkaig. [[File:Eilean_na_Moine,_Loch_Eilt.jpg|none|thumb| Eilean na Mòine daga bankin arewa.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mbbqoe9zoau2bki5cejibikkdco0pi9 0 175833 963178 956415 2026-10-04T21:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Shurrery''' (wanda kuma aka sani da Loch Shurrey) ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri]] ne mai ruwa mai kyau, mara zurfi, wanda ke da nisan mil {{Convert|8|mi|km}} kudu maso yamma na Thurso a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]]. Loch ɗin yana da siffar ellipse mai siffar ellipse tare da kewaye na {{Convert|7.4|km|mi}} . Yana da kimanin {{Convert|1.25|mi|km}} tsayi, yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|4.5|ft|m}} kuma yana da {{Convert|7|ft|m}} a cikin mafi zurfinsa. An yi binciken wurin a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1902 ta hannun John Parsons da TRH Garrett, daga baya kuma aka yi masa taswirar <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Loch Calder; Loch Shurrery (Vol. 5, Plate 7), Bathymetrical Survey, 1897-1909 |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422297 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=[[National Library of Scotland]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922143126/http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422297 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Ruwan Ruwa na Sir John Murray ''na Ruwan Ruwa Mai Daɗi na Scotland daga 1897-1909'' . Wata madatsar ruwa tana gefen arewa na loch. Kimanin {{Convert|200|yd|m}} daga ƙarshen arewa na loch akwai ragowar kayan tarihi na da'irar bukkar zamanin ƙarfe tare da gida mai matsakaicin girma. An sami wasu tukwane a wurin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacLaren |first=Alistair |date=1955 |title=Later Prehistoric house and Early Medieval buildings in Northern Scotland: Excavations at Loch Shurrery and Lambsdale Leans, Caithness, 1955 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-310-1/dissemination/pdf/sair5.pdf |access-date=2016-06-18 |website=Archaeology Data Service}}</ref> A ƙarshen kudu na loch akwai ''Lambsdale Leans'', wani katanga mai yuwuwar cist ko chamber. Kaburbura biyu na Viking suna nan kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambsdale |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/7740/lambsdale |access-date=2016-06-18 |website=Canmore |publisher=}}</ref> Ana amfani da wurin kamun kifi ''na Dounreay Fly Fishing Association don kamun kifi, kuma ƙungiyar masunta ta Dounreay Fly Fishing'' tana da jirgin ruwa a wurin don membobi da baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Loch Shurrery |url=http://www.dffa.co.uk/LOCH%20SHURRERY.htm |access-date= |website=Dounreay Fly Fishing Association |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072446/http://www.dffa.co.uk/LOCH%20SHURRERY.htm |archive-date=2017-05-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == gz4fnse5i4ejtf0n66kgl3l3lu1rx9q 0 175861 963174 956412 2026-10-04T21:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LochGarten.jpg|thumb]] '''Loch Garten''' babban [[Loch|wurin shakatawa]] ne [[Ruwan Daɗi|mai ruwa mai tsafta]] [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|a Highland]] kusa da Boat of Garten, a yankin [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]] na [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]], a [[Scotland]] . Tana kewaye da dogayen bishiyoyin pine na dajin Abernethy, babban yanki (kusa da wurin) wanda wurin ajiyar yanayi [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|na RSPB]] yake. Loch ɗin ya shahara saboda yawan kifin da ke kiwo, wanda ya ba wa Boat of Garten laƙabi "Ƙauyen Osprey". == Cibiyar Osprey ta Loch Garten == Halayyar rashin kulawa  game da tsuntsun ungulu a Birtaniya a cikin ƙarni na 19 yana nufin cewa nau'in ya ɓace a matsayin tsuntsu mai kiwo a farkon ƙarni na 20. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1954, tsuntsaye biyu masu kiwon tsuntsayen Scandinavia sun isa Loch Garten da kansu suka kafa gida a cikin dajin kusa da wurin. Sannu a hankali, nau'in ya sake mamaye Scotland tare da goyon bayan [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]] da sauran ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli. Daga baya ƙungiyar agaji ta sayi wurin ajiyar, kuma tun daga lokacin ake sa ido sosai kan gidan. Kwanan nan, an gina wani wurin kallo kusa da gidan don bai wa baƙi damar kallon waɗannan tsuntsayen farauta cikin sauƙi. An sanya wa fatar jikin na'urorin hangen nesa da sauran na'urorin gani, da kuma allon talabijin da ke nuna hotunan 'yan jarirai da iyayensu. Ana iya kallon bidiyo kai tsaye da hotunan gidan a gidan yanar gizon RSPB Loch Garten Reserve <ref name="rspb">{{Cite web |title=Loch Garten, Abernethy |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/days-out/reserves/loch-garten-abernethy |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=rspb.org.uk}}</ref>. Ba wai kawai ungulu ne ke samuwa a Loch Garten ba. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin dabbobin yammacin Capercaillie a wurare masu nisa, suna zaune a yankunan da ke nesa da wurin kuma ana iya ganinsu suna yin wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara ta hanyar "Caperwatch" na lokacin bazara. Ana yawan ganin jajayen squirrels a kusa da fatar, musamman a wurin ciyar da su. Ƙananan tsuntsaye, kamar su Eurasian siskin, common chaffinch (a adadi mai yawa), da kuma manyan spotted woodpecker, suma suna nan kuma suna da sauƙin gani. Akasin haka, ƙirjin da aka yi wa ado da kuma kifin Scotland sun fi zama abin ɓoye kuma suna da wahalar samu, yayin da ake iya ganin wigeon na Eurasian yana iyo a kan loch. [[File:RSPB_Osprey_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_11325.jpg|thumb| Shiga Cibiyar Osprey]] [[File:Loch_Garten_Osprey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3943759.jpg|thumb| Gidan Osprey a Loch Garten]] Cibiyar Osprey ta Loch Garten wani wurin kallon tsuntsaye ne a Loch Garten wanda ke mai da hankali kan gidan ungulu biyu. <ref name="rspb" /> Cibiyar [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]] ce da ke cikin dajin Abernethy. Wurin ajiyar Abernethy Forest RSPB yana kare wurin zama na [[Dajin Caledonia|dajin Pine na Caledonian]] kuma hakan ya zama wani ɓangare na babban wurin ajiyar namun daji na ƙasa na Abernethy. <ref name="nnr">{{Cite web |title=Abernethy NNR |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10099 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Tsuntsayen suna komawa wurin da suke zama a gida kowace shekara kuma na'urorin hangen nesa da na hangen nesa da yawa da ke tsakiyar cibiyar suna ba da damar yin kallon tsuntsaye yadda ya kamata. Baƙi za su iya ganin jajayen tsuntsaye da sauran ƙananan tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a gaban fatar tsuntsayen. <ref name="rspb" /> Ana samun wasu tsuntsaye biyu a wurin kowace shekara daga 1959 zuwa 2019, kodayake babu wata 'yar kaji da ta tsira a wurin tsakanin 2016 da 2019. Itacen da ke gidan gidan ya mutu saboda ƙura da ragowar ganima daga tsuntsayen da ke gida, kuma a lokacin hunturu na 2021 an mayar da gidan (wanda galibi na wucin gadi ne) zuwa wani kyakkyawan itacen pine na Scotland mai nisan 'yan mitoci kaɗan. An kuma sauke rufin bishiyoyin da ke kewaye da gidan a ƙoƙarin da ake yi na sanya wurin gidan ya fi jan hankalin ungulu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Out with the old, in with the new - Loch Garten osprey diary - Loch Garten ospreys - The RSPB Community |url=https://community.rspb.org.uk/placestovisit/lochgartenospreys/b/lochgartenospreys/posts/out-with-the-old-in-with-the-new |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=community.rspb.org.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, wani sabon ungulu ya karɓi sabon wurin da aka gina gida kuma ya renon yara biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Delight as new osprey chicks ringed at RSPB Loch Garten Nature Centre |url=https://www.northern-times.co.uk/news/osprey-chicks-delight-at-loch-garten-281568// |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=The Northern Times}}</ref> An haifi 'yan kaji biyu a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=LOCH GARTEN - March 2024 - Loch Garten ospreys - Loch Garten ospreys - The RSPB Community |url=https://community.rspb.org.uk/placestovisit/lochgartenospreys/f/loch-garten-ospreys/286665/loch-garten---march-2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=community.rspb.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Dajin da ke kewaye ya haɗa da tafiya ta hanyoyi daban-daban da ke wucewa ta babban loch wanda kuma aka sani da Loch Mallachie. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Loch Garten and Garten woods |url=http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/cairngorms/loch-garten.shtml |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Walkhighlands}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin suna haɗuwa da [[hanyar Speyside]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birdwatching in and around Boat of Garten — Boat of Garten - The Osprey Village in the Cairngorms National Park |url=http://www.boatofgarten.com/community/local-wildlife/bird-watching-in-and-around-boat-of-garten/ |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=www.boatofgarten.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225203815/http://www.boatofgarten.com/community/local-wildlife/bird-watching-in-and-around-boat-of-garten/ |archive-date=2015-12-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fz653nm3i2hjtub3y9qw7f1hhdvi0f4 0 175880 963177 950592 2026-10-04T21:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Shin''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] Arewacin Yammacin Scotland. A kudu akwai garin Lairg . Loch, mafi girma a Sutherland, yana gudana daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|17|mi|km}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shin, Loch |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/scotgaz/features/featurefirst2292.html |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=Gazetteer for Scotland}}</ref> A shekarun 1950, an ƙara girman wurin da aka gina Lairg Dam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lairg Power Station and Dam |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/5067/details/lairg+power+station+and+dam/ |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher=RCAHMS}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ta hanyar Wimpey Construction a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta {{Convert|30|ft|m}} [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|amfani da wutar lantarki]] . A kusa da wurin shakatawa akwai tsaunuka; Ben More Assynt {{Convert|3273|ft|m}} a yamma da [[Ben Klibreck]] ( {{Convert|3154|ft|m}} ) zuwa gabas. Kogin yana malala zuwa Tekun Arewa ta hanyar ɗan gajeren Kogin Shin wanda ke ratsawa zuwa Dornoch Firth a gadar Bonar. Mil uku daga arewacin Lairg akwai wani abin tunawa don tunawa da yunƙurin farko na shawo kan [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] . Yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawar yana da cibiyar kiwon tumaki a [[Scotland]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} == Manazarta == jqg3pajstktxw63dgtgax6v5g9u1vs3 0 175982 963350 950877 2026-10-05T09:08:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mariann Aalda''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948 or 1949) 'yar fim ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ban dariya. == Ayyuka == Aalda an fi saninta da aikinta a talabijin a matsayin daya daga cikin jarumai na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka, tana wasa da DiDi Bannister-Stoner a [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s The Edge of Night daga 1981 har zuwa soke wasan kwaikwayon a 1984. Shekaru da yawa kafin wannan ta kasance marubuciya-mai wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Off Center Theatre a New York, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ingantawa ta Boston, The Proposition, tare da sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na murya da darektan, Charlie Adler . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clodfelter |first=Tim |title=Getting old is tough. Actress uses humor to talk about the ups and downs of aging |url=https://www.journalnow.com/entertainment/getting-old-is-tough-actress-uses-humor-to-talk-about/collection_727806e1-7716-58c4-b39a-a334b6d454e0.html |access-date=2019-09-03 |website=Winston-Salem Journal |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903155714/https://www.journalnow.com/entertainment/getting-old-is-tough-actress-uses-humor-to-talk-about/collection_727806e1-7716-58c4-b39a-a334b6d454e0.html |archive-date=2019-09-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga baya, ta bayyana a cikin shirin CBS mai suna Guiding Light . Ta kuma taka rawa na yau da kullun a kan sitcom na [[CBS]] The Royal Family, a matsayin 'yar Redd Foxx da Della Reese, da kuma jerin HBO 1st & Ten, a matsayin matar O. J. Simpson. Aalda kuma ta sami karbuwa akai-akai a kan sitcom na [[CBS]] Designing Women, a matsayin budurwa mai suna Anthony, Lita Ford, kuma a kan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na [[NBC]] Sunset Beach a matsayin Lena Hart. Ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon salon rayuwa mai suna Designs for Living a kan Cibiyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma ta kasance mai ba da rahoto ga mujallar mujallar NOW! a kan WNBC a New York. Matsayinta da yawa na baƙi galibi sitcoms ne. Aalda ta kuma bayyana a fina-finai, Yaro da fitowa a cikin fim din al'adun birane Class Act a matsayin mahaifiyar rapper Kid mara sani, kuma a matsayin Kocin Harrison a Nobody's Perfect . Ta kasance mai taka leda a cikin Beaches da Pretty Woman, wanda Garry Marshall da The Wiz suka jagoranta, wanda Sidney Lumet ya jagoranta. [[File:Mariann_Aalda_TEDx.jpg|right|thumb|124x124px|Mariann Aalda ta nuna yadda za a tsayayya da tsufa a cikin jawabin TEDx.]] Tana aiki a cikin motsi mai kyau na tsufa, tare da TEDx Talk da kuma amincewar AARP a matsayin "Age Disruptor". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Age Disruptor |url=https://www.aarp.org/disrupt-aging/stories/disruptors/info-2017/mariann-aalda-career-reinvention-video.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162400/https://www.aarp.org/disrupt-aging/stories/disruptors/info-2017/mariann-aalda-career-reinvention-video.html |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |access-date=April 24, 2022}}</ref> Ita baƙo ce ta yau da kullun a kan batun 'tsufa mara kunya' kuma ita ce mazaunin Age Anarchist for Women of Color Unite (WOCU), ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta mambobi 5000 don mata masu launi da ke aiki a sama da ƙasa da layin a masana'antar nishaɗi. Ta tattauna tsufa mai kyau a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma tare da wasan kwaikwayon ta "existential comedy", Getting Old Is a Bitch...''Tsufa Yana da Ƙananan ...Amma zan yi gwagwarmaya da wannan Bitch zuwa ƙasa!'', wanda ya karya rikodin ofishin jakadancin shekaru 30 a bikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black na 2019 a Winston-Salem, North Carolina . == Kyautar fina-finai da talabijin == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Fim din !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1978 |''{{Sortname|The|Wiz|The Wiz (film)}}'' |Baƙo a Bikin Aunty Emma | |- |1988 |''Yankin rairayin bakin teku'' |Mai sayar da tikiti |Sauran taken: ''Abokai na Har abada'' |- |1989 |''Babu Wanda Ya Kamata'' |Kocin Harrison | |- |1990 |''Kyakkyawan Mace'' |Mai siyarwa | |- |1992 |''Dokar aji'' |Mahaifiyar Duncan | |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Talabijin !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1981–1984 |''Yankin Dare'' |Didi Bannister Stoner |Abubuwan da ba a sani ba |- |1985 |''Me ke faruwa Yanzu!!'' |Theresa |1 fitowar |- |1986 |''Yankin Ƙarshe'' |Angela Beauchamp |1 fitowar |- |1986–1987 |''Na farko da na goma'' |Ellen |Abubuwan da ba a sani ba |- |1988 |''Hooperman'' | |1 fitowar |- |1989 |''Zane Mata'' |Lita Ford |Fim: "The Girlfriend" |- |1990–1991 |''Hasken Jagora'' |Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kyau |Abubuwan da ba a sani ba |- |1991–1992 |''{{Sortname|The|Royal Family|The Royal Family (TV series)}}'' |Elizabeth Royal Winston |Abubuwa 15 |- |1994 |''Models Inc.'' |Janet Johnson |1 fitowar |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |''Matsalar Iyali'' |Lois |Fim: "Matsayin Tsakiya" |- |''Labarin O. J. Simpson'' |Eunice Simpson |Fim din talabijin |- |1996 |''Alheri a karkashin Wuta'' |Ɗalibi |1 fitowar |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |''Wayans Bros.'' |Daraktan jefawa |Fim: "Ka Taimaka wa Ɗan'uwa" |- |''Birnin Chicago Hope'' |Mace |Fim: "Sauran Cheek" |- |1999 |''Rashin Rana'' |Lena Hart |Abubuwa 13 |- |2000 |''Kayan kwalliya na Veronica'' |Mahaifiyar Brian |Fim: "Veronica ta fita" |- |2003 |''{{Sortname|The|Parkers}}'' |Hanna Foster |Fim: "Ku shiga kulob din" |- |2006 |''Dukanmu'' |Muriel |Fim: "Ya kamata Ya Kasance" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p3y6vinqczc46j0mn8gvnu18fd9hvzd 0 176043 963175 951086 2026-10-04T21:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Loyne''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne da ke cikin [[Tuddan Yankin Arewa maso Yamma|tsaunukan Arewa maso Yammacin]] [[Scotland]].<ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite web |title=Walking on water on Loch Loyne |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/robin-howie-walking-on-water-on-loch-loyne-1-1079404 |access-date=August 6, 2017 |publisher=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Twelve of Scotland's most enchanting forests to explore |url=https://stv.tv/news/features/1383790-twelve-of-scotland-s-most-enchanting-forests-to-explore/ |access-date=2017-08-07 |website=STV News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034013/https://stv.tv/news/features/1383790-twelve-of-scotland-s-most-enchanting-forests-to-explore/ |archive-date=2017-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Loch Loyne yana tsakanin [[Glen Garry]] da [[Glen Cluanie]] . <ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite web |title=Loyne Loch |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2391.html |access-date=August 6, 2017 |publisher=The Gazetteer for Scotland}}</ref> Hanyar A87 tana tafiya kusa da gefen gabas na loch. == Hanya da Madatsar Ruwa == An fara gina titin farko mai kyau a fadin Loyne a shekarar 1821 ta hannun injiniya Thomas Telford a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakin ƙarshe na [[Hanyoyin soja na Scotland|gina titin sojoji]].<ref name="Canmore">{{Cite web |title=Loch Loyne Bridge |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/106621/loch-loyne-bridge?display=collection |access-date=August 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Canmore (database)|Canmore]]}}</ref> Hanyar ta haɗa Tomdoun da [[Inchlaggan]] kusa da Kogin Garry da hanya da masauki a Loch Cluanie a arewa. Hanyar ta ratsa Loyne ta kan gadar dutse mai baka. Yawancin hanyar da aka fara bi ta tsira daga kowanne gefen titin, duk da cewa gadar da ke kan kogin tare da wani ɓangare na hanyar ta cika da ginin madatsar ruwa. A wasu lokutan ana iya ganin gadar idan matakin ruwa ya yi ƙasa a cikin loch.<ref name="Herald">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2012 |title=Historic isles road re-emerges from loch after drought |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13077733.Historic_isles_road_re_emerges_from_loch_after_drought/ |access-date=August 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Herald Scotland]]}}</ref> Kafin shekarun 1950, tafkin ya kasance ƙarami sosai, [[River Loyne|Kogin Loyne]] ne kawai ke ciyar da shi.<ref name="Scotsman" /> Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani babban tsarin [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|samar da wutar lantarki na Hydroelectric]], an gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1956 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 1957 wanda ya ƙara yawan ruwan kuma ya mamaye hanyar da Thomas Telford ya gina ta asali.<ref name="Gazetteer" /><ref name="Scotsman" /> Sabuwar hanya, an gina A87 na yanzu a sama. Motocin da ke kan hanyar da ke sama suna iya ganin wurin. Ruwa yana gangarowa arewa daga madatsar ruwa ta hanyar rami zuwa Loch Cluanie.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> == Manay == ocz8wz4px0rewedrvjmm4l8vzmzreo2 0 176134 963176 951297 2026-10-04T21:45:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch Morar''' wani [[Loch|yanki]] ne mai tsaftataccen ruwa a cikin Yankin Lochaber, [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]], [[Scotland]].<ref name="britlakes">{{Cite web |title=Loch Morar |url=https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/apps/lakes/detail.html?wbid=21466 |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology |publisher=Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER)}}</ref> Ita ce ta biyar mafi girma a yankin lock a Scotland, mai girman {{Convert|26.7|km2}} , da kuma mafi zurfin ruwan sha mai tsafta a Tsibirin Burtaniya tare da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|1017|ft}} . An ƙirƙiri wurin shakatawa na dusar ƙanƙara ne kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, kuma yana da tsayin {{Convert|9|m}} sama da matakin teku. Ya raba gundumar gargajiya ta [[North Morar|Arewacin Morar]] (wanda ya ƙunshi ƙauyen Morar ), daga Arisaig da Moidart. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:View_from_Druim_a'_Chuirn_ridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_855761.jpg|left|thumb| Loch Morar, da Arewacin Morar, tare da Loch Nevis a nesa, da kuma [[Knoydart]] da Skye a bayan haka]] Loch Morar yana da {{Convert|18.8|km}} tsayi, yana da faɗin saman {{Convert|26.7|km2}}, kuma ita ce mafi zurfin ruwa mai tsafta a Tsibirin Burtaniya tare da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|1017|ft}} . A shekarar 1910, John Murray da Laurence Pullar sun gano cewa yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Convert|284|ft}} da kuma jimillar adadin {{Convert|81482000000|ft3|km3}} a lokacin bincikensu kan yankunan Scotland. An zurfafa ƙasan ƙasan ƙarƙashin ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Burtaniya, har zuwa 1943, lokacin da zurfin {{Convert|1063|ft}} kai zurfin mita 1,063. an lura da shi a cikin Inner Sound, an yi imanin cewa shine mafi zurfin ruwa a Burtaniya. <ref name="tay">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=A. H. W. |year=1949 |title=Deep clefts in the inner sound of Raasay |journal=Scottish Geographical Magazine |volume=65 |pages=20–25 |doi=10.1080/00369224908735399}}</ref> Tsawon ginin yana da {{Convert|9|m}} sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shine |first=Adrian |date=17 February 1983 |title=The Biology of Loch Ness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyM2kv5r7-gC&pg=PA464 |url-status=dead |journal=New Scientist |volume=80 |issue=1345 |pages=462–467 |issn=0262-4079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003043933/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyM2kv5r7-gC&pg=PA464#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> . Tafkin shine mafi zurfi, yana kan tsibiri a Turai. Ruwan loch ɗin a bayyane yake kuma yana da oligotrophic, tare da ƙarancin abincin gina jiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI). <ref name="fp">{{Cite web |title=Lochaber Fisheries Management Plan 2008 |url=http://www.rafts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Lochaber-Fisheries-Management-Plan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730033007/http://www.rafts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Lochaber-Fisheries-Management-Plan.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-30}}</ref> Babban kwararar ruwa ita ce [[River Meoble|Kogin Meoble]] da ke gefen kudu, wanda ke malala daga Loch Beoraid, kodayake akwai wasu manyan kwararar ruwa guda uku a ƙarshen gabas na loch da kuma wani rafi da ke malala tarin lochans zuwa arewa maso yamma na Loch Morar. <ref name="coll" /> <ref name="gmap" /> Kogin Morar da ke fitowa daga kogin a ƙarshen yamma, wanda tsawonsa ya kai ƴan mita ɗari, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan koguna a Tsibirin Burtaniya. <ref name="coll" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morar, River |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3181.html |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=scottish-places.info}}</ref> A ƙarshen yammacin Loch, akwai tsibiran da ke da dazuzzuka da yawa. A ƙarshen yamma na loch akwai ƙauyen Morar, wanda ke tsakanin Arisaig da Mallaig a kan titin A830 na bakin teku. Matsugunan Bracorina da Bracara suna gefen arewacin birnin Loch, amma babu wata hanya a gefen kudu. Tarbet, a bakin tekun Loch Nevis, yana da ɗan nisa daga Loch Morar. <ref name="gmap" /> == Almarar almara == [[File:Sron_Ghaothar_on_Loch_Morar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_190066.jpg|right|thumb| Gaɓar kogin loch suna da tsayi a ƙarshen gabas]] A cewar [[Ƙamus|ƙamus ɗin]] harshen Scottish Gaelic da aka buga bayan mutuwarsa wanda Fr. Allan MacDonald (1859–1905), "An ce Loch Morar ya sami albarka daga St. Columba kuma ana kiransa ( Scottish Gaelic ), 'Rijiyar St. Columba'. Yana da lafiya a sha ruwansa duk da cewa a cikin zafi da gumi mai yawa. Ba ya daskarewa. Kankara ɗaya tilo da aka gani a kusa da shi ita ce a ƙarƙashin rafuffukan dutse da ke kwarara cikinsa. Dangane da girmamawar gargajiya ta Loch Morar a matsayin rijiya mai tsarki, MacDonald ya kuma tattara, "labarin wata matashiya da ta rasa gashinta wanda ya sake tsirowa bayan ta wanke kanta a cikin Loch." Kamar yadda yake a Loch Ness, ana samun rahotannin manyan halittu da ba a san ko su waye ba a cikin ruwan Loch. An yiwa lakabin loch dodo Mòrag. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cryptozoology |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/wildlife/cryptozoology/ |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Eilean_Bàn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2548436.jpg|left|thumb| Eilean Bàn a Loch Morar, kamar yadda ya bayyana a yau.]] Tsibirin da ke Loch Morar wanda aka fi sani da Eilean Bàn, al'ummar yankin sun saba amfani da shi a matsayin wurin kiwo ga garken shanunsu kuma har sai da aka fara dasa bishiyoyi a ƙarni na 19, ya kasance babu "tsibirin katako mai yawa, wanda ba za a iya shiga ba", wanda ya mamaye tsibirin a yau. Wannan tsibirin ya kasance wuri na ɗan lokaci da farko a wurin da aka yi wa Mass stone sannan kuma wani [[Ƙananan seminary|ƙaramin cocin]] Katolika da aka kafa [[Ilimi na karkashin kasa|ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma ɓoye]], wanda Bishop James Gordon ya kafa, har sai da fitowar Jacobite a 1715 ta tilasta rufe shi kuma daga ƙarshe aka sake buɗe shi a [[Scalan]] da ke [[Glenlivet]] . Ko da bayan haka, Eilean Bàn ya ci gaba da zama wani sirrin coci da ɗakin karatu ga magajin Bishop Gordon. A cewar masanin tarihin [[Strathglass]] Flora Forbes, duk da haka, "ko da yake cocin Katolika a wannan lokacin a ko'ina cikin tsaunukan Highlands yawanci gini ne mai kama da rumbun adana abinci, ba tare da tagogi da bene mai laka ba." Bayan Yaƙin Culloden, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin John Fergussone na {{HMS|Furnace|1740|6}} ta haɗu.{{HMS|Furnace|1740|6}} da Kyaftin Duff na {{HMS|Terror|1741|6}} da sojoji daga Campbell na Argyll Militia sun yi jigilar mil tara na ƙasa mara tsari, mai wahala, kuma a da ake tunanin ba za a iya wucewa ba. Suna neman kama Bishop Hugh MacDonald, Babban Limamin Katolika na Roman Katolika na gundumar Highland, da kuma manyan tsoffin sojoji na Jacobite na gida, galibi daga Clan Donald, waɗanda ake zargin sun haɗu a ɗakin karatu, tsohon cocin addini, da kuma cocin Katolika da ke kan titin Eilean Bàn a Loch Morar a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1746. A cewar wani rahoto daga baya ga Duke na Newcastle, "Da isowarsu tafkin, nan da nan suka bazu a gaban Tsibirin, kuma a gaban 'yan tawayen da ke kan hanyarsu; waɗanda, suka yanke shawarar cewa ba su da haɗari, suka harbi mutanenmu, a lokaci guda suka kira su da sunaye marasa daɗi da na ɓatanci, suna kusa da isa a ji su. Duk da haka, wannan farin ciki ya ƙare da sauri; domin jiragen ruwan Sarki sun yi tafiya zuwa wannan ɓangaren bakin teku inda jiragen ruwansu ba su da fiye da mil ɗaya da za a kai su tafki... 'yan tawayen nan da nan suka rasa ƙarfin hali..." Duk da cewa Bishop da shugabannin Jacobite sun sami nasarar yin kwale-kwale cikin sauri daga Eilean Bàn zuwa gabar tekun loch kuma suka "tsere zuwa tsaunuka", a cewar rahoton Duke na Newcastle, lokacin da sojojin gwamnati da matuƙan jirgin ruwa suka isa kan Eilean Bàn, "Sun sami gidan bishop Popish da cocin; waɗanda matuƙan jirgin suka rushe da sauri, suna ƙawata kansu da ganimar cocin cikin farin ciki. A cikin fafatawar, an jefa littattafai da takardu da yawa a ko'ina kuma an lalata su." Wasu daga cikin tubalan cocin da kuma tubalan cocin har yanzu suna nan a bayyane a kan Eilean Bàn. Watts ya kira ƙona littattafai na ranar 8 ga Yuni 1746 da kuma lalata yawancin takardun Bishop MacDonald, "rashin da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba ga Cocin ƙarni na sha takwas da kuma masanin kimiyya na yau." [[File:Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Succour_&_St_Cumin,_Morar.jpg|left|thumb| Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika na Uwargidanmu da St Cumin, Morar .]] Ko da yake, ana kyautata zaton an cire wasu abubuwa daga Eilean Bàn a kan lokaci. A shekarar 1917, Dom Odo Blundell na Fort Augustus Abbey ya rubuta, "A gidan ibada na Morar, an adana wasu riguna masu launin kore, waɗanda aka haɗa da ja da fari, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ranar 1745. Har yanzu yana da rufin asali; akwai kuma gaban bagadi don daidaita shi. Wataƙila mabiyan Yarima Charlie ne suka kawo waɗannan daga Faransa, kuma dole ne su kasance wani ɓangare na kayan ɗakin cocin da ke tsibirin, kodayake ba a san yadda aka cece su ba lokacin da aka yi wa ginin ɓarna aka ƙone shi a shekarar 1746. Haka nan maganganun suka shafi tsohon kofin, wanda ke ɗauke da rubutun, ''Ad usum Pr Fr Vincenti Mariani, Missri Scot. Ord. Praedic. Anno 1658.'' Wannan kofin, wanda aka yi da azurfa, ƙarami ne ƙwarai; yana da takardar izininsa don daidaitawa. Abin takaici, ba mu da ƙarin bayani game da wannan ɗan mishan na farko. A cikin jerin firistoci na 1668 an bayyana cewa akwai 'yan Dominican guda uku a wannan aikin. A bayyane yake cewa Father Vincent yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan; sauran kuma suna Fada George Fanning - wanda ya daɗe a Tsibirin Barra da Fada Primrose - wanda ya mutu a kurkuku a shekara ta Bayan wannan matakin, Kyaftin John Fergussone ya yi zargin cewa "rashin lafiyar Lord Lovat ya sa ba zai yiwu ya yi tafiya a cikin wannan ƙasa mai tsauri ba", kuma ma'aikatan HMS ''Furnace'' sun ci gaba da bincike a cikin kogo da ke kewaye da Loch, "na tsawon kwana uku da dare". Daga ƙarshe, kamar yadda Kyaftin Fergussone ya zata, sun yi nasarar kama Lord Lovat, wanda ke ɓoye a cikin wani kogo a kusa da [[Glen Meoble]] . [[File:Simon_Fraser,_11th_Baron_Lovat_by_William_Hogarth.jpg|right|thumb|359x359px| Shugaban Kabila Fraser kuma babban shugaban rundunar Jacobite Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat na 11, wanda William Hogarth ya zana bayan kama shi a Loch Morar kuma jim kaɗan kafin a gurfanar da shi a gaban takwarorinsa a House of Lords sannan daga baya aka kashe shi ta hanyar [[Kashe kai|yanke kansa]] a Tower Hill .]] A cikin tarihinsa na sojojin ruwa game da tashin Jacobite da kuma sakamakonsa, masanin tarihi John S. Gibson ya yi tsokaci game da kama Lord Lovat a Loch Morar, " [[Landan|London]], wadda, tare da abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar da ta gabata, suka zama abin ƙyama ga masu tuddai, da ƙyar ta fi farin ciki idan aka kama Charles Edward da kansa. Wani ƙaramin tatsuniya ya taso cikin sauri game da yanayin kama shi, kamar yadda yake a cikin rubutun Fergussone na zamani da sojojin Guise suka yi karo da tsohon abokinsa da ke ɓoye a matsayin tsohuwa." Bayan ya tsere zuwa tsaunuka, Bishop MacDonald ya ci gaba da ɓoye a yankin har sai da ya sami damar tserewa zuwa Faransa, a lokacin ƙoƙari na shida da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa da masu zaman kansu ta Faransa suka yi don nemo da kuma ceto Yarima da tawagarsa, kuma aka kwashe su daga abin da yanzu ake kira Cairn na Yarima a Loch nan Uamh a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1746. [[File:Ruin_at_Brinacory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_34929.jpg|left|thumb| An yi watsi da gidan da aka yi watsi da shi a Morar]] A lokacin da aka yi wa Highland Clearances, mazauna da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa [[Kanada]] . Jiragen ruwa sun tashi a shekarar 1790, <ref name="pc" /> 1802, da 1826, suna ɗauke da mutane zuwa [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Glengarry a Ontario, da kuma Mashigar Canso a Nova Scotia bi da bi. An yi amfani da Swordland Lodge, a gefen arewacin Loch, a matsayin makarantar horarwa ta STS 23b ta hannun Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Harrison |title=Special Operations |url=http://her.highland.gov.uk/hbsmrgatewayhighland/DataFiles/LibraryLinkFiles/11136.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133456/http://her.highland.gov.uk/hbsmrgatewayhighland/DataFiles/LibraryLinkFiles/11136.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=her.highland.gov.uk}}</ref> [[File:Loch_Morar_hydro_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_909935.jpg|left|thumb| Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin Morar]] A 750&nbsp;tashar wutar lantarki [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|ta ruwa]] mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta kW mai karfin hydraulic na {{Convert|5.5|m}} an gina shi a kan Kogin Morar kuma an fara aikin gininsa a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morar Power Station |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10839.html |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=scottish-places.info}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morar Dam, Hydro-electric Power Scheme |url=http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/rcahms/277877/morar-dam-hydro-electric-power-scheme/rcahms |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075221/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/rcahms/277877/morar-dam-hydro-electric-power-scheme/rcahms |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o26uwffv2jtnjfwjioeqdjfgwv7lhiz 0 176167 963180 951388 2026-10-04T21:53:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Loch an Eilein''' ƙaramin [[Loch|wuri]] ne mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ba shi da tsari a cikin [[dajin Rothiemurchus]] kimanin {{Convert|5|km|mi}} kudu da Aviemore, [[Scotland]] a [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]]. Loch an Eilein ya fito ne daga Gaelic na Scotland kuma yana nufin 'Loch na tsibirin'. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2015 |title=The Lochs of the Cairngorms National Park |url=https://cairngormsnationalpark.co.uk/lochs-blog/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630232046/https://cairngormsnationalpark.co.uk/lochs-blog/ |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=Cairngorms National Park |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa a kusa da wurin shakatawa ya shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |title=Loch an Eilein, Rothiemurchus |url=http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/cairngorms/loch-an-eilein.shtml |access-date=2013-11-17 |website=www.walkhighlands.co.uk}}</ref> == Tarihin amfani da == [[File:An_old_Lime_Kiln_at_Loch_an_Eilein._-_geograph.org.uk_-_419702.jpg|left|thumb| Kifin lemun tsami a Loch an Eilein]] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, ana amfani da loch ɗin ne musamman don abubuwa biyu. A gefen loch ɗin akwai murhun dutse inda aka tattara dutsen daga wani dutse da ke kallon loch ɗin. Haka kuma masu sare itace sun yi amfani da kogin da ke haɗa su don shawagi da katako zuwa masana'antun da ke sarrafa itace a ƙasa. Rob Roy da sauran masu satar shanu sun yi amfani da wurin shakatawar, kuma ɗayan gefen wurin shakatawar ana kiransa 'Robbers Way'. Akwai gidaje uku kacal da suka rage a gefen birnin. Ana amfani da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren gona a matsayin wurin da za a yi Loch an Eilein Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eat, Drink, Shop Detail {{!}} Visit Cairngorms |url=https://visitcairngorms.com/dbeatdrinkshop-Loch_an_Eilein_Gallery_at_Rothiemurchus/529.html |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=visitcairngorms.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622232018/https://visitcairngorms.com/dbeatdrinkshop-Loch_an_Eilein_Gallery_at_Rothiemurchus/529.html |archive-date=2019-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Gidan sarauta na Loch an Eilein == [[File:Loch_an_Eilein_Castle_01.jpg|left|thumb| Loch an Eilein Castle]] A wani tsibiri da ke tsakiyar Loch akwai kango na wani ƙaramin gidan sarauta na ƙarni na 14.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Loch An Eilein |url=https://rothiemurchus.net/visit/loch-an-eilein/ |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=Rothiemurchus |language=en-GB}}</ref> An gina shi ne a matsayin wurin mafaka daga ɓarayi da ayyukan barazana.<ref name=":2" /> An ce gidan sarautar ta taɓa zama mallakin Alexander Stewart , Wolf na Badenoch.<ref name="scotplace">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |title=Eilein, Loch an |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/scotgaz/features/featurefirst2377.html |access-date=2013-11-17 |website=www.scottish-places.info |publisher=}}</ref> Gidan sarautar shine wurin da rikici ya faru. Mutanen Yakubu, waɗanda suka ja da baya daga Cromdale a shekarar 1690, suka kewaye gidan sarautar. Dame Grizel Mor Grant, matar Grant ta biyar, ta riƙe katangar gidan sarautar a kan 'ya'yan Yakubu.<ref name=":2" /> Gidan sarautar ya ƙare a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18.<ref name=":2" /> Wataƙila an haɗa gidan sarautar da bakin teku ta hanyar hanyar shiga. <ref name=":2" /> Titin titin ya nutse lokacin da aka ƙara yawan ruwan da ke cikin titin ta hanyar aikin gidaje da kuma gina madatsar ruwa a ƙarni na 18. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da gidan sarautar a matsayin wurin da aka gina makabartar tsibirin a cikin shirin BBC TV mai suna ' Monarch of the Glen '. == Game da wurin shakatawa == [[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Loch_An_Eilan_-Plate-.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| Zane na kallon loch na James Fittler a Scotia Depicta, wanda aka buga a 1804]] [[File:The_Most_Photographed_Tree_in_Britain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_388320.jpg|thumb| Itacen Pine a Loch an Eilein]] Wurin shakatawa na Cairngorms National Park, wurin shakatawa da dajin da ke kewaye da shi sun shahara da masu kallon tsuntsaye, masu yawo a ƙasa, masu keken hawa dutse da kuma masu tafiya a rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Activity Detail {{!}} Visit Cairngorms |url=http://visitcairngorms.com/dbactivities-Loch_an_Eilein_at_Rothiemurchus/754.html |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=visitcairngorms.com}}</ref> Daga cikin tsuntsayen da ake samu a Loch an Eilein ko a kusa da su akwai crested tit, common redstart, spotted flycatcher, tree pipit, red-throated nuver, common sandpiper, whinchat, da kuma merlin lokaci-lokaci. An kaɗa ƙuri'ar Loch a matsayin mafi kyawun wurin shakatawa a Burtaniya. <ref name=":2" /> Wurin shakatawa na Loch an Eilein yana da wurare da yawa, ciki har da bandakuna, cibiyar baƙi, da kuma wurin ajiye motoci. Yana da kyau a sami damar shiga saboda yanayin shimfidar wuri da kuma yanayin hanyar kilomita biyar da ke kewaye da wurin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Loch an Eilein and Creag Dubh: Top 5 Walking Routes in the Cairngorms |url=https://www.wildernessscotland.com/blog/top-5-walking-routes-in-the-cairngorms-loch-an-eilein-and-craig-dhubh/ |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=Wilderness Scotland |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9v8oebook0twq9njwfk9q6xz3fpci28 0 176873 963230 955829 2026-10-05T01:41:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madurai R. Muralidaran''' ƙwararren ɗan rawa ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara rawa, marubuci, mai rubuta waƙoƙi, kuma darakta wanda aka fi sani da waƙoƙin da ya rera wa masu rawa na Bharatanatyam da kuma shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin da ya yi na rawa masu kayatarwa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An fara Madurai R. Muralidaran a cikin fasahar Bharatanatayam yana da shekaru 7 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Guru Kalaimamani Chamundeeswari (babban almajirin Padmashree KNDandayudapani Pillai). Ya gudanar da makarantar rawa ta Nrithyakshetra tare da matarsa Smt. Chithra Muralidharan tun 1978. <ref name="alagappaarts.com" /> Yana aiki a hukumar Alagappa Arts. Shi malami ne a Jami'ar Aria inda yake koyar da nattuvangam. Muralidaran ya sami kyautar Kalaimamani daga gwamnatin jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta shekarar 2019. Kalaimamani ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta farar hula a jihar Tamil Nadu. Bharath Kalachar ya ba shi laƙabin ''Kala Seva Bharathi'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo na Indiya, Kartik Fine Awards ya ba shi kyautar Kartik Award of Excellence a 2021 sannan Pothy's Parambara Classic Awards ya ba shi ''laƙabin Parambara Noothana'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga tsara waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. An bai wa Muralidaran kyautar nasarorin rayuwa ta 2022 daga ƙungiyar Abhai ta Bharatanatayam Artists of India. A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2023, Niruthia Nithyalaya ta Chennai da Natyanjali Academy Association ta Malaysia ta ba Shri Muralidaran lambar yabo ta rayuwa. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2023 Muralidaran Sir an ba shi lambar yabo Natya Achaarya Choodamani saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga zane-zane daga Puducherry Natyanjali Trust a bikin Maha Shivarathiri na shekara 17. Muralidaran ya sami lambar yabo ta Guinness, Asiya da Indiya Book of Records, saboda koyar da ɗalibai 359 alarippu a Sankeerna Jaathi Dhruva Thalam a shekarar 2019, inda ya rubuta Varnams 25 cikin kwanaki 25 a shekarar 2020 kuma ya jagoranci 'yan rawa 125 a duk duniya don gabatar da jathis 50 na musamman a kan dandamali na kama-da-wane a shekarar 2021. Ya tsara, ya tsara, kuma ya koyar da mutane 698 yadda ake yin varnam a Tamil Annai (Uwar Tamil), inda ya kafa tarihinsa na uku a cikin ''[[Guinness World Records|Littafin Guinness na Tarihin Duniya]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021-08-01 |title=Most people performing a choreographed dance online simultaneously |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/616712-most-people-performing-a-choreographed-dance-online-simultaneously |access-date=2021-10-24 |website=www.guinnessworldrecords.com |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited}}</ref> wani ƙoƙari wanda ya kuma tara Rs. 10 lakh don Asusun Agajin Covid na Tamil Nadu. Muralidaran ya shirya rikodin ƙungiyar rikodin duniya ga mafi yawan mutanen da ke rawa da takuba a lokaci guda (Hybrid) a kan layi da kuma kai tsaye tare da mambobi 1346 a Jami'ar Jeppiaar, Tamil Nadu (Indiya) a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Most people dancing with swords simultaneously(Hybrid) |url=https://worldrecordsunion.com/most-people-dancing-with-swords-simultaneouslyhybrid/}}</ref> Muralidaran ya fara rubuta waƙa a matsayin mai rubuta waƙoƙin sinima tare da "Othaiyadi" a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026. Niruthia Nithyalaya ta karrama Muralidaran yayin bugu na farko na "Illangai Natya Sangamam" tare da haɗin gwiwar ICCR, Babban Hukumar Indiya, Colombo a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2026. == Shirye-shirye == Shirye-shiryen Muralidaran, waɗanda suka haɗa da rawa da wasan kwaikwayo, sun dogara ne akan tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Hindu da labarai daga tsoffin adabin Tamil da na zamani. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, ya fara gabatar da ''Silapathigaram'', wani shiri da aka yi bisa ga waƙar Sangam Tamil ta Ilango Adigal, kuma tun daga lokacin aka yi shi a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winters |first=Rita |date=2011-11-05 |title=Silapathigaram: The justice of the anklet |url=https://www.narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1113.html |journal=Narthaki |access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chitrapu |first=Anu |date=2010-06-24 |title=Vision Aid Presents Justice Of The Anklet |url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=6594 |url-status=usurped |journal=Lokvani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707064208/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=6594 |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> zuwa New Zealand. Ya shirya fim ɗin ban dariya na tarihi na Amarar Kalki mai suna Sivakamiyin Sabadam a wani shiri na 2013 mai suna ''The Hindu'' ya ce "babu kurakurai". Sauran manyan ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Yagnaseni'' (bisa labarin Draupadi daga Mahabharatha ), ''Avadhara Purushan'' (dangane da Kamba Ramayana ), da ''Yadhava Madhava'' (bisa labarin [[Krishna]] ). Fim ɗinsa ''Karna'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan karimci amma kuma mai rauni a cikin adawa da jarumin Mahabharata, wanda ya fara fitowa a Chennai a watan Afrilun 2018. Muralidaran ya ci gaba da taimakawa wajen tara kuɗi ga ƙungiyar Vision Aid, wadda ke Boston, Massachusetts. Fina-finansa na goyon bayan Vision-Aid, Krishna (2009), Justice of the Anklet (2010), Slaying of the Demons (2012), The Dancer's Pledge (2014), The Iconic Avatar (2016), Charmer, Warrior, Guide (2017), Golden Armor, Golden Heart (2018), Invincible Spear (2019), The Seven Selfless Sovereigns (2021), The Jewel of Justice (2022), Vaayu Putra - The Son of the Wind (2023), Sivagami Shabadam: The Dancer's Pledge (2024), da Shakuntalam (2025) duk mutanen yankin sun yi maraba da su sosai. <ref name="indianewengland.com">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Vision-Aid's Jewel of Justice Dazzles In-Person and Online |url=https://indianewengland.com/vision-aids-jewel-of-justice-dazzles-in-person-and-online/}}</ref> Sarakunan Bakwai Masu Son Kai sun ga Muralidaran suna sarrafa fannoni daban-daban na samarwa. Ya tsara yadda ake shirya fim ɗin, ya tsara waƙar, ya rubuta waƙoƙin, ya tsara abubuwan da za a yi, ya ƙirƙiri duk abubuwan da suka shafi zane-zane da abubuwan gani, sannan ya jagoranci kuma ya gyara su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision-Aid presents "The Seven Selfless Sovereigns" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuW7t3pjIOI |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Selfless Sovereigns |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwgSCrvql04 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Kuma tare da The Jewel of Justice, Muralidaran ya kula da dukkan fannoni na samarwa. <ref name="indianewengland.com" /> A shekarar 2022, Muralidaran ya koma yawon shakatawa na duniya bayan ya kasa yin hakan a lokacin annobar. Ya gudanar da bita da kai tsaye a faɗin Amurka, sannan ya gabatar da wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da ya yi. A watan Yulin 2022, manyan waƙoƙin Tamil Sangam da ya shirya sun gabatar da su ga FETNA a taron da suka yi a New York ta hanyar manyan masu rawa waɗanda Muralidaran da kansa ya zaɓa. Waɗannan 'yan rawa sun haɗa da manyan almajiransa, ɗaliban malamai waɗanda suka yi horo a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, da ɗaliban da ba su taɓa haɗuwa da shi ba amma suna yin atisaye mai zurfi tare da shi ta yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=FeTNA22NY &#124; 35th FeTNA Tamil Convention &#124; தலைமுறை தாண்டியும் தமிழ் |url=https://fetna-convention.org/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Fetna-convention.org}}</ref> An gabatar da fitaccen shirinsa mai suna Karna a Texas a watan Satumba, yayin da shirin Tamil Sangam ya gabatar da shi a Texas. A watan Disamba na 2022, Muralidaran ya shirya fim ɗinsa na Tamil Sangam a manyan taruka uku a Indiya - (1) Bharat Kalachar, (2) shirin yawon buɗe ido na Tamil, da kuma (3) Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karthik. A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2023 Muralidaran ya gabatar da gabatarwar shirinsa na farko, "Vaayu Putra - Ɗan Iska" a Littleton, MA ga jama'a da suka cika da jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Vision-Aid 2023 Annual Event "The Son of the Wind – the saga of Hanuman" leaves Audiences Wonderstruck |url=https://indianewengland.com/vision-aid-2023-annual-event-the-son-of-the-wind-the-saga-of-hanuman-leaves-audiences-wonderstruck/}}</ref> Duk sun yaba wa shirin saboda rawar da yake yi, wasan kwaikwayo, abubuwan gani, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi hakan. Kamar yadda yake a dukkan shirye-shiryensa, Muralidaran da kansa ya kula da dukkan fannoni na shirye-shiryen - tsara waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane/zane, samarwa da kuma alkibla. Ya kuma taka rawar Hanuman (wanda aka fi sani da Vaayu Putra). An shirya wasan kwaikwayon a Toronto, Kanada da kuma Edison, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Vayu Puthra: An Ode to Hanuman's Legacy |url=https://medium.com/@kumararaja/vayu-puthra-an-ode-to-hanumans-legacy-608ea5aebf47}}</ref> Disamba 23, 2023 an ga shirye-shiryen Vaayu Putra a Chennai a dakin kide-kide na Sir Mutha Venkatasubba Rao. Shirin ya cika da mutane duk da cewa an shirya shi a lokacin kakar Marghazi mai cike da jama'a a Chennai, kuma ya ƙare da ta'aziyya! Matarsa, Smt, ta taimaka wa shirin waƙa da kuma jagorantar waƙa. Chithra Muralidaran da 'yar Kavya Muralidaran. An sake nuna Vaayu Putra cikin nasara a Chennai a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2024 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brahma Gana Sabha Mylapore, Chennai. A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2024 Muralidaran ya shirya "Alƙawarin Mai Rawa: Saga na Shivagami" a Boston inda ya sake haɗa kai da Vision Aid don tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga ƙungiyar agaji. Muralidaran ya shirya "Cosmic Rhythm: Journey Through Dasavatharam" a Ontario a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic Rhythm 2024 |url=https://gtco.ca/event/cosmic-rhythm-2024/}}</ref> 6 ga Janairu, 2025 Muralidaran ya fara hasashe shirinsa na "Soodi Kodutha Duarkodi" wanda ya mayar da hankali kan Andal a babban dakin taro na Brahma Gana Sabha na Narada Gana Sabha a Chennai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DEboGmdh2ax/}}</ref> 8 ga Fabrairu, 2025 An gabatar da sabon shirin Muralidaran mai suna "Sakuntalam - A Dance Musical" wanda ya dogara da labarin Kalidas na Shakuntala (daga babban Mahabharata) a Chennai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nrithyakshethra Dance Academy: Sakuntalam - A Dance Musical by Madurai R Muralidaran |url=https://tikkl.com/NrithyakshethraChennai/c/Sakuntalam/}}</ref> Sakuntalam wani shiri ne mai muhimmanci da Muralidaran ya yi tare da Budapest Live Orchestra. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Reimagining Kalidasa's 'Shankuntala' for Chennai audience |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/08/reimagining-kalidasas-shankuntala-for-chennai-audience}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Madurai Muralidharan collaborates with Budapest Orchestra to present Kalidasa's Abhijnanasakuntalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madurai-muralidharan-blends-dance-with-budapest-scoring-orchestra-to-present-a-kalidasas-sanskrit-play/article69243198.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=25 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220141931/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madurai-muralidharan-blends-dance-with-budapest-scoring-orchestra-to-present-a-kalidasas-sanskrit-play/article69243198.ece |archive-date=20 February 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shahararriyar mujallar rawa Sruti ta ba wa shirin kyakkyawan sharhi inda ta ce "Muralidaran ya tsara kowane ɓangare na waƙar rawa da kyau tare da cikakkun bayanai masu ban mamaki." An nemi Muralidaran ya sake gabatar da shi a FETNA a Arewacin Carolina a 2025, inda ya gabatar da "Marudhiruvar" a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2025, wani shiri wanda ya samo asali ne daga tarihin jarumi na 'yan uwan jarumi na Tamil, Marudhu Pandiyar, wanda ya tashi tsaye a kan sojojin Burtaniya a daya daga cikin gwagwarmayar farko don' yanci. Daga baya aka shirya wannan samarwa a Connecticut a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2025. An nuna Marudhiruvar a Chennai a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2026 tare da ƙaddamar da manema labarai a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun, 2026. Hindu da aka nuna game da wannan wasan kwaikwayon, An shirya Shakuntala a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2025 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin al'adun Abbas na 2025 kuma an sake gudanar da shi a Brahma Gana Sabha a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2026 Rasika Ranjani Sabha (RR Sabha). Muralidaran's "Vayu Putra" an haɗa shi azaman ɓangare na Bharat Kalachar's Margazhi Mahotsav na 37th 2025-2026 a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2026 Muralidaran's "Sri Krishna Leela" an shirya shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu da Afrilu 26, 2026 a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Muralidaran zai gabatar da Marudhiruvar a Amurka don Vision Aid a matsayin "'Yan'uwa a Makamai: Zakunan Sivaganga" a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2026. "Saptatāla Laharī: Babban Bikin Talas Bakwai daga Sulādi Sapta Tālas na 35" an gabatar da shi tsawon kwana 3 a watan Yunin 2026 tare da cikakkun margams 7 (Pushpanjalis Bakwai, Alarippus Bakwai, Kavithuvams Bakwai, Jathiswarams Bakwai, Varnams Bakwai, Padams Bakwai, da Tillanas Bakwai). "Kafin Saptatāla Laharī, Muralidharan ya gabatar da margams 19 a cikin talas 19 daban-daban da aka zana daga tsarin Sapta Sulādi tala. Tare da gabatar da ƙarin margams bakwai a lokacin wannan bikin, jimillar za ta zama margams 26 a cikin talas 26 daban-daban." == Waƙoƙi masu shahara == Muralidaran ya tsara kuma ya fitar da kundin sauti sama da 120 musamman ga filin Bharathanatyam. Kundin wakokinsa na rawa masu rawa Bharatha Natyam ne ke amfani da su a duk duniya. Yana tsara waƙoƙin da kuma waƙoƙin da ya rubuta, waɗanda ke nuna sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin waƙoƙin thalam (tsarin waƙoƙin da aka yi da kaɗe-kaɗe), ragam (waƙoƙi) da jigogi. A shekara ta 2001, fitaccen mai sukar kiɗa da rawa na Indiya Subbudu ya yaba wa Muralidaran saboda "ya gabatar da sabon zamani na rubuta varnams don repertoire na Bharatanatyam tare da sabbin jigogi da... wanda ya ƙunshi zagayowar waƙoƙi daban-daban tare da waƙoƙi masu dacewa." === Kundin waƙoƙin rhythm === Bayan ya yi nazarin mridangam (busa) tare da neman Bharatha Natyam, waƙoƙin Muralidharan sun bincika ƙananan ka'idar ka'idar kaɗa-kaɗe. Yana shirin rubuta cikakken margams (repertoires) a cikin dukkan thalams 35 na tsarin Carnatic Sooladhi Saptha thalam nan da shekarar 2020, tare da margams a cikin thalams 20 na musamman da aka kammala har zuwa yau. Bayan Sapta Taala Lahiri, jimillar adadin margam da aka yi zai zama margam 26 a cikin talas 26 daban-daban. Tun 2006, Muralidaran ya hada da yawa gabaɗayan margams (repertoires na gargajiya) a cikin thalams na musamman, ciki har da ''Ashta Dasa Margam'', composed in misra jati ata thalam, ''Akhanda Margam'', composed in kanda jati ata thalam, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sundaram |first=B.M. |date=2006-02-12 |title=Akhanda Maargam by Madurai R Muralidaran & Deepa Mahadevan |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev330.html/ |journal=Narthaki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013033053/https://narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev330.html |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> composed ''in'' composed in composed in D. jati dhruva thalam, zagayowar thalam mafi tsayi tare da aksharas 29. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2012-01-13 |title=New dance production from Madurai R. Muralidaran |url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/dance/3138-dance-prdn-from-madurai-r-muralidaran |access-date=2017-07-24 |website=www.kutcheribuzz.com}}</ref> Muralidaran ya jagoranci wasu bukukuwan rawa da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo masu kafa tarihi. A shekarar 2018, Muralidaran ya nuna bincikensa na salon rawa ta hanyar yin bukukuwa biyu na rawa. A watan Afrilun 2018, bikin waƙarsa na ''Chaturvidham'' ya gabatar da sabbin margams guda huɗu kowannensu wanda aka shirya shi da wani thalam mai wuya. Bikin ya ƙare da babban darasi kai tsaye tare da ɗalibai sama da 320 da ke koyon nattuvangam da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na alarippu da aka shirya wa Sankeerna Jaathi Dhruva Thalam, thalam mafi tsayi a tsarin Carnatic. Wannan ajin ya kafa tarihin Guinness, India Book da Asia Book don mafi girman darasin rawa na Bharatha Natyam kai tsaye. A watan Nuwamba na 2018, Muralidharan ya gabatar da ''Dhimahi'', wani biki na rawa na kwana uku wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "bimbini mai ƙarfi akan Laya" (rhythm), wanda ke nuna sabbin margams da aka saita wa wasu thalams 5 masu wuya. Bugu da kari, fitattun mawakan bako Shobana, Lavanya Shankar, Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala, Anitha Guha, Uma Murali, Rukmini Vijayakumar da Srekala Bharath sun baje kolin kide-kide a cikin salon nasu don wasu daga cikin sauran abubuwan Muralidharan. === Waƙar waƙa mai daɗi === Baya ga rubuta waƙoƙi daban-daban a cikin dukkan thalams 35 na tsarin Carnatic Sooladhi Saptha thalam, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghatraju |first=Jeyanthi |last2=Saigal |first2=Ranjani |date=2008-10-15 |title=In Conversation With Madurai R. Muralidharan |url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=5250 |url-status=usurped |journal=Lokvani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116112011/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=5250 |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> Muralidaran ya kuma rubuta varnams sama da 120, da jathswarams a cikin dukkan Melakarata Ragas 72. . Ƙirƙirar waƙoƙi a cikin dukkan raga 72 babban ci gaba ne da Muralidharan ya raba da wani mutum ɗaya kawai, M. Balamuralikrishna . Yana son bincika ragas masu wuya a cikin waƙoƙinsa, kamar Chandrajyoti, Ganamurthi, da Madhyamavati .. Waƙoƙinsa na musamman sun haɗa da rawa da ke nuna rayuwar yau da kullun zuwa sautin bugun zuciya, varnam akan Allahn Rana (Surya), shabdam akan Yesu, hoton rawan Krishna akan maciji mai kai biyar Kalinga, kauthuvams akan Uwa da Uba, keerthanam akan ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kan Indiya da kuma waƙoƙi kan ƙarfafa mata. Masu rawa na Bharatha Natyam masu salo daban-daban da kuma daga yankuna daban-daban suna amfani da waƙoƙinsa akai-akai. Ya rubuta wasu sabbin waƙoƙi da dama a cikin salon kauthuvam, ciki har da waɗanda aka yi don yabon allolin Hindu Nandi, Ayyappan da Venkateswara . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i54c3eu74x5bpgi0lbi38muoem62gxi 0 177079 963074 957031 2026-10-04T16:35:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar '''Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award''' wata kyauta ce da ake bayarwa domin girmama nasarorin mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga duniyar wasanni. An fara bayar da ita a shekarar 2000 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kyaututtukan farko da aka gabatar a lokacin [[Laureus World Sports Awards]].<ref name=about>{{Cite web | url = http://laureus17.laureus.com/about-laureus/the-awards/ | title = The awards | access-date = 18 October 2017 | publisher = Laureus | url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318104839/http://laureus17.laureus.com/about-laureus/the-awards/ | archive-date = 18 March 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Gidauniyar Laureus Sport for Good Foundation ce ke gabatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka. Ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji sama da 150, waɗanda ke tallafa wa matasa 500,000.<ref name="stuff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/sport/79136668/its-more-than-just-an-award|title=It's more than just an award|last=Snook|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Snook|date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018192102/http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/sport/79136668/its-more-than-just-an-award|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=18 October 2017|via=Stuff.co.nz|newspaper=[[Taranaki Daily News]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan na farko a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2000 a [[Monte Carlo]], inda [[Nelson Mandela]] ya gabatar da babban jawabin bikin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocsrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |title=Sport and Peace-Building in Divided Societies: Playing with Enemies |first1=John |last1=Sugden |first2=Alan |last2=Tomlinson |page=163 |isbn=978-1-136-29233-0|publisher=Taylor and Francis |date=30 April 2017 }}</ref> Ana ba wanda ya samu kyautar wani mutum-mutumin Laureus wanda kamfanin [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]] ya ƙera, a wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a wurare daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/did-you-know/| title = Did you know?| publisher = Laureus| access-date = 18 October 2017| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318110110/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/did-you-know/| archive-date = 18 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana gudanar da bikin Laureus Awards a kowace shekara, ba lallai ba ne a bayar da kyautar Lifetime Achievement Award a kowane bikin. Tana cikin wasu kyaututtukan da Kwalejin Wasannin Duniya ta Laureus (Laureus World Sports Academy) ke da ikon bayarwa bisa ga shawarar mambobinta.<ref name=about/> Ana ɗaukar waɗannan kyaututtuka a matsayin manyan kyaututtuka masu daraja sosai, kuma ana yawan kwatanta su da lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta "[[Academy Awards|Oscars]]" a duniyar wasanni.<ref name=osc1>{{Cite web| url = https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/14/sport/usain-bolt-simone-biles-laureus-world-sports-awards/index.html| title = Usain Bolt and Simone Biles dominate at 'Sport's Oscars'| first = Aimee| last = Lewis| publisher = [[CNN]]| date = 15 February 2017| access-date = 18 October 2017| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308135620/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/14/sport/usain-bolt-simone-biles-laureus-world-sports-awards/index.html| archive-date = 8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.welt.de/sport/video162091832/Nico-Rosberg-mit-dem-Sport-Oscar-geehrt.html| language = de| date = 15 February 2017| title = Nico Rosberg mit dem Sport-Oscar geehrt| work = [[Die Welt]]| access-date = 18 October 2017| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018140534/https://www.welt.de/sport/video162091832/Nico-Rosberg-mit-dem-Sport-Oscar-geehrt.html| archive-date = 18 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="osc3">{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/1986681.stm|title=Schumacher wins sporting 'Oscar'|date=14 May 2002|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090112/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/1986681.stm|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> An bai wa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] na Brazil [[Pele|Pelé]] kyautar Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award ta farko. 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun sami kyaututtuka fiye da kowace wasanni, inda suka sami kyaututtuka biyar, kuma Burtaniya ce kawai ke da waɗanda suka yi nasara da yawa, inda uku suka samu: Steve Redgrave (2001), [[Bobby Charlton]] (2012) da Sebastian Coe (2013). {{As of|2020}} , an karrama mutane biyu bayan rasuwarsu. An harbe ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na New Zealand Peter Blake a kogin Amazon a watan Disamba na 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellos |first=Alex |last2=Fisher |first2=Bob |date=7 December 2001 |title=Peter Blake, the world's leading sailor, shot dead in attack by Amazon pirates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/07/alexbellos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310091722/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/07/alexbellos |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Arne Næss Jr., ɗan ƙasar Norway mai hawan dutse, ya mutu a wani hatsarin hawa dutse a Afirka ta Kudu watanni huɗu kafin bikin 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=K. P. |date=12 May 2004 |title=Schumacher, Sorenstam voted best |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/12/stories/2004051200741700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023203000/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/12/stories/2004051200741700.htm |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ba a bayar da kyautar ba a bikin bayar da kyautar Laureus na 2005, 2009, ko 2017; <ref name="noaward">{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2017 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2017/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011308/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2017/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> 'Yar wasan tennis 'yar Amurka [[Billie Jean King]] ta lashe kyautar a bikin bayar da kyautar Laureus na 2021 a Seville. Wanda ya lashe kyautar kwanan nan ita ce 'yar wasan motsa jiki 'yar Romania Nadia Comăneci . == Masu karɓa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Maɓalli ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | {{Dagger}} | Yana nuna kyautar bayan mutuwarsa |} {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- |+Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award recipients ! scope="col" |Year ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Winner ! scope="col" |Nationality ! scope="col" |Sport ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref. |- |2000 |[[File:Panini_pele_photo_only.jpg|alt=Pele in 2008|122x122px]] ! scope="row" |[[Pele|Pelé]] |{{Flag|BRA}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] | |- |2001 |[[File:Steve_Redgrave_20110525_cropped.jpg|alt=Steve Redgrave in 2011|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Steve|Redgrave}} |{{Flag|GBR}} |Rowing |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Andrew |date=23 May 2001 |title=Laureus Sports Awards: Redgrave wins 'Oscar' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/4776930/Laureus-Sports-Awards-Redgrave-wins-Oscar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228110221/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/4776930/Laureus-Sports-Awards-Redgrave-wins-Oscar.html |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> |- |2002 |{{Center|–}} ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Peter|Blake|Peter Blake (sailor)}} {{Dagger}} |{{Flag|NZL}} |Yachting |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2002 |title=Blake awarded two Laureus Awards |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/sailing/05/15/blake.ppl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023203000/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/sailing/05/15/blake.ppl/ |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> |- |2003 |[[File:All_Black.jpg|alt=Gary Player in 2008|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Gary|Player}} |{{Flag|RSA}} |Golf |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2003 |title=Armstrong takes top honour at Laureus awards |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-05-21/armstrong-takes-top-honour-at-laureus-awards/1857194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027041759/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-05-21/armstrong-takes-top-honour-at-laureus-awards/1857194 |archive-date=27 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref> |- |2004 |{{Center|–}} ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Arne|Næss Jr.}}{{Dagger}} |{{Flag|NOR}} |Mountaineering |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2004 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2004/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704015426/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2004/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2005 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2005 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2005/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704031607/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2005/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2006 |[[File:Johan_Cruyff_1974c.jpg|alt=Johann Cruyff in 1974|117x117px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Johan|Cruyff}} |{{Flag|NED}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2006 |title=Federer, Kostelic given top awards |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/05/22/awards.laureus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415023037/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/05/22/awards.laureus/ |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=8 November 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> |- |2007 |[[File:14-01-10-tbh-013.jpg|alt=Franz Beckenbauer in 2014|131x131px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Franz|Beckenbauer}} |{{Flag|GER}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=Federer wins third Laureus prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/6400707.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817170404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/6400707.stm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- |2008 |[[File:Sergey_Bubka_2013.jpg|alt=Sergey Bubka in 2013|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sergey|Bubka}} |{{Flag|UKR}} |[[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|Athletics]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2008 |title=Radcliffe and Bubka are Athletics' winners at World Sports Awards |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/radcliffe-and-bubka-are-athletics-winners-at |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120154216/http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/radcliffe-and-bubka-are-athletics-winners-at |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations]]}}</ref> |- |2009 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2009 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2009/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011824/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2009/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2010 |[[File:Nawal_El_Moutawakel_(cropped).JPG|alt=Nawal El Moutawakel in 2009|153x153px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nawal|El Moutawakel}} |{{Flag|MAR}} |[[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|Athletics]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2010 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2010/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045252/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2010/winners/ |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2011 |[[File:Zinedine_Zidane_2015_(cropped).jpg|alt=Zinedine Zidane in 2015|129x129px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Zinedine|Zidane}} |{{Flag|FRA}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2011 |title=Nadal, Vonn win Laureus sports awards |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-54716020110207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023203000/http://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-54716020110207 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> |- |2012 |[[File:Bobby_Charlton.jpg|alt=Bobby Charlton in 2010|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bobby|Charlton}} |{{Flag|GBR}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadband |first=Ian |date=6 February 2012 |title=Darren Clarke and Rory McIlroy savour Irish double at Laureus World Sports Awards |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/9065311/Darren-Clarke-and-Rory-McIlroy-savour-Irish-double-at-Laureus-World-Sports-Awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129175525/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/9065311/Darren-Clarke-and-Rory-McIlroy-savour-Irish-double-at-Laureus-World-Sports-Awards.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> |- |2013 |[[File:Lord_Coe_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012_cropped.jpg|alt=Sebastian Coe in 2012|129x129px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sebastian|Coe}} |{{Flag|GBR}} |[[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|Athletics]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Jessica Ennis named Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/21752713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/21752713 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> |- |2014 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2014 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2014/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704022444/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2014/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2015 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners of the year 2015 were |url=http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2015/winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704033557/http://laureus17.laureus.com/awards-history/2015/winners/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Laureus}}</ref> |- |2016 |[[File:Lauda_at_1982_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg|137x137px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Niki|Lauda}} |{{Flag|AUT}} |[[Tsarin 1|Formula One]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Nate |date=19 April 2016 |title=Niki Lauda handed Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/15269534/niki-lauda-handed-laureus-life-achievement-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120910/http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/15269534/niki-lauda-handed-laureus-life-achievement-award |archive-date=17 August 2016 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |- |2017 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} |<ref name="noaward" /> |- |2018 |[[File:Edwin_Moses_2008_(cropped).jpg|alt=Edwin Moses in 2008|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Edwin|Moses}} |{{Flag|USA}} |[[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|Athletics]] |<ref name="bbc18">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=Laureus Awards: Roger Federer named World Sportsman of the Year 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43218692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213841/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43218692 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> |- |2019 |[[File:Wenger_saluant_les_spectateurs.jpg|alt=Arsene Wenger with Arsenal in May 2007|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Arsène|Wenger}} |{{Flag|FRA}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] | |- |2020 |[[File:DirkNowitzki.jpg|alt=Dirk Nowitzki in 2019|160x160px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Dirk|Nowitzki}} |{{Flag|GER}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref name="hindu2020">{{Cite web |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=18 February 2020 |title=Laureus Awards 2020 Highlights: Tendulkar, Springboks win for World Cup wins; Hamilton, Messi share honours |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/laureus-world-sports-awards-2020-live-updates-streaming-news-full-winners-list-kipchoge-messi-hamilton-nadal-sachin-tendulkar-liverpool-rapinoe-springboks-simone-biles-coco-gauff/article30843288.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217194124/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/laureus-world-sports-awards-2020-live-updates-streaming-news-full-winners-list-kipchoge-messi-hamilton-nadal-sachin-tendulkar-liverpool-rapinoe-springboks-simone-biles-coco-gauff/article30843288.ece |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=18 February 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[File:BJK_headshot_2011_5x7_300dpi.jpg|alt=Billie Jean King in 2011|140x140px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Billie Jean|King}} |{{Flag|USA}} |[[Tennis]] | |- |2022 |[[File:Tom_Brady_2021.png|alt=Tom Brady in 2021|142x142px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Tom|Brady}} |{{Flag|USA}} |[[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|American football]] | |- |2023 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} | {{N/a}} |- |2024 ! colspan="4" |{{Sort|zzz|No award}} | {{N/a}} |- |2025 |[[File:Kelly_Slater_2017.jpg|alt=Kelly Slater in 2017|147x147px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kelly|Slater}} |{{Flag|USA}} |[[Surfing]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=Laureus World Sports Awards 2025: Duplantis, Biles, Andrade among big winners while Kelly Slater, Rafael Nadal receive special recognition |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/laureus-world-sports-awards-2025-duplantis-biles-andrade-kelly-slater-rafael-nadal |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> |- |2026 |[[File:25th_Laureus_World_Sports_Awards_-_Comaneci_-_240421_142851-2_crop.jpg|alt=Nadia Comăneci in 2024|126x126px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nadia|Comăneci}} |{{Flag|ROU}} |Gymnastics | |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} dlwreal8n867vgcch49vtzxcj7c5nlm 0 177141 963079 957180 2026-10-04T17:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Stanford_Lane_Medical_Library_entrance.jpg|thumb| Shigar da Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya na Lane]] '''Laburaren Likitanci na Lane''' ɗakin karatu ne na Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Stanford da ke [[Jami'ar Stanford]], kusa da Palo Alto, California . Manufarta ita ce "haɓaka binciken kimiyya, kula da lafiya, ilimin likitanci da kuma ilimin ɗan adam ta hanyar koyarwa, haɗin gwiwa, da kuma isar da albarkatun likitanci da na tarihi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lane Library |url=https://lane.stanford.edu/about/about.html |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=Stanford School of Medicine}}</ref> Yana nan a harabar jami'ar kusa da Asibitin Stanford da Asibitoci . Baya ga littattafai, mujallu da takardu don binciken likitanci da kuma koyarwa da aiwatar da aikin likitanci, Lane Laburare yana ɗauke da tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci da suka shafi tarihin magani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanford Medical History Center |url=http://archiveswiki.historians.org/index.php/Stanford_Medical_History_Center |access-date=26 August 2012 |website=ArchivesWiki |publisher=American Historical Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922155012/http://archiveswiki.historians.org/index.php/Stanford_Medical_History_Center |archive-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Laburaren kuma yana ba da damar bincike na musamman, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spector |first=Rosanne |date=November 22, 2010 |title=New search tools at Lane Library website for questions from both researchers, clinicians |url=http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2010/november/library-1122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114051525/http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2010/november/library-1122.html |archive-date=14 January 2011 |access-date=26 August 2012 |publisher=Stanford School of Medicine}}</ref> azuzuwan da koyaswa, tallafin rubutu da tallafi, da kuma wuraren karatu na rukuni da ɗaiɗaikun mutane. == Tarihi == [[File:Cooper_Medical_College_1882_version2.jpg|right|thumb| Kwalejin Likitanci ta Cooper, San Francisco, 1882. Hoto daga Lane Medical Archives Fayil ɗin Hoto, Akwati na 9, babban fayil na 6. An sake buga shi da izinin [http://lane.stanford.edu/med-history/index.html Cibiyar Tarihin Lafiya ta Stanford]]] Levi Cooper Lane likita ne kuma likitan fiɗa a San Francisco a shekarun 1800. Ya yi aiki a sashen likitanci na Kwalejin Pacific, wanda shine makarantar likitanci ta farko a Tekun Pacific, wacce kawunta Elias Samuel Cooper ya kafa a shekarar 1858. Bayan mutuwar Cooper a shekarar 1862, makarantar likitanci ta daina aiki. A shekara ta 1870 Lane ta sake farfaɗo da ita, ta zama shugaba, sannan ta sake mata suna Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Pacific. A shekara ta 1882 ya canza sunan zuwa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Cooper, wacce aka sanya wa suna saboda kawunsa, wanda ya kafa ta. Ya gina sabon ginin makarantar likitanci ta tubali da kuɗinsa a kusurwar titunan Sacramento da Webster, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin makarantar likitanci daga 1882 zuwa 1959. [1] Ya kuma gina asibiti da makarantar koyon aikin jinya da ke kusa da shi, kuma ya yi tanadi a cikin wasiyyarsa don gina ɗakin karatu a gefen titi daga kwalejin. [2] Lane ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1902, kuma bazawararsa ta mutu a watan Agusta 1902; a cikin wasiyyar bazawararsa, an ba da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kadarorin Lane ga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Cooper don kafa ɗakin karatu na likitanci. <ref name="cpmc">{{Cite web |title=Levi Cooper Lane, M.D. 1828-1902 |url=http://www.cpmc.org/professionals/hslibrary/collections/archives/lane.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907063027/http://www.cpmc.org/professionals/hslibrary/collections/archives/lane.html |archive-date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2012-08-26 |website=Health Sciences Library |publisher=[[California Pacific Medical Center]]}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1906, daraktocin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Cooper sun zartar da kuduri kan kafa Lane Medical Library. <ref name="cpmc" /> A shekarar 1908, Stanford ta mallaki Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Cooper a matsayin cibiyar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Stanford, wacce yanzu ita ce Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Stanford . A shekarar 1910, Stanford ta kuma mallaki kadarorin Levi C. Lane Medical Library Trust, waɗanda suka ƙunshi kundin littattafai 30,000 da kuma wurin gini da kuma kuɗaɗen gina ɗakin karatu. An sadaukar da Laburaren Lane a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1912. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Library |first=Lane Medical |year=1912 |title=Dedication of the Lane Medical Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKYaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22lane+medical+library%22 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=Leland Stanford Jr. University}}</ref> Duk da cewa yana cikin San Francisco, wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin ɗakin karatu na Stanford . Ita ce babbar ɗakin karatu ta likitanci a yammacin Chicago. Ginin har yanzu yana nan; yanzu yana ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na California Pacific Medical Center Health Sciences Library. An mayar da makarantar likitanci da kuma ɗakin karatu na Lane zuwa babban harabar jami'ar Stanford a shekarar 1959. <ref name="cpmc" /> == Manazarta == p71hvv5dgv2396tzgzlx5u7v0wld3fj 0 177305 963222 958161 2026-10-05T00:15:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran''' (17 Janairu 1917 - 24 Disamba 1987), wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''MGR''', ɗan siyasa ne na Indiya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai kare muhalli kuma mai taimakon jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban ministan Tamil Nadu daga 1977 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1987. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban sakatare na farko na jam'iyyar siyasa ta All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).<ref name="Sri Kantha 2015">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=8 April 2015 |title=M.G.R. Remembered – Part 26 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105803/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/ |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=[[Sangam.org]]}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mafi tasiri a Indiya bayan samun 'yancin kai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Modi to Mamata, M.G.R. to NTR: Vir Sanghvi lists 70 politicians who changed India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-politicians-independence-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909125921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-politicians-independence-day/ |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> kuma an san shi da laƙabi ''Makkal Thilagam'' (Jewel of the People) da ''Puratchi Thalaivar'' (Jagoran Juyin Juya Hali). A watan Maris na shekarar 1988, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bharat Ratna, babbar lambar yabo ta farar hula ta Indiya bayan rasuwarsa. An haife shi a Ceylon na Birtaniya a shekarar 1917, iyalin Ramachandran daga baya suka yi ƙaura zuwa Indiya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo don tallafawa iyalin. Bayan shekaru kaɗan na yin wasan kwaikwayo, ya fara fitowa a masana'antar fina-finan Tamil tare da ''Sathi Leelavathi'' a shekarar 1936. A cikin aikinsa na fiye da shekaru hamsin, ya fito a fina-finai sama da 135, yawancinsu a [[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]].<ref name="Film">{{Cite web |title=MGR filmography |url=https://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/mgr/filmography/40-filmography/51-mgr-movie-brief-info |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Golden Tamil Cinema}}</ref> An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman fina-finan Tamil guda uku a lokacin tare da Sivaji Ganesan da Gemini Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=Events – MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: Trinity Album Launched |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092911/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar fina-finai ta ƙasa a matsayin gwarzon jarumi a shekarar 1971, kyaututtuka uku na Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, da kuma kyaututtuka uku na Filmfare Awards a Kudu. Ramachandran ya zama wani ɓangare na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a ƙarshen shekarun 1930. A 1953, ya zama memba na CN Annadurai - jagoranci Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Ya samu ci gaba a cikin jerin sunayen saboda shahararsa a matsayin tauraron fina-finai. A shekarar 1972, shekaru uku bayan mutuwar Annadurai, ya bar DMK don kafa AIADMK. Ya jagoranci kawancen da AIADMK ta jagoranta zuwa ga nasara a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1977, inda ya kayar da DMK a lokacin, sannan aka rantsar da shi a matsayin babban ministan Tamil Nadu . Banda watanni huɗu na zaman majalisar ministoci a shekarar 1980, ya ci gaba da zama babban minista har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1987 kuma ya jagoranci AIADMK zuwa ga nasarorin zaɓe a zaɓen 1980 da 1984. A watan Oktoban 1984, an gano Ramachandran yana fama da matsalar koda sakamakon [[ciwon suga]], wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Duk da cewa an yi masa dashen koda da kuma magani daga baya a Amurka, yanayinsa ya kara tabarbarewa. Ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1987 a gidansa da ke Ramapuram saboda [[Tsayar da zuciya|bugun zuciya]] . A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1987, an binne gawarsa a ƙarshen arewacin bakin teku na Marina, inda aka gina Tunawa da MGR daga baya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2006, an buɗe wani mutum-mutumin Ramachandran mai girman rai a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya . Kamfanin India Post ya fitar da tambari da dama don girmama shi, kuma an sanya wa wasu cibiyoyi da wurare suna don girmama shi, ciki har da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Chennai Central. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ramachandran a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1917 a Nawalapitiya, Kandy District, British Ceylon (yanzu a Sri Lanka) a cikin dangin Malayali Nair zuwa Melakkath Gopalan Menon da Maruthur Satyabhama. Iyalansa sun fito ne daga yankin Palakkad a jihar [[Kerala]] ta Indiya ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Mani Shankar Aiyar}}</ref> <ref name="Gough">{{Cite book|last3=Kathleen Gough}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=108th birth anniversary of M.G. Ramachandran celebrated in Jaffna |url=https://tamilguardian.com/content/108th-birth-anniversary-mg-ramachandran-celebrated-jaffna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210032813/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/108th-birth-anniversary-mg-ramachandran-celebrated-jaffna |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Tamil Guardian}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali a Kandy, kuma ya koma Indiya tare da iyalansa bayan ya yi ritaya. Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa maza biyu, babban ɗan'uwansa kuma Chakrapani ne. <ref name="Kerala" /> Mahaifin Ramachandran ya mutu yana da shekaru biyu da rabi. Jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ƙanwarsa ma ta mutu saboda rashin lafiya. <ref name="Veeravalli 2019" /> Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, danginsu ba su kula da iyalin ba, sai mahaifiyarsa ta ƙaura zuwa gidan ɗan'uwanta da ke Kumbakonam . <ref name="Kerala" /> Mahaifiyarsa ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hidimar gida don ta sa 'ya'yanta maza biyu su kammala makaranta. <ref name="Veeravalli 2019" /> A lokacin da yake makaranta, Ramachandran ya shiga wata ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Boys Company. Ya horar da kansa a fannoni daban-daban, kuma ya ɗauki ayyuka daban-daban. Tare da taimakon Kandasamy Mudaliar, ya yi ɗan gajeren aikin wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasashen waje a [[Yangon|Rangoon]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], inda ya ɗauki matsayin mata. Ya koma Indiya don sake komawa Boys Company, kuma ya fara taka rawa a matsayin jagora. <ref name="Veeravalli 2019" /> == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo == [[File:M._G._Ramachandran_in_Sathi_Leelavathi_(1936).jpg|left|thumb| Ramachandran a cikin fim din sa na farko ''Sathi Leelavathi'']] Ramachandran ya fara fim ɗinsa a shekarar 1936, a cikin fim ɗin ''Sathi Leelavathi'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2009 |title=M. G. Ramachandran Summary and Analysis Summary |url=http://www.bookrags.com/M._G._Ramachandran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303042321/http://www.bookrags.com/M._G._Ramachandran |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Bookrags}}</ref> wanda Ellis R. Dungan, wani daraktan fina-finai ɗan asalin Amurka ya jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2004 |title=Americans in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216065554/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=5 August 2010 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ya biyo bayansa da ƙananan fitowa da kuma rawar da ya taka a fina-finai da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 March 2008 |title=Meera 1945 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603083033/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A lokacin farkon aikinsa na fim, abokan aikinsa sun yi wa Ramachandran lakabi da "Chinnavar" (ƙaramin) don bambanta shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, Chakrapani, wanda shi ma ya yi aiki a masana'antar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=What's in a moniker? Ego, ambition, brand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/whats-in-a-moniker-ego-ambition-brand/articleshow/103126065.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529232958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/whats-in-a-moniker-ego-ambition-brand/articleshow/103126065.cms |archive-date=29 May 2025 |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=This Yesteryear Star Was The Only Actress Who Called MGR By His Name |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-yesteryear-star-was-the-only-actress-who-called-mgr-by-his-name-8814004.html |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru goma a fina-finai daban-daban kafin ya fara taka rawarsa ta farko a ''fim din Rajakumari'', wanda ya yi nasara a harkar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 September 2008 |title=Rajakumari 1947 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606103311/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Daga baya Ramachandran ya gabatar da fina-finai daban-daban masu kayatarwa kamar ''Manthiri Kumari'' da ''Maruthanad Elawarasee'' a shekarar 1950. <ref name="Bhaskar">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Actor-turned-politician MGR's 108th birth anniversary today: 'His work inspires us,' PM Modi pays homage to superstar of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/entertainment/news/actor-turned-politician-mgrs-108th-birth-anniversary-today-134308949.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar English]]}}</ref> <ref name="Career">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 6 |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113172040/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-6/ |archive-date=13 January 2017 |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> Ya kafa kansa a matsayin jarumi a fim din Tamil tare da ''Manthiri Kumari'' (1950) da ''Marmayogi'' (1951). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 March 2008 |title=Marmayogi 1951 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603092756/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa: Tamil Nadu's mercurial pharaoh |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607080344/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |archive-date=7 June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2017 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Shahararsa ta ƙaru bayan nasarar ''En Thangai'' (1952) da ''Malaikkallan'' (1954). <ref name="Bhaskar" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 November 2008 |title=En Thangai 1952 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606162639/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[File:MGR_and_VNJanaki.jpg|left|thumb| Ramachandran tare da Janaki a cikin ''fim ɗin Mohini'' (1948)]] Fim ɗin Ramachandran na shekarar 1955, ''Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum,'' shi ne fim ɗin gevacolor na farko da masana'antar fina-finan Tamil ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves: The first colour Tamil film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/07/03/ali-baba-and-the-forty-thieves-the-first-colour-tamil-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120033755/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/07/03/ali-baba-and-the-forty-thieves-the-first-colour-tamil-film |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]]}}</ref> Ya kuma yi fice a fina-finai masu nasara a kasuwanci kamar ''Madurai Veeran'' (1956), ''Chakravarthi Thirumagal'' da ''Mahadevi'' (duka an fitar da su a shekarar 1957).<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=17 January 2017 |title=MGR's centenary: The man who dominated Tamil films for 3 decades |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607083231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |archive-date=7 June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 April 2011 |title=Chakravarthi Thirumagal 1957 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609084648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=16 January 2016 |title=Mahadevi (1957) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603104308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da umarni kaɗan, kuma fim ɗinsa na farko a matsayin darakta kuma furodusa shine ''Nadodi Mannan'' (1958), wanda ya zama fim mai ban sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=M.G Ramachandran Took Loan From This Producer to Buy Release Prints of Nadodi Mannan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/m-g-ramachandran-took-loan-from-this-producer-to-buy-release-prints-of-nadodi-mannan-5814745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831151502/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/m-g-ramachandran-took-loan-from-this-producer-to-buy-release-prints-of-nadodi-mannan-5814745.html |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Two kings: MGR's Nadodi Mannan took Madras by a storm |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/11/20/two-kings-mgrs-nadodi-mannan-took-madras-by-a-storm |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin Kalai Arasi'' (1963), wanda ya ƙunshi labarin baƙi da suka ziyarci duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2016 |title=A Tamil film that had aliens, spaceships, anti-gravity boots half a century ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628023616/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> A shekara ta gaba, ya bayyana a cikin ''Thozhilali'' da ''Padagotti.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 January 2016 |title=Thozhilaali (1964) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610083812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 February 2016 |title=Padagotti (1964) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017 |access-date=4 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Bayan ya fito a fina-finai da dama da suka yi fice a fannin kasuwanci, ya riƙe matsayin matinée a matsayin abin koyi a Tamil Nadu.<ref name="HT" /> A shekarar 1960, MGR ya ƙi karramawar Padma Shri, yana mai cewa ba zai iya karɓar gayyatar da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Devanagari ba, daidai da riƙon da yake yi wa akidar Dravidian da kuma fafutukar kare yaren Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2010 |title=The chequered history of our national honours |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/2010/feb/01/slide-show-1-the-checkered-history-of-our-national-honours.htm |access-date=1 February 2010 |website=Refiff}}</ref> An harbi Ramachandran a shekarar 1967, wanda hakan ya canza muryarsa har abada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2016 |title=The gunshot in MGR's ear that changed Tamil Nadu |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/the-gunshot-in-mgrs-ear-that-changed-tamil-nadu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920000633/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/the-gunshot-in-mgrs-ear-that-changed-tamil-nadu |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> Fim ɗinsa na farko da aka fitar bayan an sallame shi daga asibiti shi ne ''Arasakattalai'', wanda aka kammala a baya. Duk da haka, yana ɗaukar fim ɗin ''Kaavalkaasan'' ne, lokacin da aka ɗauki shi, kuma fim ɗin yana ɗauke da tsofaffin muryoyinsa da sabbin muryoyinsa a fage daban-daban.<ref name="Shot">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Those were the days: A bullet that changed the political career of MGR |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2018/10/28/those-were-the-days-a-bullet-that-changed-the-political-career-of-mgr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121161701/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2018/10/28/those-were-the-days-a-bullet-that-changed-the-political-career-of-mgr |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]]}}</ref> Ramachandran ya lashe kyautar Fim ta Jihar Tamil Nadu a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda fim ɗin ''Kudiyirundha Koyil'' a shekarar 1968 da kuma kyautar Fim ta Ƙasa a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi ga ''Rickshawkaran'' a shekarar 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MG Ramachandran Awards: Achievements & Honors |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/mg-ramachandran/awards/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Fim ɗinsa na 1973 ''Ulagam Sutrum Valiban'' yana ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan Tamil na farko da aka ɗauka a ƙasashen waje, kuma ya karya tarihin fina-finansa na baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban (1973) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818151455/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece |archive-date=18 August 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya fito a fina-finai masu nasara kamar ''Netru Indru Naalai'' (1974), ''Idhayakkani'' (1975), da ''Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga'' (1977).<ref name="Film" /> Aikinsa ya kare a shekarar 1978 inda fim dinsa na karshe shine ''Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan.''<ref name="Career" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2011 |title=MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: Trinity Album Launched |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092911/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Ramachandran ya lura cewa babu batun ritaya ga duk wanda ke da alaƙa da filin sinima a kowane matsayi. Kali N. Rathnam, wani majagaba a wasan kwaikwayo na Tamil, da kuma KP Kesavan sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Ramachandran a aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 2 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118101109/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-2/ |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana haɗa Ramachandran da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo [[B. Saroja Devi]], da [[Jayalalithaa|J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref name="Pair">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Saroja Devi: The Kannadathu Payinkili and Abinaya Saraswathi of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saroja-devi-the-kannadathu-payinkili-and-abinaya-saraswathi-of-tamil-cinema/article69810006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715015240/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saroja-devi-the-kannadathu-payinkili-and-abinaya-saraswathi-of-tamil-cinema/article69810006.ece |archive-date=15 July 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Jayalalithaa, wanda daga baya ya bi shi zuwa siyasa, ya yi wasa tare da shi a fina-finai 28, inda fim na ƙarshe shine ''Pattikaattu Ponnaiya'' a shekarar 1973.<ref name="Pair" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Pattikatu Ponnaiah: Jayalalitha And M G Ramachandran's Last Film Completes 50 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pattikatu-ponnaiah-jayalalitha-and-m-g-ramachandrans-last-film-completes-50-years-8532866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815103020/https://www.news18.com/movies/pattikatu-ponnaiah-jayalalitha-and-m-g-ramachandrans-last-film-completes-50-years-8532866.html |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Ramachandran ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya har zuwa 1953. A shekarar 1953, ya shiga ƙungiyar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), wadda CN Annadurai ta kafa, kuma ya zama fitaccen memba a cikin jam'iyyar. Ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Madras a shekarar 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=The Genesis of AIADMK |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061459/https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> === Yunkurin kisan kai na 1967 === A ranar 12 ga Janairun 1967, MR Radha, wani jarumi wanda ya fito a fina-finai da dama tare da Ramachandran, ya ziyarce shi don tattaunawa kan wani fim da zai fito nan gaba. A yayin tattaunawar, Radha ya miƙe tsaye, ya harbi Ramachandran kusa da kunnensa na hagu, sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin harbin kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Srivathsan |date=23 December 2012 |title=The day M.R. Radha shot MGR |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-day-mr-radha-shot-mgr/article12059018.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821074309/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-day-mr-radha-shot-mgr/article12059018.ece |archive-date=21 August 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An saka harsashin a bayan ƙashin baya na farko, kuma an yi wa Ramachandran tiyata don cire harsashin. Duk da haka, an bar wani ɓangare na harsashin a baya yayin da likitocin ke fargabar cewa zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa idan aka yi ƙoƙarin cire shi.<ref name="Shot" /> Sakamakon tiyatar, ya rasa jin magana a kunnensa na hagu kuma muryarsa ta canza har abada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=When the hero M.G. Ramachandran was shot at by villain M.R. Radha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-hero-mg-ramachandran-was-shot-at-by-villain-mr-radha/article67572869.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419091621/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-hero-mg-ramachandran-was-shot-at-by-villain-mr-radha/article67572869.ece |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An cire harsashin da aka bari daga baya, kuma an cire shi lafiya.<ref name="Shot" /> An kwantar da shi a asibiti na tsawon makonni shida kuma talakawa da mutane daga masana'antar fina-finai, 'yan siyasa da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati sun ziyarce shi. Ya gudanar da yakin neman zaben majalisar dokoki ta 1967 daga gadon asibiti, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki a karon farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=Dravidian Chronicles: MGR's first electoral victory was from a hospital bed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dravidian-chronicles-mgrs-first-electoral-victory-was-hospital-bed‑41913 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya aka yanke wa Radha hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari saboda wannan lamari, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1979.<ref name="Shot" /> == A cikin al'adun jama'a == An buga tarihin rayuwar Ramachandran, " ''Naan Yaen Piranthen?'' ( ''Me yasa aka haife ni?'' )", a shekara ta 2003. Fim ɗin Tamil na 1997 ''Iruvar'', wanda Mani Ratnam ya shirya, ya dogara ne akan hamayya da abota tsakanin Ramachandran da Karunanidhi. [[Mohanlal]] ya taka rawar Anandan, wato jarumin da ya fito a fim ɗin Ramachandran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=When Mohanlal humanised MGR in Mani Ratnam's Iruvar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/when-mohanlal-humanised-mgr-in-mani-ratnam-iruvar-6224060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930063636/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/when-mohanlal-humanised-mgr-in-mani-ratnam-iruvar-6224060/ |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A cikin shirin yanar gizo ''na Queen'' na shekarar 2019, Indrajith Sukumaran ya nuna GM Ravichandran, wani sabon salo na almara na Ramachandran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran to play MGR in Gautham Menon's Jayalalithaa web series |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303083934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin Tamil ''Thalaivii'' (2021), Arvind Swamy ne ya ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin Ramachandran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=Team 'Thalaivi' shares new look of Arvind Swami as MGR on his death anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/24/team-thalaivi-shares-new-look-of-arvind-swami-as-mgr-on-his-death-anniversary-2240574.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930063636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/24/team-thalaivi-shares-new-look-of-arvind-swami-as-mgr-on-his-death-anniversary-2240574.html |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin Tamil na ''Vaa Vaathiyaar'' na shekarar 2026 ya dogara ne akan halayensa na ban mamaki wanda ya zaburar da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin fim ɗin. == Duba kuma == * Ayyukan da ba a kammala ba na MG Ramachandran == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a6j8xvkisd20ij5rv7ha6vk94cw0ens 0 177459 963229 959302 2026-10-05T01:31:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madhavrao Khanderao Bagal''' (28 May 1895&nbsp;– 6 March 1986), also called '''Bhai Madhavrao Bagal''', was a noted writer, artist, journalist, social reformer, political activist, orator and freedom fighter from Kolhapur. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1895<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagal Bhai Madhavrao Khanderao, freedom fighter, author and painter, was born. |url=http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/Art/28-May-1895 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174704/http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/Art/28-May-1895 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> a Kolhapur ga Khanderao Bagal. Mahaifinsa Khanderao Bagal sanannen mai nema ne, tehsildar kuma mai gyara zamantakewa. Khanderao ya kasance shugaban Satyashodhak Samaj kuma editan jarida mai suna "Hunter" kuma saboda haka an kuma san shi da "Hunterkar". Ya yi karatunsa na farko a [[Rajaram High School, Kolhapur|Makarantar Sakandare ta Rajaram, Kolhapur,]] sannan daga baya ya kammala darussan zane, tallan kayan kawa, da kuma adon bango daga Makarantar Fasaha ta JJ, [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. == Mai fenti == Madhavrao Bagal, ya ƙirƙiri salon zane nasa tare da bayyana haske da inuwa ta hanyar ƙananan launuka. Yanayin da aka ƙirƙira a cikin zanensa yana da kyau. Ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu, wato Artists of Kolhapur da Art and Artists, waɗanda ke magana game da fasaha da masu fasaha a Kolhapur. == Mai gyara zamantakewa == A matsayinsa na mai kawo sauyi a zamantakewa, ya yi aiki don inganta ɗabi'un Dalits kuma ya ba da shawarar a ba su damar ziyartar haikalin da kuma yin mu'amala da sauran ƙabilu. Mahaifinsa mai kishin Satyashodhak ne kuma Madhavrao ya bi sawunsa, kuma a shekarar 1927, ya ayyana cewa Satyashodhaks ya kamata ya zama ɗan gurguzu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Freedom Movement in Princely States of Maharashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Madhavrao+Bagal+SATYASHODHAK}}</ref> Ya taka rawa wajen kafa mutum-mutumin Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar na farko da aka taɓa ginawa a matsayin wanda ya 'yantar da ƙasar. == Mai fafutukar siyasa == A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar siyasa, ya kafa Praja Parishad a Jihar Kolhapur a shekarar 1939 kuma ya ɗauki matakan farkar da manoman Kolhapur da kuma ɗaga muryarsu game da kuɗaɗen shiga marasa adalci ta hanyar tashin hankali, inda babban abokinsa Ratnappa Kumbhar da sauransu suka kasance. A shekarar 1941, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin kai ta ƙananan hukumomi a tsohuwar Jihar Kolhapur mai suna Princely, an sanya Kamfanin Kolhapur Municipal Corporation a ƙarƙashin kwamitin kula da mutane uku.&nbsp;- Madhavrao Bagal, [[Govindrao Korgaonkar]] da Ratnappa Kumbhar. == Mai fafutukar 'yanci == Yana cikin shugabannin da suka yi fice a zaɓen fidda gwani, waɗanda suka jagoranci fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Indiya, musamman haɗewar Jihar Kolhapur cikin Tarayyar Indiya . An kama shi tare da 'yan uwansa da dama kamar Ratnappa Kumbhar, Dinakara Desai, [[Nanasaheb Jagadale]], RD Minche da sauransu. Ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ya yi takaicin siyasa mai goyon bayan Birtaniya da tsoffin shugabannin ƙungiyoyin manoma kamar Bhaskarrao Jadhav suka taka, waɗanda Madhavrao ya fara haɗin gwiwar noma da su a Kolhapur da yankunan da ke maƙwabtaka da shi. A lokacin 1940-47, yana aiki tare da shugabanni kamar [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru . == Bayan samun 'yancin kai == Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka yi fice daga al'ummar Dhangar (Maratha), waɗanda suka haɗa kai suka kafa Jam'iyyar Manoman da Ma'aikata a shekarar 1947 tare da wasu tsoffin 'yan majalisa kamar Keshavrao Jedhe na [[Pune]], Shankarrao More na Pune, Kakasaheb Wagh na [[Nashik|Nasik]], Nana Patil na Satara, Tulsidas Jadhav na Solapur, Dajiba Desai na Belgaum, PKBhapkar da Datta Deshmukh na Ahmadnagar, Vithalrao Hande da sauransu. == Marubuci == Shi ne marubucin litattafai kusan 30-35 wasu daga cikinsu ''Kalāvihāra'' (1966), ''Bahujanasamājāce śilpakāra'' (1966), ''Jīvana saṅgrāma; agara, siṃhāvalokana'' (1970), ''Sahavāsāntūna'' (1970), ''Bhāī Mādhavarāvajī, nivaɗaka lekhasaṅgraha'' (1998). == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Maris 1986. == Abubuwan Tunawa == An sanya wa waɗannan cibiyoyi suna bayansa a matsayin abubuwan tunawa:- * Madhavraoji Bagal Vidhyapeeth, Kolhapur <ref name="o" /> jami'a ce mai suna bayansa. * Bhai Madhavrao Bagal Kanya Prashala, Village Kabwada, gundumar Kolhapur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhai Madhavrao Bagal Kanya Prashala school, K&#124;-bawada Hanuman Talaw, Kolhapur taluk school &#124; FreeTutorial.In -Find your School |url=http://freetutorial.in/schools/383470 |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021171858/https://freetutorial.in/schools/383470 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Madhavraoji Bagal Vidhyapeeth, Kolhapur ce ta kafa kyautar Bhai Madhavrao Bagal, wadda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga mutum saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'umma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tr6nlk32y1s79t49kfglp3jq4gek73h 0 177501 963264 960502 2026-10-05T06:23:52Z Gwanki 3834 /* 'Yan takarar shugaban kasa */ 963264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Za a gudanar da babban zaɓe a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2027, domin zaɓar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa]], da kuma ’yan [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|Majalisar Wakilai]]. Za a gudanar da zaɓen gwamnoni jihohi da ’yan majalisun dokokin jihohi a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2027.[1] Shugaban Ƙasa mai ci, [[Bola Tinubu]], ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman wa’adi na biyu a ƙarƙashin [[All Progressives Congress|Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]].[2] Za a gudanar da zaɓen ne bisa tanadin Dokar Zaɓe ta 2026.[3] An ɗage dokar hana kamfen tun daga ranar Laraba, 19 ga Agusta, 2026,[4] gabanin zaɓen, kuma tuni jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban suka fara kamfen ɗinsu.[5][6] == Tarihi == A karkashin Sashe na 135 na [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999]], shugaban kasa yana aiki na shekaru hudu kuma dole ne ya bar mukamin shekaru hudu bayan ya rantsar da shi, tare da sake zabar da aka ba da izini don ƙarin wa'adi ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-26 |title=Chapter 6, Section 135 - Tenure of office of President |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-6-part-1-section-135-tenure-of-office-of-president/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sashe na 132 ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa ba kafin kwanaki 60 ba kuma ba bayan kwanaki 30 ba kafin cikar wa'adin mai mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-26 |title=Chapter 6, Section 132 - Election of the President: general |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-6-part-1-section-132-election-of-the-president-general/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kuma tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da [[Bola Tinubu]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|2023]], bayan ya lashe [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|Babban zaben Najeriya]] na 2023, wa'adinsa na farko ya ƙare a watan Mayu 2027, yana buƙatar babban zaben na gaba. Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai suna aiki a kan wannan zagaye na shekaru huɗu a karkashin Sashe na 64 da 76 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki , ma'ana ana gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa a lokaci guda tare da zaben shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-20 |title=Chapter 5, Section 64 - Dissolution and issue of proclamations by president |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-5-part-1-section-64-dissolution-and-issue-of-proclamations-by-president/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2025, an sake kafa shugabancin jam'iyyar African Democratic Congress bayan murabus din Ralph Okey Nwosu a matsayin shugabanta, tare da Kwamitin Zartarwa na kasa na jam'iyyar da ya sanya tsohon shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark a matsayin shugaban kasa na wucin gadi da [[Rauf Aregbesola]], tsohon Ministan Cikin Gida, a matsayin sakataren kasa na wutan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oota |first=Andrew |date=2026-04-05 |title=ADC crisis: Nwosu explains why party picked Mark, Aregbesola as leaders |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/adc-crisis-nwosu-explains-why-party-picked-mark-aregbesola-as-leaders/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan yunkuri ya tsara watanni na tattaunawa tsakanin 'yan adawa ciki har da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Atiku Abubakar]], tsohon gwamnan jihar Kaduna [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir El-Rufai,]] da tsohon gwamnan Jihar Anambra Peter Obi wanda ke daidaitawa tun Maris 2025 don karɓar jam'iyyar da ke akwai a matsayin abin hawa mai haɗin kai a kan [[Bola Tinubu|Shugaba Bola Tinubu]] da All Progressives Congress, maimakon neman sabon rajistar jam'iyya kafin zaben 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=ADC: Nigeria's Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi join forces against Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2470d7x40o |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2025, Atiku, Obi, da tsohon ministan [[Rotimi Amaechi]] sun yi alkawarin tallafawa duk wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na ADC, kodayake tashin hankali game da jagorancin jam'iyyar ya ci gaba, gami da zarge-zarge daga dan takarar ADC na 2023 Dumebi Kachikwu cewa canjin shugabanci ya fi son burin Atiku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=Nigeria’s opposition leaders form alliance in effort to unseat the ruling party in 2027 |url=https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-tinubu-opposition-election-atiku-obi-195d7b770e3b1219369d2ac616fbceb6 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> === Jadawalin Zaben duka Kasa na INEC === A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] ta ba da sanarwar Zabe, wanda ke nuna farkon tsarin zaɓe na 2027, daidai da Dokar Zabe ta 2026 da ake buƙata na akalla sanarwa ta kwanaki 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogba |first=Onyekachi |date=2026-02-13 |title=Independent National Electoral Commission Announces Schedule for 2027 General Elections |url=https://naltf.gov.ng/independent-national-electoral-commission-announces-schedule-for-2027-general-elections/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=NALTF |language=en-US}}</ref> INEC da farko ta shirya ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2027 don zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki da kuma 6 ga Maris 2027 don gwamna da zaben majalisar dokoki na jihar, a karkashin dokar zabe ta 2022 da aka soke yanzu. Bayan aiwatar da Dokar Zabe ta 2026, wanda Shugaba Tinubu ya sanya hannu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2026, INEC ta sake fasalin jadawalin, ta tura zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki zuwa 16 ga Janairu 2027 da kuma zaben gwamna da majalisar jiha zuwa 6 ga Fabrairun 2027. A karkashin jadawalin da aka sake sabuntawa, za a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani tsakanin 23 ga Afrilu da 30 ga Mayu 2026, tare da siffofin gabatarwa ga 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da Majalisar Dokoki da aka gabatar tsakanin 27 ga Yuni da 11 ga Yuli 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo |first=Kafilat |date=2026-05-13 |title=INEC Unveils Party Primary Timetable Ahead of 2027 Elections - Nigerian Democratic Report |url=https://www.ndr.org.ng/inec-unveils-party-primary-timetable-ahead-of-2027-elections/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Election Calendar - Independent National Electoral Commission |url=https://inecnigeria.org/elections/calendar |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=inecnigeria.org}}</ref> An shirya kamfen don zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa daga 19 ga Agusta 2026 zuwa 15 ga Janairu 2027, yayin da aka shirya kamfen na gwamna da majalisa na jihohi don 9 ga Satumba 2026 zuwa 5 ga Fabrairu 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oludiran |first=Olusola |date=2026-09-11 |title=2027 Elections: Campaigns Go Full Swing Nationwide - Nigerian Democratic Report |url=https://www.ndr.org.ng/2027-elections-campaigns-go-full-swing-nationwide/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] ta amfani da tsarin gyare-gyare na zagaye biyu tare da har zuwa zagaye uku. Don a zabe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne dan takara ya sami kuri'u da yawa kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri'un a akalla 24 daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi 36]] da [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]]. Idan babu dan takara da ya wuce wannan ƙofar, za a gudanar da zagaye na biyu tsakanin babban dan takara kuma dan takara na gaba da ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a cikin mafi yawan jihohi. A zagaye na biyu, dan takara har yanzu dole ne ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri'un a akalla 24 daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi 36]] da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] da za a zaba. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya wuce wannan ƙofar, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake buƙatar mafi yawan kuri'un da za a zaba. Ana zabar mambobi 109 na Majalisar Dattijai daga mazabu 109 guda ɗaya (uku a kowace jiha da ɗaya don Babban Birnin Tarayya) ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/page/about-the-senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216064208/https://nass.gov.ng/page/about-the-senate |archive-date=2018-02-16 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=National Assembly}}</ref> Ana kuma zabar mambobi 360 na Majalisar Wakilai ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta farko a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: NIGERIA (House of Representatives), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2363_B.htm |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Za a yi amfani da tsarin amincewar masu jefa kuri'a na Bimodal don tsarin gudanar da sakamakon zabe. === Samun cancanta (shugabancin) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a matsayin shugaban kasa ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla talatin da biyar, dole ne mutum ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta haihuwa, dole ne ya zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa. Mutumin da ya cika cancantar da ke sama har yanzu an hana shi daga rike mukamin shugaban kasa idan: sun sami 'yancin zama na wata ƙasa banda Najeriya (sai dai a irin waɗannan lokuta da [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] ta tsara ko kuma an yi musu sanarwa ta amincewa da irin wannan wata doka ko kuma an yanke musu hukunci a duk wata doka ta tarayya; an zabe su a matsayin masu laifi a kowane bangare na Najeriya, an gabatar da su a matsayin mahaukaci ko kuma an bayyana su a ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa na kowane bangare, an yanke musu shari'a a kowane bangaren gudanarwa na tarayya an gabatar da ita a duk wata shari'a ta hanyar shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic qualifications for elections in Nigeria |url=https://www.stears.co/article/basic-qualifications-for-elections-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.stears.co}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 |url=https://nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/constitution.pdf |website=nigeriarights.gov.ng}}</ref> Babu iyakar shekaru ga 'yan takara; kodayake, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, majalisar wakilai ta amince da lissafin da ke ba da shawarar shekaru 60 a matsayin iyakar shekaru don' yan takarar shugaban kasa da gwamna don karatu na biyu. Tsohon shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya cancanci yin takara a shekarar 2027 a karkashin kowace jam'iyyar siyasa da aka zaba, tunda ya kasance zababben shugaban kasa na wa'adi daya kawai. Tsohon shugaban kasar Olusegun Obasanjo bai cancanci a zabe shi a karo na uku ba, saboda sashi na 135 na kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ya hana kowa zama shugaban kasa fiye da sau biyu. === Samun cancanta (Majalisar Kasa) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a majalisar dattijai da gidan wakilai ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru talatin da biyar da shekaru ashirin da biyar bi da bi, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref name=":0" /> === Samun cancanta (Gwamnati) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama na gwamnan jihar ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru talatin da biyar, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref name=":0" /> === Samun cancanta (Majalisar Jiha) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a gidan majalisa na jihar ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru ashirin da biyar, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 Updated with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Alterations (2010), 4th Alteration (2017) and 5th Alteration (2023) |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig164561.pdf |website=faolex.fao.org}}</ref> == 'Yan takarar shugaban ƙasa == INEC ta fitar da adadin 'yan takarar da za su tsaya takarar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2027 a hukumance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akhimien |first=Nosakhale |date=2026-09-12 |title=INEC Publishes Final List Of Presidential Candidates For 2027 Election [FULL LIST] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/09/12/inec-publishes-final-list-of-presidential-candidates-for-2027-election/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan takara 18 daga jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban ne za su fafata a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2027 mai zuwa, wanda hakan ya sanya zaɓen ya kasance mai matuƙar gasa. Jerin 'yan takarar ya ƙunshi mata biyu da su ma ke neman kujerar shugaban ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> <!-- ************************** ***Potential candidates must have at least TWO separate references from reliable sources from the past six months. ***Sources should provide substantive discussion of individuals, not a "kitchen sink" listing or "name-dropping" of numerous people. ***Per [[WP:NEWSWEEK]], there is no consensus if Newsweek is a reliable source, and the current consensus is to evaluate Newsweek content on a case-by-case basis ***The unreliable sources listed at [[WP:TRUMPRS]] should not be used to support a candidate. ***If a candidate is added by [[WP:GAMING]] the system, the listing will be removed. *******************************--> {{Gallery | title = 'Yan takarar da INEC ta sanar{{Efn|Mutanen da aka jera a ƙasa an ambaci sunayensu a matsayin waɗanda za su iya tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a 2027 aƙalla a kafafen yaɗa labarai biyu masu inganci cikin watanni shida da suka gabata.|name=CandidateNote}} | align = center | footer = | style = | state = | mode = nolines | height = 160 | width = 160 | captionstyle = |Chibuike Amaechi (cropped).jpg|{{center|Tsohon Ministan Sufuri<br /> '''Rotimi Amaechi'''<br /> daga Jihar Rivers<br />(2015–2019; 2019–2022)}} |||Peter Obi.png|{{center|Tsohon Gwamna<br /> '''Peter Obi'''<br /> na Jihar Anambra<br />(2006, 2007–2014)}} |Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|{{center|Shugaban ƙasa<br /> '''Bola Tinubu'''<br /> daga Jihar Lagos<br />(2023–yanzu)}} |Oluseyi Makinde (3x4 crop).png|{{center|Gwamnan Jihar Oyo na yanzu<br /> '''Seyi Makinde'''<br /> daga Jihar Oyo<br />(2019–yanzu)}} |Rabiu Kwankwaso.jpg|{{center|Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano<br /> '''Rabiu Kwankwaso'''<br /> daga Jihar Kano<br />(1999–2003)}}}}<gallery mode="nolines" widths="160" heights="160"> File:Omoyele Sowore (29682338514).jpg|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar African Action Congress, Sahara Reporters <br />'''Omoyele Sowore'''<br /> daga Jihar Ondo </gallery> ===Rotimi Amaechi=== Rotimi Amaechi ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Rivers daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2015, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri daga 2015 zuwa 2022. A baya ya tsaya takarar neman tikitin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress na shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2023, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Shugaba Bola Tinubu. Jaridar Guardian ta ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda za su iya tsayawa takara, <ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=2027: Coalition considers Amaechi/el-Rufai ticket amid doubts over Obi |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/2027-coalition-considers-amaechi-el-rufai-ticket-amid-doubts-over-obi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma News Central TV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyiga |first=Abisoye |date=2025-06-03 |title=Coalition Explores Amaechi/El-Rufai for 2027, Citing Concerns Over Obi |url=https://newscentral.africa/coalition-explores-amaechi-el-rufai-for-2027-citing-concerns-over-obi/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>, sai dai a yanzu shi ne abokin takarar Atiku Abubakar.<ref>https://inecnigeria.org/documents/press/2027%20PRESIDENTIAL%20FINAL%20LIST.pdf</ref> === Rabiu Kwankwaso === Rabiu Kwankwaso ya taba zama gwamnan Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003 da kuma daga 2011 zuwa 2015. Bayan ya rasa zaɓen sake komawa kan kujerar gwamna a shekarar 2003, an naɗa shi Ministan Tsaro na Jamhuriya ta Hudu daga 2003 zuwa 2007, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Daga baya aka zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 2015, inda ya yi wa'adi guda a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), yana wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya. Ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party, inda ya samu kashi 6.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Wata ganawa da ya yi da Rauf Aregbesola a shekarar 2025 ta haifar da tattaunawar ƙulla kawance, kamar yadda Business Day ta ruwaito,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iniobong |first=Iwok |date=2025-02-08 |title=Aregbesola, Kwankwaso Lagos meeting sparks 2027 alliance talk |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/aregbesola-kwankwaso-to-form-alliances-ahead-2027/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma ThisDayLive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okocha |first=Chuks |title=Kwankwaso, Aregbesola Hold ‘Strategic Meeting’ in Lagos Ahead of 2027 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/02/09/kwankwaso-aregbesola-hold-strategic-meeting-in-lagos-ahead-of-2027/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Peter Obi === Peter Obi ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Anambra daga 17 ga Maris 2006 zuwa 3 ga Nuwamba 2006, lokacin da aka tsige shi. An mayar da shi kan kujerarsa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2007 kuma ya ci gaba da wa'adinsa har zuwa 2010. An sake zaɓarsa a wa'adinsa na biyu har zuwa 7 ga Maris 2014. Ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar Labour Party tun daga shekarar 2022, kuma ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na 2023. Jaridar The Punch ta ruwaito cewa ya ce mai yiwuwa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa ba bayan zaɓen 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folorunsho-Francis |first=Adebayo |date=2025-05-24 |title=I may not contest again after 2027, says Obi |url=https://punchng.com/i-may-not-contest-again-after-2027-says-obi/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma ruwaito cewa ya ce yana cikin ƙungiyar kawance domin zaɓen, kamar yadda Vanguard ta ruwaito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2025-05-20 |title=2027: Why I’m in coalition — Peter Obi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/2027-why-im-in-coalition-peter-obi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Bola Tinubu=== Bola Tinubu ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda yake riƙe da matsayin shugaban ƙasa na 16 kuma shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na yanzu tun daga shekarar 2023. A baya ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Lagos daga 1999 zuwa 2007, sannan sanata mai wakiltar Lagos West a Jamhuriya ta Uku. Ƙungiyar Arewa Consultative Forum ta zarge shi da bai wa zaɓen 2027 fifiko fiye da batutuwan ƙasa. Channels TV ce ta ruwaito hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anichukwueze |first=Donatus |date=2025-06-07 |title=ACF Criticises Tinubu For Prioritising 2027 Campaign Over National Issues |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/07/acf-criticises-tinubu-for-prioritising-2027-campaign-over-national-issues/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> Tribune Online ta ruwaito cewa wata ƙungiyar mata ta nuna goyon baya ga Shugaba Tinubu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arogbonlo |first=Israel |date=2025-06-08 |title=2027: Women group endorses Tinubu for second term |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2027-women-group-endorses-tinubu-for-second-term/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Vanguard ma ta ambaci takararsa,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2025-06-07 |title=2027: We'll support Tinubu, as we now understand his message of hope - S/East group |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/07/2027-well-support-tinubu-as-we-now-understand-his-message-of-hope-s-east-group/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> da The Punch,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Obianeri |first=Ikenna |date=2025-06-07 |title=2027: S’East group urges Ndigbo to back Tinubu’s re-election |url=https://punchng.com/2025/06/07/2027-seast-group-urges-ndigbo-to-back-tinubus-re-election/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da The Nation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-08 |title=2027: 1,000 PDP youth groups declare support for Tinubu, hail Wike as party’s greatest asset |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2027-1000-pdp-youth-groups-declare-support-for-tinubu-hail-wike-as-partys-greatest-asset/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai. ===Omoyele Sowore=== Omoyele Sowore ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ɗan jaridar ƙasa, marubuci, malami kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya, wanda aka fi sani da kafa kamfanin dillancin labarai na yanar gizo Sahara Reporters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spiegel |first=Brendan |date=19 November 2011 |title=From Safety of New York, Reporting on a Distant Homeland |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/nyregion/from-safety-of-new-york-reporting-on-a-distant-homeland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015619/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/nyregion/from-safety-of-new-york-reporting-on-a-distant-homeland.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=Omoyele Sowore, Fully Loaded By Lynda Tilley |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/03/24/omoyele-sowore-fully-loaded-lynda-tilley |location=New York City, United States|newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya kafa jam'iyyar African Action Congress kuma ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a madadinta a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019. Sowore ya kuma tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omoyele Sowore |url=https://greeninstitute.ng/omoyele-sowore |access-date=27 August 2026 |website=THE GREEN INSTITUTE |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2018, Sowore ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/saharareporters-publisher-to-contest-against-buhari-in-2019-id8034415.html|title=SaharaReporters publisher to contest against Buhari in 2019|last=Bada|first=Gbenga|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132750/http://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/saharareporters-publisher-to-contest-against-buhari-in-2019-id8034415.html|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya kafa wata jam'iyyar siyasa, African Action Congress (AAC), wadda zai tsaya mata takara a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/n100-000-for-corps-members-monthly-omoyele-sowore-id8743495.html|title=N100,000 for corps members monthly- Omoyele Sowore|last=Ebuzor|first=Chika|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113255/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/n100-000-for-corps-members-monthly-omoyele-sowore-id8743495.html|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2018, bayan nasarar zaɓen fidda gwani a babban taron ƙasa na AAC, Omoyele Sowore ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ba tare da hamayya ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/288895-2019-sowore-emerges-aac-presidential-candidate.html|title=2019: Sowore emerges AAC presidential candidate|date=7 October 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930200110/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/288895-2019-sowore-emerges-aac-presidential-candidate.html|archive-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Bayan ya zagaya jihohi da dama a Najeriya, inda ya ziyarci manyan mutane kamar Sarkin Kano da Wole Soyinka, Sowore ya fara rangadin neman tallafin kuɗi a faɗin duniya, ciki har da Australia, Amurka da Birtaniya. Ya kasance a Luton, Ingila, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2018. Sowore ya kuma tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 2023 a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyarsa (AAC), inda ya samu ƙuri'u 14,608, zaɓen da ya bayyana a matsayin "zaɓen zaɓi" (selection).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP-dXS7zPbE |title=[ LIVE ] INEC Chairman Declares 2023 Presidential Election Winner |date=2023-02-28 |last=TVC News Nigeria |access-date=2026-09-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> === Seyi Makinde === Seyi Makinde ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Oyo tun daga shekarar 2019<ref>{{Cite news |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2022-04-07 |title=Makinde declares second term bid, lists achievements |url=https://punchng.com/makinde-declares-second-term-bid-lists-achievements/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref>, bayan an zaɓe shi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) a zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Oyo na 2019. An sake zaɓarsa a wa'adinsa na biyu a zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Oyo na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-03-19 |title=Nigeria Decides: Makinde Re-elected As Oyo Governor |url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-decides-makinde-re-elected-as-oyo-governor/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin shiga zaɓaɓɓen mukami, Makinde ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, kuma ya kafa Makon Engineering and Technical Services, wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Makon Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olusegun |first=Adeeko |date=2023-12-20 |title=ICONS: Seyi Makinde (Governor of Oyo State) |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icons-seyi-makinde-governor-of-oyo-state/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2026, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egobiambu |first=Emmanuel |date=2026-05-14 |title=UPDATED: Makinde Declares For 2027 Presidency |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/05/14/makinde-declares-for-2027-presidency/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> Ya sanar da takararsa ne a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Allied Peoples Movement (APM).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Ripples |date=2026-07-13 |title=2027: Gov Makinde picks running mate for presidency race |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/2027-gov-makinde-picks-running-mate-for-presidency-race/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Latest Nigeria News {{!}} Top Stories from Ripples Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na APM a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar da aka gudanar a Ibadan a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adegbite |first=Ademola |date=2026-05-30 |title=Makinde emerges APM presidential candidate |url=https://punchng.com/makinde-emerges-apm-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya INEC ta saka Makinde da abokin takararsa a cikin jerin sunayen ƙarshe na 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa na babban zaɓen 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oyelakin |first=Saheed |date=2026-08-02 |title=FULL LIST: Names, credentials of 2027 presidential candidates released by INEC |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-names-credentials-of-2027-presidential-candidates-released-by-inec/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Rufai Adekunle Omo-Aje === Rufai Adekunle Omo-Aje shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Action Alliance (AA) a babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Alliance (AA) - Registered Political Party {{!}} INEC Nigeria |url=https://inecnigeria.org/parties/action-alliance-aa |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=inecnigeria.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-09-13 |title=2027 Presidential race officially begins as INEC releases contenders' list |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/2027-presidential-race-officially-begins-as-inec-releases-contenders-list/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US|first=Admin}}</ref> Shi ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa daga Ede, Jihar Osun. Omo-Aje shi ne shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Action Alliance (AA), wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin shugaba mai "hangen nesa na Najeriya da dole ta yi wa kowa aiki."<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2026-08-01 |title=Ede-Born Businessman, Rufai Omo-Aje To Fly Action Alliance Flag In 2027 Presidential Polls |url=https://www.newnigeriannewspapers.ng/ede-born-businessman-rufai-omo-aje-to-fly-action-alliance-flag-in-2027-presidential-polls/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=New Nigerian Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance cikin jagorancin jam'iyyar Action Alliance tun daga shekarar 2020, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a lokacin babban zaɓen 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-07 |title=Elections : Action Alliance Threatens To Protest Over Exclusion Of Its Candidates|url=https://nannews.ng/elections-action-alliance-threatens-to-protest-over-exclusion-of-its-candidates/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[News Agency of Nigeria]]}}</ref> === Donald Duke === Donald Duke ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar People's Redemption Party (PRP). A baya ya kasance gwamnan Cross River daga 1999 zuwa 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigeria Needs Competence, Not Political Loyalty, Declares Ex-Cross River Gov, Duke|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/08/27/nigeria-needs-competence-not-political-loyalty-declares-ex-cross-river-gov-duke/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pnn5l72gxbw9m2ulmr2x22xmk3t1k9z 963265 963264 2026-10-05T06:25:16Z Gwanki 3834 /* 'Yan takarar shugaban ƙasa */ 963265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Za a gudanar da babban zaɓe a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2027, domin zaɓar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Ƙasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa]], da kuma ’yan [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|Majalisar Wakilai]]. Za a gudanar da zaɓen gwamnoni jihohi da ’yan majalisun dokokin jihohi a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2027.[1] Shugaban Ƙasa mai ci, [[Bola Tinubu]], ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman wa’adi na biyu a ƙarƙashin [[All Progressives Congress|Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]].[2] Za a gudanar da zaɓen ne bisa tanadin Dokar Zaɓe ta 2026.[3] An ɗage dokar hana kamfen tun daga ranar Laraba, 19 ga Agusta, 2026,[4] gabanin zaɓen, kuma tuni jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban suka fara kamfen ɗinsu.[5][6] == Tarihi == A karkashin Sashe na 135 na [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999]], shugaban kasa yana aiki na shekaru hudu kuma dole ne ya bar mukamin shekaru hudu bayan ya rantsar da shi, tare da sake zabar da aka ba da izini don ƙarin wa'adi ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-26 |title=Chapter 6, Section 135 - Tenure of office of President |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-6-part-1-section-135-tenure-of-office-of-president/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sashe na 132 ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa ba kafin kwanaki 60 ba kuma ba bayan kwanaki 30 ba kafin cikar wa'adin mai mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-26 |title=Chapter 6, Section 132 - Election of the President: general |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-6-part-1-section-132-election-of-the-president-general/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kuma tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da [[Bola Tinubu]] a ranar 29 ga Mayu [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|2023]], bayan ya lashe [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|Babban zaben Najeriya]] na 2023, wa'adinsa na farko ya ƙare a watan Mayu 2027, yana buƙatar babban zaben na gaba. Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai suna aiki a kan wannan zagaye na shekaru huɗu a karkashin Sashe na 64 da 76 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki , ma'ana ana gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa a lokaci guda tare da zaben shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-20 |title=Chapter 5, Section 64 - Dissolution and issue of proclamations by president |url=https://nigerian-constitution.com/chapter-5-part-1-section-64-dissolution-and-issue-of-proclamations-by-president/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2025, an sake kafa shugabancin jam'iyyar African Democratic Congress bayan murabus din Ralph Okey Nwosu a matsayin shugabanta, tare da Kwamitin Zartarwa na kasa na jam'iyyar da ya sanya tsohon shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark a matsayin shugaban kasa na wucin gadi da [[Rauf Aregbesola]], tsohon Ministan Cikin Gida, a matsayin sakataren kasa na wutan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oota |first=Andrew |date=2026-04-05 |title=ADC crisis: Nwosu explains why party picked Mark, Aregbesola as leaders |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/adc-crisis-nwosu-explains-why-party-picked-mark-aregbesola-as-leaders/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan yunkuri ya tsara watanni na tattaunawa tsakanin 'yan adawa ciki har da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Atiku Abubakar]], tsohon gwamnan jihar Kaduna [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir El-Rufai,]] da tsohon gwamnan Jihar Anambra Peter Obi wanda ke daidaitawa tun Maris 2025 don karɓar jam'iyyar da ke akwai a matsayin abin hawa mai haɗin kai a kan [[Bola Tinubu|Shugaba Bola Tinubu]] da All Progressives Congress, maimakon neman sabon rajistar jam'iyya kafin zaben 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=ADC: Nigeria's Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi join forces against Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2470d7x40o |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2025, Atiku, Obi, da tsohon ministan [[Rotimi Amaechi]] sun yi alkawarin tallafawa duk wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na ADC, kodayake tashin hankali game da jagorancin jam'iyyar ya ci gaba, gami da zarge-zarge daga dan takarar ADC na 2023 Dumebi Kachikwu cewa canjin shugabanci ya fi son burin Atiku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=Nigeria’s opposition leaders form alliance in effort to unseat the ruling party in 2027 |url=https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-tinubu-opposition-election-atiku-obi-195d7b770e3b1219369d2ac616fbceb6 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> === Jadawalin Zaben duka Kasa na INEC === A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] ta ba da sanarwar Zabe, wanda ke nuna farkon tsarin zaɓe na 2027, daidai da Dokar Zabe ta 2026 da ake buƙata na akalla sanarwa ta kwanaki 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogba |first=Onyekachi |date=2026-02-13 |title=Independent National Electoral Commission Announces Schedule for 2027 General Elections |url=https://naltf.gov.ng/independent-national-electoral-commission-announces-schedule-for-2027-general-elections/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=NALTF |language=en-US}}</ref> INEC da farko ta shirya ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2027 don zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki da kuma 6 ga Maris 2027 don gwamna da zaben majalisar dokoki na jihar, a karkashin dokar zabe ta 2022 da aka soke yanzu. Bayan aiwatar da Dokar Zabe ta 2026, wanda Shugaba Tinubu ya sanya hannu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2026, INEC ta sake fasalin jadawalin, ta tura zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki zuwa 16 ga Janairu 2027 da kuma zaben gwamna da majalisar jiha zuwa 6 ga Fabrairun 2027. A karkashin jadawalin da aka sake sabuntawa, za a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani tsakanin 23 ga Afrilu da 30 ga Mayu 2026, tare da siffofin gabatarwa ga 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da Majalisar Dokoki da aka gabatar tsakanin 27 ga Yuni da 11 ga Yuli 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo |first=Kafilat |date=2026-05-13 |title=INEC Unveils Party Primary Timetable Ahead of 2027 Elections - Nigerian Democratic Report |url=https://www.ndr.org.ng/inec-unveils-party-primary-timetable-ahead-of-2027-elections/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Election Calendar - Independent National Electoral Commission |url=https://inecnigeria.org/elections/calendar |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=inecnigeria.org}}</ref> An shirya kamfen don zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa daga 19 ga Agusta 2026 zuwa 15 ga Janairu 2027, yayin da aka shirya kamfen na gwamna da majalisa na jihohi don 9 ga Satumba 2026 zuwa 5 ga Fabrairu 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oludiran |first=Olusola |date=2026-09-11 |title=2027 Elections: Campaigns Go Full Swing Nationwide - Nigerian Democratic Report |url=https://www.ndr.org.ng/2027-elections-campaigns-go-full-swing-nationwide/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] ta amfani da tsarin gyare-gyare na zagaye biyu tare da har zuwa zagaye uku. Don a zabe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne dan takara ya sami kuri'u da yawa kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri'un a akalla 24 daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi 36]] da [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]]. Idan babu dan takara da ya wuce wannan ƙofar, za a gudanar da zagaye na biyu tsakanin babban dan takara kuma dan takara na gaba da ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a cikin mafi yawan jihohi. A zagaye na biyu, dan takara har yanzu dole ne ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u kuma sama da kashi 25% na kuri'un a akalla 24 daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi 36]] da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] da za a zaba. Idan babu wani dan takara da ya wuce wannan ƙofar, za a gudanar da zagaye na uku inda ake buƙatar mafi yawan kuri'un da za a zaba. Ana zabar mambobi 109 na Majalisar Dattijai daga mazabu 109 guda ɗaya (uku a kowace jiha da ɗaya don Babban Birnin Tarayya) ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/page/about-the-senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216064208/https://nass.gov.ng/page/about-the-senate |archive-date=2018-02-16 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=National Assembly}}</ref> Ana kuma zabar mambobi 360 na Majalisar Wakilai ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta farko a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: NIGERIA (House of Representatives), Electoral system |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2363_B.htm |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Za a yi amfani da tsarin amincewar masu jefa kuri'a na Bimodal don tsarin gudanar da sakamakon zabe. === Samun cancanta (shugabancin) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a matsayin shugaban kasa ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla talatin da biyar, dole ne mutum ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta haihuwa, dole ne ya zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa. Mutumin da ya cika cancantar da ke sama har yanzu an hana shi daga rike mukamin shugaban kasa idan: sun sami 'yancin zama na wata ƙasa banda Najeriya (sai dai a irin waɗannan lokuta da [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] ta tsara ko kuma an yi musu sanarwa ta amincewa da irin wannan wata doka ko kuma an yanke musu hukunci a duk wata doka ta tarayya; an zabe su a matsayin masu laifi a kowane bangare na Najeriya, an gabatar da su a matsayin mahaukaci ko kuma an bayyana su a ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa na kowane bangare, an yanke musu shari'a a kowane bangaren gudanarwa na tarayya an gabatar da ita a duk wata shari'a ta hanyar shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic qualifications for elections in Nigeria |url=https://www.stears.co/article/basic-qualifications-for-elections-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.stears.co}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 |url=https://nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/constitution.pdf |website=nigeriarights.gov.ng}}</ref> Babu iyakar shekaru ga 'yan takara; kodayake, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, majalisar wakilai ta amince da lissafin da ke ba da shawarar shekaru 60 a matsayin iyakar shekaru don' yan takarar shugaban kasa da gwamna don karatu na biyu. Tsohon shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya cancanci yin takara a shekarar 2027 a karkashin kowace jam'iyyar siyasa da aka zaba, tunda ya kasance zababben shugaban kasa na wa'adi daya kawai. Tsohon shugaban kasar Olusegun Obasanjo bai cancanci a zabe shi a karo na uku ba, saboda sashi na 135 na kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ya hana kowa zama shugaban kasa fiye da sau biyu. === Samun cancanta (Majalisar Kasa) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a majalisar dattijai da gidan wakilai ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru talatin da biyar da shekaru ashirin da biyar bi da bi, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref name=":0" /> === Samun cancanta (Gwamnati) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama na gwamnan jihar ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru talatin da biyar, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref name=":0" /> === Samun cancanta (Majalisar Jiha) === Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya]] ya iyakance zama a gidan majalisa na jihar ga mutanen da ke da aƙalla shekaru ashirin da biyar, mutumin dole ne ya zama ɗan ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa, dole ne ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa kuma wannan jam'iyyar ta tallafawa kuma dole ne ya sami ilimi har zuwa aƙalla matakin Takardar shaidar Makaranta ko kwatankwacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 Updated with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Alterations (2010), 4th Alteration (2017) and 5th Alteration (2023) |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig164561.pdf |website=faolex.fao.org}}</ref> == 'Yan takarar shugaban ƙasa == INEC ta fitar da adadin 'yan takarar da za su tsaya takarar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2027 a hukumance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akhimien |first=Nosakhale |date=2026-09-12 |title=INEC Publishes Final List Of Presidential Candidates For 2027 Election [FULL LIST] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/09/12/inec-publishes-final-list-of-presidential-candidates-for-2027-election/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan takara 18 daga jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban ne za su fafata a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2027 mai zuwa, wanda hakan ya sanya zaɓen ya kasance mai matuƙar gasa. Jerin 'yan takarar ya ƙunshi mata biyu da su ma ke neman kujerar shugaban ƙasa.<ref name=":1" /> <!-- ************************** ***Potential candidates must have at least TWO separate references from reliable sources from the past six months. ***Sources should provide substantive discussion of individuals, not a "kitchen sink" listing or "name-dropping" of numerous people. ***Per [[WP:NEWSWEEK]], there is no consensus if Newsweek is a reliable source, and the current consensus is to evaluate Newsweek content on a case-by-case basis ***The unreliable sources listed at [[WP:TRUMPRS]] should not be used to support a candidate. ***If a candidate is added by [[WP:GAMING]] the system, the listing will be removed. *******************************--> <gallery mode="nolines" widths="160" heights="160"> File:Chibuike Amaechi (cropped).jpg|Tsohon Ministan Sufuri<br />'''Rotimi Amaechi'''<br />daga Jihar Rivers<br />(2015–2019; 2019–2022) File:Peter Obi.png|Tsohon Gwamna<br />'''Peter Obi'''<br />na Jihar Anambra<br />(2006, 2007–2014) File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|Shugaban ƙasa<br />'''Bola Tinubu'''<br />daga Jihar Lagos<br />(2023–yanzu) File:Oluseyi Makinde (3x4 crop).png|Gwamnan Jihar Oyo na yanzu<br />'''Seyi Makinde'''<br />daga Jihar Oyo<br />(2019–yanzu) File:Rabiu Kwankwaso.jpg|Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano<br />'''Rabiu Kwankwaso'''<br />daga Jihar Kano<br />(1999–2003) File:Omoyele Sowore (29682338514).jpg|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar African Action Congress da Sahara Reporters<br />'''Omoyele Sowore'''<br />daga Jihar Ondo </gallery> ===Rotimi Amaechi=== Rotimi Amaechi ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Rivers daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2015, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri daga 2015 zuwa 2022. A baya ya tsaya takarar neman tikitin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress na shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2023, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Shugaba Bola Tinubu. Jaridar Guardian ta ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda za su iya tsayawa takara, <ref>{{Cite news |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=2027: Coalition considers Amaechi/el-Rufai ticket amid doubts over Obi |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/2027-coalition-considers-amaechi-el-rufai-ticket-amid-doubts-over-obi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma News Central TV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyiga |first=Abisoye |date=2025-06-03 |title=Coalition Explores Amaechi/El-Rufai for 2027, Citing Concerns Over Obi |url=https://newscentral.africa/coalition-explores-amaechi-el-rufai-for-2027-citing-concerns-over-obi/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>, sai dai a yanzu shi ne abokin takarar Atiku Abubakar.<ref>https://inecnigeria.org/documents/press/2027%20PRESIDENTIAL%20FINAL%20LIST.pdf</ref> === Rabiu Kwankwaso === Rabiu Kwankwaso ya taba zama gwamnan Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003 da kuma daga 2011 zuwa 2015. Bayan ya rasa zaɓen sake komawa kan kujerar gwamna a shekarar 2003, an naɗa shi Ministan Tsaro na Jamhuriya ta Hudu daga 2003 zuwa 2007, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Daga baya aka zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 2015, inda ya yi wa'adi guda a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), yana wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya. Ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar New Nigeria People's Party, inda ya samu kashi 6.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Wata ganawa da ya yi da Rauf Aregbesola a shekarar 2025 ta haifar da tattaunawar ƙulla kawance, kamar yadda Business Day ta ruwaito,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iniobong |first=Iwok |date=2025-02-08 |title=Aregbesola, Kwankwaso Lagos meeting sparks 2027 alliance talk |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/aregbesola-kwankwaso-to-form-alliances-ahead-2027/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma ThisDayLive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okocha |first=Chuks |title=Kwankwaso, Aregbesola Hold ‘Strategic Meeting’ in Lagos Ahead of 2027 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/02/09/kwankwaso-aregbesola-hold-strategic-meeting-in-lagos-ahead-of-2027/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Peter Obi === Peter Obi ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Anambra daga 17 ga Maris 2006 zuwa 3 ga Nuwamba 2006, lokacin da aka tsige shi. An mayar da shi kan kujerarsa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2007 kuma ya ci gaba da wa'adinsa har zuwa 2010. An sake zaɓarsa a wa'adinsa na biyu har zuwa 7 ga Maris 2014. Ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar Labour Party tun daga shekarar 2022, kuma ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na 2023. Jaridar The Punch ta ruwaito cewa ya ce mai yiwuwa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa ba bayan zaɓen 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folorunsho-Francis |first=Adebayo |date=2025-05-24 |title=I may not contest again after 2027, says Obi |url=https://punchng.com/i-may-not-contest-again-after-2027-says-obi/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma ruwaito cewa ya ce yana cikin ƙungiyar kawance domin zaɓen, kamar yadda Vanguard ta ruwaito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2025-05-20 |title=2027: Why I’m in coalition — Peter Obi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/2027-why-im-in-coalition-peter-obi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Bola Tinubu=== Bola Tinubu ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda yake riƙe da matsayin shugaban ƙasa na 16 kuma shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na yanzu tun daga shekarar 2023. A baya ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Lagos daga 1999 zuwa 2007, sannan sanata mai wakiltar Lagos West a Jamhuriya ta Uku. Ƙungiyar Arewa Consultative Forum ta zarge shi da bai wa zaɓen 2027 fifiko fiye da batutuwan ƙasa. Channels TV ce ta ruwaito hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anichukwueze |first=Donatus |date=2025-06-07 |title=ACF Criticises Tinubu For Prioritising 2027 Campaign Over National Issues |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/07/acf-criticises-tinubu-for-prioritising-2027-campaign-over-national-issues/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> Tribune Online ta ruwaito cewa wata ƙungiyar mata ta nuna goyon baya ga Shugaba Tinubu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arogbonlo |first=Israel |date=2025-06-08 |title=2027: Women group endorses Tinubu for second term |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2027-women-group-endorses-tinubu-for-second-term/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Vanguard ma ta ambaci takararsa,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2025-06-07 |title=2027: We'll support Tinubu, as we now understand his message of hope - S/East group |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/07/2027-well-support-tinubu-as-we-now-understand-his-message-of-hope-s-east-group/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> da The Punch,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Obianeri |first=Ikenna |date=2025-06-07 |title=2027: S’East group urges Ndigbo to back Tinubu’s re-election |url=https://punchng.com/2025/06/07/2027-seast-group-urges-ndigbo-to-back-tinubus-re-election/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da The Nation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-08 |title=2027: 1,000 PDP youth groups declare support for Tinubu, hail Wike as party’s greatest asset |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2027-1000-pdp-youth-groups-declare-support-for-tinubu-hail-wike-as-partys-greatest-asset/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> da wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai. ===Omoyele Sowore=== Omoyele Sowore ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ɗan jaridar ƙasa, marubuci, malami kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya, wanda aka fi sani da kafa kamfanin dillancin labarai na yanar gizo Sahara Reporters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spiegel |first=Brendan |date=19 November 2011 |title=From Safety of New York, Reporting on a Distant Homeland |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/nyregion/from-safety-of-new-york-reporting-on-a-distant-homeland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015619/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/nyregion/from-safety-of-new-york-reporting-on-a-distant-homeland.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=Omoyele Sowore, Fully Loaded By Lynda Tilley |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/03/24/omoyele-sowore-fully-loaded-lynda-tilley |location=New York City, United States|newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya kafa jam'iyyar African Action Congress kuma ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a madadinta a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019. Sowore ya kuma tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omoyele Sowore |url=https://greeninstitute.ng/omoyele-sowore |access-date=27 August 2026 |website=THE GREEN INSTITUTE |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2018, Sowore ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/saharareporters-publisher-to-contest-against-buhari-in-2019-id8034415.html|title=SaharaReporters publisher to contest against Buhari in 2019|last=Bada|first=Gbenga|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132750/http://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/saharareporters-publisher-to-contest-against-buhari-in-2019-id8034415.html|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya kafa wata jam'iyyar siyasa, African Action Congress (AAC), wadda zai tsaya mata takara a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/n100-000-for-corps-members-monthly-omoyele-sowore-id8743495.html|title=N100,000 for corps members monthly- Omoyele Sowore|last=Ebuzor|first=Chika|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113255/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/n100-000-for-corps-members-monthly-omoyele-sowore-id8743495.html|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2018, bayan nasarar zaɓen fidda gwani a babban taron ƙasa na AAC, Omoyele Sowore ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ba tare da hamayya ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/288895-2019-sowore-emerges-aac-presidential-candidate.html|title=2019: Sowore emerges AAC presidential candidate|date=7 October 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930200110/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/288895-2019-sowore-emerges-aac-presidential-candidate.html|archive-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Bayan ya zagaya jihohi da dama a Najeriya, inda ya ziyarci manyan mutane kamar Sarkin Kano da Wole Soyinka, Sowore ya fara rangadin neman tallafin kuɗi a faɗin duniya, ciki har da Australia, Amurka da Birtaniya. Ya kasance a Luton, Ingila, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2018. Sowore ya kuma tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 2023 a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyarsa (AAC), inda ya samu ƙuri'u 14,608, zaɓen da ya bayyana a matsayin "zaɓen zaɓi" (selection).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP-dXS7zPbE |title=[ LIVE ] INEC Chairman Declares 2023 Presidential Election Winner |date=2023-02-28 |last=TVC News Nigeria |access-date=2026-09-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> === Seyi Makinde === Seyi Makinde ya kasance gwamnan Jihar Oyo tun daga shekarar 2019<ref>{{Cite news |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2022-04-07 |title=Makinde declares second term bid, lists achievements |url=https://punchng.com/makinde-declares-second-term-bid-lists-achievements/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref>, bayan an zaɓe shi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) a zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Oyo na 2019. An sake zaɓarsa a wa'adinsa na biyu a zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Oyo na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-03-19 |title=Nigeria Decides: Makinde Re-elected As Oyo Governor |url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-decides-makinde-re-elected-as-oyo-governor/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin shiga zaɓaɓɓen mukami, Makinde ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, kuma ya kafa Makon Engineering and Technical Services, wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Makon Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olusegun |first=Adeeko |date=2023-12-20 |title=ICONS: Seyi Makinde (Governor of Oyo State) |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icons-seyi-makinde-governor-of-oyo-state/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2026, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egobiambu |first=Emmanuel |date=2026-05-14 |title=UPDATED: Makinde Declares For 2027 Presidency |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/05/14/makinde-declares-for-2027-presidency/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> Ya sanar da takararsa ne a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Allied Peoples Movement (APM).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Ripples |date=2026-07-13 |title=2027: Gov Makinde picks running mate for presidency race |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/2027-gov-makinde-picks-running-mate-for-presidency-race/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Latest Nigeria News {{!}} Top Stories from Ripples Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na APM a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar da aka gudanar a Ibadan a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adegbite |first=Ademola |date=2026-05-30 |title=Makinde emerges APM presidential candidate |url=https://punchng.com/makinde-emerges-apm-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya INEC ta saka Makinde da abokin takararsa a cikin jerin sunayen ƙarshe na 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa na babban zaɓen 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oyelakin |first=Saheed |date=2026-08-02 |title=FULL LIST: Names, credentials of 2027 presidential candidates released by INEC |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-names-credentials-of-2027-presidential-candidates-released-by-inec/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Rufai Adekunle Omo-Aje === Rufai Adekunle Omo-Aje shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Action Alliance (AA) a babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Alliance (AA) - Registered Political Party {{!}} INEC Nigeria |url=https://inecnigeria.org/parties/action-alliance-aa |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=inecnigeria.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2026-09-13 |title=2027 Presidential race officially begins as INEC releases contenders' list |url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/2027-presidential-race-officially-begins-as-inec-releases-contenders-list/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US|first=Admin}}</ref> Shi ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa daga Ede, Jihar Osun. Omo-Aje shi ne shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Action Alliance (AA), wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin shugaba mai "hangen nesa na Najeriya da dole ta yi wa kowa aiki."<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2026-08-01 |title=Ede-Born Businessman, Rufai Omo-Aje To Fly Action Alliance Flag In 2027 Presidential Polls |url=https://www.newnigeriannewspapers.ng/ede-born-businessman-rufai-omo-aje-to-fly-action-alliance-flag-in-2027-presidential-polls/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=New Nigerian Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance cikin jagorancin jam'iyyar Action Alliance tun daga shekarar 2020, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a lokacin babban zaɓen 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-07 |title=Elections : Action Alliance Threatens To Protest Over Exclusion Of Its Candidates|url=https://nannews.ng/elections-action-alliance-threatens-to-protest-over-exclusion-of-its-candidates/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[News Agency of Nigeria]]}}</ref> === Donald Duke === Donald Duke ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar People's Redemption Party (PRP). A baya ya kasance gwamnan Cross River daga 1999 zuwa 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigeria Needs Competence, Not Political Loyalty, Declares Ex-Cross River Gov, Duke|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/08/27/nigeria-needs-competence-not-political-loyalty-declares-ex-cross-river-gov-duke/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1pg2dcb4zn883pdvez3sve6nxe408o6 0 177837 963281 961732 2026-10-05T06:51:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Manchester United]] ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Ingila da ke Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. An kafa ƙungiyar a matsayin Newton Heath LYR Football Club, ƙungiyar aiki ta Lancashire da Yorkshire Railway depot da ke Newton Heath, a shekarar 1878. Kulob din ya rabu da kamfanin jirgin ƙasa a shekarar 1892 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na kusan shekaru 100.&nbsp;shekaru da dama, ta canza sunanta zuwa Manchester United bayan an ceto ta daga fatara a shekarar 1902. Kungiyar ta kasance batun tayin sayen kulob daga hamshakin mai yada labarai Robert Maxwell a shekarar 1984 da kuma dillalin gidaje Michael Knighton a shekarar 1989, kafin a bai wa jama'a damar sayen kulob din a shekarar 1991; sun sake samun tayin sayen kulob din daga kamfanin talabijin na [[Rupert Murdoch]] mallakar British Sky Broadcasting a shekarar 1998 kafin a sanar da hannun jarin Malcolm Glazer a watan Satumba na shekarar 2003. A ƙarshen shekarar 2003, Glazer ya ƙara yawan hannun jarinsa daga kashi 3.17% zuwa kusan kashi 15%, wanda kusan ya ninka sau biyu a shekarar har zuwa Oktoba 2004. Sayen hannun jarinsa na John Magnier da JP McManus na kashi 28.7% a watan Mayun 2005 ya ƙara nasa hannun jari zuwa kusan kashi 57%, wanda ya zarce kashi 30% wanda hakan zai tilasta masa ƙaddamar da tayin mallakar hannun jari. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ya mallaki kashi 75% na hannun jarin ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar cire kamfanin daga kasuwar hannayen jari ta London, kuma cikin wata guda, Glazers sun kwace kashi 98% na mallakar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kamfanin iyayen Red Football, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu rage sauran kashi 2%. Farashin siyan ƙungiyar na ƙarshe ya kai kusan £ 800&nbsp;miliyan. Yawancin jarin da Glazer ya yi amfani da shi wajen siyan Manchester United sun zo ne ta hanyar lamuni, yawancinsu an yi su ne da kadarorin kulob din, wanda hakan ya sa aka biya sama da fam 60.&nbsp;miliyan a kowace shekara. Sauran sun zo ne ta hanyar lamunin PIK (biya ta hanyar lamunin irin wannan), wanda daga baya aka sayar wa asusun ajiyar kuɗi . Manchester United ba ta da alhakin PIKs, waɗanda Red Football Joint Venture ke riƙe da su kuma an tabbatar da su a hannun jarin wannan kamfanin a Red Football (da haka ƙungiyar). Ribar da aka samu a fannin PIK ta karu da kashi 14.25% a kowace shekara. Duk da haka, Glazers ba su biya ko ɗaya daga cikin basussukan PIK ba a cikin shekaru biyar na farko da suka mallaki ƙungiyar. A watan Janairun 2010, kulob din ya yi nasarar samun £500&nbsp;bayar da bashin miliyan, kuma zuwa Maris 2010, PIKs sun kai kusan £207&nbsp;miliyan. Daga ƙarshe an biya PIKs a watan Nuwamba na 2010 ta hanyar da ba a fayyace ba. A watan Agusta na 2012, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin kuɗi, Glazers sun sayar da hannun jari da dama a Manchester United a cikin tayin farko na jama'a (IPO) a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York (NYSE). Wasu magoya bayan Manchester United sun yi adawa da karɓar ƙungiyar Glazer, musamman lokacin da suka fahimci matakin bashin da ƙungiyar za ta ɗauka bayan ta shafe shekaru da yawa ba tare da basussuka ba. Saboda haka magoya bayan sun fito kan tituna don yin zanga-zanga kan Glazers. Masoya da ba su ji daɗin ba sun ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC United ta Manchester a shekarar 2005, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Mitten |date=2015-05-12 |title=Glazers, disgruntlement and grit: The inside story of FC United of Manchester's birth |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/glazers-disgruntlement-and-grit-inside-story-fc-united-manchesters-birth |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref> wacce ta shiga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta North West County kuma ta buga wasa a gasar National League North ta mataki na shida daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Tun daga shekarar 2005, ƙungiyar magoya bayan Manchester United ta yi aiki kan hanyoyin da za su mayar da mallakar ƙungiyar ga magoya baya, ciki har da yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a shekarar 2010 na siyan ƙungiyar a wani tayin karɓar ƙungiyar da ya kai fam biliyan ɗaya tare da ƙungiyar masu kuɗi ta Manchester United da ake wa lakabi da "Red Knights". Sauran ƙungiyoyi kamar Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association da The 1958 sun yi ƙarin yunƙuri don samun nasara daban-daban. ==Asali== [[File:Rupert Murdoch 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|thumb|upright|Manchester United ya kasance batun tayin saye daga [[Rupert Murdoch]] ta hannun [[Sky UK|BSkyB]] a shekarar 1998.|alt=Hoton rabin jikin wani tsoho mai sanƙo, mai furfura a gefen kansa. Yana sanye da tabarau da farar riga mai ɗaurin wuya shuɗi da baƙar riga.]] An kafa Manchester United a matsayin Newton Heath LYR F.C. a shekarar 1878 daga ma'aikatan sashen kera kekunan fasinja da na kaya na [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] a [[Newton Heath TMD|ma'ajiyar Newton Heath]].<ref>Murphy, shafi na 11.</ref> A shekarar 1901, ƙungiyar tana da bashin sama da £2,500 kuma tana fuskantar umarnin [[liquidation|rufe kamfanin]];<ref>Murphy, shafi na 14.</ref> amma wani mai sana'ar giya na yankin mai suna [[John Henry Davies]] ya ceto ta, sannan ya sauya sunanta zuwa Manchester United a shekarar 1902.<ref>Murphy, shafuffuka na 15–16.</ref> Bayan rasuwar Davies a shekarar 1927, ƙungiyar ta sake fuskantar matsalolin kuɗi, amma [[James W. Gibson]] ya shiga a matsayin sabon mai taimakon kuɗi a shekarar 1931.<ref>Murphy, shafuffuka na 36, 39.</ref> Gibson da kansa ya rasu a shekarar 1951, amma yayin da matarsa, Violet, ta gaji mallakar ƙungiyar, iko ya koma hannun darakta kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Harold Hardman]].<ref>White, shafi na 92.</ref> A halin da ake ciki, wani ɗan kasuwa na yankin mai suna [[Louis Edwards (businessman)|Louis Edwards]] ya fara tara hannun jari a Manchester United<ref>Crick and Smith, shafi na 58.</ref> kuma daga ƙarshe aka naɗa shi shugaban ƙungiyar bayan rasuwar Hardman a shekarar 1965.<ref>White, shafi na 153.</ref> Ɗansa, [[Martin Edwards]], ya sayi kaso na hannun jari daga Alan Gibson<ref>Crick and Smith, shafi na 134.</ref> – ɗan tsohon mai ƙungiyar James Gibson – kuma ya zama babban [[shareholder|mai hannun jari]] da shugaban ƙungiyar bayan rasuwar Louis Edwards a shekarar 1980.<ref>Crick and Smith, shafuffuka na 168–169.</ref> A lokacin Martin Edwards a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar, Manchester United ta fuskanci tayin saye da dama; na farko ya fito ne daga attajirin kafafen yaɗa labarai [[Robert Maxwell]], wanda ya yi tayin £10&nbsp;million a watan Fabrairun 1984, amma sayarwar ta gaza kammala kafin a fara tattaunawa mai zurfi.<ref>Crick and Smith, shafuffuka na 184–186.</ref> A shekarar 1989, attajirin harkar gidaje [[Michael Knighton]] ya kusa kammala sayen ƙungiyar kan £20&nbsp;million,<ref>Crick and Smith, shafuffuka na 277–278.</ref> amma masu ba shi kuɗin tallafi suka janye a ƙarshe<ref>Crick and Smith, shafi na 284.</ref> kuma dole ya wadatu da samun kujera a hukumar gudanarwa kawai.<ref>Crick and Smith, shafi na 293.</ref> An sanya Manchester United a kasuwar hannun jari a shekarar 1991,<ref>Bose, shafi na 78.</ref> kuma ta sake samun wani tayin saye a shekarar 1998, a wannan karon daga [[Rupert Murdoch]] ta hannun [[Sky UK|BSkyB]].<ref>Bose, shafi na 114.</ref> Hukumar Manchester United ta amince da tayin £623&nbsp;million,<ref>Bose, shafi na 157.</ref> amma [[Competition Commission (United Kingdom)|Hukumar Gasar Ciniki da Haɗe-haɗe]] ta dakile sayen a mataki na ƙarshe a watan Afrilun 1999.<ref>Bose, shafi na 175.</ref> Bayan wasu shekaru, an samu rikicin iko tsakanin kocin ƙungiyar, [[Alex Ferguson|Sir Alex Ferguson]], da abokan huldarsa a harkar tseren dawakai, [[John Magnier]] da [[J. P. McManus]], waɗanda a hankali suka zama manyan masu hannun jari ta hannun kamfaninsu, Cubic Expression.<ref>Bose, shafi na 234.</ref> A cikin rikicin da ya samo asali daga takaddamar mallakar dokin [[Rock of Gibraltar (horse)|Rock of Gibraltar]], Magnier da McManus sun yi ƙoƙarin cire Ferguson daga matsayin koci, yayin da hukumar ta fara tuntuɓar masu saka jari domin rage tasirin 'yan ƙasar Ireland ɗin.<ref>Bose, shafuffuka na 234–235.</ref> A halin da ake ciki, [[Avram Glazer]] – ɗan [[Malcolm Glazer]] – yana nazarin saka jari a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. Iyalin Glazer sun riga sun mallaki wasu kasuwanci a [[United States|Amurka]] kuma sun sayi ikon mallakar ƙungiyar [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ta [[National Football League]] a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birnbaum |first=Justin |title=Meet The Billionaire Family Behind The Tampa Bay Buccaneers, One Of The NFL's Least Valuable Teams |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinbirnbaum/2021/02/07/meet-the-billionaire-glazer-family-behind-the-tampa-bay-buccaneers-one-of-the-nfls-least-valuable-teams/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Sun shawo kan gwamnatin yankin ta ba da kuɗin gina [[Raymond James Stadium|sabon filin wasa]] na Buccaneers a shekarar 1998, kuma ƙungiyar ta lashe [[Super Bowl]] na farko a [[Super Bowl XXXVII|Janairun 2003]].<ref>Bose, shafuffuka na 219–220.</ref> ==Siyan hannun jari da samun iko== [[File:Raymond James Stadium02.JPG|thumb|left|Ginin [[Raymond James Stadium]] a [[Tampa, Florida]] na daga cikin manyan sauye-sauyen farko da Glazers suka yi bayan sun sayi [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]].|alt=Hoton wani filin wasa na wasanni da aka ɗauka daga gefe, ana kallon filin a karkace.]] Bayan da hukumar Manchester United ta fara neman sabbin masu saka jari,<ref>Bose, shafi na 235.</ref> Glazers sun sayi kaso na farko na hannun jarin Manchester United a ranar 2 ga Maris 2003, inda suka kashe kusan £9&nbsp;million kan kaso na 2.9%,<ref>{{cite news |title=Super Bowl hero takes a slice of Man Utd |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2813439.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 March 2003 |access-date=1 April 2011 }}</ref> wanda suka saya ta hannun wani [[holding company|kamfanin riƙe hannun jari]] mai suna Red Football. A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2003, an ruwaito cewa sun ƙara hannun jarinsu zuwa 3.17%,<ref name="US investor ups Man Utd stake">{{cite news |title=US investor ups Man Utd stake |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3141968.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=26 September 2003 |access-date=6 August 2008 }}</ref> lamarin da ya kai hannun jarinsu sama da kashi 3% wanda ya tilasta musu sanar da shugabannin ƙungiyar. Tuni ake ta hasashe sosai kan yiwuwar sayen ƙungiyar, ko dai ta hannun Glazers ko kuma wasu daga cikin masu sha'awar sayen ta.<ref name="US investor ups Man Utd stake"/> Zuwa ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sun ƙara hannun jarinsu zuwa 8.93%,<ref>{{cite news |title=US tycoon ups Man Utd stake |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3207492.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=20 October 2003 |access-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> sannan a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, an ruwaito cewa sun mallaki kusan kashi 15% na ƙungiyar kuma sun gana da [[David Gill (executive)|David Gill]], babban jami'in gudanarwa, domin tattauna manufofinsu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Share deal sparks Man U bid talk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3246512.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=29 November 2003 |access-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2004, Glazers sun ƙara hannun jarinsu a ƙungiyar zuwa 16.31%, kuma a ranar da ta biyo baya ''[[Financial Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa sun umarci [[Commerzbank]] da ta binciki yiwuwar tayin sayen ƙungiyar. Farashin hannun jarin ƙungiyar ya ƙaru da 5% a wannan rana, lamarin da ya kai darajar ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya zuwa £741&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title=US bid talk lifts Man Utd shares |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3485393.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=13 February 2004 |access-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> Glazers sun ƙara hannun jarinsu zuwa sama da kashi 19% a watan Yunin da ya biyo baya, duk da cewa har yanzu ba su ne manyan masu hannun jari ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer raises stake in Man United |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3835575.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=24 June 2004 |access-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> Hannun jarinsu ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, inda ya kusan kai kashi 30% a watan Oktoban 2004. Da suka kai kashi 30%, za a tilasta musu ƙaddamar da tayin saye na hukuma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer stake in Man Utd nears 30% |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3754598.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=19 October 2004 |access-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2005, sama da magoya bayan Manchester United 400 sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a Old Trafford kan yiwuwar Glazers su sayi ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lutz |first1=Tom |title=United protesters rage at Glazer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/feb/10/newsstory.sport4 |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 February 2005}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2005, Red Football ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya da masu hannun jari [[J. P. McManus]] da [[John Magnier]] domin sayen kaso 28.7% na Cubic Expression a ƙungiyar, lamarin da ya bai wa Glazers ikon gudanar da ƙungiyar tare da kusan kashi 57% na hannun jarin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer wins control of Man United |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4540939.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=12 May 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Daga nan suka samu nasarar sayen hannun jarin na mutum na uku mafi girman masu hannun jari, ɗan kasuwar hakar ma'adinai na Scotland Harry Dobson, wanda ya kai jimillar hannun jarinsu zuwa kashi 62% na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: Malcolm Glazer and Man Utd |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4541645.stm |publisher=BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date=16 May 2005 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Zuwa ranar 13 ga Mayu, Glazers sun sake sayen kaso 12.8%, inda jimillar mallakarsu ta kai kashi 74.81%, kusa da matakin kashi 75% wanda zai ba su damar kawo ƙarshen matsayin ƙungiyar a matsayin [[public limited company|kamfani na jama'a mai iyakantaccen alhaki]] (PLC) tare da cire hannun jarinta daga [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer statement infuriates fans |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/4545339.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Mayu, Glazers sun ƙara hannun jarinsu a Manchester United zuwa 75.7%,<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75% |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4550141.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 May 2005 |access-date=6 August 2008 }}</ref> sannan wata guda daga baya, a ranar 22 ga Yuni, suka cire hannun jarin ƙungiyar daga kasuwar hannun jari a karon farko cikin shekaru 14.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd shares leave stock market |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4118312.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=22 June 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Hannun jarin Glazers ya ƙaru a hankali zuwa kashi 76.2% a ranar 23 ga Mayu, lokacin da suka yi tayin ƙarshe na pence 300 kan kowane hannun jari, tare da sanya ƙarshen lokacin karɓar tayin a ƙarfe 3 na rana ranar 13 ga Yuni.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer makes final Man Utd offer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4573617.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 May 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Mayu, hukumar Manchester United ta rubuta wa sauran masu hannun jari tana sanar da aniyarta ta sayar da hannun jarin nata tare da ba da shawarar cewa sauran su yi hakan; a cikin wannan wasiƙar, shugaban ƙungiyar [[Roy Gardner (businessman)|Sir Roy Gardner]] da daraktocin da ba sa gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum Ian Much da [[Jim O'Neill (economist)|Jim O'Neill]] sun miƙa takardun murabus ɗinsu.<ref>{{cite news |title=United board accepts Glazer bid |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4582915.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuni, an naɗa Avram Glazer da 'yan'uwansa [[Joel Glazer|Joel]] da [[Bryan Glazer|Bryan]] a hukumar Manchester United a matsayin daraktocin da ba sa gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum.<ref>{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Garrahan |title=Triple Glazers for Manchester United board |url=https://app.ft.com/content/533c6d90-d783-11d9-9f43-00000e2511c8 |work=Financial Times |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> Duk da ƙarfafawar hukumar, hannun jarin Glazers a ƙungiyar ya kai kashi 97.3% ne kawai zuwa ranar 14 ga Yuni, ƙasa da matakin 97.6% da ake buƙata domin tilasta sayen duk sauran hannun jarin masu hannun jari, abin da ya sa suka tsawaita wa'adin tayin sayen sauran hannun jari zuwa ranar 27 ga Yuni.<ref name="extend">{{cite news |title=Glazer extends Man Utd deadline |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4090612.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a ranar 28 ga Yuni ta ce hannun jarin Red Football ya kai kashi 98% (hannun jari 259,950,194), lamarin da ya haifar da [[squeeze-out|tilasta sayen hannun jarin sauran masu hannun jari]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazer gets 98% of Man Utd shares |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4629401.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 June 2005 |access-date=6 August 2008 }}</ref> Ƙimar ƙarshe ta ƙungiyar ta kusan £790&nbsp;million (kimanin [[United States dollar|$]]1.5&nbsp;billion bisa ga canjin kuɗi na lokacin).<ref name="extend"/> ==Bayan saye== [[File:David Gill (ManUtd).jpg|thumb|David Gill ya ci gaba da zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Manchester United bayan Glazers sun karɓi iko a shekarar 2005.|alt=Hoton wani mutum daga gefe mai furfura. Yana sanye da riga shuɗi mai haske da ɗaurin wuya ja da baƙar riga.]] A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2005, a ziyararsu ta farko zuwa Old Trafford bayan kammala sayen ƙungiyar, Joel, Bryan da Avram Glazer sun fuskanci zanga-zangar kusan magoya bayan Manchester United 300 waɗanda suka yi adawa da sabon mallakar ƙungiyar. An tura kusan jami'an 'yan sandan Greater Manchester 100 zuwa filin wasan domin ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani tashin hankali, amma an ruwaito cewa an jefi motocin 'yan sanda da wasu abubuwa tare da rera taken "die, Glazer, die"; an kama mutane biyu. Mataimakin shugaban Shareholders United, Sean Bones, ya bayyana cewa "iyalan Glazer makiyan Manchester United ne".<ref>{{cite news |title=Glazers escape after fans protest |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/4635727.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=30 June 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> Daraktan ƙungiyar kuma tsohon ɗan wasa Bobby Charlton ya ba Glazers uzuri a bainar jama'a kan irin tarbar da aka yi musu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlton gives apology to Glazers |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/4637731.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=30 June 2005 |access-date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> A matsayin ƙarin martani ga sayen ƙungiyar, wasu magoya bayan Manchester United sun kafa sabuwar ƙungiya mai suna F.C. United of Manchester. Wannan ƙungiyar da ake kira "ƙungiyar phoenix" an karɓe ta cikin rukuni na biyu na North West Counties Football League, inda ta kasance matakan ci gaba biyar daga The Football League, kuma ta samu damar ɗagawa a kowane ɗaya daga cikin kakar wasanni uku na farko, har sau biyu a matsayin zakarar gasar.<ref>Bose, shafuffuka na 341–343.</ref> Bayan sayen ƙungiyar, Manchester United ta ci gaba da samun nasara, inda a kakar 2005–06 aka faɗaɗa ƙarfin ɗaukar mutane na Old Trafford tare da sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniyar tallafin rigar ƙungiyar mai kawo kuɗi mai yawa a watan Afrilun 2006 da kamfanin Amurka American International Group (AIG), wanda ke da babban kaso a wani kamfanin hedge fund da ya taimaka wajen samar da kuɗin sayen ƙungiyar da Glazer suka yi.<ref>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Downes |title=United score record sponsor deal |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/leisure/article702645.ece |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers |location=London |date=6 April 2006 |access-date=17 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga daga haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na kowace gasa da ƙungiyar ke shiga, da kuma yarjejeniyoyin tallafi daban-daban, sun ƙara ribar ƙungiyar. Wannan ya faru duk da fargabar da magoya baya da dama ke da ita cewa bashin da aka ɗauka wajen sayen ƙungiyar zai iya jefa ta cikin rashin iya biyan basussuka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United's profits flat |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6300015.stm |publisher=BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date=26 January 2007 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Sabanin fargabar magoya baya da dama, Glazers sun ɗauki mataki domin tabbatar da cewa Gill da gogaggen koci Alex Ferguson sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Manchester United, suna bayyana nasarar da su biyun suka samu tare da ƙungiyar a matsayin dalili.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Taylor |title=Ferguson seeks head to head with Glazer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/14/newsstory.manchesterunited3 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=14 May 2005 |access-date=17 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Taylor |title=Ferguson heaps pressure on rivals after Gill confirms he will stay on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/apr/08/newsstory.sport3 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=8 April 2006 |access-date=17 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, an naɗa wasu 'ya'yan Malcolm Glazer biyu, Kevin da Edward, da 'yarsa Darcie a hukumar Manchester United a matsayin daraktocin da ba sa gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Murray-Watson |title=Glazer puts three more of his children on Manchester United's board |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2941347/Glazer-puts-three-more-of-his-children-on-Manchester-Uniteds-board.html |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=18 June 2006 |access-date=17 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Stone |title=Three more Glazer siblings to join United board |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jun/19/newsstory.sport1?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=19 June 2006 |access-date=17 July 2011 |location=London}}</ref> ==Sake tsara tsarin bashi== Bashin da Glazers suka ɗauka domin samar da kuɗin sayen ƙungiyar an raba shi tsakanin ƙungiyar da iyalin; tsakanin £265&nbsp;million da £275&nbsp;million an jinginar da su kan kadarorin Manchester United,<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Stone |title=Manchester United profits fall by £12.3m |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/malcolmglazer/Manchester-United-profits-fall-by.2745101.jp |work=The Scotsman |publisher=Johnston Press Digital Publishing |date=24 January 2006 |access-date=6 August 2008 }}</ref> lamarin da ya jefa ƙungiyar cikin bashi a karon farko tun lokacin da James Gibson ya ceto ta a shekarar 1931. Wasu asusun saka jari na Amurka guda uku ne suka bayar da wannan rancen: Citadel, Och-Ziff Capital Management da Perry Capital.<ref name="payment_rise">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bond |title=Manchester United owners hit by debt payment rise |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8931026.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=1 July 2011 }}</ref> Jimillar kuɗin ta kai £660&nbsp;million, inda kuɗin ruwa ya kai £62&nbsp;million a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolland |first=Henry |date=2024-12-02 |title=How did the Glazers buy Manchester United? |url=https://millwoodfinance.com/how-did-the-glazers-buy-manchester-united/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Mill Wood |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa, "Darajar Manchester United ta ƙaru a shekarar da ta gabata, shi ya sa masu ba da bashi suke son saka jari a ƙungiyar... Wannan matakin yana wakiltar kyakkyawan tsarin gudanar da harkokin kuɗi kuma yana tabbatar da cewa za a samar wa Sir Alex Ferguson isassun kuɗaɗe domin yin gasa a kasuwar saye da sayar da 'yan wasa." Manchester United Supporters Trust ta mayar da martani da cewa, "Adadin kuɗin da ake buƙatar biya gaba ɗaya yana da yawa... Biyan kuɗin ruwa abu ɗaya ne, amma me game da ainihin £660&nbsp;million? Yana da wahala a ga yadda za a iya samun waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba tare da ƙarin farashin tikiti mai yawa ba, wanda, kamar yadda muka daɗe muna zargi, yana nufin cewa a zahiri magoya baya ne za su biya kuɗin da wani ya ciwo domin ya mallaki ƙungiyarsu."<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd play down fears after £660m refinancing |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=374009&cc=5739 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105150436/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=374009&cc=5739 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2010 |work=ESPN Soccernet |publisher=ESPN |date=18 July 2006 |access-date=6 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Helen |last=Power |title=Credit crisis one year on: Risky debt notes could be a losing game |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/2794340/Credit-crisis-one-year-on-Risky-debt-notes-could-be-a-losing-game.html |work=The Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |location=London |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Bisa sharuɗɗan sake tsara bashin na Glazers, saboda sun kasa biyan masu riƙe da takardun bashi zuwa ranar 16 ga Agusta 2010, yawan kuɗin ruwa kan rancen ya tashi daga 14.25% zuwa 16.25%, lamarin da ya haifar da biyan kusan £38&nbsp;million a shekara.<ref name="payment_rise"/> A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2010, jim kaɗan kafin sanarwar cewa bashin Red Football ya ƙaru zuwa £716.5&nbsp;million ($1.17&nbsp;billion),<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United debt hits £716m |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8470595.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> Manchester United ta sanar da aniyarta ta sake tsara bashin ta hanyar fitar da takardun bashi da darajarsu ta kai kusan £500&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United to raise £500m |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8451848.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> Sun yi nasarar tara £504&nbsp;million cikin ƙasa da makonni biyu, lamarin da ya ba su damar biyan kusan dukkanin £509&nbsp;million da ake bin bankunan ƙasa da ƙasa. An fitar da takardun bashin kashi biyu; na farko yana da kuɗin ruwa na 8.75% kuma darajarsa £250&nbsp;million ce, yayin da na biyu ke da kuɗin ruwa na 8.375% kuma darajarsa $425&nbsp;million ce. Kuɗin ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake biya kan bashin ya kai kusan £45&nbsp;million a shekara, kuma lokacin biyan bashin zai ƙare a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2017.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Wilson |title=Manchester United raise £504m in bond issue |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8475317.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> A cikin takardar bayanin bashin akwai wasu sharuɗɗa da za su ba Glazers damar fitar da manyan kuɗaɗe daga ƙungiyar domin biyan PIKs zuwa shekarar 2015. Waɗannan sun haɗa da fitar da £95&nbsp;million a matsayin kuɗin hannu, sayarwa da sake hayar Trafford Training Centre da ke Carrington, da kuma damar Glazers su ba kansu kashi 50% na ribar da ƙungiyar ta samu bayan an haɗa dukkan kuɗaɗenta a kowace shekara.<ref name="haemorrhage"/> A watan Mayun 2010, kafin wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa, daruruwan magoya bayan Manchester United sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen Old Trafford kan mallakar Glazers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smoke bomb at Manchester United in anti-Glazer protest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/8671176.stm |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 May 2010}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010, an bayyana cewa Glazers za su biya sauran £220&nbsp;million da ke cikin rancen PIK zuwa ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Owen |last1=Gibson |first2=Daniel |last2=Taylor |title=Manchester United fans want answers as Glazers prepare to pay off debt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/nov/16/glazers-manchester-united-debt-repayment |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref> A lokacin, rancen yana tara kuɗin ruwa da kashi 16.25%, saboda jimillar bashin ƙungiyar ya zarce [[earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization|EBITDA]] da fiye da ninki biyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=The full details on the terms of the PIKs |url=http://www.andersred.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/full-details-on-terms-of-piks.html |publisher=the andersred blog |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref>{{sps|date=May 2026}} Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta ce ba a yi amfani da ko sisi daga cikin kuɗinta wajen biyan bashin ba, lamarin da ya haifar da tambayoyi kan yadda iyalin Glazer suka samo kuɗin; hanyoyin da aka yi hasashe sun haɗa da sayar da wani kaso na ƙungiyar ga wani ɓangare na uku, sayar da wasu ko dukkan sauran kasuwancin iyalin, da kuma – wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi yiwuwa – sake tsara rancen PIK ta hanyar wani sabon rance mai ƙaramin kuɗin ruwa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Owen |last=Gibson |title=So how did the Glazers raise the money to pay off a £220m loan? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/nov/17/the-glazer-family-loan-piks |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=17 November 2010 |access-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref> ==Shirye-shiryen sayen ƙungiyar na Red Knights== [[File:Love United Hate Glazer.jpg|thumb|Sitikar adawa da Glazer a kan sandar fitila a tsakiyar birnin Manchester|alt=Hoton wani ɓangare na sandar fitila mai ɗauke da sitika da ya tsage, wanda aka rubuta "Love United" da kore a sama da "Hate Glazer" da rawaya a ƙasa.]] An kafa wani yaƙin neman goyon bayan magoya baya mai suna "Love United Hate Glazer" bayan tayin da iyalin suka yi na sayen ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Why Manchester United supporters hate the Glazers, the club's American owners |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37631776/why-manchester-united-supporters-hate-glazers-club-american-owners |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Yaƙin ya ƙunshi yaɗa taken da gajeriyar kalmar "LUHG" a wurare daban-daban ta hanyar sitikoki da rubuce-rubucen bango. Haka kuma an nuna wasu tutoci a cikin filin wasa na Old Trafford.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United fans' discontent with Glazer family: in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/8136449/Manchester-United-fans-discontent-with-Glazer-family-in-pictures.html?image=10 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |location=London |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=2 August 2011 }}</ref> Duk da sake tsara bashin, sanarwar da aka yi game da bashin ƙungiyar ta haifar da zanga-zangar da ta yi ƙarfi daga magoya bayan Manchester United a ƙarshen makon 23 ga Janairu 2010, a Old Trafford da kuma cibiyar atisaye ta ƙungiyar da ke Carrington.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Hughes |title=Man Utd 4–0 Hull |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/8472354.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/8479331.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin magoya bayan ƙungiyar ne suka shirya zanga-zangar, a matsayin ci gaba da yaƙin "Love United Hate Glazer" wanda ya wanzu tun shekarar 2005, tare da ƙarfafa magoya bayan da ke zuwa kallon wasa su sanya kore da zinariya, waɗanda su ne launukan ƙungiyar da ta gabaci Manchester United, Newton Heath.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Conn |title=Manchester United fans prepare to show their true colours at Wembley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/david-conn-inside-sport-blog/2010/feb/27/manchester-united-glazers-wembley-protest |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=27 February 2010 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a ranar 30 ga Janairu, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Manchester United Supporters' Trust ta gudanar da tarurruka da wasu hamshakan magoya baya da nufin sayen ikon mallakar Glazers a ƙungiyar. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta gana da Keith Harris, wani mai goyon bayan Manchester United kuma shugaban bankin saka jari Seymour Pierce, domin shiga tsakani wajen shirya sayen ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Nabil |last1=Hassan |first2=Dan |last2=Roan |title=Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8488910.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Maris 2010, wasu ƙarin rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ƙungiyar — wadda aka yi wa laƙabi da "Red Knights" — ta sake gudanar da taro domin tattauna yiwuwar sayen ƙungiyar kan kuɗi har zuwa biliyan ɗaya. Waɗanda suka halarci taron sun haɗa da babban masanin tattalin arziƙi na bankin saka jari Goldman Sachs kuma tsohon daraktan Manchester United Jim O'Neill, da lauya Mark Rawlinson, abokin aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, da Duncan Drasdo, babban jami'in gudanarwa na Manchester United Supporters' Trust, da kuma Keith Harris, shugaban zartarwa na Seymour Pierce. Babban burin farko na ƙungiyar shi ne ƙara yawan mambobin Supporters' Trust zuwa aƙalla 100,000, domin nuna goyon bayan magoya baya ga sauyin mallakar ƙungiyar. Domin inganta yaƙin neman goyon bayansu, Trust ta ɗauki hayar Blue State Digital, wani kamfanin dabarun intanet wanda ya yi aiki a yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Amurka na Barack Obama na shekarar 2008.<ref name="financiers">{{cite news |first=John |last=Sinnott |title=Financiers 'hold Manchester United takeover talks' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8544593.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> Daga baya a wannan rana, Manchester United ta sanar da cewa jimillar bashin ƙungiyar na watanni uku na ƙarshe na shekarar 2009 ya kai £507.5&nbsp;million, raguwar £30.6&nbsp;million idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan lokacin a shekarar 2008. Haka kuma ta bayyana cewa ribar kafin haraji ta kai £6.9&nbsp;million, ƙarin £9.6&nbsp;million bayan da ta yi asarar £2.7&nbsp;million a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United says debts have fallen |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8545662.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> Wannan sanarwar ta zo tare da wata sanarwa daga mai magana da yawun Glazers cewa ba a sayar da ƙungiyar,<ref name="financiers"/> da kuma goyon bayan jama'a daga David Gill, wanda ya ce Glazers suna "gudanar da ƙungiyar yadda ya kamata".<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Wilson |title=Manchester United owners Glazers get backing from Gill |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8548113.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> A halin da ake ciki, yawan mambobin Manchester United Supporters' Trust ya wuce 100,000 a ranar 3 ga Maris, kafin ya zarce 125,000 mako guda bayan haka.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Pearce |title=Old Trafford under the spotlight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/jamespearce/2010/03/old_trafford_under_the_spotlig.html |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=10 March 2010 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Yaƙin neman amfani da gyale masu launin kore da zinariya ma ya ƙaru, inda babban ɓangare na magoya bayan da ke Old Trafford suka nuna waɗannan launuka. Bayan nasarar Manchester United da ci 4–0 a kan Milan a zagayen farko na fitar da ƙungiyoyi daga gasar Champions League na 2009–10, an ga tsohon ɗan wasan Manchester United David Beckham sanye da gyale da aka jefa cikin filin; duk da haka, daga baya ya ce kawai yana nuna goyon bayansa ga Manchester United ne, kuma gudanar da ƙungiyar "ba aikinsa ba ne".<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Beckham shows true colours |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/philmcnulty/2010/03/beckham_shows_true_colours.html |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 }}</ref> Haka kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa kocin United Alex Ferguson zai kasance a shirye ya saka kuɗinsa a cikin tayin Red Knights, amma ya yi watsi da waɗannan rahotanni yana cewa "maganar banza ce ƙwarai".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sir Alex Ferguson dismisses Red Knights link |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8554351.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010 }}</ref> Saboda yawan bashin da ke cikin littattafan kuɗin Manchester United a lokacin, wasu manazarta sun kiyasta a shekarar 2010 cewa duk wani tayin sayen ƙungiyar zai kasance sama da £2&nbsp;billion, wanda kusan £1.6&nbsp;billion daga ciki za a buƙaci domin dacewa da kimar ƙungiyar da Glazers suka sanya — sau biyu adadin kuɗin da suka biya wajen sayen ƙungiyar a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Wilson |title=Would-be Man Utd buyers will need deep pockets |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8545504.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> Duk da haka, Red Knights sun bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa za su biya "farashi mai adalci" ne kawai idan tayin sayensu ya zo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United Red Knights 'will not overpay' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8552250.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Maris 2010, Red Knights sun naɗa Nomura Securities a matsayin masu ba su shawara kan tayin sayensu. Nomura ta taɓa ba hukumar Manchester United shawara kafin tayin Glazers na sayen ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United suitors Red Knights appoint advisers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8561760.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010 }}</ref> Daga baya Red Knights sun amince cewa ba za su yi tayin sayen ƙungiyar ba kafin ƙarshen kakar 2009–10,<ref>{{cite news |title=Fans group Red Knights delays bid for Manchester United |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8588662.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> amma an yi imanin cewa zaɓin tayin da suka fi so zai ƙunshi ci gaba da riƙe bashin £500&nbsp;million da Glazers suka fitar. Kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙarin £700&nbsp;million kuma za a samar da su daga kusan magoya bayan Manchester United masu arziki 30–40, yayin da sauran kuɗin za a tara su daga magoya bayan talakawa. Bayan tabbatar da ƙungiyar, za a bayar da hannun jari ga magoya baya, domin su samu damar mallakar ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Bond |title=Red Knights continue to plot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/davidbond/2010/04/red_knights_continue_to_manoeu.html |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=3 April 2010 }}</ref> Duk da waɗannan shirye-shiryen, Red Knights sun dakatar da tayin sayensu a watan Yunin 2010, suna ambaton "ƙimar da ake ɗauka ta yi yawa" a kafafen yaɗa labarai a matsayin dalili.<ref>{{cite news |first=Elena |last=Moya |title=Manchester United's 'inflated valuation' dents Red Knights' ambitions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/02/manchester-united-red-knights-takeover |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> Bayan da suka riga suka bayyana cewa za su biya adadin kuɗi "mai ma'ana" kawai ga ƙungiyar, an yi tunanin cewa ƙungiyar ta ja da baya saboda shawarar cewa kimar ƙungiyar da Glazers suka sanya ta fi adadin da suke son biya yawa sosai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd: Red Knights takeover attempt shelved |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10212982 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Shigar da hannun jari NYSE da masu hannun jari== A shekarar 2011, jita-jita sun bayyana cewa Glazers na da niyyar sanya wasu hannun jarin Manchester United a wata kasuwar Asiya kamar Hong Kong<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Wachman |title=Glazers eye Hong Kong listing for Manchester United |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jun/12/manchester-united-glazers-eye-hong-kong-float |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=12 June 2011 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> ko Singapore,<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd considers partial Asian flotation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14547178 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 August 2011 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> a ƙoƙarin tara kusan £400–600&nbsp;million. Shirin Singapore ya fara samun ci gaba a watan Agustan 2011, lokacin da aka bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta nemi a sanya hannun jarinta a kasuwar Singapore Exchange;<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd to float stake in club on Singapore market |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14574131 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> an ba da amincewar sanya hannun jarin a watan Satumban 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United get approval for Singapore share sale |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14945421 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2012, bayan wasu watanni ba tare da wani sabon ci gaba a batun Singapore ba, wasu majiyoyi sun ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar tana la'akari da mayar da sayar da hannun jarinta zuwa Amurka,<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United may move share sale to US reports say |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18437072 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> kuma a watan Yulin 2012, an gabatar da buƙatar a bar ƙungiyar ta sayar da hannun jari a New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), da nufin tara $100&nbsp;million (£64&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United seeks $100m New York stock sale |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18699885 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> An fitar da ƙarin bayanai game da sayarwar a ƙarshen Yuli, inda ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa tana da niyyar sayar da hannun jari miliyan 16.7, kusan kashi 10% na ƙungiyar, kan farashin tsakanin $16 da $20 kowanne, domin tara har zuwa $330&nbsp;million (£210&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd to sell shares at $16 each in New York sale |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19057547 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 July 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Za a raba hannun jarin ƙungiyar zuwa rukuni biyu, inda za a sayar da hannun jarin Class A ga jama'a, yayin da iyalin Glazer za su riƙe hannun jarin Class B.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Conn |title=Manchester United tackle debt by floating on New York Stock Exchange |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jul/04/manchester-united-debt-cayman-islands |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Kafin fara sayar da hannun jarin ga jama'a, an nuna damuwa daga masu saka jari da kuma magoya bayan Manchester United game da cikakkun bayanan tayin hannun jarin. Ko da yake takardar bayanin hannun jarin ta bayyana cewa kuɗin da za a samu daga sayarwar za su tafi wajen rage bashin ƙungiyar, an bayyana cewa babban ɓangare na kuɗin zai tafi kai tsaye ga Glazers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Anderson |title=Manchester United share sale causes controversy among fans and investors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19061040 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu Class A ba za su sami damar karɓar rabo na yau da kullum ba, kuma tsarin rabon hannun jarin ya sa hannun jarin Class B na Glazers yana da ƙarfin jefa ƙuri'a sau 10 fiye da Class A, wanda a zahiri ya hana duk wani mutum ban da Glazers samun ikon sarrafa ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news |first=Stuart |last=James |title=Manchester United's New York setback exposes failings of Glazers plan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/jul/26/manchester-united-glazers-new-york |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Waɗannan batutuwa sun rage sha'awa kuma suka tilasta rage farashin hannun jarin daga $16–20 da aka shirya zuwa $14 kowanne, wanda ya nuna yiwuwar jimillar kuɗin sayarwar ya kai $233&nbsp;million (£150&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United lowers stock float value |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19201427 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> An fara sayar da hannun jarin a NYSE a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2012, kuma da farko farashinsa ya ɗan tashi zuwa $14.05 kowanne, amma ya rufe ranar da farashin tayin na $14 kowanne, wanda ya sanya jimillar darajar ƙungiyar a $2.3&nbsp;billion, kuma ya sanya ta cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu daraja sosai a duniya.<ref name="shares debut"/> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu saka jari a wannan sayarwar hannun jari shi ne attajirin Amurka George Soros, wanda kamfaninsa na saka jari ya sayi kusan hannun jari Class A miliyan 3.1, wato kashi 1.9% na ƙungiyar, waɗanda darajarsu ta kai $40.7&nbsp;million (£25.8&nbsp;million) a lokacin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United: George Soros invests in football club |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19328750 |work=BBC News |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Bayanan ƙungiyar da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba 2012 sun nuna cewa jimillar bashin ta ragu zuwa £359.7&nbsp;million bayan sayar da hannun jarin ya biya £62.6&nbsp;million na takardun bashi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United reduces debt to £359.7m |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20327870 |work=BBC News |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116211203/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20327870 |archive-date= 2012-11-16}}</ref> An ƙara rage matsalar bashin ƙungiyar a watan Mayun 2013, bayan an cimma sabuwar yarjejeniyar rance wadda za ta ceci ƙungiyar £10&nbsp;million a shekara daga kuɗin ruwa kan bashin, wanda a lokacin ya kai kusan £307&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United cuts debt costs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22651038 |work=BBC News |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326012932/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-22651038 |archive-date= 26 March 2014 }}</ref> A watan Maris 2014, ƙungiyar saka jari ta Amurka Baron Capital ta sayi kashi 24% na duk hannun jarin ƙungiyar da ake samu a NYSE, wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 5.8% na dukkan ƙungiyar, amma an yi rahoton kuskure cewa kashi 2.4% ne.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andy |last=Green |title=Baron Capital's stake in Manchester United - getting the numbers right |url=http://andersred.blogspot.com/2014/03/baron-capitals-stake-in-manchester.html |publisher= the andersred blog |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 }}</ref> Bisa farashin rufe kasuwar a ranar sayen, wanda ya kai $15.84 kan kowane hannun jari, jimillar jarin Baron Capital ya kai darajar $151&nbsp;million (£90&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United shares bought by US investment firm |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26526405 |work=BBC News |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> A watan Satumban 2014, Baron Capital ya ƙara hannun jarinsa a ƙungiyar zuwa kashi 9.2% na dukkan ƙungiyar, wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 37.8% na duk hannun jarin da ake samu a NYSE.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan|last=Dzombak |title=Here's Why This Billionaire Fund Manager is Betting Big on Manchester United Stock|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/10/07/heres-why-this-billionaire-fund-manager-is-betting.aspx |publisher=The Motley Fool |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref> Malcolm Glazer ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2014 yana da shekaru 85. An ɗauka cewa rasuwarsa ba za ta haifar da wani gagarumin sauyi a yadda ake gudanar da ƙungiyar ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malcolm Glazer dies: Man Utd's former owner dies aged 85 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27614216 |publisher=BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref> Daga shekarar 2016, Glazers sun fara biyan kansu [[dividends|rabon riba]] na shekara-shekara daga ƙungiyar, wanda ya wuce £20&nbsp;million a kowace shekara daga 2016 zuwa 2020. A wannan lokacin, biyan bashin ƙungiyar ==Super League ta Turai== A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, Joel Glazer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen da suka jawo cece-kuce na sanya Manchester United cikin Super League ta Turai. An sanar da shirye-shiryen ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, kuma magoya baya ba su ji daɗin hakan ba. Bayan Manchester United ta janye daga gasar kwanaki uku bayan haka saboda tsananin adawar da magoya baya, gwamnati, da ’yan wasa, kociyoyi da masu sharhi kan kwallon kafa da dama suka nuna,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/21/englands-big-six-pull-out-of-european-super-league-what-they-said |title=England's big six pull out of European Super League: what they said |date=20 Apr 2021 |first1=Marcus |last1=Christenson |website=TheGuardian.com |archive-url=https://arhive.today/20210423145007/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/21/englands-big-six-pull-out-of-european-super-league-what-they-said |archive-date=23 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> zanga-zangar magoya baya ta ci gaba. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wasu masu zanga-zanga kusan 20 sun shiga filin horar da kungiyar domin gudanar da zanga-zanga kan mallakar kulob din da Glazers ke yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grace |first=Liam |date=23 April 2021 |title=Man Utd fans stage protest against Glazer family at Carrington training ground amid European Super League debacle |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12283579/man-utd-fans-stage-protest-against-glazer-family-at-clubs-carrington-training-ground-amid-european-super-league-scandal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712045627/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12283579/man-utd-fans-stage-protest-against-glazer-family-at-clubs-carrington-training-ground-amid-european-super-league-scandal |archive-date=Jul 12, 2023 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Bayan kwana biyu, sama da mutane 2,000 sun halarci wata zanga-zanga ta biyu a wajen Old Trafford, domin neman amfani da dokar 50+1 da ake amfani da ita a kwallon kafar Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepeoplesperson.com/2021/04/24/manchester-united-fans-anti-glazer-protest-at-oid-trafford-pictures-and-videos-223960/ |last1=Red Billy |website=The Peoples Person |title = Manchester United fans' anti-Glazer protest at OId Trafford: Pictures and Videos|date = 24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/04/24/man-utd-fans-protest-old-trafford-glazers-super-league/|title=Thousands of fans gather outside Old Trafford in protest against Man Utd owners|first=Tom|last=Morgan|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 April 2021 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520101821/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/04/24/man-utd-fans-protest-old-trafford-glazers-super-league/ |archive-date= 2024-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/manchester-united-fans-gather-outside-20459035|title=Manchester United fans gather outside Old Trafford for protest against ownership and Super League fiasco - latest updates |website=Manchester Evening News |first1=Chris |last1=Slater|first2=Sophie |last2=Halle-Richards |date=24 April 2021}}</ref> Daga baya Joel Glazer ya nemi gafarar magoya bayan kungiyar, yana cewa "[ya] yi kuskure",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitwell |first1=Laurie |title=Joel Glazer issues apology to Manchester United fans after Super League 'unrest' |work=The Athletic |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4216600/2021/04/21/joel-glazer-issues-apology-to-manchester-united-fans-after-super-league-unrest/ |date=21 April 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004065918/https://theathletic.com/news/joel-glazer-manchester-united-super-league/MgDeIVIvwsDH |archive-date= 2021-10-04}}</ref> amma magoya baya sun gaya wa wani jami'in kungiyar cewa sun "ji haushi, kunya da fushi" saboda ayyukansa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United fans reject Joel Glazer's Super League apology |work=The Athletic |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4215748/2021/04/30/manchester-united-fans-reject-joel-glazers-super-league-apology/ |url-access=subscription |date=Apr 30, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018164701/https://theathletic.com/news/european-super-league-manchester-united/MrMRdtLZKAnZ/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 }}</ref> Kafin wasan gasar da Liverpool a ranar 2 ga Mayu, an gudanar da wata zanga-zanga ta biyu a wajen Old Trafford, tare da wata karamar zanga-zanga a wajen Lowry Hotel. A wannan karon, sama da mutane 10,000 ne suka halarci zanga-zangar Old Trafford; kusan masu zanga-zanga dari ne suka shiga filin wasa. Saboda zanga-zangar, sai aka jinkirta fara wasan, domin ’yan wasa da jami’an wasan ba su iya isa filin wasan kafin lokacin da aka tsara na karfe 16:30 ba. Bayan nazari, an dage wasan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12293346/manchester-united-vs-liverpool-postponed-after-anti-glazer-fan-protests-at-old-trafford|title=Manchester United vs Liverpool postponed after anti-Glazer fan protests at Old Trafford|website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref name=protest>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56960091|title = Man Utd v Liverpool off after protest|work = BBC Sport}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka dage wasan Premier League saboda zanga-zangar magoya baya a tarihin gasar.<ref name=protest/> Zanga-zangar ta samu babban kulawar kafafen yada labarai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/manchester-united-fans-stage-anti-glazer-protest-outside-old-trafford-12293224|title = Officer has face slashed as Manchester United anti-Glazer protests force Liverpool game to be postponed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/may/02/manchester-united-fans-invade-old-trafford-pitch-during-glazer-out-protests|title=Manchester United v Liverpool postponed after fans invade Old Trafford in protest|website=TheGuardian.com|date=2 May 2021}}</ref> Tsohon ɗan wasan baya na Liverpool Jamie Carragher, da tsoffin kyaftin din Manchester United Gary Neville da Roy Keane, waɗanda duk suke sharhi ga Sky Sports kafin wasan, sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga manufar masu zanga-zangar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsjoe.ie/football/roy-keane-jamie-carragher-fans-old-trafford-protest-227576|title = Roy Keane makes Jamie Carragher remark as fans break into Old Trafford| date=2 May 2021 }}</ref> ==Sayar da wani kaso a shekarar 2023–24== A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2022, iyalan Glazer sun sanar da cewa suna buɗe kofa ga yiwuwar sayar da kulob din gaba ɗaya ko wani kaso daga cikinsa. A lokacin wannan sanarwar, an kiyasta darajar kulob din da £3.75&nbsp;biliyan. Sanarwar ta haifar da ƙarin kashi 17% a darajar hannun jarin kulob din a kasuwar hannun jari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Jamie |date=22 November 2022 |title=Manchester United up for sale as Glazers announce plans to leave Old Trafford |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/22/manchester-united-up-for-sale-as-glazers-announce-plans-to-leave-old-trafford |access-date=18 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Zuwa ranar ƙarshe ta zagaye na biyu na gabatar da tayin, 23 ga Maris 2023, an samu tayin daga hamshakin attajirin Birtaniya Jim Ratcliffe da Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani na Qatar domin sayen kulob din gaba ɗaya, da kuma kamfanin Amurka Elliott Investment Management domin sayen ƙaramin kaso. An ruwaito cewa mafi girman tayin ya kai £4.5&nbsp;biliyan, amma bai kai kimar £6&nbsp;biliyan da Glazers suka sanya wa kulob din ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United sale: Extensions granted for Qatar's Sheikh Jassim and Sir Jim Ratcliffe's Ineos |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12840491/manchester-united-sale-qatari-world-record-bid-not-received-as-extension-granted-by-raine-group |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Sky Sports }}</ref> Financial Times ta ruwaito cewa Sheikh Jassim ya gabatar da ingantaccen tayin £5&nbsp;biliyan a zagaye na uku na tayin, yayin da Ratcliffe shi ma ya gabatar da wani tayin da ba a bayyana adadinsa ba. A wannan lokacin, an kiyasta darajar kulob din da £2.5&nbsp;biliyan, tare da bashi na £640&nbsp;miliyan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agini |first=Samuel |date=6 May 2023 |title=Manchester United sale runs into extra time after three rounds of bidding |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/98c8a93f-181a-45be-97e7-46a072d0f308 |access-date=18 October 2023 }}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Agusta, an ruwaito cewa tayin Jassim na biyar na £5&nbsp;biliyan har yanzu yana nan, amma damuwa na ƙaruwa cewa ba za a samu sayarwar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United takeover: Sheikh Jassim's £5bn offer remains on table but concerns Glazer family will not sell |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12945698/manchester-united-takeover-sheikh-jassims-5bn-offer-remains-on-table-but-concerns-glazer-family-will-not-sell |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Sky Sports }}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Satumba, bayan rahotannin cewa an dakatar da sayarwar saboda babu ɗaya daga cikin masu tayin da ya kai kimar £10&nbsp;biliyan da Glazers suka sanya wa kulob din, farashin hannun jarin kulob din ya ragu da kashi 18% a rana guda, wanda shi ne mafi girman raguwar da aka taɓa samu a tarihinsa, lamarin da ya sa darajar kulob din ta koma £2.5&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2023 |title=Manchester United shares dive on report sale is off |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66725924 |access-date=18 October 2023 }}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, Sheikh Jassim ya janye daga tsarin neman sayen kulob din, inda aka ruwaito cewa rashin samun ci gaba daga ɓangaren Glazers ya fara ba shi haushi. Haka kuma an ruwaito cewa tayin Ratcliffe na sayen kashi 25% na kulob din yana gab da kammalawa, kuma hakan zai kasance mataki na farko zuwa cikakken saye a hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United: Qatari businessman Sheikh Jassim withdraws from process to buy club |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12984553/manchester-united-qatari-businessman-sheikh-jassim-withdrawing-from-process-to-buy-club |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Sky Sports }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Qatar's Sheikh Jassim withdraws from bid to buy Man Utd |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67107688 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=BBC Sport }}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba 2023, an sanar da sayen kashi 25% na Manchester United da Ratcliffe ya yi, tare da cikakken iko kan harkokin wasanni.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/13037388/manchester-united-takeover-sir-jim-ratcliffe-completes-deal-to-purchase-25-per-cent-of-club | title=Manchester United takeover: Sir Jim Ratcliffe completes deal to purchase 25 per cent of club }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/manchester-united-confirm-sale-of-25-stake-to-british-billionaire-sir-jim-ratcliffe-13037398 | title='Mixed feelings' from fans as Manchester United confirm sale of 25% stake to British billionaire Sir Jim Ratcliffe }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/dec/24/sir-jim-ratcliffe-manchester-united-stake-announced | title=Sir Jim Ratcliffe completes deal to buy Manchester United 25% minority stake | newspaper=The Guardian | date=24 December 2023 | last1=Jackson | first1=Jamie }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/manchester-united-jim-ratcliffe-takeover-glazers-deal-b2445148.html | title=Sir Jim Ratcliffe finally completes Manchester United minority takeover | website=Independent.co.uk | date=24 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name="ratcliffe-set">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Sir Jim Ratcliffe completes 25% investment in Man United |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/38990082/sir-jim-ratcliffe-set-complete-man-united-investment-sources |first1=Rob |last1=Dawson |website=ESPN |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118225508/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/38990082/sir-jim-ratcliffe-set-complete-man-united-investment-sources |archive-date= Jan 18, 2024 }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2024, an tabbatar da sayen wani kaso na kulob din da Ratcliffe ya yi. An kammala sayarwar ta hannun Trawlers Ltd., wani kamfani da Ratcliffe ya mallaka gaba ɗaya. Yarjejeniyar ta sa Ratcliffe ya biya kusan £1.3&nbsp;biliyan<ref name="ratcliffe-set"/> domin samun kaso na farko na 26.2% a kulob din. Daga baya aka fitar da ƙarin hannun jari a madadin zuba jarin jari na £158.5&nbsp;miliyan da Ratcliffe ya yi bayan kammala yarjejeniyar, wanda ya ƙara kaso na mallakarsa zuwa 27.7%. Ratcliffe ya ƙara zuba £79.2&nbsp;miliyan kafin 31 ga Disamba 2024, kuma kaso na mallakarsa yanzu ya kai 28.9%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/sport/national/24133078.sir-jim-ratcliffe-completes-purchase-manchester-united-stake/ | title=Sir Jim Ratcliffe completes purchase of Manchester United stake | date=20 February 2024 |website=Bracknell News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221190010/https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/sport/national/24133078.sir-jim-ratcliffe-completes-purchase-manchester-united-stake/ |archive-date= Feb 21, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240220946628/en/ | title=Manchester United PLC and Trawlers Ltd Announce the Successful Completion of Sir Jim Ratcliffe's Minority Investment | date=20 February 2024 |website=Business Wire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221190010/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240220946628/en/ |archive-date= Feb 21, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/feb/20/sir-jim-ratcliffe-manchester-united-buy-in-official-sign-off#:~:text=Ratcliffe%2C%20who%20has%20gained%20control,the%20largest%20individual%20United%20shareholder. | title=Sir Jim Ratcliffe's Manchester United buy-in gets official sign-off | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 February 2024 | last1=Jackson | first1=Jamie }}</ref> ==Haɗin mallaka da INEOS== A ranar 9 ga Maris 2025, abin da aka bayyana a matsayin babbar zanga-zanga ta farko tun bayan sayen wani kaso na kulob din da Ratcliffe ya yi, ta ga dubban magoya baya sun yi zanga-zanga kan mallakar Glazer da Ratcliffe, bayan ƙarin farashin tikiti zuwa £66 da kuma sallamar ma'aikata 450 da nufin rage asarar £131&nbsp;miliyan da kulob din ke yi a shekara. Kulob din har yanzu yana da bashi sama da £1&nbsp;biliyan, bayan da ya tara £37&nbsp;miliyan na kuɗin ruwa kan bashi a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c5y40x9nvk9o|title=Manchester United: Thousands of fans protest against club ownership|date=9 March 2025|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} i0v21lt9qi6ogtxzfa8pv5kka7tqnuu 0 178150 963086 962713 2026-10-04T17:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lalit Surajmal Kanodia''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Maris 1941) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Datamatics. Ya riƙe mukamai a ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci kamar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Indo-American,<ref name="iaccindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Indo-American Chamber Of Commerce |url=https://www.iaccindia.com/page.asp?pageid=10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Indiya,<ref name="imcnet.org">{{Cite web |title=:: Indian Merchant Chamber :: |url=http://www.imcnet.org/media_center/listing/center/page/2}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Gudanarwa ta Indiya.<ref name="flywithvip.com">{{Cite web |title=Lalit Kanodia |url=https://flywithvip.com/celebrities/profile/104/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160305/https://flywithvip.com/celebrities/profile/104/ |archive-date=2018-01-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kanodia a [[Kolkata|Kolkata, Indiya]], ga Surajmal Kanodia, wani mai sayar da bullion, da kuma Chandravati Kanodia, wani mai gyaran gida. Iyalansa sun ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] a shekarar 1942. Kanodia ya halarci Makarantar Bombay Scottish School da ke [[Mumbai]], inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya fafata a wasannin motsa jiki. Ya yi karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Elphinstone, Jami'ar Bombay, na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan aka shigar da shi [[IIT Bombay|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya Bombay]] don yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Alumni update |url=http://www1.iitb.ac.in/Newsletter3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114257/http://www.iitb.ac.in:80/Newsletter3.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-10}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1963, ya sami digirin Master of Science a Management daga MIT a shekarar 1965, tare da tallafin Ford Fosndation Fellowship, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ford Foundation - Annual Report 1965 |url=https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406231923/https://fordfoundcontent.blob.core.windows.net/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> sannan ya koma MIT a shekarar 1966 don kammala karatunsa na PhD a fannin gudanarwa a shekarar 1967. Kanodia memba ne na Project MAC a MIT, wanda ya ƙirƙiro Tsarin Raba Lokaci Mai Daidaituwa da MULTICS ( tsarin aiki na kwamfuta mai amfani da yawa da kuma waɗanda suka riga suka zama UNIX ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej India Culture Lab - Indian Graduates from MIT Who Have Changed the Face of Technology |url=http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508205033/http://indiaculturelab.org/blog/11-indian-mit-graduates-that-you-must-know-about/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> == Koyarwa == A lokacin da yake a MIT, Kanodia ta koyar da kwas kan ka'idar yanke shawara ta kididdiga ga ɗaliban MBA (1964–65). Ya kuma koyar da ɗaliban MBA na tsawon shekaru biyu (1968–70) a Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Jamnalal Bajaj, Jami'ar Bombay, [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=rpglifesciences annual report |url=http://www.rpglifesciences.com/downloads/annualreports/annualreport_2007-08.pdf}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan Shawarwari na Tata == A shekarar 1965, JRD Tata, shugaban ƙungiyar Tata a wancan lokacin, ya ɗora wa Kanodia alhakin yin nazarin yuwuwar amfani da kwamfuta a cikin ƙungiyar Tata. Aikin Kanodia ya haifar da:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} # Tsarin rarraba Load na Kamfanonin Tata Electric ta atomatik ta Westinghouse, # Tsarin lissafin wutar lantarki na kamfanin ta hanyar kwamfuta, # Kafa cibiyar haɓaka software. Kanodia ta koma MIT don digirin digirgir <ref>{{Cite web |title=Print :India and MIT: How we became a technological force to reckon with |url=http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314101457/http://www.firstpost.com/printpage.php?idno=2670296&sr_no=0 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> sannan daga baya ta koma [[Kamfanin Tata|Tata Group]] don jagorantar sabuwar sashin software da aka tsara. A shekarar 1967, ya kafa Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Tata, wacce aka sake mata suna Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) a shekarar 1968.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}} == Shawarwari == A lokacin da yake [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Kanodia ta nemi taimakon Arthur D. Little da [[Ford|Kamfanin Motocin Ford]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rpg Life Sciences Ltd (RPGL.BO) |url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509053832/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RPGL.BO&officerId=1661185 |archive-date=2016-05-09 |website=Reuters India}}</ref> Ya kuma yi shawarwari da Bankin Jiha na Indiya, Kamfanin Somani, da kuma Kamfanin Kamani. == Bayanan Bayanai == A shekarar 1975, Kanodia ta kafa kamfanin Datamatics, kamfanin IT. Zuwa shekarar 1979, kamfanin ya kafa cibiyar bunkasa harkokin waje ga Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Wang .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} A shekarar 1991, Datamatics ta aiwatar da hanyar haɗin tauraron dan adam don haɓaka software tsakanin [[Mumbai]] da AT&amp;amp;T Bell Labs na Amurka ; wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga farkon ci gaban ayyukan BPO a Indiya. Daga nan Kanodia ta fara "Datamatics Technologies Limited," inda ta mai da hankali kan ayyukan BPO da KPO. Fadada ayyukan BPO ya sa Datamatics ta sayi kamfanonin SAZTEC da ke Amurka a shekarar 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAZTEC International, Inc. |date=13 October 2003 |title=Datamatics Technologies Limited to Acquire SAZTEC International, Inc. |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/datamatics-technologies-limited-to-acquire-saztec-international-inc-72481732.html}}</ref> da kuma CorPay a shekarar 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Datamatics plans to buy overseas BPO firms |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509084115/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-08/news/27371501_1_datamatics-technologies-corpay-acquisition-plans |archive-date=9 May 2016 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> Datamatics ta ci gaba da samun wasu kamfanonin ƙasashen duniya tun daga lokacin. Kanodia ita ce Shugaban Rukunin Datamatics <ref name="datamatics.com">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview - Datamatics Global Services Ltd |url=https://www.datamatics.com/about-us/company-overview |website=Datamatics}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi: * Kamfanin Datamatics Global Services Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Digital Technologies, Operations & Experiences Company |url=https://www.datamatics.com/ |website=Datamatics}}</ref> (Kamfani mai rijista tare da BSE/NSE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=DATAMATICS#}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Share Price &#124; Get Quote &#124; BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/datamatics-global-services-ltd/datamatics/532528/ |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref> * CIGNEX Datamatics Technologies Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Source Enterprise Solutions - Portals, ECM, eCommerce, Big Data Analytics |url=http://www.cignex.com/ |website=CIGNEX Datamatics}}</ref> * Kamfanin Lumina Datamatics Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Publishing - Retail Solutions - Publishing Services - Content Development |url=http://luminadatamatics.com/ |website=Lumina Datamatics}}</ref> * Kamfanin Datamatics Staffing Services Ltd <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.datamaticsindia.com/ |website=datamaticsindia.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kanodia yana da 'ya'ya huɗu tare da matarsa, Asha. Babban ɗansa, Rahul Kanodia shi ne mataimakin shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Datamatics Global Services, <ref name="datamatics.com" /> kuma ƙaramin ɗansa, Sameer Kanodia, babban darakta ne. Yana kuma da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Aneesha da Amrita. == Ganewa == # Kyautar 'Yan Indiya ta Shekara ta Indiya don Ayyukan IT, Shawarwari da BPO <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Affairs India Leadership Conclave Awards conferred by Satya Brahma at ILC 2015 |url=http://network7mediagroup.blogspot.com/2015/10/indian-affairs-india-leadership.html?view=timeslide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Indian Affair's India Leadership Conclave & Indian Affairs Business Leadership Awards |url=http://breakfastnews.tv/history-of-indian-affairs-india-leadership-conclave-indian-affairs-business-leadership-awards/ |website=Breakfast News TV |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012114928/http://breakfastnews.tv/history-of-indian-affairs-india-leadership-conclave-indian-affairs-business-leadership-awards/ |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Kyauta ta Musamman ta Nasara a Kyaututtukan Kasuwanci na Asiya Pacific <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2015 |title=APEA New Delhi 2015 Award Winners |url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-new-delhi-2015-award-winners/ |website=The Asian Entrepreneur |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919094126/https://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-new-delhi-2015-award-winners/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Kyautar Masu Nasara ta Duniya don Inganta Kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Datamatics Wins Global Achievers Award for Business Excellence |url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/607306 |website=PR.com}}</ref> # Kyauta daga Firayim Ministan Indiya saboda mafi kyawun samfurin software <ref name="nazerry">{{Cite web |last=nazerry |title=APEA / INDIA / DR LALIT S KANODIA |url=http://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2015/dr-lalit-s-kanodia/ |website=Enterprise Asia |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623054646/https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2015/dr-lalit-s-kanodia/ |archive-date=2021-06-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Officer Profile - Quotes |url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001239/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DATC.NS&officerId=825922 |archive-date=2016-04-09 |website=Reuters India}}</ref> Kanodia ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa ta Indiya. <ref name="flywithvip.com" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalit S. Kanodia, Author at Gateway House |url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/author/lalit-kanodia/ |website=Gateway House}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Indo-American. <ref name="iaccindia.com" /> Shi ne mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Indiya kuma shugaban kwamitin IT ɗinta. <ref name="imcnet.org" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Premnarayen to be IMC's President, Dr. Lalit Kanodia Vice-President for 2016-17 |url=http://globalnewsonnetwork.com/2016/03/17/deepak-premnarayen-to-be-imcs-president-dr-lalit-kanodia-vice-president-for-2016-17/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na NASSCOM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia is the Chairman of IT Committee of IMC |url=http://instantpublish.blogspot.com/2014/01/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-is-chairman.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lalit Surajmal Kanodia takes over as IACC National President |url=http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180242/http://prsync.com/datamatics-global-services-limited/dr-lalit-surajmal-kanodia-takes-over-as-iacc-national-president-766483/ |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Tallafawa Fitar da Manhajojin Lantarki da Kwamfuta (Yankin Yamma). <ref name="nazerry" /> Ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Sloan a MIT a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Sloan Regional Executive Boards |url=http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512191138/http://mitsloan.mit.edu/alumnimagazine/pdf/Spring2010-Executive%20Boards.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hulɗa na Chile a Indiya daga 2002 zuwa 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AyerViernes S.A. |title=Sección Consular de Chile en Nueva Delhi |url=http://chile.gob.cl/nueva-delhi/en/sobre-el-consulado/consulados-honorarios/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulate of Chile in Mumbai, India |url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy21156/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Business with Latin America |url=http://www.businesswithlatinamerica.com/Contacts3.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 95atxkctzlre731krfvor0cswtg4bzs 0 178173 963142 962889 2026-10-04T21:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lissafi mai amfani''' shine amfani da [[Lissafi|hanyoyin lissafi]] ta fannoni daban-daban kamar kimiyyar lissafi, [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]], [[Ilimin magunguna|magani]], [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], kuɗi, [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]], kimiyyar kwamfuta, [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], da masana'antu . Saboda haka, ilimin lissafi da aka yi amfani da shi haɗin kimiyyar lissafi ne da kuma ilimin musamman. Kalmar "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi" kuma tana bayyana ƙwarewar ƙwararru inda masana lissafi ke aiki akan matsalolin aiki ta hanyar tsara da nazarin samfuran lissafi . A baya, aikace-aikacen da aka yi amfani da su sun ƙarfafa ci gaban ka'idojin lissafi, wanda daga baya ya zama batun nazari a cikin tsararren lissafi inda ake nazarin ra'ayoyi marasa ma'ana don amfanin kansu. Saboda haka, aikin lissafi mai amfani yana da alaƙa da bincike a cikin tsararren lissafi. == Tarihi == [[File:Elmer-pump-heatequation.png|right|thumb| Maganin lambobi ga lissafin zafi akan samfurin akwatin famfo ta amfani da hanyar abubuwan da aka ƙayyade .]] A tarihi, lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi ya ƙunshi nazarin da aka yi amfani da shi, musamman ma daidaiton bambanci ; ka'idar kimantawa (wanda aka fassara gabaɗaya, don haɗawa da wakilci, hanyoyin rashin alamun cutar, hanyoyin bambance-bambance, da nazarin lambobi ); da kuma [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]] amfani. Waɗannan fannoni na lissafi suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi ta Newtonian, kuma a zahiri, bambancin da ke tsakanin masana lissafi da masana kimiyyar lissafi ba a yi shi sosai ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Wannan tarihi ya bar wani tarihi na koyarwa a Amurka: har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, ana koyar da fannoni kamar na makanikai na gargajiya a sassan lissafi masu amfani a jami'o'in Amurka maimakon a sassan kimiyyar lissafi, kuma har yanzu ana iya koyar da makanikai masu ruwa-ruwa a sassan lissafi masu amfani. Sashen [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]] da kimiyyar kwamfuta sun saba amfani da ilimin lissafi mai amfani. == Rassa == [[File:HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif|left|thumb| Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar yanayin ruwa na kwamfuta a matsayin wani reshe na ilimin lissafi da injiniyan injiniyanci.]] A yau, ana amfani da kalmar "lissafi mai amfani" a faffadan ma'ana. Ya haɗa da yankunan gargajiya da aka ambata a sama da kuma wasu wurare waɗanda suka zama masu mahimmanci a aikace-aikace. Har ma da fannoni kamar ka'idar lamba waɗanda suke ɓangare na tsararren lissafi yanzu suna da mahimmanci a aikace-aikace (kamar rubutun ɓoye bayanai ), kodayake ba a ɗaukar su gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na fannin ilimin lissafi da aka yi amfani da ''shi ba'' . Babu wata yarjejeniya game da menene sassa daban-daban na ilimin lissafi da aka yi amfani da su. Irin waɗannan rarrabuwa suna da wahala ta hanyar yadda lissafi da kimiyya ke canzawa akan lokaci, da kuma ta hanyar yadda jami'o'i ke tsara sassa, darussa, da digiri. Masana lissafi da yawa suna bambanta tsakanin "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi", wanda ya shafi hanyoyin lissafi, da kuma "amfani da lissafi" a cikin kimiyya da injiniyanci. Masanin ilmin halitta wanda ke amfani da tsarin yawan jama'a da kuma amfani da ilimin lissafi da aka sani ba zai ''yi'' amfani da ilimin lissafi ba, amma zai ''yi amfani da'' shi; duk da haka, masana ilmin lissafi sun haifar da matsaloli da suka ƙarfafa ci gaban ilimin lissafi mai tsabta. Masana lissafi kamar [[Henri Poincaré|Poincaré]] da Arnold sun musanta wanzuwar "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi" kuma suna da'awar cewa akwai "aikace-aikacen lissafi" kawai. Hakazalika, waɗanda ba masu lissafi ba suna haɗa lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma amfani da shi a lissafi. Ana kuma kiran amfani da haɓaka lissafi don magance matsalolin masana'antu "lissafin masana'antu". Nasarar hanyoyin lissafi na zamani da manhajoji na lissafi ya haifar da fitowar lissafi na kwamfuta, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da injiniyan kwamfuta, waɗanda ke amfani da kwamfuta mai inganci don kwaikwayon abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma magance matsaloli a cikin kimiyya da injiniyanci. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin fannoni daban-daban. === Lissafi masu dacewa === Wani lokaci, ana amfani da kalmar '''lissafi mai amfani''' don bambance tsakanin lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi na gargajiya wanda ya haɓaka tare da kimiyyar lissafi da fannoni da yawa na lissafi waɗanda suka dace da matsalolin duniya na gaske a yau, kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya game da takamaiman ma'ana. <ref name="OtteEtAl"> [https://books.google.com/books?id=VgLZBAAAQBAJ&q=applicable+mathematics&pg=PA83 Perspectives on Mathematics Education: Papers Submitted by Members of the Bacomet Group, pgs 82–3.] Editors: H. Christiansen, A.G. Howson, M. Otte. Volume 2 of Mathematics Education Library; Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. {{ISBN|9400945043}}, 9789400945043.</ref> Masana lissafi sau da yawa suna bambanta tsakanin "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi" a gefe guda, da kuma "aikace-aikacen lissafi" ko "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi" a ciki da wajen kimiyya da injiniya, a ɗayan gefen. <ref name="OtteEtAl" /> Wasu masana lissafi suna jaddada kalmar lissafi mai dacewa don raba ko fayyace yankunan da aka yi amfani da su na gargajiya daga sabbin aikace-aikace da suka taso daga fannoni waɗanda a da ake ganin su a matsayin tsarkakken lissafi. <ref name="rektorys">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-sztCAAAQBAJ&q=applicable+mathematics&pg=PR17 Survey of Applicable Mathematics, pg xvii (Foreword). ] K. Rektorys; 2nd edition, illustrated. Springer, 2013. {{ISBN|9401583080}}, 9789401583084.</ref> Misali, daga wannan ra'ayi, masanin muhalli ko masanin ƙasa wanda ke amfani da tsarin yawan jama'a da kuma amfani da lissafi da aka sani ba zai yi amfani da shi ba, amma zai dace da lissafi. Har ma da fannoni kamar ka'idar lamba waɗanda suke ɓangare na tsararren lissafi yanzu suna da mahimmanci a aikace-aikace (kamar rubutun ɓoye bayanai ), kodayake ba a ɗaukar su gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na fannin ilimin lissafi da aka yi amfani da ''shi ba'' . Irin waɗannan bayanai na iya haifar da ganin ''lissafin da ya dace'' a matsayin tarin hanyoyin lissafi kamar nazarin gaske, algebra mai layi, ƙirar lissafi, ingantawa, haɗakarwa, [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yuwuwar]] da ƙididdiga, waɗanda suke da amfani a fannoni daban-daban na waje da lissafi na gargajiya kuma ba takamaiman kimiyyar lissafi ba. Wasu marubuta sun fi son kwatanta ''lissafi mai dacewa'' a matsayin haɗin aikace-aikacen lissafi "sabbi" tare da fannoni na gargajiya na lissafi mai amfani. <ref name="rektorys" /> Da wannan hangen nesa, kalmomin lissafi da aka yi amfani da su da kuma lissafi da aka yi amfani da su za a iya musanya su. == Amfani == [[File:Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png|right|thumb| Kuɗin lissafi yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin kasuwannin kuɗi.]] A tarihi, lissafi ya fi muhimmanci a fannin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]] da [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]] . Duk da haka, tun bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], fannoni daban-daban da ba na kimiyyar zahiri ba sun haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin fannoni na lissafi, kamar ka'idar wasa da ka'idar zaɓin zamantakewa, waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga la'akari da tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da hanyoyin lissafi da haɓaka su ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu fannoni wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin fannoni kamar kuɗin lissafi da kimiyyar bayanai . Zuwan kwamfutar ya ba da damar sabbin aikace-aikace: nazari da amfani da sabuwar fasahar kwamfuta da kanta ( kimiyyar kwamfuta ) don nazarin matsalolin da ke tasowa a wasu fannoni na kimiyya (kimiyyar kwamfuta) da kuma lissafin lissafi (misali, kimiyyar kwamfuta ta ka'ida, aljebra ta kwamfuta, nazarin lambobi ). Kididdiga wataƙila ita ce kimiyyar lissafi mafi yaɗuwa da ake amfani da ita a [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] . == Matsayi a sassan ilimi == Cibiyoyin ilimi ba su daidaita yadda suke tsara da kuma yiwa darussa, shirye-shirye, da digiri lakabi a fannin lissafi da aka yi amfani da shi ba. A wasu makarantu, akwai sashen lissafi guda ɗaya, yayin da wasu kuma suna da sassa daban-daban na Lissafin Aiki da Lissafi (Tsarkake). Yana da matuƙar wahala a raba sassan kididdiga a makarantu masu shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu, amma yawancin cibiyoyin da ke da digiri na farko kawai suna da ƙididdiga a ƙarƙashin sashen lissafi. Yawancin shirye-shiryen lissafi da aka yi amfani da su (sabanin sassan) sun ƙunshi darussa masu tsari daban-daban da kuma malamai da aka naɗa tare a sassan da ke wakiltar aikace-aikace. Wasu shirye-shiryen digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a fannin lissafi da aka yi amfani da su suna buƙatar ƙaramin aiki ko babu wani aiki a waje da lissafi, yayin da wasu kuma suna buƙatar babban aikin koyarwa a wani takamaiman fanni na aikace-aikace. A wasu fannoni, wannan bambanci yana nuna bambanci tsakanin "amfani da lissafi" da "lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi". Wasu jami'o'i a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] suna da sassan ''Lissafi Masu Aiwatarwa da Kimiyyar Lissafi'', amma yanzu ba a saba samun sassa daban-daban na lissafi mai tsarki da na aiki ba. Wani abin mamaki da ya bambanta wannan shine Sashen Lissafi da Nazarin Lissafi na Jami'ar Cambridge, wanda ke ɗauke da Farfesa Lucasian na Lissafi wanda tsoffin ma'aikatansa suka haɗa da [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Babbage]], James Lighthill, Paul Dirac, da [[Stephen hawking|Stephen Hawking]] . [[File:Henry_and_Elizabeth_Pearce_Estate.jpg|thumb| Sashen Lissafi Mai Amfani na Jami'ar Brown shine mafi tsufa shirin lissafi mai amfani a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=John L. |last2=Goodstein |first2=Judith R. |date=1983-12-23 |title=Theodore von Kármán and Applied Mathematics in America |url=https://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/math-history/hmath2-greenberg.pdf |journal=Science |volume=222 |issue=4630 |pages=1300–1304 |bibcode=1983Sci...222.1300G |doi=10.1126/science.222.4630.1300 |pmid=17773321 |s2cid=19738034}}</ref>]] Makarantun da ke da sassa daban-daban na lissafi sun fara ne daga Jami'ar Brown, wacce ke da babban Sashen Lissafi Mai Aiwatarwa wanda ke ba da digiri har zuwa digiri na uku, zuwa Jami'ar Santa Clara, wacce ke ba da MS kawai a fannin lissafi mai amfani. Jami'o'in bincike da ke raba sashen lissafi zuwa sassa masu tsarki da kuma waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da MIT . Ɗaliban da ke cikin wannan shirin kuma suna koyon wata fasaha (kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyanci, kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi mai tsarki, da sauransu) don ƙara musu ƙwarewar lissafi da aka yi amfani da su. == Kimiyyar lissafi mai alaƙa == [[File:Oldfaithful3.png|right|thumb| Lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da kamanceceniya sosai da ƙididdiga.]] Lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan kimiyyar lissafi: === Injiniya === Ana amfani da lissafi a dukkan fannoni na injiniyanci kuma daga baya ya zama ƙwarewa ta musamman a cikin aikin injiniyanci. Misali, ci gaba da makanikai abu ne mai muhimmanci ga aikin farar hula, injiniyan injiniya da injiniyan sararin samaniya, tare da darussa a cikin makanikan da makanikan ruwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin manhajar injiniya. Continuum mechanics shi ma muhimmin reshe ne na lissafi a nasa bangaren. Ya zama abin wahayi ga tambayoyi masu wahala iri-iri na bincike ga masana lissafi da suka shiga cikin nazarin daidaiton bambance-bambancen ɓangarori, yanayin lissafi daban-daban da kuma lissafin bambance-bambancen . Wataƙila matsalar lissafi da aka fi sani da tsarin injiniya mai ci gaba da tasowa ita ce batun wanzuwar Navier-Stokes da santsi . Fitattun masana lissafi a fannin aiki maimakon injiniyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga lissafi na makanikai na ci gaba sune Clifford Truesdell, Walter Noll, Andrey Kolmogorov da George Batchelor Wani muhimmin fanni ga fannoni da dama a fannin injiniyanci shine na injiniyan sarrafawa . Ka'idar lissafi mai alaƙa da wannan ƙwarewa ita ce ka'idar sarrafawa, wani reshe na lissafi mai amfani wanda ke ginawa daga lissafin tsarin motsi . Ka'idar sarrafawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fasahar zamani, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin injiniyan lantarki, injiniyanci da kuma sararin samaniya. Kamar yadda ake amfani da tsarin ci gaba, ka'idar sarrafawa ta zama fanni na binciken lissafi a kanta, inda masana lissafi kamar Aleksandr Lyapunov, Norbert Wiener, Lev Pontryagin da wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Fields Pierre-Louis Lions suka ba da gudummawa ga harsashin ginin. === Kwamfutar Kimiyya === Kwamfuta ta kimiyya ta haɗa da lissafi mai amfani (musamman nazarin lambobi ), kimiyyar kwamfuta (musamman kwamfuta mai aiki mai girma ), da kuma ƙirar lissafi a fannin kimiyya. === Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta === Kimiyyar kwamfuta ta dogara ne akan dabaru, [[algebra]], lissafi daban-daban kamar ka'idar jadawali, da kuma haɗakarwa . === Binciken Ayyuka da Kimiyyar Gudanarwa === Ana koyar da binciken ayyuka da kimiyyar gudanarwa a fannonin injiniyanci, kasuwanci, da manufofin jama'a. === Kididdiga === Lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da kamanceceniya sosai da fannin kididdiga. Masana ka'idojin kididdiga suna nazari da inganta hanyoyin kididdiga ta hanyar amfani da lissafi, kuma binciken kididdiga yakan haifar da tambayoyi kan lissafi. Ka'idar kididdiga ta dogara ne akan ka'idar yiwuwa da yanke shawara, kuma tana amfani da ilimin kimiyya, bincike, da ingantawa sosai; don tsara gwaje-gwaje, masana kididdiga suna amfani da algebra da ƙirar haɗin gwiwa . Masana lissafi da masu kididdiga masu aiki galibi suna aiki a sashen kimiyyar lissafi (musamman a kwalejoji da ƙananan jami'o'i). === Kimiyyar actuarial === Kimiyyar actuarial tana amfani da yiwuwar, ƙididdiga, da ka'idar tattalin arziki don tantance haɗari a cikin inshora, kuɗi da sauran masana'antu da sana'o'i. === Tattalin arzikin lissafi === Tattalin arzikin lissafi shine amfani da hanyoyin lissafi don wakiltar ka'idoji da kuma nazarin matsalolin tattalin arziki. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su galibi suna nufin dabarun lissafi ko hanyoyin da ba su da mahimmanci. Tattalin arzikin lissafi ya dogara ne akan ƙididdiga, yuwuwar aiki, shirye-shiryen lissafi (da kuma sauran hanyoyin lissafi ), binciken ayyuka, ka'idar wasa, da wasu hanyoyi daga nazarin lissafi. A wannan fanni, yana kama da (amma ya bambanta da) lissafin kuɗi, wani ɓangare na lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi. A cewar Rarraba Maudu'i na Lissafi (MSC), tattalin arzikin lissafi ya faɗi cikin lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi/wasu rarrabuwa na rukuni na 91: : Ka'idar wasa, tattalin arziki, kimiyyar zamantakewa da halayya tare da rarrabuwar [https://web.archive.org/web/20110113151843/http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=MSC2010 MSC2010] don ' Ka'idar Wasanni ' a lambobin [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092147/http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Axx 91Axx] Archived da kuma don 'tattalin arzikin lissafi' a lambobin [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155902/http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Bxx 91Bxx] Archived . === Wasu fannoni === Layin da ke tsakanin lissafi da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma takamaiman fannoni na aikace-aikacen sau da yawa yana da duhu. Jami'o'i da yawa suna koyar da darussan lissafi da na kididdiga a wajen sassan da suka dace, a sassa da yankuna, ciki har da [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]], [[Injinia.|injiniyanci]], kimiyyar lissafi, [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], kimiyyar kwamfuta, lissafin kimiyya, ka'idar bayanai, da kimiyyar lissafi . == Ƙungiyoyin Lissafi Masu Amfani == Ƙungiyar Masana'antu da Lissafi Masu Aiwatarwa ƙungiya ce ta lissafi mai amfani ta duniya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar tana da membobi 14,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About SIAM {{!}} SIAM |url=https://www.siam.org/about-us/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka tana da Ƙungiyar Lissafin da aka Aiwatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Applied Mathematics Group |url=https://www.ams.org/learning-careers/data/annual-survey/group_applied_mathematics |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=American Mathematical Society |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Nazarin Nazari * [[Kimiyya mai amfani|Kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da ita]] * Lissafin injiniya * Ƙungiyar Masana'antu da Lissafi Masu Amfani == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58qevgdud0i297r00zxe3e763yzzwqy 0 178177 963302 962982 2026-10-05T07:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manufofi''' tsari ne da aka tsara domin shiryar da shawarwari da kuma cimma sakamako mai ma'ana . Manufofi sanarwa ce ta niyya kuma ana aiwatar da ita a matsayin tsari ko yarjejeniya. Hukumar gudanarwa a cikin ƙungiya ce ke ɗaukar manufofi gabaɗaya. Manufofi na iya taimakawa wajen yanke shawara ta ''hanyar da ta dace'' da kuma ''ta hanyar da ta dace'' . Manufofin da ake amfani da su wajen yanke shawara na mutum ɗaya galibi suna taimaka wa manyan shugabanni da shawarwarin da dole ne su dogara da fa'idodin abubuwa da yawa, kuma sakamakon haka, sau da yawa suna da wahalar gwadawa da gangan, misali manufar daidaiton aiki da rayuwa . Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatoci da sauran cibiyoyi suna da manufofi a cikin nau'i na dokoki, ƙa'idoji, hanyoyin aiki, ayyukan gudanarwa, abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da ayyukan sa kai. Sau da yawa, rabon albarkatu yana nuna shawarwarin manufofi. Manufofin da aka yi niyya don taimakawa wajen yanke shawara mai ma'ana galibi suna aiki ne a zahiri kuma ana iya gwada su da ma'ana, misali manufar kalmar sirri . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Publications |title=What is policy |url=http://sydney.edu.au/legal/policy/what/index.shtml |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=sydney.edu.au}}</ref> Kalmar na iya aiki ga gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyi, 'yan kasuwa da daidaikun mutane. Umarnin shugaban ƙasa, [[Manufofin sirri|manufofin sirrin kamfanoni]], da dokokin tsari na majalisar dokoki duk misalai ne na manufofi. Tsarin ya bambanta da [[Dokokin doka|ƙa'idodi]] ko [[Doka|dokoki]] . Duk da cewa doka za ta iya tilasta ko hana halaye (misali dokar da ke buƙatar biyan haraji kan kuɗin shiga), manufofi kawai suna shiryar da ayyuka ga waɗanda suka fi yiwuwa su cimma sakamakon da ake so. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voican |first=Mădălina |date=2008 |title=Government's Role in Coordination of Decision- Making Process |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=733087 |journal=Revista de Științe Politics. Journal of Political Science |issue=17 |pages=26–31}}</ref> Nazarin manufofi ko manufofi na iya nufin tsarin yanke muhimman shawarwari na ƙungiya, gami da gano wasu hanyoyi daban-daban kamar shirye-shirye ko abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a kashe kuɗi, da kuma zaɓar daga cikinsu bisa ga tasirin da za su yi. Ana iya fahimtar manufofi a matsayin hanyoyin siyasa, gudanarwa, kuɗi, da gudanarwa waɗanda aka tsara don cimma manufofi na musamman. A cikin harkokin kuɗi na kamfanoni na gwamnati, manufar lissafin kuɗi mai mahimmanci ita ce manufa ga kamfani ko kamfani ko masana'antu wanda ake ganin yana da wani muhimmin abu na zahiri, kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan bayanan kuɗi .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2011}} An yi jayayya cewa ya kamata manufofin su kasance bisa ga shaidu. Mutum ko ƙungiya yana da hujjar yin iƙirarin cewa wata takamaiman manufa ta dogara ne akan shaida idan, kuma idan, an cika sharuɗɗa uku kawai. Da farko, mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiya tana da shaidu masu kwatantawa game da tasirin takamaiman manufar idan aka kwatanta da tasirin aƙalla wata manufa ta daban. Na biyu, wannan hujja ta tabbatar da takamaiman manufar bisa ga aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum ko ƙungiya ke so a fannin manufofin da aka bayar. Na uku, mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiya za su iya bayar da cikakken bayani game da wannan goyon baya ta hanyar bayyana shaidu da fifikon da suka kafa harsashin da'awar. Manufofi suna da ƙarfi; ba wai kawai jerin manufofi ko dokoki ba ne. Dole ne a aiwatar da tsare-tsaren manufofi, sau da yawa tare da sakamako mara tsammani. Manufofin zamantakewa su ne abin da ke faruwa 'a ƙasa' lokacin da aka aiwatar da su, da kuma abin da ke faruwa a matakin yanke shawara ko na majalisa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lowi |first=Theodore J. |date=July 1972 |title=Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=298–310 |doi=10.2307/974990 |jstor=974990}}</ref> Idan aka yi amfani da kalmar manufar, yana iya nufin: <ref name=":0" /> * Manufofin gwamnati na hukuma (dokoki ko jagororin da ke jagorantar yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da dokoki) == Tasiri == === Tasirin da aka yi niyya da kuma tsara manufofi === Tasirin da aka yi niyya ga wata manufa ya bambanta sosai dangane da ƙungiyar da kuma yanayin da aka tsara su. Manufofi, sabanin takamaiman Manufofin Jama'a, shine amfani da iko mai yawa akan wani yanayi da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ke yi don cimma burin da wannan ɗan wasan ya nufa. Hanya ta fitar da manufofin da aka bayyana na manufofin jama'a ita ce yin nazarin manufofin da aka sanya a cikin doka ko ƙungiyar da ta kafa ta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kotzampasakis |first=Manolis |last2=Woerdman |first2=Edwin |date=July 2024 |title=The Legal Objectives of the EU Emissions Trading System: An Evaluation Framework |journal=Transnational Environmental Law |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=312–336 |bibcode=2024TELaw..13..312K |doi=10.1017/S2047102524000153 |issn=2047-1025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen fayyace manufofin da ke bayan wata manufa kuma tana samar da tushe na yau da kullun don kimanta ingancinta a aikace. Wani bincike na nazari kan manufofi ya kammala da cewa yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da ke da nufin bunkasa hadin gwiwa a duniya galibi sun kasa samar da tasirin da aka nufa wajen magance [[Problèmes globaux|kalubalen duniya]], kuma wani lokacin na iya haifar da illa ko mummunan sakamako marasa kyau. Binciken ya nuna cewa hanyoyin aiwatarwa su ne "zaɓin tsarin yarjejeniya kawai da za a iya gyarawa" tare da yuwuwar inganta inganci . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Steven J. |last2=Baral |first2=Prativa |last3=Rogers Van Katwyk |first3=Susan |last4=Sritharan |first4=Lathika |last5=Hughsam |first5=Matthew |last6=Randhawa |first6=Harkanwal |last7=Lin |first7=Gigi |last8=Campbell |first8=Sophie |last9=Campus |first9=Brooke |last10=Dantas |first10=Maria |last11=Foroughian |first11=Neda |last12=Groux |first12=Gaëlle |last13=Gunn |first13=Elliot |last14=Guyatt |first14=Gordon |last15=Habibi |first15=Roojin |date=9 August 2022 |title=International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=32 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11922854H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2122854119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9372541 |pmid=35914153 |doi-access=free}} </ref> Jihar [[California]] ta bayar da misali na manufar neman fa'ida. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, adadin motocin haɗin gwiwa a California ya ƙaru sosai, wani ɓangare saboda sauye-sauyen manufofi a dokar Tarayya wanda ya samar da dala $1,500 a cikin kuɗin haraji (tun daga lokacin da aka daina amfani da su) kuma ya ba da damar amfani da layukan motoci masu yawan jama'a ga direbobin motocin haɗin gwiwa. A wannan yanayin, ƙungiyar (gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya) ta haifar da wani tasiri (ƙarin mallakar motoci da amfani da su) ta hanyar manufofi (rage haraji, hanyoyin manyan hanyoyi). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nesamani |first=K.S. |last2=Lianyu |first2=C.H.U. |last3=Recker |first3=Will |date=2010 |title=Policy implications of incorporating hybrid vehicles into high-occupancy vehicle lanes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1570667209600313 |journal=Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=30–41 |doi=10.1016/S1570-6672(09)60031-3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> === Ba a yi niyya ba === Manufofi galibi suna da illa ko sakamako mara niyya . Saboda yanayin da manufofi ke neman yin tasiri ko sarrafa su galibi tsari ne mai rikitarwa (misali gwamnatoci, al'ummomi, manyan kamfanoni), yin canjin manufofi na iya haifar da sakamako mara ma'ana . Misali, gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar siyasa ta ƙara haraji, da fatan ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na haraji. Dangane da girman karuwar haraji, wannan na iya haifar da tasirin rage kudaden shiga na haraji ta hanyar haifar da hauhawar jari ko kuma ta hanyar haifar da hauhawar farashi mai yawa wanda 'yan ƙasa ke hana su samun kuɗin da ake biyan haraji. {{Efn|For more information on the effect of tax policy on state revenues, see [[Laffer curve]].}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=Yu-Bong |date=2006 |title=Capital Tax Competition in the Presence of Rent-Shifting Incentives |url=https://econ.ntpu.edu.tw/storage/files/XDE6sAQiG79r9zqpMgAp4N2Zpi25egcnSHgXzyIR.pdf |journal=經濟研究 (Taipei Economic Inquiry) |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920083135/https://econ.ntpu.edu.tw/storage/files/XDE6sAQiG79r9zqpMgAp4N2Zpi25egcnSHgXzyIR.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsarin tsara manufofi a ka'ida ya haɗa da yunƙurin tantance fannoni da dama da ka iya haifar da tasirin manufofi gwargwadon iko, don rage damar da wata manufa za ta iya haifar da sakamako mara tsammani ko wanda ba a yi niyya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deleon |first=Peter |last2=Steelman |first2=Toddi A. |date=2001 |title=Making public policy programs effective and relevant: The role of the policy sciences |journal=Journal of Policy Analysis and Management |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.co;2-w |issn=0276-8739}}</ref> == Zagaye == [[File:Policycycle.png|thumb|400x400px| Misali na manufar zagayowar siyasa]] A [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]], '''tsarin siyasa''' kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi wajen nazarin ci gaban siyasa. Ana iya kiransa da "samfurin matakai" ko "heuristic matakai". Don haka doka ce ta babban yatsa maimakon ainihin gaskiyar yadda ake ƙirƙirar manufofi, amma ta yi tasiri a yadda [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masana kimiyyar siyasa]] ke kallon manufofi gabaɗaya. {{Sfn|Nakamura|1987}} An ƙirƙiro shi a matsayin ka'ida daga aikin Harold Lasswell . Daga baya masana kimiyya sun yi jayayya cewa samfuran matakai suna sauƙaƙa tsarin manufofi, wanda galibi ana maimaita shi kuma ana tsara shi ta hanyar masu aiki da yawa da kuma canza yanayin aiwatarwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Common |first=Richard |date=2025 |title=Current challenges in strategy and public policy |journal=Administrative Sciences |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=304 |doi=10.3390/admsci15080304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Ana kiransa da zagayowar manufofi yayin da matakin ƙarshe (ƙima) sau da yawa yana komawa zuwa matakin farko (ma'anar matsala), don haka yana sake farawa da zagayowar. Shahararren tsarin da Harold Lasswell ya yi na zagayowar manufofi ya raba tsarin zuwa matakai bakwai daban-daban, yana yin tambayoyi game da yadda da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a yi manufofin gwamnati. Tare da matakai da suka kama daga (1) hankali, (2) haɓakawa, (3) takardar izini, (4) kira, (5) aikace-aikace, (6) dakatarwa da (7) kimantawa, wannan tsari yana ƙoƙarin haɗa aiwatar da manufofi zuwa manufofin da aka tsara. Ɗaya daga cikin sigar James E. Anderson, a cikin littafinsa na ''"Public Policy-Making'' " (1974) yana da matakai kamar haka: # Tsarin Ajanda (Gano matsala) - Fahimtar wani batu a matsayin matsala da ke buƙatar ƙarin kulawar gwamnati. # Tsarin manufofi - Ya ƙunshi bincika zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban ko hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalar. (kimantawa, tattaunawa, tsari, da haɗaka) # Shawarwari - Gwamnati tana yanke shawara kan matakin da za ta ɗauka, ko za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin da ake da shi a yanzu ko kuma ta sauya shi. (Shawara na iya zama 'mai kyau', 'mara kyau', ko 'babu wani aiki') # Aiwatarwa - Za a aiwatar da shawarar da aka yanke a baya. # Kimantawa - Yana tantance ingancin manufofin gwamnati dangane da manufofinta da sakamakon da aka fahimta. Masu ruwa da tsaki kan harkokin siyasa suna ƙoƙarin tantance ko matakin da za a ɗauka ya yi nasara ko bai yi nasara ba ta hanyar duba tasirinsa da sakamakonsa. Sigar Anderson ta samfurin matakai ita ce mafi shahara kuma an san ta sosai daga cikin samfuran. Duk da haka, ana iya ganinsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da kyau. A cewar Paul A. Sabatier, samfurin ya "wuce amfaninsa" kuma ya kamata a maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabatier |first=Paul A. |date=June 1991 |title=Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process |journal=PS: Political Science and Politics |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.2307/419923 |jstor=419923 |s2cid=153841704}}</ref> Matsalolin samfurin sun haifar da wani yanayi mai sarkakiya inda bincike na yanzu da sabbin nau'ikan samfurin suka ci gaba da dogaro da tsarin da Anderson ya ƙirƙira. Amma an yi watsi da manufar tsarin matakai, wanda ke kai hari ga matsayin zagayowar a matsayin wani abu mai zurfi. Saboda waɗannan matsalolin, madadin da sabbin nau'ikan samfurin sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar cikakken ra'ayi game da zagayowar manufofi. An tsara tsarin manufofi matakai takwas dalla-dalla a cikin ''Littafin Jagorar Manufofin Australiya'' na Peter Bridgman da Glyn Davis : (yanzu tare da Catherine Althaus a bugu na 4 da 5) # Gano matsalar # Nazarin Manufofi # Shawarwari (wanda ya mamaye dukkan tsarin) # Ƙirƙirar kayan aiki na manufofi # Gina haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa # Tsarin Shirin: Yin Shawara # Aiwatar da Manufofi # Kimanta Manufofi Tsarin Althaus, Bridgman & Davis yana da tsari mai zurfi kuma mai maimaitawa . Yana da tsari da gangan (jagora ce ga abin da masu tsara manufofi ya kamata su yi), kuma ba a yi shi a matsayin samfurin bincike ko hasashen abubuwa ba (kayan aiki don bayyana ko hasashen abin da zai faru) . Yawanci ana siffanta zagayowar manufofi a matsayin rungumar tsarin gargajiya, kuma suna bayyana hanyoyin daga mahangar masu yanke shawara kan manufofi. Saboda haka, wasu masana ilimi bayan kammala karatunsu suna ƙalubalantar samfuran da ke zagaye a matsayin waɗanda ba su da amsa kuma ba su da tabbas, suna fifita samfuran tsari da rikitarwa. Suna la'akari da nau'ikan masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin manufofi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]], masana, cibiyoyin bincike ko cibiyoyin bincike na manufofi, kamfanoni, masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, da sauransu. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Yawanci ana yada manufofi ta hanyar takardu na hukuma da aka rubuta. Takardun manufofi galibi suna zuwa da amincewa ko sa hannun ikon zartarwa a cikin ƙungiya don halatta manufar da kuma nuna cewa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai aiki. Irin waɗannan takardu galibi suna da tsari na yau da kullun waɗanda suka dace da ƙungiyar da ke fitar da manufar. Duk da cewa irin waɗannan tsare-tsare sun bambanta a tsari, takardun manufofi galibi suna ɗauke da wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa, ciki har da: * ''Bayanin manufa'', wanda ke bayyana dalilin da yasa ƙungiyar ke fitar da manufar, da kuma yadda tasirinta ko sakamakonta ya kamata ya kasance. * Bayanin ''aiki da iyaka'', wanda ke bayyana wanda manufar ta shafa da kuma ayyukan da manufar ta shafa. Amfani da kuma iyakokinsa na iya ware wasu mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko ayyuka daga cikin buƙatun manufofin. Ana amfani da amfani da kuma iyaka don mayar da hankali kan manufofin kawai kan manufofin da ake so, da kuma guje wa sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba inda zai yiwu. * ''Ranar da za ta fara aiki'' wadda ke nuna lokacin da manufar za ta fara aiki. Manufofin da suka yi baya-baya ba kasafai suke ba, amma ana iya samun su. * Sashen ''alhakin'', wanda ke nuna waɗanne ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da bayanan manufofi na mutum ɗaya. Yawancin manufofi na iya buƙatar kafa wani aiki ko aiki mai gudana. Misali, manufar siyayya na iya ƙayyade cewa za a ƙirƙiri ofishin siyayya don aiwatar da buƙatun siyayya, kuma wannan ofishin zai ɗauki alhakin ayyukan da ke ci gaba. Nauyin da ke wuyansu galibi ya haɗa da gano duk wani tsari [[Tsarin mulki|na kulawa]] da/ko shugabanci da ya dace. * ''Bayanin manufofi'' da ke nuna takamaiman ƙa'idodi, buƙatu, ko gyare-gyare ga halayen ƙungiya da manufar ke ƙirƙira. Kalaman manufofi sun bambanta sosai dangane da tsari da manufarsa, kuma yana iya ɗaukar kusan kowace irin hanya. Wasu manufofi na iya ƙunsar ƙarin sassa, gami da: * ''Bayani'', wanda ke nuna duk wani dalili, tarihi, bayanan tarihin ɗabi'a, da/ko niyya da suka kai ga ƙirƙirar manufar, wanda za a iya lissafa shi a matsayin ''abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa gwiwa'' . Wannan bayanin sau da yawa yana da matuƙar amfani idan dole ne a tantance ko a yi amfani da manufofi a cikin yanayi marasa tabbas, kamar yadda manufar doka za ta iya zama da amfani ga kotu wajen yanke hukunci kan shari'ar da ta shafi wannan doka. * ''Ma'anoni'', waɗanda ke ba da ma'anoni bayyanannu kuma ba tare da wata shakka ba ga sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyi da aka samu a cikin takardar manufofin. == Nau'ikan manufofi == Nau'o'in manufofi sun haɗa da waɗanda gwamnati, jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a suka tsara, da kuma waɗanda aka amince da su a cikin kasuwanci. Jam'iyyun siyasa suna amfani da manufofi don bayyana tushen da suke neman goyon bayan jama'a a zaɓe. A cikin kasuwanci, manufofin albarkatun ɗan adam da manufofin siye suna ba da misalai na yadda ƙungiyoyi ke ƙoƙarin bin ƙa'idodin doka da kuma guje wa mummunan tasiri. Manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna da manufofi da ke nuna cewa duk sayayya sama da wani ƙima dole ne a yi ta hanyar tsarin siye. Ta hanyar buƙatar wannan tsarin siye na yau da kullun ta hanyar manufofi, ƙungiyar za ta iya iyakance ɓarna da daidaita yadda ake siye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herbert |first=Peter |date=1984 |title=The financial implications of purchasing policy |journal=Journal of General Management |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1177/030630708400900403 |s2cid=168835724}}</ref> Masanin kimiyyar siyasa ɗan Amurka Theodore J. Lowi ya gabatar da nau'ikan manufofin jama'a guda huɗu, wato ''rarrabawa'', ''sake rarrabawa'', ''tsara dokoki'' da kuma ''abubuwan da suka shafi'' a cikin kasidarsa "Tsarin Manufofi Huɗu, Siyasa da Zabi" da kuma a cikin "Kasuwancin Amurka, Manufofin Jama'a, Nazarin Shari'a da Ka'idar Siyasa". Manufofin sun shafi manufar ƙungiyar, ko ta gwamnati ce, ta kasuwanci, ta ƙwararru, ko kuma ta son rai. An yi nufin manufofi su shafi duniyar "ainihin", ta hanyar jagorantar shawarwarin da aka yanke. Ko an rubuta su a hukumance ko a'a, yawancin ƙungiyoyi sun gano manufofi. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya rarraba manufofi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ga misali na nau'ikan manufofi daban-daban da aka raba ta hanyar tasirinsu ga membobin ƙungiyar. <ref name=":0" /> === Mai rarrabawa === Manufofin rarrabawa sun haɗa da rarraba albarkatu, ayyuka, ko fa'idodi ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyi ko daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma. Babban halayyar manufofin rarrabawa shine suna da nufin samar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya ba tare da rage yawan wadatar ko fa'idodin wasu ƙungiyoyi ba. Sau da yawa ana tsara waɗannan manufofi ne don haɓaka daidaito a tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa. Misalan sun haɗa da tallafin kuɗi ga manoma, shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a, da kuma kuɗaɗen tallafin ilimi ga jama'a. === Dokokin ƙa'ida === Manufofin ƙa'idoji suna da nufin sarrafa ko daidaita halaye da ayyukan mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko masana'antu. An yi nufin waɗannan manufofi ne don magance matsalolin da suka shafi tsaron jama'a, kare masu amfani da kayayyaki, da kuma kiyaye muhalli. Manufofin dokoki sun haɗa da sa hannun gwamnati ta hanyar dokoki, ƙa'idoji, da kuma kulawa. Misalan sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin muhalli, dokokin aiki, da ƙa'idodin aminci ga abinci da magunguna. Wani misali na wata manufa mai nasara ta tsarin gwamnati ita ce ta iyakance gudu a manyan hanyoyi. <ref name=":0" /> === Nauyin Majalisa === Manufofin tsarin mulki ba sa damuwa da rabon albarkatu ko tsara halaye, sai dai sun fi mai da hankali kan wakiltar abubuwan da jama'a ke so da kuma dabi'unsu. Waɗannan manufofi sun haɗa da magance matsalolin jama'a da batutuwan da ƙila ba su da wata tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arziki ko ƙa'idoji. Sau da yawa suna nuna kyawawan dabi'u da imani na al'umma. Manufofin tsarin mulki na iya haɗawa da alamun alama, kamar ƙudirin gane abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi ko kuma sanya alamun jiha a hukumance. Manufofin tsarin mulki kuma suna magance manufofin kuɗi a wasu yanayi. <ref name=":0" /> === Rarrabawa na sake rarrabawa === Manufofin rabawa sun haɗa da canja wurin albarkatu ko fa'idodi daga wata ƙungiya zuwa wata, yawanci daga masu kuɗi ko masu gata zuwa ga waɗanda ba su da galihu. Waɗannan manufofi suna neman rage rashin daidaito a fannin tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa ta hanyar ɗaukar waɗanda ke da ƙari da kuma samar wa waɗanda ke da ƙasa da haka. Harajin da ake ci gaba da biya, shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a, da kuma tallafin kuɗi ga gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi misalai ne na manufofin sake rarrabawa. === Kwance === Tsarin manufofi da aiwatarwa na kwance ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin iyakokin gwamnati da ma'aikatu da kuma a sassa daban-daban na zamantakewa. Manufarta ita ce magance matsalolin zamantakewa masu yawa kamar talauci da haɗin kai a cikin al'umma . Misali ɗaya shine Dokar [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ''don Yaƙi da Talauci da Warewar Jama'a'' (2002), da dabarun da tsare-tsaren aiki da ke tare da ita. A cewar binciken Gail Motsi game da tsara manufofi na kwance ga Cibiyar Gudanarwa, nasarar shirye-shiryen kwance sun dogara ne akan la'akari mai kyau na ''abin da ake buƙatar rabawa'' da kuma ''lokacin da ake buƙatar rabawa'' . Akwai ci gaba tsakanin raba bayanai, raba manufofi da raba iko, inda raba bayanai gabaɗaya shine mafi sauƙin kafawa, kuma raba iko shine mafi wahala. == Manyan makarantu na siyasa == [[File:Centre_for_International_Governance_Innovation_2.jpg|thumb| Makarantar Balsillie ta Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a harabar CIGI]] [[File:Blavatnik_School_of_Government,_Oxford.JPG|thumb|Blavatnik School of Government building]] * Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Balsillie * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Blavatnik * Goldman School of Public Policy a Jami'ar California Berkeley * Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London * Kwalejin Sarki ta London * Jami'ar Chicago Harris School of Public Policy * Kwalejin Heinz na Tsarin Bayanai da Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon * Makarantar Gwamnati ta Harvard Kennedy * Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Hertie * Munk Makarantar Harkokin Duniya da Manufofin Jama'a * Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Norman Paterson * Makarantar Paul H. Nitze ta Nazarin Kasa da Kasa * Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Princeton * Kimiyya Po Paris * Jami'ar Cambridge * Jami'ar Glasgow * Jami'ar Warwick * Jami'ar Paris Nanterre == Subtypes == {{Columns-list|* [[Corporate governance|Company policy]] * Communications and [[information policy]] * [[Human resource policies]] * [[Privacy policy]] * [[Public policy]] * [[Defense policy]] * [[Domestic policy]] * [[Economic policy]] * [[Education policy]] * [[Energy policy]] * [[Environmental policy]] * [[Foreign policy]] * [[Forest]] policy * [[Health policy]] * [[Macroeconomic policy]] * [[Monetary policy]] * [[Plan]] * [[Human population control|Population policy]] * [[Public policy (law)|Public policy in law]] * [[Science policy]] * [[Security policy]] * [[Social policy]] and [[cultural policy]] * [[Urban planning|Urban policy]] * [[Transport policy]] * [[Water policy]]}} == Shigar da manufofi == [[File:Multiple_streams_framework_(version_2).png|thumb| Tsarin rafuka da yawa yana bayyana cewa canje-canjen manufofi na faruwa ne lokacin da aka daidaita fahimtar matsaloli, tsara manufofi da tallafin siyasa.]] A cikin tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani na zamani da kuma zaɓen wakilai da yanke shawara iri ɗaya, galibi ana gabatar da gaurayen manufofi dangane da abubuwan da suka haɗa da shahara a cikin jama'a (wanda ke tasiri ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ilimi da kuma asalin al'adu ), tattalin arziki na zamani (kamar abin da ke da amfani ko nauyi a cikin dogon lokaci da na kusa) da kuma yanayin gasa na duniya gabaɗaya (sau da yawa shine abin da siyasa ta ƙasa ta fi mayar da hankali a kai). A fakaice, abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da gasar siyasa da sauran jam'iyyu da kuma kwanciyar hankali a zamantakewa da kuma muradun ƙasa a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya.   Ana iya tsara manufofi ko abubuwan manufofi ta hanyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa ko kuma hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taeihagh |first=Araz |date=1 June 2017 |title=Network-centric policy design |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2046 |journal=Policy Sciences |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0 |issn=1573-0891 |s2cid=157209343}}</ref> Za a iya gano wasu zaɓuɓɓukan da kuma ƙungiyoyi da masu yanke shawara waɗanda za su ɗauki alhakin aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi - ko kuma bayyana ƙin amincewa da su -. "Jerin manufofi" wata manufa ce da ke haɗa gaurayen manufofin da ake da su ko waɗanda ake zato kuma ta tsara su a cikin tsari mai tsari. Amfani da irin waɗannan tsare-tsare na iya sa shugabanci mai sarkakiya ya zama mai ma'ana don cimma manufofi kamar [[Rage canjin yanayi|rage sauyin yanayi]] da dakatar da [[Deforestation|sare dazuzzuka]] cikin sauƙi ko kuma ya fi tasiri, adalci, inganci, halal da aiwatarwa cikin sauri. <ref name="10.1017/sus.2021.21">{{Cite journal |last=Furumo |first=Paul R. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=27 October 2021 |title=Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation |journal=Global Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |bibcode=2021GlSus...4E..24F |doi=10.1017/sus.2021.21 |issn=2059-4798 |s2cid=239890357 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meckling |first=Jonas |last2=Sterner |first2=Thomas |last3=Wagner |first3=Gernot |date=December 2017 |title=Policy sequencing toward decarbonization |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=918–922 |bibcode=2017NatEn...2..918M |doi=10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8 |issn=2058-7546 |s2cid=158217818}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pahle |first=Michael |last2=Burtraw |first2=Dallas |last3=Flachsland |first3=Christian |last4=Kelsey |first4=Nina |last5=Biber |first5=Eric |last6=Meckling |first6=Jonas |last7=Edenhofer |first7=Ottmar |last8=Zysman |first8=John |date=October 2018 |title=Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=861–867 |bibcode=2018NatCC...8..861P |doi=10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=92543128}}</ref>   Hanyoyin zamani na yin manufofi ko yanke shawara na iya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka haifar da rikice-rikice waɗanda ke "ƙasƙantar da daidaiton manufofi da aka kafa a hukumomi" kuma bazai kasance koyaushe suna aiki ba dangane da hanawa da magance matsaloli yadda ya kamata, musamman lokacin da ake buƙatar manufofi marasa amfani, ƙa'idojin ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri waɗanda ke da buƙatu na musamman, haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen duniya da tunani da gudanarwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da amsawa ba.<ref name="stanf">{{cite news |title=Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-10-reveal-sequence-policies-essential-deforestation.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref> A wannan ma'anar, "jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa a farkon lokaci" yana nufin "ra'ayin cewa abubuwan da suka faru a farkon lokaci a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin tsari suna haifar da jerin halayen da suka shafi dalili da kuma martanin da ke haifar da ci gaba daga baya". Wannan ra'ayi ne daban da tsarin manufofi domin na biyun na iya buƙatar matakai daga ɓangarori da yawa a matakai daban-daban don ci gaban jerin, maimakon "firgita", ƙarfin-ƙarfi ko kuma tasirin jerin abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin duniyar zamani mai cike da haɗin kai, shugabanci mai alkibla ɗaya ya zama mafi mahimmanci - irin wannan "yana buƙatar haɗakar matakai da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda aka ɗauko daga sassan gwamnati, masu zaman kansu, da na sa kai waɗanda ke da alkiblar ɗaukar nauyi da ƙarfin aiki iri ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlisle |first=Keith |last2=Gruby |first2=Rebecca L. |date=2019 |title=Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons |journal=Policy Studies Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=927–952 |doi=10.1111/psj.12212 |issn=1541-0072 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin manufofi sun haɗa da matakan umarni da iko, ba da damar matakai, sa ido, ƙarfafa gwiwa da kuma rashin ƙarfafa gwiwa. <ref name="10.1017/sus.2021.21" /> Manufar kimiyya, wacce ta shafi mafi kunkuntar ra'ayi na manufar da ta dogara da shaida, na iya zama mafi mahimmanci. Wani bita game da [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] a duniya a matsayin [[Jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar|babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa]] - inda aka sami ƙaramin ci gaba, ya nuna cewa nasarar shawo kan barazanar da ke tattare da juna kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, sauyin yanayi, da asarar bambancin halittu yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa na duniya, " [[Kimiyya mai amfani|tsarin kimiyya]] da manufofinta na yau da kullun", misali don " bayar da bayanai kan shiga tsakani, tasiri ga bincike, da kuma jagorantar kuɗaɗen tallafi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |date=June 2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmc=11995256 |pmid=35594895 |s2cid=248905224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A fakaice, hanyoyin da suka shafi kimiyya da siyasa sun haɗa da kimiyya a cikin manufofi da kimiyya a cikin manufofi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Science-Policy Interface Platform |url=https://www.unmgcy.org/science-policy-interface |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=Major Group for Children and Youth}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Artificial intelligence in government]] * [[Blueprint]] * [[Distributive tendency]] * [[Iron triangle (US politics)|Iron triangle]] * [[Mandate (politics)]] * [[Multiple streams framework]] * [[Overton window]] * [[Pattern language]] * [[Policy alienation]] * [[Policy analysis]] * [[Policy Governance]] * [[Policy studies]] * [[Political science]] * [[Program evaluation]] * [[Public administration]] * [[Public health]] * [[Public policy (law)]] * [[Public policy schools]] * [[Public services]] * [[Social contract]] * [[Social welfare]] * [[Social work]] * [[Think tank]]}} == Manazarta ==   == Ƙarin karatu == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Daniel L. |last2=Hicks |first2=Joan Hamory |last3=Maldonado |first3=Beatriz |date=January 2016 |title=Women as policy makers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid |journal=[[European Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=41 |pages=46–60 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrmh1i07bzicsidmi5x3069u9cujeto 0 178197 963016 2026-10-04T12:04:51Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376712605|Pseudoscience]]" 963016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Phrenological_organs,_1887_Wellcome_L0001965.jpg|thumb| Taswirar nazarin phrenology ta ƙarni na 19: a shekarun 1820, masana kimiyyar phren sun yi iƙirarin cewa hankali yana cikin sassan kwakwalwa, kuma an kai masa hari saboda shakkun cewa tunani ya fito ne daga rai mara zahiri. Daga baya aka yi watsi da ra'ayinsu na karanta "ƙumburi" a cikin kwanyar don annabta halayen mutum. <ref name="bowler">{{Cite book|last3=Peter J. Bowler}}</ref> <ref name="dtg6e">Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). ''An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology''. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: {{Doi|10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011}}</ref> An fara kiran ilimin kimiyyar Phrenology da kimiyyar karya a shekarar 1843 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa haka. ]] '''Kimiyyar ƙarya''' ta ƙunshi kalamai, imani, ko ayyuka waɗanda ke da'awar cewa [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ce amma ba su dace da hanyar kimiyya ba. {{Refn|Definition: * "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have". ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', second edition 1989. * "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]''. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), '[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones.' These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."<ref name="SEP section SciPse"/> * '"claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (p. 17)'{{sfnp|Shermer|1997}} (this was the [https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm definition adopted by] the [[National Science Foundation]]) Terms regarded as having largely the same meaning but perhaps less disparaging connotations include ''parascience,'' ''cryptoscience,'' and ''anomalistics.''<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael P. |last=Gordin |title=The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe |page=11 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-30443-4}}</ref>}} Kimiyyar ƙarya galibi ana siffanta ta da da'awa masu karo da juna, masu ƙari ko marasa gaskiya ; dogaro da son zuciya maimakon yunƙurin ƙaryatawa; rashin buɗe ido ga kimantawa daga wasu ƙwararru ; rashin ayyukan tsari yayin ƙirƙirar hasashe ; da kuma ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi tsawon lokaci bayan an yi watsi da hasashe na ƙarya ta hanyar gwaji. Ba iri ɗaya bane da ilimin kimiyya na banza, wanda aikin kimiyya ne na ƙarya ko na zamba . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyya da kimiyyar ƙarya yana da alaƙa da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[falsafa]], da [[siyasa]] . <ref name="Imre-Lakatos">{{Cite web |last=Lakatos |first=Imre |year=1973 |title=Science and Pseudoscience |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/About/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscience.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725130745/http://richmedia.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/2002_LakatosScienceAndPseudoscience128.mp3 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science, Dept of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method |format=mp3}} {{Cite web |title=Science and Pseudoscience (transcript) |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728012423/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Masana falsafa suna muhawara kan yanayin kimiyya da kuma ka'idojin gabaɗaya don zana layi tsakanin ka'idodin kimiyya da imani na ƙarya, amma a cewar ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', " ƙirƙirar halitta, ilmin taurari, homeopathy, ɗaukar hoto na Kirlian, dowsing, ufology, ka'idar 'yan sama jannati ta da, musun Holocaust, bala'in Velikovskian, da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|musanta sauyin yanayi]] kimiyya ce ta ƙarya." <ref name="Stanford-Demarcations" /> Akwai tasirin da ke tattare da [[kula da lafiya]], amfani da shaidar ƙwararru, da kuma auna [[manufofin muhalli]] . Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke bin akidun kimiyya na karya galibi ba sa nuna ƙarancin hujjoji, ma'ana sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar ƙarin shaida kafin su kai ga ƙarshe. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin son zuciya 'tsallake zuwa ƙarshe' wanda zai iya ƙara yaɗuwar imani na ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Ferreiro |first=Javier |last2=Barberia |first2=Itxaso |date=2021-12-21 |title=Believers in pseudoscience present lower evidential criteria |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=24352 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1124352R |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03816-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8692588 |pmid=34934119 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magance kimiyyar ƙarya wani ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropp |first=Robert E. |date=1 August 2003 |title=Evolution Activists Organize to Combat Pseudoscience in Public Schools |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=8 |page=700 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0700:EAOTCP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |s2cid=84435133 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimiyyar ƙarya na iya haifar da illa mai haɗari. Misali, fafutukar hana allurar riga-kafi ta ƙarya da kuma haɓaka magungunan homeopathic a matsayin madadin magunguna na iya haifar da mutane su yi watsi da muhimman magungunan likita waɗanda ke da fa'idodi masu kyau ga lafiya, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa. <ref name="FKGbU">{{Cite web |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Vyse |date=10 July 2019 |title=What Should Become of a Monument to Pseudoscience? |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209061824/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Center for Inquiry}}</ref> <ref name="bxgBg">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2019 |title=How anti-vax pseudoscience seeps into public discourse |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215171126/https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Salon}}</ref> <ref name="mav9B">{{Cite web |title=Anti-vaccination websites use 'science' and stories to support claims, study finds |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716200305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Johns Hopkins |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da suka ƙi maganin likita na halal don cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na iya sanya wasu cikin haɗari. Ka'idojin ƙarya game da rarrabuwar launin fata da ƙabilanci sun haifar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Kalmar ''kimiyya ta ƙarya'' galibi ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin ƙyama, domin tana nuna cewa ana gabatar da wani abu a matsayin kimiyya ba daidai ba ko ma a cikin yaudara. Saboda haka, masu aiki da masu fafutukar kimiyyar ƙarya suna yawan jayayya game da halayen. <ref name="Freitsch">{{Cite journal |last=Frietsch |first=Ute |date=7 April 2015 |title=The boundaries of science/ pseudoscience |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |url-status=live |journal=European History Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202501/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''pseudoscience'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ta ''pseudo'' ma'ana "ƙarya" <ref name="ipDIt">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510075346/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=12 April 2018 |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> da kuma kalmar Turanci ''kimiyya'', daga kalmar Latin ''scientia'', ma'ana "ilimi". Duk da cewa kalmar ta fara amfani da ita tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 (misali, a shekarar 1796 ta James Pettit Andrews dangane da alchemy [ 20 ] ), ra'ayin kimiyyar ƙarya a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da kimiyya ta gaske ko ta dace ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Daga cikin farkon amfani da "kimiyyar ƙarya" akwai a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ''mujallar Northern Journal of Medicine'', fitowa ta 387 a shekarar 1844:   A farkon amfani da kalmar an yi ta ne a shekarar 1843 ta masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Faransa François Magendie, wanda ke nufin ilimin halittar jiki a matsayin " ''kimiyyar karya ta yanzu'' ". A ƙarni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin abin ƙyama don bayyana bayanin abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka yi iƙirarin cewa kimiyya ce, amma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ingantattun shaidun gwaji ba. :: Yin watsi da batun zamba da gangan{{Spaced en dash}} kamar "rappings" na ' yan'uwan Fox a shekarun 1850 [ 23 ]{{Spaced en dash}}Alamar ƙarya ta kimiyya ta bambanta kimiyya {{'}} '''''mu''''' {{'}}, a wani ɓangare, daga kimiyya ta ƙarya {{'}} '''''su''''' {{'}}, a ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ta tabbatar da cewa {{'}} '''''amincinmu''''' {{'}} ayyukanmu, ka'idoji, da sauransu, idan aka kwatanta da na {{'}} '''''wasu''''' {{'}}, kimiyya ce. Akwai sharuɗɗa huɗu:<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) ƙungiyar ' '''''masu kimiyya na ƙarya'''''' ta tabbatar da cewa imaninta, ayyukanta, ka'idojinta, da sauransu, {{'}} '''''kimiyya ce''''' {{'}} ;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa hujjojin da ake zargin an tabbatar da su gaskiya ne;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa {{'}} '''''gaskiyar da aka tabbatar''''' {{'}} an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar kimiyya mai tsauri; kuma<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) wannan ikirarin ƙarya ne ko kuma yaudara: "Ba wai kawai shaidun da suka biyo baya sun karyata sakamakon da aka tabbatar ba ne, a'a, '''''ba a taɓa tabbatar da sakamakon ba tun farko''''' " {{Refn|{{harvp|Blum|1978|p=12}} [Yeates' emphasis]; also, see {{harvp|Moll|1902|pp=44–47}}{{sfnp|Yeates|2018|p=42}}}} Amma lokaci zuwa lokaci, amfani da kalmar ya faru ne ta hanyar fasaha da ta dace, don mayar da martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga tsaron mutum da na cibiyoyi a cikin zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="Still">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Still A, Dryden W |year=2004 |title=The Social Psychology of "Pseudoscience": A Brief History |journal=J Theory Soc Behav |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=265–290 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00248.x}}</ref> == Alaƙa da kimiyya == === Hanyar kimiyya === [[File:The_Scientific_Method_(simple).png|thumb| Hanyar kimiyya ita ce zagayowar lura, tambaya, hasashe, gwaji, bincike da ƙarshe.]] Masana kimiyya sun yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi na asali a matsayin mizani don tantance ko tarin ilimi, hanya, ko aiki na kimiyya ne. Ya kamata a sake samar da sakamakon gwaji kuma wasu masu bincike su tabbatar da shi . [ 28 ] An yi nufin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita gwaje-gwajen gwargwadon yanayi iri ɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko hasashe ko ka'ida da ta shafi abubuwan da aka bayar suna da inganci kuma abin dogaro. Ka'idoji suna buƙatar a yi amfani da hanyar kimiyya a ko'ina, kuma a sarrafa son zuciya don ko a kawar da ita ta hanyar bazuwar tsari, hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura masu adalci, rufe bincike, da sauran hanyoyi. Ana sa ran za a rubuta duk bayanan da aka tattara, gami da yanayin gwaji ko muhalli, don a duba su kuma a samar da su don sake duba takwarorinsu, wanda hakan zai ba da damar yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje ko nazari don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata sakamakon. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta mahimmanci, kwarin gwiwa, da kuskure suma muhimman kayan aiki ne na hanyar kimiyya. === Karya === A tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin falsafa Karl Popper ya jaddada ma'aunin rashin iya bambance [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] da wanda ba kimiyya ba . <ref name="Popper">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}} The German version is currently in print by Mohr Siebeck ({{ISBN|3-16-148410-X}}).</ref> Kalamai, hasashe, ko ka'idoji suna da ƙarya ko ƙarya idan akwai yiwuwar a tabbatar da ƙaryarsu, wato, idan zai yiwu a yi tunanin wani abu da aka lura ko wata hujja da ta musanta su. Popper ya yi amfani da ilmin taurari da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin misalan kimiyyar ƙarya da kuma [[Ka'idar Dangantaka|ka'idar dangantakar]] Einstein a matsayin misali na kimiyya. Ya raba abubuwan da ba kimiyya ba zuwa ga falsafa, lissafi, tatsuniyoyi, addini da kuma tsarin metaphysical a gefe guda, sannan kuma ya raba wasu abubuwa na kimiyya na karya a gefe guda. [ 31 ] Wani misali kuma da ke nuna buƙatar da'awar ƙarya an bayyana shi a cikin littafin Carl Sagan mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'' lokacin da yake magana game da wani [[Jegare|dodon]] da ba a gani da yake da shi a garejinsa. An fahimci cewa babu wani gwaji na zahiri da zai karyata ikirarin kasancewar wannan dodon. Duk wani gwaji da mutum yake tunanin za a iya ƙirƙirowa, akwai dalilin da ya sa bai shafi dodon da ba a gani ba, don haka ba za a taɓa tabbatar da cewa da'awar farko ba daidai ba ce. Sagan ya kammala da cewa; "To, menene bambanci tsakanin dodon da ba a gani, wanda ba shi da jiki, wanda ke iyo wanda ke tofa wuta mara zafi da kuma babu dodon kwata-kwata?" Ya bayyana cewa "rashin iyawarku na karyata hasashena ba abu ɗaya bane da tabbatar da gaskiya", [ 32 ] ya sake bayyana cewa ko da irin wannan ikirarin gaskiya ne, zai kasance daga cikin [[Ilmi|binciken kimiyya]] . === Ka'idojin Mertonian === A shekarar 1942, Robert K. Merton ya gano wani tsari na "ƙa'idoji" guda biyar waɗanda ke nuna ainihin kimiyya. Idan aka karya wani ƙa'ida, Merton ya ɗauki wannan kamfani a matsayin wanda ba kimiyya ba. Ka'idojinsa sune: * Asalin Halitta: Gwaje-gwaje da binciken da aka yi dole ne su gabatar da wani sabon abu ga al'ummar kimiyya. * Rarrabuwa: Dalilan masana kimiyya na yin amfani da wannan kimiyya dole ne kawai su kasance don faɗaɗa iliminsu. Bai kamata masana kimiyya su sami dalilai na kansu na tsammanin wasu sakamako ba. * Na duniya: Babu wani mutum da ya kamata ya sami damar samun bayanai game da gwaji cikin sauƙi fiye da wani mutum. Matsayin zamantakewa, addini, ƙabila, ko duk wani abu na mutum bai kamata ya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da ikon wani na karɓar ko aiwatar da wani nau'in kimiyya ba. * Shakka: Bai kamata a dogara da hujjojin kimiyya a kan imani ba. Ya kamata mutum ya riƙa yin tambayoyi a kowace shari'a da muhawara sannan ya riƙa duba kurakurai ko da'awar da ba ta dace ba. * Samun dama ga jama'a: Duk wani ilimin kimiyya da mutum ya samu ya kamata a bai wa kowa. Ya kamata a buga sakamakon kowane bincike a kuma raba shi ga al'ummar kimiyya. <ref name="Paradigms Lost">{{Cite book|last3=John Casti}}</ref> === Ƙin amincewa da matsaloli === A shekarar 1978, Paul Thagard ya gabatar da cewa kimiyyar karya tana da bambanci da kimiyya idan ta yi kasa da ci gaba fiye da ka'idojin madadin da aka daɗe ana amfani da su, kuma masu goyon bayanta sun kasa amincewa ko magance matsalolin da ke tattare da ka'idar. [ 34 ] A shekarar 1983, Mario Bunge ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan "filayen imani" da "filayen bincike" don taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya da kimiyya, inda na farko galibi na mutum ne kuma na ra'ayin kansa ne, na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi wata hanya ta tsari. [ 35 ] Littafin 2018 game da [[Rashin amincewar kimiyya|shakkun kimiyya]] na Steven Novella, da sauransu. ''Jagorar Masu Sukar Duniya'' ta lissafa ƙiyayya ga suka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Novella}}</ref> === Sukar kalmar === Larry Laudan ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar "pseudoscience" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta kimiyya kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne don bayyana motsin zuciyar ɗan adam: "Idan za mu tashi tsaye kuma a ƙirga mu a gefen hankali, ya kamata mu cire kalmomi kamar 'pseudo-science' da 'marasa kimiyya' daga ƙamus ɗinmu; su kalmomi ne kawai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yin aikin motsin rai kawai a gare mu." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Larry Laudan}}</ref> Hakazalika, Richard McNally ya ce, "Kalmar 'kimiyyar ƙarya' ta zama ba ta wuce kawai kalma mai tayar da hankali ba don yin watsi da abokan hamayyar mutum cikin sauri a cikin maganganun kafofin watsa labarai" da kuma "Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu ilimin warkewa suka yi iƙirari a madadin tsoma bakinsu, bai kamata mu ɓata lokacinmu muna ƙoƙarin tantance ko tsoma bakinsu ya cancanci a matsayin na ƙarya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata mu tambaye su: Ta yaya kuka san cewa tsoma bakinku yana aiki? Menene shaidarku?" <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNally RJ |year=2003 |title=Is the pseudoscience concept useful for clinical psychology? |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |url-status=live |journal=The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430162007/http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> === Madadin ma'anar === Ga masana falsafa Silvio Funtowicz da Jerome R. Ravetz "za a iya bayyana kimiyyar karya a matsayin wacce dole ne a danne rashin tabbas na abubuwan da ke cikinta, don kada su sanya sakamakonta ya zama ba a tantance shi ba kwata-kwata." Ma'anar, a cikin littafin ''Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy'', ta yi nuni ga asarar ƙwarewar sana'a wajen sarrafa bayanai masu yawa, da kuma mummunan aikin cimma daidaito a cikin hasashe (ƙaddara) kawai a kan kuɗin yin watsi da rashin tabbas a cikin shigarwar da aka yi amfani da ita don tsara hasashen. Wannan amfani da kalmar ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu aikin kimiyyar bayan al'ada . An fahimce ta ta wannan hanyar, ana iya yaƙi da kimiyyar ƙarya ta amfani da kyawawan halaye don tantance rashin tabbas a cikin bayanai masu yawa, kamar NUSAP da&nbsp;– idan aka yi la'akari da samfurin lissafi&nbsp;- duba lafiyar jiki . == Tarihi == [[File:Venice_ast_sm.jpg|thumb| Alamomin taurari na zodiac]] Tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya shine nazarin ka'idojin kimiyyar ƙarya a tsawon lokaci. Kimiyyar ƙarya tarin ra'ayoyi ne da ke gabatar da kanta a matsayin kimiyya, yayin da bai cika sharuɗɗan da ya kamata a kira ta haka ba. A wasu lokutan yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin kimiyya mai kyau da kimiyya ta ƙarya. Wani shawara na raba tsakanin su biyun shine ka'idar karya, wanda aka fi dangantawa da masanin falsafa Karl Popper . A tarihin kimiyya da tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya, yana iya zama da wahala musamman a raba su biyun, saboda wasu kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga kimiyyar ƙarya. Misalin wannan sauyi shine kimiyyar [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]], wacce ta samo asali ne daga binciken kimiyya na karya ko na kimiyya kafin kimiyya . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya yana ƙara rikitar da tarihin kimiyya. Wasu kimiyyar karya ta zamani, kamar ilmin taurari da acupuncture, sun samo asali ne kafin zamanin kimiyya. Wasu kuma sun ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na akida, kamar Lysenkoism, ko kuma a matsayin martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga akida. Misalan wannan tsarin akida sune kimiyyar halitta da ƙira mai hankali, waɗanda aka haɓaka don mayar da martani ga ka'idar juyin halitta ta kimiyya. <ref name="GMUjf">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greener M |year=2007 |title=Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience? |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1107–09 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401131 |pmc=2267227 |pmid=18059309}}</ref> == Alamomin yiwuwar kimiyyar ƙarya == [[File:Rhustox.jpg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen homeopathic ''Rhus toxicodendron'', wanda aka samo daga gubar ivy]] Za a iya kiran wani batu, aiki, ko tarin ilimi mai ma'ana idan aka gabatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin binciken kimiyya, amma a bayyane yake cewa bai cika waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba. [ 46 ] === Amfani da da'awar da ba a tabbatar da su ba, waɗanda aka yi ƙari ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba === * Tabbatar da ikirarin kimiyya wanda ba shi da tabbas maimakon daidai, kuma ba shi da takamaiman ma'auni.[47] * Tabbatar da da'awar da ba ta da ikon bayani ko babu.<ref name="Popper, Karl 1963">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}}</ref> * Rashin yin amfani da ma'anar aiki (watau, ma'anar jama'a game da masu canji, sharuɗɗa, ko abubuwa masu ban sha'awa don mutane ban da mai ma'anar su iya auna ko gwada su da kansu) [Lokaci 3] (Dubi kuma: Reproducibility). * Rashin yin amfani da ka'idar parsimony, watau, rashin neman bayani wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarin zato lokacin da bayani masu yawa zasu yiwu (Dubi: Occam's razor).[50] * Rashin yanayin iyaka: Yawancin ka'idodin kimiyya da aka goyi bayan sosai suna da iyakoki masu kyau waɗanda abubuwan da aka annabta suka yi kuma ba su aiki ba.<ref name="Hines1988">{{Cite book|last3=Terence Hines}}</ref> * Rashin ingantattun sarrafawa a cikin ƙirar gwaji, kamar amfani da placebos da Makantar sau biyu. * Rashin fahimtar ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya.<ref name="OsPUp">{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Simanek |title=What is science? What is pseudoscience? |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425202814/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref> === Tarin hujjoji da bai dace ba === * Magana da ba su ba da izinin yiwuwar ma'ana cewa za a iya nuna su Ƙarya ne ta hanyar lura ko gwaji na jiki (Dubi kuma: Falsifiability).<ref name="Popper" /> * Tabbatar da da'awar cewa ka'idar ta annabta wani abu da ba a nuna shi ba.[54][47]Da'awar kimiyya cewa ba su ba da wani iko na tsinkaya ana ɗaukar su a mafi kyawun "ƙididdiga", ko kuma mafi munin "pseudoscience" (misali, ignoratio elenchi). * Tabbatar da cewa da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ƙarya ba dole ne ya zama gaskiya, kuma akasin haka (''Dubi: Tattaunawa daga jahilci''). * Dogaro da yawa akan shaidar, Shaidar labarai, ko gogewar mutum: Wannan shaidar na iya zama da amfani ga mahallin binciken (watau, ƙarni na zato), amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin tabbatarwa ba (misali, gwajin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga).[57] * Amfani da [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] da matani na addini kamar dai gaskiya ne, ko kuma tabbatar da shaida akan karatun irin waɗannan matani.<ref name="coker">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=Science versus Pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104806/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Amfani da ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da suka faru daga fiction kimiyya kamar dai gaskiya ne. Wannan dabarar tana kira ga sanin da mutane da yawa suka riga sun kasance tare da tatsuniyoyin kimiyya ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="cokerSF">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=SF in pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154318/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Gabatar da bayanan da ke da alama suna tallafawa da'awar yayin da suke hanawa ko ƙin yin la'akari da bayanan da suka sabawa waɗancan da'awar.[60]Wannan misali ne na son zuciya ko karɓar cherry, karkatar da shaidu ko bayanai wanda ya samo asali daga hanyar da aka tattara bayanai. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da tasirin zaɓe. * Maimaita da'awar da ba a gwada ba ko da'awar waɗanda aka buga a baya a wasu wurare, da kuma inganta waɗannan da'awar kamar dai gaskiya ne; tarin irin waɗannan rahotanni na biyu marasa mahimmanci, waɗanda ba su ba da gudummawa ga binciken kansu ba, ana kiransu [[Tasirin Woozle]]. * Canja nauyin hujja: kimiyya ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke da'awar, ba a kan mai sukar ba. Tattaunawar "Pseudoscientific" na iya watsi da wannan ka'ida kuma yana buƙatar masu shakka su nuna fiye da wata shakka cewa da'awar (misali, da'awar game da ingancin sabon fasahar warkarwa) ƙarya ce. Ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da mummunan duniya ba, don haka wannan dabarar ba daidai ba ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan mai shakka maimakon a kan mai da'awar.<ref name="Lilienfeld">Lilienfeld SO (2004). ''Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology'' Guildford Press {{ISBN|1-59385-070-0}}</ref> * Roƙo ga holism kamar yadda ya saba da ragewa don watsar da mummunan binciken: masu goyon bayan da'awar pseudoscientific, musamman a cikin maganin kwayoyin halitta, madadin magani, naturopathy da lafiyar hankali, sau da yawa suna komawa ga "mantra na holism".[63] === Rashin budewa ga gwaji ta wasu masana === * Guje wa sake dubawa na tsara kafin yada sakamakon (wanda ake kira "kimiyya ta taron manema labarai"): <ref name="Lilienfeld" /> <ref name="58lDT">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gitanjali B |year=2001 |title=Peer review – process, perspectives and the path ahead |url=http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/peerReview.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=210–14 |pmid=11832629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193431/http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/PeerReview.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Wasu masu goyon bayan ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa ka'idodin kimiyya da aka yarda da su suna guje wa sanya ra'ayoyinsu ga sake dubawa, wani lokacin a kan dalilin cewa sake dubawa ya nuna son kai ga ka'idojin da aka kafa, kuma wani lokacin a bisa ka'idoji cewa ba za a iya kimanta maganganun da kyau ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya ba. Ta hanyar kasancewa a ware daga tsarin bita na tsara, waɗannan masu goyon baya sun watsar da damar samun ra'ayoyi masu gyara daga abokan aiki masu ilimi.[63] * Wasu hukumomi, cibiyoyi, da wallafe-wallafen da ke tallafawa binciken kimiyya suna buƙatar marubuta su raba bayanai don wasu su iya kimanta takarda da kansu. Rashin samar da isasshen bayani ga wasu masu bincike don sake haifar da da'awar yana taimakawa ga rashin buɗewa.[65] * Yin kira ga buƙatar sirri ko ilimin mallaka lokacin da aka nemi bita mai zaman kansa na bayanai ko hanyar.[65] * Ba a karfafa muhawara mai mahimmanci game da shaidar da masu goyon bayan dukkan ra'ayoyi suka bayar ba.[66] === Rashin ci gaba === * Rashin ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarin shaidar da'awarsa. {{Refn|"We can now propose the following principle of demarcation: A theory or discipline which purports to be scientific is pseudoscientific if and only if: it has been less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and faces many unsolved problems; but the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and non confirmations."{{sfnp|Thagard|1978|pp=227–228}}}} Terence Hines ta gano ilmin taurari a matsayin wani abu da bai canza sosai ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata. [ 34 ] <ref name="Hines1988" /> * Rashin gyara kai: shirye-shiryen binciken kimiyya suna yin kurakurai, amma suna rage waɗannan kurakuran akan lokaci. [ 67 ] Sabanin haka, ana iya ɗaukar ra'ayoyin a matsayin na kimiyya na ƙarya domin ba a canza su ba duk da hujjoji masu karo da juna. Aikin ''Scientists Confront Velikovsky'' (1976) Jami'ar Cornell, ya kuma yi cikakken bayani game da waɗannan fasalulluka, kamar yadda aikin Thomas Kuhn ya yi, misali, ''Tsarin Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya'' (1962) wanda kuma ya tattauna wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jerin halayen kimiyyar ƙarya. * Muhimmancin kididdiga na tallafawa sakamakon gwaji ba ya inganta akan lokaci kuma yawanci yana kusa da ƙarshen mahimmancin ƙididdiga. Yawanci, dabarun gwaji suna inganta ko kuma a maimaita gwaje-gwajen, kuma wannan yana ƙara tabbatar da ƙarfi. Idan mahimmancin ƙididdiga bai inganta ba, wannan yawanci yana nuna cewa an maimaita gwaje-gwajen har sai an sami nasara saboda bambancin dama. === Keɓancewa na matsaloli === * Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu tsauri da kuma ɗabi'un kama-karya, danne rashin yarda da ra'ayi da kuma tunanin ƙungiyoyi na iya ƙara wa rungumar imani waɗanda ba su da tushe mai ma'ana. A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da imaninsu, ƙungiyar tana nuna masu suka a matsayin abokan gaba. [ 68 ] * Tabbatar da wani makirci daga al'ummar kimiyya ta yau da kullun, gwamnati, ko cibiyoyin ilimi don danne bayanan kimiyya na karya. Mutanen da ke yin waɗannan zarge-zargen sau da yawa suna kwatanta kansu da [[Galileo Galilei]] da tsanantawarsa daga Cocin Katolika na Roman; wannan kwatancen an fi sani da Galileo gambit . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsden, Brian |title=Recognizing Microstructural Fallacies |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712055955/http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=24 March 2014 |pages=22}}</ref> * Kai hari ga dalilai, hali, ɗabi'a, ko ƙwarewar masu suka, maimakon hujjojinsu (duba ''ad hominem'' ) [ 68 ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ad Hominem and Related Fallacies |url=http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204164205/http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=philosophy.lander.edu}}</ref> === Amfani da harshe mai ɓatarwa === * Ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu kama da kimiyya don shawo kan waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba su yarda da maganganun da ƙila ba su da ma'ana ko kuma ba su da ma'ana: misali, wata yaudara da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita tana nufin ruwa da sunan da ba a cika amfani da shi ba " dihydrogen monoxide " kuma tana bayyana shi a matsayin babban sinadari a cikin mafi yawan mafita [[Dafi|masu guba]] don nuna yadda za a iya yaudarar jama'a cikin sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=A Simple Guide to Spotting Pseudoscience {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/critical-thinking-corner/202508/a-simple-guide-to-spotting-pseudoscience |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufar technobabble a cikin almarar kimiyya. * Yin amfani da kalmomi da aka kafa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka nuna rashin sanin aikin yau da kullun a cikin fannin. == Yaɗuwar akidun ƙarya na kimiyya == Ma'aikatar AYUSH a Gwamnatin Indiya an yi ta ne da nufin haɓaka ilimi, bincike da yaɗa tsarin magungunan asali na asali a Indiya. Ma'aikatar ta fuskanci suka mai tsanani game da tsarin samar da kuɗaɗen da ba su da tabbas game da yanayin halitta kuma ko dai ba a gwada su ba ko kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba su da tasiri. Ingancin bincike bai yi kyau ba, kuma an ƙaddamar da magunguna ba tare da wani bincike mai zurfi na magunguna da gwaje-gwajen asibiti masu ma'ana kan Ayurveda ko wasu tsarin kiwon lafiya na daban ba. Babu wani ingantaccen tasiri ko tushen kimiyya na kowace irin wannan magani. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'', Carl Sagan ya tattauna damuwar gwamnatin China da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China game da ci gaban kimiyyar karya ta Yamma da wasu tsoffin ayyukan China a China. Yana ganin kimiyyar ƙarya da ke faruwa a Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin duniya kuma yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haddasa ta, haɗarinta, ganewarta da kuma maganinta na iya zama na kowa da kowa. [ 76 ] Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar Amurka ba su da ilimin kimiyya, ba su fahimci ƙa'idodin kimiyya da hanyoyin da suka dace ba. {{Refn|"Surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts, nor do they have an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, belief in pseudoscience (an indicator of scientific illiteracy) seems to be widespread among Americans and Europeans."<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150628032751/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|archive-date=28 June 2015 |year=2004|chapter=Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding: Public Knowledge About S&T|access-date=28 August 2013 |title=Science and Engineering Indicators 2004|author=National Science Board|location=Arlington, VA|publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>}} {{Refn|"A new national survey commissioned by the California Academy of Sciences and conducted by Harris Interactive® reveals that the U.S. public is unable to pass even a basic scientific literacy test."<ref>{{cite press release|last1=Stone|first1=Stephanie|last2=Ng|first2=Andrew |title=American adults flunk basic science: National survey shows only one-in-five adults can answer three science questions correctly|publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022148/http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raloff |first=Janet |date=21 February 2010 |title=Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224518/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Science News |publisher=Society for Science & the Public}}</ref> {{Refn|"In a survey released earlier this year [2007], Miller and colleagues found that about 28 percent of American adults qualified as scientifically literate, which is an increase of about 10 percent from the late 1980s and early 1990s."<ref>{{cite web |last=Oswald|first=Tom|date=15 November 2007 |url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/ |title=MSU prof: Lack of science knowledge hurting democratic process|work=MSUToday |publisher=Michigan State University|access-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911201844/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>}} A cikin ''Mujallar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Kwaleji'', Art Hobson ya rubuta, "Akidun kimiyya na karya sun bazu sosai a cikin al'adunmu har ma a tsakanin malaman kimiyyar makarantun gwamnati da editocin jaridu, kuma suna da alaƙa da rashin wayewar kimiyya." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobson |first=Art |year=2011 |title=Teaching relevant science for scientific literacy |url=http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105754/http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi wa ɗalibai 10,000 a cikin wannan mujallar ya kammala da cewa babu wata alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da imani da kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Impey C, Buxner S, Antonellis J, Johnson E, King C |year=2011 |title=A twenty-year survey of science literacy among college undergraduates |url=http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225058/http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NSF) ta fitar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da wani takarda kan kimiyya da injiniya wadda ta yi magana a takaice game da yawaitar kimiyyar ƙarya a zamanin yau. Ta ce, "imani da kimiyyar ƙarya ya yaɗu" kuma, a cikin wani bincike na Gallup, <ref>{{Cite web |last=David W. Moore |date=16 June 2005 |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822003849/http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> ta bayyana cewa imani da misalan 10 da aka fi yarda da su na abubuwan ban mamaki da aka lissafa a cikin binciken "imani na kimiyya na ƙarya" ne. Abubuwan sun haɗa da "fahimtar abubuwa marasa ma'ana (ESP), cewa gidaje na iya zama masu farauta, fatalwowi, fahimtar juna, bayyananniyar fahimta, ilmin taurari, cewa mutane za su iya yin magana da matattu, mayu, sake haihuwa, da kuma yin hulɗa da mutane ". <ref name="nsf" /> Irin waɗannan imani a cikin kimiyyar ƙarya suna wakiltar rashin sanin yadda kimiyya ke aiki. Al'ummar kimiyya za ta iya ƙoƙarin isar da bayanai game da kimiyya saboda damuwa game da yadda jama'a ke fuskantar barazanar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. <ref name="nsf" /> Hukumar NSF ta bayyana cewa imani na karya a Amurka ya kara yaduwa a shekarun 1990, inda ya kai kololuwa a kusan shekarar 2001, sannan ya ragu kadan tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da imani na karya a matsayin abu daya. A cewar rahoton NSF, akwai ƙarancin ilimin batutuwan kimiyya na ƙarya a cikin al'umma kuma ana bin ayyukan kimiyya na ƙarya akai-akai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manyan Amurkawa suna ɗaukar ilmin taurari a matsayin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=FOX News |date=18 June 2004 |title=Poll: More Believe In God Than Heaven |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/more-believe-in-god-than-heaven |url-status=live |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093146/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,99945,00.html |archive-date=5 March 2009 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Humphrey |date=26 February 2003 |title=Harris Poll: The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003 |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?pid=359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111214109/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359 |archive-date=11 January 2007 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> A Rasha, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21, an kashe makudan kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi kan shirye-shiryen nazarin gwaji na " filayen juyawa ", haƙo makamashi daga dutse mai daraja, nazarin " haɗakar makaman nukiliya mai sanyi ", da kuma "binciken ilmin taurari " da na waje ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatar Gaggawa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, da Duma ta Jiha <ref name="prezRAS2003" /> (duba [[:ru:Войсковая часть № 10003|Sashen Soja 10003]] ). A shekarar 2006, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Tarayyar Rasha [[:ru:Спасский, Николай Николаевич|Nikolai Spassky]] ya buga wani labari a Rossiyskaya Gazeta, inda daga cikin muhimman fannoni na ci gaban bangaren makamashi na Rasha, aikin fitar da makamashi daga wani wuri shi ne tun farko. An amince da aikin [[:ru:Чистая вода (целевая программа)|Tsabtace Ruwa]] a matsayin wani aiki na jam'iyyar United Russia ; a cikin sigar da aka gabatar wa gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin shirin na 2010-2017 ya wuce dala biliyan 14. <ref name="13–14" /> === Wariyar launin fata === Akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin marubutan kimiyya na ƙarya da masu bincike da kuma asalinsu na ƙiyayya da Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma na 'yan Nazi . Sau da yawa suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don ƙarfafa imaninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan kimiyya mafi shahara shine Frank Collin, wani mutum da ya kira kansa ɗan Nazi wanda Frank Joseph ya rubuta a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="ocYkg">{{Cite web |title=Frank Joseph |url=https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716201807/https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=Inner Traditions}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukansa sun haɗa da batutuwan Atlantis, haɗuwa ta waje, da Lemuria da kuma sauran tsoffin wayewar kai, galibi tare da kalmomin [[Farin sarauta|fifikon fararen fata]] . Misali, ya yi nuni da cewa Turawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka kafin [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], kuma duk wayewar 'yan asalin Amurka an fara ta ne daga zuriyar fararen fata . <ref name="RxsMI">{{Cite web |last=Colavito |first=Jason |title=Review of "Power Places And The Master Builders of Antiquity" By Frank Joseph |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125111536/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Jason Colavito}}</ref> Ba sabon batu ba ne cewa 'yan adawa na alt-right suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don gina akidunsu. Duk tushen ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa ya dogara ne akan kimiyyar ƙarya, ko wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya . A cikin wani kasidar da Sander Gilman ya rubuta daga Newsweek, Gilman ya bayyana ra'ayoyin da al'ummar kimiyyar karya ke bayarwa game da kin jinin Yahudawa. "Yuhudu kamar yadda suke bayyana a wannan duniyar kimiyya ta ƙarya ƙungiya ce da aka ƙirƙira ta mutane marasa kyau, wawaye ko wayo waɗanda ke amfani da kimiyya don cimma burinsu na mugunta. Sauran ƙungiyoyi ma, ana fentin su iri ɗaya a cikin 'kimiyyar launin fata', kamar yadda ake kiran kansu: Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, Irish, China da, to, duk wata ƙungiya da kake son tabbatar da cewa ta gaza kanka". Masu ra'ayin Neo-Nazis da kuma masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata galibi suna ƙoƙarin tallafawa ikirarinsu ta hanyar nazarin da ke "tabbatar" cewa ikirarinsu ya fi kawai ra'ayoyin da ba su da lahani. Misali, Bret Stephens ya buga wani shafi a jaridar The New York Times inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da mafi girman hankali a tsakanin kowace ƙabila. Duk da haka, an yi ta tambaya akai-akai game da hanyoyin kimiyya da sakamakon da labarin da Stephens ya ambata ya cimma tun bayan buga shi. An gano cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wannan binciken an gano shi ta Cibiyar Lauyoyin Talauci ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan kishin ƙasa. Mujallar ''Nature'' ta buga rubuce-rubuce da dama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tana gargadin masu bincike game da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke neman yin amfani da ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman masana ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma wadanda ke aiki da tsohuwar kwayar halittar DNA . Wani kasidar a cikin ''Nature'', mai taken "Wariyar launin fata a Kimiyya: Taint That Lingers" ta lura cewa an yi amfani da kimiyyar [[Eugenics|eugenic]] ta farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yin tasiri ga manufofin jama'a, kamar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1924 a Amurka, wacce ta nemi hana shige da fice daga Asiya da sassan Turai. <ref name="oRFef">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Robin |year=2019 |title=Racism in Science: The Taint That Lingers |journal=Nature |volume=570 |issue=7762 |pages=440–441 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..440N |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01968-z |s2cid=195354000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0n056a4t3cqt1rga2c1a714tmestin8 963017 963016 2026-10-04T12:06:53Z Baffa ali 47435 963017 wikitext text/x-wiki !{{Databox}} [[File:Phrenological_organs,_1887_Wellcome_L0001965.jpg|thumb| Taswirar nazarin phrenology ta ƙarni na 19: a shekarun 1820, masana kimiyyar phren sun yi iƙirarin cewa hankali yana cikin sassan kwakwalwa, kuma an kai masa hari saboda shakkun cewa tunani ya fito ne daga rai mara zahiri. Daga baya aka yi watsi da ra'ayinsu na karanta "ƙumburi" a cikin kwanyar don annabta halayen mutum. <ref name="bowler">{{Cite book|last3=Peter J. Bowler}}</ref> <ref name="dtg6e">Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). ''An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology''. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: {{Doi|10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011}}</ref> An fara kiran ilimin kimiyyar Phrenology da kimiyyar karya a shekarar 1843 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa haka. ]] '''Kimiyyar ƙarya''' ta ƙunshi kalamai, imani, ko ayyuka waɗanda ke da'awar cewa [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ce amma ba su dace da hanyar kimiyya ba. {{Refn|Definition: * "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have". ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', second edition 1989. * "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]''. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), '[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones.' These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."<ref name="SEP section SciPse"/> * '"claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (p. 17)'{{sfnp|Shermer|1997}} (this was the [https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm definition adopted by] the [[National Science Foundation]]) Terms regarded as having largely the same meaning but perhaps less disparaging connotations include ''parascience,'' ''cryptoscience,'' and ''anomalistics.''<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael P. |last=Gordin |title=The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe |page=11 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-30443-4}}</ref>}} Kimiyyar ƙarya galibi ana siffanta ta da da'awa masu karo da juna, masu ƙari ko marasa gaskiya ; dogaro da son zuciya maimakon yunƙurin ƙaryatawa; rashin buɗe ido ga kimantawa daga wasu ƙwararru ; rashin ayyukan tsari yayin ƙirƙirar hasashe ; da kuma ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi tsawon lokaci bayan an yi watsi da hasashe na ƙarya ta hanyar gwaji. Ba iri ɗaya bane da ilimin kimiyya na banza, wanda aikin kimiyya ne na ƙarya ko na zamba . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyya da kimiyyar ƙarya yana da alaƙa da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[falsafa]], da [[siyasa]] . <ref name="Imre-Lakatos">{{Cite web |last=Lakatos |first=Imre |year=1973 |title=Science and Pseudoscience |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/About/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscience.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725130745/http://richmedia.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/2002_LakatosScienceAndPseudoscience128.mp3 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science, Dept of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method |format=mp3}} {{Cite web |title=Science and Pseudoscience (transcript) |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728012423/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Masana falsafa suna muhawara kan yanayin kimiyya da kuma ka'idojin gabaɗaya don zana layi tsakanin ka'idodin kimiyya da imani na ƙarya, amma a cewar ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', " ƙirƙirar halitta, ilmin taurari, homeopathy, ɗaukar hoto na Kirlian, dowsing, ufology, ka'idar 'yan sama jannati ta da, musun Holocaust, bala'in Velikovskian, da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|musanta sauyin yanayi]] kimiyya ce ta ƙarya." <ref name="Stanford-Demarcations" /> Akwai tasirin da ke tattare da [[kula da lafiya]], amfani da shaidar ƙwararru, da kuma auna [[manufofin muhalli]] . Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke bin akidun kimiyya na karya galibi ba sa nuna ƙarancin hujjoji, ma'ana sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar ƙarin shaida kafin su kai ga ƙarshe. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin son zuciya 'tsallake zuwa ƙarshe' wanda zai iya ƙara yaɗuwar imani na ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Ferreiro |first=Javier |last2=Barberia |first2=Itxaso |date=2021-12-21 |title=Believers in pseudoscience present lower evidential criteria |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=24352 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1124352R |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03816-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8692588 |pmid=34934119 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magance kimiyyar ƙarya wani ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropp |first=Robert E. |date=1 August 2003 |title=Evolution Activists Organize to Combat Pseudoscience in Public Schools |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=8 |page=700 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0700:EAOTCP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |s2cid=84435133 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimiyyar ƙarya na iya haifar da illa mai haɗari. Misali, fafutukar hana allurar riga-kafi ta ƙarya da kuma haɓaka magungunan homeopathic a matsayin madadin magunguna na iya haifar da mutane su yi watsi da muhimman magungunan likita waɗanda ke da fa'idodi masu kyau ga lafiya, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa. <ref name="FKGbU">{{Cite web |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Vyse |date=10 July 2019 |title=What Should Become of a Monument to Pseudoscience? |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209061824/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Center for Inquiry}}</ref> <ref name="bxgBg">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2019 |title=How anti-vax pseudoscience seeps into public discourse |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215171126/https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Salon}}</ref> <ref name="mav9B">{{Cite web |title=Anti-vaccination websites use 'science' and stories to support claims, study finds |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716200305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Johns Hopkins |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da suka ƙi maganin likita na halal don cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na iya sanya wasu cikin haɗari. Ka'idojin ƙarya game da rarrabuwar launin fata da ƙabilanci sun haifar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Kalmar ''kimiyya ta ƙarya'' galibi ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin ƙyama, domin tana nuna cewa ana gabatar da wani abu a matsayin kimiyya ba daidai ba ko ma a cikin yaudara. Saboda haka, masu aiki da masu fafutukar kimiyyar ƙarya suna yawan jayayya game da halayen. <ref name="Freitsch">{{Cite journal |last=Frietsch |first=Ute |date=7 April 2015 |title=The boundaries of science/ pseudoscience |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |url-status=live |journal=European History Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202501/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''pseudoscience'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ta ''pseudo'' ma'ana "ƙarya" <ref name="ipDIt">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510075346/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=12 April 2018 |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> da kuma kalmar Turanci ''kimiyya'', daga kalmar Latin ''scientia'', ma'ana "ilimi". Duk da cewa kalmar ta fara amfani da ita tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 (misali, a shekarar 1796 ta James Pettit Andrews dangane da alchemy [ 20 ] ), ra'ayin kimiyyar ƙarya a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da kimiyya ta gaske ko ta dace ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Daga cikin farkon amfani da "kimiyyar ƙarya" akwai a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ''mujallar Northern Journal of Medicine'', fitowa ta 387 a shekarar 1844:   A farkon amfani da kalmar an yi ta ne a shekarar 1843 ta masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Faransa François Magendie, wanda ke nufin ilimin halittar jiki a matsayin " ''kimiyyar karya ta yanzu'' ". A ƙarni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin abin ƙyama don bayyana bayanin abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka yi iƙirarin cewa kimiyya ce, amma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ingantattun shaidun gwaji ba. :: Yin watsi da batun zamba da gangan{{Spaced en dash}} kamar "rappings" na ' yan'uwan Fox a shekarun 1850 [ 23 ]{{Spaced en dash}}Alamar ƙarya ta kimiyya ta bambanta kimiyya {{'}} '''''mu''''' {{'}}, a wani ɓangare, daga kimiyya ta ƙarya {{'}} '''''su''''' {{'}}, a ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ta tabbatar da cewa {{'}} '''''amincinmu''''' {{'}} ayyukanmu, ka'idoji, da sauransu, idan aka kwatanta da na {{'}} '''''wasu''''' {{'}}, kimiyya ce. Akwai sharuɗɗa huɗu:<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) ƙungiyar ' '''''masu kimiyya na ƙarya'''''' ta tabbatar da cewa imaninta, ayyukanta, ka'idojinta, da sauransu, {{'}} '''''kimiyya ce''''' {{'}} ;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa hujjojin da ake zargin an tabbatar da su gaskiya ne;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa {{'}} '''''gaskiyar da aka tabbatar''''' {{'}} an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar kimiyya mai tsauri; kuma<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) wannan ikirarin ƙarya ne ko kuma yaudara: "Ba wai kawai shaidun da suka biyo baya sun karyata sakamakon da aka tabbatar ba ne, a'a, '''''ba a taɓa tabbatar da sakamakon ba tun farko''''' " {{Refn|{{harvp|Blum|1978|p=12}} [Yeates' emphasis]; also, see {{harvp|Moll|1902|pp=44–47}}{{sfnp|Yeates|2018|p=42}}}} Amma lokaci zuwa lokaci, amfani da kalmar ya faru ne ta hanyar fasaha da ta dace, don mayar da martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga tsaron mutum da na cibiyoyi a cikin zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="Still">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Still A, Dryden W |year=2004 |title=The Social Psychology of "Pseudoscience": A Brief History |journal=J Theory Soc Behav |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=265–290 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00248.x}}</ref> == Alaƙa da kimiyya == === Hanyar kimiyya === [[File:The_Scientific_Method_(simple).png|thumb| Hanyar kimiyya ita ce zagayowar lura, tambaya, hasashe, gwaji, bincike da ƙarshe.]] Masana kimiyya sun yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi na asali a matsayin mizani don tantance ko tarin ilimi, hanya, ko aiki na kimiyya ne. Ya kamata a sake samar da sakamakon gwaji kuma wasu masu bincike su tabbatar da shi . [ 28 ] An yi nufin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita gwaje-gwajen gwargwadon yanayi iri ɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko hasashe ko ka'ida da ta shafi abubuwan da aka bayar suna da inganci kuma abin dogaro. Ka'idoji suna buƙatar a yi amfani da hanyar kimiyya a ko'ina, kuma a sarrafa son zuciya don ko a kawar da ita ta hanyar bazuwar tsari, hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura masu adalci, rufe bincike, da sauran hanyoyi. Ana sa ran za a rubuta duk bayanan da aka tattara, gami da yanayin gwaji ko muhalli, don a duba su kuma a samar da su don sake duba takwarorinsu, wanda hakan zai ba da damar yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje ko nazari don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata sakamakon. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta mahimmanci, kwarin gwiwa, da kuskure suma muhimman kayan aiki ne na hanyar kimiyya. === Karya === A tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin falsafa Karl Popper ya jaddada ma'aunin rashin iya bambance [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] da wanda ba kimiyya ba . <ref name="Popper">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}} The German version is currently in print by Mohr Siebeck ({{ISBN|3-16-148410-X}}).</ref> Kalamai, hasashe, ko ka'idoji suna da ƙarya ko ƙarya idan akwai yiwuwar a tabbatar da ƙaryarsu, wato, idan zai yiwu a yi tunanin wani abu da aka lura ko wata hujja da ta musanta su. Popper ya yi amfani da ilmin taurari da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin misalan kimiyyar ƙarya da kuma [[Ka'idar Dangantaka|ka'idar dangantakar]] Einstein a matsayin misali na kimiyya. Ya raba abubuwan da ba kimiyya ba zuwa ga falsafa, lissafi, tatsuniyoyi, addini da kuma tsarin metaphysical a gefe guda, sannan kuma ya raba wasu abubuwa na kimiyya na karya a gefe guda. [ 31 ] Wani misali kuma da ke nuna buƙatar da'awar ƙarya an bayyana shi a cikin littafin Carl Sagan mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'' lokacin da yake magana game da wani [[Jegare|dodon]] da ba a gani da yake da shi a garejinsa. An fahimci cewa babu wani gwaji na zahiri da zai karyata ikirarin kasancewar wannan dodon. Duk wani gwaji da mutum yake tunanin za a iya ƙirƙirowa, akwai dalilin da ya sa bai shafi dodon da ba a gani ba, don haka ba za a taɓa tabbatar da cewa da'awar farko ba daidai ba ce. Sagan ya kammala da cewa; "To, menene bambanci tsakanin dodon da ba a gani, wanda ba shi da jiki, wanda ke iyo wanda ke tofa wuta mara zafi da kuma babu dodon kwata-kwata?" Ya bayyana cewa "rashin iyawarku na karyata hasashena ba abu ɗaya bane da tabbatar da gaskiya", [ 32 ] ya sake bayyana cewa ko da irin wannan ikirarin gaskiya ne, zai kasance daga cikin [[Ilmi|binciken kimiyya]] . === Ka'idojin Mertonian === A shekarar 1942, Robert K. Merton ya gano wani tsari na "ƙa'idoji" guda biyar waɗanda ke nuna ainihin kimiyya. Idan aka karya wani ƙa'ida, Merton ya ɗauki wannan kamfani a matsayin wanda ba kimiyya ba. Ka'idojinsa sune: * Asalin Halitta: Gwaje-gwaje da binciken da aka yi dole ne su gabatar da wani sabon abu ga al'ummar kimiyya. * Rarrabuwa: Dalilan masana kimiyya na yin amfani da wannan kimiyya dole ne kawai su kasance don faɗaɗa iliminsu. Bai kamata masana kimiyya su sami dalilai na kansu na tsammanin wasu sakamako ba. * Na duniya: Babu wani mutum da ya kamata ya sami damar samun bayanai game da gwaji cikin sauƙi fiye da wani mutum. Matsayin zamantakewa, addini, ƙabila, ko duk wani abu na mutum bai kamata ya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da ikon wani na karɓar ko aiwatar da wani nau'in kimiyya ba. * Shakka: Bai kamata a dogara da hujjojin kimiyya a kan imani ba. Ya kamata mutum ya riƙa yin tambayoyi a kowace shari'a da muhawara sannan ya riƙa duba kurakurai ko da'awar da ba ta dace ba. * Samun dama ga jama'a: Duk wani ilimin kimiyya da mutum ya samu ya kamata a bai wa kowa. Ya kamata a buga sakamakon kowane bincike a kuma raba shi ga al'ummar kimiyya. <ref name="Paradigms Lost">{{Cite book|last3=John Casti}}</ref> === Ƙin amincewa da matsaloli === A shekarar 1978, Paul Thagard ya gabatar da cewa kimiyyar karya tana da bambanci da kimiyya idan ta yi kasa da ci gaba fiye da ka'idojin madadin da aka daɗe ana amfani da su, kuma masu goyon bayanta sun kasa amincewa ko magance matsalolin da ke tattare da ka'idar. [ 34 ] A shekarar 1983, Mario Bunge ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan "filayen imani" da "filayen bincike" don taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya da kimiyya, inda na farko galibi na mutum ne kuma na ra'ayin kansa ne, na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi wata hanya ta tsari. [ 35 ] Littafin 2018 game da [[Rashin amincewar kimiyya|shakkun kimiyya]] na Steven Novella, da sauransu. ''Jagorar Masu Sukar Duniya'' ta lissafa ƙiyayya ga suka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Novella}}</ref> === Sukar kalmar === Larry Laudan ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar "pseudoscience" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta kimiyya kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne don bayyana motsin zuciyar ɗan adam: "Idan za mu tashi tsaye kuma a ƙirga mu a gefen hankali, ya kamata mu cire kalmomi kamar 'pseudo-science' da 'marasa kimiyya' daga ƙamus ɗinmu; su kalmomi ne kawai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yin aikin motsin rai kawai a gare mu." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Larry Laudan}}</ref> Hakazalika, Richard McNally ya ce, "Kalmar 'kimiyyar ƙarya' ta zama ba ta wuce kawai kalma mai tayar da hankali ba don yin watsi da abokan hamayyar mutum cikin sauri a cikin maganganun kafofin watsa labarai" da kuma "Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu ilimin warkewa suka yi iƙirari a madadin tsoma bakinsu, bai kamata mu ɓata lokacinmu muna ƙoƙarin tantance ko tsoma bakinsu ya cancanci a matsayin na ƙarya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata mu tambaye su: Ta yaya kuka san cewa tsoma bakinku yana aiki? Menene shaidarku?" <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNally RJ |year=2003 |title=Is the pseudoscience concept useful for clinical psychology? |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |url-status=live |journal=The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430162007/http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> === Madadin ma'anar === Ga masana falsafa Silvio Funtowicz da Jerome R. Ravetz "za a iya bayyana kimiyyar karya a matsayin wacce dole ne a danne rashin tabbas na abubuwan da ke cikinta, don kada su sanya sakamakonta ya zama ba a tantance shi ba kwata-kwata." Ma'anar, a cikin littafin ''Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy'', ta yi nuni ga asarar ƙwarewar sana'a wajen sarrafa bayanai masu yawa, da kuma mummunan aikin cimma daidaito a cikin hasashe (ƙaddara) kawai a kan kuɗin yin watsi da rashin tabbas a cikin shigarwar da aka yi amfani da ita don tsara hasashen. Wannan amfani da kalmar ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu aikin kimiyyar bayan al'ada . An fahimce ta ta wannan hanyar, ana iya yaƙi da kimiyyar ƙarya ta amfani da kyawawan halaye don tantance rashin tabbas a cikin bayanai masu yawa, kamar NUSAP da&nbsp;– idan aka yi la'akari da samfurin lissafi&nbsp;- duba lafiyar jiki . == Tarihi == [[File:Venice_ast_sm.jpg|thumb| Alamomin taurari na zodiac]] Tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya shine nazarin ka'idojin kimiyyar ƙarya a tsawon lokaci. Kimiyyar ƙarya tarin ra'ayoyi ne da ke gabatar da kanta a matsayin kimiyya, yayin da bai cika sharuɗɗan da ya kamata a kira ta haka ba. A wasu lokutan yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin kimiyya mai kyau da kimiyya ta ƙarya. Wani shawara na raba tsakanin su biyun shine ka'idar karya, wanda aka fi dangantawa da masanin falsafa Karl Popper . A tarihin kimiyya da tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya, yana iya zama da wahala musamman a raba su biyun, saboda wasu kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga kimiyyar ƙarya. Misalin wannan sauyi shine kimiyyar [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]], wacce ta samo asali ne daga binciken kimiyya na karya ko na kimiyya kafin kimiyya . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya yana ƙara rikitar da tarihin kimiyya. Wasu kimiyyar karya ta zamani, kamar ilmin taurari da acupuncture, sun samo asali ne kafin zamanin kimiyya. Wasu kuma sun ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na akida, kamar Lysenkoism, ko kuma a matsayin martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga akida. Misalan wannan tsarin akida sune kimiyyar halitta da ƙira mai hankali, waɗanda aka haɓaka don mayar da martani ga ka'idar juyin halitta ta kimiyya. <ref name="GMUjf">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greener M |year=2007 |title=Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience? |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1107–09 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401131 |pmc=2267227 |pmid=18059309}}</ref> == Alamomin yiwuwar kimiyyar ƙarya == [[File:Rhustox.jpg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen homeopathic ''Rhus toxicodendron'', wanda aka samo daga gubar ivy]] Za a iya kiran wani batu, aiki, ko tarin ilimi mai ma'ana idan aka gabatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin binciken kimiyya, amma a bayyane yake cewa bai cika waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba. [ 46 ] === Amfani da da'awar da ba a tabbatar da su ba, waɗanda aka yi ƙari ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba === * Tabbatar da ikirarin kimiyya wanda ba shi da tabbas maimakon daidai, kuma ba shi da takamaiman ma'auni.[47] * Tabbatar da da'awar da ba ta da ikon bayani ko babu.<ref name="Popper, Karl 1963">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}}</ref> * Rashin yin amfani da ma'anar aiki (watau, ma'anar jama'a game da masu canji, sharuɗɗa, ko abubuwa masu ban sha'awa don mutane ban da mai ma'anar su iya auna ko gwada su da kansu) [Lokaci 3] (Dubi kuma: Reproducibility). * Rashin yin amfani da ka'idar parsimony, watau, rashin neman bayani wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarin zato lokacin da bayani masu yawa zasu yiwu (Dubi: Occam's razor).[50] * Rashin yanayin iyaka: Yawancin ka'idodin kimiyya da aka goyi bayan sosai suna da iyakoki masu kyau waɗanda abubuwan da aka annabta suka yi kuma ba su aiki ba.<ref name="Hines1988">{{Cite book|last3=Terence Hines}}</ref> * Rashin ingantattun sarrafawa a cikin ƙirar gwaji, kamar amfani da placebos da Makantar sau biyu. * Rashin fahimtar ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya.<ref name="OsPUp">{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Simanek |title=What is science? What is pseudoscience? |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425202814/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref> === Tarin hujjoji da bai dace ba === * Magana da ba su ba da izinin yiwuwar ma'ana cewa za a iya nuna su Ƙarya ne ta hanyar lura ko gwaji na jiki (Dubi kuma: Falsifiability).<ref name="Popper" /> * Tabbatar da da'awar cewa ka'idar ta annabta wani abu da ba a nuna shi ba.[54][47]Da'awar kimiyya cewa ba su ba da wani iko na tsinkaya ana ɗaukar su a mafi kyawun "ƙididdiga", ko kuma mafi munin "pseudoscience" (misali, ignoratio elenchi). * Tabbatar da cewa da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ƙarya ba dole ne ya zama gaskiya, kuma akasin haka (''Dubi: Tattaunawa daga jahilci''). * Dogaro da yawa akan shaidar, Shaidar labarai, ko gogewar mutum: Wannan shaidar na iya zama da amfani ga mahallin binciken (watau, ƙarni na zato), amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin tabbatarwa ba (misali, gwajin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga).[57] * Amfani da [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] da matani na addini kamar dai gaskiya ne, ko kuma tabbatar da shaida akan karatun irin waɗannan matani.<ref name="coker">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=Science versus Pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104806/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Amfani da ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da suka faru daga fiction kimiyya kamar dai gaskiya ne. Wannan dabarar tana kira ga sanin da mutane da yawa suka riga sun kasance tare da tatsuniyoyin kimiyya ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="cokerSF">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=SF in pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154318/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Gabatar da bayanan da ke da alama suna tallafawa da'awar yayin da suke hanawa ko ƙin yin la'akari da bayanan da suka sabawa waɗancan da'awar.[60]Wannan misali ne na son zuciya ko karɓar cherry, karkatar da shaidu ko bayanai wanda ya samo asali daga hanyar da aka tattara bayanai. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da tasirin zaɓe. * Maimaita da'awar da ba a gwada ba ko da'awar waɗanda aka buga a baya a wasu wurare, da kuma inganta waɗannan da'awar kamar dai gaskiya ne; tarin irin waɗannan rahotanni na biyu marasa mahimmanci, waɗanda ba su ba da gudummawa ga binciken kansu ba, ana kiransu [[Tasirin Woozle]]. * Canja nauyin hujja: kimiyya ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke da'awar, ba a kan mai sukar ba. Tattaunawar "Pseudoscientific" na iya watsi da wannan ka'ida kuma yana buƙatar masu shakka su nuna fiye da wata shakka cewa da'awar (misali, da'awar game da ingancin sabon fasahar warkarwa) ƙarya ce. Ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da mummunan duniya ba, don haka wannan dabarar ba daidai ba ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan mai shakka maimakon a kan mai da'awar.<ref name="Lilienfeld">Lilienfeld SO (2004). ''Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology'' Guildford Press {{ISBN|1-59385-070-0}}</ref> * Roƙo ga holism kamar yadda ya saba da ragewa don watsar da mummunan binciken: masu goyon bayan da'awar pseudoscientific, musamman a cikin maganin kwayoyin halitta, madadin magani, naturopathy da lafiyar hankali, sau da yawa suna komawa ga "mantra na holism".[63] === Rashin budewa ga gwaji ta wasu masana === * Guje wa sake dubawa na tsara kafin yada sakamakon (wanda ake kira "kimiyya ta taron manema labarai"): <ref name="Lilienfeld" /> <ref name="58lDT">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gitanjali B |year=2001 |title=Peer review – process, perspectives and the path ahead |url=http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/peerReview.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=210–14 |pmid=11832629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193431/http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/PeerReview.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Wasu masu goyon bayan ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa ka'idodin kimiyya da aka yarda da su suna guje wa sanya ra'ayoyinsu ga sake dubawa, wani lokacin a kan dalilin cewa sake dubawa ya nuna son kai ga ka'idojin da aka kafa, kuma wani lokacin a bisa ka'idoji cewa ba za a iya kimanta maganganun da kyau ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya ba. Ta hanyar kasancewa a ware daga tsarin bita na tsara, waɗannan masu goyon baya sun watsar da damar samun ra'ayoyi masu gyara daga abokan aiki masu ilimi.[63] * Wasu hukumomi, cibiyoyi, da wallafe-wallafen da ke tallafawa binciken kimiyya suna buƙatar marubuta su raba bayanai don wasu su iya kimanta takarda da kansu. Rashin samar da isasshen bayani ga wasu masu bincike don sake haifar da da'awar yana taimakawa ga rashin buɗewa.[65] * Yin kira ga buƙatar sirri ko ilimin mallaka lokacin da aka nemi bita mai zaman kansa na bayanai ko hanyar.[65] * Ba a karfafa muhawara mai mahimmanci game da shaidar da masu goyon bayan dukkan ra'ayoyi suka bayar ba.[66] === Rashin ci gaba === * Rashin ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarin shaidar da'awarsa. {{Refn|"We can now propose the following principle of demarcation: A theory or discipline which purports to be scientific is pseudoscientific if and only if: it has been less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and faces many unsolved problems; but the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and non confirmations."{{sfnp|Thagard|1978|pp=227–228}}}} Terence Hines ta gano ilmin taurari a matsayin wani abu da bai canza sosai ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata. [ 34 ] <ref name="Hines1988" /> * Rashin gyara kai: shirye-shiryen binciken kimiyya suna yin kurakurai, amma suna rage waɗannan kurakuran akan lokaci. [ 67 ] Sabanin haka, ana iya ɗaukar ra'ayoyin a matsayin na kimiyya na ƙarya domin ba a canza su ba duk da hujjoji masu karo da juna. Aikin ''Scientists Confront Velikovsky'' (1976) Jami'ar Cornell, ya kuma yi cikakken bayani game da waɗannan fasalulluka, kamar yadda aikin Thomas Kuhn ya yi, misali, ''Tsarin Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya'' (1962) wanda kuma ya tattauna wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jerin halayen kimiyyar ƙarya. * Muhimmancin kididdiga na tallafawa sakamakon gwaji ba ya inganta akan lokaci kuma yawanci yana kusa da ƙarshen mahimmancin ƙididdiga. Yawanci, dabarun gwaji suna inganta ko kuma a maimaita gwaje-gwajen, kuma wannan yana ƙara tabbatar da ƙarfi. Idan mahimmancin ƙididdiga bai inganta ba, wannan yawanci yana nuna cewa an maimaita gwaje-gwajen har sai an sami nasara saboda bambancin dama. === Keɓancewa na matsaloli === * Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu tsauri da kuma ɗabi'un kama-karya, danne rashin yarda da ra'ayi da kuma tunanin ƙungiyoyi na iya ƙara wa rungumar imani waɗanda ba su da tushe mai ma'ana. A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da imaninsu, ƙungiyar tana nuna masu suka a matsayin abokan gaba. [ 68 ] * Tabbatar da wani makirci daga al'ummar kimiyya ta yau da kullun, gwamnati, ko cibiyoyin ilimi don danne bayanan kimiyya na karya. Mutanen da ke yin waɗannan zarge-zargen sau da yawa suna kwatanta kansu da [[Galileo Galilei]] da tsanantawarsa daga Cocin Katolika na Roman; wannan kwatancen an fi sani da Galileo gambit . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsden, Brian |title=Recognizing Microstructural Fallacies |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712055955/http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=24 March 2014 |pages=22}}</ref> * Kai hari ga dalilai, hali, ɗabi'a, ko ƙwarewar masu suka, maimakon hujjojinsu (duba ''ad hominem'' ) [ 68 ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ad Hominem and Related Fallacies |url=http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204164205/http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=philosophy.lander.edu}}</ref> === Amfani da harshe mai ɓatarwa === * Ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu kama da kimiyya don shawo kan waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba su yarda da maganganun da ƙila ba su da ma'ana ko kuma ba su da ma'ana: misali, wata yaudara da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita tana nufin ruwa da sunan da ba a cika amfani da shi ba " dihydrogen monoxide " kuma tana bayyana shi a matsayin babban sinadari a cikin mafi yawan mafita [[Dafi|masu guba]] don nuna yadda za a iya yaudarar jama'a cikin sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=A Simple Guide to Spotting Pseudoscience {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/critical-thinking-corner/202508/a-simple-guide-to-spotting-pseudoscience |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufar technobabble a cikin almarar kimiyya. * Yin amfani da kalmomi da aka kafa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka nuna rashin sanin aikin yau da kullun a cikin fannin. == Yaɗuwar akidun ƙarya na kimiyya == Ma'aikatar AYUSH a Gwamnatin Indiya an yi ta ne da nufin haɓaka ilimi, bincike da yaɗa tsarin magungunan asali na asali a Indiya. Ma'aikatar ta fuskanci suka mai tsanani game da tsarin samar da kuɗaɗen da ba su da tabbas game da yanayin halitta kuma ko dai ba a gwada su ba ko kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba su da tasiri. Ingancin bincike bai yi kyau ba, kuma an ƙaddamar da magunguna ba tare da wani bincike mai zurfi na magunguna da gwaje-gwajen asibiti masu ma'ana kan Ayurveda ko wasu tsarin kiwon lafiya na daban ba. Babu wani ingantaccen tasiri ko tushen kimiyya na kowace irin wannan magani. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'', Carl Sagan ya tattauna damuwar gwamnatin China da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China game da ci gaban kimiyyar karya ta Yamma da wasu tsoffin ayyukan China a China. Yana ganin kimiyyar ƙarya da ke faruwa a Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin duniya kuma yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haddasa ta, haɗarinta, ganewarta da kuma maganinta na iya zama na kowa da kowa. [ 76 ] Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar Amurka ba su da ilimin kimiyya, ba su fahimci ƙa'idodin kimiyya da hanyoyin da suka dace ba. {{Refn|"Surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts, nor do they have an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, belief in pseudoscience (an indicator of scientific illiteracy) seems to be widespread among Americans and Europeans."<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150628032751/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|archive-date=28 June 2015 |year=2004|chapter=Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding: Public Knowledge About S&T|access-date=28 August 2013 |title=Science and Engineering Indicators 2004|author=National Science Board|location=Arlington, VA|publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>}} {{Refn|"A new national survey commissioned by the California Academy of Sciences and conducted by Harris Interactive® reveals that the U.S. public is unable to pass even a basic scientific literacy test."<ref>{{cite press release|last1=Stone|first1=Stephanie|last2=Ng|first2=Andrew |title=American adults flunk basic science: National survey shows only one-in-five adults can answer three science questions correctly|publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022148/http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raloff |first=Janet |date=21 February 2010 |title=Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224518/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Science News |publisher=Society for Science & the Public}}</ref> {{Refn|"In a survey released earlier this year [2007], Miller and colleagues found that about 28 percent of American adults qualified as scientifically literate, which is an increase of about 10 percent from the late 1980s and early 1990s."<ref>{{cite web |last=Oswald|first=Tom|date=15 November 2007 |url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/ |title=MSU prof: Lack of science knowledge hurting democratic process|work=MSUToday |publisher=Michigan State University|access-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911201844/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>}} A cikin ''Mujallar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Kwaleji'', Art Hobson ya rubuta, "Akidun kimiyya na karya sun bazu sosai a cikin al'adunmu har ma a tsakanin malaman kimiyyar makarantun gwamnati da editocin jaridu, kuma suna da alaƙa da rashin wayewar kimiyya." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobson |first=Art |year=2011 |title=Teaching relevant science for scientific literacy |url=http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105754/http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi wa ɗalibai 10,000 a cikin wannan mujallar ya kammala da cewa babu wata alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da imani da kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Impey C, Buxner S, Antonellis J, Johnson E, King C |year=2011 |title=A twenty-year survey of science literacy among college undergraduates |url=http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225058/http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NSF) ta fitar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da wani takarda kan kimiyya da injiniya wadda ta yi magana a takaice game da yawaitar kimiyyar ƙarya a zamanin yau. Ta ce, "imani da kimiyyar ƙarya ya yaɗu" kuma, a cikin wani bincike na Gallup, <ref>{{Cite web |last=David W. Moore |date=16 June 2005 |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822003849/http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> ta bayyana cewa imani da misalan 10 da aka fi yarda da su na abubuwan ban mamaki da aka lissafa a cikin binciken "imani na kimiyya na ƙarya" ne. Abubuwan sun haɗa da "fahimtar abubuwa marasa ma'ana (ESP), cewa gidaje na iya zama masu farauta, fatalwowi, fahimtar juna, bayyananniyar fahimta, ilmin taurari, cewa mutane za su iya yin magana da matattu, mayu, sake haihuwa, da kuma yin hulɗa da mutane ". <ref name="nsf" /> Irin waɗannan imani a cikin kimiyyar ƙarya suna wakiltar rashin sanin yadda kimiyya ke aiki. Al'ummar kimiyya za ta iya ƙoƙarin isar da bayanai game da kimiyya saboda damuwa game da yadda jama'a ke fuskantar barazanar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. <ref name="nsf" /> Hukumar NSF ta bayyana cewa imani na karya a Amurka ya kara yaduwa a shekarun 1990, inda ya kai kololuwa a kusan shekarar 2001, sannan ya ragu kadan tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da imani na karya a matsayin abu daya. A cewar rahoton NSF, akwai ƙarancin ilimin batutuwan kimiyya na ƙarya a cikin al'umma kuma ana bin ayyukan kimiyya na ƙarya akai-akai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manyan Amurkawa suna ɗaukar ilmin taurari a matsayin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=FOX News |date=18 June 2004 |title=Poll: More Believe In God Than Heaven |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/more-believe-in-god-than-heaven |url-status=live |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093146/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,99945,00.html |archive-date=5 March 2009 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Humphrey |date=26 February 2003 |title=Harris Poll: The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003 |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?pid=359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111214109/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359 |archive-date=11 January 2007 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> A Rasha, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21, an kashe makudan kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi kan shirye-shiryen nazarin gwaji na " filayen juyawa ", haƙo makamashi daga dutse mai daraja, nazarin " haɗakar makaman nukiliya mai sanyi ", da kuma "binciken ilmin taurari " da na waje ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatar Gaggawa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, da Duma ta Jiha <ref name="prezRAS2003" /> (duba [[:ru:Войсковая часть № 10003|Sashen Soja 10003]] ). A shekarar 2006, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Tarayyar Rasha [[:ru:Спасский, Николай Николаевич|Nikolai Spassky]] ya buga wani labari a Rossiyskaya Gazeta, inda daga cikin muhimman fannoni na ci gaban bangaren makamashi na Rasha, aikin fitar da makamashi daga wani wuri shi ne tun farko. An amince da aikin [[:ru:Чистая вода (целевая программа)|Tsabtace Ruwa]] a matsayin wani aiki na jam'iyyar United Russia ; a cikin sigar da aka gabatar wa gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin shirin na 2010-2017 ya wuce dala biliyan 14. <ref name="13–14" /> === Wariyar launin fata === Akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin marubutan kimiyya na ƙarya da masu bincike da kuma asalinsu na ƙiyayya da Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma na 'yan Nazi . Sau da yawa suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don ƙarfafa imaninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan kimiyya mafi shahara shine Frank Collin, wani mutum da ya kira kansa ɗan Nazi wanda Frank Joseph ya rubuta a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="ocYkg">{{Cite web |title=Frank Joseph |url=https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716201807/https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=Inner Traditions}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukansa sun haɗa da batutuwan Atlantis, haɗuwa ta waje, da Lemuria da kuma sauran tsoffin wayewar kai, galibi tare da kalmomin [[Farin sarauta|fifikon fararen fata]] . Misali, ya yi nuni da cewa Turawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka kafin [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], kuma duk wayewar 'yan asalin Amurka an fara ta ne daga zuriyar fararen fata . <ref name="RxsMI">{{Cite web |last=Colavito |first=Jason |title=Review of "Power Places And The Master Builders of Antiquity" By Frank Joseph |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125111536/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Jason Colavito}}</ref> Ba sabon batu ba ne cewa 'yan adawa na alt-right suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don gina akidunsu. Duk tushen ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa ya dogara ne akan kimiyyar ƙarya, ko wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya . A cikin wani kasidar da Sander Gilman ya rubuta daga Newsweek, Gilman ya bayyana ra'ayoyin da al'ummar kimiyyar karya ke bayarwa game da kin jinin Yahudawa. "Yuhudu kamar yadda suke bayyana a wannan duniyar kimiyya ta ƙarya ƙungiya ce da aka ƙirƙira ta mutane marasa kyau, wawaye ko wayo waɗanda ke amfani da kimiyya don cimma burinsu na mugunta. Sauran ƙungiyoyi ma, ana fentin su iri ɗaya a cikin 'kimiyyar launin fata', kamar yadda ake kiran kansu: Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, Irish, China da, to, duk wata ƙungiya da kake son tabbatar da cewa ta gaza kanka". Masu ra'ayin Neo-Nazis da kuma masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata galibi suna ƙoƙarin tallafawa ikirarinsu ta hanyar nazarin da ke "tabbatar" cewa ikirarinsu ya fi kawai ra'ayoyin da ba su da lahani. Misali, Bret Stephens ya buga wani shafi a jaridar The New York Times inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da mafi girman hankali a tsakanin kowace ƙabila. Duk da haka, an yi ta tambaya akai-akai game da hanyoyin kimiyya da sakamakon da labarin da Stephens ya ambata ya cimma tun bayan buga shi. An gano cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wannan binciken an gano shi ta Cibiyar Lauyoyin Talauci ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan kishin ƙasa. Mujallar ''Nature'' ta buga rubuce-rubuce da dama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tana gargadin masu bincike game da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke neman yin amfani da ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman masana ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma wadanda ke aiki da tsohuwar kwayar halittar DNA . Wani kasidar a cikin ''Nature'', mai taken "Wariyar launin fata a Kimiyya: Taint That Lingers" ta lura cewa an yi amfani da kimiyyar [[Eugenics|eugenic]] ta farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yin tasiri ga manufofin jama'a, kamar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1924 a Amurka, wacce ta nemi hana shige da fice daga Asiya da sassan Turai. <ref name="oRFef">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Robin |year=2019 |title=Racism in Science: The Taint That Lingers |journal=Nature |volume=570 |issue=7762 |pages=440–441 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..440N |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01968-z |s2cid=195354000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 56hiapemgyd778ywpv6dq3bxf9wvyxk 963018 963017 2026-10-04T12:07:45Z Baffa ali 47435 963018 wikitext text/x-wiki !{{Databox}} [[File:Phrenological_organs,_1887_Wellcome_L0001965.jpg|thumb| Taswirar nazarin phrenology ta ƙarni na 19: a shekarun 1820, masana kimiyyar phren sun yi iƙirarin cewa hankali yana cikin sassan kwakwalwa, kuma an kai masa hari saboda shakkun cewa tunani ya fito ne daga rai mara zahiri. Daga baya aka yi watsi da ra'ayinsu na karanta "ƙumburi" a cikin kwanyar don annabta halayen mutum. <ref name="bowler">{{Cite book|last3=Peter J. Bowler}}</ref> <ref name="dtg6e">Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). ''An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology''. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: {{Doi|10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011}}</ref> An fara kiran ilimin kimiyyar Phrenology da kimiyyar karya a shekarar 1843 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa haka. ]] '''Kimiyyar ƙarya''' ta ƙunshi kalamai, imani, ko ayyuka waɗanda ke da'awar cewa [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ce amma ba su dace da hanyar kimiyya ba. {{Refn|Definition: * "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have". ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', second edition 1989. * "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]''. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), '[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones.' These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."<ref name="SEP section SciPse"/> * '"claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (p. 17)'{{sfnp|Shermer|1997}} (this was the [https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm definition adopted by] the [[National Science Foundation]]) Terms regarded as having largely the same meaning but perhaps less disparaging connotations include ''parascience,'' ''cryptoscience,'' and ''anomalistics.''<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael P. |last=Gordin |title=The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe |page=11 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-30443-4}}</ref>}} Kimiyyar ƙarya galibi ana siffanta ta da da'awa masu karo da juna, masu ƙari ko marasa gaskiya ; dogaro da son zuciya maimakon yunƙurin ƙaryatawa; rashin buɗe ido ga kimantawa daga wasu ƙwararru ; rashin ayyukan tsari yayin ƙirƙirar hasashe ; da kuma ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi tsawon lokaci bayan an yi watsi da hasashe na ƙarya ta hanyar gwaji. Ba iri ɗaya bane da ilimin kimiyya na banza, wanda aikin kimiyya ne na ƙarya ko na zamba . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyya da kimiyyar ƙarya yana da alaƙa da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[falsafa]], da [[siyasa]] . <ref name="Imre-Lakatos">{{Cite web |last=Lakatos |first=Imre |year=1973 |title=Science and Pseudoscience |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/About/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscience.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725130745/http://richmedia.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/2002_LakatosScienceAndPseudoscience128.mp3 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science, Dept of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method |format=mp3}} {{Cite web |title=Science and Pseudoscience (transcript) |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728012423/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/about/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Masana falsafa suna muhawara kan yanayin kimiyya da kuma ka'idojin gabaɗaya don zana layi tsakanin ka'idodin kimiyya da imani na ƙarya, amma a cewar ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', " ƙirƙirar halitta, ilmin taurari, homeopathy, ɗaukar hoto na Kirlian, dowsing, ufology, ka'idar 'yan sama jannati ta da, musun Holocaust, bala'in Velikovskian, da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|musanta sauyin yanayi]] kimiyya ce ta ƙarya." <ref name="Stanford-Demarcations" /> Akwai tasirin da ke tattare da [[kula da lafiya]], amfani da shaidar ƙwararru, da kuma auna [[manufofin muhalli]] . Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke bin akidun kimiyya na karya galibi ba sa nuna ƙarancin hujjoji, ma'ana sau da yawa ba sa buƙatar ƙarin shaida kafin su kai ga ƙarshe. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin son zuciya 'tsallake zuwa ƙarshe' wanda zai iya ƙara yaɗuwar imani na ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez-Ferreiro |first=Javier |last2=Barberia |first2=Itxaso |date=2021-12-21 |title=Believers in pseudoscience present lower evidential criteria |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=24352 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1124352R |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03816-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8692588 |pmid=34934119 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magance kimiyyar ƙarya wani ɓangare ne na ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka ilimin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropp |first=Robert E. |date=1 August 2003 |title=Evolution Activists Organize to Combat Pseudoscience in Public Schools |journal=BioScience |volume=53 |issue=8 |page=700 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0700:EAOTCP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |s2cid=84435133 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimiyyar ƙarya na iya haifar da illa mai haɗari. Misali, fafutukar hana allurar riga-kafi ta ƙarya da kuma haɓaka magungunan homeopathic a matsayin madadin magunguna na iya haifar da mutane su yi watsi da muhimman magungunan likita waɗanda ke da fa'idodi masu kyau ga lafiya, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa. <ref name="FKGbU">{{Cite web |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Vyse |date=10 July 2019 |title=What Should Become of a Monument to Pseudoscience? |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209061824/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/what-should-become-of-a-monument-to-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Center for Inquiry}}</ref> <ref name="bxgBg">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2019 |title=How anti-vax pseudoscience seeps into public discourse |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215171126/https://www.salon.com/2019/01/13/how-anti-vax-pseudoscience-seeps-into-public-discourse/ |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Salon}}</ref> <ref name="mav9B">{{Cite web |title=Anti-vaccination websites use 'science' and stories to support claims, study finds |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716200305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103134800.htm |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Johns Hopkins |publisher=Science Daily}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da suka ƙi maganin likita na halal don cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na iya sanya wasu cikin haɗari. Ka'idojin ƙarya game da rarrabuwar launin fata da ƙabilanci sun haifar da [[wariyar launin fata]] da [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . Kalmar ''kimiyya ta ƙarya'' galibi ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin ƙyama, domin tana nuna cewa ana gabatar da wani abu a matsayin kimiyya ba daidai ba ko ma a cikin yaudara. Saboda haka, masu aiki da masu fafutukar kimiyyar ƙarya suna yawan jayayya game da halayen. <ref name="Freitsch">{{Cite journal |last=Frietsch |first=Ute |date=7 April 2015 |title=The boundaries of science/ pseudoscience |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |url-status=live |journal=European History Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202501/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''pseudoscience'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ta ''pseudo'' ma'ana "ƙarya" <ref name="ipDIt">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510075346/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pseudo |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=12 April 2018 |publisher=Douglas Harper}}</ref> da kuma kalmar Turanci ''kimiyya'', daga kalmar Latin ''scientia'', ma'ana "ilimi". Duk da cewa kalmar ta fara amfani da ita tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 (misali, a shekarar 1796 ta James Pettit Andrews dangane da alchemy [ 20 ] ), ra'ayin kimiyyar ƙarya a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da kimiyya ta gaske ko ta dace ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Daga cikin farkon amfani da "kimiyyar ƙarya" akwai a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ''mujallar Northern Journal of Medicine'', fitowa ta 387 a shekarar 1844:   A farkon amfani da kalmar an yi ta ne a shekarar 1843 ta masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Faransa François Magendie, wanda ke nufin ilimin halittar jiki a matsayin " ''kimiyyar karya ta yanzu'' ". A ƙarni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin abin ƙyama don bayyana bayanin abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka yi iƙirarin cewa kimiyya ce, amma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ingantattun shaidun gwaji ba. :: Yin watsi da batun zamba da gangan{{Spaced en dash}} kamar "rappings" na ' yan'uwan Fox a shekarun 1850 [ 23 ]{{Spaced en dash}}Alamar ƙarya ta kimiyya ta bambanta kimiyya {{'}} '''''mu''''' {{'}}, a wani ɓangare, daga kimiyya ta ƙarya {{'}} '''''su''''' {{'}}, a ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ta tabbatar da cewa {{'}} '''''amincinmu''''' {{'}} ayyukanmu, ka'idoji, da sauransu, idan aka kwatanta da na {{'}} '''''wasu''''' {{'}}, kimiyya ce. Akwai sharuɗɗa huɗu:<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) ƙungiyar ' '''''masu kimiyya na ƙarya'''''' ta tabbatar da cewa imaninta, ayyukanta, ka'idojinta, da sauransu, {{'}} '''''kimiyya ce''''' {{'}} ;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(b) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa hujjojin da ake zargin an tabbatar da su gaskiya ne;<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(c) ƙungiyar {{'}} '''''masu kimiyya''''' {{'}} ta yi iƙirarin cewa {{'}} '''''gaskiyar da aka tabbatar''''' {{'}} an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar kimiyya mai tsauri; kuma<br /><br /><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(d) wannan ikirarin ƙarya ne ko kuma yaudara: "Ba wai kawai shaidun da suka biyo baya sun karyata sakamakon da aka tabbatar ba ne, a'a, '''''ba a taɓa tabbatar da sakamakon ba tun farko''''' " {{Refn|{{harvp|Blum|1978|p=12}} [Yeates' emphasis]; also, see {{harvp|Moll|1902|pp=44–47}}{{sfnp|Yeates|2018|p=42}}}} Amma lokaci zuwa lokaci, amfani da kalmar ya faru ne ta hanyar fasaha da ta dace, don mayar da martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga tsaron mutum da na cibiyoyi a cikin zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref name="Still">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Still A, Dryden W |year=2004 |title=The Social Psychology of "Pseudoscience": A Brief History |journal=J Theory Soc Behav |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=265–290 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8308.2004.00248.x}}</ref> == Alaƙa da kimiyya == === Hanyar kimiyya === [[File:The_Scientific_Method_(simple).png|thumb| Hanyar kimiyya ita ce zagayowar lura, tambaya, hasashe, gwaji, bincike da ƙarshe.]] Masana kimiyya sun yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi na asali a matsayin mizani don tantance ko tarin ilimi, hanya, ko aiki na kimiyya ne. Ya kamata a sake samar da sakamakon gwaji kuma wasu masu bincike su tabbatar da shi . [ 28 ] An yi nufin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don tabbatar da cewa ana iya sake maimaita gwaje-gwajen gwargwadon yanayi iri ɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko hasashe ko ka'ida da ta shafi abubuwan da aka bayar suna da inganci kuma abin dogaro. Ka'idoji suna buƙatar a yi amfani da hanyar kimiyya a ko'ina, kuma a sarrafa son zuciya don ko a kawar da ita ta hanyar bazuwar tsari, hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura masu adalci, rufe bincike, da sauran hanyoyi. Ana sa ran za a rubuta duk bayanan da aka tattara, gami da yanayin gwaji ko muhalli, don a duba su kuma a samar da su don sake duba takwarorinsu, wanda hakan zai ba da damar yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje ko nazari don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata sakamakon. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta mahimmanci, kwarin gwiwa, da kuskure suma muhimman kayan aiki ne na hanyar kimiyya. === Karya === A tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin falsafa Karl Popper ya jaddada ma'aunin rashin iya bambance [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] da wanda ba kimiyya ba . <ref name="Popper">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}} The German version is currently in print by Mohr Siebeck ({{ISBN|3-16-148410-X}}).</ref> Kalamai, hasashe, ko ka'idoji suna da ƙarya ko ƙarya idan akwai yiwuwar a tabbatar da ƙaryarsu, wato, idan zai yiwu a yi tunanin wani abu da aka lura ko wata hujja da ta musanta su. Popper ya yi amfani da ilmin taurari da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin misalan kimiyyar ƙarya da kuma [[Ka'idar Dangantaka|ka'idar dangantakar]] Einstein a matsayin misali na kimiyya. Ya raba abubuwan da ba kimiyya ba zuwa ga falsafa, lissafi, tatsuniyoyi, addini da kuma tsarin metaphysical a gefe guda, sannan kuma ya raba wasu abubuwa na kimiyya na karya a gefe guda. [ 31 ] Wani misali kuma da ke nuna buƙatar da'awar ƙarya an bayyana shi a cikin littafin Carl Sagan mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'' lokacin da yake magana game da wani [[Jegare|dodon]] da ba a gani da yake da shi a garejinsa. An fahimci cewa babu wani gwaji na zahiri da zai karyata ikirarin kasancewar wannan dodon. Duk wani gwaji da mutum yake tunanin za a iya ƙirƙirowa, akwai dalilin da ya sa bai shafi dodon da ba a gani ba, don haka ba za a taɓa tabbatar da cewa da'awar farko ba daidai ba ce. Sagan ya kammala da cewa; "To, menene bambanci tsakanin dodon da ba a gani, wanda ba shi da jiki, wanda ke iyo wanda ke tofa wuta mara zafi da kuma babu dodon kwata-kwata?" Ya bayyana cewa "rashin iyawarku na karyata hasashena ba abu ɗaya bane da tabbatar da gaskiya", [ 32 ] ya sake bayyana cewa ko da irin wannan ikirarin gaskiya ne, zai kasance daga cikin [[Ilmi|binciken kimiyya]] . === Ka'idojin Mertonian === A shekarar 1942, Robert K. Merton ya gano wani tsari na "ƙa'idoji" guda biyar waɗanda ke nuna ainihin kimiyya. Idan aka karya wani ƙa'ida, Merton ya ɗauki wannan kamfani a matsayin wanda ba kimiyya ba. Ka'idojinsa sune: * Asalin Halitta: Gwaje-gwaje da binciken da aka yi dole ne su gabatar da wani sabon abu ga al'ummar kimiyya. * Rarrabuwa: Dalilan masana kimiyya na yin amfani da wannan kimiyya dole ne kawai su kasance don faɗaɗa iliminsu. Bai kamata masana kimiyya su sami dalilai na kansu na tsammanin wasu sakamako ba. * Na duniya: Babu wani mutum da ya kamata ya sami damar samun bayanai game da gwaji cikin sauƙi fiye da wani mutum. Matsayin zamantakewa, addini, ƙabila, ko duk wani abu na mutum bai kamata ya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da ikon wani na karɓar ko aiwatar da wani nau'in kimiyya ba. * Shakka: Bai kamata a dogara da hujjojin kimiyya a kan imani ba. Ya kamata mutum ya riƙa yin tambayoyi a kowace shari'a da muhawara sannan ya riƙa duba kurakurai ko da'awar da ba ta dace ba. * Samun dama ga jama'a: Duk wani ilimin kimiyya da mutum ya samu ya kamata a bai wa kowa. Ya kamata a buga sakamakon kowane bincike a kuma raba shi ga al'ummar kimiyya. <ref name="Paradigms Lost">{{Cite book|last3=John Casti}}</ref> === Ƙin amincewa da matsaloli === A shekarar 1978, Paul Thagard ya gabatar da cewa kimiyyar karya tana da bambanci da kimiyya idan ta yi kasa da ci gaba fiye da ka'idojin madadin da aka daɗe ana amfani da su, kuma masu goyon bayanta sun kasa amincewa ko magance matsalolin da ke tattare da ka'idar. [ 34 ] A shekarar 1983, Mario Bunge ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan "filayen imani" da "filayen bincike" don taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya da kimiyya, inda na farko galibi na mutum ne kuma na ra'ayin kansa ne, na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi wata hanya ta tsari. [ 35 ] Littafin 2018 game da [[Rashin amincewar kimiyya|shakkun kimiyya]] na Steven Novella, da sauransu. ''Jagorar Masu Sukar Duniya'' ta lissafa ƙiyayya ga suka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Novella}}</ref> === Sukar kalmar === Larry Laudan ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar "pseudoscience" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta kimiyya kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne don bayyana motsin zuciyar ɗan adam: "Idan za mu tashi tsaye kuma a ƙirga mu a gefen hankali, ya kamata mu cire kalmomi kamar 'pseudo-science' da 'marasa kimiyya' daga ƙamus ɗinmu; su kalmomi ne kawai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yin aikin motsin rai kawai a gare mu." <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Larry Laudan}}</ref> Hakazalika, Richard McNally ya ce, "Kalmar 'kimiyyar ƙarya' ta zama ba ta wuce kawai kalma mai tayar da hankali ba don yin watsi da abokan hamayyar mutum cikin sauri a cikin maganganun kafofin watsa labarai" da kuma "Lokacin da 'yan kasuwa masu ilimin warkewa suka yi iƙirari a madadin tsoma bakinsu, bai kamata mu ɓata lokacinmu muna ƙoƙarin tantance ko tsoma bakinsu ya cancanci a matsayin na ƙarya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata mu tambaye su: Ta yaya kuka san cewa tsoma bakinku yana aiki? Menene shaidarku?" <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNally RJ |year=2003 |title=Is the pseudoscience concept useful for clinical psychology? |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |url-status=live |journal=The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430162007/http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html |archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> === Madadin ma'anar === Ga masana falsafa Silvio Funtowicz da Jerome R. Ravetz "za a iya bayyana kimiyyar karya a matsayin wacce dole ne a danne rashin tabbas na abubuwan da ke cikinta, don kada su sanya sakamakonta ya zama ba a tantance shi ba kwata-kwata." Ma'anar, a cikin littafin ''Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy'', ta yi nuni ga asarar ƙwarewar sana'a wajen sarrafa bayanai masu yawa, da kuma mummunan aikin cimma daidaito a cikin hasashe (ƙaddara) kawai a kan kuɗin yin watsi da rashin tabbas a cikin shigarwar da aka yi amfani da ita don tsara hasashen. Wannan amfani da kalmar ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu aikin kimiyyar bayan al'ada . An fahimce ta ta wannan hanyar, ana iya yaƙi da kimiyyar ƙarya ta amfani da kyawawan halaye don tantance rashin tabbas a cikin bayanai masu yawa, kamar NUSAP da&nbsp;– idan aka yi la'akari da samfurin lissafi&nbsp;- duba lafiyar jiki . == Tarihi == [[File:Venice_ast_sm.jpg|thumb| Alamomin taurari na zodiac]] Tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya shine nazarin ka'idojin kimiyyar ƙarya a tsawon lokaci. Kimiyyar ƙarya tarin ra'ayoyi ne da ke gabatar da kanta a matsayin kimiyya, yayin da bai cika sharuɗɗan da ya kamata a kira ta haka ba. A wasu lokutan yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin kimiyya mai kyau da kimiyya ta ƙarya. Wani shawara na raba tsakanin su biyun shine ka'idar karya, wanda aka fi dangantawa da masanin falsafa Karl Popper . A tarihin kimiyya da tarihin kimiyyar ƙarya, yana iya zama da wahala musamman a raba su biyun, saboda wasu kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga kimiyyar ƙarya. Misalin wannan sauyi shine kimiyyar [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]], wacce ta samo asali ne daga binciken kimiyya na karya ko na kimiyya kafin kimiyya . Bambancin da ke tsakanin kimiyyar ƙarya yana ƙara rikitar da tarihin kimiyya. Wasu kimiyyar karya ta zamani, kamar ilmin taurari da acupuncture, sun samo asali ne kafin zamanin kimiyya. Wasu kuma sun ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na akida, kamar Lysenkoism, ko kuma a matsayin martani ga barazanar da ake gani ga akida. Misalan wannan tsarin akida sune kimiyyar halitta da ƙira mai hankali, waɗanda aka haɓaka don mayar da martani ga ka'idar juyin halitta ta kimiyya. <ref name="GMUjf">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greener M |year=2007 |title=Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience? |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1107–09 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401131 |pmc=2267227 |pmid=18059309}}</ref> == Alamomin yiwuwar kimiyyar ƙarya == [[File:Rhustox.jpg|thumb| Shirye-shiryen homeopathic ''Rhus toxicodendron'', wanda aka samo daga gubar ivy]] Za a iya kiran wani batu, aiki, ko tarin ilimi mai ma'ana idan aka gabatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin binciken kimiyya, amma a bayyane yake cewa bai cika waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba. [ 46 ] === Amfani da da'awar da ba a tabbatar da su ba, waɗanda aka yi ƙari ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba === * Tabbatar da ikirarin kimiyya wanda ba shi da tabbas maimakon daidai, kuma ba shi da takamaiman ma'auni.[47] * Tabbatar da da'awar da ba ta da ikon bayani ko babu.<ref name="Popper, Karl 1963">{{Cite book|last3=Karl Popper}}</ref> * Rashin yin amfani da ma'anar aiki (watau, ma'anar jama'a game da masu canji, sharuɗɗa, ko abubuwa masu ban sha'awa don mutane ban da mai ma'anar su iya auna ko gwada su da kansu) [Lokaci 3] (Dubi kuma: Reproducibility). * Rashin yin amfani da ka'idar parsimony, watau, rashin neman bayani wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarin zato lokacin da bayani masu yawa zasu yiwu (Dubi: Occam's razor).[50] * Rashin yanayin iyaka: Yawancin ka'idodin kimiyya da aka goyi bayan sosai suna da iyakoki masu kyau waɗanda abubuwan da aka annabta suka yi kuma ba su aiki ba.<ref name="Hines1988">{{Cite book|last3=Terence Hines}}</ref> * Rashin ingantattun sarrafawa a cikin ƙirar gwaji, kamar amfani da placebos da Makantar sau biyu. * Rashin fahimtar ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya.<ref name="OsPUp">{{Cite web |last=Donald E. Simanek |title=What is science? What is pseudoscience? |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425202814/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/scipseud.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref> === Tarin hujjoji da bai dace ba === * Magana da ba su ba da izinin yiwuwar ma'ana cewa za a iya nuna su Ƙarya ne ta hanyar lura ko gwaji na jiki (Dubi kuma: Falsifiability).<ref name="Popper" /> * Tabbatar da da'awar cewa ka'idar ta annabta wani abu da ba a nuna shi ba.[54][47]Da'awar kimiyya cewa ba su ba da wani iko na tsinkaya ana ɗaukar su a mafi kyawun "ƙididdiga", ko kuma mafi munin "pseudoscience" (misali, ignoratio elenchi). * Tabbatar da cewa da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ƙarya ba dole ne ya zama gaskiya, kuma akasin haka (''Dubi: Tattaunawa daga jahilci''). * Dogaro da yawa akan shaidar, Shaidar labarai, ko gogewar mutum: Wannan shaidar na iya zama da amfani ga mahallin binciken (watau, ƙarni na zato), amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin tabbatarwa ba (misali, gwajin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga).[57] * Amfani da [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] da matani na addini kamar dai gaskiya ne, ko kuma tabbatar da shaida akan karatun irin waɗannan matani.<ref name="coker">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=Science versus Pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104806/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/distinguish.htm |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Amfani da ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da suka faru daga fiction kimiyya kamar dai gaskiya ne. Wannan dabarar tana kira ga sanin da mutane da yawa suka riga sun kasance tare da tatsuniyoyin kimiyya ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="cokerSF">{{Cite web |last=Rory Coker |title=SF in pseudoscience |url=https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154318/https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/sfandps.shtml |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=web2.ph.utexas.edu}}</ref> * Gabatar da bayanan da ke da alama suna tallafawa da'awar yayin da suke hanawa ko ƙin yin la'akari da bayanan da suka sabawa waɗancan da'awar.[60]Wannan misali ne na son zuciya ko karɓar cherry, karkatar da shaidu ko bayanai wanda ya samo asali daga hanyar da aka tattara bayanai. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da tasirin zaɓe. * Maimaita da'awar da ba a gwada ba ko da'awar waɗanda aka buga a baya a wasu wurare, da kuma inganta waɗannan da'awar kamar dai gaskiya ne; tarin irin waɗannan rahotanni na biyu marasa mahimmanci, waɗanda ba su ba da gudummawa ga binciken kansu ba, ana kiransu [[Tasirin Woozle]]. * Canja nauyin hujja: kimiyya ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke da'awar, ba a kan mai sukar ba. Tattaunawar "Pseudoscientific" na iya watsi da wannan ka'ida kuma yana buƙatar masu shakka su nuna fiye da wata shakka cewa da'awar (misali, da'awar game da ingancin sabon fasahar warkarwa) ƙarya ce. Ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da mummunan duniya ba, don haka wannan dabarar ba daidai ba ta sanya nauyin hujja a kan mai shakka maimakon a kan mai da'awar.<ref name="Lilienfeld">Lilienfeld SO (2004). ''Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology'' Guildford Press {{ISBN|1-59385-070-0}}</ref> * Roƙo ga holism kamar yadda ya saba da ragewa don watsar da mummunan binciken: masu goyon bayan da'awar pseudoscientific, musamman a cikin maganin kwayoyin halitta, madadin magani, naturopathy da lafiyar hankali, sau da yawa suna komawa ga "mantra na holism".[63] === Rashin budewa ga gwaji ta wasu masana === * Guje wa sake dubawa na tsara kafin yada sakamakon (wanda ake kira "kimiyya ta taron manema labarai"): <ref name="Lilienfeld" /> <ref name="58lDT">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gitanjali B |year=2001 |title=Peer review – process, perspectives and the path ahead |url=http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/peerReview.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=210–14 |pmid=11832629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193431/http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/PDF/PeerReview.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref> Wasu masu goyon bayan ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa ka'idodin kimiyya da aka yarda da su suna guje wa sanya ra'ayoyinsu ga sake dubawa, wani lokacin a kan dalilin cewa sake dubawa ya nuna son kai ga ka'idojin da aka kafa, kuma wani lokacin a bisa ka'idoji cewa ba za a iya kimanta maganganun da kyau ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya ba. Ta hanyar kasancewa a ware daga tsarin bita na tsara, waɗannan masu goyon baya sun watsar da damar samun ra'ayoyi masu gyara daga abokan aiki masu ilimi.[63] * Wasu hukumomi, cibiyoyi, da wallafe-wallafen da ke tallafawa binciken kimiyya suna buƙatar marubuta su raba bayanai don wasu su iya kimanta takarda da kansu. Rashin samar da isasshen bayani ga wasu masu bincike don sake haifar da da'awar yana taimakawa ga rashin buɗewa.[65] * Yin kira ga buƙatar sirri ko ilimin mallaka lokacin da aka nemi bita mai zaman kansa na bayanai ko hanyar.[65] * Ba a karfafa muhawara mai mahimmanci game da shaidar da masu goyon bayan dukkan ra'ayoyi suka bayar ba.[66] === Rashin ci gaba === * Rashin ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarin shaidar da'awarsa. {{Refn|"We can now propose the following principle of demarcation: A theory or discipline which purports to be scientific is pseudoscientific if and only if: it has been less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and faces many unsolved problems; but the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and non confirmations."{{sfnp|Thagard|1978|pp=227–228}}}} Terence Hines ta gano ilmin taurari a matsayin wani abu da bai canza sosai ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata. [ 34 ] <ref name="Hines1988" /> * Rashin gyara kai: shirye-shiryen binciken kimiyya suna yin kurakurai, amma suna rage waɗannan kurakuran akan lokaci. [ 67 ] Sabanin haka, ana iya ɗaukar ra'ayoyin a matsayin na kimiyya na ƙarya domin ba a canza su ba duk da hujjoji masu karo da juna. Aikin ''Scientists Confront Velikovsky'' (1976) Jami'ar Cornell, ya kuma yi cikakken bayani game da waɗannan fasalulluka, kamar yadda aikin Thomas Kuhn ya yi, misali, ''Tsarin Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya'' (1962) wanda kuma ya tattauna wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jerin halayen kimiyyar ƙarya. * Muhimmancin kididdiga na tallafawa sakamakon gwaji ba ya inganta akan lokaci kuma yawanci yana kusa da ƙarshen mahimmancin ƙididdiga. Yawanci, dabarun gwaji suna inganta ko kuma a maimaita gwaje-gwajen, kuma wannan yana ƙara tabbatar da ƙarfi. Idan mahimmancin ƙididdiga bai inganta ba, wannan yawanci yana nuna cewa an maimaita gwaje-gwajen har sai an sami nasara saboda bambancin dama. === Keɓancewa na matsaloli === * Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu tsauri da kuma ɗabi'un kama-karya, danne rashin yarda da ra'ayi da kuma tunanin ƙungiyoyi na iya ƙara wa rungumar imani waɗanda ba su da tushe mai ma'ana. A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da imaninsu, ƙungiyar tana nuna masu suka a matsayin abokan gaba. [ 68 ] * Tabbatar da wani makirci daga al'ummar kimiyya ta yau da kullun, gwamnati, ko cibiyoyin ilimi don danne bayanan kimiyya na karya. Mutanen da ke yin waɗannan zarge-zargen sau da yawa suna kwatanta kansu da [[Galileo Galilei]] da tsanantawarsa daga Cocin Katolika na Roman; wannan kwatancen an fi sani da Galileo gambit . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsden, Brian |title=Recognizing Microstructural Fallacies |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712055955/http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/Fallacies.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=24 March 2014 |pages=22}}</ref> * Kai hari ga dalilai, hali, ɗabi'a, ko ƙwarewar masu suka, maimakon hujjojinsu (duba ''ad hominem'' ) [ 68 ] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ad Hominem and Related Fallacies |url=http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204164205/http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/person.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=philosophy.lander.edu}}</ref> === Amfani da harshe mai ɓatarwa === * Ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu kama da kimiyya don shawo kan waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba su yarda da maganganun da ƙila ba su da ma'ana ko kuma ba su da ma'ana: misali, wata yaudara da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita tana nufin ruwa da sunan da ba a cika amfani da shi ba " dihydrogen monoxide " kuma tana bayyana shi a matsayin babban sinadari a cikin mafi yawan mafita [[Dafi|masu guba]] don nuna yadda za a iya yaudarar jama'a cikin sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=A Simple Guide to Spotting Pseudoscience {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/critical-thinking-corner/202508/a-simple-guide-to-spotting-pseudoscience |website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa da manufar technobabble a cikin almarar kimiyya. * Yin amfani da kalmomi da aka kafa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka nuna rashin sanin aikin yau da kullun a cikin fannin. == Yaɗuwar akidun ƙarya na kimiyya == Ma'aikatar AYUSH a Gwamnatin Indiya an yi ta ne da nufin haɓaka ilimi, bincike da yaɗa tsarin magungunan asali na asali a Indiya. Ma'aikatar ta fuskanci suka mai tsanani game da tsarin samar da kuɗaɗen da ba su da tabbas game da yanayin halitta kuma ko dai ba a gwada su ba ko kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba su da tasiri. Ingancin bincike bai yi kyau ba, kuma an ƙaddamar da magunguna ba tare da wani bincike mai zurfi na magunguna da gwaje-gwajen asibiti masu ma'ana kan Ayurveda ko wasu tsarin kiwon lafiya na daban ba. Babu wani ingantaccen tasiri ko tushen kimiyya na kowace irin wannan magani. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''The Demon-Haunted World'', Carl Sagan ya tattauna damuwar gwamnatin China da jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China game da ci gaban kimiyyar karya ta Yamma da wasu tsoffin ayyukan China a China. Yana ganin kimiyyar ƙarya da ke faruwa a Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin duniya kuma yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haddasa ta, haɗarinta, ganewarta da kuma maganinta na iya zama na kowa da kowa. [ 76 ] Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar Amurka ba su da ilimin kimiyya, ba su fahimci ƙa'idodin kimiyya da hanyoyin da suka dace ba. {{Refn|"Surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts, nor do they have an understanding of the scientific process. In addition, belief in pseudoscience (an indicator of scientific illiteracy) seems to be widespread among Americans and Europeans."<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150628032751/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm|archive-date=28 June 2015 |year=2004|chapter=Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding: Public Knowledge About S&T|access-date=28 August 2013 |title=Science and Engineering Indicators 2004|author=National Science Board|location=Arlington, VA|publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>}} {{Refn|"A new national survey commissioned by the California Academy of Sciences and conducted by Harris Interactive® reveals that the U.S. public is unable to pass even a basic scientific literacy test."<ref>{{cite press release|last1=Stone|first1=Stephanie|last2=Ng|first2=Andrew |title=American adults flunk basic science: National survey shows only one-in-five adults can answer three science questions correctly|publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022148/http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raloff |first=Janet |date=21 February 2010 |title=Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224518/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/science-literacy-us-college-courses-really-count |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Science News |publisher=Society for Science & the Public}}</ref> {{Refn|"In a survey released earlier this year [2007], Miller and colleagues found that about 28 percent of American adults qualified as scientifically literate, which is an increase of about 10 percent from the late 1980s and early 1990s."<ref>{{cite web |last=Oswald|first=Tom|date=15 November 2007 |url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/ |title=MSU prof: Lack of science knowledge hurting democratic process|work=MSUToday |publisher=Michigan State University|access-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911201844/http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2007/msu-prof-lack-of-science-knowledge-hurting-democratic-process/|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>}} A cikin ''Mujallar Koyar da Kimiyya ta Kwaleji'', Art Hobson ya rubuta, "Akidun kimiyya na karya sun bazu sosai a cikin al'adunmu har ma a tsakanin malaman kimiyyar makarantun gwamnati da editocin jaridu, kuma suna da alaƙa da rashin wayewar kimiyya." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobson |first=Art |year=2011 |title=Teaching relevant science for scientific literacy |url=http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105754/http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/00.12.JCST.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi wa ɗalibai 10,000 a cikin wannan mujallar ya kammala da cewa babu wata alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da imani da kimiyyar ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Impey C, Buxner S, Antonellis J, Johnson E, King C |year=2011 |title=A twenty-year survey of science literacy among college undergraduates |url=http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225058/http://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NSTA_Survey_Science-Literacy_2011.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NSF) ta fitar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da wani takarda kan kimiyya da injiniya wadda ta yi magana a takaice game da yawaitar kimiyyar ƙarya a zamanin yau. Ta ce, "imani da kimiyyar ƙarya ya yaɗu" kuma, a cikin wani bincike na Gallup, <ref>{{Cite web |last=David W. Moore |date=16 June 2005 |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822003849/http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> ta bayyana cewa imani da misalan 10 da aka fi yarda da su na abubuwan ban mamaki da aka lissafa a cikin binciken "imani na kimiyya na ƙarya" ne. Abubuwan sun haɗa da "fahimtar abubuwa marasa ma'ana (ESP), cewa gidaje na iya zama masu farauta, fatalwowi, fahimtar juna, bayyananniyar fahimta, ilmin taurari, cewa mutane za su iya yin magana da matattu, mayu, sake haihuwa, da kuma yin hulɗa da mutane ". <ref name="nsf" /> Irin waɗannan imani a cikin kimiyyar ƙarya suna wakiltar rashin sanin yadda kimiyya ke aiki. Al'ummar kimiyya za ta iya ƙoƙarin isar da bayanai game da kimiyya saboda damuwa game da yadda jama'a ke fuskantar barazanar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. <ref name="nsf" /> Hukumar NSF ta bayyana cewa imani na karya a Amurka ya kara yaduwa a shekarun 1990, inda ya kai kololuwa a kusan shekarar 2001, sannan ya ragu kadan tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da imani na karya a matsayin abu daya. A cewar rahoton NSF, akwai ƙarancin ilimin batutuwan kimiyya na ƙarya a cikin al'umma kuma ana bin ayyukan kimiyya na ƙarya akai-akai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manyan Amurkawa suna ɗaukar ilmin taurari a matsayin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=FOX News |date=18 June 2004 |title=Poll: More Believe In God Than Heaven |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/more-believe-in-god-than-heaven |url-status=live |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305093146/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,99945,00.html |archive-date=5 March 2009 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Humphrey |date=26 February 2003 |title=Harris Poll: The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003 |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?pid=359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111214109/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359 |archive-date=11 January 2007 |access-date=26 Apr 2009}}</ref> A Rasha, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21, an kashe makudan kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi kan shirye-shiryen nazarin gwaji na " filayen juyawa ", haƙo makamashi daga dutse mai daraja, nazarin " haɗakar makaman nukiliya mai sanyi ", da kuma "binciken ilmin taurari " da na waje ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatar Gaggawa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, da Duma ta Jiha <ref name="prezRAS2003" /> (duba [[:ru:Войсковая часть № 10003|Sashen Soja 10003]] ). A shekarar 2006, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Tarayyar Rasha [[:ru:Спасский, Николай Николаевич|Nikolai Spassky]] ya buga wani labari a Rossiyskaya Gazeta, inda daga cikin muhimman fannoni na ci gaban bangaren makamashi na Rasha, aikin fitar da makamashi daga wani wuri shi ne tun farko. An amince da aikin [[:ru:Чистая вода (целевая программа)|Tsabtace Ruwa]] a matsayin wani aiki na jam'iyyar United Russia ; a cikin sigar da aka gabatar wa gwamnati, kasafin kuɗin shirin na 2010-2017 ya wuce dala biliyan 14. <ref name="13–14" /> === Wariyar launin fata === Akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin marubutan kimiyya na ƙarya da masu bincike da kuma asalinsu na ƙiyayya da Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma na 'yan Nazi . Sau da yawa suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don ƙarfafa imaninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan kimiyya mafi shahara shine Frank Collin, wani mutum da ya kira kansa ɗan Nazi wanda Frank Joseph ya rubuta a rubuce-rubucensa. <ref name="ocYkg">{{Cite web |title=Frank Joseph |url=https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716201807/https://www.innertraditions.com/author/frank-joseph |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=Inner Traditions}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukansa sun haɗa da batutuwan Atlantis, haɗuwa ta waje, da Lemuria da kuma sauran tsoffin wayewar kai, galibi tare da kalmomin [[Farin sarauta|fifikon fararen fata]] . Misali, ya yi nuni da cewa Turawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka kafin [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], kuma duk wayewar 'yan asalin Amurka an fara ta ne daga zuriyar fararen fata . <ref name="RxsMI">{{Cite web |last=Colavito |first=Jason |title=Review of "Power Places And The Master Builders of Antiquity" By Frank Joseph |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125111536/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-power-places-and-the-master-builders-of-antiquity-by-frank-joseph |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Jason Colavito}}</ref> Ba sabon batu ba ne cewa 'yan adawa na alt-right suna amfani da kimiyyar karya don gina akidunsu. Duk tushen ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa ya dogara ne akan kimiyyar ƙarya, ko wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya . A cikin wani kasidar da Sander Gilman ya rubuta daga Newsweek, Gilman ya bayyana ra'ayoyin da al'ummar kimiyyar karya ke bayarwa game da kin jinin Yahudawa. "Yuhudu kamar yadda suke bayyana a wannan duniyar kimiyya ta ƙarya ƙungiya ce da aka ƙirƙira ta mutane marasa kyau, wawaye ko wayo waɗanda ke amfani da kimiyya don cimma burinsu na mugunta. Sauran ƙungiyoyi ma, ana fentin su iri ɗaya a cikin 'kimiyyar launin fata', kamar yadda ake kiran kansu: Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka, Irish, China da, to, duk wata ƙungiya da kake son tabbatar da cewa ta gaza kanka". Masu ra'ayin Neo-Nazis da kuma masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata galibi suna ƙoƙarin tallafawa ikirarinsu ta hanyar nazarin da ke "tabbatar" cewa ikirarinsu ya fi kawai ra'ayoyin da ba su da lahani. Misali, Bret Stephens ya buga wani shafi a jaridar The New York Times inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da mafi girman hankali a tsakanin kowace ƙabila. Duk da haka, an yi ta tambaya akai-akai game da hanyoyin kimiyya da sakamakon da labarin da Stephens ya ambata ya cimma tun bayan buga shi. An gano cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wannan binciken an gano shi ta Cibiyar Lauyoyin Talauci ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan kishin ƙasa. Mujallar ''Nature'' ta buga rubuce-rubuce da dama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tana gargadin masu bincike game da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke neman yin amfani da ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman masana ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma wadanda ke aiki da tsohuwar kwayar halittar DNA . Wani kasidar a cikin ''Nature'', mai taken "Wariyar launin fata a Kimiyya: Taint That Lingers" ta lura cewa an yi amfani da kimiyyar [[Eugenics|eugenic]] ta farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yin tasiri ga manufofin jama'a, kamar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1924 a Amurka, wacce ta nemi hana shige da fice daga Asiya da sassan Turai. <ref name="oRFef">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Robin |year=2019 |title=Racism in Science: The Taint That Lingers |journal=Nature |volume=570 |issue=7762 |pages=440–441 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..440N |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01968-z |s2cid=195354000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == 24faocvnmjizbpeu6s774nacani36lb 0 178198 963040 2026-10-04T13:38:51Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 963040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad''' (wadda aka fi sani da '''’Yar Babanta''') marubuciya ce, mawaƙiya kuma ’yar jarida ’yar Najeriya. An haife ta a Kano a shekarar 1984.[1] == Ilimi == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi karatun addini da na zamani. Daga baya ta yi karatu a [[Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ta yi karatun Harsunan Nijeriya (''Nigerian Languages'').[2] Ta ci gaba da karatu a ƙasar Birtaniya, inda ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a [[University of Bedfordshire]]. A shekarar 2026 tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a wannan jami’a.[3] == Rubuce-rubuce == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta rubuta littattafan Hausa da dama, ciki har da ''Wahala Siradin Rayuwa'', ''Yiwa Kai'', ''Taka Tsan-tsan da Maza'', ''Kishiya Ba Laifi Ba Ce'' da ''Baram-Baram''.[2] Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙi. Daga cikin ayyukanta akwai ''Muryoyin Zuci'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 30.[4] A cewar SOAS, ta rubuta littattafan labarai guda 23 da tarin waƙoƙi guda biyu.[3] Wasu daga cikin littattafanta suna cikin [[SOAS]] Furniss Collection, inda aka adana littattafai tara daga cikin ayyukanta.[3] == Aikin jarida == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jarida. Ta rubuta makalolin mako-mako a jaridun Hausa kamar ''Albishir'' da ''Aminiya'', sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya a ''Leadership Hausa''. Ta kuma yi aikin editan ''Zuma Times'' da ''Rahotannin Gaskiya''.[3] == Gudummawa ga adabin Hausa == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi hulɗa da masana da masu bincike kan adabin Hausa. Daga cikin masu binciken da ta yi aiki tare da su akwai Carmen McCain, wadda ta yi bincike kan adabin Hausa. Sa’adatu ta taimaka wajen zaɓe da taƙaita wasu littattafan Hausa domin ayyukan bincike da fassara.[5] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin marubutan Hausa, ciki har da Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA), reshen Kano, da Hausa Authors Forum.[2] A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2026, [[SOAS University of London]] ta shirya taron ''SOAS Hausa Day'', inda aka tattauna da Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad kan adabin Hausa, rubuce-rubuce da fassara.[3] == Aiki == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad tana aiki a [[Kano Emirate Council]] a matsayin Public Relations Officer, sannan tana matsayin Media Adviser ga Sarkin Kano. A shekarar 2026 tana hutun aiki daga Skyline University Nigeria.[3] == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * {{cite web |title=SOAS Hausa Day: celebrating Hausa literature and translation |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/soas-hausa-day-celebrating-hausa-literature-and-translation |publisher=SOAS University of London |date=28 February 2026}} * {{cite web |title=Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad |url=https://marubutanhausa.blogspot.com/2008/09/saadatu-baba-ahmad.html |publisher=Marubutan Hausa}} * {{cite web |title=Muryoyin Zuciyar Sa’adatu Baba |url=https://ibrahim-sheme.blogspot.com/2010/08/ |publisher=Ibrahim Sheme |date=28 August 2010}} * {{cite web |title=Hausa Literature and Translation |url=https://carmenmccain.com/tag/carmen-mccain/ |publisher=Carmen McCain}} * {{cite web |title=Wahala Siradin Rayuwa |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23189652M/Wahala_siradin_rayuwa |publisher=Open Library}} * {{cite web |title=Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad Fagge (Y’ar Babanta) |url=https://www.dictionnaire-creatrices.com/fiche-saadatu-baba-ahmad-fagge |publisher=Dictionnaire des créatrices}} nju1cfzt5k0bua6qbyb29u7fybjdx10 963041 963040 2026-10-04T13:48:05Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 963041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad''' (wadda aka fi sani da '''’Yar Babanta''') marubuciya ce, mawaƙiya kuma ’yar jarida ’yar Najeriya. An haife ta a Kano a shekarar 1984.[1][[File:Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad.jpg|thumb|Sa'adatu Baba Ahmad yar jarida marubuciya]] == Ilimi == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi karatun addini da na zamani. Daga baya ta yi karatu a [[Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ta yi karatun Harsunan Nijeriya (''Nigerian Languages'').[2] Ta ci gaba da karatu a ƙasar Birtaniya, inda ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a [[University of Bedfordshire]]. A shekarar 2026 tana ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a wannan jami’a.[3] == Rubuce-rubuce == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta rubuta littattafan Hausa da dama, ciki har da ''Wahala Siradin Rayuwa'', ''Yiwa Kai'', ''Taka Tsan-tsan da Maza'', ''Kishiya Ba Laifi Ba Ce'' da ''Baram-Baram''.[2] Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙi. Daga cikin ayyukanta akwai ''Muryoyin Zuci'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 30.[4] A cewar SOAS, ta rubuta littattafan labarai guda 23 da tarin waƙoƙi guda biyu.[3] Wasu daga cikin littattafanta suna cikin [[SOAS]] Furniss Collection, inda aka adana littattafai tara daga cikin ayyukanta.[3] == Aikin jarida == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jarida. Ta rubuta makalolin mako-mako a jaridun Hausa kamar ''Albishir'' da ''Aminiya'', sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya a ''Leadership Hausa''. Ta kuma yi aikin editan ''Zuma Times'' da ''Rahotannin Gaskiya''.[3] == Gudummawa ga adabin Hausa == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad ta yi hulɗa da masana da masu bincike kan adabin Hausa. Daga cikin masu binciken da ta yi aiki tare da su akwai Carmen McCain, wadda ta yi bincike kan adabin Hausa. Sa’adatu ta taimaka wajen zaɓe da taƙaita wasu littattafan Hausa domin ayyukan bincike da fassara.[5] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin marubutan Hausa, ciki har da Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA), reshen Kano, da Hausa Authors Forum.[2] A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2026, [[SOAS University of London]] ta shirya taron ''SOAS Hausa Day'', inda aka tattauna da Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad kan adabin Hausa, rubuce-rubuce da fassara.[3] == Aiki == Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad tana aiki a [[Kano Emirate Council]] a matsayin Public Relations Officer, sannan tana matsayin Media Adviser ga Sarkin Kano. A shekarar 2026 tana hutun aiki daga Skyline University Nigeria.[3] == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * {{cite web |title=SOAS Hausa Day: celebrating Hausa literature and translation |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/soas-hausa-day-celebrating-hausa-literature-and-translation |publisher=SOAS University of London |date=28 February 2026}} * {{cite web |title=Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad |url=https://marubutanhausa.blogspot.com/2008/09/saadatu-baba-ahmad.html |publisher=Marubutan Hausa}} * {{cite web |title=Muryoyin Zuciyar Sa’adatu Baba |url=https://ibrahim-sheme.blogspot.com/2010/08/ |publisher=Ibrahim Sheme |date=28 August 2010}} * {{cite web |title=Hausa Literature and Translation |url=https://carmenmccain.com/tag/carmen-mccain/ |publisher=Carmen McCain}} * {{cite web |title=Wahala Siradin Rayuwa |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23189652M/Wahala_siradin_rayuwa |publisher=Open Library}} * {{cite web |title=Sa’adatu Baba Ahmad Fagge (Y’ar Babanta) |url=https://www.dictionnaire-creatrices.com/fiche-saadatu-baba-ahmad-fagge |publisher=Dictionnaire des créatrices}} 4dpssf5v6a6myzmkjl4am3zyb4r93c1 0 178199 963048 2026-10-04T14:16:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350299340|Martin Harrison (American football)]]" 963048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Martin Allen Harrison''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1967 <ref name="SI Page">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Martin Harrison Player Page |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007124029/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |archive-date=October 7, 2000 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=SI.com}}</ref>) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) tare da San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Washington Huskies . Harrison ya halarci [[Bellevue, Washington]]) Makarantar Sakandare ta Newport a Bellevue, Washington kuma ya kasance mai cin wasika da yawa a duka kwallon kafa da waƙa da filin. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake dan shekara 15, ya kasance na shida a gasar Olympics ta AAU Junior a cikin decathlon. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Washington . == Kwaleji == === Jami'ar Washington (1985-1990) === ==== Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ==== * Sophomore, Mention mai daraja All-American Team - The Sporting News . * Farawa na shekaru uku. * Co-captain a shekarar 1989. Mai tsaron gida na Shekara a shekarar 1989. * Babban shekara- ya sami girmamawa na league "Honorable Mention" a matsayin mai ba da layi na waje a bayan Junior Seau da Carnell Lake, duka biyun zagaye na farko na NFL. * 4 quarterback sacks vs Oregon, 5 tackles for loss vs. Washington State University, 21 tackles for hasara a lokacin 1989 kakar. * 38 aiki tackles for loss, 275 aiki tackles, da 34 aiki fara. == Ayyukan NFL == === San Francisco 49ers (1990-1993) === A cikin 1990, Harrison ya sanya 49ers a matsayin zagaye na goma (276th overall). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/draft.htm |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kungiyar ta gama kakar wasa tare da rikodin kakar wasa ta 14-2. Saboda rauni, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki. A shekara ta 1991 an saki Harrison a wasan karshe sannan ya sake sanya hannu washegari zuwa tawagar horo, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya buga wasanni 27, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Pro Football Reference">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Martin Harrison Statistics |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarrMa23.htm |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake tare da 49ers Harrison ya shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa sau uku, a cikin 1990, 1992 da 1993. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta rasa kowace shekara, sau ɗaya ga New York Giants (1990) kuma sau biyu ga Dallas Cowboys (1992 da 1993). Ya gama aikinsa tare da 49ers tare da jimlar sacks 9.5, 2 tilasta fumbles, da 39 tackles.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Minnesota Vikings (1994-1996) === ==== 1994–1995 ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, Harrison ya sauya ƙungiyoyi da fatan samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Vikings ya buga wasanni 13, galibi a kungiyoyi na musamman. Harrison yana da karin lokacin wasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya kai ga quarterback sau 4.5, ya yi 10 tackles kuma ya sami kawai aikinsa, wanda ya dawo don yadudduka goma.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> ==== 1996 ==== An kira Harrison mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaron dama a shekarar 1996. Ya gudanar da mafi kyawun lokacinsa ta hanyar kididdiga, inda ya tara sakonni 7 da 21 yayin da yake farawa a wasanni 8 kawai. === Seattle Seahawks (1997) === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Minnesota Vikings (1999) === Harrison ya shafe shekara ta karshe a NFL tare da Minnesota Vikings a 1999. Saboda raunin gwiwa, bai ga aiki mai yawa a wannan shekarar ba, yana wasa a wasanni hudu kawai. === Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa === Ya kammala aikinsa tare da jimlar sacks 21, 1 interception, 3 tilasta fumbles, 1 fumble dawo da 90 tackles - 77 ba tare da taimako ba kuma 13 ya taimaka.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Martin Harrison aikin karewa kididdiga !Shekara !Shekaru !Kungiyar !GP !GS !Sacks !FF !TK !INT |- !1990 |23 |SFO |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- !1991 |24 |SFO* |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 |25 |SFO |16 |1 |3.5 |0 |12 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1993 |26 |SFO |11 |1 |6 |2 |23 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1994 |27 |MIN |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1995 |28 |MIN |11 |0 |4.5 |0 |10 |1 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1996 |29 |MIN |16 |8 |7 |1 |21 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1997 |30 |SEA |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1999 |32 |MIN |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !Ayyuka | | |'''81''' |'''10''' |'''21''' |'''3''' |'''77''' |'''1''' <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |} '''Maɓalli''': (GP) wasannin da aka buga - (GS) wasannin sun fara - (FF) tilasta fumbles - (TK) tackles - (INT) interceptions * 1991 SFO motsa jiki tawagar == Duba kuma == * Shugabannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Washington Huskies == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iltzpdi97ik572gsxfovzwkz83jrso4 963049 963048 2026-10-04T14:17:14Z Aluja 30485 963049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Allen Harrison''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1967 <ref name="SI Page">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Martin Harrison Player Page |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007124029/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |archive-date=October 7, 2000 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=SI.com}}</ref>) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) tare da San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Washington Huskies . Harrison ya halarci [[Bellevue, Washington]]) Makarantar Sakandare ta Newport a Bellevue, Washington kuma ya kasance mai cin wasika da yawa a duka kwallon kafa da waƙa da filin. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake dan shekara 15, ya kasance na shida a gasar Olympics ta AAU Junior a cikin decathlon. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Washington . == Kwaleji == === Jami'ar Washington (1985-1990) === ==== Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ==== * Sophomore, Mention mai daraja All-American Team - The Sporting News . * Farawa na shekaru uku. * Co-captain a shekarar 1989. Mai tsaron gida na Shekara a shekarar 1989. * Babban shekara- ya sami girmamawa na league "Honorable Mention" a matsayin mai ba da layi na waje a bayan Junior Seau da Carnell Lake, duka biyun zagaye na farko na NFL. * 4 quarterback sacks vs Oregon, 5 tackles for loss vs. Washington State University, 21 tackles for hasara a lokacin 1989 kakar. * 38 aiki tackles for loss, 275 aiki tackles, da 34 aiki fara. == Ayyukan NFL == === San Francisco 49ers (1990-1993) === A cikin 1990, Harrison ya sanya 49ers a matsayin zagaye na goma (276th overall). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/draft.htm |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kungiyar ta gama kakar wasa tare da rikodin kakar wasa ta 14-2. Saboda rauni, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki. A shekara ta 1991 an saki Harrison a wasan karshe sannan ya sake sanya hannu washegari zuwa tawagar horo, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya buga wasanni 27, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Pro Football Reference">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Martin Harrison Statistics |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarrMa23.htm |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake tare da 49ers Harrison ya shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa sau uku, a cikin 1990, 1992 da 1993. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta rasa kowace shekara, sau ɗaya ga New York Giants (1990) kuma sau biyu ga Dallas Cowboys (1992 da 1993). Ya gama aikinsa tare da 49ers tare da jimlar sacks 9.5, 2 tilasta fumbles, da 39 tackles.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Minnesota Vikings (1994-1996) === ==== 1994–1995 ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, Harrison ya sauya ƙungiyoyi da fatan samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Vikings ya buga wasanni 13, galibi a kungiyoyi na musamman. Harrison yana da karin lokacin wasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya kai ga quarterback sau 4.5, ya yi 10 tackles kuma ya sami kawai aikinsa, wanda ya dawo don yadudduka goma.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> ==== 1996 ==== An kira Harrison mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaron dama a shekarar 1996. Ya gudanar da mafi kyawun lokacinsa ta hanyar kididdiga, inda ya tara sakonni 7 da 21 yayin da yake farawa a wasanni 8 kawai. === Seattle Seahawks (1997) === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Minnesota Vikings (1999) === Harrison ya shafe shekara ta karshe a NFL tare da Minnesota Vikings a 1999. Saboda raunin gwiwa, bai ga aiki mai yawa a wannan shekarar ba, yana wasa a wasanni hudu kawai. === Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa === Ya kammala aikinsa tare da jimlar sacks 21, 1 interception, 3 tilasta fumbles, 1 fumble dawo da 90 tackles - 77 ba tare da taimako ba kuma 13 ya taimaka.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Martin Harrison aikin karewa kididdiga !Shekara !Shekaru !Kungiyar !GP !GS !Sacks !FF !TK !INT |- !1990 |23 |SFO |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- !1991 |24 |SFO* |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 |25 |SFO |16 |1 |3.5 |0 |12 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1993 |26 |SFO |11 |1 |6 |2 |23 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1994 |27 |MIN |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1995 |28 |MIN |11 |0 |4.5 |0 |10 |1 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1996 |29 |MIN |16 |8 |7 |1 |21 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1997 |30 |SEA |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1999 |32 |MIN |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !Ayyuka | | |'''81''' |'''10''' |'''21''' |'''3''' |'''77''' |'''1''' <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |} '''Maɓalli''': (GP) wasannin da aka buga - (GS) wasannin sun fara - (FF) tilasta fumbles - (TK) tackles - (INT) interceptions * 1991 SFO motsa jiki tawagar == Duba kuma == * Shugabannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Washington Huskies == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] olj9zk84dsfc4fc5k42v2h10dmgff6u 963050 963049 2026-10-04T14:18:36Z Aluja 30485 963050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Allen Harrison''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1967 <ref name="SI Page">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Martin Harrison Player Page |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007124029/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |archive-date=October 7, 2000 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=SI.com}}</ref>) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) tare da San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Washington Huskies . Harrison ya halarci [[Bellevue, Washington]]) Makarantar Sakandare ta Newport a Bellevue, Washington kuma ya kasance mai cin wasika da yawa a duka kwallon kafa da waƙa da filin. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake dan shekara 15, ya kasance na shida a gasar Olympics ta AAU Junior a cikin decathlon. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Washington .<ref>1995 Minnesota Viking Media Guide – player profile section)</ref> == Kwaleji == === Jami'ar Washington (1985-1990) === ==== Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ==== * Sophomore, Mention mai daraja All-American Team - The Sporting News . * Farawa na shekaru uku. * Co-captain a shekarar 1989. Mai tsaron gida na Shekara a shekarar 1989. * Babban shekara- ya sami girmamawa na league "Honorable Mention" a matsayin mai ba da layi na waje a bayan Junior Seau da Carnell Lake, duka biyun zagaye na farko na NFL. * 4 quarterback sacks vs Oregon, 5 tackles for loss vs. Washington State University, 21 tackles for hasara a lokacin 1989 kakar. * 38 aiki tackles for loss, 275 aiki tackles, da 34 aiki fara. == Ayyukan NFL == === San Francisco 49ers (1990-1993) === A cikin 1990, Harrison ya sanya 49ers a matsayin zagaye na goma (276th overall). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/draft.htm |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kungiyar ta gama kakar wasa tare da rikodin kakar wasa ta 14-2. Saboda rauni, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki. A shekara ta 1991 an saki Harrison a wasan karshe sannan ya sake sanya hannu washegari zuwa tawagar horo, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya buga wasanni 27, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Pro Football Reference">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Martin Harrison Statistics |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarrMa23.htm |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake tare da 49ers Harrison ya shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa sau uku, a cikin 1990, 1992 da 1993. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta rasa kowace shekara, sau ɗaya ga New York Giants (1990) kuma sau biyu ga Dallas Cowboys (1992 da 1993). Ya gama aikinsa tare da 49ers tare da jimlar sacks 9.5, 2 tilasta fumbles, da 39 tackles.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Minnesota Vikings (1994-1996) === ==== 1994–1995 ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, Harrison ya sauya ƙungiyoyi da fatan samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Vikings ya buga wasanni 13, galibi a kungiyoyi na musamman. Harrison yana da karin lokacin wasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya kai ga quarterback sau 4.5, ya yi 10 tackles kuma ya sami kawai aikinsa, wanda ya dawo don yadudduka goma.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> ==== 1996 ==== An kira Harrison mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaron dama a shekarar 1996. Ya gudanar da mafi kyawun lokacinsa ta hanyar kididdiga, inda ya tara sakonni 7 da 21 yayin da yake farawa a wasanni 8 kawai. === Seattle Seahawks (1997) === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Minnesota Vikings (1999) === Harrison ya shafe shekara ta karshe a NFL tare da Minnesota Vikings a 1999. Saboda raunin gwiwa, bai ga aiki mai yawa a wannan shekarar ba, yana wasa a wasanni hudu kawai. === Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa === Ya kammala aikinsa tare da jimlar sacks 21, 1 interception, 3 tilasta fumbles, 1 fumble dawo da 90 tackles - 77 ba tare da taimako ba kuma 13 ya taimaka.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Martin Harrison aikin karewa kididdiga !Shekara !Shekaru !Kungiyar !GP !GS !Sacks !FF !TK !INT |- !1990 |23 |SFO |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- !1991 |24 |SFO* |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 |25 |SFO |16 |1 |3.5 |0 |12 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1993 |26 |SFO |11 |1 |6 |2 |23 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1994 |27 |MIN |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1995 |28 |MIN |11 |0 |4.5 |0 |10 |1 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1996 |29 |MIN |16 |8 |7 |1 |21 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1997 |30 |SEA |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1999 |32 |MIN |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !Ayyuka | | |'''81''' |'''10''' |'''21''' |'''3''' |'''77''' |'''1''' <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |} '''Maɓalli''': (GP) wasannin da aka buga - (GS) wasannin sun fara - (FF) tilasta fumbles - (TK) tackles - (INT) interceptions * 1991 SFO motsa jiki tawagar == Duba kuma == * Shugabannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Washington Huskies == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ppq8uxew0dvkdeodq1pkd8w8uhda5o 963051 963050 2026-10-04T14:19:41Z Aluja 30485 /* Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa */ 963051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Allen Harrison''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1967 <ref name="SI Page">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Martin Harrison Player Page |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007124029/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |archive-date=October 7, 2000 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=SI.com}}</ref>) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) tare da San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Washington Huskies . Harrison ya halarci [[Bellevue, Washington]]) Makarantar Sakandare ta Newport a Bellevue, Washington kuma ya kasance mai cin wasika da yawa a duka kwallon kafa da waƙa da filin. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake dan shekara 15, ya kasance na shida a gasar Olympics ta AAU Junior a cikin decathlon. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Washington .<ref>1995 Minnesota Viking Media Guide – player profile section)</ref> == Kwaleji == === Jami'ar Washington (1985-1990) === ==== Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ==== * Sophomore, Mention mai daraja All-American Team - The Sporting News . * Farawa na shekaru uku. * Co-captain a shekarar 1989. Mai tsaron gida na Shekara a shekarar 1989. * Babban shekara- ya sami girmamawa na league "Honorable Mention" a matsayin mai ba da layi na waje a bayan Junior Seau da Carnell Lake, duka biyun zagaye na farko na NFL. * 4 quarterback sacks vs Oregon, 5 tackles for loss vs. Washington State University, 21 tackles for hasara a lokacin 1989 kakar. * 38 aiki tackles for loss, 275 aiki tackles, da 34 aiki fara.<ref>1990 UW Husky Football Media Guide- player profile and records section)</ref> == Ayyukan NFL == === San Francisco 49ers (1990-1993) === A cikin 1990, Harrison ya sanya 49ers a matsayin zagaye na goma (276th overall). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/draft.htm |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kungiyar ta gama kakar wasa tare da rikodin kakar wasa ta 14-2. Saboda rauni, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki. A shekara ta 1991 an saki Harrison a wasan karshe sannan ya sake sanya hannu washegari zuwa tawagar horo, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya buga wasanni 27, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Pro Football Reference">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Martin Harrison Statistics |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarrMa23.htm |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake tare da 49ers Harrison ya shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa sau uku, a cikin 1990, 1992 da 1993. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta rasa kowace shekara, sau ɗaya ga New York Giants (1990) kuma sau biyu ga Dallas Cowboys (1992 da 1993). Ya gama aikinsa tare da 49ers tare da jimlar sacks 9.5, 2 tilasta fumbles, da 39 tackles.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Minnesota Vikings (1994-1996) === ==== 1994–1995 ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, Harrison ya sauya ƙungiyoyi da fatan samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Vikings ya buga wasanni 13, galibi a kungiyoyi na musamman. Harrison yana da karin lokacin wasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya kai ga quarterback sau 4.5, ya yi 10 tackles kuma ya sami kawai aikinsa, wanda ya dawo don yadudduka goma.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> ==== 1996 ==== An kira Harrison mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaron dama a shekarar 1996. Ya gudanar da mafi kyawun lokacinsa ta hanyar kididdiga, inda ya tara sakonni 7 da 21 yayin da yake farawa a wasanni 8 kawai. === Seattle Seahawks (1997) === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Minnesota Vikings (1999) === Harrison ya shafe shekara ta karshe a NFL tare da Minnesota Vikings a 1999. Saboda raunin gwiwa, bai ga aiki mai yawa a wannan shekarar ba, yana wasa a wasanni hudu kawai. === Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa === Ya kammala aikinsa tare da jimlar sacks 21, 1 interception, 3 tilasta fumbles, 1 fumble dawo da 90 tackles - 77 ba tare da taimako ba kuma 13 ya taimaka.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Martin Harrison aikin karewa kididdiga !Shekara !Shekaru !Kungiyar !GP !GS !Sacks !FF !TK !INT |- !1990 |23 |SFO |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- !1991 |24 |SFO* |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 |25 |SFO |16 |1 |3.5 |0 |12 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1993 |26 |SFO |11 |1 |6 |2 |23 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1994 |27 |MIN |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1995 |28 |MIN |11 |0 |4.5 |0 |10 |1 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1996 |29 |MIN |16 |8 |7 |1 |21 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1997 |30 |SEA |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1999 |32 |MIN |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !Ayyuka | | |'''81''' |'''10''' |'''21''' |'''3''' |'''77''' |'''1''' <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |} '''Maɓalli''': (GP) wasannin da aka buga - (GS) wasannin sun fara - (FF) tilasta fumbles - (TK) tackles - (INT) interceptions * 1991 SFO motsa jiki tawagar == Duba kuma == * Shugabannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Washington Huskies == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qqj22v5vinakool4bdeussfcxutic5q 963053 963051 2026-10-04T14:20:28Z Aluja 30485 963053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Martin Allen Harrison''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1967 <ref name="SI Page">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Martin Harrison Player Page |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001007124029/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/2254/ |archive-date=October 7, 2000 |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=SI.com}}</ref>) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 10 a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) tare da San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Washington Huskies . Harrison ya halarci [[Bellevue, Washington]]) Makarantar Sakandare ta Newport a Bellevue, Washington kuma ya kasance mai cin wasika da yawa a duka kwallon kafa da waƙa da filin. A shekara ta 1983, lokacin da yake dan shekara 15, ya kasance na shida a gasar Olympics ta AAU Junior a cikin decathlon. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Washington .<ref>1995 Minnesota Viking Media Guide – player profile section)</ref> == Kwaleji == === Jami'ar Washington (1985-1990) === ==== Daraja, kyaututtuka, da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ==== * Sophomore, Mention mai daraja All-American Team - The Sporting News . * Farawa na shekaru uku. * Co-captain a shekarar 1989. Mai tsaron gida na Shekara a shekarar 1989. * Babban shekara- ya sami girmamawa na league "Honorable Mention" a matsayin mai ba da layi na waje a bayan Junior Seau da Carnell Lake, duka biyun zagaye na farko na NFL. * 4 quarterback sacks vs Oregon, 5 tackles for loss vs. Washington State University, 21 tackles for hasara a lokacin 1989 kakar. * 38 aiki tackles for loss, 275 aiki tackles, da 34 aiki fara.<ref>1990 UW Husky Football Media Guide- player profile and records section)</ref> == Ayyukan NFL == === San Francisco 49ers (1990-1993) === A cikin 1990, Harrison ya sanya 49ers a matsayin zagaye na goma (276th overall). <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/draft.htm |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kungiyar ta gama kakar wasa tare da rikodin kakar wasa ta 14-2. Saboda rauni, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki. A shekara ta 1991 an saki Harrison a wasan karshe sannan ya sake sanya hannu washegari zuwa tawagar horo, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya buga wasanni 27, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Pro Football Reference">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Martin Harrison Statistics |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HarrMa23.htm |access-date=November 2, 2008 |website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake tare da 49ers Harrison ya shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa sau uku, a cikin 1990, 1992 da 1993. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta rasa kowace shekara, sau ɗaya ga New York Giants (1990) kuma sau biyu ga Dallas Cowboys (1992 da 1993). Ya gama aikinsa tare da 49ers tare da jimlar sacks 9.5, 2 tilasta fumbles, da 39 tackles.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Minnesota Vikings (1994-1996) === ==== 1994–1995 ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, Harrison ya sauya ƙungiyoyi da fatan samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Vikings ya buga wasanni 13, galibi a kungiyoyi na musamman. Harrison yana da karin lokacin wasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya kai ga quarterback sau 4.5, ya yi 10 tackles kuma ya sami kawai aikinsa, wanda ya dawo don yadudduka goma.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> ==== 1996 ==== An kira Harrison mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaron dama a shekarar 1996. Ya gudanar da mafi kyawun lokacinsa ta hanyar kididdiga, inda ya tara sakonni 7 da 21 yayin da yake farawa a wasanni 8 kawai. === Seattle Seahawks (1997) === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Minnesota Vikings (1999) === Harrison ya shafe shekara ta karshe a NFL tare da Minnesota Vikings a 1999. Saboda raunin gwiwa, bai ga aiki mai yawa a wannan shekarar ba, yana wasa a wasanni hudu kawai. === Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa === Ya kammala aikinsa tare da jimlar sacks 21, 1 interception, 3 tilasta fumbles, 1 fumble dawo da 90 tackles - 77 ba tare da taimako ba kuma 13 ya taimaka.<ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Martin Harrison aikin karewa kididdiga !Shekara !Shekaru !Kungiyar !GP !GS !Sacks !FF !TK !INT |- !1990 |23 |SFO |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- !1991 |24 |SFO* |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !1992 |25 |SFO |16 |1 |3.5 |0 |12 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1993 |26 |SFO |11 |1 |6 |2 |23 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1994 |27 |MIN |13 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1995 |28 |MIN |11 |0 |4.5 |0 |10 |1 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1996 |29 |MIN |16 |8 |7 |1 |21 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1997 |30 |SEA |8 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !1999 |32 |MIN |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |- !Ayyuka | | |'''81''' |'''10''' |'''21''' |'''3''' |'''77''' |'''1''' <ref name="Pro Football Reference" /> |} '''Maɓalli''': (GP) wasannin da aka buga - (GS) wasannin sun fara - (FF) tilasta fumbles - (TK) tackles - (INT) interceptions * 1991 SFO motsa jiki tawagar == Duba kuma == * Shugabannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Washington Huskies == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nea67cw2a98yz76vqvfdachdqmyoa28 0 178200 963054 2026-10-04T14:25:48Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360802451|Charles Richards (pentathlete)]]" 963054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Charles Leonard Richards''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1945) ɗan wasan pentathlete ne na zamani na Amurka da ya yi ritaya. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta 1972 a Munich, inda tawagar Amurka ta kasance ta huɗu kuma ya kasance ta tara.<ref name="sports-reference">{{Cite web |title=Charles Richards Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140129/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi a Tacoma, ya yi iyo ga Dick Hannula's Tacoma Swim Club . <ref name="ASCA">{{Cite web |title=Dick Hannula, American Swimming Coaches Hall of Fame |url=http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906153201/http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2008-04-13}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Indiana a shekarar 1967, ya kasance dan Amurka sau biyu a Swimming a karkashin Hall of Fame Coach Doc Counsilman, amma nan da nan ya fara horo a pentathlon na zamani. Bayan Kwalejin, ya shiga Sojojin Amurka kuma ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na 1972 yayin da yake Fort Sam Houston na Texas. Richards ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Junior pentathlete ta 1967, kuma ya kasance Champion na Amurka a cikin pentathlon na zamani a cikin 1970-72. Da yake mamaye wasanni, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Wasanni ta Soja ta Duniya (CISM) a shekarar 1969, 1971, da 1972. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia Biography, Chuck Richards |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/35167 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |publisher=Olympedia}}</ref> Richards daga baya ya koma Portland, Oregon inda ya bude kulob din kiwon lafiya, Cornell Court Club (daga baya aka sake masa suna Sunset Athletic Club) a shekarar 1977. <ref name="oshof">{{Cite web |title=Chuck Richards - Special Contributor |url=http://www.oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301211539/http://oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |publisher=Oregon Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=Sunset Athletic Club |url=http://www.cedarmill.org/news/archive/1205/sunset-athletic-club.html |access-date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=The Cedar Mill News}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Richards cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Oregon don gabatar da shawararsa game da wasanni, motsa jiki, da Hall of Fame kanta.<ref name="oshof" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] frmwx4uni3q96llbrmoq4ibf30z71v5 963055 963054 2026-10-04T14:26:50Z Aluja 30485 963055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Leonard Richards''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1945) ɗan wasan pentathlete ne na zamani na Amurka da ya yi ritaya. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta 1972 a Munich, inda tawagar Amurka ta kasance ta huɗu kuma ya kasance ta tara.<ref name="sports-reference">{{Cite web |title=Charles Richards Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140129/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi a Tacoma, ya yi iyo ga Dick Hannula's Tacoma Swim Club . <ref name="ASCA">{{Cite web |title=Dick Hannula, American Swimming Coaches Hall of Fame |url=http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906153201/http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2008-04-13}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Indiana a shekarar 1967, ya kasance dan Amurka sau biyu a Swimming a karkashin Hall of Fame Coach Doc Counsilman, amma nan da nan ya fara horo a pentathlon na zamani. Bayan Kwalejin, ya shiga Sojojin Amurka kuma ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na 1972 yayin da yake Fort Sam Houston na Texas. Richards ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Junior pentathlete ta 1967, kuma ya kasance Champion na Amurka a cikin pentathlon na zamani a cikin 1970-72. Da yake mamaye wasanni, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Wasanni ta Soja ta Duniya (CISM) a shekarar 1969, 1971, da 1972. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia Biography, Chuck Richards |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/35167 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |publisher=Olympedia}}</ref> Richards daga baya ya koma Portland, Oregon inda ya bude kulob din kiwon lafiya, Cornell Court Club (daga baya aka sake masa suna Sunset Athletic Club) a shekarar 1977. <ref name="oshof">{{Cite web |title=Chuck Richards - Special Contributor |url=http://www.oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301211539/http://oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |publisher=Oregon Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=Sunset Athletic Club |url=http://www.cedarmill.org/news/archive/1205/sunset-athletic-club.html |access-date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=The Cedar Mill News}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Richards cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Oregon don gabatar da shawararsa game da wasanni, motsa jiki, da Hall of Fame kanta.<ref name="oshof" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] buvxnozd29r5i15tozll2tbr65odyfj 963056 963055 2026-10-04T14:27:20Z Aluja 30485 963056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charles Leonard Richards''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1945) ɗan wasan pentathlete ne na zamani na Amurka da ya yi ritaya. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta 1972 a Munich, inda tawagar Amurka ta kasance ta huɗu kuma ya kasance ta tara.<ref name="sports-reference">{{Cite web |title=Charles Richards Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140129/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi a Tacoma, ya yi iyo ga Dick Hannula's Tacoma Swim Club . <ref name="ASCA">{{Cite web |title=Dick Hannula, American Swimming Coaches Hall of Fame |url=http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906153201/http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2008-04-13}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Indiana a shekarar 1967, ya kasance dan Amurka sau biyu a Swimming a karkashin Hall of Fame Coach Doc Counsilman, amma nan da nan ya fara horo a pentathlon na zamani. Bayan Kwalejin, ya shiga Sojojin Amurka kuma ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na 1972 yayin da yake Fort Sam Houston na Texas. Richards ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Junior pentathlete ta 1967, kuma ya kasance Champion na Amurka a cikin pentathlon na zamani a cikin 1970-72. Da yake mamaye wasanni, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Wasanni ta Soja ta Duniya (CISM) a shekarar 1969, 1971, da 1972. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia Biography, Chuck Richards |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/35167 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |publisher=Olympedia}}</ref> Richards daga baya ya koma Portland, Oregon inda ya bude kulob din kiwon lafiya, Cornell Court Club (daga baya aka sake masa suna Sunset Athletic Club) a shekarar 1977. <ref name="oshof">{{Cite web |title=Chuck Richards - Special Contributor |url=http://www.oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301211539/http://oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |publisher=Oregon Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=Sunset Athletic Club |url=http://www.cedarmill.org/news/archive/1205/sunset-athletic-club.html |access-date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=The Cedar Mill News}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Richards cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Oregon don gabatar da shawararsa game da wasanni, motsa jiki, da Hall of Fame kanta.<ref name="oshof" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] 2m1inlwjaprmhbqyyf8ofswtx0omtrv 963058 963056 2026-10-04T14:29:49Z Aluja 30485 /* Haɗin waje */ 963058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charles Leonard Richards''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1945) ɗan wasan pentathlete ne na zamani na Amurka da ya yi ritaya. Ya shiga gasar Olympics ta 1972 a Munich, inda tawagar Amurka ta kasance ta huɗu kuma ya kasance ta tara.<ref name="sports-reference">{{Cite web |title=Charles Richards Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140129/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/charles-richards-1.html |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi a Tacoma, ya yi iyo ga Dick Hannula's Tacoma Swim Club . <ref name="ASCA">{{Cite web |title=Dick Hannula, American Swimming Coaches Hall of Fame |url=http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906153201/http://www.swimmingcoach.org/hof/coaches/dhannula_info.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2008-04-13}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Indiana a shekarar 1967, ya kasance dan Amurka sau biyu a Swimming a karkashin Hall of Fame Coach Doc Counsilman, amma nan da nan ya fara horo a pentathlon na zamani. Bayan Kwalejin, ya shiga Sojojin Amurka kuma ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na 1972 yayin da yake Fort Sam Houston na Texas. Richards ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Junior pentathlete ta 1967, kuma ya kasance Champion na Amurka a cikin pentathlon na zamani a cikin 1970-72. Da yake mamaye wasanni, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Wasanni ta Soja ta Duniya (CISM) a shekarar 1969, 1971, da 1972. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia Biography, Chuck Richards |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/35167 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |publisher=Olympedia}}</ref> Richards daga baya ya koma Portland, Oregon inda ya bude kulob din kiwon lafiya, Cornell Court Club (daga baya aka sake masa suna Sunset Athletic Club) a shekarar 1977. <ref name="oshof">{{Cite web |title=Chuck Richards - Special Contributor |url=http://www.oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301211539/http://oregonsportshall.org/chuck_richards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |publisher=Oregon Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2005 |title=Sunset Athletic Club |url=http://www.cedarmill.org/news/archive/1205/sunset-athletic-club.html |access-date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=The Cedar Mill News}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da Richards cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Oregon don gabatar da shawararsa game da wasanni, motsa jiki, da Hall of Fame kanta.<ref name="oshof" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{sports links}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Richards, Charles}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] jezd5786hkqpwfdq6328fds7lufm4n4 0 178201 963063 2026-10-04T14:50:17Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377563256|Value judgment]]" 963063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukuncin ƙima''' (ko '''hukuncin da aka saba yi''' ) hukunci ne na daidaito ko rashin daidai na wani abu ko wani, ko kuma amfanin wani abu ko wani. == Bayani == ''Hukuncin ƙima'' tunani ne game da wani abu bisa ga abin da "ya kamata" ko "ya kamata" a ba shi ra'ayi game da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mara kyau" - bambanci daga tunani bisa ga abin da gaskiyar take. Misali "Gwamnati ya kamata ta inganta damar samun ilimi" hukunci ne na ƙima (cewa ilimi yana da kyau). "Mutane za su sayi kayanmu kaɗan idan farashinmu ya tashi" ba hukunci ne mai kyau ba domin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa mutane suna yawan siyan kayan da suka fi tsada kaɗan. Ana iya amfani da shi ko dai a ma'ana mai kyau, yana nuna cewa dole ne a yi hukunci ta hanyar la'akari da tsarin ƙima, ko kuma ta hanyar rainawa, yana nuna hukuncin da aka yi ta hanyar son rai maimakon tunani ko shaida mai ma'ana . A ma'anarsa mai kyau, shawarar yin hukunci mai kyau gargaɗi ne da za a yi la'akari da shi a hankali, a guji son rai da rashin gaggawa, da kuma neman daidaito da zurfafan imanin mutum, da kuma neman wata hujja mai ma'ana, wadda za a iya tabbatarwa, ta jama'a, da kuma amincewa da ita ga ra'ayin . A ma'anarsa ta wulaƙanta kalmar hukuncin ƙima na iya nufin cewa ƙarshe ba shi da alaƙa da juna, yana da gefe ɗaya, ba na manufa ba. [ana buƙatar hujja] ''Hukuncin ƙima'' kuma na iya nufin hukunci na ɗan lokaci bisa la'akari da kimantawar bayanan da ke hannun, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin bai cika ba kuma yana canzawa—misali, ''hukuncin ƙima'' kan ko za a kai harin soja ko kuma a yi aiki a lokacin gaggawa ta likita. === Rashin daidaiton ƙima === ''Ma'anar ƙima'' ba ta da alaƙa da wani siffa da ke nuna 'yancin kai daga tsarin ƙima. Ana ɗaukar abin da kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da ƙima ko rashin amfani, ba shi da amfani ko rashin amfani, ba shi da mahimmanci ko kuma marar amfani har sai an sanya shi a cikin wani yanayi na zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Value neutral |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115135202 |access-date=2026-08-07 |website=Oxfordreference.com}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukuncen ƙima da mahallinsu == Wasu  suna jayayya cewa gaskiya ba zai yiwu ba, cewa ko da mafi tsauraran bincike na hankali ya dogara ne akan jerin dabi'un da aka karɓa a lokacin nazarin. Saboda haka, duk sakamakon binciken dole ne ya zama hukunci mai mahimmanci (saboda haka yana iya zama na ƙarya).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Ba shakka, sanya duk ƙarshe a cikin rukuni ɗaya ba ya yin komai don bambance su, kuma saboda haka, bayanin mara amfani ne. Rarraba ƙarshe a matsayin hukuncin ƙima yana ɗaukar ma'ana idan aka ƙayyade mahallin da ke tsara hukuncin. == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Bisztray |first=George |date=1987 |title=The Controversy over Value Neutrality in Sociology and Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246655 |journal=Comparative Literature Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=40–57 |issn=0010-4132 |jstor=40246655}} {{Authority control}} i9tyn8h5uu0w5y05dtwxe8nu4l9ys2a 0 178202 963080 2026-10-04T17:18:40Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343639685|Akinola Ojo]]" 963080 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Akinola Ojo''' ma'aikacin lissafin kuɗi ne, mai gudanarwa, kuma ɗan siyasa a Najeriya wanda yayi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi na [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=Akinola Ojo: A Technocratic Contender for Seyi Makinde’s Successor |url=https://roundoyo.com/2025/05/10/akinola-ojo-a-technocratic-contender-for-seyi-makindes-successor/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=roundoyo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LeaderBox - Political Leadership Platform |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/akinola-ojo |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=leaderbox.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ojo ya yi karatunsa a [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's da ke Legas]] daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1987. Daga nan ya karanci fannin lissafin kuɗi a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya kammala karatunsa na digirin farko tsakanin shekarar 1987 da 1992. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin jagoranci da dabaru daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Landan. <ref name="auto" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Ojo ya yi aiki da kamfanonin mai da iskar gas na 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":0" /> === Aikin siyasa === A shekarar 2019, Gwamna [[Oluwaseyi Makinde|Seyi Makinde]] ya zaɓe shi a matsayin kwamishina, daga baya [[majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo]] ta amince da shi. An naɗa shi Kwamishinan Kuɗi kuma yana riƙe da wannan muƙamin tun daga lokacin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e7tlnfrv7cyydhq88mhcbeba12h0qhn 963081 963080 2026-10-04T17:20:04Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 963081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akinola Ojo''' ma'aikacin lissafin kuɗi ne, mai gudanarwa, kuma ɗan siyasa a Najeriya wanda yayi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi na [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=Akinola Ojo: A Technocratic Contender for Seyi Makinde’s Successor |url=https://roundoyo.com/2025/05/10/akinola-ojo-a-technocratic-contender-for-seyi-makindes-successor/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=roundoyo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LeaderBox - Political Leadership Platform |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/akinola-ojo |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=leaderbox.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ojo ya yi karatunsa a [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's da ke Legas]] daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1987. Daga nan ya karanci fannin lissafin kuɗi a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya kammala karatunsa na digirin farko tsakanin shekarar 1987 da 1992. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin jagoranci da dabaru daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Landan. <ref name="auto" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Ojo ya yi aiki da kamfanonin mai da iskar gas na 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":0" /> === Aikin siyasa === A shekarar 2019, Gwamna [[Oluwaseyi Makinde|Seyi Makinde]] ya zaɓe shi a matsayin kwamishina, daga baya [[majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo]] ta amince da shi. An naɗa shi Kwamishinan Kuɗi kuma yana riƙe da wannan muƙamin tun daga lokacin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 97dnn1e1w1c2pm2feuyhlsxc6b1yrdi 0 178203 963105 2026-10-04T18:36:37Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352776479|List of Graeco-Roman geographers]]" 963105 wikitext text/x-wiki ; Girka ta Gargajiya ta Kafin Hellenistic [[File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina Oikumene (duniya mai zama) kamar yadda Herodotus ya bayyana a karni na 5 BC.]] [[File:Hecataeus_world_map-en.svg|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina taswirar Hecataeus]] * [[Homer]] * Anaximander (ya mutu {{Circa|546 BC}} ) * Hecataeus na Miletus (ya mutu {{Circa|476 BC}} ( * Massaliote Periplus (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Scylax na Caryanda (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Herodotus (ya mutu {{Circa|425 BC}} ( * Ctesia ( {{Circa|401}} BC) ; Lokacin Helenanci * Pytheas (ya mutu {{Circa|310 BC}} ) * ''Periplus na Pseudo-Scylax'' (ƙarni na 3 ko 4 BC) * Megasthenes (mutuwar {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Autolycus na Pitane (ya mutu {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Dicaearchus (ya mutu {{Circa|285 BC}} ) * Deimakos (ƙarni na 3 BC) * Timotawus ( ƙarshen ƙarni na 270 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Eratosthenes (C. 276-194 BC) * Scymnus na Chios ( ƙasa da 180s BC) * Hipparchus (kimanin 190–120 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Agatharchides (ƙarni na 2 BC) * Posidonius (kimanin 135–51 BC) * Pseudo-Scymnus (kimanin 90 BC) * Diodorus Siculus (C. 90-30 BC) * Alexander Polyhistor (ƙarni na 1 BC) ; Zamanin Daular Romawa [[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Sake gina taswirar Ptolemy a ƙarni na 15.]] * ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'' * [[Strabo]] (63 BC – 24 AD) * Pomponius Mela (ƙarshen ƙarni na 40 AD) * Isidore na Charax (ƙarni na 1 AD) * Mucianus (ƙarni na 1 AD) * [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Dattijo]] (AD 23 – 79), ''Tarihin Halitta'' * Marinus na Taya (70-130 AD) * Ptolemy (90–168), ''Yanayin Ƙasa'' * Pausanias (ƙarni na 2) * Agathedaemon na Alexandria (ƙarni na 2) * Dionysius na Byzantium (ƙarni na 2) * Agathemerus (ƙarni na 3) * ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (ƙarni na 4) * Alypius na Antakiya (ƙarni na 4) * Marcian na Heraclea (ƙarni na 4) * Expositio totius mundi et gentium (AD 350-362) * Julius Honorius (babu tabbas: ƙarni na 4, 5 ko 6) ; Daular Byzantine * Hierocles (marubucin Synecdemus) (ƙarni na 6) * Cosmas Indicopleustes (ƙarni na 6) * Stephanus na Byzantium (karni na 6) == Duba kuma == * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == de8n1s5l6endoednk5uvtqhnk2aq56o 963106 963105 2026-10-04T18:37:28Z Baffa ali 47435 963106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Girka ta Gargajiya ta Kafin Hellenistic [[File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina Oikumene (duniya mai zama) kamar yadda Herodotus ya bayyana a karni na 5 BC.]] [[File:Hecataeus_world_map-en.svg|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina taswirar Hecataeus]] * [[Homer]] * Anaximander (ya mutu {{Circa|546 BC}} ) * Hecataeus na Miletus (ya mutu {{Circa|476 BC}} ( * Massaliote Periplus (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Scylax na Caryanda (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Herodotus (ya mutu {{Circa|425 BC}} ( * Ctesia ( {{Circa|401}} BC) ; Lokacin Helenanci * Pytheas (ya mutu {{Circa|310 BC}} ) * ''Periplus na Pseudo-Scylax'' (ƙarni na 3 ko 4 BC) * Megasthenes (mutuwar {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Autolycus na Pitane (ya mutu {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Dicaearchus (ya mutu {{Circa|285 BC}} ) * Deimakos (ƙarni na 3 BC) * Timotawus ( ƙarshen ƙarni na 270 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Eratosthenes (C. 276-194 BC) * Scymnus na Chios ( ƙasa da 180s BC) * Hipparchus (kimanin 190–120 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Agatharchides (ƙarni na 2 BC) * Posidonius (kimanin 135–51 BC) * Pseudo-Scymnus (kimanin 90 BC) * Diodorus Siculus (C. 90-30 BC) * Alexander Polyhistor (ƙarni na 1 BC) ; Zamanin Daular Romawa [[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Sake gina taswirar Ptolemy a ƙarni na 15.]] * ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'' * [[Strabo]] (63 BC – 24 AD) * Pomponius Mela (ƙarshen ƙarni na 40 AD) * Isidore na Charax (ƙarni na 1 AD) * Mucianus (ƙarni na 1 AD) * [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Dattijo]] (AD 23 – 79), ''Tarihin Halitta'' * Marinus na Taya (70-130 AD) * Ptolemy (90–168), ''Yanayin Ƙasa'' * Pausanias (ƙarni na 2) * Agathedaemon na Alexandria (ƙarni na 2) * Dionysius na Byzantium (ƙarni na 2) * Agathemerus (ƙarni na 3) * ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (ƙarni na 4) * Alypius na Antakiya (ƙarni na 4) * Marcian na Heraclea (ƙarni na 4) * Expositio totius mundi et gentium (AD 350-362) * Julius Honorius (babu tabbas: ƙarni na 4, 5 ko 6) ; Daular Byzantine * Hierocles (marubucin Synecdemus) (ƙarni na 6) * Cosmas Indicopleustes (ƙarni na 6) * Stephanus na Byzantium (karni na 6) == Duba kuma == * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == m31i1kh470tuzruyx1eyurznrlxee03 963107 963106 2026-10-04T18:38:21Z Baffa ali 47435 963107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ;Girka ta Gargajiya ta Kafin Hellenistic [[File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina Oikumene (duniya mai zama) kamar yadda Herodotus ya bayyana a karni na 5 BC.]] [[File:Hecataeus_world_map-en.svg|thumb|200x200px|Sake gina taswirar Hecataeus]] * [[Homer]] * Anaximander (ya mutu {{Circa|546 BC}} ) * Hecataeus na Miletus (ya mutu {{Circa|476 BC}} ( * Massaliote Periplus (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Scylax na Caryanda (ƙarni na 6 BC) * Herodotus (ya mutu {{Circa|425 BC}} ( * Ctesia ( {{Circa|401}} BC) ; Lokacin Helenanci * Pytheas (ya mutu {{Circa|310 BC}} ) * ''Periplus na Pseudo-Scylax'' (ƙarni na 3 ko 4 BC) * Megasthenes (mutuwar {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Autolycus na Pitane (ya mutu {{Circa|290 BC}} ) * Dicaearchus (ya mutu {{Circa|285 BC}} ) * Deimakos (ƙarni na 3 BC) * Timotawus ( ƙarshen ƙarni na 270 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Eratosthenes (C. 276-194 BC) * Scymnus na Chios ( ƙasa da 180s BC) * Hipparchus (kimanin 190–120 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) * Agatharchides (ƙarni na 2 BC) * Posidonius (kimanin 135–51 BC) * Pseudo-Scymnus (kimanin 90 BC) * Diodorus Siculus (C. 90-30 BC) * Alexander Polyhistor (ƙarni na 1 BC) ; Zamanin Daular Romawa [[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Sake gina taswirar Ptolemy a ƙarni na 15.]] * ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'' * [[Strabo]] (63 BC – 24 AD) * Pomponius Mela (ƙarshen ƙarni na 40 AD) * Isidore na Charax (ƙarni na 1 AD) * Mucianus (ƙarni na 1 AD) * [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Dattijo]] (AD 23 – 79), ''Tarihin Halitta'' * Marinus na Taya (70-130 AD) * Ptolemy (90–168), ''Yanayin Ƙasa'' * Pausanias (ƙarni na 2) * Agathedaemon na Alexandria (ƙarni na 2) * Dionysius na Byzantium (ƙarni na 2) * Agathemerus (ƙarni na 3) * ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (ƙarni na 4) * Alypius na Antakiya (ƙarni na 4) * Marcian na Heraclea (ƙarni na 4) * Expositio totius mundi et gentium (AD 350-362) * Julius Honorius (babu tabbas: ƙarni na 4, 5 ko 6) ; Daular Byzantine * Hierocles (marubucin Synecdemus) (ƙarni na 6) * Cosmas Indicopleustes (ƙarni na 6) * Stephanus na Byzantium (karni na 6) == Duba kuma == * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == pb9n88t3ntnc0z4xqm3ehhvujv9xb4v 3 178204 963144 2026-10-04T21:23:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963144 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kjayant! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kjayant|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) odnu7ulrxmh2evwa8ux3qjpri0macvr 3 178205 963145 2026-10-04T21:23:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963145 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chhelp! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chhelp|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qnv4af7jmmybk5ypnpp25v6x7cvgzup 3 178206 963146 2026-10-04T21:23:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963146 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jau12234! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jau12234|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 610ckhd9vjv0pu1qe8ns1pclrpdqjo8 3 178207 963147 2026-10-04T21:23:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963147 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sotkanmuna! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sotkanmuna|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) lveqqldpwd4s2bygkpi0sf0m4wy98g4 3 178208 963148 2026-10-04T21:24:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963148 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chell Hill! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chell Hill|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 7hstbiioiuhq07womw3cwcaktso1lh7 3 178209 963149 2026-10-04T21:24:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963149 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Merci Kahubangwa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Merci Kahubangwa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3rkwdm32d0gira9zy6ms81igk0v8zc2 3 178210 963150 2026-10-04T21:24:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963150 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, M Yushau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/M Yushau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 119zt5sqjz0tmn34l0pk5s6hrvcfvck 3 178211 963151 2026-10-04T21:24:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963151 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Шилов Александр! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Шилов Александр|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) sba8ulma4nd5lek9b0q2gy4rpb06u7c 3 178212 963152 2026-10-04T21:24:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963152 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hosbole! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hosbole|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) binbjpyyzubfxgfiyoismbbgyvnnohq 3 178213 963153 2026-10-04T21:24:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963153 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, XmOffr1c!al77! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/XmOffr1c!al77|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) oe2xjw20mdhway0qas07d5nisgfcult 3 178214 963154 2026-10-04T21:25:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963154 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, U.S. Navy Veterans! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/U.S. Navy Veterans|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) k24ei4md2tllrufbnrnkxy38c1lzsz5 3 178215 963155 2026-10-04T21:25:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963155 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Enthu2608! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Enthu2608|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) juk4k0w8e2aksc6dikc80np8mzs42sb 3 178216 963156 2026-10-04T21:25:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963156 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kaan 546! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kaan 546|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4vok4g81xzdy5fklj7v0fyli8tdxhe7 3 178217 963157 2026-10-04T21:25:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963157 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LJX09loi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LJX09loi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8hdtyew0mfchntou409emtqduac2zcd 3 178218 963158 2026-10-04T21:25:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963158 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SabaSajid! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SabaSajid|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 50faos130lxdzmijyxqfi3uvgri915f 3 178219 963159 2026-10-04T21:25:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963159 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hassan rabiu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hassan rabiu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) nknoidbw1hs9etz70gy1cinfa85ashi 3 178220 963160 2026-10-04T21:26:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963160 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 9545o38743! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/9545o38743|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 26blgu95suyzy0sy0ws2cxf0yupnrr3 3 178221 963161 2026-10-04T21:26:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963161 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uranusjr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uranusjr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 49i4gtyl15vs0gpt2s1m1pdzxd8rp89 3 178222 963162 2026-10-04T21:26:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963162 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chromista! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chromista|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rpst7es1pe6str8m4784v45fbrshgb5 3 178223 963163 2026-10-04T21:26:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963163 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A person without name! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A person without name|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) o4hgu5ci2uqhtroode1opxlnr8ifc1b 3 178224 963164 2026-10-04T21:26:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963164 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Afddiary! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Afddiary|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tc5moblbz3pnl2xzmh9a1uph9ud72lh 3 178225 963165 2026-10-04T21:26:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963165 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HonorTheKing! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HonorTheKing|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4tm339v9xsmw99u2328fow7gvxbbyve 3 178226 963166 2026-10-04T21:27:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963166 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 2sabi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/2sabi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) q2c9lfsntud90hw2tumurebu9c0xkpi 3 178227 963167 2026-10-04T21:27:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 963167 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SQUA LEE! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SQUA LEE|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) j9kl3q4byc813eyr2sm9ikdv148z6y5 0 178228 963185 2026-10-04T22:38:58Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378532794|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State]]" 963185 wikitext text/x-wiki Za a gudanar da '''zaben 'yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a jihar Kano''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023, domin zabar [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|'yan majalisar dattawan tarayya]] guda uku daga [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], daya daga kowace gunduma uku na majalisar dattawan jihar. Zaɓen zai zo daidai da [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023]], da kuma [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|sauran zaɓen]] Majalisar Dattawa da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|na Majalisar Wakilai]] ; tare da gudanar da zaɓen jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. == Bayani == A zaɓen da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa a baya, an dawo da biyu daga cikin sanatoci uku masu ci, inda [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] (APC-Arewa) da [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (PDP-Kudu) suka sake lashe zaɓe, yayin da [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] (PDP-Tsakiya) ya yi ritaya. A gundumar tsakiya, [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ya sake samun kujerar APC da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada; APC ta samu sauran kujeru biyu yayin da aka sake zabar Jibrin da kashi 61% na kuri'un da aka kada a gundumar Arewa yayin da aka sake dawo da Gaya da kashi 55% a gundumar Kudu. Wadannan sakamakon wani bangare ne na sake tabbatar da rinjayen jam'iyyar APC a majalisar tarayya bayan ficewar dimbin magoya baya daga jam'iyyar da Kwankwaso da abokan hamayyarsa suka yi a shekarar 2018. Jam'iyyar ta kusa lashe kujerun [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|Majalisar Wakilai]] ta jihar yayin da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar APC [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya lashe jihar cikin sauki da sama da kashi 75% amma har yanzu ta koma PDP kuma ta samu karancin fitowar masu kada kuri'a. Duk da haka, zaɓen matakin jiha ya fi kusa domin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] yana buƙatar sake zaɓe domin [[Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kano 2019|ya kayar da]] [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jam'iyyar PDP; [[2019 Kano State House of Assembly election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] ma ya fi kusa amma APC ta sami rinjaye mai yawa. A lokacin wa'adin, an san Shekarau da sauya sheka sau biyu—na farko zuwa NNPP a watan Mayu na 2022 sannan zuwa PDP a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar—yayin da aka soki Jibrin saboda bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfaninsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akoji |first=Elijah |date=30 August 2022 |title=Kano Senator Barau awarded multi-billion naira constituency projects to his company |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/kano-senator-barau-awarded-multi-billion-naira-constituency-projects-to-his-company/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> == Bayani == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Alaƙa ! colspan="3" | Biki ! rowspan="3" | Jimilla |- | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}" | |- ! [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ! [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ! [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] |- ! Zaɓen da ya gabata | 3 | 0 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Kafin Zaɓe | 2 | 1 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Bayan Zaɓe | 1 | 0 | 2 ! 3 |- |} == Takaitaccen Bayani == {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate election|section=Kano State}} == Babban Birnin Kano == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox election/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Screen reader-only/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya|Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya]] ya kunshi kananan hukumomin [[Dala, Nigeria|Dala]], [[Dawakin Kudu]], [[Fagge]], [[Garun Malam|Garun Mallam]], [[Gezawa]], [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano Municipal]], [[Kumbotso]], [[Kura]], [[Madobi]], [[Minjibir]], [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]], [[Tarauni]], [[Ungogo]], da [[Warawa]] . An zabi [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ( [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ) mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|shekarar 2019]] a matsayin dan jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ; ya koma jam'iyyar [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] a watan Mayu na 2022 kafin ya koma PDP a watan Agusta. Shekarau yana neman sake tsayawa takara. === Zaɓen Fidda Gwani === ==== Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}}A shekarar da ta gabaci zaɓen fidda gwani, an samu takaddamar siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: ƙungiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] mai barin gado da ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Kano ta Arewa. Rikicin shugabanci ya ƙare ne a hukuncin kotu wanda ya halatta ɓangaren Ganduje; a martanin da ya mayar, Shekarau ya bar APC ya koma abokin hamayyarsa na dogon lokaci—tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] —a jam'iyyar NNPP. A sakamakon sauya shekar Malam Shekarau, [[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura|Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura]] - abokin Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna - ya sauya sheka zuwa takarar Sanata. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwani, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata [[Basheer Garba Mohammed]] sun fafata a zaɓen a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; sakamakon ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ya yi nasara da babban rinjaye amma Mohammed ya ƙi amincewa da sakamakon, yana mai lura da rahotannin da ke cewa Ganduje ya yi katsalandan a zaɓen Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa wakilai barazana. Wata matsala da ka iya tasowa ga Abdulkarim Zaura ita ce shari'ar da ake ci gaba da yi masa kan zamba wadda wasu 'yan jam'iyya suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata su hana shi tsayawa takara. {{Election box begin no change|title=APC primary results<ref name="APC primaries 1" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=758|percentage=90.78%}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Basheer Garba Mohammed]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=77|percentage=9.22%}} {{Election box total no change}} {{Election box invalid no change}} {{Election box turnout no change}} {{End}} ==== Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta ƙasa ta sanar da jadawalin farko a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022, inda ta sanya farashin fom ɗin nuna sha'awa a ₦ miliyan 0.5 da kuma farashin fom ɗin tsayawa takara a ₦ miliyan 2.5, inda za a sayar da fom ɗin daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu. [1] An sake duba sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan siyan fom ɗin da kuma gabatar da shi, kwamitin jam'iyya zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu, yayin da za a tsara tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara don washegari. An shirya gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisar gundumomi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaɓen wakilai a zaɓen fidda gwani. 'Yan takarar da tsarin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba da shirin zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 28 ga Mayu, bisa ga dukkan sauran zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar dattawa na NNPP; za a iya ƙalubalantar sakamakon washegari. [2] Daga baya an sake mayar da ranar farko zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] da sauran abokansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau suka dade suna adawa da juna, Shekarau ya yi fada da Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] . Ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Arewacin Kano sun sha kaye a kotu bayan watanni da aka yi ana takaddama tsakanin shugabannin APC, wanda hakan ya sa Shekarau ya fice daga APC ya koma NNPP jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen fidda gwani. A zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a [[Gezawa]], an zaɓi Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP. Duk da haka, ya bar jam'iyyar ya kuma janye daga takarar a watan Agusta. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, an zaɓi tsohon Sanata [[Rufai Hanga|Rufai Sani Hanga]] ba tare da hamayya ba don maye gurbin Kwankwaso a matsayin ɗan takara. ==== Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|People's Democratic Party|only=paragraph|hat=no}} 1o988kffuj308xv26ccuqdw3r2m38op 963188 963185 2026-10-04T22:42:08Z Gwanki 3834 /* Takaitaccen Bayani */ 963188 wikitext text/x-wiki Za a gudanar da '''zaben 'yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a jihar Kano''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023, domin zabar [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|'yan majalisar dattawan tarayya]] guda uku daga [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], daya daga kowace gunduma uku na majalisar dattawan jihar. Zaɓen zai zo daidai da [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023]], da kuma [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|sauran zaɓen]] Majalisar Dattawa da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|na Majalisar Wakilai]] ; tare da gudanar da zaɓen jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. == Bayani == A zaɓen da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa a baya, an dawo da biyu daga cikin sanatoci uku masu ci, inda [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] (APC-Arewa) da [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (PDP-Kudu) suka sake lashe zaɓe, yayin da [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] (PDP-Tsakiya) ya yi ritaya. A gundumar tsakiya, [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ya sake samun kujerar APC da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada; APC ta samu sauran kujeru biyu yayin da aka sake zabar Jibrin da kashi 61% na kuri'un da aka kada a gundumar Arewa yayin da aka sake dawo da Gaya da kashi 55% a gundumar Kudu. Wadannan sakamakon wani bangare ne na sake tabbatar da rinjayen jam'iyyar APC a majalisar tarayya bayan ficewar dimbin magoya baya daga jam'iyyar da Kwankwaso da abokan hamayyarsa suka yi a shekarar 2018. Jam'iyyar ta kusa lashe kujerun [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|Majalisar Wakilai]] ta jihar yayin da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar APC [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya lashe jihar cikin sauki da sama da kashi 75% amma har yanzu ta koma PDP kuma ta samu karancin fitowar masu kada kuri'a. Duk da haka, zaɓen matakin jiha ya fi kusa domin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] yana buƙatar sake zaɓe domin [[Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kano 2019|ya kayar da]] [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jam'iyyar PDP; [[2019 Kano State House of Assembly election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] ma ya fi kusa amma APC ta sami rinjaye mai yawa. A lokacin wa'adin, an san Shekarau da sauya sheka sau biyu—na farko zuwa NNPP a watan Mayu na 2022 sannan zuwa PDP a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar—yayin da aka soki Jibrin saboda bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfaninsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akoji |first=Elijah |date=30 August 2022 |title=Kano Senator Barau awarded multi-billion naira constituency projects to his company |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/kano-senator-barau-awarded-multi-billion-naira-constituency-projects-to-his-company/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> == Bayani == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Alaƙa ! colspan="3" | Biki ! rowspan="3" | Jimilla |- | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}" | |- ! [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ! [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ! [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] |- ! Zaɓen da ya gabata | 3 | 0 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Kafin Zaɓe | 2 | 1 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Bayan Zaɓe | 1 | 0 | 2 ! 3 |- |} == Taƙaitaccen bayani== [[File:2023 Kano Senate pre-election situation.png|thumb|125px|{{legend0|#77b3e1|Dan takarar APC mai ci}}<br />{{legend0|#00b000|Matsayin dan takarar PDP mai ci ba a sani ba}}]] {{Main|Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2023 a Jihar Kano}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! rowspan=2 | Mazaba ! colspan=2 | Dan majalisa mai ci ! colspan=2 | Sakamako |- valign=bottom !Dan majalisa mai ci !Jam'iyya !Matsayi !'Yan takara |- ! Kano ta Tsakiya | {{Sortname|Ibrahim|Shekarau|Ibrahim Shekarau}} |{{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP{{refn|name=fnAPCtoNNPPtoPDP|group=note|An zaɓi wannan ɗan majalisa ne a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar APC, amma ya sauya zuwa NNPP sannan daga baya ya koma PDP a lokacin wa'adinsa.}} |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya yi ritaya bayan hukuncin kotu{{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note|Shekarau ya fice daga NNPP ya koma PDP a watan Agusta 2022, amma bai janye takararsa ta neman kujerar sanata ta NNPP a hukumance ba, kuma INEC ta ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin ɗan takarar NNPP. Duk da cewa NNPP ta tsayar da wani sabon ɗan takara—Rufai Sani Hanga—shari'ar da ke tsakanin Sani Hanga da Shekarau ta wuce ranar zaɓe, lamarin da ya sa aka fara bayyana Shekarau a matsayin wanda ya sake lashe zaɓe a ƙarƙashin takarar NNPP.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Drama as PDP's Shekarau wins Kano Central senatorial election under NNPP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585257-nigeriadecides2023-drama-as-pdps-shekarau-wins-kano-central-senatorial-election-under-nnpp.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> Sai dai, hukuncin [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli]] na ranar 10 ga Maris ya bai wa Sani Hanga damar riƙe takarar, wanda ya sa ya zama zababben sanata.}}<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano Central|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Zaura, Barau, Gaya clinch APC senatorial tickets in Kano |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/zaura-barau-gaya-clinch-apc-senatorial-tickets-in-kano/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Rufai Sani Hanga]]''' (NNPP){{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note}} *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Laila Buhari]] (PDP) }} |- ! Kano ta Arewa | {{Sortname|Barau|Jibrin|Barau Jibrin}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Dan majalisa mai ci [[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano North|ya sake lashe zaɓe]] | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}'''{{Aye}} [[Barau Jibrin]]''' (APC)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Barau Jibrin records landslide victory in Senate third term bid |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/28/barau-jibrin-records-landslide-victory-in-senate-third-term-bid/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}[[Abdullahi Baffa Bichi]] (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau, Former Buhari's Ally, Emerge Kano NNPP Senatorial Candidates |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/shekarau-former-buharis-ally-emerge-kano-nnpp-senatorial-candidates/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Saidu Ahmad Gwadabe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |- ! Kano ta Kudu | {{Sortname|Kabiru|Ibrahim Gaya|Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya sha kaye a zaɓen sake komawa majalisa<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano South|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Kawu Sumaila|Suleiman Abdurrahman Kawu Sumaila]]''' (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi|Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi Hussari]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |} {{Clear}} == Babban Birnin Kano == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox election/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Screen reader-only/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya|Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya]] ya kunshi kananan hukumomin [[Dala, Nigeria|Dala]], [[Dawakin Kudu]], [[Fagge]], [[Garun Malam|Garun Mallam]], [[Gezawa]], [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano Municipal]], [[Kumbotso]], [[Kura]], [[Madobi]], [[Minjibir]], [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]], [[Tarauni]], [[Ungogo]], da [[Warawa]] . An zabi [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ( [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ) mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|shekarar 2019]] a matsayin dan jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ; ya koma jam'iyyar [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] a watan Mayu na 2022 kafin ya koma PDP a watan Agusta. Shekarau yana neman sake tsayawa takara. === Zaɓen Fidda Gwani === ==== Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}}A shekarar da ta gabaci zaɓen fidda gwani, an samu takaddamar siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: ƙungiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] mai barin gado da ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Kano ta Arewa. Rikicin shugabanci ya ƙare ne a hukuncin kotu wanda ya halatta ɓangaren Ganduje; a martanin da ya mayar, Shekarau ya bar APC ya koma abokin hamayyarsa na dogon lokaci—tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] —a jam'iyyar NNPP. A sakamakon sauya shekar Malam Shekarau, [[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura|Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura]] - abokin Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna - ya sauya sheka zuwa takarar Sanata. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwani, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata [[Basheer Garba Mohammed]] sun fafata a zaɓen a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; sakamakon ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ya yi nasara da babban rinjaye amma Mohammed ya ƙi amincewa da sakamakon, yana mai lura da rahotannin da ke cewa Ganduje ya yi katsalandan a zaɓen Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa wakilai barazana. Wata matsala da ka iya tasowa ga Abdulkarim Zaura ita ce shari'ar da ake ci gaba da yi masa kan zamba wadda wasu 'yan jam'iyya suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata su hana shi tsayawa takara. {{Election box begin no change|title=APC primary results<ref name="APC primaries 1" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=758|percentage=90.78%}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Basheer Garba Mohammed]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=77|percentage=9.22%}} {{Election box total no change}} {{Election box invalid no change}} {{Election box turnout no change}} {{End}} ==== Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta ƙasa ta sanar da jadawalin farko a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022, inda ta sanya farashin fom ɗin nuna sha'awa a ₦ miliyan 0.5 da kuma farashin fom ɗin tsayawa takara a ₦ miliyan 2.5, inda za a sayar da fom ɗin daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu. [1] An sake duba sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan siyan fom ɗin da kuma gabatar da shi, kwamitin jam'iyya zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu, yayin da za a tsara tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara don washegari. An shirya gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisar gundumomi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaɓen wakilai a zaɓen fidda gwani. 'Yan takarar da tsarin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba da shirin zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 28 ga Mayu, bisa ga dukkan sauran zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar dattawa na NNPP; za a iya ƙalubalantar sakamakon washegari. [2] Daga baya an sake mayar da ranar farko zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] da sauran abokansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau suka dade suna adawa da juna, Shekarau ya yi fada da Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] . Ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Arewacin Kano sun sha kaye a kotu bayan watanni da aka yi ana takaddama tsakanin shugabannin APC, wanda hakan ya sa Shekarau ya fice daga APC ya koma NNPP jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen fidda gwani. A zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a [[Gezawa]], an zaɓi Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP. Duk da haka, ya bar jam'iyyar ya kuma janye daga takarar a watan Agusta. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, an zaɓi tsohon Sanata [[Rufai Hanga|Rufai Sani Hanga]] ba tare da hamayya ba don maye gurbin Kwankwaso a matsayin ɗan takara. ==== Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|People's Democratic Party|only=paragraph|hat=no}} 30dfc3wfsfmtxzwlp0k9ukausokxe9q 963193 963188 2026-10-04T22:53:19Z Gwanki 3834 /* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a */ 963193 wikitext text/x-wiki Za a gudanar da '''zaben 'yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a jihar Kano''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023, domin zabar [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|'yan majalisar dattawan tarayya]] guda uku daga [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], daya daga kowace gunduma uku na majalisar dattawan jihar. Zaɓen zai zo daidai da [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023]], da kuma [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|sauran zaɓen]] Majalisar Dattawa da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|na Majalisar Wakilai]] ; tare da gudanar da zaɓen jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. == Bayani == A zaɓen da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa a baya, an dawo da biyu daga cikin sanatoci uku masu ci, inda [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] (APC-Arewa) da [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (PDP-Kudu) suka sake lashe zaɓe, yayin da [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] (PDP-Tsakiya) ya yi ritaya. A gundumar tsakiya, [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ya sake samun kujerar APC da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada; APC ta samu sauran kujeru biyu yayin da aka sake zabar Jibrin da kashi 61% na kuri'un da aka kada a gundumar Arewa yayin da aka sake dawo da Gaya da kashi 55% a gundumar Kudu. Wadannan sakamakon wani bangare ne na sake tabbatar da rinjayen jam'iyyar APC a majalisar tarayya bayan ficewar dimbin magoya baya daga jam'iyyar da Kwankwaso da abokan hamayyarsa suka yi a shekarar 2018. Jam'iyyar ta kusa lashe kujerun [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|Majalisar Wakilai]] ta jihar yayin da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar APC [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya lashe jihar cikin sauki da sama da kashi 75% amma har yanzu ta koma PDP kuma ta samu karancin fitowar masu kada kuri'a. Duk da haka, zaɓen matakin jiha ya fi kusa domin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] yana buƙatar sake zaɓe domin [[Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kano 2019|ya kayar da]] [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jam'iyyar PDP; [[2019 Kano State House of Assembly election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] ma ya fi kusa amma APC ta sami rinjaye mai yawa. A lokacin wa'adin, an san Shekarau da sauya sheka sau biyu—na farko zuwa NNPP a watan Mayu na 2022 sannan zuwa PDP a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar—yayin da aka soki Jibrin saboda bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfaninsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akoji |first=Elijah |date=30 August 2022 |title=Kano Senator Barau awarded multi-billion naira constituency projects to his company |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/kano-senator-barau-awarded-multi-billion-naira-constituency-projects-to-his-company/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> == Bayani == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Alaƙa ! colspan="3" | Biki ! rowspan="3" | Jimilla |- | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}" | |- ! [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ! [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ! [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] |- ! Zaɓen da ya gabata | 3 | 0 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Kafin Zaɓe | 2 | 1 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Bayan Zaɓe | 1 | 0 | 2 ! 3 |- |} == Taƙaitaccen bayani== [[File:2023 Kano Senate pre-election situation.png|thumb|125px|{{legend0|#77b3e1|Dan takarar APC mai ci}}<br />{{legend0|#00b000|Matsayin dan takarar PDP mai ci ba a sani ba}}]] {{Main|Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2023 a Jihar Kano}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! rowspan=2 | Mazaba ! colspan=2 | Dan majalisa mai ci ! colspan=2 | Sakamako |- valign=bottom !Dan majalisa mai ci !Jam'iyya !Matsayi !'Yan takara |- ! Kano ta Tsakiya | {{Sortname|Ibrahim|Shekarau|Ibrahim Shekarau}} |{{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP{{refn|name=fnAPCtoNNPPtoPDP|group=note|An zaɓi wannan ɗan majalisa ne a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar APC, amma ya sauya zuwa NNPP sannan daga baya ya koma PDP a lokacin wa'adinsa.}} |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya yi ritaya bayan hukuncin kotu{{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note|Shekarau ya fice daga NNPP ya koma PDP a watan Agusta 2022, amma bai janye takararsa ta neman kujerar sanata ta NNPP a hukumance ba, kuma INEC ta ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin ɗan takarar NNPP. Duk da cewa NNPP ta tsayar da wani sabon ɗan takara—Rufai Sani Hanga—shari'ar da ke tsakanin Sani Hanga da Shekarau ta wuce ranar zaɓe, lamarin da ya sa aka fara bayyana Shekarau a matsayin wanda ya sake lashe zaɓe a ƙarƙashin takarar NNPP.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Drama as PDP's Shekarau wins Kano Central senatorial election under NNPP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585257-nigeriadecides2023-drama-as-pdps-shekarau-wins-kano-central-senatorial-election-under-nnpp.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> Sai dai, hukuncin [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli]] na ranar 10 ga Maris ya bai wa Sani Hanga damar riƙe takarar, wanda ya sa ya zama zababben sanata.}}<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano Central|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Zaura, Barau, Gaya clinch APC senatorial tickets in Kano |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/zaura-barau-gaya-clinch-apc-senatorial-tickets-in-kano/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Rufai Sani Hanga]]''' (NNPP){{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note}} *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Laila Buhari]] (PDP) }} |- ! Kano ta Arewa | {{Sortname|Barau|Jibrin|Barau Jibrin}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Dan majalisa mai ci [[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano North|ya sake lashe zaɓe]] | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}'''{{Aye}} [[Barau Jibrin]]''' (APC)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Barau Jibrin records landslide victory in Senate third term bid |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/28/barau-jibrin-records-landslide-victory-in-senate-third-term-bid/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}[[Abdullahi Baffa Bichi]] (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau, Former Buhari's Ally, Emerge Kano NNPP Senatorial Candidates |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/shekarau-former-buharis-ally-emerge-kano-nnpp-senatorial-candidates/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Saidu Ahmad Gwadabe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |- ! Kano ta Kudu | {{Sortname|Kabiru|Ibrahim Gaya|Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya sha kaye a zaɓen sake komawa majalisa<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano South|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Kawu Sumaila|Suleiman Abdurrahman Kawu Sumaila]]''' (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi|Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi Hussari]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |} {{Clear}} == Babban Birnin Kano == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox election/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Screen reader-only/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya|Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya]] ya kunshi kananan hukumomin [[Dala, Nigeria|Dala]], [[Dawakin Kudu]], [[Fagge]], [[Garun Malam|Garun Mallam]], [[Gezawa]], [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano Municipal]], [[Kumbotso]], [[Kura]], [[Madobi]], [[Minjibir]], [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]], [[Tarauni]], [[Ungogo]], da [[Warawa]] . An zabi [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ( [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ) mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|shekarar 2019]] a matsayin dan jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ; ya koma jam'iyyar [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] a watan Mayu na 2022 kafin ya koma PDP a watan Agusta. Shekarau yana neman sake tsayawa takara. === Zaɓen Fidda Gwani === ==== Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}}A shekarar da ta gabaci zaɓen fidda gwani, an samu takaddamar siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: ƙungiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] mai barin gado da ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Kano ta Arewa. Rikicin shugabanci ya ƙare ne a hukuncin kotu wanda ya halatta ɓangaren Ganduje; a martanin da ya mayar, Shekarau ya bar APC ya koma abokin hamayyarsa na dogon lokaci—tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] —a jam'iyyar NNPP. A sakamakon sauya shekar Malam Shekarau, [[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura|Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura]] - abokin Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna - ya sauya sheka zuwa takarar Sanata. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwani, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata [[Basheer Garba Mohammed]] sun fafata a zaɓen a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; sakamakon ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ya yi nasara da babban rinjaye amma Mohammed ya ƙi amincewa da sakamakon, yana mai lura da rahotannin da ke cewa Ganduje ya yi katsalandan a zaɓen Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa wakilai barazana. Wata matsala da ka iya tasowa ga Abdulkarim Zaura ita ce shari'ar da ake ci gaba da yi masa kan zamba wadda wasu 'yan jam'iyya suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata su hana shi tsayawa takara. {{Election box begin no change|title=APC primary results<ref name="APC primaries 1" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=758|percentage=90.78%}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Basheer Garba Mohammed]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=77|percentage=9.22%}} {{Election box total no change}} {{Election box invalid no change}} {{Election box turnout no change}} {{End}} ==== Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta ƙasa ta sanar da jadawalin farko a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022, inda ta sanya farashin fom ɗin nuna sha'awa a ₦ miliyan 0.5 da kuma farashin fom ɗin tsayawa takara a ₦ miliyan 2.5, inda za a sayar da fom ɗin daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu. [1] An sake duba sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan siyan fom ɗin da kuma gabatar da shi, kwamitin jam'iyya zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu, yayin da za a tsara tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara don washegari. An shirya gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisar gundumomi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaɓen wakilai a zaɓen fidda gwani. 'Yan takarar da tsarin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba da shirin zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 28 ga Mayu, bisa ga dukkan sauran zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar dattawa na NNPP; za a iya ƙalubalantar sakamakon washegari. [2] Daga baya an sake mayar da ranar farko zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] da sauran abokansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau suka dade suna adawa da juna, Shekarau ya yi fada da Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] . Ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Arewacin Kano sun sha kaye a kotu bayan watanni da aka yi ana takaddama tsakanin shugabannin APC, wanda hakan ya sa Shekarau ya fice daga APC ya koma NNPP jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen fidda gwani. A zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a [[Gezawa]], an zaɓi Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP. Duk da haka, ya bar jam'iyyar ya kuma janye daga takarar a watan Agusta. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, an zaɓi tsohon Sanata [[Rufai Hanga|Rufai Sani Hanga]] ba tare da hamayya ba don maye gurbin Kwankwaso a matsayin ɗan takara. ==== Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a ==== == Kano Central == {{Infobox election | election_name = Zaben Sanatan Shiyar Kano Ta Tsakiya na 2023 | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = Zaben Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Kano#Kano Central | previous_year = 2019 | next_election = Zaben Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2027 a Jihar Kano#Kano Central | next_year = 2027 | election_date = 25 Fabrairu 2023 | image_size = x150px | turnout = <!-- APC --> | nominee1 = {{nowrap|Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura}} | party1 = All Progressives Congress | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = <!-- NNPP --> | nominee2 = TBD<!--{{nowrap|Rufai Sani Hanga}}--> | party2 = New Nigeria Peoples Party | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = <!-- PDP --> | nominee3 = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party3 = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | percentage3 = <!-- MAP | map_image = 2023 Kano Central senatorial election.png | map_size = 150px | map_caption = Sakamakon Kananan Hukumomi<br /> '''Abdulsalam Zaura:''' {{legend0|#dee8fb|30–40%}} {{legend0|#b4c7ec|40–50%}} {{legend0|#8da9e2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6892d6|60–70%}} {{legend0|#447cce|70–80%}} {{legend0|#34619f|80–90%}} {{legend0|#184372|>90%}}<br /> '''Sani Hanga:''' {{legend0|#b4ffe5|30–40%}} {{legend0|#7ee5c1|40–50%}} {{legend0|#47cc9d|50–60%}} {{legend0|#2cb283|60–70%}} {{legend0|#199268|70–80%}} {{legend0|#0a6343|80–90%}}<br /> '''Buhari:''' {{legend0|#d6efda|30–40%}} {{legend0|#a3d5ac|40–50%}} {{legend0|#73bc80|50–60%}} {{legend0|#00b000|60–70%}} {{legend0|#009700|70–80%}} {{legend0|#007900|80–90%}} {{legend0|#004d00|>90%}}--> <!-- bottom --> | title = Senator | before_election = Ibrahim Shekarau | before_party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | after_election = Rufai Sani Hanga | after_party = New Nigeria Peoples Party }} Shi dai Shiyyar Sanatan Kano Ta Tsakiya ya kasance ya kunshi kananan hukumomi kamar su Dala, Dawakin Kudu, Fagge, Garun Mallam, Gezawa, Gwale, Kano Municipal, Kumbotso, Kura, Madobi, Minjibir, Nasarawa, Tarauni, Ungogo, da kuma Warawa. Mai ci yanzu Ibrahim Shekarau (PDP) an zabe shi da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2019 a matsayin mamban jam'iyyar APC; ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar NNPP a watan Mayun 2022 kafin daga bisani ya koma PDP a watan Ogas din shekarar.<ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP" /><ref name="Shekarau defects to PDP" /> Shekarau na sake fitowa takara domin komawa kan karagar mulki. === Zaben Firamari === ==== All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}} A cikin shekarar da ta gabata kafin gudanar da zaben firamari, an samu takaddama ta siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin bangarori masu karfi a cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: tsagin da Gwamna mai barin gado Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ke jagoranta da kuma kungiyar G-7 da Shekarau ke jagoranta tare da Sanatan Kano ta Arewa Barau Jibrin.<ref name="APC crisis">{{Cite news |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Silent gripes in Kano State APC crisis |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/silent-gripes-in-kano-state-apc-crisis/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Rikicin shugabancin ya kare ne da hukuncin kotu wanda ya tabbatar da halaccin tsagin Ganduje;<ref name="SC APC ruling">{{Cite news |last1=Ochojila |first1=Ameh |last2=Muhammed |first2=Murtala |title=Supreme Court upholds Ganduje-Led Kano APC faction |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/supreme-court-upholds-ganduje-led-kano-apc-faction/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> A maida martani, Shekarau ya fice daga APC inda ya koma gurin tssohon abokin hamayyarsa—tsohor gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso—a jam'iyyar NNPP.<ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP">{{Cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Shekarau Picks NNPP Membership Card |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-shekarau-picks-nnpp-membership-card |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Bayan ficewar Shekarau, Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura—na kusa da Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna—ya koma takarar sanata.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Usman |first1=Mustapha |title=Zaura endorses Gawuna, picks Senate nomination form |url=https://dailynigerian.com/zaura-endorses-gawuna-picks/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> A ranar gudanar da zaben firamari, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata Basheer Garba Mohammed sun kara a zaben da aka yi a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke Kano; sakamako ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ne ya yi nasara da tazarar kuri'u mai yawa amma Mohammed ya yi watsi da sakamakon inda ya nuna cewa Ganduje ya sa baki wajen taimakawa Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa deliget-deliget barazana.<ref name="APC primaries 1">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Zaura, Barau, Gaya clinch APC senatorial tickets in Kano |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/zaura-barau-gaya-clinch-apc-senatorial-tickets-in-kano/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="APC primaries 2">{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Salim Umar |title=APC Senatorial Primaries: Barau, Gaya, Zaura Win Tickets In Kano |url=https://dailytrust.com/apc-senatorial-primaries-barau-gaya-zaura-win-tickets-in-kano |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Wani shingen da Abdulkarim Zaura ke fuskanta shi ne shari'ar zargin damfara da ake masa wanda wasu mambobin jam'iyyar suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a tsallake takararsa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |last2=Yusuf |first2=Nasiru |title=Alleged Fraud: Appeal court orders retrial of ex-Kano governorship candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/523824-alleged-fraud-appeal-court-orders-retrial-of-ex-kano-governorship-candidate.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bello |first1=Bashir |title=Kano 2023: APC Senatorial aspirant, Zaura refutes disqualification allegation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/kano-2023-apc-senatorial-aspirant-zaura-refutes-disqualification-allegation/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=26 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon Firamari na APC<ref name="APC primaries 1" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura}} | party = All Progressives Congress | votes = 758 | percentage = 90.78% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Basheer Garba Mohammed}} | party = All Progressives Congress | votes = 77 | percentage = 9.22% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 835 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box invalid no change | votes = 1 | percentage = N/A }} {{Election box turnout no change |votes = 836 |percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} ==== New Nigeria Peoples Party ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta kasa ta bayyana tsarin gudanar da zabuka na firamari a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2022, inda ta kayyade farashin fam din nuna sha'awa a kan ₦500,000 da kuma fam din takara a kan ₦2.5 million tare da sayar da fam tun daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu.<ref name="NNPP schedule">{{cite web |title=Schedule of activities for New Nigeria People's Party NNPP ahead of 2023 general election, sales of forms and cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=289754816670508&set=a.154686920177299 |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher=New Nigeria People's Party -NNPP |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> An sake gyara sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan saye da mika fam, kwamitin jam'iyyar zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu yayin da za gudanar da daukaka kara a ranar da ke biye da ita. An tsara taron mazabu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaben deliget-deliget na firamari. 'Yan takarar da kwamitin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba zuwa zaben firamari na ranar 28 ga Mayu, a lokaci guda da sauran zabukan firamari na NNPP; ana iya kalubalantar sakamakon a ranar da ke biye da ita.<ref name="NNPP primary shift">{{Cite news |last1=Omogbolagun |first1=Tope |title=NNPP chair welcomes Shekarau, others, shifts Senate, gov primaries |url=https://punchng.com/nnpp-chair-welcomes-shekarau-others-shifts-senate-gov-primaries/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |quote=“For governorship, the screening will hold, Saturday, May, 28th, 2022; the appeals will hold on Sunday May, 29th, 2022; the primaries; Monday, May, 30th, 2022 and appeals, May 31st, 2022.”}}</ref> Daga baya aka sake daga ranar firamari zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso da magoya bayansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP wanda hakan ya sa jam'iyyar ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyu a Jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau ke matsayin tsoffin abokan hamayya, Shekarau ya fuskanci takaddama da Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje. Kungiyar G-7, karkashin jagorancin Shekarau da Sanatan Kano ta Arewa Barau Jibrin sun rasa shari'a da tsagin Ganduje bayan shafe watanni ana fafatawa kan shugabancin APC, wanda hakan ya kai ga Shekarau barin APC zuwa NNPP daf da gudanar da zabukan firamari.<ref name="APC crisis" /><ref name="SC APC ruling" /><ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP" /> A zaben firamari da aka gudanar a Gezawa, an tsayar da Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP.<ref name="NNPP primaries 1">{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau, Former Buhari's Ally, Emerge Kano NNPP Senatorial Candidates |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/shekarau-former-buharis-ally-emerge-kano-nnpp-senatorial-candidates/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Sai dai ya bar jam'iyyar tare da janye takararsa a watan Agusta.<ref name="Shekarau defects to PDP">{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |title=Shekarau Defects To PDP After Three Months In NNPP |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-shekarau-defects-to-pdp-after-three-months-in-nnpp |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, tsohon Sanata Rufai Sani Hanga aka tsayar ba tare da hamayya ba domin sauya Shekarau a matsayin dan takara.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Rufai Hanga Clinches Shekarau's NNPP Ticket |url=https://dailytrust.com/rufai-hanga-clinches-shekaraus-nnpp-ticket |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> ==== People's Democratic Party ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|People's Democratic Party|only=paragraph|hat=no}} A shekarun da suka gabata kafin zaben firamari, jam'iyyar PDP ta Jihar Kano ta kasu kashi biyu: tsagi daya karkashin tsohon minista Aminu Wali yayin da daya tsagin ke samun goyon bayan tsohon Gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso.<ref name="PDP crisis 1">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Cracks widen in Kano PDP as Kwankwaso, Wali's faction refuse to reconcile |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/cracks-widen-in-kano-pdp-as-kwankwaso-walis-faction-refuse-to-reconcile/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP crisis 2">{{Cite news |last1=Olowoporoku |first1=Muhamin |title=Kwankwaso warns PDP crisis may destroy party |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/09/03/kwankwaso-warns-pdp-crisis-may-destroy-party/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[P.M. News]] |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Sai dai a farkon shekarar 2022, Kwankwaso da magoya bayansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP.<ref name="NNPP defections">{{Cite news |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=[UPDATED] 2023: Finally, Kwankwaso dumps PDP for NNPP |url=https://punchng.com/kwankwaso-dumps-pdp-ahead-of-2023-elections/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Duk da ficewar tasu, sauran magoya bayan Kwankwaso sun tsaya a PDP inda suka ci gaba da fafatawa da tsagin Wali kan ikon rike jam'iyyar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=A'isha |title=Crisis Rocks Kano PDP Ahead Of Congress |url=https://allnews.ng/news/crisis-rocks-kano-pdp-ahead-of-congress |website=AllNews |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Saboda wannan rabuwar kai, tsagunan biyu sun gudanar da zabukan firamari na daban-daban yayin da kowane ke ikirarin shi ne ingantaccen shugabancin jam'iyyar.<ref name="Parallel primaries">{{Cite news |last1=Oyelere |first1=Kola |title=Two Factions Hold Primaries To Elect PDP House Of Reps, Assembly Candidates In Kano |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/two-factions-hold-primaries-to-elect-pdp-house-of-reps-assembly-candidates-in-kano/ |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> Sabanin sauran shiyyoyin sanata guda biyu, an gudanar da firamari na Kano ta Tsakiya akan lokaci inda tsohon dan majalisar tarayya Danburam Abubakar Nuhu ya samu nasara a daya daga cikin firamari yayin da Laila Buhari ta samu nasara a gudanarwa guda din.<ref name="PDP primaries 1" /> INEC ta amince da firamarin da Nuhu ya yi nasara har ta sanya shi a matsayin ingantaccen dan takara a watan Satumba. Sai dai kuma, hukuncin Kotun Daukaka Kara a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba ya mika tikitin takarar zuwa ga Buhari.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Appeal Court sacks PDP senatorial candidate in Kano |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/567261-appeal-court-sacks-pdp-senatorial-candidate-in-kano.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon firamari na bangaren PDP }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 323 | percentage = 99.08% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Danburam Abubakar Nuhu}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.92% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 326 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box invalid no change | votes = 5 | percentage = N/A }} {{Election box turnout no change |votes = 331 |percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{hidden begin |title= Sakamakon firamari na bangaren da ba a karba ba |titlestyle= background:#417a1d; }} {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon firamari na PDP }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Danburam Abubakar Nuhu}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 503 | percentage = 97.10% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 15 | percentage = 2.90% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 518 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{hidden end}} === Kamfe === Bayan gudanar da zabukan firamari, masu yin tsokaci akan siyasa sun nuna shakka kan kwanciyar hankalin Shekarau a takararsa saboda sabuwar tarayyar da ya yi da Kwankwaso.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mgboh |first1=Desmond |title=Doubts over Shekarau, Kwankwaso's marriage of convenience |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/doubts-over-shekarau-kwankwasos-marriage-of-convenience/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> A farkon watan Agusta, wadannan shakku sun tabbata yayin da Shekarau da magoya bayansa suka fara nuna rashin jin dadinsu a fili kan zargin karya alkawurran da Kwankwaso ya yi guda da bayyana yiwuwar ficewa daga NNPP.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Shekarau to meet Tinubu as group mulls ditching Kwankwaso's NNPP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/548982-shekarau-to-meet-tinubu-as-group-mulls-ditching-kwankwasos-nnpp.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |title=Crisis Brews In Kwankwaso's NNPP As Shekarau Mulls Exit |url=https://dailytrust.com/unrest-in-kwankwasos-nnpp-as-shekarau-mulls-exit |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Rigingimun sun tsananta lokacin da Shekarau ya gana da dan takarar shugaban kasa na APC Bola Tinubu sannan daga baya ya gana da dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP Atiku Abubakar yayin da ake cewa Kwankwaso ya yi kokarin rarrashin bangaren Shekarau da alkawuran mukamai.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau Set to Dump NNPP for PDP |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/08/16/shekarau-set-to-dump-nnpp-for-pdp/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Egbe |first1=Robert |title=Kwankwaso woos Shekarau's camp with juicy appointments |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kwankwaso-woos-shekaraus-camp-with-juicy-appointments/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Kokarin sulhun bai yi nasara ba inda Shekarau ya koma PDP a wani gangami da ya halarta tare da Abubakar da sauran manyan mambobin PDP a ranar 29 ga Agusta;<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bolaji |first1=Samuel |title=PDP welcomes Shekarau back to party |url=https://punchng.com/pdp-welcomes-shekarau-back-to-party/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Ficewar tasa ta haifar da tambayoyi kan ko Shekarau zai iya ci gaba da takararsa na sanata.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abdulhamid |first1=Abdulyassar |title=Shekarau's Defection To PDP: Will Kano Senator Occupy Elective Post In 2023? |url=https://dailytrust.com/shekaraus-defection-to-pdp-will-kano-senator-occupy-elective-post-in-2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> Matakin ya haifar da tambayoyi game da makomar takarar siyasa ta Shekarau tare da janyo sauye-sauyen sheka da dama.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Much ado about Shekarau's Zirgazirga politics |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/much-ado-about-shekaraus-zirgazirga-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> An tsayar da tsohon Sanata Rufai Sani Hanga ba tare da hamayya ba domin sauya Kwankwaso a matsayin dan takarar NNPP. Sai dai kuma, an jera sunan Shekarau a matsayin dan takarar NNPP a karshen watan Satumba kasancewar ba a gudanar da sanarwar janye takararsa ga INEC cikin lokacin da doka ta kayyade ba.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Uthman |first1=Samad |title=INEC lists Shekarau as NNPP senatorial candidate — despite defection to PDP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/inec-lists-shekarau-as-nnpp-senatorial-candidate-despite-defection-to-pdp |newspaper=[[TheCable]] |date=20 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Why we can't replace Shekarau's name as NNPP senatorial candidate – INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/556230-why-we-cant-replace-shekaraus-name-as-nnpp-senatorial-candidate-inec.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> A karshen watan Oktoba, bayan an riga an fara gudanar da kamfe a hukumance, Hukumar Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Yaki da Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa (EFCC) ta bayyana cewa Abdulkarim Zaura ya bace daga shari'ar zargin damfara 0n091qs5woq2bmanu2rog2me8awyn18 963195 963193 2026-10-04T22:56:08Z Gwanki 3834 963195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Za a gudanar da '''zaben 'yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a jihar Kano''' a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023, domin zabar [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|'yan majalisar dattawan tarayya]] guda uku daga [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], daya daga kowace gunduma uku na majalisar dattawan jihar. Zaɓen zai zo daidai da [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023]], da kuma [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023|sauran zaɓen]] Majalisar Dattawa da [[Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2023|na Majalisar Wakilai]] ; tare da gudanar da zaɓen jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2022. == Bayani == A zaɓen da aka yi a Majalisar Dattawa a baya, an dawo da biyu daga cikin sanatoci uku masu ci, inda [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] (APC-Arewa) da [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (PDP-Kudu) suka sake lashe zaɓe, yayin da [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] (PDP-Tsakiya) ya yi ritaya. A gundumar tsakiya, [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ya sake samun kujerar APC da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada; APC ta samu sauran kujeru biyu yayin da aka sake zabar Jibrin da kashi 61% na kuri'un da aka kada a gundumar Arewa yayin da aka sake dawo da Gaya da kashi 55% a gundumar Kudu. Wadannan sakamakon wani bangare ne na sake tabbatar da rinjayen jam'iyyar APC a majalisar tarayya bayan ficewar dimbin magoya baya daga jam'iyyar da Kwankwaso da abokan hamayyarsa suka yi a shekarar 2018. Jam'iyyar ta kusa lashe kujerun [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|Majalisar Wakilai]] ta jihar yayin da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar APC [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya lashe jihar cikin sauki da sama da kashi 75% amma har yanzu ta koma PDP kuma ta samu karancin fitowar masu kada kuri'a. Duk da haka, zaɓen matakin jiha ya fi kusa domin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] yana buƙatar sake zaɓe domin [[Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kano 2019|ya kayar da]] [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jam'iyyar PDP; [[2019 Kano State House of Assembly election|zaɓen majalisar dokoki]] ma ya fi kusa amma APC ta sami rinjaye mai yawa. A lokacin wa'adin, an san Shekarau da sauya sheka sau biyu—na farko zuwa NNPP a watan Mayu na 2022 sannan zuwa PDP a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar—yayin da aka soki Jibrin saboda bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfaninsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akoji |first=Elijah |date=30 August 2022 |title=Kano Senator Barau awarded multi-billion naira constituency projects to his company |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/kano-senator-barau-awarded-multi-billion-naira-constituency-projects-to-his-company/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> == Bayani == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Alaƙa ! colspan="3" | Biki ! rowspan="3" | Jimilla |- | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}" | |- ! [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ! [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ! [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] |- ! Zaɓen da ya gabata | 3 | 0 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Kafin Zaɓe | 2 | 1 | 0 ! 3 |- ! Bayan Zaɓe | 1 | 0 | 2 ! 3 |- |} == Taƙaitaccen bayani== [[File:2023 Kano Senate pre-election situation.png|thumb|125px|{{legend0|#77b3e1|Dan takarar APC mai ci}}<br />{{legend0|#00b000|Matsayin dan takarar PDP mai ci ba a sani ba}}]] {{Main|Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2023 a Jihar Kano}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! rowspan=2 | Mazaba ! colspan=2 | Dan majalisa mai ci ! colspan=2 | Sakamako |- valign=bottom !Dan majalisa mai ci !Jam'iyya !Matsayi !'Yan takara |- ! Kano ta Tsakiya | {{Sortname|Ibrahim|Shekarau|Ibrahim Shekarau}} |{{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP{{refn|name=fnAPCtoNNPPtoPDP|group=note|An zaɓi wannan ɗan majalisa ne a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar APC, amma ya sauya zuwa NNPP sannan daga baya ya koma PDP a lokacin wa'adinsa.}} |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya yi ritaya bayan hukuncin kotu{{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note|Shekarau ya fice daga NNPP ya koma PDP a watan Agusta 2022, amma bai janye takararsa ta neman kujerar sanata ta NNPP a hukumance ba, kuma INEC ta ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin ɗan takarar NNPP. Duk da cewa NNPP ta tsayar da wani sabon ɗan takara—Rufai Sani Hanga—shari'ar da ke tsakanin Sani Hanga da Shekarau ta wuce ranar zaɓe, lamarin da ya sa aka fara bayyana Shekarau a matsayin wanda ya sake lashe zaɓe a ƙarƙashin takarar NNPP.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Drama as PDP's Shekarau wins Kano Central senatorial election under NNPP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585257-nigeriadecides2023-drama-as-pdps-shekarau-wins-kano-central-senatorial-election-under-nnpp.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> Sai dai, hukuncin [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Kotun Ƙoli]] na ranar 10 ga Maris ya bai wa Sani Hanga damar riƙe takarar, wanda ya sa ya zama zababben sanata.}}<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano Central|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Zaura, Barau, Gaya clinch APC senatorial tickets in Kano |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/zaura-barau-gaya-clinch-apc-senatorial-tickets-in-kano/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Rufai Sani Hanga]]''' (NNPP){{refn|name=fnShekarau|group=note}} *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Laila Buhari]] (PDP) }} |- ! Kano ta Arewa | {{Sortname|Barau|Jibrin|Barau Jibrin}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Dan majalisa mai ci [[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano North|ya sake lashe zaɓe]] | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}'''{{Aye}} [[Barau Jibrin]]''' (APC)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=Barau Jibrin records landslide victory in Senate third term bid |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/28/barau-jibrin-records-landslide-victory-in-senate-third-term-bid/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}[[Abdullahi Baffa Bichi]] (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees">{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau, Former Buhari's Ally, Emerge Kano NNPP Senatorial Candidates |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/shekarau-former-buharis-ally-emerge-kano-nnpp-senatorial-candidates/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Saidu Ahmad Gwadabe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |- ! Kano ta Kudu | {{Sortname|Kabiru|Ibrahim Gaya|Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya}} |{{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |{{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} |Dan majalisa mai ci ya sha kaye a zaɓen sake komawa majalisa<br />[[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Kano State#Kano South|An zaɓi sabon ɗan majalisa]]<br />'''NNPP ta samu kujera''' | nowrap | {{Plainlist | *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]] (APC)<ref name="Kano APC nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}'''{{Aye}} [[Kawu Sumaila|Suleiman Abdurrahman Kawu Sumaila]]''' (NNPP)<ref name="Kano NNPP nominees" /><ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi|Muhammad Bashir Galadanchi Hussari]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC September final nominee list" /> }} |} {{Clear}} == Babban Birnin Kano == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox election/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Screen reader-only/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Gundumar Sanatan Kano ta Tsakiya|Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya]] ya kunshi kananan hukumomin [[Dala, Nigeria|Dala]], [[Dawakin Kudu]], [[Fagge]], [[Garun Malam|Garun Mallam]], [[Gezawa]], [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano Municipal]], [[Kumbotso]], [[Kura]], [[Madobi]], [[Minjibir]], [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]], [[Tarauni]], [[Ungogo]], da [[Warawa]] . An zabi [[Ibrahim Shekarau]] ( [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ) mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a [[Zaben majalisar dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Kano|shekarar 2019]] a matsayin dan jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ; ya koma jam'iyyar [[Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya|NNPP]] a watan Mayu na 2022 kafin ya koma PDP a watan Agusta. Shekarau yana neman sake tsayawa takara. === Zaɓen Fidda Gwani === ==== Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}}A shekarar da ta gabaci zaɓen fidda gwani, an samu takaddamar siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: ƙungiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] mai barin gado da ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Kano ta Arewa. Rikicin shugabanci ya ƙare ne a hukuncin kotu wanda ya halatta ɓangaren Ganduje; a martanin da ya mayar, Shekarau ya bar APC ya koma abokin hamayyarsa na dogon lokaci—tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] —a jam'iyyar NNPP. A sakamakon sauya shekar Malam Shekarau, [[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura|Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura]] - abokin Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna - ya sauya sheka zuwa takarar Sanata. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwani, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata [[Basheer Garba Mohammed]] sun fafata a zaɓen a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; sakamakon ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ya yi nasara da babban rinjaye amma Mohammed ya ƙi amincewa da sakamakon, yana mai lura da rahotannin da ke cewa Ganduje ya yi katsalandan a zaɓen Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa wakilai barazana. Wata matsala da ka iya tasowa ga Abdulkarim Zaura ita ce shari'ar da ake ci gaba da yi masa kan zamba wadda wasu 'yan jam'iyya suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata su hana shi tsayawa takara. {{Election box begin no change|title=APC primary results<ref name="APC primaries 1" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=758|percentage=90.78%}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate={{nowrap|[[Basheer Garba Mohammed]]}}|party=All Progressives Congress|votes=77|percentage=9.22%}} {{Election box total no change}} {{Election box invalid no change}} {{Election box turnout no change}} {{End}} ==== Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta ƙasa ta sanar da jadawalin farko a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022, inda ta sanya farashin fom ɗin nuna sha'awa a ₦ miliyan 0.5 da kuma farashin fom ɗin tsayawa takara a ₦ miliyan 2.5, inda za a sayar da fom ɗin daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu. [1] An sake duba sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan siyan fom ɗin da kuma gabatar da shi, kwamitin jam'iyya zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu, yayin da za a tsara tsarin ɗaukaka ƙara don washegari. An shirya gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisar gundumomi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaɓen wakilai a zaɓen fidda gwani. 'Yan takarar da tsarin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba da shirin zaɓen fidda gwani na ranar 28 ga Mayu, bisa ga dukkan sauran zaɓen fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar dattawa na NNPP; za a iya ƙalubalantar sakamakon washegari. [2] Daga baya an sake mayar da ranar farko zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] da sauran abokansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau suka dade suna adawa da juna, Shekarau ya yi fada da Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] . Ƙungiyar G-7, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shekarau da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] na Arewacin Kano sun sha kaye a kotu bayan watanni da aka yi ana takaddama tsakanin shugabannin APC, wanda hakan ya sa Shekarau ya fice daga APC ya koma NNPP jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen fidda gwani. A zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a [[Gezawa]], an zaɓi Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP. Duk da haka, ya bar jam'iyyar ya kuma janye daga takarar a watan Agusta. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, an zaɓi tsohon Sanata [[Rufai Hanga|Rufai Sani Hanga]] ba tare da hamayya ba don maye gurbin Kwankwaso a matsayin ɗan takara. ==== Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a ==== == Kano Central == {{Infobox election | election_name = Zaben Sanatan Shiyar Kano Ta Tsakiya na 2023 | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = Zaben Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Kano#Kano Central | previous_year = 2019 | next_election = Zaben Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na 2027 a Jihar Kano#Kano Central | next_year = 2027 | election_date = 25 Fabrairu 2023 | image_size = x150px | turnout = <!-- APC --> | nominee1 = {{nowrap|Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura}} | party1 = All Progressives Congress | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = <!-- NNPP --> | nominee2 = TBD<!--{{nowrap|Rufai Sani Hanga}}--> | party2 = New Nigeria Peoples Party | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = <!-- PDP --> | nominee3 = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party3 = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | percentage3 = <!-- MAP | map_image = 2023 Kano Central senatorial election.png | map_size = 150px | map_caption = Sakamakon Kananan Hukumomi<br /> '''Abdulsalam Zaura:''' {{legend0|#dee8fb|30–40%}} {{legend0|#b4c7ec|40–50%}} {{legend0|#8da9e2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6892d6|60–70%}} {{legend0|#447cce|70–80%}} {{legend0|#34619f|80–90%}} {{legend0|#184372|>90%}}<br /> '''Sani Hanga:''' {{legend0|#b4ffe5|30–40%}} {{legend0|#7ee5c1|40–50%}} {{legend0|#47cc9d|50–60%}} {{legend0|#2cb283|60–70%}} {{legend0|#199268|70–80%}} {{legend0|#0a6343|80–90%}}<br /> '''Buhari:''' {{legend0|#d6efda|30–40%}} {{legend0|#a3d5ac|40–50%}} {{legend0|#73bc80|50–60%}} {{legend0|#00b000|60–70%}} {{legend0|#009700|70–80%}} {{legend0|#007900|80–90%}} {{legend0|#004d00|>90%}}--> <!-- bottom --> | title = Senator | before_election = Ibrahim Shekarau | before_party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | after_election = Rufai Sani Hanga | after_party = New Nigeria Peoples Party }} Shi dai Shiyyar Sanatan Kano Ta Tsakiya ya kasance ya kunshi kananan hukumomi kamar su Dala, Dawakin Kudu, Fagge, Garun Mallam, Gezawa, Gwale, Kano Municipal, Kumbotso, Kura, Madobi, Minjibir, Nasarawa, Tarauni, Ungogo, da kuma Warawa. Mai ci yanzu Ibrahim Shekarau (PDP) an zabe shi da kashi 61.6% na kuri'un da aka kada a shekarar 2019 a matsayin mamban jam'iyyar APC; ya sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar NNPP a watan Mayun 2022 kafin daga bisani ya koma PDP a watan Ogas din shekarar.<ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP" /><ref name="Shekarau defects to PDP" /> Shekarau na sake fitowa takara domin komawa kan karagar mulki. === Zaben Firamari === ==== All Progressives Congress ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|All Progressives Congress|only=paragraph|hat=no}} A cikin shekarar da ta gabata kafin gudanar da zaben firamari, an samu takaddama ta siyasa da ta shari'a tsakanin bangarori masu karfi a cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Jihar Kano, wato: tsagin da Gwamna mai barin gado Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ke jagoranta da kuma kungiyar G-7 da Shekarau ke jagoranta tare da Sanatan Kano ta Arewa Barau Jibrin.<ref name="APC crisis">{{Cite news |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Silent gripes in Kano State APC crisis |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/silent-gripes-in-kano-state-apc-crisis/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Rikicin shugabancin ya kare ne da hukuncin kotu wanda ya tabbatar da halaccin tsagin Ganduje;<ref name="SC APC ruling">{{Cite news |last1=Ochojila |first1=Ameh |last2=Muhammed |first2=Murtala |title=Supreme Court upholds Ganduje-Led Kano APC faction |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/supreme-court-upholds-ganduje-led-kano-apc-faction/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> A maida martani, Shekarau ya fice daga APC inda ya koma gurin tssohon abokin hamayyarsa—tsohor gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso—a jam'iyyar NNPP.<ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP">{{Cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Shekarau Picks NNPP Membership Card |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-shekarau-picks-nnpp-membership-card |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Bayan ficewar Shekarau, Abdulsalam Abdulkarim Zaura—na kusa da Ganduje kuma tsohon dan takarar gwamna—ya koma takarar sanata.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Usman |first1=Mustapha |title=Zaura endorses Gawuna, picks Senate nomination form |url=https://dailynigerian.com/zaura-endorses-gawuna-picks/ |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> A ranar gudanar da zaben firamari, Abdulkarim Zaura da tsohon Sanata Basheer Garba Mohammed sun kara a zaben da aka yi a Sani Abacha Indoor Sports Complex da ke Kano; sakamako ya nuna Abdulkarim Zaura ne ya yi nasara da tazarar kuri'u mai yawa amma Mohammed ya yi watsi da sakamakon inda ya nuna cewa Ganduje ya sa baki wajen taimakawa Abdulkarim Zaura ta hanyar yi wa deliget-deliget barazana.<ref name="APC primaries 1">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Zaura, Barau, Gaya clinch APC senatorial tickets in Kano |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/zaura-barau-gaya-clinch-apc-senatorial-tickets-in-kano/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="APC primaries 2">{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Salim Umar |title=APC Senatorial Primaries: Barau, Gaya, Zaura Win Tickets In Kano |url=https://dailytrust.com/apc-senatorial-primaries-barau-gaya-zaura-win-tickets-in-kano |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Wani shingen da Abdulkarim Zaura ke fuskanta shi ne shari'ar zargin damfara da ake masa wanda wasu mambobin jam'iyyar suka yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a tsallake takararsa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |last2=Yusuf |first2=Nasiru |title=Alleged Fraud: Appeal court orders retrial of ex-Kano governorship candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/523824-alleged-fraud-appeal-court-orders-retrial-of-ex-kano-governorship-candidate.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bello |first1=Bashir |title=Kano 2023: APC Senatorial aspirant, Zaura refutes disqualification allegation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/kano-2023-apc-senatorial-aspirant-zaura-refutes-disqualification-allegation/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=26 May 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon Firamari na APC<ref name="APC primaries 1" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura}} | party = All Progressives Congress | votes = 758 | percentage = 90.78% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Basheer Garba Mohammed}} | party = All Progressives Congress | votes = 77 | percentage = 9.22% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 835 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box invalid no change | votes = 1 | percentage = N/A }} {{Election box turnout no change |votes = 836 |percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} ==== New Nigeria Peoples Party ==== Jam'iyyar NNPP ta kasa ta bayyana tsarin gudanar da zabuka na firamari a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2022, inda ta kayyade farashin fam din nuna sha'awa a kan ₦500,000 da kuma fam din takara a kan ₦2.5 million tare da sayar da fam tun daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 5 ga Mayu.<ref name="NNPP schedule">{{cite web |title=Schedule of activities for New Nigeria People's Party NNPP ahead of 2023 general election, sales of forms and cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=289754816670508&set=a.154686920177299 |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher=New Nigeria People's Party -NNPP |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> An sake gyara sauran jadawalin a ranar 19 ga Mayu; bayan saye da mika fam, kwamitin jam'iyyar zai tantance 'yan takarar sanata a ranar 25 ga Mayu yayin da za gudanar da daukaka kara a ranar da ke biye da ita. An tsara taron mazabu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu domin zaben deliget-deliget na firamari. 'Yan takarar da kwamitin tantancewa ya amince da su za su ci gaba zuwa zaben firamari na ranar 28 ga Mayu, a lokaci guda da sauran zabukan firamari na NNPP; ana iya kalubalantar sakamakon a ranar da ke biye da ita.<ref name="NNPP primary shift">{{Cite news |last1=Omogbolagun |first1=Tope |title=NNPP chair welcomes Shekarau, others, shifts Senate, gov primaries |url=https://punchng.com/nnpp-chair-welcomes-shekarau-others-shifts-senate-gov-primaries/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |quote=“For governorship, the screening will hold, Saturday, May, 28th, 2022; the appeals will hold on Sunday May, 29th, 2022; the primaries; Monday, May, 30th, 2022 and appeals, May 31st, 2022.”}}</ref> Daga baya aka sake daga ranar firamari zuwa 5 ga Yuni. A farkon shekarar 2022, tsohon Gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso da magoya bayansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP wanda hakan ya sa jam'iyyar ta zama daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyu a Jihar Kano; yayin da Kwankwaso da Shekarau ke matsayin tsoffin abokan hamayya, Shekarau ya fuskanci takaddama da Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje. Kungiyar G-7, karkashin jagorancin Shekarau da Sanatan Kano ta Arewa Barau Jibrin sun rasa shari'a da tsagin Ganduje bayan shafe watanni ana fafatawa kan shugabancin APC, wanda hakan ya kai ga Shekarau barin APC zuwa NNPP daf da gudanar da zabukan firamari.<ref name="APC crisis" /><ref name="SC APC ruling" /><ref name="Shekarau defects to NNPP" /> A zaben firamari da aka gudanar a Gezawa, an tsayar da Shekarau ba tare da hamayya ba kamar sauran 'yan takarar sanata na NNPP.<ref name="NNPP primaries 1">{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau, Former Buhari's Ally, Emerge Kano NNPP Senatorial Candidates |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/shekarau-former-buharis-ally-emerge-kano-nnpp-senatorial-candidates/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Sai dai ya bar jam'iyyar tare da janye takararsa a watan Agusta.<ref name="Shekarau defects to PDP">{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |title=Shekarau Defects To PDP After Three Months In NNPP |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-shekarau-defects-to-pdp-after-three-months-in-nnpp |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, tsohon Sanata Rufai Sani Hanga aka tsayar ba tare da hamayya ba domin sauya Shekarau a matsayin dan takara.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Salim Umar |title=Rufai Hanga Clinches Shekarau's NNPP Ticket |url=https://dailytrust.com/rufai-hanga-clinches-shekaraus-nnpp-ticket |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> ==== People's Democratic Party ==== {{Excerpt|2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State|People's Democratic Party|only=paragraph|hat=no}} A shekarun da suka gabata kafin zaben firamari, jam'iyyar PDP ta Jihar Kano ta kasu kashi biyu: tsagi daya karkashin tsohon minista Aminu Wali yayin da daya tsagin ke samun goyon bayan tsohon Gwamna Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso.<ref name="PDP crisis 1">{{Cite news |last1=Adewale |first1=Murtala |title=Cracks widen in Kano PDP as Kwankwaso, Wali's faction refuse to reconcile |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/cracks-widen-in-kano-pdp-as-kwankwaso-walis-faction-refuse-to-reconcile/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP crisis 2">{{Cite news |last1=Olowoporoku |first1=Muhamin |title=Kwankwaso warns PDP crisis may destroy party |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/09/03/kwankwaso-warns-pdp-crisis-may-destroy-party/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[P.M. News]] |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Sai dai a farkon shekarar 2022, Kwankwaso da magoya bayansa da dama sun fice daga PDP zuwa NNPP.<ref name="NNPP defections">{{Cite news |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=[UPDATED] 2023: Finally, Kwankwaso dumps PDP for NNPP |url=https://punchng.com/kwankwaso-dumps-pdp-ahead-of-2023-elections/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Duk da ficewar tasu, sauran magoya bayan Kwankwaso sun tsaya a PDP inda suka ci gaba da fafatawa da tsagin Wali kan ikon rike jam'iyyar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=A'isha |title=Crisis Rocks Kano PDP Ahead Of Congress |url=https://allnews.ng/news/crisis-rocks-kano-pdp-ahead-of-congress |website=AllNews |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Saboda wannan rabuwar kai, tsagunan biyu sun gudanar da zabukan firamari na daban-daban yayin da kowane ke ikirarin shi ne ingantaccen shugabancin jam'iyyar.<ref name="Parallel primaries">{{Cite news |last1=Oyelere |first1=Kola |title=Two Factions Hold Primaries To Elect PDP House Of Reps, Assembly Candidates In Kano |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/two-factions-hold-primaries-to-elect-pdp-house-of-reps-assembly-candidates-in-kano/ |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> Sabanin sauran shiyyoyin sanata guda biyu, an gudanar da firamari na Kano ta Tsakiya akan lokaci inda tsohon dan majalisar tarayya Danburam Abubakar Nuhu ya samu nasara a daya daga cikin firamari yayin da Laila Buhari ta samu nasara a gudanarwa guda din.<ref name="PDP primaries 1" /> INEC ta amince da firamarin da Nuhu ya yi nasara har ta sanya shi a matsayin ingantaccen dan takara a watan Satumba. Sai dai kuma, hukuncin Kotun Daukaka Kara a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba ya mika tikitin takarar zuwa ga Buhari.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Appeal Court sacks PDP senatorial candidate in Kano |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/567261-appeal-court-sacks-pdp-senatorial-candidate-in-kano.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon firamari na bangaren PDP }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 323 | percentage = 99.08% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Danburam Abubakar Nuhu}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.92% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 326 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box invalid no change | votes = 5 | percentage = N/A }} {{Election box turnout no change |votes = 331 |percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{hidden begin |title= Sakamakon firamari na bangaren da ba a karba ba |titlestyle= background:#417a1d; }} {{Election box begin no change | title = Sakamakon firamari na PDP }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Danburam Abubakar Nuhu}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 503 | percentage = 97.10% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | candidate = {{nowrap|Laila Buhari}} | party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | votes = 15 | percentage = 2.90% }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 518 | percentage = 100.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{hidden end}} === Kamfe === Bayan gudanar da zabukan firamari, masu yin tsokaci akan siyasa sun nuna shakka kan kwanciyar hankalin Shekarau a takararsa saboda sabuwar tarayyar da ya yi da Kwankwaso.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mgboh |first1=Desmond |title=Doubts over Shekarau, Kwankwaso's marriage of convenience |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/doubts-over-shekarau-kwankwasos-marriage-of-convenience/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> A farkon watan Agusta, wadannan shakku sun tabbata yayin da Shekarau da magoya bayansa suka fara nuna rashin jin dadinsu a fili kan zargin karya alkawurran da Kwankwaso ya yi guda da bayyana yiwuwar ficewa daga NNPP.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Shekarau to meet Tinubu as group mulls ditching Kwankwaso's NNPP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/548982-shekarau-to-meet-tinubu-as-group-mulls-ditching-kwankwasos-nnpp.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oloyede |first1=Clement A. |title=Crisis Brews In Kwankwaso's NNPP As Shekarau Mulls Exit |url=https://dailytrust.com/unrest-in-kwankwasos-nnpp-as-shekarau-mulls-exit |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Rigingimun sun tsananta lokacin da Shekarau ya gana da dan takarar shugaban kasa na APC Bola Tinubu sannan daga baya ya gana da dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP Atiku Abubakar yayin da ake cewa Kwankwaso ya yi kokarin rarrashin bangaren Shekarau da alkawuran mukamai.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shuaibu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Shekarau Set to Dump NNPP for PDP |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/08/16/shekarau-set-to-dump-nnpp-for-pdp/ |newspaper=[[This Day]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Egbe |first1=Robert |title=Kwankwaso woos Shekarau's camp with juicy appointments |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kwankwaso-woos-shekaraus-camp-with-juicy-appointments/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Kokarin sulhun bai yi nasara ba inda Shekarau ya koma PDP a wani gangami da ya halarta tare da Abubakar da sauran manyan mambobin PDP a ranar 29 ga Agusta;<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bolaji |first1=Samuel |title=PDP welcomes Shekarau back to party |url=https://punchng.com/pdp-welcomes-shekarau-back-to-party/ |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Ficewar tasa ta haifar da tambayoyi kan ko Shekarau zai iya ci gaba da takararsa na sanata.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abdulhamid |first1=Abdulyassar |title=Shekarau's Defection To PDP: Will Kano Senator Occupy Elective Post In 2023? |url=https://dailytrust.com/shekaraus-defection-to-pdp-will-kano-senator-occupy-elective-post-in-2023 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> Matakin ya haifar da tambayoyi game da makomar takarar siyasa ta Shekarau tare da janyo sauye-sauyen sheka da dama.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Much ado about Shekarau's Zirgazirga politics |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/much-ado-about-shekaraus-zirgazirga-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> An tsayar da tsohon Sanata Rufai Sani Hanga ba tare da hamayya ba domin sauya Kwankwaso a matsayin dan takarar NNPP. Sai dai kuma, an jera sunan Shekarau a matsayin dan takarar NNPP a karshen watan Satumba kasancewar ba a gudanar da sanarwar janye takararsa ga INEC cikin lokacin da doka ta kayyade ba.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Uthman |first1=Samad |title=INEC lists Shekarau as NNPP senatorial candidate — despite defection to PDP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/inec-lists-shekarau-as-nnpp-senatorial-candidate-despite-defection-to-pdp |newspaper=[[TheCable]] |date=20 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Why we can't replace Shekarau's name as NNPP senatorial candidate – INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/556230-why-we-cant-replace-shekaraus-name-as-nnpp-senatorial-candidate-inec.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> A karshen watan Oktoba, bayan an riga an fara gudanar da kamfe a hukumance, Hukumar Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Yaki da Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa (EFCC) ta bayyana cewa Abdulkarim Zaura ya bace daga shari'ar zargin damfara 5jp7im6kyjcwiio754fk6eibp67n29q 0 178229 963191 2026-10-04T22:48:19Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376410794|Human geography]]" 963191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BranchesOfGeography.png|thumb| Alaƙar da ke tsakanin rassan ilimin ƙasa guda uku.]] '''Labarin ƙasa na ɗan adam''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ilimin ɗan adam''', wani reshe ne na [[Labarin kasa|labarin ƙasa]] wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke mu'amala da muhalli. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sarari tsakanin al'ummomin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa, da muhallinsu. Misalai sun haɗa da tsare-tsare kamar faɗaɗa birane da sake gina birane . <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana duba yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗuwa da muhalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayani) da na adadi (lamba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fanni na fannoni daban-daban ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda ayyukan ɗan adam ke tsara wuraren da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar ƙaddarar muhalli, wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT" /> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. [[Yanayin halayya|Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a]] ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Manyan fannonin karatu a fannin ilimin yanayin ɗan adam sun fi mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni kamar: === Al'adu === [[Yanayin al'ada|Labarin ƙasa na al'adu]] nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ƙa'idodi ne - bambancinsu a wurare da wurare, da kuma dangantakarsu. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyana da kuma nazarin yadda harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adu ke bambanta ko kuma su kasance daidai daga wuri zuwa wuri, da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sarari. [[File:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb| Noman shinkafa mai faɗi a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zamantakewa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi, [[Yanayin harshe|Yanayin ƙasa na harshe]], Jinsi da sarari, [[Yanayin yara|Yanayin ƙasa na yara]], da Addini da yanayin ƙasa . === Ci gaba === [[Yanayin ci gaba|Nazarin yanayin ƙasa na ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa dangane da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazaunanta, nazarin wuri, rarrabawa, da kuma tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki a faɗin Duniya. Tsarin da mai binciken ya bi wajen yin nazari a kai yana da tasiri sosai kan batun da aka yi bincike a kai. === Economies === [[File:Shan_Street_Bazaar.JPG|thumb| Yanayin Tattalin Arziki: Kasuwar Titin Shan, kasuwa a Myanmar]] [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|Ilimin ƙasa na tattalin arziki]] yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, jihohi, da sauran abubuwa, da kuma yanayin halittu. * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na tallan da [[Yanayin sufuri|yanayin ƙasa na sufuri]] === Motsin rai === {{Excerpt|Emotional geography|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}} === Abinci === {{Excerpt|Geography of food|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}} === Lafiya === [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|Ilimin ƙasa na likitanci ko lafiya]] shine amfani da bayanai na ƙasa, ra'ayoyi, da hanyoyi don nazarin [[lafiya]], [[Cuta|cututtuka]], da [[kula da lafiya]] . Yanayin ƙasa na lafiya yana nazarin alaƙar sarari da tsare-tsare tsakanin mutane da muhalli. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ilimin yanayin ɗan adam, yana bincike kan yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake yaɗuwa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dummer |first=Trevor J.B. |date=22 April 2008 |title=Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071783 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=2292766 |pmid=18427094}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Tarihin ƙasa]] nazari ne kan yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam, na zahiri, na almara, na nazari, da kuma na "ainihin" na baya. Tarihin ƙasa yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban. Jigo ɗaya tilo shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na baya da kuma yadda wurare ko yankuna ke canzawa akan lokaci. Masana tarihi da yawa suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da yadda mutane suka yi mu'amala da muhallinsu da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin al'adu. Ƙananan filayen sun haɗa da: Tarihin kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigand |first=Robin |title=Archaeogeography and planimetric landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/31115954/Archaeogeography_and_planimetric_landscapes |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies/Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography {{!}} Origin, Importance & Applications |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-geography-using-geography-to-interpret-the-past.html |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa === Yanayin ƙasa na siyasa yana da alaƙa da nazarin sakamakon da ba su daidaita ba na tsarin siyasa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya ke shafar tsarin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Political Geography |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111502/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zaɓe, Siyasar ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabaru da kuma yanayin ƙasa na soja . Na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa ta asali da "yanayin tsaro" wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya don samun fa'idodi na dabaru da kare iyakokin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tietze |first=Wolf |date=1993-10-01 |title=Military Geography — Wehrgeographie — Geography of Security |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00808695 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00808695 |issn=1572-9893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Yawan Jama'a === Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a nazarin hanyoyin da bambancin sarari a cikin rarrabawa, tsari, ƙaura, da haɓakar al'umma ke da alaƙa da muhallinsu ko wurin da suke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Geography Overview |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014901/https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> === Sulhu === Labarin ƙasa na matsugunni, gami da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin yankunan [[Yankin birni|birane]] da [[Countryside|karkara]] ne musamman dangane da fannoni na sarari, dangantaka, da kuma ka'idoji na matsugunni. Wannan shine nazarin yankunan da ke da tarin gine-gine da [[Infrastructure|kayayyakin more rayuwa]] . Waɗannan su ne yankunan da yawancin ayyukan [[tattalin arziki]] ke gudana a ɓangaren sakandare da kuma ɓangaren sakandare . === Tsarin birane === Labarin ƙasa na birni shine nazarin birane, garuruwa, da sauran yankunan da ke da cunkoson matsuguni. Manyan abubuwa guda biyu su ne wurin da aka gina matsugunin (yadda aka gina matsugunin dangane da yanayin wurin) da kuma yanayin wurin (yadda aka tsara matsugunin dangane da sauran matsugunin). Wani fanni kuma da ya fi jan hankali shi ne tsarin cikin gida na yankunan birane, gami da yadda ake rarraba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na alƙaluma da kuma tsarin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana kuma amfani da ra'ayoyi daga wasu rassan ilimin yanayin ɗan adam don ganin yadda suke shiga cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a fili a cikin wani [[Yankin birni|yanki na birni]] . <ref name="Palm">{{Cite journal |last=Palm |first=Risa |date=1982 |title=Urban geography: city structures |journal=Progress in Geography |language=en |volume=6 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1177/030913258200600104 |s2cid=157288359}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: [[Yanayin tattalin arziki]], Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na sulhu . Waɗannan ba su ne kawai ƙananan filayen da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen nazarin yanayin ƙasa na birane ba, amma wasu manyan 'yan wasa ne. <ref name="Palm" /> === Makamashi === Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na makamashi wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin girman sararin samaniya na tsarin makamashi. Yana bincika yadda ake samar da makamashi, rarraba shi, da kuma amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban, da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin ke da alaƙa da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli. Yanayin ƙasa na makamashi yana kuma bincika tasirin tsarin makamashi akan yankuna da al'ummomi, gami da batutuwa kamar samun damar makamashi, ababen more rayuwa, sauyin muhalli, da adalci ga makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulseberg |first=Anna |title=Research Guides: A Guide to Energy Geography: Start |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426135647/https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Shari'a === Labarin ƙasa na shari'a wani yanki ne na labarin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sararin samaniya, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin shari'a ke tsara dangantakar sarari da kuma yadda yanayin ƙasa ke tasiri ga samarwa da aiwatar da doka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff editor(s); no by-line --> |date=2014-07-31 |title=Legal Geography Explained |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/legal-geography-explained/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Geography Realm |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kayan more rayuwa === Yanayin ƙasa na kayayyakin more rayuwa wani fanni ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa da na ƙungiyoyi—kamar sufuri, makamashi, ruwa, gidaje, da tsarin hukumomi—ke tsara alaƙar sarari, suna ba da damar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki waɗanda ake samar da su da kuma tafiyar da su ta hanyar jihohi, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Infrastructural Geographies |url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.geog.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> === Kafofin Watsa Labarai === [[Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa|Labarin ƙasa na kafofin watsa labarai]] wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin mahadar kafofin watsa labarai da labarin ƙasa da kuma girman sararin samaniya na sadarwa, gami da yadda tsarin kafofin watsa labarai da ayyukan sadarwa ke tsara wurare, yankuna, da dangantakar sarari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |date=2016 |title=Geographies of media and communication I |url=https://www.academia.edu/24121490/Geographies_of_media_and_communication_I_Metaphysics_of_encounter |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365 |doi=10.1177/0309132516628254 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographies of Communication {{!}} Nordicom |url=https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publications/geographies-communication |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.nordicom.gu.se}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Falsafa da na ka'idoji == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://worldmapper.org/ Worldmapper] – Mapping project using social data sets [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o5ee1m6vqz2zbgor71i6q8ivuon7a0e 963192 963191 2026-10-04T22:48:49Z Baffa ali 47435 963192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:BranchesOfGeography.png|thumb| Alaƙar da ke tsakanin rassan ilimin ƙasa guda uku.]] '''Labarin ƙasa na ɗan adam''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ilimin ɗan adam''', wani reshe ne na [[Labarin kasa|labarin ƙasa]] wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke mu'amala da muhalli. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sarari tsakanin al'ummomin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa, da muhallinsu. Misalai sun haɗa da tsare-tsare kamar faɗaɗa birane da sake gina birane . <ref name="HGDICT">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Derek|access-date=Watts}}</ref> Yana duba yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗuwa da muhalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayani) da na adadi (lamba). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russel |first=Polly |title=Human Geography |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226212854/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/socsci/humangeog/humangeography.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |website=British Library}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhold |first=Dennie |date=7 February 2017 |title=Human Geography |url=https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015926/https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/human/index_en.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 February 2017 |website=www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fanni na fannoni daban-daban ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda ayyukan ɗan adam ke tsara wuraren da muke rayuwa a ciki. == Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>An kafa ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Geographical Society |title=History |url=http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192438/http://www.rgs.org/AboutUs/History.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> An naɗa Farfesa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1883, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=Chairs of Geography in British Universities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |url-status=live |journal=Geography |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=349–353 |issn=0016-7487 |jstor=40565547 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716133828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40565547 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka naɗa farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":0" /> An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa a Amurka a shekara ta 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar ''National Geographic'', wadda ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da zama, babbar hanyar yada bayanai game da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana tallafawa bincike da ilimi a fannin ƙasa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a shekarar 2016 domin nuna yadda membobinta ke ƙara zama na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|left|thumb| Taswirar asali ta [[John Snow]] ta nuna tarin masu kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] a annobar London ta 1854, wanda misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam.]] Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai banda bayyana da kuma ka'idar halayen zahiri na Duniya shine taswirar [[John Snow]] na barkewar cutar kwalara ta Broad Street a shekarar 1854 . Duk da cewa Snow likita ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka maimakon masanin ƙasa, taswirarsa wataƙila tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|yanayin ƙasa na lafiya]] . Bambance-bambancen da suka bambanta yanzu tsakanin ƙananan fannoni na yanayin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun bayyana daga baya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen zahiri da na ɗan adam na ilimin ƙasa ta fi bayyana a cikin ka'idar ƙaddarar muhalli, wacce Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma tana da kusanci da fannin ilimin halittu na juyin halitta na lokacin. Ka'idar tantance muhalli ita ce ka'idar cewa halayen mutane na zahiri, tunani, da ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne kai tsaye sakamakon tasirin muhallinsu na halitta. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an kai hari ga ƙudurin muhalli saboda rashin tsauraran matakai da ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar da za a ba da hujja ga wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka . Irin wannan damuwa game da yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri ta bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da rabin farko na ƙarni na 20, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki . Manufar yanayin ƙasa na yanki ita ce a fayyace sararin samaniya zuwa yankuna sannan a fahimci da kuma bayyana halaye na musamman na kowane yanki a cikin yanayin ɗan adam da na zahiri. Tare da alaƙa da yiwuwar da kuma [[Muhalli na al'adu|yanayin muhalli na al'adu]], wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya game da tasirin muhalli ga al'umma da al'adu suna nan a cikin ƙa'idar tabbatar da muhalli. Duk da haka, a shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar da suka mai tsanani ga yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Saboda rashin tsauraran ra'ayi na kimiyya a cikin yanayin da ya wuce kima na fannin, da kuma ci gaba da raba ilimin ƙasa daga ƙananan fannoni guda biyu na ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da na ɗan adam da kuma [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], masana ilimin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 sun fara amfani da samfuran ƙididdiga da lissafi don magance matsalolin sararin samaniya. <ref name="HGDICT" /> Yawancin ci gaban da aka samu a lokacin juyin juya halin adadi yanzu ya bayyana a cikin amfani da tsarin bayanai na yanki ; amfani da ƙididdiga, ƙirar sararin samaniya, da hanyoyin da suka dace har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga sassa da yawa na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam. Shahararrun masana ilimin ƙasa daga wannan lokacin sune Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, da Torsten Hägerstrand . Tun daga shekarun 1970, an samu suka da yawa game da ra'ayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa. An san su da ' [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ƙa'idar ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] ,' waɗannan sukar sun nuna wani sauyi a fannin. [[Yanayin halayya|Yanayin ƙasa na ɗabi'a]] ya bayyana a tsawon lokaci a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke fahimtar wurare da wurare da kuma yanke shawara kan wurare. "Ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" mafi tasiri ya bayyana a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya dogara sosai akan ka'idar Marxist da dabarunsa kuma yana da alaƙa da masana ilimin ƙasa kamar David Harvey da Richard Peet . Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna neman faɗin abubuwa masu ma'ana game da matsalolin da aka gane ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙididdiga, suna ba da bayani maimakon bayani, gabatar da madadin mafita da mafita, kuma su kasance cikin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography |year=2009 |title=Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography: Celebrating Over 40 years of Radical Geography 1969–2009 |url=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010193949/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0066-4812&site=1 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> maimakon amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. (Masana ilimin ƙasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi suka ga rabuwar kai da rashin daidaiton juyin juya halin adadi a matsayin kayan aiki na jari-hujja). Tsarin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da alaƙa da akidar Marx da ka'idoji masu alaƙa sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam na zamani (Duba: ''Antipode'' ). Muhimmin labarin ƙasa ya kuma ga gabatar da 'yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam', wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Yi-Fu Tuan, wanda ke ba da shawarar hanyar da ta fi inganci ga hanyoyin. Canje-canjen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci sun haifar da hanyoyin zamani a fannin ilimi, kamar [[Yanayi na mata|yanayin ƙasa na mata]], [[Yanayin al'ada|yanayin ƙasa na al'adu na zamani]], yanayin ƙasa na zama, da kuma hulɗa da ka'idoji da falsafar [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] da post-structural . == Filaye == Manyan fannonin karatu a fannin ilimin yanayin ɗan adam sun fi mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni kamar: === Al'adu === [[Yanayin al'ada|Labarin ƙasa na al'adu]] nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ƙa'idodi ne - bambancinsu a wurare da wurare, da kuma dangantakarsu. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyana da kuma nazarin yadda harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adu ke bambanta ko kuma su kasance daidai daga wuri zuwa wuri, da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sarari. [[File:Agriculture_in_Asia.jpg|thumb| Noman shinkafa mai faɗi a Asiya]] * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zamantakewa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi, [[Yanayin harshe|Yanayin ƙasa na harshe]], Jinsi da sarari, [[Yanayin yara|Yanayin ƙasa na yara]], da Addini da yanayin ƙasa . === Ci gaba === [[Yanayin ci gaba|Nazarin yanayin ƙasa na ci gaba]] shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa dangane da [[Matsayin Rayuwa|matsayin rayuwa]] da ingancin rayuwar mazaunanta, nazarin wuri, rarrabawa, da kuma tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki a faɗin Duniya. Tsarin da mai binciken ya bi wajen yin nazari a kai yana da tasiri sosai kan batun da aka yi bincike a kai. === Economies === [[File:Shan_Street_Bazaar.JPG|thumb| Yanayin Tattalin Arziki: Kasuwar Titin Shan, kasuwa a Myanmar]] [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|Ilimin ƙasa na tattalin arziki]] yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, jihohi, da sauran abubuwa, da kuma yanayin halittu. * Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na tallan da [[Yanayin sufuri|yanayin ƙasa na sufuri]] === Motsin rai === {{Excerpt|Emotional geography|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}} === Abinci === {{Excerpt|Geography of food|hat=yes|paragraphs=1-4}} === Lafiya === [[Yanayin kiwon lafiya|Ilimin ƙasa na likitanci ko lafiya]] shine amfani da bayanai na ƙasa, ra'ayoyi, da hanyoyi don nazarin [[lafiya]], [[Cuta|cututtuka]], da [[kula da lafiya]] . Yanayin ƙasa na lafiya yana nazarin alaƙar sarari da tsare-tsare tsakanin mutane da muhalli. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ilimin yanayin ɗan adam, yana bincike kan yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa ake yaɗuwa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dummer |first=Trevor J.B. |date=22 April 2008 |title=Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning |journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071783 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=2292766 |pmid=18427094}}</ref> === Tarihi === [[Tarihin ƙasa]] nazari ne kan yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam, na zahiri, na almara, na nazari, da kuma na "ainihin" na baya. Tarihin ƙasa yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban. Jigo ɗaya tilo shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na baya da kuma yadda wurare ko yankuna ke canzawa akan lokaci. Masana tarihi da yawa suna nazarin yanayin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da yadda mutane suka yi mu'amala da muhallinsu da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin al'adu. Ƙananan filayen sun haɗa da: Tarihin kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brigand |first=Robin |title=Archaeogeography and planimetric landscapes |url=https://www.academia.edu/31115954/Archaeogeography_and_planimetric_landscapes |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies/Studies}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Geography {{!}} Origin, Importance & Applications |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-geography-using-geography-to-interpret-the-past.html |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=study.com |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa === Yanayin ƙasa na siyasa yana da alaƙa da nazarin sakamakon da ba su daidaita ba na tsarin siyasa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya ke shafar tsarin siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Political Geography |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014111502/https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-political-geography-1435397 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin ƙasa na zaɓe, Siyasar ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa na dabaru da kuma yanayin ƙasa na soja . Na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa ta asali da "yanayin tsaro" wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya don samun fa'idodi na dabaru da kare iyakokin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tietze |first=Wolf |date=1993-10-01 |title=Military Geography — Wehrgeographie — Geography of Security |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00808695 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=215–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00808695 |issn=1572-9893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Yawan Jama'a === Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a nazarin hanyoyin da bambancin sarari a cikin rarrabawa, tsari, ƙaura, da haɓakar al'umma ke da alaƙa da muhallinsu ko wurin da suke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Geography Overview |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014901/https://www.thoughtco.com/population-geography-overview-1435468 |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2026-07-31}}</ref> === Sulhu === Labarin ƙasa na matsugunni, gami da labarin ƙasa na birane, nazarin yankunan [[Yankin birni|birane]] da [[Countryside|karkara]] ne musamman dangane da fannoni na sarari, dangantaka, da kuma ka'idoji na matsugunni. Wannan shine nazarin yankunan da ke da tarin gine-gine da [[Infrastructure|kayayyakin more rayuwa]] . Waɗannan su ne yankunan da yawancin ayyukan [[tattalin arziki]] ke gudana a ɓangaren sakandare da kuma ɓangaren sakandare . === Tsarin birane === Labarin ƙasa na birni shine nazarin birane, garuruwa, da sauran yankunan da ke da cunkoson matsuguni. Manyan abubuwa guda biyu su ne wurin da aka gina matsugunin (yadda aka gina matsugunin dangane da yanayin wurin) da kuma yanayin wurin (yadda aka tsara matsugunin dangane da sauran matsugunin). Wani fanni kuma da ya fi jan hankali shi ne tsarin cikin gida na yankunan birane, gami da yadda ake rarraba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na alƙaluma da kuma tsarin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana kuma amfani da ra'ayoyi daga wasu rassan ilimin yanayin ɗan adam don ganin yadda suke shiga cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a fili a cikin wani [[Yankin birni|yanki na birni]] . <ref name="Palm">{{Cite journal |last=Palm |first=Risa |date=1982 |title=Urban geography: city structures |journal=Progress in Geography |language=en |volume=6 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1177/030913258200600104 |s2cid=157288359}}</ref> Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: [[Yanayin tattalin arziki]], Yanayin ƙasa na yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin ƙasa na sulhu . Waɗannan ba su ne kawai ƙananan filayen da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen nazarin yanayin ƙasa na birane ba, amma wasu manyan 'yan wasa ne. <ref name="Palm" /> === Makamashi === Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na makamashi wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin girman sararin samaniya na tsarin makamashi. Yana bincika yadda ake samar da makamashi, rarraba shi, da kuma amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban, da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin ke da alaƙa da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da muhalli. Yanayin ƙasa na makamashi yana kuma bincika tasirin tsarin makamashi akan yankuna da al'ummomi, gami da batutuwa kamar samun damar makamashi, ababen more rayuwa, sauyin muhalli, da adalci ga makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulseberg |first=Anna |title=Research Guides: A Guide to Energy Geography: Start |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426135647/https://libguides.gustavus.edu/energygeography |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Shari'a === Labarin ƙasa na shari'a wani yanki ne na labarin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sararin samaniya, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin shari'a ke tsara dangantakar sarari da kuma yadda yanayin ƙasa ke tasiri ga samarwa da aiwatar da doka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff editor(s); no by-line --> |date=2014-07-31 |title=Legal Geography Explained |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/legal-geography-explained/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Geography Realm |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kayan more rayuwa === Yanayin ƙasa na kayayyakin more rayuwa wani fanni ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa da na ƙungiyoyi—kamar sufuri, makamashi, ruwa, gidaje, da tsarin hukumomi—ke tsara alaƙar sarari, suna ba da damar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki waɗanda ake samar da su da kuma tafiyar da su ta hanyar jihohi, cibiyoyi, da rashin daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Infrastructural Geographies |url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.geog.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> === Kafofin Watsa Labarai === [[Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa|Labarin ƙasa na kafofin watsa labarai]] wani yanki ne na ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin mahadar kafofin watsa labarai da labarin ƙasa da kuma girman sararin samaniya na sadarwa, gami da yadda tsarin kafofin watsa labarai da ayyukan sadarwa ke tsara wurare, yankuna, da dangantakar sarari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |date=2016 |title=Geographies of media and communication I |url=https://www.academia.edu/24121490/Geographies_of_media_and_communication_I_Metaphysics_of_encounter |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365 |doi=10.1177/0309132516628254 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographies of Communication {{!}} Nordicom |url=https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publications/geographies-communication |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.nordicom.gu.se}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Falsafa da na ka'idoji == A cikin kowane yanki, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na falsafa a cikin bincike; saboda haka, mai ilimin ƙasa na birni zai iya zama mai ilimin ƙasa na mata ko Marxist, da sauransu. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:   == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://worldmapper.org/ Worldmapper] – Mapping project using social data sets [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k16r4xu8d7bycpr2fln3o7y0kvzb37e 0 178230 963198 2026-10-04T22:58:54Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318997743|Quantitative revolution]]" 963198 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A [[Labarin kasa|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], '''juyin juya halin adadi''' ( '''QR''' ) {{Efn|During the 1940s–1970s, it was customary to capitalize generalized concept names, especially in [[philosophy]] ("Truth, Kindness, Beauty"), plus using capital letters when naming [[Ideology|ideologies]], movements, or schools of thought. Example: "the Automobile" as a concept, versus "the automobile in a garage"}} wani sauyi ne na tsari wanda ke neman haɓaka wata hanya mai tsauri da tsari ga fannin. Ya zo ne a matsayin martani ga rashin isasshen yanayin ƙasa na yanki don bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya. Babban ikirarin juyin juya halin adadi shine cewa ya haifar da sauyi daga yanayin ƙasa mai bayanin ( idiographic ) zuwa yanayin ƙasa mai yin dokoki ( nomothetic ). <ref name="Yano1">{{Cite journal |last=Yano |first=Keiji |date=2001 |title=GIS and quantitative geography |journal=GeoJournal |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1023/A:1014252827646 |s2cid=126943446}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru ne a shekarun 1950 da 1960 kuma ya nuna sauyi mai sauri a cikin hanyar da ke bayan binciken ƙasa, daga yanayin ƙasa na yanki zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya . <ref name="UA">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=The 'Quantitative Revolution': hard science or "inconsequential claptrap"? |url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224202547/http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=University of Aberdeen |series=GG3012(NS) Lecture 4}}</ref> A tarihin ilimin ƙasa, juyin juya halin adadi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare huɗu na juyin juya halin ƙasa na zamani - sauran ukun sune [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], yanayin ƙasa na yanki da kuma [[yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] . Ya ba da gudummawa ga reshen ilimin ƙasa na fasaha, wanda ya kai ga fitowar ilimin ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ya haɗa da [[Kimiyya ta Bayani na Yanayi|kimiyyar bayanai na ƙasa]], ilimin ƙasa, da nazarin sararin samaniya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murakami |first=Daisuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Yoshiki |date=2020 |title=Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Chapter Six - Models in quantitative geography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128131275000060 |journal=Methods and Urban Applications |pages=159–178 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0 |s2cid=213700891 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru a baya a fannin tattalin arziki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da kuma a lokaci guda a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] da sauran [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da kuma a wani ɓangare kaɗan a [[tarihi]] . == Abubuwan da suka gabata == A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da farkon shekarun 1950: * Al'adar yanki, wacce ta yi imanin cewa manufar ilimin ƙasa ita ce bayyana da kuma bayyana bambancin yanki na saman Duniya, ta mamaye nazarin ilimin ƙasa. * Rufe sassa da darussa da dama na ilimin ƙasa a jami'o'i ya faru, musamman ma, an yi watsi da shirin ilimin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (wata cibiya mai matuƙar daraja) a shekarar 1948 a matsayin "yaƙin ilimi kan fannin ilimin ƙasa". <ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=N. |year=1987 |title="Academic war over the field of geography": The elimination of geography at Harvard, 1947–1951 |url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/geografias/article/view/34399 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x |s2cid=145064363}}</ref> * Akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yanayin ƙasa [[Yanayin ɗan adam|na ɗan adam]] da na zahiri - magana gabaɗaya game da [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam]] ya zama batun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin bayanin da ya wuce gona da iri kuma ''ba kimiyya ba'' - an yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani bayani game da ''dalilin da ya sa'' aka yi tsari ko abubuwan da suka faru. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin ilimi kawai kuma "ba batun jami'a ba ne" <ref name="Smith" /> - akwai ƙalilan ko da akwai wani amfani da labarin ƙasa na zamani. * An ci gaba da muhawara kan menene ilimin ƙasa - [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[Art|fasaha]], ɗan adam ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] -. * Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, fasaha ta ƙara zama mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma, kuma sakamakon haka, ilimin kimiyya na tushen nomothetic ya sami shahara da shahara. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kawo barazana ga matsayin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi, don haka masana ilimin ƙasa suka fara neman sabbin hanyoyin magance suka. == Juyin Juya Halin == Juyin juya halin adadi ya mayar da martani ga yanayin yanayin yanki wanda ya fi rinjaye a lokacin. Muhawara ta fi yawa (kodayake ba wai kawai ba) a Amurka, inda labarin ƙasa na yanki shine babbar makarantar falsafa. A farkon shekarun 1950, akwai ƙara fahimtar cewa tsarin binciken ƙasa da ake da shi bai isa ba wajen bayyana yadda tsarin zahiri, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa ke da tsari a sarari, da alaƙa da muhalli, ko kuma yadda sakamakon da suka samar ya zama shaida ga wani lokaci da wuri. Yawan masu nazarin ƙasa ya fara nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da tsarin gargajiya na fannin da kuma mai da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki, suna ɗaukar aikin a matsayin mai bayani sosai, mai rarrabuwa, kuma ba mai iya bayyanawa gaba ɗaya ba. Domin magance waɗannan damuwar, masu suka na farko kamar Ackerman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ackerman |first=E.A. |date=1945 |title=Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.1080/00045604509357271}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> sun ba da shawarar tsara tsarin aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an yi ta muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen amfani da hanyoyin nazari a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na wannan shine muhawarar Schaefer da Hartshorne . A shekarar 1953, an buga wani littafi ''mai suna Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination'' . A cikin wannan aikin, Schaefer ya ƙi fassarorin Hartshorne na musamman game da fannin ilimin ƙasa da kuma sanya yankin a matsayin babban abin da ake nazari a kai. Madadin haka, Schaefer ya yi hasashen cewa babban burin sashen shi ne kafa dokokin siffofi ta hanyar binciken kimiyya, wato haɗa dokoki da hanyoyi daga wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tsari. A gefe guda kuma, Hartshorne ya yi tsokaci kan sukar Schaefer a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartshorne |first=Richard |date=1958 |title=The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> inda ya yi watsi da ra'ayoyin Schaefer a matsayin na ra'ayi da kuma sabanin ra'ayi. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin bayyana da rarraba wurare da abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka ya yarda cewa akwai damar amfani da dokokin dangantaka ta gama gari domin haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya. Amma a ganinsa, bai kamata a sami wani tsari tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba. Yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi, ana gudanar da tsarin tsarin ilimin ƙasa a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Amurka. Shirye-shiryen ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Jami'ar Washington sun kasance shirye-shirye na farko a wannan fanni. A Jami'ar Iowa, Harold McCarty ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin kafa dokokin haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin ƙasa. A Jami'ar Wisconsin, Arthur H. Robinson ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin haɓaka hanyoyin ƙididdiga don kwatanta taswira. Kuma a Jami'ar Washington, Edward Ullman da William Garrison sun yi aiki kan haɓaka fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, da kuma [[Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya|ka'idar matsayi ta tsakiya]] . Ɗaliban digiri daga Jami'ar Washington, kamar William Bunge, [[Artur Getis]], da Waldo R. Tobler sun faɗaɗa wannan aikin a duk tsawon ayyukansu, tare da littafin Bunge ''Theoretical Geography'' "wanda aka bayyana a matsayin" wataƙila babban rubutun juyin juya halin sarari-ƙimar adadi. " <ref name="Cox2001">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Kevin R. |date=2001 |title=Bunge, W. 1962: Theoretical geography: Commentary 1 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/030913201673714256 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |series=Classics in human geography revisited |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=71-73 |doi=10.1191/030913201673714256 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Goodchild2008">{{Cite book|edition=Rob}}</ref> <ref name="Getis1">{{Cite journal |last=Getis |first=Arthur |date=16 July 2008 |title=A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective |journal=Geographical Analysis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |bibcode=2008GeoAn..40..297G |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00727.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun samar da tsarar masana ilimin ƙasa waɗanda suka kafa nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajandar bincike a wasu cibiyoyi ciki har da Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Northwestern, Jami'ar Loyola, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'ar Michigan, da sauransu. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar a shekarun 1950 da 1960 a ƙarƙashin tutar kawo 'tunanin kimiyya' ga yanayin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan da suka dogara da dabaru, gami da jerin dabarun lissafi da ƙididdiga masu amfani da kwamfuta waɗanda suka inganta daidaito, da ayyukan da suka dogara da ka'ida don fahimtar wuri da sarari a cikin binciken yanayin ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin dabarun da suka nuna juyin juya halin adadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="UA" /> * Ƙididdiga masu bayani ; * Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa ; * Lissafin lissafi na asali da samfura, kamar samfurin nauyi na kimiyyar zamantakewa, ko lissafin Coulomb; * Samfuran Stochastic masu amfani da ra'ayoyin [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]], kamar hanyoyin yaɗuwar sarari; * Samfuran da aka ƙayyade, misali samfuran Von Thünen da Weber na [[Ka'idar wuri|wurinsu]] . Abin da ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haɗa dabarun da ke sama, shine fifikon lambobi akan kalmomi da kuma imani cewa aikin lambobi yana da ingantaccen tarihin kimiyya. <ref name="UA" /> Ron Johnston da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Bristol sun buga tarihin juyin juya halin da ke jaddada canje-canje a cikin mayar da hankali mai mahimmanci da tushen falsafa da kuma hanyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ron Johnston |last2=Richard Harris |last3=Kelvyn Jones |last4=David Manley |last5=Wenfei Winnie Wang |last6=Levi Wolf |year=2019 |title=Quantitative methods I: The world we have lost – or where we started from |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132518774967 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1177/0309132518774967 |s2cid=150035396 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}; {{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Ron |last2=Harris |first2=Richard |last3=Jones |first3=Kelvyn |last4=Manley |first4=David |last5=Wang |first5=Wenfei Winnie |last6=Wolf |first6=Levi |year=2020 |title=Quantitative methods II: How we moved on – Decades of change in philosophy, focus and methods; |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132519869451 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=959–971 |doi=10.1177/0309132519869451 |s2cid=203064581 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ilimin halittu == Sabuwar hanyar bincike ta haifar da ci gaban fassarori game da fannoni na sarari a wurare daban-daban na halitta da al'adu. Gabaɗaya bayanai na iya ɗaukar nau'in hasashe, samfura, ko ka'idoji da aka gwada, kuma ana yin la'akari da binciken bisa ga ingancinsa na kimiyya, wanda ke mayar da ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar da ba ta da tushe . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da suka samar da tushe na ka'ida da falsafa na halal don sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine littafin David Harvey, Bayani a fannin Geography, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. A cikin wannan aikin, Harvey ya tsara hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa: hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen yin amfani da bayanai daga lura; da kuma hanyar da za a iya cire bayanai daga bayanai, ta hanyar lura ta zahiri, ana tsara samfura da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa sannan daga baya a tabbatar da su su zama dokokin kimiyya. Ya sanya fifiko a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Wannan tsarin ra'ayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya fuskanci suka daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wata falsafar da Karl Popper ya gabatar wanda ya ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin tabbatarwa kuma ya dage cewa za a iya ƙaryata ra'ayin ne kawai. Duk da haka, falsafar ilimin halittu guda biyu sun nemi cimma manufa ɗaya: samar da dokoki da ka'idoji na kimiyya. Sauyin yanayin ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, musamman ma dangane da [[ka'idar wuri]] . Duk da haka, wasu masana ilimin ƙasa - kamar Ian Burton - sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da ƙididdigewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=I. |date=1963 |title=The quantitative revolution and theoretical geography |journal=Canadian Geographer |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=151–62 |bibcode=1963CGeog...7..151B |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0064.1963.tb00796.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> yayin da wasu - kamar Emrys Jones, Peter Lewis, da Goldledge da Amedeo - suka yi muhawara kan yuwuwar yin dokoki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Emrys |date=1956 |title=Cause and effect in human geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=369–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1956.tb01515.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter |date=1965 |title=Three related problems in the formulation of laws in geography |journal=Professional Geographer |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=24–7 |bibcode=1965ProfG..17...24L |doi=10.1111/j.0033-0124.1965.024_v.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golledge |first=R.G. |last2=Amedeo |first2=D. |date=1968 |title=On laws in geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1968.tb01666.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> Wasu kuma, kamar F. Luckermann, sun soki bayanin kimiyya da aka bayar a fannin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin zato kuma ba shi da tushe na gwaji. Sakamakon haka, har ma samfuran da aka gwada sun kasa nuna gaskiya daidai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luckermann |first=F. |date=1965 |title=Geography: De facto or de jure |journal=Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science |volume=32 |pages=189–96}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya yi nasarar kawar da yanayin ƙasa na yanki daga matsayinsa mai rinjaye kuma sauyin yanayin ya bayyana ta hanyar ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallun ilimi na ƙasa da littattafan ilimin ƙasa. Amfani da sabon tsarin ya ba da damar da'a ta zama mai amfani ga sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. == Labarin ƙasa bayan juyin juya hali == Juyin juya halin adadi yana da babban tasiri wajen tsara fannin ilimin ƙasa zuwa yadda yake a yau ganin cewa tasirinsa ya haifar da yaɗuwar tunanin positist (bayan-positivist) da kuma martanin responsist na responsist. Ƙaruwar sha'awar nazarin nisa a matsayin muhimmin abu wajen fahimtar tsarin sararin samaniya na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar dokar farko ta ilimin ƙasa ta Waldo Tobler. <ref name="Tobler1">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=1970 |title=A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Economic Geography |volume=46 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.2307/143141 |jstor=143141 |s2cid=34085823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308014451/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-08 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Tobler2">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=2004 |title=On the First Law of Geography: A Reply |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |url-status=live |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |s2cid=33201684 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022730/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Walker1">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Robert Toovey |date=28 Apr 2021 |title=Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept |journal=Geographical Review |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=591–607 |doi=10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 |s2cid=233620037}}</ref> Ci gaban nazarin sararin samaniya a fannin ilimin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarin aikace-aikace a tsarin tsarawa da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka ilimin ƙasa na fasaha wanda aka bayar ga binciken ilimin ƙasa, wani muhimmin tushe na ka'ida. Amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fannin ilimin ƙasa shi ma ya haifar da sabbin ci gaba a fannin ilimin geomatics, kamar ƙirƙirar da amfani da GIS da kuma na'urar gano abubuwa daga nesa . <ref name="St. Martin1">{{Cite journal |last=St. Martin |first=Kevin |last2=Wing |first2=John |date=2007 |title=The Discourse and Discipline of GIS |journal=Cartographica |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=235–248 |doi=10.3138/carto.42.3.235}}</ref> Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun ba wa masana ilimin ƙasa damar tantance samfura masu rikitarwa akan cikakken tsari da kuma a kan sarari da lokaci da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittun sararin samaniya. Har zuwa wani mataki, ci gaban ilimin geomatics ya taimaka wajen ɓoye bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa]] na zahiri da na ɗan adam, kamar yadda za a iya tantance sarkakiyar yanayin ɗan adam da na halitta akan sabbin samfuran lissafi. === Suka da martani === Mayar da hankali kan tsarin kididdiga wanda juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar ya haifar da damuwa cewa dabarun za su cire 'bangaren ɗan adam' daga wani fanni. Yayin da shekarun 1970 suka waye, juyin juya halin adadi ya fuskanci ƙalubale kai tsaye. <ref name="UA" /> Martanin masu ra'ayin nuna wariya ya zo ne yayin da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suka fara fallasa rashin isassun hanyoyin adadi don bayyanawa da magance matsalolin da suka shafi launin fata, jinsi, aji da yaƙi. David Harvey ya yi watsi da ayyukan da ya yi a baya inda ya yi kira ga juyin juya halin adadi kuma ya rungumi tsarin ka'idar Marxist . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=David |date=1972 |title=Revolutionary and counter revolutionary theory in geography and the problem of ghetto formation |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10214/1818/1/11-Harvey.pdf |journal=Antipode |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=1972Antip...4....1H |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1972.tb00486.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba sabbin ƙananan fannoni za su fito a cikin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|ilimin yanayin ɗan adam]] don ba da gudummawa ga sabon ƙamus don magance waɗannan batutuwa, gami da [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ilimin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] da [[Yanayi na mata|ilimin yanayin mata]] . Waɗannan fannoni sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don magance abin da bincikensu ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=R |display-authors=et al. |year=2014 |title=One step forward but two steps back to the proper appreciation of spatial science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261062153 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/2043820614526818 |s2cid=131585880 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana wannan a matsayin "gudummawa mai ban mamaki. Wannan bincike ne mai zurfi game da gadon rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a kimiyyar sararin samaniya—wanda aka sanya a cikin muhimmin aiki mai ginawa tare da rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a cikin ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyly |first=E |year=2014 |title=The new quantitative revolution |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2043820614525732 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=26–38 |doi=10.1177/2043820614525732 |s2cid=147480267 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An sami martani da yawa ga waɗannan suka, da kuma sukar da aka yi wa sabbin fannoni da suka bayyana a matsayin martani ga juyin juya halin adadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cewa masu sukar sabbin hanyoyin ba su fahimce su ba, suna sukar ayyukan da suka gabata, ko kuma suna fafutukar neman hanyoyin da ba na kimiyya ba. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Duk da cewa mutane da yawa za su yi iƙirarin cewa an maye gurbin juyin juya halin adadi da sabbin siffofi, kuma cewa hujjojin sun kasance tarihi, wataƙila za a iya kwatanta shi da rabuwar ƙasa mai yawa da yanayin ƙasa mai inganci waɗanda ke rayuwa tare kuma suna ci gaba da aro daga binciken juna. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Barnes ya nuna cewa babu wani sabani na gaske tsakanin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙima da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yana mai ambaton cewa har ma "mai sukar zamantakewa na ƙarshe", [[Karl Marx]], ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga hanyoyin lissafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |date=2009-07-06 |title=“Not Only … But Also”: Quantitative and Critical Geography |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/00330120902931937}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Juyin al'adu * [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|Ƙaddamar da Muhalli]] * Ƙididdigar ƙasa * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa * Kyakkyawar niyya * Hanyoyin ƙididdigewa * Yanayin ƙasa na yanki * Kimiyyar yanki * Hanyar kimiyya * Kyautar Vautrin Lud == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * ''Kimiyya, Falsafa da Yanayin Ƙasa na Jiki'' . Robert Inkpen, Routledge,{{ISBN|0-415-27954-2}} . * ''Bayani a fannin Geography'', David Harvey, E Arnold,{{ISBN|0-7131-5464-0}} . * ''Manyan Masu Tunani Kan Sararin Samaniya da Wuri'', Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine, Sage Publications Ltd,{{ISBN|0-7619-4963-1}} . * ''Adalci na Jama'a da Birni'', Ira Katznelson (Gabatarwa), David Harvey, Blackwell Publishers,{{ISBN|0-631-16476-6}} . * ''Al'adar Yanki: Shirye-shirye a Tarihin Kasuwanci Mai Takaici'', David N. Livingstone, Blackwell Publishers{{ISBN|0-631-18586-0}} . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216113257/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~geo337/gg3012/qrev.html 'Juyin Juya Halin Adadi': kimiyya mai ƙarfi ko "taɓarɓarewar da ba ta da wani tasiri"?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224050208/http://www.csulb.edu/~gossette/classes/g596/quant_rev.html Juyin Juya Halin Adadi a Yanayin Kasa: Lambobi, Ƙididdiga, Ka'idoji da Samfura] * * [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2pl1aw0pn7nsgohub6v0g6sitf51dhx 963199 963198 2026-10-04T22:59:26Z Baffa ali 47435 963199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A [[Labarin kasa|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], '''juyin juya halin adadi''' ( '''QR''' ) {{Efn|During the 1940s–1970s, it was customary to capitalize generalized concept names, especially in [[philosophy]] ("Truth, Kindness, Beauty"), plus using capital letters when naming [[Ideology|ideologies]], movements, or schools of thought. Example: "the Automobile" as a concept, versus "the automobile in a garage"}} wani sauyi ne na tsari wanda ke neman haɓaka wata hanya mai tsauri da tsari ga fannin. Ya zo ne a matsayin martani ga rashin isasshen yanayin ƙasa na yanki don bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya. Babban ikirarin juyin juya halin adadi shine cewa ya haifar da sauyi daga yanayin ƙasa mai bayanin ( idiographic ) zuwa yanayin ƙasa mai yin dokoki ( nomothetic ). <ref name="Yano1">{{Cite journal |last=Yano |first=Keiji |date=2001 |title=GIS and quantitative geography |journal=GeoJournal |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1023/A:1014252827646 |s2cid=126943446}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru ne a shekarun 1950 da 1960 kuma ya nuna sauyi mai sauri a cikin hanyar da ke bayan binciken ƙasa, daga yanayin ƙasa na yanki zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya . <ref name="UA">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=The 'Quantitative Revolution': hard science or "inconsequential claptrap"? |url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224202547/http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=University of Aberdeen |series=GG3012(NS) Lecture 4}}</ref> A tarihin ilimin ƙasa, juyin juya halin adadi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare huɗu na juyin juya halin ƙasa na zamani - sauran ukun sune [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], yanayin ƙasa na yanki da kuma [[yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] . Ya ba da gudummawa ga reshen ilimin ƙasa na fasaha, wanda ya kai ga fitowar ilimin ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ya haɗa da [[Kimiyya ta Bayani na Yanayi|kimiyyar bayanai na ƙasa]], ilimin ƙasa, da nazarin sararin samaniya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murakami |first=Daisuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Yoshiki |date=2020 |title=Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Chapter Six - Models in quantitative geography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128131275000060 |journal=Methods and Urban Applications |pages=159–178 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0 |s2cid=213700891 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru a baya a fannin tattalin arziki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da kuma a lokaci guda a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] da sauran [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da kuma a wani ɓangare kaɗan a [[tarihi]] . == Abubuwan da suka gabata == A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da farkon shekarun 1950: * Al'adar yanki, wacce ta yi imanin cewa manufar ilimin ƙasa ita ce bayyana da kuma bayyana bambancin yanki na saman Duniya, ta mamaye nazarin ilimin ƙasa. * Rufe sassa da darussa da dama na ilimin ƙasa a jami'o'i ya faru, musamman ma, an yi watsi da shirin ilimin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (wata cibiya mai matuƙar daraja) a shekarar 1948 a matsayin "yaƙin ilimi kan fannin ilimin ƙasa". <ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=N. |year=1987 |title="Academic war over the field of geography": The elimination of geography at Harvard, 1947–1951 |url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/geografias/article/view/34399 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x |s2cid=145064363}}</ref> * Akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yanayin ƙasa [[Yanayin ɗan adam|na ɗan adam]] da na zahiri - magana gabaɗaya game da [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam]] ya zama batun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin bayanin da ya wuce gona da iri kuma ''ba kimiyya ba'' - an yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani bayani game da ''dalilin da ya sa'' aka yi tsari ko abubuwan da suka faru. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin ilimi kawai kuma "ba batun jami'a ba ne" <ref name="Smith" /> - akwai ƙalilan ko da akwai wani amfani da labarin ƙasa na zamani. * An ci gaba da muhawara kan menene ilimin ƙasa - [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[Art|fasaha]], ɗan adam ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] -. * Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, fasaha ta ƙara zama mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma, kuma sakamakon haka, ilimin kimiyya na tushen nomothetic ya sami shahara da shahara. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kawo barazana ga matsayin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi, don haka masana ilimin ƙasa suka fara neman sabbin hanyoyin magance suka. == Juyin Juya Halin == Juyin juya halin adadi ya mayar da martani ga yanayin yanayin yanki wanda ya fi rinjaye a lokacin. Muhawara ta fi yawa (kodayake ba wai kawai ba) a Amurka, inda labarin ƙasa na yanki shine babbar makarantar falsafa. A farkon shekarun 1950, akwai ƙara fahimtar cewa tsarin binciken ƙasa da ake da shi bai isa ba wajen bayyana yadda tsarin zahiri, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa ke da tsari a sarari, da alaƙa da muhalli, ko kuma yadda sakamakon da suka samar ya zama shaida ga wani lokaci da wuri. Yawan masu nazarin ƙasa ya fara nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da tsarin gargajiya na fannin da kuma mai da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki, suna ɗaukar aikin a matsayin mai bayani sosai, mai rarrabuwa, kuma ba mai iya bayyanawa gaba ɗaya ba. Domin magance waɗannan damuwar, masu suka na farko kamar Ackerman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ackerman |first=E.A. |date=1945 |title=Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.1080/00045604509357271}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> sun ba da shawarar tsara tsarin aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an yi ta muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen amfani da hanyoyin nazari a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na wannan shine muhawarar Schaefer da Hartshorne . A shekarar 1953, an buga wani littafi ''mai suna Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination'' . A cikin wannan aikin, Schaefer ya ƙi fassarorin Hartshorne na musamman game da fannin ilimin ƙasa da kuma sanya yankin a matsayin babban abin da ake nazari a kai. Madadin haka, Schaefer ya yi hasashen cewa babban burin sashen shi ne kafa dokokin siffofi ta hanyar binciken kimiyya, wato haɗa dokoki da hanyoyi daga wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tsari. A gefe guda kuma, Hartshorne ya yi tsokaci kan sukar Schaefer a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartshorne |first=Richard |date=1958 |title=The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> inda ya yi watsi da ra'ayoyin Schaefer a matsayin na ra'ayi da kuma sabanin ra'ayi. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin bayyana da rarraba wurare da abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka ya yarda cewa akwai damar amfani da dokokin dangantaka ta gama gari domin haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya. Amma a ganinsa, bai kamata a sami wani tsari tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba. Yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi, ana gudanar da tsarin tsarin ilimin ƙasa a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Amurka. Shirye-shiryen ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Jami'ar Washington sun kasance shirye-shirye na farko a wannan fanni. A Jami'ar Iowa, Harold McCarty ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin kafa dokokin haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin ƙasa. A Jami'ar Wisconsin, Arthur H. Robinson ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin haɓaka hanyoyin ƙididdiga don kwatanta taswira. Kuma a Jami'ar Washington, Edward Ullman da William Garrison sun yi aiki kan haɓaka fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, da kuma [[Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya|ka'idar matsayi ta tsakiya]] . Ɗaliban digiri daga Jami'ar Washington, kamar William Bunge, [[Artur Getis]], da Waldo R. Tobler sun faɗaɗa wannan aikin a duk tsawon ayyukansu, tare da littafin Bunge ''Theoretical Geography'' "wanda aka bayyana a matsayin" wataƙila babban rubutun juyin juya halin sarari-ƙimar adadi. " <ref name="Cox2001">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Kevin R. |date=2001 |title=Bunge, W. 1962: Theoretical geography: Commentary 1 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/030913201673714256 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |series=Classics in human geography revisited |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=71-73 |doi=10.1191/030913201673714256 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Goodchild2008">{{Cite book|edition=Rob}}</ref> <ref name="Getis1">{{Cite journal |last=Getis |first=Arthur |date=16 July 2008 |title=A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective |journal=Geographical Analysis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |bibcode=2008GeoAn..40..297G |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00727.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun samar da tsarar masana ilimin ƙasa waɗanda suka kafa nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajandar bincike a wasu cibiyoyi ciki har da Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Northwestern, Jami'ar Loyola, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'ar Michigan, da sauransu. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar a shekarun 1950 da 1960 a ƙarƙashin tutar kawo 'tunanin kimiyya' ga yanayin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan da suka dogara da dabaru, gami da jerin dabarun lissafi da ƙididdiga masu amfani da kwamfuta waɗanda suka inganta daidaito, da ayyukan da suka dogara da ka'ida don fahimtar wuri da sarari a cikin binciken yanayin ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin dabarun da suka nuna juyin juya halin adadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="UA" /> * Ƙididdiga masu bayani ; * Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa ; * Lissafin lissafi na asali da samfura, kamar samfurin nauyi na kimiyyar zamantakewa, ko lissafin Coulomb; * Samfuran Stochastic masu amfani da ra'ayoyin [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]], kamar hanyoyin yaɗuwar sarari; * Samfuran da aka ƙayyade, misali samfuran Von Thünen da Weber na [[Ka'idar wuri|wurinsu]] . Abin da ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haɗa dabarun da ke sama, shine fifikon lambobi akan kalmomi da kuma imani cewa aikin lambobi yana da ingantaccen tarihin kimiyya. <ref name="UA" /> Ron Johnston da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Bristol sun buga tarihin juyin juya halin da ke jaddada canje-canje a cikin mayar da hankali mai mahimmanci da tushen falsafa da kuma hanyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ron Johnston |last2=Richard Harris |last3=Kelvyn Jones |last4=David Manley |last5=Wenfei Winnie Wang |last6=Levi Wolf |year=2019 |title=Quantitative methods I: The world we have lost – or where we started from |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132518774967 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1177/0309132518774967 |s2cid=150035396 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}; {{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Ron |last2=Harris |first2=Richard |last3=Jones |first3=Kelvyn |last4=Manley |first4=David |last5=Wang |first5=Wenfei Winnie |last6=Wolf |first6=Levi |year=2020 |title=Quantitative methods II: How we moved on – Decades of change in philosophy, focus and methods; |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132519869451 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=959–971 |doi=10.1177/0309132519869451 |s2cid=203064581 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ilimin halittu == Sabuwar hanyar bincike ta haifar da ci gaban fassarori game da fannoni na sarari a wurare daban-daban na halitta da al'adu. Gabaɗaya bayanai na iya ɗaukar nau'in hasashe, samfura, ko ka'idoji da aka gwada, kuma ana yin la'akari da binciken bisa ga ingancinsa na kimiyya, wanda ke mayar da ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar da ba ta da tushe . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da suka samar da tushe na ka'ida da falsafa na halal don sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine littafin David Harvey, Bayani a fannin Geography, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. A cikin wannan aikin, Harvey ya tsara hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa: hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen yin amfani da bayanai daga lura; da kuma hanyar da za a iya cire bayanai daga bayanai, ta hanyar lura ta zahiri, ana tsara samfura da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa sannan daga baya a tabbatar da su su zama dokokin kimiyya. Ya sanya fifiko a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Wannan tsarin ra'ayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya fuskanci suka daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wata falsafar da Karl Popper ya gabatar wanda ya ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin tabbatarwa kuma ya dage cewa za a iya ƙaryata ra'ayin ne kawai. Duk da haka, falsafar ilimin halittu guda biyu sun nemi cimma manufa ɗaya: samar da dokoki da ka'idoji na kimiyya. Sauyin yanayin ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, musamman ma dangane da [[ka'idar wuri]] . Duk da haka, wasu masana ilimin ƙasa - kamar Ian Burton - sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da ƙididdigewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=I. |date=1963 |title=The quantitative revolution and theoretical geography |journal=Canadian Geographer |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=151–62 |bibcode=1963CGeog...7..151B |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0064.1963.tb00796.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> yayin da wasu - kamar Emrys Jones, Peter Lewis, da Goldledge da Amedeo - suka yi muhawara kan yuwuwar yin dokoki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Emrys |date=1956 |title=Cause and effect in human geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=369–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1956.tb01515.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter |date=1965 |title=Three related problems in the formulation of laws in geography |journal=Professional Geographer |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=24–7 |bibcode=1965ProfG..17...24L |doi=10.1111/j.0033-0124.1965.024_v.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golledge |first=R.G. |last2=Amedeo |first2=D. |date=1968 |title=On laws in geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1968.tb01666.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> Wasu kuma, kamar F. Luckermann, sun soki bayanin kimiyya da aka bayar a fannin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin zato kuma ba shi da tushe na gwaji. Sakamakon haka, har ma samfuran da aka gwada sun kasa nuna gaskiya daidai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luckermann |first=F. |date=1965 |title=Geography: De facto or de jure |journal=Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science |volume=32 |pages=189–96}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya yi nasarar kawar da yanayin ƙasa na yanki daga matsayinsa mai rinjaye kuma sauyin yanayin ya bayyana ta hanyar ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallun ilimi na ƙasa da littattafan ilimin ƙasa. Amfani da sabon tsarin ya ba da damar da'a ta zama mai amfani ga sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. == Labarin ƙasa bayan juyin juya hali == Juyin juya halin adadi yana da babban tasiri wajen tsara fannin ilimin ƙasa zuwa yadda yake a yau ganin cewa tasirinsa ya haifar da yaɗuwar tunanin positist (bayan-positivist) da kuma martanin responsist na responsist. Ƙaruwar sha'awar nazarin nisa a matsayin muhimmin abu wajen fahimtar tsarin sararin samaniya na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar dokar farko ta ilimin ƙasa ta Waldo Tobler. <ref name="Tobler1">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=1970 |title=A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Economic Geography |volume=46 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.2307/143141 |jstor=143141 |s2cid=34085823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308014451/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-08 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Tobler2">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=2004 |title=On the First Law of Geography: A Reply |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |url-status=live |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |s2cid=33201684 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022730/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Walker1">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Robert Toovey |date=28 Apr 2021 |title=Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept |journal=Geographical Review |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=591–607 |doi=10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 |s2cid=233620037}}</ref> Ci gaban nazarin sararin samaniya a fannin ilimin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarin aikace-aikace a tsarin tsarawa da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka ilimin ƙasa na fasaha wanda aka bayar ga binciken ilimin ƙasa, wani muhimmin tushe na ka'ida. Amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fannin ilimin ƙasa shi ma ya haifar da sabbin ci gaba a fannin ilimin geomatics, kamar ƙirƙirar da amfani da GIS da kuma na'urar gano abubuwa daga nesa . <ref name="St. Martin1">{{Cite journal |last=St. Martin |first=Kevin |last2=Wing |first2=John |date=2007 |title=The Discourse and Discipline of GIS |journal=Cartographica |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=235–248 |doi=10.3138/carto.42.3.235}}</ref> Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun ba wa masana ilimin ƙasa damar tantance samfura masu rikitarwa akan cikakken tsari da kuma a kan sarari da lokaci da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittun sararin samaniya. Har zuwa wani mataki, ci gaban ilimin geomatics ya taimaka wajen ɓoye bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa]] na zahiri da na ɗan adam, kamar yadda za a iya tantance sarkakiyar yanayin ɗan adam da na halitta akan sabbin samfuran lissafi. === Suka da martani === Mayar da hankali kan tsarin kididdiga wanda juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar ya haifar da damuwa cewa dabarun za su cire 'bangaren ɗan adam' daga wani fanni. Yayin da shekarun 1970 suka waye, juyin juya halin adadi ya fuskanci ƙalubale kai tsaye. <ref name="UA" /> Martanin masu ra'ayin nuna wariya ya zo ne yayin da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suka fara fallasa rashin isassun hanyoyin adadi don bayyanawa da magance matsalolin da suka shafi launin fata, jinsi, aji da yaƙi. David Harvey ya yi watsi da ayyukan da ya yi a baya inda ya yi kira ga juyin juya halin adadi kuma ya rungumi tsarin ka'idar Marxist . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=David |date=1972 |title=Revolutionary and counter revolutionary theory in geography and the problem of ghetto formation |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10214/1818/1/11-Harvey.pdf |journal=Antipode |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=1972Antip...4....1H |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1972.tb00486.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba sabbin ƙananan fannoni za su fito a cikin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|ilimin yanayin ɗan adam]] don ba da gudummawa ga sabon ƙamus don magance waɗannan batutuwa, gami da [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ilimin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] da [[Yanayi na mata|ilimin yanayin mata]] . Waɗannan fannoni sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don magance abin da bincikensu ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=R |display-authors=et al. |year=2014 |title=One step forward but two steps back to the proper appreciation of spatial science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261062153 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/2043820614526818 |s2cid=131585880 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana wannan a matsayin "gudummawa mai ban mamaki. Wannan bincike ne mai zurfi game da gadon rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a kimiyyar sararin samaniya—wanda aka sanya a cikin muhimmin aiki mai ginawa tare da rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a cikin ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyly |first=E |year=2014 |title=The new quantitative revolution |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2043820614525732 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=26–38 |doi=10.1177/2043820614525732 |s2cid=147480267 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An sami martani da yawa ga waɗannan suka, da kuma sukar da aka yi wa sabbin fannoni da suka bayyana a matsayin martani ga juyin juya halin adadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cewa masu sukar sabbin hanyoyin ba su fahimce su ba, suna sukar ayyukan da suka gabata, ko kuma suna fafutukar neman hanyoyin da ba na kimiyya ba. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Duk da cewa mutane da yawa za su yi iƙirarin cewa an maye gurbin juyin juya halin adadi da sabbin siffofi, kuma cewa hujjojin sun kasance tarihi, wataƙila za a iya kwatanta shi da rabuwar ƙasa mai yawa da yanayin ƙasa mai inganci waɗanda ke rayuwa tare kuma suna ci gaba da aro daga binciken juna. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Barnes ya nuna cewa babu wani sabani na gaske tsakanin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙima da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yana mai ambaton cewa har ma "mai sukar zamantakewa na ƙarshe", [[Karl Marx]], ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga hanyoyin lissafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |date=2009-07-06 |title=“Not Only … But Also”: Quantitative and Critical Geography |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/00330120902931937}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Juyin al'adu * [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|Ƙaddamar da Muhalli]] * Ƙididdigar ƙasa * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa * Kyakkyawar niyya * Hanyoyin ƙididdigewa * Yanayin ƙasa na yanki * Kimiyyar yanki * Hanyar kimiyya * Kyautar Vautrin Lud == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * ''Kimiyya, Falsafa da Yanayin Ƙasa na Jiki'' . Robert Inkpen, Routledge,{{ISBN|0-415-27954-2}} . * ''Bayani a fannin Geography'', David Harvey, E Arnold,{{ISBN|0-7131-5464-0}} . * ''Manyan Masu Tunani Kan Sararin Samaniya da Wuri'', Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine, Sage Publications Ltd,{{ISBN|0-7619-4963-1}} . * ''Adalci na Jama'a da Birni'', Ira Katznelson (Gabatarwa), David Harvey, Blackwell Publishers,{{ISBN|0-631-16476-6}} . * ''Al'adar Yanki: Shirye-shirye a Tarihin Kasuwanci Mai Takaici'', David N. Livingstone, Blackwell Publishers{{ISBN|0-631-18586-0}} . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216113257/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~geo337/gg3012/qrev.html 'Juyin Juya Halin Adadi': kimiyya mai ƙarfi ko "taɓarɓarewar da ba ta da wani tasiri"?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224050208/http://www.csulb.edu/~gossette/classes/g596/quant_rev.html Juyin Juya Halin Adadi a Yanayin Kasa: Lambobi, Ƙididdiga, Ka'idoji da Samfura] * * [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a787j5ai6ap7b49wzg9q59xnvrw3bs9 963200 963199 2026-10-04T23:00:48Z Baffa ali 47435 963200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A [[Labarin kasa|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], '''juyin juya halin adadi''' ( '''QR''' ) {{Efn|During the 1940s–1970s, it was customary to capitalize generalized concept names, especially in [[philosophy]] ("Truth, Kindness, Beauty"), plus using capital letters when naming [[Ideology|ideologies]], movements, or schools of thought. Example: "the Automobile" as a concept, versus "the automobile in a garage"}} wani sauyi ne na tsari wanda ke neman haɓaka wata hanya mai tsauri da tsari ga fannin. Ya zo ne a matsayin martani ga rashin isasshen yanayin ƙasa na yanki don bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya. Babban ikirarin juyin juya halin adadi shine cewa ya haifar da sauyi daga yanayin ƙasa mai bayanin ( idiographic ) zuwa yanayin ƙasa mai yin dokoki ( nomothetic ). <ref name="Yano1">{{Cite journal |last=Yano |first=Keiji |date=2001 |title=GIS and quantitative geography |journal=GeoJournal |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1023/A:1014252827646 |s2cid=126943446}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru ne a shekarun 1950 da 1960 kuma ya nuna sauyi mai sauri a cikin hanyar da ke bayan binciken ƙasa, daga yanayin ƙasa na yanki zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya . <ref name="UA">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=The 'Quantitative Revolution': hard science or "inconsequential claptrap"? |url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224202547/http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.spedding/pages/gg3012/qrev.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=University of Aberdeen |series=GG3012(NS) Lecture 4}}</ref> A tarihin ilimin ƙasa, juyin juya halin adadi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare huɗu na juyin juya halin ƙasa na zamani - sauran ukun sune [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙaddarar muhalli]], yanayin ƙasa na yanki da kuma [[yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] . Ya ba da gudummawa ga reshen ilimin ƙasa na fasaha, wanda ya kai ga fitowar ilimin ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ya haɗa da [[Kimiyya ta Bayani na Yanayi|kimiyyar bayanai na ƙasa]], ilimin ƙasa, da nazarin sararin samaniya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murakami |first=Daisuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Yoshiki |date=2020 |title=Spatial Analysis Using Big Data: Chapter Six - Models in quantitative geography |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128131275000060 |journal=Methods and Urban Applications |pages=159–178 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-813127-5.00006-0 |s2cid=213700891 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Juyin juya halin adadi ya faru a baya a fannin tattalin arziki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] da kuma a lokaci guda a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] da sauran [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] da kuma a wani ɓangare kaɗan a [[tarihi]] . == Abubuwan da suka gabata == A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da farkon shekarun 1950: * Al'adar yanki, wacce ta yi imanin cewa manufar ilimin ƙasa ita ce bayyana da kuma bayyana bambancin yanki na saman Duniya, ta mamaye nazarin ilimin ƙasa. * Rufe sassa da darussa da dama na ilimin ƙasa a jami'o'i ya faru, musamman ma, an yi watsi da shirin ilimin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (wata cibiya mai matuƙar daraja) a shekarar 1948 a matsayin "yaƙin ilimi kan fannin ilimin ƙasa". <ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=N. |year=1987 |title="Academic war over the field of geography": The elimination of geography at Harvard, 1947–1951 |url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/geografias/article/view/34399 |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x |s2cid=145064363}}</ref> * Akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yanayin ƙasa [[Yanayin ɗan adam|na ɗan adam]] da na zahiri - magana gabaɗaya game da [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam]] ya zama batun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin bayanin da ya wuce gona da iri kuma ''ba kimiyya ba'' - an yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani bayani game da ''dalilin da ya sa'' aka yi tsari ko abubuwan da suka faru. * An ɗauki labarin ƙasa a matsayin ilimi kawai kuma "ba batun jami'a ba ne" <ref name="Smith" /> - akwai ƙalilan ko da akwai wani amfani da labarin ƙasa na zamani. * An ci gaba da muhawara kan menene ilimin ƙasa - [[Ilmi|kimiyya]], [[Art|fasaha]], ɗan adam ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] -. * Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, fasaha ta ƙara zama mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma, kuma sakamakon haka, ilimin kimiyya na tushen nomothetic ya sami shahara da shahara. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kawo barazana ga matsayin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi, don haka masana ilimin ƙasa suka fara neman sabbin hanyoyin magance suka. == Juyin Juya Halin == Juyin juya halin adadi ya mayar da martani ga yanayin yanayin yanki wanda ya fi rinjaye a lokacin. Muhawara ta fi yawa (kodayake ba wai kawai ba) a Amurka, inda labarin ƙasa na yanki shine babbar makarantar falsafa. A farkon shekarun 1950, akwai ƙara fahimtar cewa tsarin binciken ƙasa da ake da shi bai isa ba wajen bayyana yadda tsarin zahiri, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa ke da tsari a sarari, da alaƙa da muhalli, ko kuma yadda sakamakon da suka samar ya zama shaida ga wani lokaci da wuri. Yawan masu nazarin ƙasa ya fara nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da tsarin gargajiya na fannin da kuma mai da hankali kan yanayin ƙasa na yanki, suna ɗaukar aikin a matsayin mai bayani sosai, mai rarrabuwa, kuma ba mai iya bayyanawa gaba ɗaya ba. Domin magance waɗannan damuwar, masu suka na farko kamar Ackerman <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ackerman |first=E.A. |date=1945 |title=Geographic training, wartime research, and immediate professional objectives |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.1080/00045604509357271}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> sun ba da shawarar tsara tsarin aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an yi ta muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen amfani da hanyoyin nazari a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na wannan shine muhawarar Schaefer da Hartshorne . A shekarar 1953, an buga wani littafi ''mai suna Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination'' . A cikin wannan aikin, Schaefer ya ƙi fassarorin Hartshorne na musamman game da fannin ilimin ƙasa da kuma sanya yankin a matsayin babban abin da ake nazari a kai. Madadin haka, Schaefer ya yi hasashen cewa babban burin sashen shi ne kafa dokokin siffofi ta hanyar binciken kimiyya, wato haɗa dokoki da hanyoyi daga wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tsari. A gefe guda kuma, Hartshorne ya yi tsokaci kan sukar Schaefer a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartshorne |first=Richard |date=1958 |title=The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> inda ya yi watsi da ra'ayoyin Schaefer a matsayin na ra'ayi da kuma sabanin ra'ayi. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin bayyana da rarraba wurare da abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka ya yarda cewa akwai damar amfani da dokokin dangantaka ta gama gari domin haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya. Amma a ganinsa, bai kamata a sami wani tsari tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba. Yayin da ake ci gaba da muhawara kan hanyoyin da ake bi, ana gudanar da tsarin tsarin ilimin ƙasa a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Amurka. Shirye-shiryen ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Jami'ar Washington sun kasance shirye-shirye na farko a wannan fanni. A Jami'ar Iowa, Harold McCarty ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin kafa dokokin haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin ƙasa. A Jami'ar Wisconsin, Arthur H. Robinson ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin haɓaka hanyoyin ƙididdiga don kwatanta taswira. Kuma a Jami'ar Washington, Edward Ullman da William Garrison sun yi aiki kan haɓaka fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, da kuma [[Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya|ka'idar matsayi ta tsakiya]] . Ɗaliban digiri daga Jami'ar Washington, kamar William Bunge, [[Artur Getis]], da Waldo R. Tobler sun faɗaɗa wannan aikin a duk tsawon ayyukansu, tare da littafin Bunge ''Theoretical Geography'' "wanda aka bayyana a matsayin" wataƙila babban rubutun juyin juya halin sarari-ƙimar adadi. " <ref name="Cox2001">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Kevin R. |date=2001 |title=Bunge, W. 1962: Theoretical geography: Commentary 1 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/030913201673714256 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |series=Classics in human geography revisited |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=71-73 |doi=10.1191/030913201673714256 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Goodchild2008">{{Cite book|edition=Rob}}</ref> <ref name="Getis1">{{Cite journal |last=Getis |first=Arthur |date=16 July 2008 |title=A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective |journal=Geographical Analysis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |bibcode=2008GeoAn..40..297G |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00727.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun samar da tsarar masana ilimin ƙasa waɗanda suka kafa nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajandar bincike a wasu cibiyoyi ciki har da Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Northwestern, Jami'ar Loyola, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'ar Michigan, da sauransu. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar a shekarun 1950 da 1960 a ƙarƙashin tutar kawo 'tunanin kimiyya' ga yanayin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙaruwar amfani da ayyukan da suka dogara da dabaru, gami da jerin dabarun lissafi da ƙididdiga masu amfani da kwamfuta waɗanda suka inganta daidaito, da ayyukan da suka dogara da ka'ida don fahimtar wuri da sarari a cikin binciken yanayin ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin dabarun da suka nuna juyin juya halin adadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="UA" /> * Ƙididdiga masu bayani ; * Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa ; * Lissafin lissafi na asali da samfura, kamar samfurin nauyi na kimiyyar zamantakewa, ko lissafin Coulomb; * Samfuran Stochastic masu amfani da ra'ayoyin [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]], kamar hanyoyin yaɗuwar sarari; * Samfuran da aka ƙayyade, misali samfuran Von Thünen da Weber na [[Ka'idar wuri|wurinsu]] . Abin da ya fi dacewa, wanda ya haɗa dabarun da ke sama, shine fifikon lambobi akan kalmomi da kuma imani cewa aikin lambobi yana da ingantaccen tarihin kimiyya. <ref name="UA" /> Ron Johnston da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Bristol sun buga tarihin juyin juya halin da ke jaddada canje-canje a cikin mayar da hankali mai mahimmanci da tushen falsafa da kuma hanyoyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ron Johnston |last2=Richard Harris |last3=Kelvyn Jones |last4=David Manley |last5=Wenfei Winnie Wang |last6=Levi Wolf |year=2019 |title=Quantitative methods I: The world we have lost – or where we started from |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132518774967 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1177/0309132518774967 |s2cid=150035396 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}; {{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Ron |last2=Harris |first2=Richard |last3=Jones |first3=Kelvyn |last4=Manley |first4=David |last5=Wang |first5=Wenfei Winnie |last6=Wolf |first6=Levi |year=2020 |title=Quantitative methods II: How we moved on – Decades of change in philosophy, focus and methods; |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132519869451 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=959–971 |doi=10.1177/0309132519869451 |s2cid=203064581 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ilimin halittu == Sabuwar hanyar bincike ta haifar da ci gaban fassarori game da fannoni na sarari a wurare daban-daban na halitta da al'adu. Gabaɗaya bayanai na iya ɗaukar nau'in hasashe, samfura, ko ka'idoji da aka gwada, kuma ana yin la'akari da binciken bisa ga ingancinsa na kimiyya, wanda ke mayar da ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar da ba ta da tushe . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da suka samar da tushe na ka'ida da falsafa na halal don sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ƙasa zuwa kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine littafin David Harvey, Bayani a fannin Geography, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. A cikin wannan aikin, Harvey ya tsara hanyoyi guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa: hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen yin amfani da bayanai daga lura; da kuma hanyar da za a iya cire bayanai daga bayanai, ta hanyar lura ta zahiri, ana tsara samfura da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa sannan daga baya a tabbatar da su su zama dokokin kimiyya. Ya sanya fifiko a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Wannan tsarin ra'ayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya fuskanci suka daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wata falsafar da Karl Popper ya gabatar wanda ya ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin tabbatarwa kuma ya dage cewa za a iya ƙaryata ra'ayin ne kawai. Duk da haka, falsafar ilimin halittu guda biyu sun nemi cimma manufa ɗaya: samar da dokoki da ka'idoji na kimiyya. Sauyin yanayin ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin [[Yanayin tattalin arziki|tattalin arziki]] da yanayin birane, musamman ma dangane da [[ka'idar wuri]] . Duk da haka, wasu masana ilimin ƙasa - kamar Ian Burton - sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da ƙididdigewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=I. |date=1963 |title=The quantitative revolution and theoretical geography |journal=Canadian Geographer |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=151–62 |bibcode=1963CGeog...7..151B |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0064.1963.tb00796.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> yayin da wasu - kamar Emrys Jones, Peter Lewis, da Goldledge da Amedeo - suka yi muhawara kan yuwuwar yin dokoki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Emrys |date=1956 |title=Cause and effect in human geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=369–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1956.tb01515.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Peter |date=1965 |title=Three related problems in the formulation of laws in geography |journal=Professional Geographer |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=24–7 |bibcode=1965ProfG..17...24L |doi=10.1111/j.0033-0124.1965.024_v.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golledge |first=R.G. |last2=Amedeo |first2=D. |date=1968 |title=On laws in geography |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=760–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1968.tb01666.x}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> Wasu kuma, kamar F. Luckermann, sun soki bayanin kimiyya da aka bayar a fannin ilimin ƙasa a matsayin zato kuma ba shi da tushe na gwaji. Sakamakon haka, har ma samfuran da aka gwada sun kasa nuna gaskiya daidai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luckermann |first=F. |date=1965 |title=Geography: De facto or de jure |journal=Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science |volume=32 |pages=189–96}}--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). ''Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945'' (7th ed). New York: Routledge.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, juyin juya halin adadi ya yi nasarar kawar da yanayin ƙasa na yanki daga matsayinsa mai rinjaye kuma sauyin yanayin ya bayyana ta hanyar ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallun ilimi na ƙasa da littattafan ilimin ƙasa. Amfani da sabon tsarin ya ba da damar da'a ta zama mai amfani ga sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. == Labarin ƙasa bayan juyin juya hali == Juyin juya halin adadi yana da babban tasiri wajen tsara fannin ilimin ƙasa zuwa yadda yake a yau ganin cewa tasirinsa ya haifar da yaɗuwar tunanin positist (bayan-positivist) da kuma martanin responsist na responsist. Ƙaruwar sha'awar nazarin nisa a matsayin muhimmin abu wajen fahimtar tsarin sararin samaniya na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar dokar farko ta ilimin ƙasa ta Waldo Tobler. <ref name="Tobler1">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=1970 |title=A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Economic Geography |volume=46 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.2307/143141 |jstor=143141 |s2cid=34085823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308014451/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eaa5/eefedd4fa34b7de7448c0c8e0822e9fdf956.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-08 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Tobler2">{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Waldo |date=2004 |title=On the First Law of Geography: A Reply |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |url-status=live |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |s2cid=33201684 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022730/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Walker1">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Robert Toovey |date=28 Apr 2021 |title=Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept |journal=Geographical Review |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=591–607 |doi=10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 |s2cid=233620037}}</ref> Ci gaban nazarin sararin samaniya a fannin ilimin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarin aikace-aikace a tsarin tsarawa da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka ilimin ƙasa na fasaha wanda aka bayar ga binciken ilimin ƙasa, wani muhimmin tushe na ka'ida. Amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fannin ilimin ƙasa shi ma ya haifar da sabbin ci gaba a fannin ilimin geomatics, kamar ƙirƙirar da amfani da GIS da kuma na'urar gano abubuwa daga nesa . <ref name="St. Martin1">{{Cite journal |last=St. Martin |first=Kevin |last2=Wing |first2=John |date=2007 |title=The Discourse and Discipline of GIS |journal=Cartographica |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=235–248 |doi=10.3138/carto.42.3.235}}</ref> Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun ba wa masana ilimin ƙasa damar tantance samfura masu rikitarwa akan cikakken tsari da kuma a kan sarari da lokaci da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittun sararin samaniya. Har zuwa wani mataki, ci gaban ilimin geomatics ya taimaka wajen ɓoye bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|yanayin ƙasa]] na zahiri da na ɗan adam, kamar yadda za a iya tantance sarkakiyar yanayin ɗan adam da na halitta akan sabbin samfuran lissafi. === Suka da martani === Mayar da hankali kan tsarin kididdiga wanda juyin juya halin adadi ya haifar ya haifar da damuwa cewa dabarun za su cire 'bangaren ɗan adam' daga wani fanni. Yayin da shekarun 1970 suka waye, juyin juya halin adadi ya fuskanci ƙalubale kai tsaye. <ref name="UA" /> Martanin masu ra'ayin nuna wariya ya zo ne yayin da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suka fara fallasa rashin isassun hanyoyin adadi don bayyanawa da magance matsalolin da suka shafi launin fata, jinsi, aji da yaƙi. David Harvey ya yi watsi da ayyukan da ya yi a baya inda ya yi kira ga juyin juya halin adadi kuma ya rungumi tsarin ka'idar Marxist . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=David |date=1972 |title=Revolutionary and counter revolutionary theory in geography and the problem of ghetto formation |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10214/1818/1/11-Harvey.pdf |journal=Antipode |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |bibcode=1972Antip...4....1H |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1972.tb00486.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba sabbin ƙananan fannoni za su fito a cikin [[Yanayin ɗan adam|ilimin yanayin ɗan adam]] don ba da gudummawa ga sabon ƙamus don magance waɗannan batutuwa, gami da [[Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci|ilimin yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci]] da [[Yanayi na mata|ilimin yanayin mata]] . Waɗannan fannoni sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don magance abin da bincikensu ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=R |display-authors=et al. |year=2014 |title=One step forward but two steps back to the proper appreciation of spatial science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261062153 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/2043820614526818 |s2cid=131585880 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana wannan a matsayin "gudummawa mai ban mamaki. Wannan bincike ne mai zurfi game da gadon rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a kimiyyar sararin samaniya—wanda aka sanya a cikin muhimmin aiki mai ginawa tare da rabin ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire a cikin ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyly |first=E |year=2014 |title=The new quantitative revolution |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2043820614525732 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=26–38 |doi=10.1177/2043820614525732 |s2cid=147480267 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An sami martani da yawa ga waɗannan suka, da kuma sukar da aka yi wa sabbin fannoni da suka bayyana a matsayin martani ga juyin juya halin adadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cewa masu sukar sabbin hanyoyin ba su fahimce su ba, suna sukar ayyukan da suka gabata, ko kuma suna fafutukar neman hanyoyin da ba na kimiyya ba. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Duk da cewa mutane da yawa za su yi iƙirarin cewa an maye gurbin juyin juya halin adadi da sabbin siffofi, kuma cewa hujjojin sun kasance tarihi, wataƙila za a iya kwatanta shi da rabuwar ƙasa mai yawa da yanayin ƙasa mai inganci waɗanda ke rayuwa tare kuma suna ci gaba da aro daga binciken juna. <ref name="Fotheringham1" /> Barnes ya nuna cewa babu wani sabani na gaske tsakanin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙima da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, yana mai ambaton cewa har ma "mai sukar zamantakewa na ƙarshe", [[Karl Marx]], ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga hanyoyin lissafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Trevor J. |date=2009-07-06 |title=“Not Only … But Also”: Quantitative and Critical Geography |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/00330120902931937}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Juyin al'adu * [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|Ƙaddamar da Muhalli]] * Ƙididdigar ƙasa * Tarihin ilimin ƙasa * Kyakkyawar niyya * Hanyoyin ƙididdigewa * Yanayin ƙasa na yanki * Kimiyyar yanki * Hanyar kimiyya * Kyautar Vautrin Lud == Ƙarin karatu == * ''Kimiyya, Falsafa da Yanayin Ƙasa na Jiki'' . Robert Inkpen, Routledge,{{ISBN|0-415-27954-2}} . * ''Bayani a fannin Geography'', David Harvey, E Arnold,{{ISBN|0-7131-5464-0}} . * ''Manyan Masu Tunani Kan Sararin Samaniya da Wuri'', Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine, Sage Publications Ltd,{{ISBN|0-7619-4963-1}} . * ''Adalci na Jama'a da Birni'', Ira Katznelson (Gabatarwa), David Harvey, Blackwell Publishers,{{ISBN|0-631-16476-6}} . * ''Al'adar Yanki: Shirye-shirye a Tarihin Kasuwanci Mai Takaici'', David N. Livingstone, Blackwell Publishers{{ISBN|0-631-18586-0}} . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216113257/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~geo337/gg3012/qrev.html 'Juyin Juya Halin Adadi': kimiyya mai ƙarfi ko "taɓarɓarewar da ba ta da wani tasiri"?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224050208/http://www.csulb.edu/~gossette/classes/g596/quant_rev.html Juyin Juya Halin Adadi a Yanayin Kasa: Lambobi, Ƙididdiga, Ka'idoji da Samfura] * * [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 4664rbmtmx8kkl0m9e53pw5hc3kpotm 0 178231 963218 2026-10-05T00:03:01Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375270529|Child]]" 963218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg|thumb|250x250px| Yara na ƙasashen duniya sanye da kayan gargajiya a Liberty Weekend]] '''Yaro''' ( pl. yara ) [[Ɗan Adam|mutum]] ne tsakanin matakan [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child">{{Cite web |title=Child |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]}}</ref> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban [[jariri]] da balaga. Kalmar kuma tana iya nufin ɗan adam da ba a haifa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[OED.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster.com]]}}</ref> A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ma'anar doka ta ''yaro'' gabaɗaya tana nufin [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], a wannan yanayin a matsayin mutumin da bai kai [[Shekarun girma|shekarun zama ƙarami ba]] (akwai keɓancewa kamar, misali, shan giya da siyan giya ko da bayan shekarun zama ƙarami ne <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink? |url=https://alcohol.org/laws/underage-drinking/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Alcohol.org |language=en}}</ref> ), ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban jiki, hankali da jima'i a matsayin [[Baligi|manya]] na halitta ba. <ref name="Child" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and the law |url=https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=NSPCC Learning}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2018 |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood#:~:text=Defining%20Adulthood,-Adulthood%20is%20the&text=A%20person%20may%20be%20physically,by%20law%20until%20older%20ages. |website=LibreTexts - Biology |quote=A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.}}</ref> Yara gabaɗaya ba su da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙoƙi]] da nauyi kaɗan fiye da manya. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba. ''Yaro'' kuma zai iya bayyana dangantaka da iyaye (kamar 'ya'ya maza da mata na kowane zamani) <ref>{{Cite web |title=For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18 |url=http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Ssa.gov}}</ref> ko, a taƙaice, wani mutum mai iko, ko kuma yana nuna zama memba na ƙungiya a cikin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko addini; yana kuma iya nuna cewa wani lokaci, wuri, ko yanayi ya shafe shi sosai, kamar a cikin "ɗan yanayi" ko "ɗan shekaru sittin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> == Ma'anonin ilmin halitta, shari'a da zamantakewa == [[File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg|thumb| Yara suna wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, zane-zanen Romawa, ƙarni na 2 AD]] A fannin kimiyyar halittu, yawanci ana bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum tsakanin haihuwa da balaga, <ref name="Child" /> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. A shari'a, kalmar ''yaro'' na iya nufin duk wanda bai kai shekarun girma ba ko kuma wani iyaka na shekaru. Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara]] ta bayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin, "Mutum ɗan ƙasa da shekara 18 sai dai idan [[Doka|dokar]] da ta shafi yaron ta cika, an samu [[Shekarun girma|rinjaye]] da wuri." <ref name="un">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Kasashe 192 cikin 194 na mambobin sun amince da wannan. Kalmar ''yaro'' kuma tana iya nufin wanda bai kai wani ƙayyadadden shekaru da doka ta tanada ba tare da alaƙa da shekarun da ya fi girma ba. Misali, a [[Singafora|Singapore]], ana ayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 14 ba a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Yara da Matasa" yayin da shekarunsa na manya shine 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and Young Persons Act |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=21 October 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]]}}</ref> A cikin Dokar Shige da Fice ta Amurka, yaro yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 21 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Wasu ma'anonin Ingilishi na kalmar ''yaro'' sun haɗa da tayin (wani lokacin ana kiransa ''da ba a haifa ba'' ). A al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar yaro a matsayin babba bayan ya yi wani al'ada na haihuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai yi daidai da lokacin balaga ba. Yara gabaɗaya suna da 'yanci ƙasa da na manya kuma ana rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba, kuma a bisa doka dole ne koyaushe su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar babba ko mai kula da yara, ko iyayensu sun sake su ko a'a. == Matakan ci gaban yara == === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === [[File:Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG|thumb| Yara suna buga goge a cikin wani taron waƙa na rukuni, Ithaca, New York, 2011]] [[File:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg|thumb| Yara a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], 2011]] [[File:Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg|thumb| Yaro yana buga piano, 1984]] Yaronta yaro yana bin matakin [[jariri]] kuma yana farawa tare da jariri lokacin da yaro ya fara magana ko daukar matakai da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake ƙuruciya ta ƙare a kusa da shekaru 3 lokacin da yaro ya zama ƙasa da dogaro da taimakon iyaye don buƙatu na asali, ƙuruciya tana ci gaba kusan har zuwa shekaru 5 ko 6. Koyaya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara, ƙuruciya ta ƙwarewa ta haɗa da jariri. A wannan matakin yara suna koyo ta hanyar lura, gwaji da sadarwa tare da wasu. Manya suna kula da tallafawa tsarin ci gaban yaro, wanda zai haifar da ikon cin gashin kai na yaro. Har ila yau, a wannan matakin, an kirkiro dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin yaro da masu ba da kulawa. Yara kuma suna fara makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare a wannan shekarun; sabili da haka, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa. === Yarantaka ta tsakiya === Tsakiyar yara tana farawa a kusa da shekaru 7, kuma tana ƙare a kusa da shekara 9 ko 10. Tare, ana kiran ƙuruciya ta farko da ta tsakiya shekaru masu tasowa. A wannan lokacin na tsakiya, yara suna bunkasa cikin zamantakewa da tunani. Suna kan mataki inda suke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda zai ba su damar zama masu zaman kansu da haɓaka mutuntakarsu. A lokacin ƙuruciya, yara suna shiga shekarun makaranta, inda aka gabatar da su da wani yanayi daban da yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan sabon wuri yana haifar da sabbin ƙalubale da fuska ga yara. A lokacin shigar makaranta, rikice-rikicen hankali waɗanda ba za a lura da su ba sun bayyana. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: autism, [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]], dyscalculia, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].: 303-309 [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]], mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, martani ga shiga tsakani da Shirye-shiryen ilimi na mutum duk shirye-shirye ne na musamman don taimakawa yara masu nakasa.<ref name="Berger_2017" />{{Rp|310–311}} Tsakiyar yara shine lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar alhakin kuma abokan aikinsu da iyayensu suka fara tsara su. Ayyuka da yanke shawara masu alhakin sun zo a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda kwatancin zamantakewa da wasan zamantakewa ke yi.:{{Rp|338}} A lokacin wasan zamantakewa, yara suna koyon juna da koyar da juna, sau da yawa ta hanyar lura. === Ƙarshen ƙuruciya === Preadolescence wani Matasa ne na ci gaban ɗan adam bayan ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Preadolescence ana bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 9-12, yana ƙare tare da babban farkon balaga, tare da alamomi kamar menarche, spermarche, da kuma mafi girman saurin tsawo yana faruwa. Wadannan canje-canje yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 14. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman lokacin shekaru 2 kafin babban farkon balaga.Pre-mature na iya kawo ƙalubale da damuwa. Yara masu zuwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da duniya daga yara ƙanana a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yawanci, ra'ayinsu ya fi dacewa da rayuwa fiye da duniya mai zurfi, mai ban sha'awa na ƙuruciya. Preadolescents suna da mafi girma, mai hankali, tunani da ayyuka na gaskiya: 'mafi girman matakin ci gaba... yaro ba shi da motsin rai a yanzu.'Preadolescents na iya kallon dangantaka ɗan adam daban-daban (misali suna iya lura da kuskuren, bangaren ɗan adam na ƙididdigar iko). Tare da wannan, suna iya fara haɓaka ma'anar kansu, kuma suna da ƙaruwa na 'yancin kai: 'yana iya jin mutum, ba "kawai ɗaya daga cikin iyali ba. ' == Matakan ci gaba bayan yara == === Matasa === [[File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg|thumb|Yarinya matashiya, wanda Paolo Monti ya ɗauka]] [[Samartaka|Matasa]] yawanci ana ƙaddara ta kasance tsakanin farkon balaga da ƙuruciya ta doka: galibi daidai da shekarun matasa (13-19). Koyaya, [[balaga]] yawanci yakan fara ne kafin shekarun matasa (10 - 11 ga 'yan mata da 11 - 12 ga yara maza). Kodayake a cikin halitta yaro ɗan adam ne tsakanin matakai na [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child" /> matasa ana ɗaukar su yara bisa doka, saboda ba su da haƙƙin manya kuma har yanzu ana buƙatar su halarci makaranta a al'adu da yawa, kodayake wannan ya bambanta. Farawar balaga yana kawo canje-canje daban-daban na jiki, tunani da halayyar mutum. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya da farkon balaga ya bambanta da ƙasa da aiki, kuma har ma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ko al'ada akwai yiwuwar shekaru daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar mutum ya isa ya ba da izini ga al'umma tare da wasu ayyuka. == Tarihi == [[File:Su_Han_Ch'en_001.jpg|thumb|Playing Children, ta hanyar Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.]] A lokacin [[Renaissance]] na Turai, zane-zane na yara ya karu sosai, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan halin zamantakewa ga yara, duk da haka. Masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekarun 1600, ra'ayin yara ya fara fitowa a Turai, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Philippe Ariès}}</ref> duk da haka wasu masana tarihi kamar Nicholas Orme sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa ana ganin yara a matsayin mataki daban tun a kalla zamanin da. Manya sun ga yara a matsayin mutane daban-daban, marasa laifi kuma suna buƙatar kariya da horo daga manya da ke kewaye da su. Masanin falsafar Ingilishi [[John Locke]] ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen bayyana wannan sabon hali ga yara, musamman game da ka'idarsa na Tabula rasa, wanda ya ɗauki hankali a lokacin haihuwa ya zama "blank slate". Sakamakon wannan rukunan shi ne cewa an haifi tunanin yaron ba tare da komai ba, kuma aikin iyaye ne su ba yaron gaskiya. A farkon lokacin [[jari-hujja]], tasowa na babban, matsakaicin matsakaicin kasuwanci, galibi a cikin ƙasashen [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] na Jamhuriyar Dutch da [[Ingila]], ya haifar da sabon akidar iyali da ke kewaye da renon yara. Puritanism ya jaddada muhimmancin ceto na mutum da damuwa game da jin daɗin ruhaniya na yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox VC |date=April 1996 |title=Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England. |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/20f04350242eb7f2342f8b8bb8326d76/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816657 |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=286–306}}</ref> [[File:Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton,_2005,_24.jpg|left|thumb|''The Age of Innocence'' {{Circa|1785}}/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.]] Ra'ayi na zamani na ƙuruciya tare da kansa da burin ya fara fitowa a lokacin [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]] na ƙarni na 18 da kuma lokacin Romantic wanda ya biyo baya.<ref name="cohen" /> Jean Jacques Rousseau ya tsara halin soyayya ga yara a cikin sanannen littafinsa na 1762 Emile: ko, On Education . Gina kan ra'ayoyin [[John Locke]] da sauran masu tunani na karni na 17, Jean-Jaques Rousseau ya bayyana ƙuruciya a matsayin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wuri mai tsarki kafin mutane su fuskanci haɗari da wahalar balaga. Hoton yara na Sir Joshua Reynolds ya nuna sabon halin da aka haskaka ga yara ƙanana. Hotonsa na 1788 The Age of Innocence ya jaddada rashin laifi da kuma alherin halitta na yaron kuma nan da nan ya zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a. [[File:Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Brazil Leopoldina (hagu) da [[Isabel, Gimbiya ta Brazil|Isabel]] (tsakiya) tare da abokiyar da ba a san ta ba, c. 1860.]] Ra'ayin yaro a matsayin wurin zama na allahntaka, tsarki, da rashin laifi an kara bayyana shi a cikin William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", wanda ya "yi amfani da shi daga rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na fastoci, ra'ayoyin pantheistic na allahntakar, da ra'ayin ruhaniya wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi na Edenic na rashin laifi da aka haɗa da ra'ayoyi na Neoplatonic na reincarnation". Wannan ra'ayi na Romantic na ƙuruciya, masanin tarihi Margaret Reeves ya ba da shawarar, yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka sani, tare da tushensa da za'a iya ganowa zuwa irin wannan tunanin ƙuruciya da ke yawo, alal misali, a cikin waƙoƙin neo-platonic na mawaƙa na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai Henry Vaughan (misali, "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bambanta da ra'ayoyi masu koyarwa, ra'ayoyan Calvinist game da lalata da jarirai.[32] [[File:Vazken_Andréassian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg|thumb|'Yan kallo na Armenia a cikin 1918]] Tare da farawar [[Industrial Revolution|masana'antu]] a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1760, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin soyayya na yara da gaskiyar karuwar girman cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki, ya zama a bayyane. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ana amfani da yara na Burtaniya musamman a masana'antu da ma'adinai kuma a matsayin masu share bututun wuta, sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari don ƙananan albashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era |url=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html |website=hiddenlives.org}}</ref> Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, saɓani tsakanin yanayin ƙasa ga yara matalauta da ra'ayin matsakaicin yaro a matsayin lokacin sauƙi da rashin laifi ya haifar da kamfen na farko don tilasta kariya ta doka ga yara. Masu gyarawa na Burtaniya sun kai farmaki ga [[aikin yara]] daga shekarun 1830 zuwa gaba, wanda [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] ya ba da mummunar bayanin rayuwar titin London. Kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Ayyukan Masana'antu, wanda ya rage cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 1901 |title=The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=2139 |pages=1871–1872 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2507680 |pmid=20759953}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin zamani na ƙuruciya === [[File:Fountain_Fun.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin maraice na rani, Davis, California.]] [[File:A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg|thumb|Wani tsoho da jikarsa a [[Turkiyya]].]] [[File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg|thumb|Yaran Nepalese suna wasa da [[Kyanwa|Cats]].]] [[File:Harari_Girls,_Ethiopia_(8261348010).jpg|thumb|'Yan mata na Harari a Habasha.]] Halin zamani ga yara ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19; Matsakaicin Victorian da na sama sun jaddada rawar da iyali ke takawa da tsarkakar yaro - halin da ya kasance mai rinjaye a al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tun daga lokacin. Irin wallafe-wallafen yara ya tashi, tare da yaduwar littattafai masu ban dariya, littattafan da suka dace da tunanin yaro. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, wanda aka buga a 1865 a Ingila, alama ce a cikin jinsi; an dauke shi a matsayin "Maganar Ingilishi ta farko da aka rubuta don yara", bugawa ta buɗe "First Golden Age" na wallafe-wallafen yara. Rabin ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga gabatar da makarantar sakandare ta yara a duk faɗin Turai, wanda ya cire yara daga wurin aiki zuwa makarantu. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa na karni na 19 ya ba da damar manufar yara a matsayin lokacin nishaɗi, farin ciki, da tunanin. 'Yan tsana da aka yi a masana'antu da gidajen' yan tsana sun faranta wa' yan mata rai kuma yara maza ne suka shirya wasanni da ayyukan. Sir Robert Baden-Powell ne ya kafa Boy Scouts a cikin 1908, wanda ya ba da yara maza da ayyukan waje da nufin bunkasa hali, zama ɗan ƙasa, da halaye na mutum. A cikin karni na 20, Philippe Ariès, masanin tarihin Faransa wanda ya kware a [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tarihin zamani]], ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuruciya ba abu ne na halitta ba, amma halittar al'umma ce a cikin littafinsa na 1960 Centuries of Childhood . A shekara ta 1961 ya wallafa wani binciken zane-zane, kaburbura, kayan gida, da bayanan makaranta, inda ya gano cewa kafin karni na 17, ana wakiltar yara a matsayin kananan manya. A shekara ta 1966, masanin falsafa na Amurka George Boas ya wallafa littafin The Cult of Childhood . Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana tarihi sun ci gaba da bincike kan yara a lokutan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ulbricht J |date=November 2005 |title=J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture |journal=Art Education |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564 |issn=0004-3125 |s2cid=190482412}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hugh Cunningham ya buga littafin Invention of Childhood, yana kallon yarantakar Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1000, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, zuwa abin da yake magana a kai a matsayin Post War Period na shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. Yarancin yana canzawa kuma yana canzawa yayin da salon rayuwa ke canzawa da tsammanin manya ke canzawa. A zamanin yau, manya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yara kada su kasance da damuwa ko aiki, saboda rayuwa ta kasance mai farin ciki da rashin matsala. Ana ganin ƙuruciya a matsayin cakuda sauƙi, rashin laifi, farin ciki, nishaɗi, tunanin, da mamaki. Ana tunanin shi a matsayin lokacin wasa, koyo, zamantakewa, bincike, da damuwa a duniya ba tare da tsangwama mai yawa ba. "Rashin rashin laifi" wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun, kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsufa. Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin shi azaman gogewa ko lokaci a rayuwar yaro wanda ke fadada fahimtar mugunta, ciwo ko duniyar da ke kewaye da su. An nuna wannan taken a cikin litattafan To Kill a Mockingbird da Lord of the Flies . Halin almara Peter Pan shine bayyanar yarantaka wanda ba ya ƙare. == Yara masu lafiya == === Matsayin iyaye === === Lafiyar yara === Lafiyar yara ta haɗa da lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewar yara. Kula da lafiyar yara yana nufin ba su abinci mai kyau, tabbatar da cewa suna samun isasshen barci da motsa jiki, da kuma kare lafiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Health |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/childrenshealth.html |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Yara a wasu sassan duniya galibi suna fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], wanda galibi ana danganta shi da wasu yanayi, kamar zawo, huhu da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE |date=July 2004 |title=Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 |pmid=15213048 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi 30.8% ne kawai na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23 a duk duniya ke cin abinci mai banbanci. === Kare yara === Kariya ta yara, a cewar UNICEF, tana nufin "hanawa da amsawa ga tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara - gami da cin zarafi na kasuwanci, [[Cinikin yara|fataucin mutane]], [[aikin yara]] da ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa, kamar yankan mata / yanka da auren yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=What is child Protection? |url=http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF)}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] tana kare ainihin' yancin yara. === Wasanni === [[File:MOPC_60.png|thumb|Yin rawa a gidan marayu na Uwar Zaman Lafiya, [[Zimbabwe]]]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar yara, jiki, zamantakewa, da jin daɗi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg KR |date=January 2007 |title=The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds |journal=Pediatrics |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |bibcode=2007Pedia.119..182G |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2697 |pmid=17200287 |s2cid=54617427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana ba wa yara damar yin amfani da jiki (gudu, tsalle, hawa, da dai sauransu), ilimi (ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ka'idojin al'umma, ɗabi'a da ilimi na gaba ɗaya) da ci gaban motsin rai (ta'a, tausayi, da abota). Wasan da ba a tsara shi ba yana ƙarfafa kerawa da tunanin. Yin wasa da hulɗa tare da wasu yara, da kuma wasu manya, suna ba da dama ga abota, hulɗar zamantakewa, rikice-rikice da ƙuduri. Koyaya, manya suna yawan (sau da yawa ba daidai ba) ɗauka cewa kusan dukkanin ayyukan zamantakewar yara ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin "wasan" kuma, ƙari, ayyukan wasan yara ba su da ƙwarewa ko ƙoƙari sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1493–1518 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2001 |title=Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=515–543 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasa ne yara a ƙuruciya ke shiga da hulɗa a duniya da ke kewaye da su. Wasan yana bawa yara damar ƙirƙirar da bincika duniyar da za su iya sarrafawa, suna cin nasarar tsoronsu yayin da suke yin rawar manya, wani lokacin tare da wasu yara ko masu kula da manya.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Wasan da ba a jagoranta ba yana bawa yara damar koyon yadda za su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, su raba, su tattauna, su warware rikice-rikice, da kuma koyon ƙwarewar kare kai. Koyaya, lokacin da manya ke sarrafa wasan, yara suna bin ka'idojin manya da damuwa kuma suna rasa wasu fa'idodi da wasan ke ba su. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman wajen bunkasa kerawa, jagoranci, da ƙwarewar rukuni.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> [[File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg|thumb|Ralph Hedley, ''Gasar,'' 1898. Ya nuna yara maza marasa talauci suna wasa a waje a wani yanki na karkara na Arewa maso gabashin Ingila.]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen ci gaban yara wanda [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane yaro.<ref name="un" /> Yaran da ake tasowa a cikin hanzari da matsin lamba na iya iyakance fa'idodin kariya da za su samu daga wasan da yara ke yi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Farawa na wasa a cikin aji yana bawa malamai da ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa ta hanyar wasa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Sabili da haka, wasa yana taimakawa hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa. "Tsarin wasa" yana nufin hada ilmantarwa na al'ada tare da ilmantarwa ta al'ada don samar da ingantaccen ilmantarwa ga yara tun suna ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K |date=July 2011 |title=Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms. |journal=Early Years |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1080/09575146.2011.579070 |s2cid=154926596}}</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar wasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara mafi kyau, yanayin yana shafar wasan su sabili da haka ci gaban su. Yara matalauta suna fuskantar rashin daidaito na muhalli yayin da suke fuskantar karancin tallafin zamantakewa, kuma iyayensu ba su da amsawa kuma sun fi iko. Yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar samun littattafai da kwamfutoci wanda zai inganta ci gaban su.<ref name="pmid14992634">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans GW |date=2004 |title=The environment of childhood poverty |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 |pmid=14992634}}</ref> === Al'adun titi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg|thumb|Yara a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Toronto, 1920s.]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] titin yara suna nufin al'adun da yara ƙanana suka kirkira kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu duniyar sirrin su. Ya fi yawa a cikin yara tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. Yana da karfi a cikin Gundumomin masana'antu na birane inda yara ke da 'yanci don yin wasa a kan tituna na dogon lokaci ba tare da kulawa ba. Yara da kansu ne suka kirkireshi kuma sun fi kiyaye shi tare da ƙananan tsangwama na manya. Al'adun tituna na yara yawanci suna faruwa ne a kan tituna masu nutsuwa da hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyin da ke shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na gida, wuraren wasa, scrub da hamada, da kuma shagunan gida. Sau da yawa yana sanya matsayi na tunani a wasu sassan birane (ginin gida, kerbs, abubuwan titi, da dai sauransu). Yara suna tsara takamaiman wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin wuraren taro na al'ada da wuraren shakatawa (duba: Sobel, 2001). Yankin birni wanda ba shi da fuska ko kuma an yi watsi da shi ga babba na iya samun ma'anar 'ruhun wuri' mai zurfi ga yara. Tun zuwan abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida kamar Wasannin bidiyo, da talabijin, an nuna damuwa game da kuzari - ko ma da tsira - na al'adun titin yara. == Yanayin ƙuruciya == Yanayin yara ya haɗa da yadda (babba) al'umma ke fahimtar ra'ayin yara, hanyoyin da halayen manya da halayen ke shafar rayuwar yara, gami da yanayin da ke kewaye da yara da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. [[Yanayin yara]] yayi kama da yanayin yara wanda ke nazarin wuraren da yara ke zaune. === Rashin lalacewar yanayi === Yanayin Yanayi, kalmar da Richard Louv ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa na 2005 Last Child in the Woods, yana nufin yanayin da ke faruwa a Amurka da Kanada zuwa ga karancin lokaci don wasa a waje, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2006 |title=For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0629/p13s02-lifp.html |website=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702135326/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The University Record Online |publisher=The University of Michigan}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na halayyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burak |first=Tammie |date=2 July 2007 |title=Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/health-fitness/nutrition/article/are-your-kids-really-spending-enough-time-outdoors |access-date=22 November 2009 |website=[[Canadian Living]]}}</ref> Tare da karuwar amfani da wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, wasannin bidiyo da talabijin, yara suna da ƙarin dalilai na zama a ciki maimakon waje bincika. "Matsakaicin yaro na Amurka yana ciyar da sa'o'i 44 a mako tare da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki". Bincike a cikin 2007 ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin raguwar yawan ziyarar National Park a Amurka da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ta yara.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pergams OR, Zaradic PA |date=September 2006 |title=Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices |url=https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/numbers-in-context/ |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=387–393 |bibcode=2006JEnvM..80..387P |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 |pmid=16580127 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai sun hanzarta yanayin yanayin yanayin yara ta hanyar rage ra'ayoyin yanayi, kamar yadda yake a fina-finai na Disney.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S |date=August 2015 |title=Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films |journal=Public Understanding of Science |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=672–680 |doi=10.1177/0963662513519042 |pmid=24519887 |s2cid=43190714}}</ref> == Shekarar alhakin == Shekarar da ake la'akari da yara da ke da alhakin ayyukansu na al'umma (misali aure, jefa kuri'a, da dai sauransu) ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nunawa a hanyar da ake bi da su a kotuna. A zamanin Roman, ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin marasa laifi don laifuka, matsayin da Ikilisiya ta karɓa daga baya. A cikin karni na 19, an yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekara bakwai ba za su iya aikata laifi ba. Yara daga shekaru bakwai zuwa gaba an dauke su da alhakin ayyukansu. Saboda haka, za su iya fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, a tura su kurkuku, kuma a hukunta su kamar manya ta hanyar bulala, alama ko ratayewa. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da shekarun aure sun bambanta. Har ila yau, ana jayayya da iyakar shekarun aikin soja na son rai / ba tare da son rai ba a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yun S |date=2014 |title=BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child |journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–257 |doi=10.1163/18781527-00501008 |s2cid=153558830 |ssrn=2556825}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:Kuito_class.jpg|thumb|Yara a cikin aji na waje a Bié, [[Angola]]]] [[File:Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg|thumb|Yara da ke zaune a cikin aji na Finnish a makarantar Torvinen a Sodankylä, [[Finland]], a cikin 1920s]] Ilimi, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, yana nufin aikin ko tsari na ba da ko samun ilimi gaba ɗaya, haɓaka ikon tunani da hukunci, da shirya hankali don rayuwa mai girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Define Education |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> Ilimi na yau da kullun galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar makaranta. Wasu gwamnatoci sun amince da haƙƙin ilimi. A matakin duniya, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ya amince da haƙƙin kowa ga ilimi. [[Ilimi na tilas|Ilimi wajibi ne]] a mafi yawan wurare har zuwa wani shekaru, amma halartar makaranta bazai kasance ba, tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar makarantar gida ko e-koyon da aka gane a matsayin ingantaccen nau'ikan ilimi a wasu hukunce-hukunce. Yara a wasu ƙasashe (musamman a wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya) galibi ana kiyaye su daga makaranta, ko halarta ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayanai daga [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 57 ba su da makaranta; kuma fiye da 20% na yara na Afirka ba su taɓa zuwa makarantar firamare ba ko kuma sun bar ba tare da kammala karatun firamare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> A cewar [[yaƙi]] rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yaki yana hana yara miliyan 28 a duk duniya samun ilimi, saboda haɗarin tashin hankali na jima'i da hare-hare a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12606912 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke hana yara daga makaranta sun hada da talauci, aikin yara, halayen zamantakewa, da kuma nesa da makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Africa gold rush lures children out of school |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19870729 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.com – BBC News}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi wa yara == [[File:Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg|thumb|Rukunin yara maza masu fashewa a Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] sun bazu har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 21, yawan aikin yara ya fi girma a Afirka.]] Halin zamantakewa ga yara ya bambanta a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 game da halayen Turai game da tsakiya na yara ya gano cewa Italiya ta fi mayar da hankali ga yara kuma Netherlands ba ta da hankali ga yaro, tare da wasu ƙasashe, kamar Austria, Burtaniya, Ireland da Jamus ta Yamma suna fada tsakanin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Brayfield A |date=June 1997 |title=Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. |journal=Social Forces |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1239–1269 |doi=10.1093/sf/75.4.1239}}</ref> === Aure na yara === A cikin 2013, yawan auren yara na yara mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ya kai 75% a Nijar, 68% a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi, 66% a Bangladesh, da 47% a [[Indiya]]. Dangane da rahoton [[UNICEF]] na 2019 game da auren yara, kashi 37% na mata sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 a yankin Saharar Afirka, sannan Kudancin Asiya ta biyo baya a kashi 30%. An sami ƙananan matakan a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (25%), Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (18%), da Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya (11%), yayin da ƙimar a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |access-date=2020-04-27 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Aure na yara ya fi yawa tare da 'yan mata, amma kuma ya shafi yara maza. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin mujallar Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies ya gano cewa, a duk duniya, kashi 4.5% na maza sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C |date=2019-07-03 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |issn=1745-0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwar haihuwa da yawan yara ga kowace mace === Kafin rigakafin daukar ciki ya zama a ko'ina a karni na 20, mata ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai Abstinence ko samun yara da yawa. A zahiri, damuwa game da karuwar yawan jama'a na yanzu ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da raguwar [[Mutuwar yara]] da ci gaba da haihuwa. A cikin 2017 an kiyasta yawan haihuwa na duniya ya zama yara 2.37 ga kowace mace, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, Bisignano C, Azhar GS, Castro E, Chalek J, Dolgert AJ, Frank T, Fukutaki K, Hay SI, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Nandakumar V, Pierce M, Pletcher M, Robalik T, Steuben KM, Wunrow HY, Zlavog BS, Murray CJ |date=October 2020 |title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study |journal=Lancet |volume=396 |issue=10258 |pages=1285–1306 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 |pmc=7561721 |pmid=32679112}}</ref> yana ƙara kusan mutane miliyan 80 ga yawan duniya a kowace shekara. Don auna jimlar yawan yara, masana kimiyya galibi sun fi son kammala yawan haihuwa a shekaru 50 (CCF50). <ref name=":2" /> Kodayake yawan yara kuma yana da tasiri daga [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin al'adu]], [[Addini]], matsin lamba da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa, CCF50 ya bayyana ya fi dogara da matakin ilimi na mata, daga yara 5-8 a cikin mata ba tare da ilimi ba zuwa ƙasa da 2 a cikin mata masu shekaru 12 ko fiye na ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tambayoyi == === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice suna haifar da haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, aminci, da jin daɗin yara. Akwai nau'ikan rikice-rikice da gaggawa daban-daban, misali [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] da bala'o'i. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 kimanin yara miliyan 13 sun rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] da tashin hankali a duniya. Inda rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ya zama al'ada, rayuwar kananan yara suna da matukar damuwa kuma iyalansu suna da matukar wahala wajen bayar da kulawa mai hankali da daidaituwa da kananan yara ke buƙata don ci gaban su mai lafiya.<ref name="UNICEF_2010" /> Nazarin kan tasirin gaggawa da rikici a kan lafiyar [[Lafiya|jiki]] da tunani na yara tsakanin haihuwa da shekaru 8 sun nuna cewa inda bala'in ya kasance na halitta, yawan [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] yana faruwa a ko'ina daga kashi 3 zuwa 87 cikin dari na yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref name="Shannon_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM |date=January 1994 |title=Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 |pmid=8138525}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙimar PTSD ga yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rikici na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga kashi 15 zuwa 50. === Kare yara === {{Excerpt|Child protection}} === Cin zarafin yara da aikin yara === Kare yara daga cin zarafi ana daukar su a matsayin muhimmin burin zamani. Wannan ya haɗa da kare yara daga cin zarafi kamar [[aikin yara]], [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] da [[sayar da yara]], [[Cin zarafin yara]], gami da karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara, [[Yara a cikin soja|Amfani da yara na soja]], da kuma wanke yara a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa na kasa da kasa don waɗannan dalilai, kamar: * [[Mafi munin nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Yara]] * [[Yarjejeniyar tsayar da mafi ƙan-ƙantar Shekaru, 1973|Yarjejeniyar Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i * [[Protocol na Zabi game da shiga cikin yara a cikin rikici|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai]] * Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hague === Canjin yanayi === {{Excerpt|Climate change and children}} == Lafiya == === Mutuwar yara === [[File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg|thumb|360x360px|Yawan mutuwar jarirai a duniya a shekarar 2012.<ref name="unicef2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Infant Mortality Rates in 2012 |url=http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref>]] A farkon karni na 17 a [[Ingila]], kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yara sun mutu kafin su kai shekaru hudu. A lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], tsawon rayuwar yara ya karu sosai. Wannan ya ci gaba a Ingila, kuma a cikin karni na 21 yawan mutuwar yara ya fadi a duk faɗin duniya. Kimanin jarirai miliyan 12.6 'yan kasa da biyar sun mutu a duk duniya a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ragu zuwa miliyan 6.6 a shekarar 2012. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ragu daga mutuwar 90 ga kowane haihuwa 1,000 a cikin 1990, zuwa 48 a cikin 2012. Matsakaicin matsakaicin mutuwar jarirai yana cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, a mutuwar 98 a kowace haihuwar 1,000 - sama da ninki biyu na matsakaicin duniya.<ref name="unicef2013" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Ɗan yaro * [[Yarinya]] * [[Bayani game da ƙuruciya]] * Amfanin yara * Bautar yara * Rashin haihuwa * Kudin kiwon yaro * [[Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da samartaka|Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya]] * Tarihin ƙuruciya ** Tarihin yara a Amurka * Manufar yaro daya, a kasar Sin 1979 zuwa 2015 * Addini da yara * [['Yancin Matasa|Hakkin matasa]] * Archaeology na yara * Al'umma da al'adu na zamanin Victorian # Matsayin yara; Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙarni na 19. == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2026__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Manazarta == == Tushen == *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaZuba jari game da Shaida: Yanayin Duniya na Kula da Yara da Ilimi__hau____hau____hau__, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO. *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamar da makomar da ke da dorewa ga kowa; Rahoton kula da ilimi na duniya, 2016; Binciken jinsi__hau____hau____hau__, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|edition=Jacqueline S.}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Aikin ɗabi'a na ƙuruciya: Uwa, rayuwa ta zahiri, da al'adun masu amfani da yara na farko'' (NYU Press, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9 Littafin kan layi] duba kuma bita kan layi[https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/ Binciken kan layi] * Fass, Paula S. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya ta Amurka: Tarihin iyaye daga rayuwa a kan iyaka zuwa ga yaron da aka sarrafa (Princeton University Press, 2016). * [Hasiya] ''Tarihin Routledge na Yara a Yammacin Duniya'' (2012) a[https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3 kan layi] * [Hasiya] ''Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: A cikin Tarihi da Al'umma'' (3 vol, Macmillan, 2003) * Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, da Jim Goddard. ''Manufofin kula da yara na zamani da aiki'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 kan layi] * An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi yaren nan. Girlhood a Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2001) * Hutchison, Elizabeth D., da Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Tsaron jin daɗin yara: Manufofin da suka gabata, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba".''Iyalai a cikin Jama'a'' 81.6 (2000): 576-585. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Magunguna mafi kyau: Yadda Kimiyya da Lafiya ta Jama'a suka Ba Yara Makoma (WW Norton & Company, 2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6 kan layi] * Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Coalescing: Ci gaban karatun 'yan mata. "Jaridar NWSA 21.1 (2009): 1-28. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/263654/summary sashi] * Michail, Samia. "Gaskiya martani na makaranta ga halin ƙalubalen ɗalibai: Binciken wallafe-wallafen".''Inganta makarantu'' 14.2 (2011): 156-171. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82 kan layi] * Sorin, Reesa. ''Canjin hotuna na ƙuruciya: Sake fahimtar aikin ƙuruciya'' (Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Melbourne, 2005) [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819 kan layi]. * Sorin, Reesa. "Yarinya ta hanyar idanun yaro da iyaye".''Jaridar Binciken Australiya a cikin Ilimin Yara'' na Farko 14.1 (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf kan layi] * Vissing, Yvonne. "Tarihin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yara a Amurka. " a cikin 'Yancin 'Yancin Yara a Amurka: Kalubale da Dama (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) shafuffuka 181-212.&nbsp; * Yuen, Francis K.O. ''Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da yara da iyalai: tsarin kiwon lafiya na iyali'' (Routledge, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 kan layi]. {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]]<br />Childhood}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qt5gn9gtzwwk8eh6tojc58n7l2lbgk5 963219 963218 2026-10-05T00:05:00Z Baffa ali 47435 963219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg|thumb|250x250px| Yara na ƙasashen duniya sanye da kayan gargajiya a Liberty Weekend]] '''Yaro''' ( pl. yara ) [[Ɗan Adam|mutum]] ne tsakanin matakan [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child">{{Cite web |title=Child |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]}}</ref> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban [[jariri]] da balaga. Kalmar kuma tana iya nufin ɗan adam da ba a haifa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[OED.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster.com]]}}</ref> A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ma'anar doka ta ''yaro'' gabaɗaya tana nufin [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], a wannan yanayin a matsayin mutumin da bai kai [[Shekarun girma|shekarun zama ƙarami ba]] (akwai keɓancewa kamar, misali, shan giya da siyan giya ko da bayan shekarun zama ƙarami ne <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink? |url=https://alcohol.org/laws/underage-drinking/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Alcohol.org |language=en}}</ref> ), ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban jiki, hankali da jima'i a matsayin [[Baligi|manya]] na halitta ba. <ref name="Child" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and the law |url=https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=NSPCC Learning}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2018 |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood#:~:text=Defining%20Adulthood,-Adulthood%20is%20the&text=A%20person%20may%20be%20physically,by%20law%20until%20older%20ages. |website=LibreTexts - Biology |quote=A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.}}</ref> Yara gabaɗaya ba su da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙoƙi]] da nauyi kaɗan fiye da manya. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba. ''Yaro'' kuma zai iya bayyana dangantaka da iyaye (kamar 'ya'ya maza da mata na kowane zamani) <ref>{{Cite web |title=For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18 |url=http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Ssa.gov}}</ref> ko, a taƙaice, wani mutum mai iko, ko kuma yana nuna zama memba na ƙungiya a cikin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko addini; yana kuma iya nuna cewa wani lokaci, wuri, ko yanayi ya shafe shi sosai, kamar a cikin "ɗan yanayi" ko "ɗan shekaru sittin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> == Ma'anonin ilmin halitta, shari'a da zamantakewa == [[File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg|thumb| Yara suna wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, zane-zanen Romawa, ƙarni na 2 AD]] A fannin kimiyyar halittu, yawanci ana bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum tsakanin haihuwa da balaga, <ref name="Child" /> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. A shari'a, kalmar ''yaro'' na iya nufin duk wanda bai kai shekarun girma ba ko kuma wani iyaka na shekaru. Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara]] ta bayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin, "Mutum ɗan ƙasa da shekara 18 sai dai idan [[Doka|dokar]] da ta shafi yaron ta cika, an samu [[Shekarun girma|rinjaye]] da wuri." <ref name="un">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Kasashe 192 cikin 194 na mambobin sun amince da wannan. Kalmar ''yaro'' kuma tana iya nufin wanda bai kai wani ƙayyadadden shekaru da doka ta tanada ba tare da alaƙa da shekarun da ya fi girma ba. Misali, a [[Singafora|Singapore]], ana ayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 14 ba a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Yara da Matasa" yayin da shekarunsa na manya shine 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and Young Persons Act |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=21 October 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]]}}</ref> A cikin Dokar Shige da Fice ta Amurka, yaro yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 21 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Wasu ma'anonin Ingilishi na kalmar ''yaro'' sun haɗa da tayin (wani lokacin ana kiransa ''da ba a haifa ba'' ). A al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar yaro a matsayin babba bayan ya yi wani al'ada na haihuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai yi daidai da lokacin balaga ba. Yara gabaɗaya suna da 'yanci ƙasa da na manya kuma ana rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba, kuma a bisa doka dole ne koyaushe su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar babba ko mai kula da yara, ko iyayensu sun sake su ko a'a. == Matakan ci gaban yara == === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === [[File:Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG|thumb| Yara suna buga goge a cikin wani taron waƙa na rukuni, Ithaca, New York, 2011]] [[File:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg|thumb| Yara a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], 2011]] [[File:Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg|thumb| Yaro yana buga piano, 1984]] Yaronta yaro yana bin matakin [[jariri]] kuma yana farawa tare da jariri lokacin da yaro ya fara magana ko daukar matakai da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake ƙuruciya ta ƙare a kusa da shekaru 3 lokacin da yaro ya zama ƙasa da dogaro da taimakon iyaye don buƙatu na asali, ƙuruciya tana ci gaba kusan har zuwa shekaru 5 ko 6. Koyaya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara, ƙuruciya ta ƙwarewa ta haɗa da jariri. A wannan matakin yara suna koyo ta hanyar lura, gwaji da sadarwa tare da wasu. Manya suna kula da tallafawa tsarin ci gaban yaro, wanda zai haifar da ikon cin gashin kai na yaro. Har ila yau, a wannan matakin, an kirkiro dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin yaro da masu ba da kulawa. Yara kuma suna fara makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare a wannan shekarun; sabili da haka, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa. === Yarantaka ta tsakiya === Tsakiyar yara tana farawa a kusa da shekaru 7, kuma tana ƙare a kusa da shekara 9 ko 10. Tare, ana kiran ƙuruciya ta farko da ta tsakiya shekaru masu tasowa. A wannan lokacin na tsakiya, yara suna bunkasa cikin zamantakewa da tunani. Suna kan mataki inda suke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda zai ba su damar zama masu zaman kansu da haɓaka mutuntakarsu. A lokacin ƙuruciya, yara suna shiga shekarun makaranta, inda aka gabatar da su da wani yanayi daban da yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan sabon wuri yana haifar da sabbin ƙalubale da fuska ga yara. A lokacin shigar makaranta, rikice-rikicen hankali waɗanda ba za a lura da su ba sun bayyana. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: autism, [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]], dyscalculia, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].: 303-309 [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]], mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, martani ga shiga tsakani da Shirye-shiryen ilimi na mutum duk shirye-shirye ne na musamman don taimakawa yara masu nakasa.<ref name="Berger_2017" />{{Rp|310–311}} Tsakiyar yara shine lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar alhakin kuma abokan aikinsu da iyayensu suka fara tsara su. Ayyuka da yanke shawara masu alhakin sun zo a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda kwatancin zamantakewa da wasan zamantakewa ke yi.:{{Rp|338}} A lokacin wasan zamantakewa, yara suna koyon juna da koyar da juna, sau da yawa ta hanyar lura. === Ƙarshen ƙuruciya === Preadolescence wani Matasa ne na ci gaban ɗan adam bayan ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Preadolescence ana bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 9-12, yana ƙare tare da babban farkon balaga, tare da alamomi kamar menarche, spermarche, da kuma mafi girman saurin tsawo yana faruwa. Wadannan canje-canje yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 14. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman lokacin shekaru 2 kafin babban farkon balaga.Pre-mature na iya kawo ƙalubale da damuwa. Yara masu zuwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da duniya daga yara ƙanana a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yawanci, ra'ayinsu ya fi dacewa da rayuwa fiye da duniya mai zurfi, mai ban sha'awa na ƙuruciya. Preadolescents suna da mafi girma, mai hankali, tunani da ayyuka na gaskiya: 'mafi girman matakin ci gaba... yaro ba shi da motsin rai a yanzu.'Preadolescents na iya kallon dangantaka ɗan adam daban-daban (misali suna iya lura da kuskuren, bangaren ɗan adam na ƙididdigar iko). Tare da wannan, suna iya fara haɓaka ma'anar kansu, kuma suna da ƙaruwa na 'yancin kai: 'yana iya jin mutum, ba "kawai ɗaya daga cikin iyali ba. ' == Matakan ci gaba bayan yara == === Matasa === [[File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg|thumb|Yarinya matashiya, wanda Paolo Monti ya ɗauka]] [[Samartaka|Matasa]] yawanci ana ƙaddara ta kasance tsakanin farkon balaga da ƙuruciya ta doka: galibi daidai da shekarun matasa (13-19). Koyaya, [[balaga]] yawanci yakan fara ne kafin shekarun matasa (10 - 11 ga 'yan mata da 11 - 12 ga yara maza). Kodayake a cikin halitta yaro ɗan adam ne tsakanin matakai na [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child" /> matasa ana ɗaukar su yara bisa doka, saboda ba su da haƙƙin manya kuma har yanzu ana buƙatar su halarci makaranta a al'adu da yawa, kodayake wannan ya bambanta. Farawar balaga yana kawo canje-canje daban-daban na jiki, tunani da halayyar mutum. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya da farkon balaga ya bambanta da ƙasa da aiki, kuma har ma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ko al'ada akwai yiwuwar shekaru daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar mutum ya isa ya ba da izini ga al'umma tare da wasu ayyuka. == Tarihi == [[File:Su_Han_Ch'en_001.jpg|thumb|Playing Children, ta hanyar Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.]] A lokacin [[Renaissance]] na Turai, zane-zane na yara ya karu sosai, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan halin zamantakewa ga yara, duk da haka. Masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekarun 1600, ra'ayin yara ya fara fitowa a Turai, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Philippe Ariès}}</ref> duk da haka wasu masana tarihi kamar Nicholas Orme sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa ana ganin yara a matsayin mataki daban tun a kalla zamanin da. Manya sun ga yara a matsayin mutane daban-daban, marasa laifi kuma suna buƙatar kariya da horo daga manya da ke kewaye da su. Masanin falsafar Ingilishi [[John Locke]] ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen bayyana wannan sabon hali ga yara, musamman game da ka'idarsa na Tabula rasa, wanda ya ɗauki hankali a lokacin haihuwa ya zama "blank slate". Sakamakon wannan rukunan shi ne cewa an haifi tunanin yaron ba tare da komai ba, kuma aikin iyaye ne su ba yaron gaskiya. A farkon lokacin [[jari-hujja]], tasowa na babban, matsakaicin matsakaicin kasuwanci, galibi a cikin ƙasashen [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] na Jamhuriyar Dutch da [[Ingila]], ya haifar da sabon akidar iyali da ke kewaye da renon yara. Puritanism ya jaddada muhimmancin ceto na mutum da damuwa game da jin daɗin ruhaniya na yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox VC |date=April 1996 |title=Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England. |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/20f04350242eb7f2342f8b8bb8326d76/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816657 |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=286–306}}</ref> [[File:Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton,_2005,_24.jpg|left|thumb|''The Age of Innocence'' {{Circa|1785}}/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.]] Ra'ayi na zamani na ƙuruciya tare da kansa da burin ya fara fitowa a lokacin [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]] na ƙarni na 18 da kuma lokacin Romantic wanda ya biyo baya.<ref name="cohen" /> Jean Jacques Rousseau ya tsara halin soyayya ga yara a cikin sanannen littafinsa na 1762 Emile: ko, On Education . Gina kan ra'ayoyin [[John Locke]] da sauran masu tunani na karni na 17, Jean-Jaques Rousseau ya bayyana ƙuruciya a matsayin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wuri mai tsarki kafin mutane su fuskanci haɗari da wahalar balaga. Hoton yara na Sir Joshua Reynolds ya nuna sabon halin da aka haskaka ga yara ƙanana. Hotonsa na 1788 The Age of Innocence ya jaddada rashin laifi da kuma alherin halitta na yaron kuma nan da nan ya zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a. [[File:Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Brazil Leopoldina (hagu) da [[Isabel, Gimbiya ta Brazil|Isabel]] (tsakiya) tare da abokiyar da ba a san ta ba, c. 1860.]] Ra'ayin yaro a matsayin wurin zama na allahntaka, tsarki, da rashin laifi an kara bayyana shi a cikin William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", wanda ya "yi amfani da shi daga rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na fastoci, ra'ayoyin pantheistic na allahntakar, da ra'ayin ruhaniya wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi na Edenic na rashin laifi da aka haɗa da ra'ayoyi na Neoplatonic na reincarnation". Wannan ra'ayi na Romantic na ƙuruciya, masanin tarihi Margaret Reeves ya ba da shawarar, yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka sani, tare da tushensa da za'a iya ganowa zuwa irin wannan tunanin ƙuruciya da ke yawo, alal misali, a cikin waƙoƙin neo-platonic na mawaƙa na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai Henry Vaughan (misali, "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bambanta da ra'ayoyi masu koyarwa, ra'ayoyan Calvinist game da lalata da jarirai.[32] [[File:Vazken_Andréassian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg|thumb|'Yan kallo na Armenia a cikin 1918]] Tare da farawar [[Industrial Revolution|masana'antu]] a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1760, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin soyayya na yara da gaskiyar karuwar girman cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki, ya zama a bayyane. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ana amfani da yara na Burtaniya musamman a masana'antu da ma'adinai kuma a matsayin masu share bututun wuta, sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari don ƙananan albashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era |url=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html |website=hiddenlives.org}}</ref> Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, saɓani tsakanin yanayin ƙasa ga yara matalauta da ra'ayin matsakaicin yaro a matsayin lokacin sauƙi da rashin laifi ya haifar da kamfen na farko don tilasta kariya ta doka ga yara. Masu gyarawa na Burtaniya sun kai farmaki ga [[aikin yara]] daga shekarun 1830 zuwa gaba, wanda [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] ya ba da mummunar bayanin rayuwar titin London. Kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Ayyukan Masana'antu, wanda ya rage cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 1901 |title=The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=2139 |pages=1871–1872 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2507680 |pmid=20759953}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin zamani na ƙuruciya === [[File:Fountain_Fun.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin maraice na rani, Davis, California.]] [[File:A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg|thumb|Wani tsoho da jikarsa a [[Turkiyya]].]] [[File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg|thumb|Yaran Nepalese suna wasa da [[Kyanwa|Cats]].]] [[File:Harari_Girls,_Ethiopia_(8261348010).jpg|thumb|'Yan mata na Harari a Habasha.]] Halin zamani ga yara ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19; Matsakaicin Victorian da na sama sun jaddada rawar da iyali ke takawa da tsarkakar yaro - halin da ya kasance mai rinjaye a al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tun daga lokacin. Irin wallafe-wallafen yara ya tashi, tare da yaduwar littattafai masu ban dariya, littattafan da suka dace da tunanin yaro. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, wanda aka buga a 1865 a Ingila, alama ce a cikin jinsi; an dauke shi a matsayin "Maganar Ingilishi ta farko da aka rubuta don yara", bugawa ta buɗe "First Golden Age" na wallafe-wallafen yara. Rabin ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga gabatar da makarantar sakandare ta yara a duk faɗin Turai, wanda ya cire yara daga wurin aiki zuwa makarantu. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa na karni na 19 ya ba da damar manufar yara a matsayin lokacin nishaɗi, farin ciki, da tunanin. 'Yan tsana da aka yi a masana'antu da gidajen' yan tsana sun faranta wa' yan mata rai kuma yara maza ne suka shirya wasanni da ayyukan. Sir Robert Baden-Powell ne ya kafa Boy Scouts a cikin 1908, wanda ya ba da yara maza da ayyukan waje da nufin bunkasa hali, zama ɗan ƙasa, da halaye na mutum. A cikin karni na 20, Philippe Ariès, masanin tarihin Faransa wanda ya kware a [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tarihin zamani]], ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuruciya ba abu ne na halitta ba, amma halittar al'umma ce a cikin littafinsa na 1960 Centuries of Childhood . A shekara ta 1961 ya wallafa wani binciken zane-zane, kaburbura, kayan gida, da bayanan makaranta, inda ya gano cewa kafin karni na 17, ana wakiltar yara a matsayin kananan manya. A shekara ta 1966, masanin falsafa na Amurka George Boas ya wallafa littafin The Cult of Childhood . Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana tarihi sun ci gaba da bincike kan yara a lokutan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ulbricht J |date=November 2005 |title=J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture |journal=Art Education |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564 |issn=0004-3125 |s2cid=190482412}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hugh Cunningham ya buga littafin Invention of Childhood, yana kallon yarantakar Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1000, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, zuwa abin da yake magana a kai a matsayin Post War Period na shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. Yarancin yana canzawa kuma yana canzawa yayin da salon rayuwa ke canzawa da tsammanin manya ke canzawa. A zamanin yau, manya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yara kada su kasance da damuwa ko aiki, saboda rayuwa ta kasance mai farin ciki da rashin matsala. Ana ganin ƙuruciya a matsayin cakuda sauƙi, rashin laifi, farin ciki, nishaɗi, tunanin, da mamaki. Ana tunanin shi a matsayin lokacin wasa, koyo, zamantakewa, bincike, da damuwa a duniya ba tare da tsangwama mai yawa ba. "Rashin rashin laifi" wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun, kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsufa. Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin shi azaman gogewa ko lokaci a rayuwar yaro wanda ke fadada fahimtar mugunta, ciwo ko duniyar da ke kewaye da su. An nuna wannan taken a cikin litattafan To Kill a Mockingbird da Lord of the Flies . Halin almara Peter Pan shine bayyanar yarantaka wanda ba ya ƙare. == Yara masu lafiya == === Matsayin iyaye === === Lafiyar yara === Lafiyar yara ta haɗa da lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewar yara. Kula da lafiyar yara yana nufin ba su abinci mai kyau, tabbatar da cewa suna samun isasshen barci da motsa jiki, da kuma kare lafiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Health |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/childrenshealth.html |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Yara a wasu sassan duniya galibi suna fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], wanda galibi ana danganta shi da wasu yanayi, kamar zawo, huhu da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE |date=July 2004 |title=Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 |pmid=15213048 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi 30.8% ne kawai na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23 a duk duniya ke cin abinci mai banbanci. === Kare yara === Kariya ta yara, a cewar UNICEF, tana nufin "hanawa da amsawa ga tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara - gami da cin zarafi na kasuwanci, [[Cinikin yara|fataucin mutane]], [[aikin yara]] da ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa, kamar yankan mata / yanka da auren yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=What is child Protection? |url=http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF)}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] tana kare ainihin' yancin yara. === Wasanni === [[File:MOPC_60.png|thumb|Yin rawa a gidan marayu na Uwar Zaman Lafiya, [[Zimbabwe]]]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar yara, jiki, zamantakewa, da jin daɗi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg KR |date=January 2007 |title=The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds |journal=Pediatrics |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |bibcode=2007Pedia.119..182G |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2697 |pmid=17200287 |s2cid=54617427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana ba wa yara damar yin amfani da jiki (gudu, tsalle, hawa, da dai sauransu), ilimi (ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ka'idojin al'umma, ɗabi'a da ilimi na gaba ɗaya) da ci gaban motsin rai (ta'a, tausayi, da abota). Wasan da ba a tsara shi ba yana ƙarfafa kerawa da tunanin. Yin wasa da hulɗa tare da wasu yara, da kuma wasu manya, suna ba da dama ga abota, hulɗar zamantakewa, rikice-rikice da ƙuduri. Koyaya, manya suna yawan (sau da yawa ba daidai ba) ɗauka cewa kusan dukkanin ayyukan zamantakewar yara ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin "wasan" kuma, ƙari, ayyukan wasan yara ba su da ƙwarewa ko ƙoƙari sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1493–1518 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2001 |title=Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=515–543 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasa ne yara a ƙuruciya ke shiga da hulɗa a duniya da ke kewaye da su. Wasan yana bawa yara damar ƙirƙirar da bincika duniyar da za su iya sarrafawa, suna cin nasarar tsoronsu yayin da suke yin rawar manya, wani lokacin tare da wasu yara ko masu kula da manya.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Wasan da ba a jagoranta ba yana bawa yara damar koyon yadda za su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, su raba, su tattauna, su warware rikice-rikice, da kuma koyon ƙwarewar kare kai. Koyaya, lokacin da manya ke sarrafa wasan, yara suna bin ka'idojin manya da damuwa kuma suna rasa wasu fa'idodi da wasan ke ba su. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman wajen bunkasa kerawa, jagoranci, da ƙwarewar rukuni.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> [[File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg|thumb|Ralph Hedley, ''Gasar,'' 1898. Ya nuna yara maza marasa talauci suna wasa a waje a wani yanki na karkara na Arewa maso gabashin Ingila.]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen ci gaban yara wanda [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane yaro.<ref name="un" /> Yaran da ake tasowa a cikin hanzari da matsin lamba na iya iyakance fa'idodin kariya da za su samu daga wasan da yara ke yi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Farawa na wasa a cikin aji yana bawa malamai da ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa ta hanyar wasa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Sabili da haka, wasa yana taimakawa hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa. "Tsarin wasa" yana nufin hada ilmantarwa na al'ada tare da ilmantarwa ta al'ada don samar da ingantaccen ilmantarwa ga yara tun suna ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K |date=July 2011 |title=Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms. |journal=Early Years |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1080/09575146.2011.579070 |s2cid=154926596}}</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar wasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara mafi kyau, yanayin yana shafar wasan su sabili da haka ci gaban su. Yara matalauta suna fuskantar rashin daidaito na muhalli yayin da suke fuskantar karancin tallafin zamantakewa, kuma iyayensu ba su da amsawa kuma sun fi iko. Yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar samun littattafai da kwamfutoci wanda zai inganta ci gaban su.<ref name="pmid14992634">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans GW |date=2004 |title=The environment of childhood poverty |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 |pmid=14992634}}</ref> === Al'adun titi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg|thumb|Yara a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Toronto, 1920s.]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] titin yara suna nufin al'adun da yara ƙanana suka kirkira kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu duniyar sirrin su. Ya fi yawa a cikin yara tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. Yana da karfi a cikin Gundumomin masana'antu na birane inda yara ke da 'yanci don yin wasa a kan tituna na dogon lokaci ba tare da kulawa ba. Yara da kansu ne suka kirkireshi kuma sun fi kiyaye shi tare da ƙananan tsangwama na manya. Al'adun tituna na yara yawanci suna faruwa ne a kan tituna masu nutsuwa da hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyin da ke shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na gida, wuraren wasa, scrub da hamada, da kuma shagunan gida. Sau da yawa yana sanya matsayi na tunani a wasu sassan birane (ginin gida, kerbs, abubuwan titi, da dai sauransu). Yara suna tsara takamaiman wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin wuraren taro na al'ada da wuraren shakatawa (duba: Sobel, 2001). Yankin birni wanda ba shi da fuska ko kuma an yi watsi da shi ga babba na iya samun ma'anar 'ruhun wuri' mai zurfi ga yara. Tun zuwan abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida kamar Wasannin bidiyo, da talabijin, an nuna damuwa game da kuzari - ko ma da tsira - na al'adun titin yara. == Yanayin ƙuruciya == Yanayin yara ya haɗa da yadda (babba) al'umma ke fahimtar ra'ayin yara, hanyoyin da halayen manya da halayen ke shafar rayuwar yara, gami da yanayin da ke kewaye da yara da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. [[Yanayin yara]] yayi kama da yanayin yara wanda ke nazarin wuraren da yara ke zaune. === Rashin lalacewar yanayi === Yanayin Yanayi, kalmar da Richard Louv ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa na 2005 Last Child in the Woods, yana nufin yanayin da ke faruwa a Amurka da Kanada zuwa ga karancin lokaci don wasa a waje, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2006 |title=For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0629/p13s02-lifp.html |website=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702135326/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The University Record Online |publisher=The University of Michigan}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na halayyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burak |first=Tammie |date=2 July 2007 |title=Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/health-fitness/nutrition/article/are-your-kids-really-spending-enough-time-outdoors |access-date=22 November 2009 |website=[[Canadian Living]]}}</ref> Tare da karuwar amfani da wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, wasannin bidiyo da talabijin, yara suna da ƙarin dalilai na zama a ciki maimakon waje bincika. "Matsakaicin yaro na Amurka yana ciyar da sa'o'i 44 a mako tare da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki". Bincike a cikin 2007 ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin raguwar yawan ziyarar National Park a Amurka da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ta yara.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pergams OR, Zaradic PA |date=September 2006 |title=Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices |url=https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/numbers-in-context/ |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=387–393 |bibcode=2006JEnvM..80..387P |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 |pmid=16580127 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai sun hanzarta yanayin yanayin yanayin yara ta hanyar rage ra'ayoyin yanayi, kamar yadda yake a fina-finai na Disney.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S |date=August 2015 |title=Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films |journal=Public Understanding of Science |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=672–680 |doi=10.1177/0963662513519042 |pmid=24519887 |s2cid=43190714}}</ref> == Shekarar alhakin == Shekarar da ake la'akari da yara da ke da alhakin ayyukansu na al'umma (misali aure, jefa kuri'a, da dai sauransu) ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nunawa a hanyar da ake bi da su a kotuna. A zamanin Roman, ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin marasa laifi don laifuka, matsayin da Ikilisiya ta karɓa daga baya. A cikin karni na 19, an yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekara bakwai ba za su iya aikata laifi ba. Yara daga shekaru bakwai zuwa gaba an dauke su da alhakin ayyukansu. Saboda haka, za su iya fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, a tura su kurkuku, kuma a hukunta su kamar manya ta hanyar bulala, alama ko ratayewa. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da shekarun aure sun bambanta. Har ila yau, ana jayayya da iyakar shekarun aikin soja na son rai / ba tare da son rai ba a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yun S |date=2014 |title=BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child |journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–257 |doi=10.1163/18781527-00501008 |s2cid=153558830 |ssrn=2556825}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:Kuito_class.jpg|thumb|Yara a cikin aji na waje a Bié, [[Angola]]]] [[File:Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg|thumb|Yara da ke zaune a cikin aji na Finnish a makarantar Torvinen a Sodankylä, [[Finland]], a cikin 1920s]] Ilimi, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, yana nufin aikin ko tsari na ba da ko samun ilimi gaba ɗaya, haɓaka ikon tunani da hukunci, da shirya hankali don rayuwa mai girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Define Education |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> Ilimi na yau da kullun galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar makaranta. Wasu gwamnatoci sun amince da haƙƙin ilimi. A matakin duniya, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ya amince da haƙƙin kowa ga ilimi. [[Ilimi na tilas|Ilimi wajibi ne]] a mafi yawan wurare har zuwa wani shekaru, amma halartar makaranta bazai kasance ba, tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar makarantar gida ko e-koyon da aka gane a matsayin ingantaccen nau'ikan ilimi a wasu hukunce-hukunce. Yara a wasu ƙasashe (musamman a wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya) galibi ana kiyaye su daga makaranta, ko halarta ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayanai daga [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 57 ba su da makaranta; kuma fiye da 20% na yara na Afirka ba su taɓa zuwa makarantar firamare ba ko kuma sun bar ba tare da kammala karatun firamare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> A cewar [[yaƙi]] rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yaki yana hana yara miliyan 28 a duk duniya samun ilimi, saboda haɗarin tashin hankali na jima'i da hare-hare a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12606912 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke hana yara daga makaranta sun hada da talauci, aikin yara, halayen zamantakewa, da kuma nesa da makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Africa gold rush lures children out of school |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19870729 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.com – BBC News}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi wa yara == [[File:Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg|thumb|Rukunin yara maza masu fashewa a Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] sun bazu har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 21, yawan aikin yara ya fi girma a Afirka.]] Halin zamantakewa ga yara ya bambanta a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 game da halayen Turai game da tsakiya na yara ya gano cewa Italiya ta fi mayar da hankali ga yara kuma Netherlands ba ta da hankali ga yaro, tare da wasu ƙasashe, kamar Austria, Burtaniya, Ireland da Jamus ta Yamma suna fada tsakanin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Brayfield A |date=June 1997 |title=Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. |journal=Social Forces |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1239–1269 |doi=10.1093/sf/75.4.1239}}</ref> === Aure na yara === A cikin 2013, yawan auren yara na yara mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ya kai 75% a Nijar, 68% a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi, 66% a Bangladesh, da 47% a [[Indiya]]. Dangane da rahoton [[UNICEF]] na 2019 game da auren yara, kashi 37% na mata sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 a yankin Saharar Afirka, sannan Kudancin Asiya ta biyo baya a kashi 30%. An sami ƙananan matakan a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (25%), Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (18%), da Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya (11%), yayin da ƙimar a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |access-date=2020-04-27 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Aure na yara ya fi yawa tare da 'yan mata, amma kuma ya shafi yara maza. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin mujallar Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies ya gano cewa, a duk duniya, kashi 4.5% na maza sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C |date=2019-07-03 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |issn=1745-0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwar haihuwa da yawan yara ga kowace mace === Kafin rigakafin daukar ciki ya zama a ko'ina a karni na 20, mata ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai Abstinence ko samun yara da yawa. A zahiri, damuwa game da karuwar yawan jama'a na yanzu ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da raguwar [[Mutuwar yara]] da ci gaba da haihuwa. A cikin 2017 an kiyasta yawan haihuwa na duniya ya zama yara 2.37 ga kowace mace, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, Bisignano C, Azhar GS, Castro E, Chalek J, Dolgert AJ, Frank T, Fukutaki K, Hay SI, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Nandakumar V, Pierce M, Pletcher M, Robalik T, Steuben KM, Wunrow HY, Zlavog BS, Murray CJ |date=October 2020 |title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study |journal=Lancet |volume=396 |issue=10258 |pages=1285–1306 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 |pmc=7561721 |pmid=32679112}}</ref> yana ƙara kusan mutane miliyan 80 ga yawan duniya a kowace shekara. Don auna jimlar yawan yara, masana kimiyya galibi sun fi son kammala yawan haihuwa a shekaru 50 (CCF50). <ref name=":2" /> Kodayake yawan yara kuma yana da tasiri daga [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin al'adu]], [[Addini]], matsin lamba da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa, CCF50 ya bayyana ya fi dogara da matakin ilimi na mata, daga yara 5-8 a cikin mata ba tare da ilimi ba zuwa ƙasa da 2 a cikin mata masu shekaru 12 ko fiye na ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tambayoyi == === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice suna haifar da haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, aminci, da jin daɗin yara. Akwai nau'ikan rikice-rikice da gaggawa daban-daban, misali [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] da bala'o'i. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 kimanin yara miliyan 13 sun rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] da tashin hankali a duniya. Inda rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ya zama al'ada, rayuwar kananan yara suna da matukar damuwa kuma iyalansu suna da matukar wahala wajen bayar da kulawa mai hankali da daidaituwa da kananan yara ke buƙata don ci gaban su mai lafiya.<ref name="UNICEF_2010" /> Nazarin kan tasirin gaggawa da rikici a kan lafiyar [[Lafiya|jiki]] da tunani na yara tsakanin haihuwa da shekaru 8 sun nuna cewa inda bala'in ya kasance na halitta, yawan [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] yana faruwa a ko'ina daga kashi 3 zuwa 87 cikin dari na yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref name="Shannon_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM |date=January 1994 |title=Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 |pmid=8138525}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙimar PTSD ga yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rikici na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga kashi 15 zuwa 50. === Kare yara === {{Excerpt|Child protection}} === Cin zarafin yara da aikin yara === Kare yara daga cin zarafi ana daukar su a matsayin muhimmin burin zamani. Wannan ya haɗa da kare yara daga cin zarafi kamar [[aikin yara]], [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] da [[sayar da yara]], [[Cin zarafin yara]], gami da karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara, [[Yara a cikin soja|Amfani da yara na soja]], da kuma wanke yara a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa na kasa da kasa don waɗannan dalilai, kamar: * [[Mafi munin nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Yara]] * [[Yarjejeniyar tsayar da mafi ƙan-ƙantar Shekaru, 1973|Yarjejeniyar Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i * [[Protocol na Zabi game da shiga cikin yara a cikin rikici|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai]] * Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hague === Canjin yanayi === {{Excerpt|Climate change and children}} == Lafiya == === Mutuwar yara === [[File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg|thumb|360x360px|Yawan mutuwar jarirai a duniya a shekarar 2012.<ref name="unicef2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Infant Mortality Rates in 2012 |url=http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref>]] A farkon karni na 17 a [[Ingila]], kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yara sun mutu kafin su kai shekaru hudu. A lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], tsawon rayuwar yara ya karu sosai. Wannan ya ci gaba a Ingila, kuma a cikin karni na 21 yawan mutuwar yara ya fadi a duk faɗin duniya. Kimanin jarirai miliyan 12.6 'yan kasa da biyar sun mutu a duk duniya a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ragu zuwa miliyan 6.6 a shekarar 2012. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ragu daga mutuwar 90 ga kowane haihuwa 1,000 a cikin 1990, zuwa 48 a cikin 2012. Matsakaicin matsakaicin mutuwar jarirai yana cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, a mutuwar 98 a kowace haihuwar 1,000 - sama da ninki biyu na matsakaicin duniya.<ref name="unicef2013" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Ɗan yaro * [[Yarinya]] * [[Bayani game da ƙuruciya]] * Amfanin yara * Bautar yara * Rashin haihuwa * Kudin kiwon yaro * [[Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da samartaka|Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya]] * Tarihin ƙuruciya ** Tarihin yara a Amurka * Manufar yaro daya, a kasar Sin 1979 zuwa 2015 * Addini da yara * [['Yancin Matasa|Hakkin matasa]] * Archaeology na yara * Al'umma da al'adu na zamanin Victorian # Matsayin yara; Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙarni na 19. == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2026__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Manazarta == == Tushen == *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaZuba jari game da Shaida: Yanayin Duniya na Kula da Yara da Ilimi__hau____hau____hau__, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO. *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamar da makomar da ke da dorewa ga kowa; Rahoton kula da ilimi na duniya, 2016; Binciken jinsi__hau____hau____hau__, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|edition=Jacqueline S.}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Aikin ɗabi'a na ƙuruciya: Uwa, rayuwa ta zahiri, da al'adun masu amfani da yara na farko'' (NYU Press, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9 Littafin kan layi] duba kuma bita kan layi[https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/ Binciken kan layi] * Fass, Paula S. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya ta Amurka: Tarihin iyaye daga rayuwa a kan iyaka zuwa ga yaron da aka sarrafa (Princeton University Press, 2016). * [Hasiya] ''Tarihin Routledge na Yara a Yammacin Duniya'' (2012) a[https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3 kan layi] * [Hasiya] ''Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: A cikin Tarihi da Al'umma'' (3 vol, Macmillan, 2003) * Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, da Jim Goddard. ''Manufofin kula da yara na zamani da aiki'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 kan layi] * An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi yaren nan. Girlhood a Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2001) * Hutchison, Elizabeth D., da Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Tsaron jin daɗin yara: Manufofin da suka gabata, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba".''Iyalai a cikin Jama'a'' 81.6 (2000): 576-585. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Magunguna mafi kyau: Yadda Kimiyya da Lafiya ta Jama'a suka Ba Yara Makoma (WW Norton & Company, 2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6 kan layi] * Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Coalescing: Ci gaban karatun 'yan mata. "Jaridar NWSA 21.1 (2009): 1-28. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/263654/summary sashi] * Michail, Samia. "Gaskiya martani na makaranta ga halin ƙalubalen ɗalibai: Binciken wallafe-wallafen".''Inganta makarantu'' 14.2 (2011): 156-171. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82 kan layi] * Sorin, Reesa. ''Canjin hotuna na ƙuruciya: Sake fahimtar aikin ƙuruciya'' (Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Melbourne, 2005) [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819 kan layi]. * Sorin, Reesa. "Yarinya ta hanyar idanun yaro da iyaye".''Jaridar Binciken Australiya a cikin Ilimin Yara'' na Farko 14.1 (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf kan layi] * Vissing, Yvonne. "Tarihin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yara a Amurka. " a cikin 'Yancin 'Yancin Yara a Amurka: Kalubale da Dama (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) shafuffuka 181-212.&nbsp; * Yuen, Francis K.O. ''Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da yara da iyalai: tsarin kiwon lafiya na iyali'' (Routledge, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 kan layi]. {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]]<br />Childhood}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q0925x15t4e477i3ur9d76njhi90kk5 963220 963219 2026-10-05T00:06:00Z Baffa ali 47435 963220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg|thumb|250x250px| Yara na ƙasashen duniya sanye da kayan gargajiya a Liberty Weekend]] '''Yaro''' ( pl. yara ) [[Ɗan Adam|mutum]] ne tsakanin matakan [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child">{{Cite web |title=Child |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]}}</ref> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban [[jariri]] da balaga. Kalmar kuma tana iya nufin ɗan adam da ba a haifa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[OED.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster.com]]}}</ref> A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ma'anar doka ta ''yaro'' gabaɗaya tana nufin [[Ƙananan (doka)|ƙarami]], a wannan yanayin a matsayin mutumin da bai kai [[Shekarun girma|shekarun zama ƙarami ba]] (akwai keɓancewa kamar, misali, shan giya da siyan giya ko da bayan shekarun zama ƙarami ne <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink? |url=https://alcohol.org/laws/underage-drinking/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Alcohol.org |language=en}}</ref> ), ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban jiki, hankali da jima'i a matsayin [[Baligi|manya]] na halitta ba. <ref name="Child" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and the law |url=https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=NSPCC Learning}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2018 |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood#:~:text=Defining%20Adulthood,-Adulthood%20is%20the&text=A%20person%20may%20be%20physically,by%20law%20until%20older%20ages. |website=LibreTexts - Biology |quote=A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.}}</ref> Yara gabaɗaya ba su da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙoƙi]] da nauyi kaɗan fiye da manya. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba. ''Yaro'' kuma zai iya bayyana dangantaka da iyaye (kamar 'ya'ya maza da mata na kowane zamani) <ref>{{Cite web |title=For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18 |url=http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Ssa.gov}}</ref> ko, a taƙaice, wani mutum mai iko, ko kuma yana nuna zama memba na ƙungiya a cikin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko addini; yana kuma iya nuna cewa wani lokaci, wuri, ko yanayi ya shafe shi sosai, kamar a cikin "ɗan yanayi" ko "ɗan shekaru sittin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> == Ma'anonin ilmin halitta, shari'a da zamantakewa == [[File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg|thumb| Yara suna wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, zane-zanen Romawa, ƙarni na 2 AD]] A fannin kimiyyar halittu, yawanci ana bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum tsakanin haihuwa da balaga, <ref name="Child" /> ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. A shari'a, kalmar ''yaro'' na iya nufin duk wanda bai kai shekarun girma ba ko kuma wani iyaka na shekaru. Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara]] ta bayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin, "Mutum ɗan ƙasa da shekara 18 sai dai idan [[Doka|dokar]] da ta shafi yaron ta cika, an samu [[Shekarun girma|rinjaye]] da wuri." <ref name="un">{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> Kasashe 192 cikin 194 na mambobin sun amince da wannan. Kalmar ''yaro'' kuma tana iya nufin wanda bai kai wani ƙayyadadden shekaru da doka ta tanada ba tare da alaƙa da shekarun da ya fi girma ba. Misali, a [[Singafora|Singapore]], ana ayyana ''yaro'' a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 14 ba a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Yara da Matasa" yayin da shekarunsa na manya shine 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and Young Persons Act |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=21 October 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]]}}</ref> A cikin Dokar Shige da Fice ta Amurka, yaro yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 21 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> Wasu ma'anonin Ingilishi na kalmar ''yaro'' sun haɗa da tayin (wani lokacin ana kiransa ''da ba a haifa ba'' ). A al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar yaro a matsayin babba bayan ya yi wani al'ada na haihuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai yi daidai da lokacin balaga ba. Yara gabaɗaya suna da 'yanci ƙasa da na manya kuma ana rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba, kuma a bisa doka dole ne koyaushe su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar babba ko mai kula da yara, ko iyayensu sun sake su ko a'a. == Matakan ci gaban yara == === Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya === [[File:Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG|thumb| Yara suna buga goge a cikin wani taron waƙa na rukuni, Ithaca, New York, 2011]] [[File:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg|thumb| Yara a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], 2011]] [[File:Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg|thumb| Yaro yana buga piano, 1984]] Yaronta yaro yana bin matakin [[jariri]] kuma yana farawa tare da jariri lokacin da yaro ya fara magana ko daukar matakai da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake ƙuruciya ta ƙare a kusa da shekaru 3 lokacin da yaro ya zama ƙasa da dogaro da taimakon iyaye don buƙatu na asali, ƙuruciya tana ci gaba kusan har zuwa shekaru 5 ko 6. Koyaya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara, ƙuruciya ta ƙwarewa ta haɗa da jariri. A wannan matakin yara suna koyo ta hanyar lura, gwaji da sadarwa tare da wasu. Manya suna kula da tallafawa tsarin ci gaban yaro, wanda zai haifar da ikon cin gashin kai na yaro. Har ila yau, a wannan matakin, an kirkiro dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin yaro da masu ba da kulawa. Yara kuma suna fara makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare a wannan shekarun; sabili da haka, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa. === Yarantaka ta tsakiya === Tsakiyar yara tana farawa a kusa da shekaru 7, kuma tana ƙare a kusa da shekara 9 ko 10. Tare, ana kiran ƙuruciya ta farko da ta tsakiya shekaru masu tasowa. A wannan lokacin na tsakiya, yara suna bunkasa cikin zamantakewa da tunani. Suna kan mataki inda suke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda zai ba su damar zama masu zaman kansu da haɓaka mutuntakarsu. A lokacin ƙuruciya, yara suna shiga shekarun makaranta, inda aka gabatar da su da wani yanayi daban da yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan sabon wuri yana haifar da sabbin ƙalubale da fuska ga yara. A lokacin shigar makaranta, rikice-rikicen hankali waɗanda ba za a lura da su ba sun bayyana. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: autism, [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]], dyscalculia, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].: 303-309 [[Ilimi Na Musamman|Ilimi na musamman]], mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, martani ga shiga tsakani da Shirye-shiryen ilimi na mutum duk shirye-shirye ne na musamman don taimakawa yara masu nakasa.<ref name="Berger_2017" />{{Rp|310–311}} Tsakiyar yara shine lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar alhakin kuma abokan aikinsu da iyayensu suka fara tsara su. Ayyuka da yanke shawara masu alhakin sun zo a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda kwatancin zamantakewa da wasan zamantakewa ke yi.:{{Rp|338}} A lokacin wasan zamantakewa, yara suna koyon juna da koyar da juna, sau da yawa ta hanyar lura. === Ƙarshen ƙuruciya === Preadolescence wani Matasa ne na ci gaban ɗan adam bayan ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Preadolescence ana bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 9-12, yana ƙare tare da babban farkon balaga, tare da alamomi kamar menarche, spermarche, da kuma mafi girman saurin tsawo yana faruwa. Wadannan canje-canje yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 14. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman lokacin shekaru 2 kafin babban farkon balaga.Pre-mature na iya kawo ƙalubale da damuwa. Yara masu zuwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da duniya daga yara ƙanana a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yawanci, ra'ayinsu ya fi dacewa da rayuwa fiye da duniya mai zurfi, mai ban sha'awa na ƙuruciya. Preadolescents suna da mafi girma, mai hankali, tunani da ayyuka na gaskiya: 'mafi girman matakin ci gaba... yaro ba shi da motsin rai a yanzu.'Preadolescents na iya kallon dangantaka ɗan adam daban-daban (misali suna iya lura da kuskuren, bangaren ɗan adam na ƙididdigar iko). Tare da wannan, suna iya fara haɓaka ma'anar kansu, kuma suna da ƙaruwa na 'yancin kai: 'yana iya jin mutum, ba "kawai ɗaya daga cikin iyali ba. ' == Matakan ci gaba bayan yara == === Matasa === [[File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg|thumb|Yarinya matashiya, wanda Paolo Monti ya ɗauka]] [[Samartaka|Matasa]] yawanci ana ƙaddara ta kasance tsakanin farkon balaga da ƙuruciya ta doka: galibi daidai da shekarun matasa (13-19). Koyaya, [[balaga]] yawanci yakan fara ne kafin shekarun matasa (10 - 11 ga 'yan mata da 11 - 12 ga yara maza). Kodayake a cikin halitta yaro ɗan adam ne tsakanin matakai na [[Jego|haihuwa]] da [[balaga]], <ref name="Child" /> matasa ana ɗaukar su yara bisa doka, saboda ba su da haƙƙin manya kuma har yanzu ana buƙatar su halarci makaranta a al'adu da yawa, kodayake wannan ya bambanta. Farawar balaga yana kawo canje-canje daban-daban na jiki, tunani da halayyar mutum. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya da farkon balaga ya bambanta da ƙasa da aiki, kuma har ma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ko al'ada akwai yiwuwar shekaru daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar mutum ya isa ya ba da izini ga al'umma tare da wasu ayyuka. == Tarihi == [[File:Su_Han_Ch'en_001.jpg|thumb|Playing Children, ta hanyar Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.]] A lokacin [[Renaissance]] na Turai, zane-zane na yara ya karu sosai, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan halin zamantakewa ga yara, duk da haka. Masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekarun 1600, ra'ayin yara ya fara fitowa a Turai, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Philippe Ariès}}</ref> duk da haka wasu masana tarihi kamar Nicholas Orme sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa ana ganin yara a matsayin mataki daban tun a kalla zamanin da. Manya sun ga yara a matsayin mutane daban-daban, marasa laifi kuma suna buƙatar kariya da horo daga manya da ke kewaye da su. Masanin falsafar Ingilishi [[John Locke]] ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen bayyana wannan sabon hali ga yara, musamman game da ka'idarsa na Tabula rasa, wanda ya ɗauki hankali a lokacin haihuwa ya zama "blank slate". Sakamakon wannan rukunan shi ne cewa an haifi tunanin yaron ba tare da komai ba, kuma aikin iyaye ne su ba yaron gaskiya. A farkon lokacin [[jari-hujja]], tasowa na babban, matsakaicin matsakaicin kasuwanci, galibi a cikin ƙasashen [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] na Jamhuriyar Dutch da [[Ingila]], ya haifar da sabon akidar iyali da ke kewaye da renon yara. Puritanism ya jaddada muhimmancin ceto na mutum da damuwa game da jin daɗin ruhaniya na yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fox VC |date=April 1996 |title=Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England. |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/20f04350242eb7f2342f8b8bb8326d76/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816657 |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=286–306}}</ref> [[File:Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton,_2005,_24.jpg|left|thumb|''The Age of Innocence'' {{Circa|1785}}/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.]] Ra'ayi na zamani na ƙuruciya tare da kansa da burin ya fara fitowa a lokacin [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]] na ƙarni na 18 da kuma lokacin Romantic wanda ya biyo baya.<ref name="cohen" /> Jean Jacques Rousseau ya tsara halin soyayya ga yara a cikin sanannen littafinsa na 1762 Emile: ko, On Education . Gina kan ra'ayoyin [[John Locke]] da sauran masu tunani na karni na 17, Jean-Jaques Rousseau ya bayyana ƙuruciya a matsayin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wuri mai tsarki kafin mutane su fuskanci haɗari da wahalar balaga. Hoton yara na Sir Joshua Reynolds ya nuna sabon halin da aka haskaka ga yara ƙanana. Hotonsa na 1788 The Age of Innocence ya jaddada rashin laifi da kuma alherin halitta na yaron kuma nan da nan ya zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a. [[File:Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sarauniyar Brazil Leopoldina (hagu) da [[Isabel, Gimbiya ta Brazil|Isabel]] (tsakiya) tare da abokiyar da ba a san ta ba, c. 1860.]] Ra'ayin yaro a matsayin wurin zama na allahntaka, tsarki, da rashin laifi an kara bayyana shi a cikin William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", wanda ya "yi amfani da shi daga rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na fastoci, ra'ayoyin pantheistic na allahntakar, da ra'ayin ruhaniya wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi na Edenic na rashin laifi da aka haɗa da ra'ayoyi na Neoplatonic na reincarnation". Wannan ra'ayi na Romantic na ƙuruciya, masanin tarihi Margaret Reeves ya ba da shawarar, yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka sani, tare da tushensa da za'a iya ganowa zuwa irin wannan tunanin ƙuruciya da ke yawo, alal misali, a cikin waƙoƙin neo-platonic na mawaƙa na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai Henry Vaughan (misali, "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bambanta da ra'ayoyi masu koyarwa, ra'ayoyan Calvinist game da lalata da jarirai.[32] [[File:Vazken_Andréassian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg|thumb|'Yan kallo na Armenia a cikin 1918]] Tare da farawar [[Industrial Revolution|masana'antu]] a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1760, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin soyayya na yara da gaskiyar karuwar girman cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki, ya zama a bayyane. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ana amfani da yara na Burtaniya musamman a masana'antu da ma'adinai kuma a matsayin masu share bututun wuta, sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari don ƙananan albashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era |url=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html |website=hiddenlives.org}}</ref> Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, saɓani tsakanin yanayin ƙasa ga yara matalauta da ra'ayin matsakaicin yaro a matsayin lokacin sauƙi da rashin laifi ya haifar da kamfen na farko don tilasta kariya ta doka ga yara. Masu gyarawa na Burtaniya sun kai farmaki ga [[aikin yara]] daga shekarun 1830 zuwa gaba, wanda [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]] ya ba da mummunar bayanin rayuwar titin London. Kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Ayyukan Masana'antu, wanda ya rage cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 1901 |title=The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=2139 |pages=1871–1872 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2507680 |pmid=20759953}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin zamani na ƙuruciya === [[File:Fountain_Fun.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin maraice na rani, Davis, California.]] [[File:A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg|thumb|Wani tsoho da jikarsa a [[Turkiyya]].]] [[File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg|thumb|Yaran Nepalese suna wasa da [[Kyanwa|Cats]].]] [[File:Harari_Girls,_Ethiopia_(8261348010).jpg|thumb|'Yan mata na Harari a Habasha.]] Halin zamani ga yara ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19; Matsakaicin Victorian da na sama sun jaddada rawar da iyali ke takawa da tsarkakar yaro - halin da ya kasance mai rinjaye a al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tun daga lokacin. Irin wallafe-wallafen yara ya tashi, tare da yaduwar littattafai masu ban dariya, littattafan da suka dace da tunanin yaro. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, wanda aka buga a 1865 a Ingila, alama ce a cikin jinsi; an dauke shi a matsayin "Maganar Ingilishi ta farko da aka rubuta don yara", bugawa ta buɗe "First Golden Age" na wallafe-wallafen yara. Rabin ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga gabatar da makarantar sakandare ta yara a duk faɗin Turai, wanda ya cire yara daga wurin aiki zuwa makarantu. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa na karni na 19 ya ba da damar manufar yara a matsayin lokacin nishaɗi, farin ciki, da tunanin. 'Yan tsana da aka yi a masana'antu da gidajen' yan tsana sun faranta wa' yan mata rai kuma yara maza ne suka shirya wasanni da ayyukan. Sir Robert Baden-Powell ne ya kafa Boy Scouts a cikin 1908, wanda ya ba da yara maza da ayyukan waje da nufin bunkasa hali, zama ɗan ƙasa, da halaye na mutum. A cikin karni na 20, Philippe Ariès, masanin tarihin Faransa wanda ya kware a [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tarihin zamani]], ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuruciya ba abu ne na halitta ba, amma halittar al'umma ce a cikin littafinsa na 1960 Centuries of Childhood . A shekara ta 1961 ya wallafa wani binciken zane-zane, kaburbura, kayan gida, da bayanan makaranta, inda ya gano cewa kafin karni na 17, ana wakiltar yara a matsayin kananan manya. A shekara ta 1966, masanin falsafa na Amurka George Boas ya wallafa littafin The Cult of Childhood . Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana tarihi sun ci gaba da bincike kan yara a lokutan da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ulbricht J |date=November 2005 |title=J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture |journal=Art Education |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564 |issn=0004-3125 |s2cid=190482412}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hugh Cunningham ya buga littafin Invention of Childhood, yana kallon yarantakar Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1000, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, zuwa abin da yake magana a kai a matsayin Post War Period na shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. Yarancin yana canzawa kuma yana canzawa yayin da salon rayuwa ke canzawa da tsammanin manya ke canzawa. A zamanin yau, manya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yara kada su kasance da damuwa ko aiki, saboda rayuwa ta kasance mai farin ciki da rashin matsala. Ana ganin ƙuruciya a matsayin cakuda sauƙi, rashin laifi, farin ciki, nishaɗi, tunanin, da mamaki. Ana tunanin shi a matsayin lokacin wasa, koyo, zamantakewa, bincike, da damuwa a duniya ba tare da tsangwama mai yawa ba. "Rashin rashin laifi" wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun, kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsufa. Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin shi azaman gogewa ko lokaci a rayuwar yaro wanda ke fadada fahimtar mugunta, ciwo ko duniyar da ke kewaye da su. An nuna wannan taken a cikin litattafan To Kill a Mockingbird da Lord of the Flies . Halin almara Peter Pan shine bayyanar yarantaka wanda ba ya ƙare. == Yara masu lafiya == === Matsayin iyaye === === Lafiyar yara === Lafiyar yara ta haɗa da lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewar yara. Kula da lafiyar yara yana nufin ba su abinci mai kyau, tabbatar da cewa suna samun isasshen barci da motsa jiki, da kuma kare lafiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Health |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/childrenshealth.html |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Yara a wasu sassan duniya galibi suna fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], wanda galibi ana danganta shi da wasu yanayi, kamar zawo, huhu da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE |date=July 2004 |title=Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 |pmid=15213048 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi 30.8% ne kawai na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23 a duk duniya ke cin abinci mai banbanci. === Kare yara === Kariya ta yara, a cewar UNICEF, tana nufin "hanawa da amsawa ga tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara - gami da cin zarafi na kasuwanci, [[Cinikin yara|fataucin mutane]], [[aikin yara]] da ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa, kamar yankan mata / yanka da auren yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=What is child Protection? |url=http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF)}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] tana kare ainihin' yancin yara. === Wasanni === [[File:MOPC_60.png|thumb|Yin rawa a gidan marayu na Uwar Zaman Lafiya, [[Zimbabwe]]]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar yara, jiki, zamantakewa, da jin daɗi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg KR |date=January 2007 |title=The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds |journal=Pediatrics |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |bibcode=2007Pedia.119..182G |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2697 |pmid=17200287 |s2cid=54617427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana ba wa yara damar yin amfani da jiki (gudu, tsalle, hawa, da dai sauransu), ilimi (ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ka'idojin al'umma, ɗabi'a da ilimi na gaba ɗaya) da ci gaban motsin rai (ta'a, tausayi, da abota). Wasan da ba a tsara shi ba yana ƙarfafa kerawa da tunanin. Yin wasa da hulɗa tare da wasu yara, da kuma wasu manya, suna ba da dama ga abota, hulɗar zamantakewa, rikice-rikice da ƙuduri. Koyaya, manya suna yawan (sau da yawa ba daidai ba) ɗauka cewa kusan dukkanin ayyukan zamantakewar yara ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin "wasan" kuma, ƙari, ayyukan wasan yara ba su da ƙwarewa ko ƙoƙari sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1493–1518 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2001 |title=Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=515–543 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008}}</ref> Ta hanyar wasa ne yara a ƙuruciya ke shiga da hulɗa a duniya da ke kewaye da su. Wasan yana bawa yara damar ƙirƙirar da bincika duniyar da za su iya sarrafawa, suna cin nasarar tsoronsu yayin da suke yin rawar manya, wani lokacin tare da wasu yara ko masu kula da manya.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Wasan da ba a jagoranta ba yana bawa yara damar koyon yadda za su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, su raba, su tattauna, su warware rikice-rikice, da kuma koyon ƙwarewar kare kai. Koyaya, lokacin da manya ke sarrafa wasan, yara suna bin ka'idojin manya da damuwa kuma suna rasa wasu fa'idodi da wasan ke ba su. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman wajen bunkasa kerawa, jagoranci, da ƙwarewar rukuni.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> [[File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg|thumb|Ralph Hedley, ''Gasar,'' 1898. Ya nuna yara maza marasa talauci suna wasa a waje a wani yanki na karkara na Arewa maso gabashin Ingila.]] Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen ci gaban yara wanda [[Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane yaro.<ref name="un" /> Yaran da ake tasowa a cikin hanzari da matsin lamba na iya iyakance fa'idodin kariya da za su samu daga wasan da yara ke yi.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007" /> Farawa na wasa a cikin aji yana bawa malamai da ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa ta hanyar wasa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Sabili da haka, wasa yana taimakawa hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa. "Tsarin wasa" yana nufin hada ilmantarwa na al'ada tare da ilmantarwa ta al'ada don samar da ingantaccen ilmantarwa ga yara tun suna ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K |date=July 2011 |title=Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms. |journal=Early Years |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1080/09575146.2011.579070 |s2cid=154926596}}</ref> Kodayake ana ɗaukar wasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara mafi kyau, yanayin yana shafar wasan su sabili da haka ci gaban su. Yara matalauta suna fuskantar rashin daidaito na muhalli yayin da suke fuskantar karancin tallafin zamantakewa, kuma iyayensu ba su da amsawa kuma sun fi iko. Yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar samun littattafai da kwamfutoci wanda zai inganta ci gaban su.<ref name="pmid14992634">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans GW |date=2004 |title=The environment of childhood poverty |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 |pmid=14992634}}</ref> === Al'adun titi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg|thumb|Yara a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Toronto, 1920s.]] [[Al'ada|al'adu]] titin yara suna nufin al'adun da yara ƙanana suka kirkira kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu duniyar sirrin su. Ya fi yawa a cikin yara tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. Yana da karfi a cikin Gundumomin masana'antu na birane inda yara ke da 'yanci don yin wasa a kan tituna na dogon lokaci ba tare da kulawa ba. Yara da kansu ne suka kirkireshi kuma sun fi kiyaye shi tare da ƙananan tsangwama na manya. Al'adun tituna na yara yawanci suna faruwa ne a kan tituna masu nutsuwa da hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyin da ke shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na gida, wuraren wasa, scrub da hamada, da kuma shagunan gida. Sau da yawa yana sanya matsayi na tunani a wasu sassan birane (ginin gida, kerbs, abubuwan titi, da dai sauransu). Yara suna tsara takamaiman wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin wuraren taro na al'ada da wuraren shakatawa (duba: Sobel, 2001). Yankin birni wanda ba shi da fuska ko kuma an yi watsi da shi ga babba na iya samun ma'anar 'ruhun wuri' mai zurfi ga yara. Tun zuwan abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida kamar Wasannin bidiyo, da talabijin, an nuna damuwa game da kuzari - ko ma da tsira - na al'adun titin yara. == Yanayin ƙuruciya == Yanayin yara ya haɗa da yadda (babba) al'umma ke fahimtar ra'ayin yara, hanyoyin da halayen manya da halayen ke shafar rayuwar yara, gami da yanayin da ke kewaye da yara da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. [[Yanayin yara]] yayi kama da yanayin yara wanda ke nazarin wuraren da yara ke zaune. === Rashin lalacewar yanayi === Yanayin Yanayi, kalmar da Richard Louv ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa na 2005 Last Child in the Woods, yana nufin yanayin da ke faruwa a Amurka da Kanada zuwa ga karancin lokaci don wasa a waje, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2006 |title=For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0629/p13s02-lifp.html |website=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702135326/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The University Record Online |publisher=The University of Michigan}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na halayyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burak |first=Tammie |date=2 July 2007 |title=Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/health-fitness/nutrition/article/are-your-kids-really-spending-enough-time-outdoors |access-date=22 November 2009 |website=[[Canadian Living]]}}</ref> Tare da karuwar amfani da wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, wasannin bidiyo da talabijin, yara suna da ƙarin dalilai na zama a ciki maimakon waje bincika. "Matsakaicin yaro na Amurka yana ciyar da sa'o'i 44 a mako tare da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki". Bincike a cikin 2007 ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin raguwar yawan ziyarar National Park a Amurka da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ta yara.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pergams OR, Zaradic PA |date=September 2006 |title=Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices |url=https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/numbers-in-context/ |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=387–393 |bibcode=2006JEnvM..80..387P |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 |pmid=16580127 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai sun hanzarta yanayin yanayin yanayin yara ta hanyar rage ra'ayoyin yanayi, kamar yadda yake a fina-finai na Disney.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S |date=August 2015 |title=Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films |journal=Public Understanding of Science |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=672–680 |doi=10.1177/0963662513519042 |pmid=24519887 |s2cid=43190714}}</ref> == Shekarar alhakin == Shekarar da ake la'akari da yara da ke da alhakin ayyukansu na al'umma (misali aure, jefa kuri'a, da dai sauransu) ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nunawa a hanyar da ake bi da su a kotuna. A zamanin Roman, ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin marasa laifi don laifuka, matsayin da Ikilisiya ta karɓa daga baya. A cikin karni na 19, an yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekara bakwai ba za su iya aikata laifi ba. Yara daga shekaru bakwai zuwa gaba an dauke su da alhakin ayyukansu. Saboda haka, za su iya fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, a tura su kurkuku, kuma a hukunta su kamar manya ta hanyar bulala, alama ko ratayewa. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da shekarun aure sun bambanta. Har ila yau, ana jayayya da iyakar shekarun aikin soja na son rai / ba tare da son rai ba a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yun S |date=2014 |title=BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child |journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–257 |doi=10.1163/18781527-00501008 |s2cid=153558830 |ssrn=2556825}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:Kuito_class.jpg|thumb|Yara a cikin aji na waje a Bié, [[Angola]]]] [[File:Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg|thumb|Yara da ke zaune a cikin aji na Finnish a makarantar Torvinen a Sodankylä, [[Finland]], a cikin 1920s]] Ilimi, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, yana nufin aikin ko tsari na ba da ko samun ilimi gaba ɗaya, haɓaka ikon tunani da hukunci, da shirya hankali don rayuwa mai girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Define Education |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> Ilimi na yau da kullun galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar makaranta. Wasu gwamnatoci sun amince da haƙƙin ilimi. A matakin duniya, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ya amince da haƙƙin kowa ga ilimi. [[Ilimi na tilas|Ilimi wajibi ne]] a mafi yawan wurare har zuwa wani shekaru, amma halartar makaranta bazai kasance ba, tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar makarantar gida ko e-koyon da aka gane a matsayin ingantaccen nau'ikan ilimi a wasu hukunce-hukunce. Yara a wasu ƙasashe (musamman a wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya) galibi ana kiyaye su daga makaranta, ko halarta ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayanai daga [[UNICEF]] sun nuna cewa a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 57 ba su da makaranta; kuma fiye da 20% na yara na Afirka ba su taɓa zuwa makarantar firamare ba ko kuma sun bar ba tare da kammala karatun firamare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative &#124; Basic education and gender equality |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> A cewar [[yaƙi]] rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yaki yana hana yara miliyan 28 a duk duniya samun ilimi, saboda haɗarin tashin hankali na jima'i da hare-hare a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title=BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12606912 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Sauran abubuwan da ke hana yara daga makaranta sun hada da talauci, aikin yara, halayen zamantakewa, da kuma nesa da makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Africa gold rush lures children out of school |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19870729 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Bbc.com – BBC News}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi wa yara == [[File:Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg|thumb|Rukunin yara maza masu fashewa a Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. [[Aikin yara|Ayyukan yara]] sun bazu har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 21, yawan aikin yara ya fi girma a Afirka.]] Halin zamantakewa ga yara ya bambanta a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 game da halayen Turai game da tsakiya na yara ya gano cewa Italiya ta fi mayar da hankali ga yara kuma Netherlands ba ta da hankali ga yaro, tare da wasu ƙasashe, kamar Austria, Burtaniya, Ireland da Jamus ta Yamma suna fada tsakanin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Brayfield A |date=June 1997 |title=Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. |journal=Social Forces |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1239–1269 |doi=10.1093/sf/75.4.1239}}</ref> === Aure na yara === A cikin 2013, yawan auren yara na yara mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ya kai 75% a Nijar, 68% a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi, 66% a Bangladesh, da 47% a [[Indiya]]. Dangane da rahoton [[UNICEF]] na 2019 game da auren yara, kashi 37% na mata sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 a yankin Saharar Afirka, sannan Kudancin Asiya ta biyo baya a kashi 30%. An sami ƙananan matakan a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (25%), Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (18%), da Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya (11%), yayin da ƙimar a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |access-date=2020-04-27 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Aure na yara ya fi yawa tare da 'yan mata, amma kuma ya shafi yara maza. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin mujallar Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies ya gano cewa, a duk duniya, kashi 4.5% na maza sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C |date=2019-07-03 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |issn=1745-0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Haihuwar haihuwa da yawan yara ga kowace mace === Kafin rigakafin daukar ciki ya zama a ko'ina a karni na 20, mata ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai Abstinence ko samun yara da yawa. A zahiri, damuwa game da karuwar yawan jama'a na yanzu ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da raguwar [[Mutuwar yara]] da ci gaba da haihuwa. A cikin 2017 an kiyasta yawan haihuwa na duniya ya zama yara 2.37 ga kowace mace, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, Bisignano C, Azhar GS, Castro E, Chalek J, Dolgert AJ, Frank T, Fukutaki K, Hay SI, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Nandakumar V, Pierce M, Pletcher M, Robalik T, Steuben KM, Wunrow HY, Zlavog BS, Murray CJ |date=October 2020 |title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study |journal=Lancet |volume=396 |issue=10258 |pages=1285–1306 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 |pmc=7561721 |pmid=32679112}}</ref> yana ƙara kusan mutane miliyan 80 ga yawan duniya a kowace shekara. Don auna jimlar yawan yara, masana kimiyya galibi sun fi son kammala yawan haihuwa a shekaru 50 (CCF50). <ref name=":2" /> Kodayake yawan yara kuma yana da tasiri daga [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin al'adu]], [[Addini]], matsin lamba da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa, CCF50 ya bayyana ya fi dogara da matakin ilimi na mata, daga yara 5-8 a cikin mata ba tare da ilimi ba zuwa ƙasa da 2 a cikin mata masu shekaru 12 ko fiye na ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tambayoyi == === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice === Gaggawa da rikice-rikice suna haifar da haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, aminci, da jin daɗin yara. Akwai nau'ikan rikice-rikice da gaggawa daban-daban, misali [[Yaƙi|yaƙe-yaƙe]] da bala'o'i. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 kimanin yara miliyan 13 sun rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] da tashin hankali a duniya. Inda rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ya zama al'ada, rayuwar kananan yara suna da matukar damuwa kuma iyalansu suna da matukar wahala wajen bayar da kulawa mai hankali da daidaituwa da kananan yara ke buƙata don ci gaban su mai lafiya.<ref name="UNICEF_2010" /> Nazarin kan tasirin gaggawa da rikici a kan lafiyar [[Lafiya|jiki]] da tunani na yara tsakanin haihuwa da shekaru 8 sun nuna cewa inda bala'in ya kasance na halitta, yawan [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] yana faruwa a ko'ina daga kashi 3 zuwa 87 cikin dari na yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref name="Shannon_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM |date=January 1994 |title=Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 |pmid=8138525}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙimar PTSD ga yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rikici na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga kashi 15 zuwa 50. === Kare yara === {{Excerpt|Child protection}} === Cin zarafin yara da aikin yara === Kare yara daga cin zarafi ana daukar su a matsayin muhimmin burin zamani. Wannan ya haɗa da kare yara daga cin zarafi kamar [[aikin yara]], [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] da [[sayar da yara]], [[Cin zarafin yara]], gami da karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara, [[Yara a cikin soja|Amfani da yara na soja]], da kuma wanke yara a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa na kasa da kasa don waɗannan dalilai, kamar: * [[Mafi munin nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Yara]] * [[Yarjejeniyar tsayar da mafi ƙan-ƙantar Shekaru, 1973|Yarjejeniyar Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara]] * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i * [[Protocol na Zabi game da shiga cikin yara a cikin rikici|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai]] * Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hague === Canjin yanayi === {{Excerpt|Climate change and children}} == Lafiya == === Mutuwar yara === [[File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg|thumb|360x360px|Yawan mutuwar jarirai a duniya a shekarar 2012.<ref name="unicef2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Infant Mortality Rates in 2012 |url=http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref>]] A farkon karni na 17 a [[Ingila]], kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yara sun mutu kafin su kai shekaru hudu. A lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], tsawon rayuwar yara ya karu sosai. Wannan ya ci gaba a Ingila, kuma a cikin karni na 21 yawan mutuwar yara ya fadi a duk faɗin duniya. Kimanin jarirai miliyan 12.6 'yan kasa da biyar sun mutu a duk duniya a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ragu zuwa miliyan 6.6 a shekarar 2012. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ragu daga mutuwar 90 ga kowane haihuwa 1,000 a cikin 1990, zuwa 48 a cikin 2012. Matsakaicin matsakaicin mutuwar jarirai yana cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, a mutuwar 98 a kowace haihuwar 1,000 - sama da ninki biyu na matsakaicin duniya.<ref name="unicef2013" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Ɗan yaro * [[Yarinya]] * [[Bayani game da ƙuruciya]] * Amfanin yara * Bautar yara * Rashin haihuwa * Kudin kiwon yaro * [[Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da samartaka|Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya]] * Tarihin ƙuruciya ** Tarihin yara a Amurka * Manufar yaro daya, a kasar Sin 1979 zuwa 2015 * Addini da yara * [['Yancin Matasa|Hakkin matasa]] * Archaeology na yara * Al'umma da al'adu na zamanin Victorian # Matsayin yara; Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙarni na 19. == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2026__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Tushen == *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaZuba jari game da Shaida: Yanayin Duniya na Kula da Yara da Ilimi__hau____hau____hau__, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO. *  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamar da makomar da ke da dorewa ga kowa; Rahoton kula da ilimi na duniya, 2016; Binciken jinsi__hau____hau____hau__, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite book|edition=Jacqueline S.}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Aikin ɗabi'a na ƙuruciya: Uwa, rayuwa ta zahiri, da al'adun masu amfani da yara na farko'' (NYU Press, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9 Littafin kan layi] duba kuma bita kan layi[https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/ Binciken kan layi] * Fass, Paula S. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya ta Amurka: Tarihin iyaye daga rayuwa a kan iyaka zuwa ga yaron da aka sarrafa (Princeton University Press, 2016). * [Hasiya] ''Tarihin Routledge na Yara a Yammacin Duniya'' (2012) a[https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3 kan layi] * [Hasiya] ''Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: A cikin Tarihi da Al'umma'' (3 vol, Macmillan, 2003) * Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, da Jim Goddard. ''Manufofin kula da yara na zamani da aiki'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 kan layi] * An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi yaren nan. Girlhood a Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2001) * Hutchison, Elizabeth D., da Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Tsaron jin daɗin yara: Manufofin da suka gabata, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba".''Iyalai a cikin Jama'a'' 81.6 (2000): 576-585. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Magunguna mafi kyau: Yadda Kimiyya da Lafiya ta Jama'a suka Ba Yara Makoma (WW Norton & Company, 2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6 kan layi] * Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Coalescing: Ci gaban karatun 'yan mata. "Jaridar NWSA 21.1 (2009): 1-28. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/263654/summary sashi] * Michail, Samia. "Gaskiya martani na makaranta ga halin ƙalubalen ɗalibai: Binciken wallafe-wallafen".''Inganta makarantu'' 14.2 (2011): 156-171. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82 kan layi] * Sorin, Reesa. ''Canjin hotuna na ƙuruciya: Sake fahimtar aikin ƙuruciya'' (Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Melbourne, 2005) [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819 kan layi]. * Sorin, Reesa. "Yarinya ta hanyar idanun yaro da iyaye".''Jaridar Binciken Australiya a cikin Ilimin Yara'' na Farko 14.1 (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf kan layi] * Vissing, Yvonne. "Tarihin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yara a Amurka. " a cikin 'Yancin 'Yancin Yara a Amurka: Kalubale da Dama (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) shafuffuka 181-212.&nbsp; * Yuen, Francis K.O. ''Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da yara da iyalai: tsarin kiwon lafiya na iyali'' (Routledge, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 kan layi]. {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]]<br />Childhood}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 8arzozmtfsgjtqkgqu9t1rhj3uhojp4 3 178232 963256 2026-10-05T05:22:10Z Borhan 26054 Borhan moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Abuibnadi]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Yasinmuhammad.adi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abuibnadi|Abuibnadi]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yasinmuhammad.adi|Yasinmuhammad.adi]]" 963256 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Yasinmuhammad.adi]] m8mzx0zwn7gpapivkcuez29mt07t9mb 0 178233 963283 2026-10-05T06:58:42Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375985951|Economics]]" 963283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tattalin Arziki''' (/ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiːkə-/) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECONOMICS {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |url=https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824032001/https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Lexico.com}}</ref> kimiyya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke nazarin [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Krugman}}</ref> tattalin arziki yana mai da hankali kan halayyar da hulɗar jami'an tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tattalin arziki ke aiki. Microeconomics yana nazarin abin da ake kallo a matsayin muhimman abubuwan tattalin arziki, gami da wakilan mutum da kasuwanni, hulɗar su, da kuma sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar. Kowane wakili na iya haɗawa da gidaje, kamfanoni, masu siye, da masu siyarwa. Macroeconomics yana nazarin tattalin arziki a matsayin tsarin inda samarwa, rarraba, kamfani, tanadi, da kashe hannun jari ke hulɗa; da kuma abubuwan samarwa da ke shafar su, ƙasar: aiki, babban birnin, ƙasa, da kasuwanci, hauhawar farashi, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, da Manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke tasiri ga waɗannan abubuwa. Har ila yau, yana neman nazarin da kuma bayyana Tattalin arzikin duniya. Sauran bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin tattalin arziki sun haɗa da waɗanda ke tsakanin Tattalin Arziki mai kyau, suna kwatanta "abin da yake", da kuma tattalin arziki na ka'idoji, suna ba da shawarar "abin da ya kamata ya kasance"; tsakanin ka'idar tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki mai amfani; tsakanin tattalin arziki na tunani da halayyar; da kuma tsakanin tattalin arziki da kuma tattalin arzikin al'ada. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including business, finance, cybersecurity,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kianpour |first=Mazaher |last2=Kowalski |first2=Stewart |last3=Øverby |first3=Harald |date=2021 |title=Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey |journal=Sustainability |volume=13 |issue=24 |bibcode=2021Sust...1313677K |doi=10.3390/su132413677 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> health care,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarricone |first=Rosanna |date=2006 |title=Cost-of-illness analysis |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016 |pmid=16139925}}</ref> engineering and government. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as [[Laifi|crime]], education,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanushek |first=Eric A. |last2=Woessmannr |first2=Ludger |date=2007 |title=Economics of Education |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106142511/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=17 December 2020 |series=Policy Research Working Papers |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4122}}</ref> the family,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Gary Becker}}</ref> feminism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Julie A. |author-link=Julie A. Nelson |date=1995 |title=Feminism and Economics |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.9.2.131 |doi-access=free}} {{Cite book|last3=Marianne A. Ferber}}</ref> law, philosophy, politics, religion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iannaccone |first=Laurence R. |author-link=Laurence R. Iannaccone |date=September 1998 |title=Introduction to the Economics of Religion |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1465–1495 |jstor=2564806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209225107/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> social institutions, war,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=William D. Nordhaus}}</ref> science, and [[Tattalin arzikin kore|the environment]]. == Ma'anar tattalin arziki == Kalmar farko don horo ita ce "Tattalin arzikin siyasa", amma tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, ana kiranta "tattalin arziki". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Girkanci {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:οἰκονομία|οἰκονομία]]}} (''oikonomia''), kalma ce don "hanyar (nomos) don gudanar da gida (oikos) ", ko a wasu kalmomi ilimin wani {{Lang|grc|οἰκονομικός}} (''oikonomikos''), ko "gidan gida ko manajan gida". Kalmomin da aka samo kamar "tattalin arziki" saboda haka sau da yawa suna nufin "karin kuɗi" ko "mai tsada". <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888">{{Cite book|last2=Mary Paley Marshall}}</ref><ref name="Jevons1879">{{Cite book|last3=William Stanley Jevons}}</ref> Ta hanyar fadadawa a lokacin, "tattalin arzikin siyasa" ita ce hanyar gudanar da polis ko jihar. Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na zamani na tattalin arziki; wasu suna nuna ra'ayoyin canzawa game da batun ko ra'ayoyi daban-daban tsakanin ma'anar tattalin arziki.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009">{{Cite journal |last=Backhouse |first=Roger E. |last2=Medema |first2=Steven |date=Winter 2009 |title=Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=221–233 |doi=10.1257/jep.23.1.221 |jstor=27648302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin falsafa na Scotland [[Adam Smith]] (1776) ya bayyana abin da ake kira Tattalin arzikin siyasa a matsayin "bincike kan yanayin da abubuwan da ke haifar da arzikin kasashe", musamman kamar haka: [[Wealth|wadata]]-linkid="368" href="./Jean-Baptiste_Say" id="mw1g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say (1803), ya bambanta batun daga amfani da Manufofin jama'a, ya bayya''na'' shi a matsayin kimiyya na samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya.<ref name="Say1803">{{Cite book|last3=Jean-Baptiste Say}}</ref> A gefen satirical, Thomas Carlyle (1849) ya kirkiro "kimiyya mai banƙyama" a matsayin ma'anar tattalin arziki na gargajiya, a cikin wannan mahallin, wanda aka haɗa shi da nazarin rashin jin daɗi na Malthus (1798). John Stuart Mill (1844) ya kara iyakance batun:   [[Alfred Marshall]] ya ba da ma'anar da aka ambata a cikin littafinsa Principles of Economics (1890) wanda ya faɗaɗa bincike fiye da [[Arziƙi|wadata]] kuma daga al'umma zuwa matakin microeconomic: Lionel Robbins (1932) ya haɓaka tasirin abin da ake kira "[watakila mafi yawan ma'anar yanzu game da batun": <ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" />[p] Robbins ya bayyana ma'anar a matsayin ba ''rarrabuwa'' ba a cikin "karɓar wasu nau'ikan halayyar" amma a maimakon haka ''nazari'' a cikin "mai da hankali kan wani bangare na halayyar, nau'in da tasirin ƙarancin ya sanya.[ing][35] Ya tabbatar da cewa masana tattalin arziki na baya yawanci sun mayar da hankali ga karatunsu kan nazarin dukiya: yadda ake kirkirar dukiya (samarwa), rarraba, da cinyewa; da kuma yadda dukiya za ta iya girma.[36]Amma ya ce ana iya amfani da tattalin arziki don nazarin wasu abubuwa, kamar yaƙi, waɗanda ke waje da mayar da hankali ga al'ada. Wannan shi ne saboda yaƙi yana da burinsa ya ci nasara (a matsayin ''Ƙarshen'' da ake nema), yana haifar da farashi da fa'idodi, kuma yana amfani da ''albarkatun'' (rayuwar ɗan adam da sauran farashi) don cimma burin. Idan ba za a iya cin nasarar yaƙin ba ko kuma idan farashin da ake tsammani ya wuce fa'idodi, masu ''yanke shawara'' (idan sun kasance masu hankali) bazai taɓa zuwa yaƙi ba (ƙaddamarwa) amma a maimakon haka bincika wasu hanyoyin. Ba za a iya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da ke nazarin wadata, yaƙi, aikata laifuka, ilimi, da kowane bangare wanda za'a iya amfani da nazarin tattalin arziki ba, amma a matsayin kimiyya wanda ke nazarin wani bangare na kowa na kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa (dukansu suna amfani da albarkatu kaɗan don cimma ƙarshen da ake nema). Wasu maganganun da suka biyo baya sun soki ma'anar kamar yadda ta wuce gona da iri, ta kasa iyakance iyakar ikonta ga nazarin kasuwa. Daga shekarun 1960, duk da haka, irin waɗannan maganganun sun ragu yayin da ka'idar tattalin arziki na haɓaka halayyar da ƙirar zaɓi mai ma'ana ya faɗaɗa yankin batun zuwa yankunan da aka bi da su a wasu fannoni. Akwai wasu zarge-zarge kuma, kamar a cikin ƙarancin ba lissafin tattalin arzikin macroeconomics na rashin aikin yi ba. Gary Becker, mai ba da gudummawa ga fadada tattalin arziki zuwa sababbin yankuna, ya bayyana hanyar da ya fi so a matsayin "haɗuwa da] zato na haɓaka halayyar, ƙa'idodin ɗorewa, da daidaitattun kasuwa, ana amfani da su ba tare da jinkiri ba. "Ɗaya daga cikin sharhin ya nuna cewa wannan magana tana mai da tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar da ba batun ba amma tare da cikakken bayani game da "tsarin zabi da nau'in hulɗar zamantakewa wanda [irin] bincike ya haɗa da shi. "Wannan tushen yana nazarin ma'anoni da yawa da aka samo a cikin ka'idodin litattafan tattalin arziki kuma ya kammala cewa rashin yarjejeniya ba ya buƙatar shafar batun da matani ke bi. Daga cikin masana tattalin arziki gabaɗaya, yana jayayya cewa wani ma'anar da aka gabatar na iya nuna hanyar da marubucin ya yi imanin cewa tattalin arziki yana tasowa, ko ya kamata ya samo asali.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" /> Masana tattalin arziki da yawa ciki har da wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel James M. Buchanan da Ronald Coase sun ki amincewa da ma'anar Robbins kuma suna ci gaba da ma'anonin da suka fi so kamar na Say, dangane da batun batun. Ha-Joon Chang misali ya yi jayayya cewa ma'anar Robbins za ta sa tattalin arziki ta zama ta musamman saboda duk sauran kimiyyar sun bayyana kansu dangane da yankin bincike ko abu na bincike maimakon hanyar. A cikin sashen ilmin halitta, ba a ce ya kamata a yi nazarin dukkan ilmin halitta tare da nazarin DNA ba. Mutane suna nazarin kwayoyin halitta masu rai a hanyoyi daban-daban: wasu suna yin nazarin DNA, wasu suna nazarin jikin mutum, kuma har yanzu wasu suna gina tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na halayyar dabba. Amma duk ana kiransu ilmin halitta saboda duk suna nazarin halittu masu rai. A cewar Ha Joon Chang, wannan ra'ayi cewa tattalin arziki na iya kuma ya kamata a yi nazari a hanya ɗaya kawai (alal misali ta hanyar nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka masu ma'ana kawai), kuma ci gaba da mataki ɗaya kuma sake bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin ka'idar komai, na musamman ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seung-Yoon Lee |date=4 September 2014 |title=Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151027/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |website=huffpost.com |publisher=Huffington Post |quote=}}</ref> == Tarihin tunanin tattalin arziki == === Daga zamanin d ̄ a ta hanyar physiocrats === [[File:Lorrain.seaport.jpg|alt=A seaport with a ship arriving|thumb|Hoton 1638 na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa a lokacin da aka fara Kasuwanci]] Tambayoyi game da rarraba albarkatu ana samun su a cikin rubuce-rubucen mawaki na Boeotian Hesiod kuma masana tarihi da yawa na tattalin arziki sun bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin tattalin arziki na farko". Koyaya, an yi amfani da kalmar Helenanci ''oikos'' don batutuwan da suka shafi yadda za a gudanar da iyali (wanda aka fahimta a matsayin mai mallakar ƙasa, iyalinsa, da bayinsa) maimakon komawa ga wasu tsarin al'umma na rarraba albarkatu, wanda shine sabon abu na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oikos Meaning in Bible – New Testament Greek Lexicon – New American Standard |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121115/https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=biblestudytools.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameson |first=Michael H. |date=2015-12-22 |title=houses, Greek |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121120/https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3169 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref> Kodayake Xenophon, marubucin ''Oeconomicus'', masanan ilimin lissafi sun yaba da shi a matsayin tushen kalmar "tattalin arziki", malaman zamani galibi suna yaba da [[Aristotle]] a matsayin marubucin farko da ya rubuta game da tattalin arziki a wasu wurare da aka warwatsa, musamman a cikin Nicomachean Ethics, inda ake tattauna batun amfani da darajar musayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Barry J. |date=1964 |title=Aristotle and the Development of Value Theory |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.2307/1880547 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1880547}}</ref> Joseph Schumpeter ya bayyana marubutan ilimi na ƙarni na 16 da 17, ciki har da Tomás de Mercado, Luis de Molina, da Juan de Lugo, a matsayin "da ke kudi da kowane rukuni don kasancewa 'masu kafa' tattalin arzikin kimiyya" game da ka'idar kuɗi, sha'awa, da darajar a cikin hangen nesa na doka ta halitta. Ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda daga baya aka kira su "masu kasuwanci" da "masu ilimin jiki", sun fi tasiri kai tsaye ga ci gaban batun. Dukkanin kungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓaka kishin kasa na tattalin arziki da jari-hujja na zamani a Turai. Kasuwanci koyarwar tattalin arziki ce wacce ta bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-walfe, ko na 'yan kasuwa ko' yan siyasa. Ya yi imanin cewa arzikin al'umma ya dogara da tarin zinariya da azurfa. Al'ummai ba tare da samun damar samun ma'adinai ba za su iya samun zinariya da azurfa ta hanyar kasuwanci kawai ta hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a kasashen waje da kuma hana shigo da zinariya da Azurfa. Koyarwar ta yi kira ga shigo da albarkatun kasa masu arha don kayan masana'antu don fitarwa, da kuma tsarin mulki na jihar don sanya haraji kariya akan kayan masana'antun kasashen waje da kuma hana masana'antu a cikin yankuna. Physiocrats, ƙungiyar masu tunani da marubuta na Faransa na ƙarni na 18, sun haɓaka ra'ayin tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga da fitarwa. Physiocrats sun yi imanin cewa samar da aikin gona ne kawai ya haifar da wadataccen farashi, don haka noma shine tushen duk dukiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertholet |first=Auguste |date=2021 |title=Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne |url=https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |url-status=live |journal=Annales Benjamin Constant |volume=46 |pages=78–81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143530/https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> Don haka, sun yi adawa da manufofin mercantilist na inganta masana'antu da kasuwanci a kan kudin noma, gami da harajin shigo da kayayyaki. Physiocrats sun ba da shawarar maye gurbin karbar haraji mai tsada tare da haraji guda ɗaya akan kudin shiga na masu mallakar ƙasa. A mayar da martani game da ka'idojin kasuwanci masu yawa, 'yan wasan sun ba da shawarar manufofin laissez-faire, wanda ya yi kira ga ƙananan shiga tsakani na gwamnati a cikin tattalin arziki. [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) ya kasance masanin ilimin tattalin arziki na farko. Smith ya soki masu kasuwanci sosai amma ya bayyana tsarin physiocratic "tare da duk ajizancinsa" a matsayin "watakila mafi kyawun kusanci ga gaskiyar da aka buga" a kan batun. === Tattalin arzikin siyasa na gargajiya === [[File:AdamSmith.jpg|alt=Picture of Adam Smith facing to the right|thumb|Buga littafin [[Adam Smith]]'s The Wealth of Nations a cikin 1776 an dauke shi a matsayin tsari na farko na tunanin tattalin arziki.]] An bayyana littafin [[Adam Smith]] mai suna The Wealth of Nations a shekara ta 1776 a matsayin "haihuwar tattalin arziki a matsayin horo daban".Littafin ya gano ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin a matsayin abubuwa uku na samarwa da manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga arzikin al'umma, ya bambanta da ra'ayi na physiocratic cewa aikin gona ne kawai ke da amfani.[55] Smith ya tattauna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ƙwarewa ta hanyar rarraba ma'aikata, gami da haɓaka yawan aiki da riba daga kasuwanci, ko tsakanin gari da ƙasa ko a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deardorff |first=Alan V. |author-link=Alan Deardorff |date=2016 |title=Division of labor |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316082342/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |archive-date=16 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2012 |website=Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> "Theorem" nasa cewa "rabuwa da aiki yana iyakance ta girman kasuwa" an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ka'idar ayyukan kamfanoni da masana'antu" da kuma "babban ƙa'idar tsarin tattalin arziki".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |author-link=George J. Stigler |date=June 1951 |title=The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1086/257075 |jstor=1826433 |s2cid=36014630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825225559/http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>Ga Smith kuma an danganta shi "mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a duk tattalin arziki" da kuma tushe na ka'idar rarraba albarkatun - cewa, a karkashin gasa, masu mallakar albarkatu (na aiki, ƙasa, da kuma babban birnin) suna neman amfanin su mafi fa'ida, wanda ke haifar da daidaituwa dawowa ga duk amfani a cikin daidaito (wanda aka daidaita don bambance-bambance da ke fitowa daga irin waɗannan dalilai kamar horo da rashin aikin yi). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |date=December 1976 |title=The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1199–1213 |doi=10.1086/260508 |jstor=1831274 |s2cid=41691663}} </ref> A cikin wata gardama da ta haɗa da "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare a duk tattalin arziki," Smith yana wakiltar kowane mutum kamar yadda yake ƙoƙarin amfani da duk wani babban birnin da za su iya ba da umarni don amfanin kansu, ba na al'umma ba, kuma don samun riba, wanda ya zama dole a wasu matakan don amfani da babban birnin a masana'antar cikin gida, kuma yana da alaƙa da darajar kayan aiki.[59]{{Efn|"Capital" in Smith's usage includes [[fixed capital]] and [[circulating capital]]. The latter includes wages and labour maintenance, money, and inputs from land, mines, and fisheries associated with production.{{sfn|Smith|1776|loc=Bk. II: ch. 1, 2, and 5}}}}[61]A cikin wannan: Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) ya yi amfani da manufar raguwar dawowa don bayyana yanayin rayuwa. Yawan mutane, ya yi jayayya, ya karu da lissafi, ya wuce samar da abinci, wanda ya karu da ƙididdiga. Matsi na yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a kan iyakantaccen ƙasa ya haifar da raguwar dawowar aiki. Sakamakon, ya yi iƙirarin, ya kasance ƙananan albashi, wanda ya hana yanayin rayuwa ga mafi yawan jama'a daga tashi sama da matakin rayuwa. [mahimmanci ba ne ake buƙata] Masanin tattalin arziki Julian Simon ya soki ƙaddamarwar Malthus.   Yayinda Adam Smith ya jaddada samarwa da samun kudin shiga, [[David Ricardo]] (1817) ya mai da hankali kan rarraba kudin shiga tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, ma'aikata, da masu jari-hujja. Ricardo ya ga rikici tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, a gefe guda, da ma'aikata da babban birnin, a gefe ɗaya. Ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da babban birnin, yana matsawa kan wadatar ƙasa, yana tura haya kuma yana riƙe da albashi da riba. Ricardo kuma shine na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar fa'ida ta kwatanta, bisa ga abin da kowace ƙasa ya kamata ta ƙware wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyaki wanda ke da ƙarancin farashi na samarwa, maimakon dogaro da samar da kanta kawai. An kira shi "bayani na asali" don samun riba daga kasuwanci. Da yake zuwa a ƙarshen al'adar gargajiya, John Stuart Mill (1848) ya raba kamfanin tare da masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya na baya game da rashin yiwuwar rarraba tsarin kasuwa na samun kudin shiga. Mill ya nuna bambanci tsakanin matsayi biyu na kasuwa: rarraba albarkatu da rarraba kudin shiga. Kasuwar na iya zama mai inganci wajen rarraba albarkatu, amma ba a rarraba kudaden shiga ba, ya rubuta, yana mai da shi ya zama dole ga al'umma ta shiga tsakani. Ka'idar darajar tana da mahimmanci a cikin ka'idar gargajiya. Smith ya rubuta cewa "farashin gaske na kowane abu ... shine aiki da matsala na samun shi". &nbsp;Smith ya ci gaba da cewa, tare da haya da riba, wasu farashi ban da albashi suma sun shiga farashin kayan masarufi.[68]Sauran masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya sun gabatar da bambance-bambance akan Smith, wanda ake kira 'ka'idar aiki na darajar'. Tattalin arzikin gargajiya ya mayar da hankali kan halin kowane tattalin arzikin kasuwa don daidaitawa a cikin wani matsayi na ƙarshe wanda ya ƙunshi adadi na yau da kullun na dukiyar jiki (babban birni) da kuma yawan jama'a. === Tattalin arzikin Marxian === [[File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg|alt=Photograph of Karl Marx facing the viewer|thumb|Karyatawar Marxist game da tattalin arzikin siyasa ya fito ne daga aikin masanin falsafar Jamus [[Karl Marx]] .]] Tattalin arzikin Marxist (daga baya, Marxian) ya fito ne daga tattalin arzikin gargajiya, kuma ya samo asali ne daga aikin [[Karl Marx]]. An buga kundi na farko na babban aikin Marx, {{Lang|de|[[Das Kapital]]}}, a 1867. Marx ya mayar da hankali kan ka'idar aiki na darajar da ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce gona da iri. Marx ya rubuta cewa su hanyoyin da babban birnin ke amfani da su don cin zarafin ma'aikata. Ka'idar darajar ma'aikata ta tabbatar da cewa darajar kayan musayar an ƙayyade ta hanyar aikin da ya shiga cikin samar da shi, kuma ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce ta nuna yadda aka biya ma'aikata kawai wani rabo na darajar da aikin su ya kirkira. Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) ya ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arzikin Marxian The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx and The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program), Rudolf Hilferding's (1877-1941) Finance Capital, [[Vladimir Lenin]] (1870-1924) 's The Development of Capitalism in Russia and Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, da Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) 's The Accumulation of Capital. === Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical === A farkonsa a matsayin kimiyyar zamantakewa, Jean-Baptiste Say ya bayyana ''tattalin arziki'' kuma ya tattauna shi a cikin littafinsa mai suna Treatise on Political Economy ko, The Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth (1803) a matsayin nazarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya. Wadannan abubuwa uku an dauke su ne kawai dangane da karuwa ko raguwar dukiya, kuma ba dangane da hanyoyin kisa ba.{{Efn|"This science indicates the cases in which commerce is truly productive, where whatever is gained by one is lost by another, and where it is profitable to all; it also teaches us to appreciate its several processes, but simply in their results, at which it stops. Besides this knowledge, the merchant must also understand the processes of his art. He must be acquainted with the commodities in which he deals, their qualities and defects, the countries from which they are derived, their markets, the means of their transportation, the values to be given for them in exchange, and the method of keeping accounts. The same remark is applicable to the agriculturist, to the manufacturer, and to the practical man of business; to acquire a thorough knowledge of the causes and consequences of each phenomenon, the study of political economy is essentially necessary to them all; and to become expert in his particular pursuit, each one must add thereto a knowledge of its processes." {{harv|Say|1803|page=XVI}}}} Ma'anar Say ta tsira a wani bangare har zuwa yanzu, an gyara ta hanyar maye gurbin kalmar "dukiya" don "kayayyaki da aiyuka" ma'ana cewa dukiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da ba kayan abu ba. Shekaru ɗari da talatin bayan haka, Lionel Robbins ya lura cewa wannan ma'anar ba ta isa ba, saboda masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna yin amfani da ka'idoji da falsafar a wasu fannoni na ayyukan ɗan adam.{{Efn|"And when we submit the definition in question to this test, it is seen to possess deficiencies which, so far from being marginal and subsidiary, amount to nothing less than a complete failure to exhibit either the scope or the significance of the most central generalisations of all." {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=5}}}} A cikin Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, ya ba da shawarar ma'anar tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ƙarancin, wanda ke tilasta wa mutane zaɓar, rarraba albarkatun da ba su da yawa ga ƙarshen gasa, da tattalin arziki (neman mafi girman jin daɗi yayin guje wa ɓata albarkatun ƙarancin).{{Efn|"The conception we have adopted may be described as analytical. It does not attempt to pick out certain kinds of behaviour, but focuses attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity. {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=17}}}} A cewar Robbins: "Tattalin Arziki shine kimiyya wanda ke nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin dangantaka tsakanin iyaka da ƙananan hanyoyin da ke da madadin amfani".[35]Ma'anar Robbins ta ƙarshe ta zama karɓa ta manyan masana tattalin arziki, kuma ta sami hanyar shiga cikin litattafan yanzu. Kodayake ba tare da haɗin kai ba, yawancin masana tattalin arziki na yau da kullun za su yarda da wasu ma'anar Robbins, duk da cewa mutane da yawa sun tayar da mummunar ƙiyayya ga iyakar da hanyar tattalin arziki, wanda ya fito daga wannan ma'anar.[72] Wani rukuni na ka'idar da daga baya aka kira "tattalin arzikin neoclassical" an kafa shi daga kimanin 1870 zuwa 1910. Kalmar "tattalin arziki" ta shahara ne daga masana tattalin arziki na neoclassical kamar su [[Alfred Marshall]] da Mary Paley Marshall a matsayin taƙaitaccen ma'anar "kimiyya ta tattalin arziki" da kuma maye gurbin "Tattalin arzikin siyasa" na baya. <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888" /> <ref name="Jevons1879" /> Wannan ya dace da tasirin da aka yi amfani da shi a fannin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]]. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ya haɗa wadata da buƙata a matsayin haɗin gwiwar farashin da yawa a cikin daidaitattun kasuwa, don haka yana rinjayar rabon fitarwa da rarraba kuɗin shiga. Ya ki amincewa da ka'idar aiki ta tattalin arziki na gargajiya don tallafawa ka'idar amfani mai amfani a gefen buƙata da kuma ka'idar farashi mai zurfi a gefen wadata. A cikin karni na 20, masu ilimin neoclassical sun tashi daga ra'ayin da ya gabata wanda ya ba da shawarar auna cikakken amfani ga al'umma, suna zaɓar amfani na yau da kullun, wanda ke nuna alaƙar halayyar mutum a tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Hicks">{{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=J.R. |author-link=John Hicks |date=April 1937 |title=Mr. Keynes and the "Classics": A Suggested Interpretation |journal=Econometrica |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=147–159 |doi=10.2307/1907242 |jstor=1907242}}</ref> A cikin microeconomics, tattalin arziki neoclassical yana wakiltar karfafawa da farashi kamar yadda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanke shawara. Misali na nan da nan na wannan shine ka'idar mabukaci na buƙatun mutum, wanda ke ware tasirin farashi (a matsayin farashi) da samun kudin shiga akan adadin da ake buƙata.<ref name="Hicks" /> A cikin macroeconomics an nuna shi a cikin farkon kuma mai dorewa neoclassical kira tare da Keynesian macroeconomiics. <ref name="Hicks" /> Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ana kiransa ''tattalin arzikin Orthodox'' a wasu lokuta ta hanyar masu sukar sa da masu tausayi. tattalin arziki zamani ya gina a kan tattalin arzikin neoclassical amma tare da gyare-gyare da yawa waɗanda ko dai sun kara ko kuma sun haɗa da bincike na baya, kamar su econometrics, ka'idar wasan, nazarin gazawar kasuwa da gasa mara kyau, da kuma Tsarin neoclassical na ci Babban tattalin arziki don nazarin masu canji na dogon lokaci da ke shafar kudaden shiga na ƙasa. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical yana nazarin halayyar mutane, Gidaje, da kungiyoyi (wanda ake kira 'yan wasan tattalin arziki, 'yan wasa, ko wakilai) lokacin da suke sarrafawa ko amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa, waɗanda ke da madadin amfani, don cimma burin da ake so. Ana zaton wakilai suna aiki da hankali, suna da manufofi masu yawa a gani, iyakantaccen albarkatu don samun waɗannan manufofi, saitin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi, ainihin manufa mai jagora, da kuma ikon yin zaɓi. Akwai matsala ta tattalin arziki, wanda ke ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyyar tattalin arziki, lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye da 'yan wasa suka yanke shawara (zaɓin) don samun sakamako mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |date=Winter 2002 |title=Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies from the Bottom Up |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Artificial Life (journal)|Artificial Life]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |doi=10.1162/106454602753694765 |pmid=12020421 |s2cid=1345062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182912/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> === Tattalin arzikin Keynesian === [[File:John_Maynard_Keynes_(1929).jpg|alt=Black-and-white head shot of Keynes|thumb|John Maynard Keynes, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin tattalin arziki" ]] Tattalin arzikin Keynesian ya samo asali ne daga John Maynard Keynes, musamman littafinsa The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), wanda ya gabatar da tattalin arzikin zamani a matsayin wani yanki na musamman. Littafin ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade kudin shiga na ƙasa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da farashin ba su da sauƙin sauyawa. Keynes ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana, a cikin cikakkun ka'idoji, dalilin da ya sa rashin aikin yi a kasuwar ma'aikata ba zai iya gyara kansa ba saboda ƙananan "bukatar tasiri" da kuma dalilin da ya ya sa har ma da sassauci na farashi da manufofin kuɗi bazai zama marasa amfani. An yi amfani da kalmar "juyin juya hali" ga littafin a cikin tasirinsa akan nazarin tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masana tattalin arziki da yawa sun bi ra'ayoyin Keynes kuma sun fadada ayyukansa. John Hicks da Alvin Hansen sun haɓaka samfurin IS-LM, tsari mai sauƙi na wasu abubuwan da Keynes ya fahimta game da daidaitattun tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Franco Modigliani da James Tobin sun haɓaka mahimman ra'ayoyi na amfani da masu zaman kansu da saka hannun jari, bi da bi, manyan abubuwa biyu na buƙatun buƙata. Lawrence Klein ya gina samfurin farko na macroeconometric, yana amfani da tunanin Keynesian a hankali ga Tattalin arzikin Amurka. === Tattalin arzikin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === Nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tattalin arzikin Keynesian shine babban ra'ayi na tattalin arziki na kafa Amurka da abokanta, kuma tattalin arzikin Marxian shine babban ra-ayi na tattalin arzikin Soviet Union da abokanta. ==== Cinikin kuɗi ==== [[File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg|thumb|243x243px|[[Milton Friedman]]]] Monetarism ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tare da [[Milton Friedman]] a matsayin jagoran ilimi. Masu adawa da kudi sun yi jayayya cewa manufofin kudi da sauran girgizar kudi, kamar yadda aka wakilta ta hanyar ci gaban hannun jari, sun kasance muhimmiyar dalilin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, kuma saboda haka manufofin kudi sun fi muhimmanci fiye da manufofin kasafin kudi don dalilai na daidaitawa.<ref name="fed">{{Cite web |last=Bernanke |first=Ben |date=8 November 2002 |title=Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160935/https://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=22 February 2009 |publisher=The Federal Reserve Board}}</ref> Friedman ya kuma yi shakku game da ikon bankunan tsakiya don gudanar da manufofin kuɗi masu aiki a aikace, yana ba da shawara a maimakon haka ta amfani da dokoki masu sauƙi kamar ci gaban kuɗi. Tsarin kuɗi ya yi fice a shekarun 1970 da 1980, lokacin da manyan bankunan tsakiya da dama suka rungumi manufofin kuɗi da suka yi tasiri ga tsarin kuɗi, amma daga baya aka yi watsi da su saboda sakamakon bai gamsar ba. <ref name="Historical">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Federal Reserve Board - Historical Approaches to Monetary Policy |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/historical-approaches-to-monetary-policy.htm |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |language=en}}</ref> ==== Sabon tattalin arziki na gargajiya ==== Wani kalubale mai mahimmanci ga tsarin Keynesian ya fito ne a cikin 1970s daga sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya kamar [[Robert Lucas Jr.|Robert Lucas]], Thomas Sargent, da Edward Prescott. Sun gabatar da ra'ayin tsammanin tunani a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da tasiri mai zurfi ga tattaunawar tattalin arziki da yawa, gami da abin da ake kira Lucas critic da ci gaban ainihin tsarin sake zagayowar kasuwanci. ==== Sabbin Keynesians ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin shekarun 1980s, wani rukuni na masu bincike sun zama sanannun masana tattalin arziki na New Keynesian, ciki har da, da sauransu, [[George Akerlof]], Janet Yellen, Gregory Mankiw, da Olivier Blanchard. Sun karɓi ƙa'idar tsammanin tunani da sauran masu cin gashin kansu ko sababbin ra'ayoyin gargajiya, kamar samfuran da ke amfani da microfoundations da inganta halayyar, amma a lokaci guda sun jaddada muhimmancin gazawar kasuwa daban-daban a cikin aikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Keynes ya yi. Ba aƙalla ba, sun ba da dalilai daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bayyana fasalulluka da aka lura da farashi da tsananin albashi, yawanci ana sanya su zama fasalullukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, maimakon ɗauka kamar yadda yake a cikin tsofaffin salon Keynesian. ==== Sabuwar hadadden neoclassical ==== Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawa mai zafi tsakanin Keynesians, masu ra'ayin kuɗi, sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya da sabbin masana tattalin arziki na Keynesian, wani tsari ya bayyana a shekarun 2000, wanda galibi ake kira sabon tsarin neoclassical . Ya haɗa tsammanin hankali da inganta tsarin sabuwar ka'idar gargajiya tare da sabon rawar Keynesian don taurin kai da sauran kurakuran kasuwa, kamar rashin cikakken bayani, a cikin kayayyaki, aiki, da kasuwannin bashi. An fahimci muhimmancin manufofin kuɗi wajen daidaita tattalin arziki , musamman ma wajen daidaita hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, haka kuma an fahimci dagewar da Keynesian ta yi cewa manufofin kuɗi na iya taka rawa mai tasiri wajen shafar yawan buƙatun jama'a . A tsarin aiki, haɗakarwar ta haifar da sabon nau'in samfuran da aka yi amfani da su, wanda aka sani da samfuran daidaitaccen tsarin stochastic general ma'auni (DSGE), waɗanda aka samo daga samfuran zagayowar kasuwanci na gaske amma an faɗaɗa su da sabbin fasaloli da yawa na Keynesian da sauran su. Waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu amfani da tasiri wajen tsara manufofin kuɗi na zamani kuma yanzu sun zama manyan hanyoyin aiki a yawancin bankunan tsakiya. ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008, binciken tattalin arziki ya fi mai da hankali kan fahimtar da haɗa tsarin kuɗi cikin samfuran tattalin arziki mai faɗi, da kuma haskaka yadda matsaloli a ɓangaren kuɗi za su iya haifar da manyan koma bayan tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan da sauran sassan bincike, wahayi daga tattalin arzikin ɗabi'a ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yau da kullun. Haka kuma, bambancin da ke tsakanin wakilan tattalin arziki, misali, bambance-bambancen samun kudin shiga, yana taka rawa sosai a binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guvenen |first=Fatih |title=Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: A Practical Guide |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17622/w17622.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.nber.org |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> === Sauran makarantu da hanyoyin === Wasu makarantu ko yanayin tunani da ke magana game da wani salon tattalin arziki da ake yi a kuma ake yaɗawa daga ƙungiyoyin masana da aka san su sosai waɗanda suka shahara a duk duniya, sun haɗa da Makarantar Freiburg, Makarantar Lausanne, Makarantar Stockholm da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Chicago . A shekarun 1970 da 1980, wani lokacin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun ana raba shi zuwa tsarin ruwan gishiri na waɗannan jami'o'in da ke gabar tekun Gabas da Yammacin Amurka, da kuma tsarin makarantar Freshwater, ko Chicago . A cikin tattalin arziki na macro, akwai, a cikin tsari na gaba ɗaya na bayyanarsu ta tarihi a cikin adabi; tattalin arziki na gargajiya, tattalin arziki na neoclassical, tattalin arzikin Keynesian, haɗakar neoclassical, monetarism, tattalin arziki na zamani, tattalin arziki na sabon Keynesian da sabon haɗakar neoclassical . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodford |first=Michael |date=January 2008 |title=Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221064431/http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The New Consensus}}</ref> Baya ga ci gaban tunanin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, ka'idoji daban-daban na tattalin arziki na madadin ko heterodox sun samo asali, suna sanya kansu a matsayin sabanin ka'idar gama gari. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Frederic S. |date=2008 |title=Heterodox Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2487-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da: <ref name="Lee" /> * Makarantar Austria, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan ɗan adam, [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|haƙƙin mallaka]], da kuma 'yancin yin kwangila da mu'amala don samun tattalin arziki mai bunƙasa da nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=WHAT IS AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS? |url=https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023162020/https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> Haka kuma ya jaddada cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta taka rawa kaɗan gwargwadon iyawa (idan akwai wani rawa) a cikin tsara ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu hulɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2019 |title=The Austrian Theory of Efficiency and the Role of Government |url=https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214010751/https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Friedrich Hayek da Ludwig von Mises su ne manyan wakilan makarantar Austria guda biyu. * Tattalin arzikin bayan-Keynesian ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsauraran matakan tattalin arziki da kuma hanyoyin daidaitawa. Gabaɗaya ana danganta shi da Jami'ar Cambridge da aikin Joan Robinson . * Tattalin arzikin muhalli kamar [[Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli|tattalin arzikin muhalli]] yana nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam da yanayin halittu da suke ciki, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xepapadeas |first=Anastasios |date=2008 |title=Ecological Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2141-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> amma sabanin tattalin arzikin muhalli yana ɗaukar matsayi na adawa da ƙa'idodin tattalin arziki na gabaɗaya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ƙananan fannoni biyu shine zato game da yiwuwar maye gurbin tsakanin jarin da aka yi da na halitta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=D. I. W. |date=2006 |title=DIW Berlin: A Matter of Opinion: How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics |url=https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.450284.de |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.diw.de |language=de}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ci gaba sun haɗa da tattalin arzikin Marxian, tattalin arzikin kundin tsarin mulki, tattalin arzikin cibiyoyi, tattalin arzikin juyin halitta, ka'idar dogaro, tattalin arziki mai tsari, ka'idar tsarin duniya, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, tattalin arziki na mata da tattalin arzikin halittu . Tattalin arzikin mata ya jaddada rawar da jinsi ke takawa a tattalin arziki, yana kalubalantar nazarin da ke sa jinsi ya zama ba a iya gani ko kuma wanda ke tallafawa tsarin tattalin arziki mai danne jinsi. Manufar ita ce a ƙirƙiri bincike kan tattalin arziki da kuma nazarin manufofi wanda zai haɗa kowa da kowa kuma ya san jinsi domin ƙarfafa daidaiton jinsi da kuma inganta walwalar ƙungiyoyin da aka ware. == Hanyar == === Binciken ka'ida === Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta asali ta dogara ne akan samfuran tattalin arziki na nazari. Lokacin ƙirƙirar ka'idoji, manufar ita ce a sami zato waɗanda aƙalla suke da sauƙi a cikin buƙatun bayanai, waɗanda suka fi daidai a cikin hasashe, kuma sun fi amfani wajen samar da ƙarin bincike fiye da ka'idojin da suka gabata. {{Sfn|Friedman|1953}} Duk da cewa ka'idar tattalin arziki ta neoclassical ta ƙunshi tsarin ka'ida mai rinjaye ko ta al'ada da kuma tsarin hanyoyin aiki, ka'idar tattalin arziki kuma tana iya ɗaukar nau'in wasu mazhabobi na tunani kamar a cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na heterodox . A fannin tattalin arziki mai zurfi, manyan ra'ayoyi sun haɗa da wadata da buƙata, rashin daidaito, ka'idar zaɓin tunani, farashin dama, ƙuntatawa a kasafin kuɗi, amfani, da ka'idar kamfani . Tsarin tattalin arziki na farko ya mayar da hankali kan yin koyi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canji masu yawa, amma yayin da dangantakar ta bayyana tana canzawa akan lokaci, masana tattalin arziki na macro, gami da sabbin Keynesians, sun sake fasalin samfuran su da ƙananan tushe, inda ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki na micro suka taka muhimmiyar rawa. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t9tru53g86lzcb2n46zxnw4dt24lulv 963284 963283 2026-10-05T06:59:39Z Baffa ali 47435 963284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tattalin Arziki''' (/ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiːkə-/) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECONOMICS {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |url=https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824032001/https://lexico.com/definition/economics |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Lexico.com}}</ref> kimiyya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke nazarin [[Samar|samarwa]], rarraba, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Krugman}}</ref> tattalin arziki yana mai da hankali kan halayyar da hulɗar jami'an tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tattalin arziki ke aiki. Microeconomics yana nazarin abin da ake kallo a matsayin muhimman abubuwan tattalin arziki, gami da wakilan mutum da kasuwanni, hulɗar su, da kuma sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar. Kowane wakili na iya haɗawa da gidaje, kamfanoni, masu siye, da masu siyarwa. Macroeconomics yana nazarin tattalin arziki a matsayin tsarin inda samarwa, rarraba, kamfani, tanadi, da kashe hannun jari ke hulɗa; da kuma abubuwan samarwa da ke shafar su, ƙasar: aiki, babban birnin, ƙasa, da kasuwanci, hauhawar farashi, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, da Manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke tasiri ga waɗannan abubuwa. Har ila yau, yana neman nazarin da kuma bayyana Tattalin arzikin duniya. Sauran bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin tattalin arziki sun haɗa da waɗanda ke tsakanin Tattalin Arziki mai kyau, suna kwatanta "abin da yake", da kuma tattalin arziki na ka'idoji, suna ba da shawarar "abin da ya kamata ya kasance"; tsakanin ka'idar tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki mai amfani; tsakanin tattalin arziki na tunani da halayyar; da kuma tsakanin tattalin arziki da kuma tattalin arzikin al'ada. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including business, finance, cybersecurity,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kianpour |first=Mazaher |last2=Kowalski |first2=Stewart |last3=Øverby |first3=Harald |date=2021 |title=Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey |journal=Sustainability |volume=13 |issue=24 |bibcode=2021Sust...1313677K |doi=10.3390/su132413677 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> health care,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarricone |first=Rosanna |date=2006 |title=Cost-of-illness analysis |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016 |pmid=16139925}}</ref> engineering and government. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as [[Laifi|crime]], education,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanushek |first=Eric A. |last2=Woessmannr |first2=Ludger |date=2007 |title=Economics of Education |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106142511/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7154 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=17 December 2020 |series=Policy Research Working Papers |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4122}}</ref> the family,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Gary Becker}}</ref> feminism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Julie A. |author-link=Julie A. Nelson |date=1995 |title=Feminism and Economics |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.9.2.131 |doi-access=free}} {{Cite book|last3=Marianne A. Ferber}}</ref> law, philosophy, politics, religion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iannaccone |first=Laurence R. |author-link=Laurence R. Iannaccone |date=September 1998 |title=Introduction to the Economics of Religion |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1465–1495 |jstor=2564806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209225107/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/262957/mod_resource/content/2/Iannaccone%20-%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> social institutions, war,<ref>{{Cite book|last3=William D. Nordhaus}}</ref> science, and [[Tattalin arzikin kore|the environment]]. == Ma'anar tattalin arziki == Kalmar farko don horo ita ce "Tattalin arzikin siyasa", amma tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, ana kiranta "tattalin arziki". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Girkanci {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:οἰκονομία|οἰκονομία]]}} (''oikonomia''), kalma ce don "hanyar (nomos) don gudanar da gida (oikos) ", ko a wasu kalmomi ilimin wani {{Lang|grc|οἰκονομικός}} (''oikonomikos''), ko "gidan gida ko manajan gida". Kalmomin da aka samo kamar "tattalin arziki" saboda haka sau da yawa suna nufin "karin kuɗi" ko "mai tsada". <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888">{{Cite book|last2=Mary Paley Marshall}}</ref><ref name="Jevons1879">{{Cite book|last3=William Stanley Jevons}}</ref> Ta hanyar fadadawa a lokacin, "tattalin arzikin siyasa" ita ce hanyar gudanar da polis ko jihar. Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na zamani na tattalin arziki; wasu suna nuna ra'ayoyin canzawa game da batun ko ra'ayoyi daban-daban tsakanin ma'anar tattalin arziki.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009">{{Cite journal |last=Backhouse |first=Roger E. |last2=Medema |first2=Steven |date=Winter 2009 |title=Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=221–233 |doi=10.1257/jep.23.1.221 |jstor=27648302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin falsafa na Scotland [[Adam Smith]] (1776) ya bayyana abin da ake kira Tattalin arzikin siyasa a matsayin "bincike kan yanayin da abubuwan da ke haifar da arzikin kasashe", musamman kamar haka: [[Wealth|wadata]]-linkid="368" href="./Jean-Baptiste_Say" id="mw1g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say (1803), ya bambanta batun daga amfani da Manufofin jama'a, ya bayya''na'' shi a matsayin kimiyya na samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya.<ref name="Say1803">{{Cite book|last3=Jean-Baptiste Say}}</ref> A gefen satirical, Thomas Carlyle (1849) ya kirkiro "kimiyya mai banƙyama" a matsayin ma'anar tattalin arziki na gargajiya, a cikin wannan mahallin, wanda aka haɗa shi da nazarin rashin jin daɗi na Malthus (1798). John Stuart Mill (1844) ya kara iyakance batun:   [[Alfred Marshall]] ya ba da ma'anar da aka ambata a cikin littafinsa Principles of Economics (1890) wanda ya faɗaɗa bincike fiye da [[Arziƙi|wadata]] kuma daga al'umma zuwa matakin microeconomic: Lionel Robbins (1932) ya haɓaka tasirin abin da ake kira "[watakila mafi yawan ma'anar yanzu game da batun": <ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" />[p] Robbins ya bayyana ma'anar a matsayin ba ''rarrabuwa'' ba a cikin "karɓar wasu nau'ikan halayyar" amma a maimakon haka ''nazari'' a cikin "mai da hankali kan wani bangare na halayyar, nau'in da tasirin ƙarancin ya sanya.[ing][35] Ya tabbatar da cewa masana tattalin arziki na baya yawanci sun mayar da hankali ga karatunsu kan nazarin dukiya: yadda ake kirkirar dukiya (samarwa), rarraba, da cinyewa; da kuma yadda dukiya za ta iya girma.[36]Amma ya ce ana iya amfani da tattalin arziki don nazarin wasu abubuwa, kamar yaƙi, waɗanda ke waje da mayar da hankali ga al'ada. Wannan shi ne saboda yaƙi yana da burinsa ya ci nasara (a matsayin ''Ƙarshen'' da ake nema), yana haifar da farashi da fa'idodi, kuma yana amfani da ''albarkatun'' (rayuwar ɗan adam da sauran farashi) don cimma burin. Idan ba za a iya cin nasarar yaƙin ba ko kuma idan farashin da ake tsammani ya wuce fa'idodi, masu ''yanke shawara'' (idan sun kasance masu hankali) bazai taɓa zuwa yaƙi ba (ƙaddamarwa) amma a maimakon haka bincika wasu hanyoyin. Ba za a iya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da ke nazarin wadata, yaƙi, aikata laifuka, ilimi, da kowane bangare wanda za'a iya amfani da nazarin tattalin arziki ba, amma a matsayin kimiyya wanda ke nazarin wani bangare na kowa na kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa (dukansu suna amfani da albarkatu kaɗan don cimma ƙarshen da ake nema). Wasu maganganun da suka biyo baya sun soki ma'anar kamar yadda ta wuce gona da iri, ta kasa iyakance iyakar ikonta ga nazarin kasuwa. Daga shekarun 1960, duk da haka, irin waɗannan maganganun sun ragu yayin da ka'idar tattalin arziki na haɓaka halayyar da ƙirar zaɓi mai ma'ana ya faɗaɗa yankin batun zuwa yankunan da aka bi da su a wasu fannoni. Akwai wasu zarge-zarge kuma, kamar a cikin ƙarancin ba lissafin tattalin arzikin macroeconomics na rashin aikin yi ba. Gary Becker, mai ba da gudummawa ga fadada tattalin arziki zuwa sababbin yankuna, ya bayyana hanyar da ya fi so a matsayin "haɗuwa da] zato na haɓaka halayyar, ƙa'idodin ɗorewa, da daidaitattun kasuwa, ana amfani da su ba tare da jinkiri ba. "Ɗaya daga cikin sharhin ya nuna cewa wannan magana tana mai da tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar da ba batun ba amma tare da cikakken bayani game da "tsarin zabi da nau'in hulɗar zamantakewa wanda [irin] bincike ya haɗa da shi. "Wannan tushen yana nazarin ma'anoni da yawa da aka samo a cikin ka'idodin litattafan tattalin arziki kuma ya kammala cewa rashin yarjejeniya ba ya buƙatar shafar batun da matani ke bi. Daga cikin masana tattalin arziki gabaɗaya, yana jayayya cewa wani ma'anar da aka gabatar na iya nuna hanyar da marubucin ya yi imanin cewa tattalin arziki yana tasowa, ko ya kamata ya samo asali.<ref name="BackhouseMedema2009" /> Masana tattalin arziki da yawa ciki har da wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel James M. Buchanan da Ronald Coase sun ki amincewa da ma'anar Robbins kuma suna ci gaba da ma'anonin da suka fi so kamar na Say, dangane da batun batun. Ha-Joon Chang misali ya yi jayayya cewa ma'anar Robbins za ta sa tattalin arziki ta zama ta musamman saboda duk sauran kimiyyar sun bayyana kansu dangane da yankin bincike ko abu na bincike maimakon hanyar. A cikin sashen ilmin halitta, ba a ce ya kamata a yi nazarin dukkan ilmin halitta tare da nazarin DNA ba. Mutane suna nazarin kwayoyin halitta masu rai a hanyoyi daban-daban: wasu suna yin nazarin DNA, wasu suna nazarin jikin mutum, kuma har yanzu wasu suna gina tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na halayyar dabba. Amma duk ana kiransu ilmin halitta saboda duk suna nazarin halittu masu rai. A cewar Ha Joon Chang, wannan ra'ayi cewa tattalin arziki na iya kuma ya kamata a yi nazari a hanya ɗaya kawai (alal misali ta hanyar nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka masu ma'ana kawai), kuma ci gaba da mataki ɗaya kuma sake bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin ka'idar komai, na musamman ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seung-Yoon Lee |date=4 September 2014 |title=Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151027/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |website=huffpost.com |publisher=Huffington Post |quote=}}</ref> == Tarihin tunanin tattalin arziki == === Daga zamanin d ̄ a ta hanyar physiocrats === [[File:Lorrain.seaport.jpg|alt=A seaport with a ship arriving|thumb|Hoton 1638 na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa a lokacin da aka fara Kasuwanci]] Tambayoyi game da rarraba albarkatu ana samun su a cikin rubuce-rubucen mawaki na Boeotian Hesiod kuma masana tarihi da yawa na tattalin arziki sun bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin tattalin arziki na farko". Koyaya, an yi amfani da kalmar Helenanci ''oikos'' don batutuwan da suka shafi yadda za a gudanar da iyali (wanda aka fahimta a matsayin mai mallakar ƙasa, iyalinsa, da bayinsa) maimakon komawa ga wasu tsarin al'umma na rarraba albarkatu, wanda shine sabon abu na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oikos Meaning in Bible – New Testament Greek Lexicon – New American Standard |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121115/https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/oikos.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=biblestudytools.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameson |first=Michael H. |date=2015-12-22 |title=houses, Greek |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121120/https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3169 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3169 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}</ref> Kodayake Xenophon, marubucin ''Oeconomicus'', masanan ilimin lissafi sun yaba da shi a matsayin tushen kalmar "tattalin arziki", malaman zamani galibi suna yaba da [[Aristotle]] a matsayin marubucin farko da ya rubuta game da tattalin arziki a wasu wurare da aka warwatsa, musamman a cikin Nicomachean Ethics, inda ake tattauna batun amfani da darajar musayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Barry J. |date=1964 |title=Aristotle and the Development of Value Theory |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.2307/1880547 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1880547}}</ref> Joseph Schumpeter ya bayyana marubutan ilimi na ƙarni na 16 da 17, ciki har da Tomás de Mercado, Luis de Molina, da Juan de Lugo, a matsayin "da ke kudi da kowane rukuni don kasancewa 'masu kafa' tattalin arzikin kimiyya" game da ka'idar kuɗi, sha'awa, da darajar a cikin hangen nesa na doka ta halitta. Ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda daga baya aka kira su "masu kasuwanci" da "masu ilimin jiki", sun fi tasiri kai tsaye ga ci gaban batun. Dukkanin kungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓaka kishin kasa na tattalin arziki da jari-hujja na zamani a Turai. Kasuwanci koyarwar tattalin arziki ce wacce ta bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-walfe, ko na 'yan kasuwa ko' yan siyasa. Ya yi imanin cewa arzikin al'umma ya dogara da tarin zinariya da azurfa. Al'ummai ba tare da samun damar samun ma'adinai ba za su iya samun zinariya da azurfa ta hanyar kasuwanci kawai ta hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a kasashen waje da kuma hana shigo da zinariya da Azurfa. Koyarwar ta yi kira ga shigo da albarkatun kasa masu arha don kayan masana'antu don fitarwa, da kuma tsarin mulki na jihar don sanya haraji kariya akan kayan masana'antun kasashen waje da kuma hana masana'antu a cikin yankuna. Physiocrats, ƙungiyar masu tunani da marubuta na Faransa na ƙarni na 18, sun haɓaka ra'ayin tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga da fitarwa. Physiocrats sun yi imanin cewa samar da aikin gona ne kawai ya haifar da wadataccen farashi, don haka noma shine tushen duk dukiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertholet |first=Auguste |date=2021 |title=Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne |url=https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |url-status=live |journal=Annales Benjamin Constant |volume=46 |pages=78–81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143530/https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> Don haka, sun yi adawa da manufofin mercantilist na inganta masana'antu da kasuwanci a kan kudin noma, gami da harajin shigo da kayayyaki. Physiocrats sun ba da shawarar maye gurbin karbar haraji mai tsada tare da haraji guda ɗaya akan kudin shiga na masu mallakar ƙasa. A mayar da martani game da ka'idojin kasuwanci masu yawa, 'yan wasan sun ba da shawarar manufofin laissez-faire, wanda ya yi kira ga ƙananan shiga tsakani na gwamnati a cikin tattalin arziki. [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) ya kasance masanin ilimin tattalin arziki na farko. Smith ya soki masu kasuwanci sosai amma ya bayyana tsarin physiocratic "tare da duk ajizancinsa" a matsayin "watakila mafi kyawun kusanci ga gaskiyar da aka buga" a kan batun. === Tattalin arzikin siyasa na gargajiya === [[File:AdamSmith.jpg|alt=Picture of Adam Smith facing to the right|thumb|Buga littafin [[Adam Smith]]'s The Wealth of Nations a cikin 1776 an dauke shi a matsayin tsari na farko na tunanin tattalin arziki.]] An bayyana littafin [[Adam Smith]] mai suna The Wealth of Nations a shekara ta 1776 a matsayin "haihuwar tattalin arziki a matsayin horo daban".Littafin ya gano ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin a matsayin abubuwa uku na samarwa da manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga arzikin al'umma, ya bambanta da ra'ayi na physiocratic cewa aikin gona ne kawai ke da amfani.[55] Smith ya tattauna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ƙwarewa ta hanyar rarraba ma'aikata, gami da haɓaka yawan aiki da riba daga kasuwanci, ko tsakanin gari da ƙasa ko a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deardorff |first=Alan V. |author-link=Alan Deardorff |date=2016 |title=Division of labor |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316082342/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/d.html#DivisionOfLabor |archive-date=16 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2012 |website=Deardorffs' Glossary of International Economics |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> "Theorem" nasa cewa "rabuwa da aiki yana iyakance ta girman kasuwa" an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ka'idar ayyukan kamfanoni da masana'antu" da kuma "babban ƙa'idar tsarin tattalin arziki".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |author-link=George J. Stigler |date=June 1951 |title=The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1086/257075 |jstor=1826433 |s2cid=36014630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825225559/http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/stigler.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>Ga Smith kuma an danganta shi "mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a duk tattalin arziki" da kuma tushe na ka'idar rarraba albarkatun - cewa, a karkashin gasa, masu mallakar albarkatu (na aiki, ƙasa, da kuma babban birnin) suna neman amfanin su mafi fa'ida, wanda ke haifar da daidaituwa dawowa ga duk amfani a cikin daidaito (wanda aka daidaita don bambance-bambance da ke fitowa daga irin waɗannan dalilai kamar horo da rashin aikin yi). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stigler |first=George J. |date=December 1976 |title=The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1199–1213 |doi=10.1086/260508 |jstor=1831274 |s2cid=41691663}} </ref> A cikin wata gardama da ta haɗa da "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare a duk tattalin arziki," Smith yana wakiltar kowane mutum kamar yadda yake ƙoƙarin amfani da duk wani babban birnin da za su iya ba da umarni don amfanin kansu, ba na al'umma ba, kuma don samun riba, wanda ya zama dole a wasu matakan don amfani da babban birnin a masana'antar cikin gida, kuma yana da alaƙa da darajar kayan aiki.[59]{{Efn|"Capital" in Smith's usage includes [[fixed capital]] and [[circulating capital]]. The latter includes wages and labour maintenance, money, and inputs from land, mines, and fisheries associated with production.{{sfn|Smith|1776|loc=Bk. II: ch. 1, 2, and 5}}}}[61]A cikin wannan: Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) ya yi amfani da manufar raguwar dawowa don bayyana yanayin rayuwa. Yawan mutane, ya yi jayayya, ya karu da lissafi, ya wuce samar da abinci, wanda ya karu da ƙididdiga. Matsi na yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a kan iyakantaccen ƙasa ya haifar da raguwar dawowar aiki. Sakamakon, ya yi iƙirarin, ya kasance ƙananan albashi, wanda ya hana yanayin rayuwa ga mafi yawan jama'a daga tashi sama da matakin rayuwa. [mahimmanci ba ne ake buƙata] Masanin tattalin arziki Julian Simon ya soki ƙaddamarwar Malthus.   Yayinda Adam Smith ya jaddada samarwa da samun kudin shiga, [[David Ricardo]] (1817) ya mai da hankali kan rarraba kudin shiga tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, ma'aikata, da masu jari-hujja. Ricardo ya ga rikici tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, a gefe guda, da ma'aikata da babban birnin, a gefe ɗaya. Ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da babban birnin, yana matsawa kan wadatar ƙasa, yana tura haya kuma yana riƙe da albashi da riba. Ricardo kuma shine na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar fa'ida ta kwatanta, bisa ga abin da kowace ƙasa ya kamata ta ƙware wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyaki wanda ke da ƙarancin farashi na samarwa, maimakon dogaro da samar da kanta kawai. An kira shi "bayani na asali" don samun riba daga kasuwanci. Da yake zuwa a ƙarshen al'adar gargajiya, John Stuart Mill (1848) ya raba kamfanin tare da masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya na baya game da rashin yiwuwar rarraba tsarin kasuwa na samun kudin shiga. Mill ya nuna bambanci tsakanin matsayi biyu na kasuwa: rarraba albarkatu da rarraba kudin shiga. Kasuwar na iya zama mai inganci wajen rarraba albarkatu, amma ba a rarraba kudaden shiga ba, ya rubuta, yana mai da shi ya zama dole ga al'umma ta shiga tsakani. Ka'idar darajar tana da mahimmanci a cikin ka'idar gargajiya. Smith ya rubuta cewa "farashin gaske na kowane abu ... shine aiki da matsala na samun shi". &nbsp;Smith ya ci gaba da cewa, tare da haya da riba, wasu farashi ban da albashi suma sun shiga farashin kayan masarufi.[68]Sauran masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya sun gabatar da bambance-bambance akan Smith, wanda ake kira 'ka'idar aiki na darajar'. Tattalin arzikin gargajiya ya mayar da hankali kan halin kowane tattalin arzikin kasuwa don daidaitawa a cikin wani matsayi na ƙarshe wanda ya ƙunshi adadi na yau da kullun na dukiyar jiki (babban birni) da kuma yawan jama'a. === Tattalin arzikin Marxian === [[File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg|alt=Photograph of Karl Marx facing the viewer|thumb|Karyatawar Marxist game da tattalin arzikin siyasa ya fito ne daga aikin masanin falsafar Jamus [[Karl Marx]] .]] Tattalin arzikin Marxist (daga baya, Marxian) ya fito ne daga tattalin arzikin gargajiya, kuma ya samo asali ne daga aikin [[Karl Marx]]. An buga kundi na farko na babban aikin Marx, {{Lang|de|[[Das Kapital]]}}, a 1867. Marx ya mayar da hankali kan ka'idar aiki na darajar da ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce gona da iri. Marx ya rubuta cewa su hanyoyin da babban birnin ke amfani da su don cin zarafin ma'aikata. Ka'idar darajar ma'aikata ta tabbatar da cewa darajar kayan musayar an ƙayyade ta hanyar aikin da ya shiga cikin samar da shi, kuma ka'idar ƙimar da ta wuce ta nuna yadda aka biya ma'aikata kawai wani rabo na darajar da aikin su ya kirkira. Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) ya ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arzikin Marxian The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx and The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program), Rudolf Hilferding's (1877-1941) Finance Capital, [[Vladimir Lenin]] (1870-1924) 's The Development of Capitalism in Russia and Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, da Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) 's The Accumulation of Capital. === Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical === A farkonsa a matsayin kimiyyar zamantakewa, Jean-Baptiste Say ya bayyana ''tattalin arziki'' kuma ya tattauna shi a cikin littafinsa mai suna Treatise on Political Economy ko, The Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth (1803) a matsayin nazarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da dukiya. Wadannan abubuwa uku an dauke su ne kawai dangane da karuwa ko raguwar dukiya, kuma ba dangane da hanyoyin kisa ba.{{Efn|"This science indicates the cases in which commerce is truly productive, where whatever is gained by one is lost by another, and where it is profitable to all; it also teaches us to appreciate its several processes, but simply in their results, at which it stops. Besides this knowledge, the merchant must also understand the processes of his art. He must be acquainted with the commodities in which he deals, their qualities and defects, the countries from which they are derived, their markets, the means of their transportation, the values to be given for them in exchange, and the method of keeping accounts. The same remark is applicable to the agriculturist, to the manufacturer, and to the practical man of business; to acquire a thorough knowledge of the causes and consequences of each phenomenon, the study of political economy is essentially necessary to them all; and to become expert in his particular pursuit, each one must add thereto a knowledge of its processes." {{harv|Say|1803|page=XVI}}}} Ma'anar Say ta tsira a wani bangare har zuwa yanzu, an gyara ta hanyar maye gurbin kalmar "dukiya" don "kayayyaki da aiyuka" ma'ana cewa dukiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da ba kayan abu ba. Shekaru ɗari da talatin bayan haka, Lionel Robbins ya lura cewa wannan ma'anar ba ta isa ba, saboda masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna yin amfani da ka'idoji da falsafar a wasu fannoni na ayyukan ɗan adam.{{Efn|"And when we submit the definition in question to this test, it is seen to possess deficiencies which, so far from being marginal and subsidiary, amount to nothing less than a complete failure to exhibit either the scope or the significance of the most central generalisations of all." {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=5}}}} A cikin Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, ya ba da shawarar ma'anar tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ƙarancin, wanda ke tilasta wa mutane zaɓar, rarraba albarkatun da ba su da yawa ga ƙarshen gasa, da tattalin arziki (neman mafi girman jin daɗi yayin guje wa ɓata albarkatun ƙarancin).{{Efn|"The conception we have adopted may be described as analytical. It does not attempt to pick out certain kinds of behaviour, but focuses attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity. {{harv|Robbins|2007|p=17}}}} A cewar Robbins: "Tattalin Arziki shine kimiyya wanda ke nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a matsayin dangantaka tsakanin iyaka da ƙananan hanyoyin da ke da madadin amfani".[35]Ma'anar Robbins ta ƙarshe ta zama karɓa ta manyan masana tattalin arziki, kuma ta sami hanyar shiga cikin litattafan yanzu. Kodayake ba tare da haɗin kai ba, yawancin masana tattalin arziki na yau da kullun za su yarda da wasu ma'anar Robbins, duk da cewa mutane da yawa sun tayar da mummunar ƙiyayya ga iyakar da hanyar tattalin arziki, wanda ya fito daga wannan ma'anar.[72] Wani rukuni na ka'idar da daga baya aka kira "tattalin arzikin neoclassical" an kafa shi daga kimanin 1870 zuwa 1910. Kalmar "tattalin arziki" ta shahara ne daga masana tattalin arziki na neoclassical kamar su [[Alfred Marshall]] da Mary Paley Marshall a matsayin taƙaitaccen ma'anar "kimiyya ta tattalin arziki" da kuma maye gurbin "Tattalin arzikin siyasa" na baya. <ref name="MarshallMarshall1888" /> <ref name="Jevons1879" /> Wannan ya dace da tasirin da aka yi amfani da shi a fannin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]]. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ya haɗa wadata da buƙata a matsayin haɗin gwiwar farashin da yawa a cikin daidaitattun kasuwa, don haka yana rinjayar rabon fitarwa da rarraba kuɗin shiga. Ya ki amincewa da ka'idar aiki ta tattalin arziki na gargajiya don tallafawa ka'idar amfani mai amfani a gefen buƙata da kuma ka'idar farashi mai zurfi a gefen wadata. A cikin karni na 20, masu ilimin neoclassical sun tashi daga ra'ayin da ya gabata wanda ya ba da shawarar auna cikakken amfani ga al'umma, suna zaɓar amfani na yau da kullun, wanda ke nuna alaƙar halayyar mutum a tsakanin mutane.<ref name="Hicks">{{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=J.R. |author-link=John Hicks |date=April 1937 |title=Mr. Keynes and the "Classics": A Suggested Interpretation |journal=Econometrica |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=147–159 |doi=10.2307/1907242 |jstor=1907242}}</ref> A cikin microeconomics, tattalin arziki neoclassical yana wakiltar karfafawa da farashi kamar yadda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanke shawara. Misali na nan da nan na wannan shine ka'idar mabukaci na buƙatun mutum, wanda ke ware tasirin farashi (a matsayin farashi) da samun kudin shiga akan adadin da ake buƙata.<ref name="Hicks" /> A cikin macroeconomics an nuna shi a cikin farkon kuma mai dorewa neoclassical kira tare da Keynesian macroeconomiics. <ref name="Hicks" /> Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical ana kiransa ''tattalin arzikin Orthodox'' a wasu lokuta ta hanyar masu sukar sa da masu tausayi. tattalin arziki zamani ya gina a kan tattalin arzikin neoclassical amma tare da gyare-gyare da yawa waɗanda ko dai sun kara ko kuma sun haɗa da bincike na baya, kamar su econometrics, ka'idar wasan, nazarin gazawar kasuwa da gasa mara kyau, da kuma Tsarin neoclassical na ci Babban tattalin arziki don nazarin masu canji na dogon lokaci da ke shafar kudaden shiga na ƙasa. Tattalin arzikin Neoclassical yana nazarin halayyar mutane, Gidaje, da kungiyoyi (wanda ake kira 'yan wasan tattalin arziki, 'yan wasa, ko wakilai) lokacin da suke sarrafawa ko amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa, waɗanda ke da madadin amfani, don cimma burin da ake so. Ana zaton wakilai suna aiki da hankali, suna da manufofi masu yawa a gani, iyakantaccen albarkatu don samun waɗannan manufofi, saitin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi, ainihin manufa mai jagora, da kuma ikon yin zaɓi. Akwai matsala ta tattalin arziki, wanda ke ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyyar tattalin arziki, lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye da 'yan wasa suka yanke shawara (zaɓin) don samun sakamako mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |date=Winter 2002 |title=Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies from the Bottom Up |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Artificial Life (journal)|Artificial Life]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |doi=10.1162/106454602753694765 |pmid=12020421 |s2cid=1345062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182912/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/acealife.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> === Tattalin arzikin Keynesian === [[File:John_Maynard_Keynes_(1929).jpg|alt=Black-and-white head shot of Keynes|thumb|John Maynard Keynes, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin tattalin arziki" ]] Tattalin arzikin Keynesian ya samo asali ne daga John Maynard Keynes, musamman littafinsa The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), wanda ya gabatar da tattalin arzikin zamani a matsayin wani yanki na musamman. Littafin ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade kudin shiga na ƙasa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da farashin ba su da sauƙin sauyawa. Keynes ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana, a cikin cikakkun ka'idoji, dalilin da ya sa rashin aikin yi a kasuwar ma'aikata ba zai iya gyara kansa ba saboda ƙananan "bukatar tasiri" da kuma dalilin da ya ya sa har ma da sassauci na farashi da manufofin kuɗi bazai zama marasa amfani. An yi amfani da kalmar "juyin juya hali" ga littafin a cikin tasirinsa akan nazarin tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masana tattalin arziki da yawa sun bi ra'ayoyin Keynes kuma sun fadada ayyukansa. John Hicks da Alvin Hansen sun haɓaka samfurin IS-LM, tsari mai sauƙi na wasu abubuwan da Keynes ya fahimta game da daidaitattun tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Franco Modigliani da James Tobin sun haɓaka mahimman ra'ayoyi na amfani da masu zaman kansu da saka hannun jari, bi da bi, manyan abubuwa biyu na buƙatun buƙata. Lawrence Klein ya gina samfurin farko na macroeconometric, yana amfani da tunanin Keynesian a hankali ga Tattalin arzikin Amurka. === Tattalin arzikin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === Nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tattalin arzikin Keynesian shine babban ra'ayi na tattalin arziki na kafa Amurka da abokanta, kuma tattalin arzikin Marxian shine babban ra-ayi na tattalin arzikin Soviet Union da abokanta. ==== Cinikin kuɗi ==== [[File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg|thumb|243x243px|[[Milton Friedman]]]] Monetarism ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tare da [[Milton Friedman]] a matsayin jagoran ilimi. Masu adawa da kudi sun yi jayayya cewa manufofin kudi da sauran girgizar kudi, kamar yadda aka wakilta ta hanyar ci gaban hannun jari, sun kasance muhimmiyar dalilin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, kuma saboda haka manufofin kudi sun fi muhimmanci fiye da manufofin kasafin kudi don dalilai na daidaitawa.<ref name="fed">{{Cite web |last=Bernanke |first=Ben |date=8 November 2002 |title=Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160935/https://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=22 February 2009 |publisher=The Federal Reserve Board}}</ref> Friedman ya kuma yi shakku game da ikon bankunan tsakiya don gudanar da manufofin kuɗi masu aiki a aikace, yana ba da shawara a maimakon haka ta amfani da dokoki masu sauƙi kamar ci gaban kuɗi. Tsarin kuɗi ya yi fice a shekarun 1970 da 1980, lokacin da manyan bankunan tsakiya da dama suka rungumi manufofin kuɗi da suka yi tasiri ga tsarin kuɗi, amma daga baya aka yi watsi da su saboda sakamakon bai gamsar ba. <ref name="Historical">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Federal Reserve Board - Historical Approaches to Monetary Policy |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/historical-approaches-to-monetary-policy.htm |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |language=en}}</ref> ==== Sabon tattalin arziki na gargajiya ==== Wani kalubale mai mahimmanci ga tsarin Keynesian ya fito ne a cikin 1970s daga sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya kamar [[Robert Lucas Jr.|Robert Lucas]], Thomas Sargent, da Edward Prescott. Sun gabatar da ra'ayin tsammanin tunani a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da tasiri mai zurfi ga tattaunawar tattalin arziki da yawa, gami da abin da ake kira Lucas critic da ci gaban ainihin tsarin sake zagayowar kasuwanci. ==== Sabbin Keynesians ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin shekarun 1980s, wani rukuni na masu bincike sun zama sanannun masana tattalin arziki na New Keynesian, ciki har da, da sauransu, [[George Akerlof]], Janet Yellen, Gregory Mankiw, da Olivier Blanchard. Sun karɓi ƙa'idar tsammanin tunani da sauran masu cin gashin kansu ko sababbin ra'ayoyin gargajiya, kamar samfuran da ke amfani da microfoundations da inganta halayyar, amma a lokaci guda sun jaddada muhimmancin gazawar kasuwa daban-daban a cikin aikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Keynes ya yi. Ba aƙalla ba, sun ba da dalilai daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bayyana fasalulluka da aka lura da farashi da tsananin albashi, yawanci ana sanya su zama fasalullukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, maimakon ɗauka kamar yadda yake a cikin tsofaffin salon Keynesian. ==== Sabuwar hadadden neoclassical ==== Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawa mai zafi tsakanin Keynesians, masu ra'ayin kuɗi, sabbin masana tattalin arziki na gargajiya da sabbin masana tattalin arziki na Keynesian, wani tsari ya bayyana a shekarun 2000, wanda galibi ake kira sabon tsarin neoclassical . Ya haɗa tsammanin hankali da inganta tsarin sabuwar ka'idar gargajiya tare da sabon rawar Keynesian don taurin kai da sauran kurakuran kasuwa, kamar rashin cikakken bayani, a cikin kayayyaki, aiki, da kasuwannin bashi. An fahimci muhimmancin manufofin kuɗi wajen daidaita tattalin arziki , musamman ma wajen daidaita hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, haka kuma an fahimci dagewar da Keynesian ta yi cewa manufofin kuɗi na iya taka rawa mai tasiri wajen shafar yawan buƙatun jama'a . A tsarin aiki, haɗakarwar ta haifar da sabon nau'in samfuran da aka yi amfani da su, wanda aka sani da samfuran daidaitaccen tsarin stochastic general ma'auni (DSGE), waɗanda aka samo daga samfuran zagayowar kasuwanci na gaske amma an faɗaɗa su da sabbin fasaloli da yawa na Keynesian da sauran su. Waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu amfani da tasiri wajen tsara manufofin kuɗi na zamani kuma yanzu sun zama manyan hanyoyin aiki a yawancin bankunan tsakiya. ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ==== Bayan rikicin kuɗi na 2008, binciken tattalin arziki ya fi mai da hankali kan fahimtar da haɗa tsarin kuɗi cikin samfuran tattalin arziki mai faɗi, da kuma haskaka yadda matsaloli a ɓangaren kuɗi za su iya haifar da manyan koma bayan tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan da sauran sassan bincike, wahayi daga tattalin arzikin ɗabi'a ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yau da kullun. Haka kuma, bambancin da ke tsakanin wakilan tattalin arziki, misali, bambance-bambancen samun kudin shiga, yana taka rawa sosai a binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guvenen |first=Fatih |title=Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: A Practical Guide |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17622/w17622.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.nber.org |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> === Sauran makarantu da hanyoyin === Wasu makarantu ko yanayin tunani da ke magana game da wani salon tattalin arziki da ake yi a kuma ake yaɗawa daga ƙungiyoyin masana da aka san su sosai waɗanda suka shahara a duk duniya, sun haɗa da Makarantar Freiburg, Makarantar Lausanne, Makarantar Stockholm da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Chicago . A shekarun 1970 da 1980, wani lokacin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun ana raba shi zuwa tsarin ruwan gishiri na waɗannan jami'o'in da ke gabar tekun Gabas da Yammacin Amurka, da kuma tsarin makarantar Freshwater, ko Chicago . A cikin tattalin arziki na macro, akwai, a cikin tsari na gaba ɗaya na bayyanarsu ta tarihi a cikin adabi; tattalin arziki na gargajiya, tattalin arziki na neoclassical, tattalin arzikin Keynesian, haɗakar neoclassical, monetarism, tattalin arziki na zamani, tattalin arziki na sabon Keynesian da sabon haɗakar neoclassical . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodford |first=Michael |date=January 2008 |title=Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221064431/http://www.columbia.edu/~mw2230/Convergence_AEJ.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The New Consensus}}</ref> Baya ga ci gaban tunanin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, ka'idoji daban-daban na tattalin arziki na madadin ko heterodox sun samo asali, suna sanya kansu a matsayin sabanin ka'idar gama gari. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Frederic S. |date=2008 |title=Heterodox Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2487-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da: <ref name="Lee" /> * Makarantar Austria, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan ɗan adam, [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|haƙƙin mallaka]], da kuma 'yancin yin kwangila da mu'amala don samun tattalin arziki mai bunƙasa da nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=WHAT IS AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS? |url=https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023162020/https://mises.org/what-austrian-economics |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> Haka kuma ya jaddada cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta taka rawa kaɗan gwargwadon iyawa (idan akwai wani rawa) a cikin tsara ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu hulɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2019 |title=The Austrian Theory of Efficiency and the Role of Government |url=https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214010751/https://mises.org/library/austrian-theory-efficiency-and-role-government-0 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Friedrich Hayek da Ludwig von Mises su ne manyan wakilan makarantar Austria guda biyu. * Tattalin arzikin bayan-Keynesian ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsauraran matakan tattalin arziki da kuma hanyoyin daidaitawa. Gabaɗaya ana danganta shi da Jami'ar Cambridge da aikin Joan Robinson . * Tattalin arzikin muhalli kamar [[Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli|tattalin arzikin muhalli]] yana nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam da yanayin halittu da suke ciki, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xepapadeas |first=Anastasios |date=2008 |title=Ecological Economics |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2141-1 |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5}}</ref> amma sabanin tattalin arzikin muhalli yana ɗaukar matsayi na adawa da ƙa'idodin tattalin arziki na gabaɗaya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ƙananan fannoni biyu shine zato game da yiwuwar maye gurbin tsakanin jarin da aka yi da na halitta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=D. I. W. |date=2006 |title=DIW Berlin: A Matter of Opinion: How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics |url=https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.450284.de |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.diw.de |language=de}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ci gaba sun haɗa da tattalin arzikin Marxian, tattalin arzikin kundin tsarin mulki, tattalin arzikin cibiyoyi, tattalin arzikin juyin halitta, ka'idar dogaro, tattalin arziki mai tsari, ka'idar tsarin duniya, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, kimiyyar tattalin arziki, tattalin arziki na mata da tattalin arzikin halittu . Tattalin arzikin mata ya jaddada rawar da jinsi ke takawa a tattalin arziki, yana kalubalantar nazarin da ke sa jinsi ya zama ba a iya gani ko kuma wanda ke tallafawa tsarin tattalin arziki mai danne jinsi. Manufar ita ce a ƙirƙiri bincike kan tattalin arziki da kuma nazarin manufofi wanda zai haɗa kowa da kowa kuma ya san jinsi domin ƙarfafa daidaiton jinsi da kuma inganta walwalar ƙungiyoyin da aka ware. == Hanyar == === Binciken ka'ida === Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta asali ta dogara ne akan samfuran tattalin arziki na nazari. Lokacin ƙirƙirar ka'idoji, manufar ita ce a sami zato waɗanda aƙalla suke da sauƙi a cikin buƙatun bayanai, waɗanda suka fi daidai a cikin hasashe, kuma sun fi amfani wajen samar da ƙarin bincike fiye da ka'idojin da suka gabata. {{Sfn|Friedman|1953}} Duk da cewa ka'idar tattalin arziki ta neoclassical ta ƙunshi tsarin ka'ida mai rinjaye ko ta al'ada da kuma tsarin hanyoyin aiki, ka'idar tattalin arziki kuma tana iya ɗaukar nau'in wasu mazhabobi na tunani kamar a cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na heterodox . A fannin tattalin arziki mai zurfi, manyan ra'ayoyi sun haɗa da wadata da buƙata, rashin daidaito, ka'idar zaɓin tunani, farashin dama, ƙuntatawa a kasafin kuɗi, amfani, da ka'idar kamfani . Tsarin tattalin arziki na farko ya mayar da hankali kan yin koyi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canji masu yawa, amma yayin da dangantakar ta bayyana tana canzawa akan lokaci, masana tattalin arziki na macro, gami da sabbin Keynesians, sun sake fasalin samfuran su da ƙananan tushe, inda ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki na micro suka taka muhimmiyar rawa. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == gw91evqbdklbl22viv01d8logdeojeq 0 178234 963294 2026-10-05T07:21:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[Tarihin Sheakh Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] to [[Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]]: Misspelled title: Wannan shine asalin yadda ya dace da sunan 963294 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] d56rny91c3wrzhef7iyg92ntpxpnzmz 1 178235 963296 2026-10-05T07:21:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[Tattaunawa:Tarihin Sheakh Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] to [[Tattaunawa:Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]]: Misspelled title: Wannan shine asalin yadda ya dace da sunan 963296 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawa:Mukhtar Sahabi Kaduna]] cb69jq84acmiskcj01twb6uw0tlasb1 0 178236 963313 2026-10-05T07:37:12Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376249568|Agriculture]]" 963313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}} [[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Aikin noma na zamani: tsarin ban Ruwa na tsakiya a filin]]  {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  '''Aikin noma''' shine aikin noma ƙasa, shuka, kiwo, da girbi abinci da amfanin gona marasa abinci, da kuma samar da [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]]. Bayani mafi girma sun haɗa da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]]. Aikin noma ya kasance babban abu ne a cikin tasowa na [[wayewa]] ɗan adam, inda noma shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gidaje ya haifar da wadataccen abinci wanda ya ba mutane damar zama a cikin birane. Yayinda mutane suka fara tattara hatsi aƙalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata, manoma masu tasowa sun fara dasa su kusan shekaru 11,500 da suka gabata. Tumaki, awaki, aladu, da shanu an yi musu gida kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. An shuka shuke-shuke da kansu a akalla yankuna 11 na duniya. A cikin karni na 20, aikin gona na masana'antu wanda ya dogara da manyan al'adu ya mamaye aikin gona. A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko.[1] Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC.[2] Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.[3] Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. [4][5][6][7][8] A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.[9] An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, Tumar yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.[1] An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC.[10] Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can.[11] A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar sunflower, taba, squash da Chenopodium.[12][13][14] An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple.[15] strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.[16] 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" permaculture.[17][18][19][20] An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.[21][22]kai kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci, 3" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta [1] da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na itace. [2] Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa.[3] Ya zuwa 2021, [[Smallholding|ƙananan gonaki]], wanda yawancin su hekta ɗaya ne (kimanin kadada 2.5) ko ƙarami, suna samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, biyar daga cikin kowane gonaki shida a duniya sun ƙunshi ƙasa da hekta 2 (4.9 acres) kuma suna ɗaukar kusan 12% na duk ƙasar noma.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Dangane da yawan amfani da ƙasa, manyan gonaki sun fi rinjaye.<ref name="Lowder-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lowder |first=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |bibcode=2021WoDev.14205455L |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233553897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 1% ne kawai na dukkan gonaki a duniya sun fi hekta 50 (120 kadada), sun kunshi fiye da kashi 70% na gonakin duniya.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 40% na duk ƙasar noma ta duniya ana samun ta a gonaki da suka fi hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres). <ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Gona da noma suna da tasiri sosai ga Tattalin arzikin karkara kuma suna tsara al'ummar karkara sosai, suna shafar ma'aikatan gona kai tsaye da manyan Kasuwanci da ke tallafawa gonaki da yawan manoma. Ana iya haɗa manyan kayayyakin noma a cikin [[abinci]], fiber, [[man fetur]], da albarkatun kasa (kamar roba da katako). Nau'ikan abinci sun haɗa da [[Siril|hatsi]] (ƙasa), [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], 'ya'yan itatuwa, man dafa abinci, [[nama]], [[madara]], ƙwai, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Samar da aikin gona na duniya ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci, <sup about="#mwt5<sup id=" mwwg="">3</sup>" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Agriculture#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Natural Fibres Initiative – DNFI.org |url=https://dnfi.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410102509/https://dnfi.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=dnfi.org}}</ref> da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na [[Katako|itace]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT. Forestry Production and Trade |url=http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa. PIlimin noma na zamani, kiwon shuke-shuke, agrochemicals kamar magungunan kashe kwari da [[taki]], da ci gaban fasaha sun kara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]], amma kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona|Lalacewar muhalli da muhalli]]. Zaɓin kiwo da ayyukan zamani a cikin [[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]] sun kara yawan fitar da nama, amma sun haifar da damuwa game da jin daɗin dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Batutuwan muhalli sun haɗa da [[Hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma|gudummawa ga canjin yanayi]], raguwar ruwa, [[Deforestation|sare daji]], juriya ta maganin rigakafi, da [[Gurbacewar Aikin Noma|sauran gurɓataccen aikin gona]]. Aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga lalacewar muhalli, kamar asarar halittu, [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], lalacewar ƙasa, da [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], dukansu zasu iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su sosai, kodayake wasu ƙasashe sun haramta su. == LMagana da fa'ida == Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da cewa noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'ikan halittu sun shafe shekaru miliyan 60 suna noma amfanin gona, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]] ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tururuwa da ƙwaro . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. 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An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. 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Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). 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Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; KA kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. 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A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> [[Ban ruwa|Ruwa]], juyawa na amfanin gona, da [[taki]] sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da [[Taki|taki na roba]], magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]] da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janick, Jules |title=Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid, John F. |date=2011 |title=The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture |url=http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |url-status=live |journal=The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology |volume=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033809/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Reindeer_herding.jpg|thumb|Garken Reindeer sun zama tushen aikin gona na kiwo ga mutane da yawa na Arctic da Subarctic.]]   Makiyaya sun haɗa da sarrafa dabbobi na gida. A cikin makiyaya, ana motsa garken dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri don neman makiyaya, abinci, da ruwa. Ana yin irin wannan noma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke cikin [[Sahara]], Asiya ta Tsakiya da wasu sassan Indiya. [[File:Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg|thumb|Yaduwar turare da hannu a Zambia]] A cikin sauya noma, an share wani karamin yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar yankewa da ƙone bishiyoyi. Ana amfani da ƙasar da aka share don shuka amfanin gona na 'yan shekaru har sai ƙasa ta zama mai ƙwarewa, kuma an watsar da yankin. An zaɓi wani yanki na ƙasa kuma an sake maimaita wannan tsari. Irin wannan aikin gona ana yin sa ne galibi a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa inda gandun daji ke sake farfadowa da sauri. Ana amfani da wannan aikin a Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da kuma Amazon Basin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting cultivation |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref> Ana yin aikin gona don biyan bukatun iyali ko na gida kadai, tare da ɗan kaɗan don sufuri a wasu wurare. Ana yin sa sosai a Monsoon Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Kimanin manoma biliyan 2.5 sun yi aiki a cikin 2018, suna noma kusan kashi 60% na ƙasar noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--no byline--> |date=7 March 2018 |title=Chinese project offers a brighter farming future |department=Editorial |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |page=141 |bibcode=2018Natur.555R.141. |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3 |pmid=29517037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Noman Zamani|Aikin noma mai zurfi]] shine noma don kara yawan aiki, tare da ƙananan raguwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan shigarwa (ruwa, taki, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sarrafa kansa). Ana yin shi galibi a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-date=5 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="bbcFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=BBC School fact sheet on intensive farming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> == Aikin noma na zamani == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/agriculture share gdp#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of GDP from agriculture]]|startingView=World}} === Matsayi === [[File:Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png|thumb|354x354px|Daidaitawa ga aikin gona na ƙasa a duniya (Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, 1998) ]] [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_by_region.svg|thumb|221x221px|Hanyoyin aiki na baya-bayan nan a aikin gona (ciki har da gandun daji da kamun kifi) ta yankin ]] Daga karni na ashirin zuwa gaba, noma mai zurfi ya kara yawan amfanin gona. Ya maye gurbin taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari don aiki, amma ya haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da tallafin gona. Rashin lalacewar ƙasa da cututtuka irin su tsatsa sune manyan damuwa a duniya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK) |url=http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107064545/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> kimanin kashi 40% na ƙasar noma ta duniya ta lalace sosai. Aikin noma na zamani ya tayar ko ya gamu da batutuwan muhalli, siyasa, da tattalin arziki ciki har da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]], [[Biofuel|man fetur]], kwayoyin halitta, haraji da [[Taimako na aikin gona|tallafin gona]], wanda ke haifar da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace kamar Motsi na kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{Cite journal |date=15 August 2011 |title=Ten worst famines of the 20th century |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |url-status=live |journal=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063152/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Ayyukan noma marasa dorewa a Arewacin Amurka sun haifar da Dust Bowl na shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Peter R |last2=Sayre |first2=Ken |last3=Gupta |first3=Raj |date=12 February 2008 |title=The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=543–555 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2169 |pmc=2610169 |pmid=17720669}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami mummunar martani game da Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona na al'ada, wanda ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin aikin gona masu ɗorewa, masu sabuntawa, da masu ɗorewar aiki.<ref name="motherjones1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheierling, Susanne M. |year=1995 |title=Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1 |url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112426/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan wannan motsi shine [[Tarayyar Turai]], wanda ya fara tabbatar da abinci na kwayoyin halitta a cikin 1991 kuma ya fara sake fasalin Manufofin Aikin Gona na yau da kullun (CAP) a cikin 2005 don fitar da tallafin gona da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi, wanda aka fi sani da rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=CAP Reform |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017124251/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Ci gaban aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ya sabunta bincike a cikin wasu fasahohi kamar hadin gwiwar kula da kwari, zaɓaɓɓen kiwo, da aikin gona mai sarrafa muhalli. Akwai damuwa game da ƙananan amfanin gona da ke da alaƙa da aikin [[Noman Asali|noma na kwayoyin halitta]] da tasirinsa akan tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Samuel |last2=van der Heijden |first2=Marcel G. A. |date=7 September 2018 |title=A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3632 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3632K |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6128901 |pmid=30194344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Abinci mai canza kwayar halitta. A cikin shekaru 60 tsakanin 1964 da 2023, an sami mafi yawan karuwar samar da aikin gona ta hanyar karuwa, yayin da fadada ƙasar noma ta iyakance zuwa 8% kawai. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, tsakanin 2001 da 2023, yankin noma na duniya ya ragu da hekta miliyan 78 (Mha) (-2%), tare da yankin amfanin gona yana ƙaruwa da 78 Mha da kuma ciyawa na dindindin da makiyaya suna raguwa da 151 Mha. Wadannan canje-canje suna nuna bambance-bambance na yanki. Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta ga fadada gonar amfanin gona na 69 Mha tare da asarar gandun daji 72 Mha, yayin da Latin Amurka ta ga 25 Mha na ci gaban amfanin gona tare da 85 Mha na asarar yankin gandun daji. Yaduwar aikin gona ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da [[Deforestation|sare daji]] a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na asarar gandun daji. A cikin wannan karni, wani muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi shine cewa kimanin 3.6 Mha na gonaki ana watsar da su a kowace shekara, tare da lalacewar ƙasa mai yiwuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan asarar. [[File:Agricultural_output_of_China.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ci gaban aikin gona na kasar Sin a shekarar 2015 US $ tun 1961]] A shekara ta 2015, aikin gona na kasar Sin ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, sannan Tarayyar Turai, Indiya da Amurka suka biyo baya.<ref name="UNCTAD2017">{{Cite web |title=UNCTADstat – Table view |url=http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072414/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Masana tattalin arziki suna auna jimlar yawan aiki gona, bisa ga abin da aikin gona a Amurka ya kusan sau 1.7 ya fi yawan amfanin gona fiye da yadda yake a shekarar 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201021133/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/ |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=USDA Economic Research Service}}</ref> Samun amfanin gona na dogon lokaci ya fi girma lokacin da bincike da ci gaba ke fuskantar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da kayan lambu. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata miliyan 873 a cikin 2021, ko kuma kashi 27% na ma'aikata na duniya, miliyan 916 a cikin 2023, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1 027 (ko 40%) a cikin 2000. Kashi na noma a cikin GDP na duniya ya kasance mai ɗorewa a kusan 4% tun daga 2000-2023. Duk da karuwar samar da noma da yawan aiki, tsakanin mutane miliyan 702 da 828 yunwa ta shafa a cikin 2021. Rashin tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki da rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki na iya zama sakamakon rikici, matsanancin yanayi da bambancin yanayi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Hakanan yana iya haifar da halaye na tsarin ƙasa kamar matsayin samun kudin shiga da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma tattalin arzikin siyasa.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a aikin gona ya karu da kashi 62% tsakanin 2000 da 2021, tare da Amurka da ke lissafin rabin amfani a cikin 2021. Asusun Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya ya nuna cewa karuwar aikin gona na iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita ga damuwa game da Farashin abinci da tsaron abinci gaba ɗaya, saboda kwarewar da ta dace da Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution |url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development}}</ref> [[Masifa|Bala'o'i]] sun haifar da kimanin dala tiriliyan 3.26 a cikin asarar noma sama da shekaru 33 (1991-2023), matsakaicin dala biliyan 99 a kowace shekara, tare da amfanin gona da ke ɗauke da nauyin da ya fi nauyi a tan biliyan 4.6 da suka ɓace, sannan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (2.8 biliyan), da kuma nama da madara sun rasa tan miliyan 900. === Ma'aikata === [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_(2023).svg|thumb|Ayyukan duniya a cikin noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi a cikin 2023 ]] Aikin noma yana samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk ayyukan duniya, fiye da rabi a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma kusan kashi 60 cikin dari a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=The World Bank |place=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Yayinda kasashe ke tasowa, wasu ayyukan tarihi sun janye ma'aikata daga aikin gona, kuma sababbin abubuwan ceton ma'aikata suna kara yawan aikin gona ta hanyar rage bukatun ma'aikata a kowane sashi na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michaels |first=Guy |last2=Rauch |first2=Ferdinand |last3=Redding |first3=Stephen J. |date=2012 |title=Urbanization and Structural Transformation |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=535–586 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjs003 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=23251993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gollin |first=Douglas |last2=Parente |first2=Stephen |last3=Rogerson |first3=Richard |date=2002 |title=The Role of Agriculture in Development |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1257/000282802320189177 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=3083394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=W. Arthur |year=1954 |title=Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour |journal=The Manchester School |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–191 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x |issn=1463-6786}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, haɗuwa da samar da ma'aikata da yanayin buƙatun ma'aikata sun rage yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=FAOSTAT: Employment Indicators: Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=FAO |publication-place=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[File:Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|220x220px|A kan ka'idar bangarori uku, yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona (bar mai wuya a kowane rukuni, kore) ya faɗi yayin da tattalin arziki ya zama mafi ci gaba.]] A cikin karni na 16 a Turai, tsakanin 55 da 75% na yawan jama'a sun shiga aikin gona; a karni na 19, wannan ya sauka zuwa tsakanin 35 da 65%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Robert C. |title=Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800 |url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |journal=European Review of Economic History |volume=3 |pages=1–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027195415/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe a yau, adadi bai kai kashi 10 cikin 100 ba.<ref name="LaborForce">{{Cite web |title=Labor Force – By Occupation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2013 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, wasu mutane biliyan daya, ko kuma sama da 1/3 na ma'aikatan da ke akwai, sun yi aiki a aikin gona. Wannan ya zama kusan kashi 70% na aikin yara na duniya, kuma a kasashe da yawa ya zama mafi yawan mata na kowane masana'antu.<ref name="ILO">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Safety and health in agriculture |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318105845/http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Sashin sabis ɗin ya mamaye bangaren noma a matsayin babban ma'aikaci na duniya a cikin shekara ta 2007. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, baƙi suna taimakawa wajen cika karancin ma'aikata a cikin ayyukan noma masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa. Ma'aikatan gona na kasashen waje daga mafi yawan Gabashin Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatan gona da aka biya albashi a Spain, Italiya, Girka da Portugal a cikin 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasimis |first=Charalambos |date=1 October 2005 |title=Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172236/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonseca |first=Maria Lucinda |date=November 2008 |title=New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal |journal=Population, Space and Place |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=525–535 |doi=10.1002/psp.514}}</ref> A Amurka, fiye da rabin dukkan ma'aikatan gona da aka hayar (kimanin ma'aikata 450,000) baƙi ne a cikin 2019, kodayake yawan sabbin baƙi da suka isa ƙasar don yin aiki a aikin gona ya ragu da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma karuwar albashi ya nuna wannan ya haifar da babban karancin ma'aikata a gonakin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preibisch |first=Kerry |date=2010 |title=Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=404–441 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00811.x |issn=0197-9183 |jstor=25740855 |s2cid=145604068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture: How immigration plays a critical role |url=https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024221/https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=New American Economy |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mata a cikin noma ==== A duk faɗin duniya, mata sun kasance babban ɓangare na yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona. Wannan rabon yana girma a duk yankuna masu tasowa sai dai Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya inda mata suka riga sun kasance kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Mata sun kai kashi 47 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona a yankin Sahara na Afirka, adadin da bai canza sosai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Koyaya, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta nuna cewa matsayin da alhakin mata a aikin gona na iya canzawa - alal misali, daga aikin gona zuwa aikin albashi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga membobin gida ga masu samar da farko a cikin mahallin maza-daga-momi.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Gabaɗaya, mata suna da babban rabo na aikin gona a ƙananan matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki, kamar yadda rashin isasshen ilimi, iyakance damar samun ababen more rayuwa da kasuwanni, babban nauyin aiki da ba a biya ba da kuma damar yin aiki a yankunan karkara a waje da aikin gona yana iyakance yiwuwar mata don aikin gona. Mata da ke aiki a cikin aikin gona suna yin hakan a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Suna mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, inda ba a samun wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ba, kuma suna kula da tsananin aikinsu a yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke haifar da rikice-rikice. Mata ba su da damar shiga a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da manoma masu zaman kansu kuma suna da hannu a samar da amfanin gona mai sauki. Rashin jinsi a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin gonakin da aka gudanar da mata da maza na girman iri ɗaya shine kashi 24. A matsakaici, mata suna samun kashi 18.4 cikin dari ƙasa da maza a aikin albashi a aikin gona; wannan yana nufin cewa mata suna karɓar cents 82 ga kowane dala da maza suka samu. Ci gaba ya kasance mai jinkiri wajen rufe gibin da mata ke samu ga ban ruwa da kuma mallakar dabbobi, ma. Mata a cikin aikin gona har yanzu suna da ƙarancin damar fiye da maza ga shigarwa, gami da ingantaccen tsaba, taki da kayan aikin inji. A kan bayanin kula mai kyau, bambancin jinsi a cikin samun damar intanet ta hannu a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici ya fadi daga kashi 25 zuwa kashi 16 cikin dari tsakanin 2017 da 2021, kuma bambancin jinsi na samun damar asusun banki ya ragu daga kashi 9 zuwa 6. Mata suna iya zama kamar maza don karɓar sabbin fasahohi lokacin da aka sanya abubuwan da suka dace kuma suna da daidaitattun damar samun ƙarin albarkatu. === Tsaro === [[File:Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG|thumb|Rollover kariya mashaya da aka gyara zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 Fordson tractorTractor na Fordson]] Aikin noma, musamman noma, ya kasance masana'antu mai haɗari, kuma manoma a duk duniya sun kasance cikin haɗarin raunin da ya shafi aiki, cututtukan huhu, asarar ji da aka haifar da hayaniya, cututsin fata, da kuma wasu cututtukani da suka shafi amfani da sinadarai da kuma hasken rana mai tsawo. A [[Aikin noma na masana'antu|gonaki masu masana'antu]], raunin sau da yawa ya haɗa da amfani da injunan noma, kuma sanannen dalilin mummunan raunin noma a kasashe masu tasowa shine fashewar tractor.<ref name="aginjury">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries |url=https://wwwa.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028181205/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona na iya zama [[Tasirin lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari|haɗari ga lafiyar ma'aikata]], kuma ma'aikatan da ke fuskantar magungunan ƙwari na iya fuskantar rashin lafiya ko samun yara tare da lahani na haihuwa.<ref name="NIOSH_pest">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004253/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012%2D108/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin masana'antar da iyalai ke yawan aiki kuma suna zaune a gonar kanta, dukkan iyalai na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin rauni, rashin lafiya, da mutuwa.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224012/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |archive-date=9 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Shekaru 0-6 na iya zama yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni a aikin gona; abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan rauni tsakanin matasa ma'aikatan gona sun haɗa da nutsewa, injuna da haɗarin mota, gami da motoci masu tasowa. <ref name="NIOSH Agri" /><ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018">{{Cite journal |last=Weichelt |first=Bryan |last2=Gorucu |first2=Serap |date=17 February 2018 |title=Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org |url=http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |url-status=live |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=injuryprev–2017–042671 |doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671 |pmid=29386372 |s2cid=3371442 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427133711/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The PLOS ONE staff |date=6 September 2018 |title=Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303842. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203842 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6126865 |pmid=30188948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan mutuwar aiki daga shekaru goma da suka gabata sun nuna cewa, yayin kallon dukkan masana'antu, noma yana da yawan mutuwar da suka shafi aiki ga matasa. A cikin wannan masana'antar, matasa tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 sun sha wahala mafi yawan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Barbara C. |last2=Salzwedel |first2=Marsha A. |date=2023-01-30 |title=Safeguarding youth from agricultural injury and illness: The United States' experience |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1148576L |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9922745 |pmid=36794078 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake noma yana da haɗari, binciken ya kalli gaskiyar cewa akwai fa'idodi da yawa ga girma da zama a gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Richard R. |last2=Berg |first2=Richard L. |last3=Weichelt |first3=Bryan P. |last4=Gabor |first4=Rachel M. |last5=Rudolphi |first5=Josie M. |last6=Bendixsen |first6=Casper G. |last7=VanWormer |first7=Jeffrey J. |date=April 2026 |title=A PheWAS Analysis of the Risks and Benefits of Growing Up on a Farm |journal=Journal of Agromedicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=254–262 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079 |issn=1545-0813 |pmid=41275339}}</ref> Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta dauki aikin gona "ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki".<ref name="ILO" /> Ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka mutu a kowace shekara tsakanin ma'aikatan gona ya kai akalla 170,000, sau biyu na matsakaicin sauran ayyukan. Bugu da kari, abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa, rauni da rashin lafiya da suka shafi ayyukan noma galibi ba a bayar da rahoto ba.<ref name="ILO2">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Agriculture: A hazardous work |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041758/http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aikin Gona, 2001, wanda ke rufe kewayon haɗari a cikin aikin noma, rigakafin waɗannan haɗari da rawar da mutane da kungiyoyin da ke cikin aikin gona ya kamata su taka.<ref name="ILO" /> A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano aikin gona a matsayin bangaren masana'antu na farko a cikin Shirin Bincike na Kasa don ganowa da samar da dabarun shiga tsakani don batutuwan kiwon lafiya da tsaro na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084010/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: Program Description |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073850/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki ta ba da jagororin kan aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiya da aminci a aikin gona, kiwon dabbobi, aikin lambu, da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry |url=https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929143326/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[European Agency for Safety and Health at Work]]}}</ref> Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aikin Gona ta Amurka (ASHCA) tana kuma gudanar da taron koli na shekara-shekara don tattauna tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiberger |first=Scott |date=3 July 2018 |title=The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona |journal=[[Journal of Agromedicine]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=302–304 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089 |issn=1059-924X |pmid=30047853 |s2cid=51721534}}</ref> === Tasirin muhalli === Yaduwa sama da hekta biliyan 4.8 a cikin 2025 - daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar duniya - noma yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da kowane bangare na tattalin arziki. Matsi a kan ƙasa, ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa sun lalata aikin da kuma yiwuwar aikin gona a nan gaba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin asarar ƙasa mai amfani da rage wadatar ruwa don noma da sauran nau'ikan samar da aikin gona. Yaduwar aikin gona yana haifar da sare daji kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin halittu masu wadataccen carbon kamar su peatlands. Kimanin kashi 64% na ƙasar noma yana cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke lalata bambancin halittu ta hanyar lalata masu shuka, yana cutar da microbiota na ƙasa kuma yana sa tsarin abinci na gona ya zama ƙasa da juriya ga kwari, pathogens da canjin yanayi. Kashi 72% na janyewar ruwan sha na duniya, adadi da aka yi hasashen zai kara tashi a nan gaba, aikin gona yana ba da gudummawa kuma yana ƙara shafar karancin ruwa. Yawan amfani da ruwan kasa da ruwan teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ya yadu, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaro na abinci. == Fitarwa == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Value of agricultural production#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Value of agricultural production, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Value of agricultural production]]|startingView=World}} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona (a cikin sharuddan suna) bisa ga IMF da CIA World Factbook, a matakin mafi girma har zuwa 2018 |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=1,120<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=1,117|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=414|label3={{nowrap|(—) '''''{{Flagu|European Union}}'''''}}|data3=308|label4=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data4=185|label5=(04) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=162|label6=(05) '''{{Flagu|Indonesia}}'''|data6=141|label7=(06) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data7=123|label8=(07) '''{{Flagu|Russia}}'''|data8=108|label9=(08) '''{{Flagu|Pakistan}}'''|data9=76|label10=(09) '''{{Flagu|Argentina}}'''|data10=70|label11=(10) '''{{Flagu|Turkey}}'''|data11=64|label12=(11) '''{{Flagu|Japan}}'''|data12=62|label13=(12) '''{{Flagu|France}}'''|data13=59|label14=(13) '''{{Flagu|Iran}}'''|data14=57|label15=(14) '''{{Flagu|Australia}}'''|data15=56|label16=(15) '''{{Flagu|Mexico}}'''|data16=51|label17=(16) '''{{Flagu|Italy}}'''|data17=50|label18=(17) '''{{Flagu|Spain}}'''|data18=43|label19=(18) '''{{Flagu|Bangladesh}}'''|data19=41|label20=(19) '''{{Flagu|Thailand}}'''|data20=40|label21=(20) '''{{Flagu|Egypt}}'''|data21=40|caption={{resize|88%|The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]].}}|isbn=978-0-309-04248-2|date=1 February 1990}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona bisa ga UNCTAD a farashin shekara ta 2005 da kuma farashin musayar, 2015 <ref name="UNCTAD2017" /> |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=500,000<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=418,455|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=196,592|label3=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data3=149,023|label4=(04) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data4=77,113|label5=(05) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=59,977}} |} * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pucmjbi6p5rriubqyqonjrtu0gctyhk 963314 963313 2026-10-05T07:38:42Z Baffa ali 47435 963314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}} [[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Aikin noma na zamani: tsarin ban Ruwa na tsakiya a filin]]  {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  '''Aikin noma''' shine aikin noma ƙasa, shuka, kiwo, da girbi abinci da amfanin gona marasa abinci, da kuma samar da [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]]. Bayani mafi girma sun haɗa da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]]. Aikin noma ya kasance babban abu ne a cikin tasowa na [[wayewa]] ɗan adam, inda noma shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gidaje ya haifar da wadataccen abinci wanda ya ba mutane damar zama a cikin birane. Yayinda mutane suka fara tattara hatsi aƙalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata, manoma masu tasowa sun fara dasa su kusan shekaru 11,500 da suka gabata. Tumaki, awaki, aladu, da shanu an yi musu gida kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. An shuka shuke-shuke da kansu a akalla yankuna 11 na duniya. A cikin karni na 20, aikin gona na masana'antu wanda ya dogara da manyan al'adu ya mamaye aikin gona. {&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta [1] da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na itace. [2] Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa.[3] Ya zuwa 2021, [[Smallholding|ƙananan gonaki]], wanda yawancin su hekta ɗaya ne (kimanin kadada 2.5) ko ƙarami, suna samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, biyar daga cikin kowane gonaki shida a duniya sun ƙunshi ƙasa da hekta 2 (4.9 acres) kuma suna ɗaukar kusan 12% na duk ƙasar noma.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Dangane da yawan amfani da ƙasa, manyan gonaki sun fi rinjaye.<ref name="Lowder-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lowder |first=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |bibcode=2021WoDev.14205455L |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233553897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 1% ne kawai na dukkan gonaki a duniya sun fi hekta 50 (120 kadada), sun kunshi fiye da kashi 70% na gonakin duniya.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 40% na duk ƙasar noma ta duniya ana samun ta a gonaki da suka fi hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres). <ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Gona da noma suna da tasiri sosai ga Tattalin arzikin karkara kuma suna tsara al'ummar karkara sosai, suna shafar ma'aikatan gona kai tsaye da manyan Kasuwanci da ke tallafawa gonaki da yawan manoma. Ana iya haɗa manyan kayayyakin noma a cikin [[abinci]], fiber, [[man fetur]], da albarkatun kasa (kamar roba da katako). Nau'ikan abinci sun haɗa da [[Siril|hatsi]] (ƙasa), [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], 'ya'yan itatuwa, man dafa abinci, [[nama]], [[madara]], ƙwai, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Samar da aikin gona na duniya ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci, <sup about="#mwt5<sup id=" mwwg="">3</sup>" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Agriculture#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Natural Fibres Initiative – DNFI.org |url=https://dnfi.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410102509/https://dnfi.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=dnfi.org}}</ref> da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na [[Katako|itace]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT. Forestry Production and Trade |url=http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa. PIlimin noma na zamani, kiwon shuke-shuke, agrochemicals kamar magungunan kashe kwari da [[taki]], da ci gaban fasaha sun kara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]], amma kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona|Lalacewar muhalli da muhalli]]. Zaɓin kiwo da ayyukan zamani a cikin [[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]] sun kara yawan fitar da nama, amma sun haifar da damuwa game da jin daɗin dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Batutuwan muhalli sun haɗa da [[Hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma|gudummawa ga canjin yanayi]], raguwar ruwa, [[Deforestation|sare daji]], juriya ta maganin rigakafi, da [[Gurbacewar Aikin Noma|sauran gurɓataccen aikin gona]]. Aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga lalacewar muhalli, kamar asarar halittu, [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], lalacewar ƙasa, da [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], dukansu zasu iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su sosai, kodayake wasu ƙasashe sun haramta su. == LMagana da fa'ida == Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da cewa noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'ikan halittu sun shafe shekaru miliyan 60 suna noma amfanin gona, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]] ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tururuwa da ƙwaro . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. {{ISBN|1-85728-538-7}}.</ref> An shuka auduga a karni na 5th-4th BC.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; KA kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. An yi amfani da shinkafa ta Asiya shekaru 8,200-13,500 da suka gabata - dangane da ƙididdigar agogon kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da shi - a kan Kogin Pearl a kudancin China tare da asalin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya daga shinkafa ''Oryza rufipogon''.<ref name="pnas1">{{Cite journal |last=Molina |first=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> [[Ban ruwa|Ruwa]], juyawa na amfanin gona, da [[taki]] sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da [[Taki|taki na roba]], magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]] da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janick, Jules |title=Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid, John F. |date=2011 |title=The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture |url=http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |url-status=live |journal=The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology |volume=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033809/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Reindeer_herding.jpg|thumb|Garken Reindeer sun zama tushen aikin gona na kiwo ga mutane da yawa na Arctic da Subarctic.]]   Makiyaya sun haɗa da sarrafa dabbobi na gida. A cikin makiyaya, ana motsa garken dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri don neman makiyaya, abinci, da ruwa. Ana yin irin wannan noma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke cikin [[Sahara]], Asiya ta Tsakiya da wasu sassan Indiya. [[File:Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg|thumb|Yaduwar turare da hannu a Zambia]] A cikin sauya noma, an share wani karamin yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar yankewa da ƙone bishiyoyi. Ana amfani da ƙasar da aka share don shuka amfanin gona na 'yan shekaru har sai ƙasa ta zama mai ƙwarewa, kuma an watsar da yankin. An zaɓi wani yanki na ƙasa kuma an sake maimaita wannan tsari. Irin wannan aikin gona ana yin sa ne galibi a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa inda gandun daji ke sake farfadowa da sauri. Ana amfani da wannan aikin a Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da kuma Amazon Basin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting cultivation |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref> Ana yin aikin gona don biyan bukatun iyali ko na gida kadai, tare da ɗan kaɗan don sufuri a wasu wurare. Ana yin sa sosai a Monsoon Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Kimanin manoma biliyan 2.5 sun yi aiki a cikin 2018, suna noma kusan kashi 60% na ƙasar noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--no byline--> |date=7 March 2018 |title=Chinese project offers a brighter farming future |department=Editorial |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |page=141 |bibcode=2018Natur.555R.141. |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3 |pmid=29517037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Noman Zamani|Aikin noma mai zurfi]] shine noma don kara yawan aiki, tare da ƙananan raguwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan shigarwa (ruwa, taki, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sarrafa kansa). Ana yin shi galibi a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-date=5 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="bbcFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=BBC School fact sheet on intensive farming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> == Aikin noma na zamani == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/agriculture share gdp#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of GDP from agriculture]]|startingView=World}} === Matsayi === [[File:Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png|thumb|354x354px|Daidaitawa ga aikin gona na ƙasa a duniya (Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, 1998) ]] [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_by_region.svg|thumb|221x221px|Hanyoyin aiki na baya-bayan nan a aikin gona (ciki har da gandun daji da kamun kifi) ta yankin ]] Daga karni na ashirin zuwa gaba, noma mai zurfi ya kara yawan amfanin gona. Ya maye gurbin taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari don aiki, amma ya haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da tallafin gona. Rashin lalacewar ƙasa da cututtuka irin su tsatsa sune manyan damuwa a duniya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK) |url=http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107064545/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> kimanin kashi 40% na ƙasar noma ta duniya ta lalace sosai. Aikin noma na zamani ya tayar ko ya gamu da batutuwan muhalli, siyasa, da tattalin arziki ciki har da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]], [[Biofuel|man fetur]], kwayoyin halitta, haraji da [[Taimako na aikin gona|tallafin gona]], wanda ke haifar da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace kamar Motsi na kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{Cite journal |date=15 August 2011 |title=Ten worst famines of the 20th century |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |url-status=live |journal=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063152/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Ayyukan noma marasa dorewa a Arewacin Amurka sun haifar da Dust Bowl na shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Peter R |last2=Sayre |first2=Ken |last3=Gupta |first3=Raj |date=12 February 2008 |title=The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=543–555 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2169 |pmc=2610169 |pmid=17720669}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami mummunar martani game da Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona na al'ada, wanda ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin aikin gona masu ɗorewa, masu sabuntawa, da masu ɗorewar aiki.<ref name="motherjones1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheierling, Susanne M. |year=1995 |title=Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1 |url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112426/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan wannan motsi shine [[Tarayyar Turai]], wanda ya fara tabbatar da abinci na kwayoyin halitta a cikin 1991 kuma ya fara sake fasalin Manufofin Aikin Gona na yau da kullun (CAP) a cikin 2005 don fitar da tallafin gona da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi, wanda aka fi sani da rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=CAP Reform |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017124251/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Ci gaban aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ya sabunta bincike a cikin wasu fasahohi kamar hadin gwiwar kula da kwari, zaɓaɓɓen kiwo, da aikin gona mai sarrafa muhalli. Akwai damuwa game da ƙananan amfanin gona da ke da alaƙa da aikin [[Noman Asali|noma na kwayoyin halitta]] da tasirinsa akan tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Samuel |last2=van der Heijden |first2=Marcel G. A. |date=7 September 2018 |title=A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3632 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3632K |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6128901 |pmid=30194344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Abinci mai canza kwayar halitta. A cikin shekaru 60 tsakanin 1964 da 2023, an sami mafi yawan karuwar samar da aikin gona ta hanyar karuwa, yayin da fadada ƙasar noma ta iyakance zuwa 8% kawai. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, tsakanin 2001 da 2023, yankin noma na duniya ya ragu da hekta miliyan 78 (Mha) (-2%), tare da yankin amfanin gona yana ƙaruwa da 78 Mha da kuma ciyawa na dindindin da makiyaya suna raguwa da 151 Mha. Wadannan canje-canje suna nuna bambance-bambance na yanki. Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta ga fadada gonar amfanin gona na 69 Mha tare da asarar gandun daji 72 Mha, yayin da Latin Amurka ta ga 25 Mha na ci gaban amfanin gona tare da 85 Mha na asarar yankin gandun daji. Yaduwar aikin gona ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da [[Deforestation|sare daji]] a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na asarar gandun daji. A cikin wannan karni, wani muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi shine cewa kimanin 3.6 Mha na gonaki ana watsar da su a kowace shekara, tare da lalacewar ƙasa mai yiwuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan asarar. [[File:Agricultural_output_of_China.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ci gaban aikin gona na kasar Sin a shekarar 2015 US $ tun 1961]] A shekara ta 2015, aikin gona na kasar Sin ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, sannan Tarayyar Turai, Indiya da Amurka suka biyo baya.<ref name="UNCTAD2017">{{Cite web |title=UNCTADstat – Table view |url=http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072414/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Masana tattalin arziki suna auna jimlar yawan aiki gona, bisa ga abin da aikin gona a Amurka ya kusan sau 1.7 ya fi yawan amfanin gona fiye da yadda yake a shekarar 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201021133/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/ |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=USDA Economic Research Service}}</ref> Samun amfanin gona na dogon lokaci ya fi girma lokacin da bincike da ci gaba ke fuskantar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da kayan lambu. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata miliyan 873 a cikin 2021, ko kuma kashi 27% na ma'aikata na duniya, miliyan 916 a cikin 2023, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1 027 (ko 40%) a cikin 2000. Kashi na noma a cikin GDP na duniya ya kasance mai ɗorewa a kusan 4% tun daga 2000-2023. Duk da karuwar samar da noma da yawan aiki, tsakanin mutane miliyan 702 da 828 yunwa ta shafa a cikin 2021. Rashin tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki da rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki na iya zama sakamakon rikici, matsanancin yanayi da bambancin yanayi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Hakanan yana iya haifar da halaye na tsarin ƙasa kamar matsayin samun kudin shiga da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma tattalin arzikin siyasa.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a aikin gona ya karu da kashi 62% tsakanin 2000 da 2021, tare da Amurka da ke lissafin rabin amfani a cikin 2021. Asusun Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya ya nuna cewa karuwar aikin gona na iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita ga damuwa game da Farashin abinci da tsaron abinci gaba ɗaya, saboda kwarewar da ta dace da Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution |url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development}}</ref> [[Masifa|Bala'o'i]] sun haifar da kimanin dala tiriliyan 3.26 a cikin asarar noma sama da shekaru 33 (1991-2023), matsakaicin dala biliyan 99 a kowace shekara, tare da amfanin gona da ke ɗauke da nauyin da ya fi nauyi a tan biliyan 4.6 da suka ɓace, sannan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (2.8 biliyan), da kuma nama da madara sun rasa tan miliyan 900. === Ma'aikata === [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_(2023).svg|thumb|Ayyukan duniya a cikin noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi a cikin 2023 ]] Aikin noma yana samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk ayyukan duniya, fiye da rabi a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma kusan kashi 60 cikin dari a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=The World Bank |place=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Yayinda kasashe ke tasowa, wasu ayyukan tarihi sun janye ma'aikata daga aikin gona, kuma sababbin abubuwan ceton ma'aikata suna kara yawan aikin gona ta hanyar rage bukatun ma'aikata a kowane sashi na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michaels |first=Guy |last2=Rauch |first2=Ferdinand |last3=Redding |first3=Stephen J. |date=2012 |title=Urbanization and Structural Transformation |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=535–586 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjs003 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=23251993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gollin |first=Douglas |last2=Parente |first2=Stephen |last3=Rogerson |first3=Richard |date=2002 |title=The Role of Agriculture in Development |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1257/000282802320189177 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=3083394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=W. Arthur |year=1954 |title=Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour |journal=The Manchester School |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–191 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x |issn=1463-6786}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, haɗuwa da samar da ma'aikata da yanayin buƙatun ma'aikata sun rage yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=FAOSTAT: Employment Indicators: Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=FAO |publication-place=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[File:Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|220x220px|A kan ka'idar bangarori uku, yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona (bar mai wuya a kowane rukuni, kore) ya faɗi yayin da tattalin arziki ya zama mafi ci gaba.]] A cikin karni na 16 a Turai, tsakanin 55 da 75% na yawan jama'a sun shiga aikin gona; a karni na 19, wannan ya sauka zuwa tsakanin 35 da 65%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Robert C. |title=Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800 |url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |journal=European Review of Economic History |volume=3 |pages=1–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027195415/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe a yau, adadi bai kai kashi 10 cikin 100 ba.<ref name="LaborForce">{{Cite web |title=Labor Force – By Occupation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2013 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, wasu mutane biliyan daya, ko kuma sama da 1/3 na ma'aikatan da ke akwai, sun yi aiki a aikin gona. Wannan ya zama kusan kashi 70% na aikin yara na duniya, kuma a kasashe da yawa ya zama mafi yawan mata na kowane masana'antu.<ref name="ILO">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Safety and health in agriculture |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318105845/http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Sashin sabis ɗin ya mamaye bangaren noma a matsayin babban ma'aikaci na duniya a cikin shekara ta 2007. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, baƙi suna taimakawa wajen cika karancin ma'aikata a cikin ayyukan noma masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa. Ma'aikatan gona na kasashen waje daga mafi yawan Gabashin Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatan gona da aka biya albashi a Spain, Italiya, Girka da Portugal a cikin 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasimis |first=Charalambos |date=1 October 2005 |title=Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172236/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonseca |first=Maria Lucinda |date=November 2008 |title=New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal |journal=Population, Space and Place |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=525–535 |doi=10.1002/psp.514}}</ref> A Amurka, fiye da rabin dukkan ma'aikatan gona da aka hayar (kimanin ma'aikata 450,000) baƙi ne a cikin 2019, kodayake yawan sabbin baƙi da suka isa ƙasar don yin aiki a aikin gona ya ragu da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma karuwar albashi ya nuna wannan ya haifar da babban karancin ma'aikata a gonakin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preibisch |first=Kerry |date=2010 |title=Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=404–441 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00811.x |issn=0197-9183 |jstor=25740855 |s2cid=145604068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture: How immigration plays a critical role |url=https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024221/https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=New American Economy |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mata a cikin noma ==== A duk faɗin duniya, mata sun kasance babban ɓangare na yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona. Wannan rabon yana girma a duk yankuna masu tasowa sai dai Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya inda mata suka riga sun kasance kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Mata sun kai kashi 47 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona a yankin Sahara na Afirka, adadin da bai canza sosai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Koyaya, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta nuna cewa matsayin da alhakin mata a aikin gona na iya canzawa - alal misali, daga aikin gona zuwa aikin albashi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga membobin gida ga masu samar da farko a cikin mahallin maza-daga-momi.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Gabaɗaya, mata suna da babban rabo na aikin gona a ƙananan matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki, kamar yadda rashin isasshen ilimi, iyakance damar samun ababen more rayuwa da kasuwanni, babban nauyin aiki da ba a biya ba da kuma damar yin aiki a yankunan karkara a waje da aikin gona yana iyakance yiwuwar mata don aikin gona. Mata da ke aiki a cikin aikin gona suna yin hakan a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Suna mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, inda ba a samun wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ba, kuma suna kula da tsananin aikinsu a yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke haifar da rikice-rikice. Mata ba su da damar shiga a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da manoma masu zaman kansu kuma suna da hannu a samar da amfanin gona mai sauki. Rashin jinsi a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin gonakin da aka gudanar da mata da maza na girman iri ɗaya shine kashi 24. A matsakaici, mata suna samun kashi 18.4 cikin dari ƙasa da maza a aikin albashi a aikin gona; wannan yana nufin cewa mata suna karɓar cents 82 ga kowane dala da maza suka samu. Ci gaba ya kasance mai jinkiri wajen rufe gibin da mata ke samu ga ban ruwa da kuma mallakar dabbobi, ma. Mata a cikin aikin gona har yanzu suna da ƙarancin damar fiye da maza ga shigarwa, gami da ingantaccen tsaba, taki da kayan aikin inji. A kan bayanin kula mai kyau, bambancin jinsi a cikin samun damar intanet ta hannu a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici ya fadi daga kashi 25 zuwa kashi 16 cikin dari tsakanin 2017 da 2021, kuma bambancin jinsi na samun damar asusun banki ya ragu daga kashi 9 zuwa 6. Mata suna iya zama kamar maza don karɓar sabbin fasahohi lokacin da aka sanya abubuwan da suka dace kuma suna da daidaitattun damar samun ƙarin albarkatu. === Tsaro === [[File:Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG|thumb|Rollover kariya mashaya da aka gyara zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 Fordson tractorTractor na Fordson]] Aikin noma, musamman noma, ya kasance masana'antu mai haɗari, kuma manoma a duk duniya sun kasance cikin haɗarin raunin da ya shafi aiki, cututtukan huhu, asarar ji da aka haifar da hayaniya, cututsin fata, da kuma wasu cututtukani da suka shafi amfani da sinadarai da kuma hasken rana mai tsawo. A [[Aikin noma na masana'antu|gonaki masu masana'antu]], raunin sau da yawa ya haɗa da amfani da injunan noma, kuma sanannen dalilin mummunan raunin noma a kasashe masu tasowa shine fashewar tractor.<ref name="aginjury">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries |url=https://wwwa.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028181205/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona na iya zama [[Tasirin lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari|haɗari ga lafiyar ma'aikata]], kuma ma'aikatan da ke fuskantar magungunan ƙwari na iya fuskantar rashin lafiya ko samun yara tare da lahani na haihuwa.<ref name="NIOSH_pest">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004253/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012%2D108/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin masana'antar da iyalai ke yawan aiki kuma suna zaune a gonar kanta, dukkan iyalai na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin rauni, rashin lafiya, da mutuwa.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224012/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |archive-date=9 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Shekaru 0-6 na iya zama yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni a aikin gona; abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan rauni tsakanin matasa ma'aikatan gona sun haɗa da nutsewa, injuna da haɗarin mota, gami da motoci masu tasowa. <ref name="NIOSH Agri" /><ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018">{{Cite journal |last=Weichelt |first=Bryan |last2=Gorucu |first2=Serap |date=17 February 2018 |title=Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org |url=http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |url-status=live |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=injuryprev–2017–042671 |doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671 |pmid=29386372 |s2cid=3371442 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427133711/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The PLOS ONE staff |date=6 September 2018 |title=Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303842. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203842 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6126865 |pmid=30188948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan mutuwar aiki daga shekaru goma da suka gabata sun nuna cewa, yayin kallon dukkan masana'antu, noma yana da yawan mutuwar da suka shafi aiki ga matasa. A cikin wannan masana'antar, matasa tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 sun sha wahala mafi yawan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Barbara C. |last2=Salzwedel |first2=Marsha A. |date=2023-01-30 |title=Safeguarding youth from agricultural injury and illness: The United States' experience |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1148576L |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9922745 |pmid=36794078 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake noma yana da haɗari, binciken ya kalli gaskiyar cewa akwai fa'idodi da yawa ga girma da zama a gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Richard R. |last2=Berg |first2=Richard L. |last3=Weichelt |first3=Bryan P. |last4=Gabor |first4=Rachel M. |last5=Rudolphi |first5=Josie M. |last6=Bendixsen |first6=Casper G. |last7=VanWormer |first7=Jeffrey J. |date=April 2026 |title=A PheWAS Analysis of the Risks and Benefits of Growing Up on a Farm |journal=Journal of Agromedicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=254–262 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079 |issn=1545-0813 |pmid=41275339}}</ref> Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta dauki aikin gona "ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki".<ref name="ILO" /> Ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka mutu a kowace shekara tsakanin ma'aikatan gona ya kai akalla 170,000, sau biyu na matsakaicin sauran ayyukan. Bugu da kari, abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa, rauni da rashin lafiya da suka shafi ayyukan noma galibi ba a bayar da rahoto ba.<ref name="ILO2">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Agriculture: A hazardous work |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041758/http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aikin Gona, 2001, wanda ke rufe kewayon haɗari a cikin aikin noma, rigakafin waɗannan haɗari da rawar da mutane da kungiyoyin da ke cikin aikin gona ya kamata su taka.<ref name="ILO" /> A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano aikin gona a matsayin bangaren masana'antu na farko a cikin Shirin Bincike na Kasa don ganowa da samar da dabarun shiga tsakani don batutuwan kiwon lafiya da tsaro na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084010/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: Program Description |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073850/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki ta ba da jagororin kan aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiya da aminci a aikin gona, kiwon dabbobi, aikin lambu, da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry |url=https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929143326/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[European Agency for Safety and Health at Work]]}}</ref> Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aikin Gona ta Amurka (ASHCA) tana kuma gudanar da taron koli na shekara-shekara don tattauna tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiberger |first=Scott |date=3 July 2018 |title=The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona |journal=[[Journal of Agromedicine]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=302–304 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089 |issn=1059-924X |pmid=30047853 |s2cid=51721534}}</ref> === Tasirin muhalli === Yaduwa sama da hekta biliyan 4.8 a cikin 2025 - daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar duniya - noma yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da kowane bangare na tattalin arziki. Matsi a kan ƙasa, ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa sun lalata aikin da kuma yiwuwar aikin gona a nan gaba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin asarar ƙasa mai amfani da rage wadatar ruwa don noma da sauran nau'ikan samar da aikin gona. Yaduwar aikin gona yana haifar da sare daji kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin halittu masu wadataccen carbon kamar su peatlands. Kimanin kashi 64% na ƙasar noma yana cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke lalata bambancin halittu ta hanyar lalata masu shuka, yana cutar da microbiota na ƙasa kuma yana sa tsarin abinci na gona ya zama ƙasa da juriya ga kwari, pathogens da canjin yanayi. Kashi 72% na janyewar ruwan sha na duniya, adadi da aka yi hasashen zai kara tashi a nan gaba, aikin gona yana ba da gudummawa kuma yana ƙara shafar karancin ruwa. Yawan amfani da ruwan kasa da ruwan teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ya yadu, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaro na abinci. == Fitarwa == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Value of agricultural production#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Value of agricultural production, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Value of agricultural production]]|startingView=World}} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona (a cikin sharuddan suna) bisa ga IMF da CIA World Factbook, a matakin mafi girma har zuwa 2018 |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=1,120<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=1,117|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=414|label3={{nowrap|(—) '''''{{Flagu|European Union}}'''''}}|data3=308|label4=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data4=185|label5=(04) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=162|label6=(05) '''{{Flagu|Indonesia}}'''|data6=141|label7=(06) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data7=123|label8=(07) '''{{Flagu|Russia}}'''|data8=108|label9=(08) '''{{Flagu|Pakistan}}'''|data9=76|label10=(09) '''{{Flagu|Argentina}}'''|data10=70|label11=(10) '''{{Flagu|Turkey}}'''|data11=64|label12=(11) '''{{Flagu|Japan}}'''|data12=62|label13=(12) '''{{Flagu|France}}'''|data13=59|label14=(13) '''{{Flagu|Iran}}'''|data14=57|label15=(14) '''{{Flagu|Australia}}'''|data15=56|label16=(15) '''{{Flagu|Mexico}}'''|data16=51|label17=(16) '''{{Flagu|Italy}}'''|data17=50|label18=(17) '''{{Flagu|Spain}}'''|data18=43|label19=(18) '''{{Flagu|Bangladesh}}'''|data19=41|label20=(19) '''{{Flagu|Thailand}}'''|data20=40|label21=(20) '''{{Flagu|Egypt}}'''|data21=40|caption={{resize|88%|The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]].}}|isbn=978-0-309-04248-2|date=1 February 1990}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona bisa ga UNCTAD a farashin shekara ta 2005 da kuma farashin musayar, 2015 <ref name="UNCTAD2017" /> |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=500,000<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=418,455|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=196,592|label3=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data3=149,023|label4=(04) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data4=77,113|label5=(05) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=59,977}} |} * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == br1de413kaz4n6gh6fvh80dlnrkhw08 963318 963314 2026-10-05T07:41:18Z Baffa ali 47435 963318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}} [[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Aikin noma na zamani: tsarin ban Ruwa na tsakiya a filin]]  {{Agriculture footer}}{{Horticulture and gardening}}  '''Aikin noma''' shine aikin noma ƙasa, shuka, kiwo, da girbi abinci da amfanin gona marasa abinci, da kuma samar da [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]]. Bayani mafi girma sun haɗa da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]]. Aikin noma ya kasance babban abu ne a cikin tasowa na [[wayewa]] ɗan adam, inda noma shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gidaje ya haifar da wadataccen abinci wanda ya ba mutane damar zama a cikin birane. Yayinda mutane suka fara tattara hatsi aƙalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata, manoma masu tasowa sun fara dasa su kusan shekaru 11,500 da suka gabata. Tumaki, awaki, aladu, da shanu an yi musu gida kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. An shuka shuke-shuke da kansu a akalla yankuna 11 na duniya. A cikin karni na 20, aikin gona na masana'antu wanda ya dogara da manyan al'adu ya mamaye aikin gona. Ya zuwa 2021, [[Smallholding|ƙananan gonaki]], wanda yawancin su hekta ɗaya ne (kimanin kadada 2.5) ko ƙarami, suna samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, biyar daga cikin kowane gonaki shida a duniya sun ƙunshi ƙasa da hekta 2 (4.9 acres) kuma suna ɗaukar kusan 12% na duk ƙasar noma.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Dangane da yawan amfani da ƙasa, manyan gonaki sun fi rinjaye.<ref name="Lowder-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lowder |first=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |bibcode=2021WoDev.14205455L |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |issn=0305-750X |s2cid=233553897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 1% ne kawai na dukkan gonaki a duniya sun fi hekta 50 (120 kadada), sun kunshi fiye da kashi 70% na gonakin duniya.<ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 40% na duk ƙasar noma ta duniya ana samun ta a gonaki da suka fi hekta 1,000 (2,500 acres). <ref name="Lowder-2021" /> Gona da noma suna da tasiri sosai ga Tattalin arzikin karkara kuma suna tsara al'ummar karkara sosai, suna shafar ma'aikatan gona kai tsaye da manyan Kasuwanci da ke tallafawa gonaki da yawan manoma. Ana iya haɗa manyan kayayyakin noma a cikin [[abinci]], fiber, [[man fetur]], da albarkatun kasa (kamar roba da katako). Nau'ikan abinci sun haɗa da [[Siril|hatsi]] (ƙasa), [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]], 'ya'yan itatuwa, man dafa abinci, [[nama]], [[madara]], ƙwai, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Samar da aikin gona na duniya ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci, <sup about="#mwt5<sup id=" mwwg="">3</sup>" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;12 July 2021&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 January 2024&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCec\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCeg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCek\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT. New Food Balance Sheets\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1838\" href=\"./Food_and_Agriculture_Organization\" id=\"mwCeo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Food and Agriculture Organization\">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwCes\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 4 January 2024<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCew\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCe0\">12 July</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Agriculture#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Natural Fibres Initiative – DNFI.org |url=https://dnfi.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410102509/https://dnfi.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=dnfi.org}}</ref> da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na [[Katako|itace]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT. Forestry Production and Trade |url=http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164114/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Koyaya, kusan kashi 14% na abincin duniya ya ɓace daga samarwa kafin ya kai matakin sayarwa. PIlimin noma na zamani, kiwon shuke-shuke, agrochemicals kamar magungunan kashe kwari da [[taki]], da ci gaban fasaha sun kara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]], amma kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga [[Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona|Lalacewar muhalli da muhalli]]. Zaɓin kiwo da ayyukan zamani a cikin [[Kiwo|Kiwon dabbobi]] sun kara yawan fitar da nama, amma sun haifar da damuwa game da jin daɗin dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Batutuwan muhalli sun haɗa da [[Hayakin da ake fitarwa daga noma|gudummawa ga canjin yanayi]], raguwar ruwa, [[Deforestation|sare daji]], juriya ta maganin rigakafi, da [[Gurbacewar Aikin Noma|sauran gurɓataccen aikin gona]]. Aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga lalacewar muhalli, kamar asarar halittu, [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]], lalacewar ƙasa, da [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], dukansu zasu iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su sosai, kodayake wasu ƙasashe sun haramta su. == LMagana da fa'ida == Kalmar ''noma'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|agricultūra}} wadda aka fassara a matsayin "agricultūra" a Turancin Tsakiya., daga {{Lang|la|ager}} 'filin' da {{Lang|la|cultūra}} ' noma ' ko 'girma'. An bayyana noma da fannoni daban-daban, a faffadan ma'anarsa ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa don "samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwa, gami da abinci, zare, kayayyakin gandun daji, amfanin gona na lambu, da ayyukan da suka shafi su". <ref name="Maine" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana, ya haɗa da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|noma mai kyau]], noma, [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]] da [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]], amma a aikace galibi ba a cire noman lambu da gandun daji ba. <ref name="Maine">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Agriculture |url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013 |publisher=State of Maine}}</ref> Haka kuma za a iya raba shi zuwa '''noma na tsirrai''', wanda ya shafi noman shuke-shuke masu amfani, <ref name="Stevenson1971">{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=G. C. |year=1971 |title=Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=363 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700023371 |issn=0014-4797 |s2cid=85571333}}</ref> da '''noma na dabbobi''', da samar da dabbobin noma. Duk da cewa noma yawanci yana nufin ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu nau'ikan halittu sun shafe shekaru miliyan 60 suna noma amfanin gona, kamar wasu tururuwa (duba [[Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa|noma a cikin tururuwa]] ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongjie |last2=Sosa Calvo |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Horn |first3=Heidi A. |last4=Pupo |first4=Mônica T. |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Rabeling |first6=Cristian |last7=Schultz |first7=Ted R. |last8=Currie |first8=Cameron R. |date=2018 |title=Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=42 |page=10725 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11510720L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809332115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6196509 |pmid=30282739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tururuwa da ƙwaro . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Ulrich G. |last2=Gerardo |first2=Nicole M. |author-link2=Nicole Gerardo |last3=Aanen |first3=Duur K. |last4=Six |first4=Diana L. |author-link4=Diana Six |last5=Schultz |first5=Ted R. |date=December 2005 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–595 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg|thumb]] === Asalin === Ci gaban noma ya ba da damar yawan mutane su girma sau da yawa fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da farauta da tarawa.<ref name="Bocquet-Appel">{{Cite journal |last=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |date=29 July 2011 |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Aikin noma ya fara ne da kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin akalla cibiyoyin asali guda 11.<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |s2cid=201674203 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larson2014">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |year=2014 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |pmc=4035915 |pmid=24757054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An tattara hatsi na daji kuma an ci shi daga akalla shekaru 105,000 da suka gabata. A cikin Paleolithic Levant, shekaru 23,000 da suka gabata, an lura da noman hatsi na emmer, [[sha'ir]], da oats a kusa da teku na Galili. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snir |first=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS One |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da shinkafa a kasar Sin tsakanin 11,500 da 6200 BC tare da farkon sanannun noma daga 5700 BC, sannan mung, soya da azuki wake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zong |first=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |year=2007 |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1557880 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |pmid=17898767 |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;An kiwon tumaki a [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] tsakanin shekaru 13,000 da 11,000 da suka gabata. An yi kiwon shanu daga aurochs na daji a yankunan Turkiyya da Pakistan na zamani kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref name="McTavish">{{Cite journal |last=McTavish, E. J. |last2=Decker, J. E. |last3=Schnabel, R. D. |last4=Taylor, J. F. |last5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmc=3625352 |pmid=23530234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aladu|Samar da alade]] ya fito ne a Eurasia, gami da Turai, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya, inda aka fara yin amfani da Alade na daji kimanin shekaru 10,500 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmc=1976408 |pmid=17855556 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[Andes]] na Kudancin Amurka, an yi amfani da dankali tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 da suka gabata, tare da wake, coca, llamas, alpacas, da aladu. An yi amfani da sukari da wasu kayan lambu a New Guinea kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da [[Sorghum]] a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da auduga a Peru da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi da kansa a Eurasia. A Mesoamerica, an haifi teosinte na daji a cikin [[masara]] (masara) daga shekaru 10,000 zuwa 6,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Corn |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{Cite journal |last=Benz |first=B. F. |year=2001 |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmc=29389 |pmid=11172083 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi amfani da doki a cikin Eurasian Steppes a kusa da 3500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=4 May 2022 |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;Masana sun ba da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana asalin tarihi na noma. Nazarin sauyawa daga mafarauta-mai tarawa zuwa al'ummomin noma sun nuna farkon lokacin karuwa da karuwar zama; misalai sune Al'adun Natufian a Levant, da farkon Neolithic na kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan kuma, an fara dasa shuke-shuke na daji da aka girbe a baya, kuma a hankali an yi amfani da su.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref> === Al'adu === [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna kimanin cibiyoyin asalin aikin gona da yaduwarsa a cikin prehistory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=J. |author-link=Jared Diamond |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa an gabatar da aikin gona a Turai ta hanyar fadada Manoma na farko daga Anatolia kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata.]] A Eurasia, Sumerians sun fara zama a ƙauyuka daga kimanin 8000 BC, suna dogaro da kogin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] da Yufiretis da tsarin tashar ruwa don ban ruwa. &nbsp;Shuke-shuke sun bayyana a cikin hotuna a kusa da 3000 BC; shuke-shuka a kusa da 2300 BC. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manoma suna shuka alkama, sha'ir, kayan lambu kamar lentils da albasa, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ciki har da kwanakin, inabi, da ɓaure.<ref name="BritMus">{{Cite web |title=Farming |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222522/http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg08/home.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Aikin noma na tsohuwar Masar ya dogara da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi. Aikin noma ya fara ne a lokacin predynastic a ƙarshen Paleolithic, bayan 10,000 BC. &nbsp;Amfanin gona na abinci shine hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da amfanin gona na masana'antu kamar flax da [[papyrus]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite journal |last=Janick, Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Acta Hort. |volume=583 |pages=23–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> A Indiya, alkama, sha'ir da jujube an yi amfani da su a shekara ta 9000 BC, ba da daɗewa ba tumaki da awaki suka biyo baya.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta, Anil K. |year=2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=59 |jstor=24107979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120003139/http://repository.ias.ac.in/21961/1/333.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki a al'adun Mehrgarh daga 8000-6000 BC.<ref name="Baber">Baber, Zaheer (1996). ''The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India''. State University of New York Press. 19. {{ISBN|0-7914-2919-9}}.</ref><ref name="harrisandgosden385">Harris, David R. and Gosden, C. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds''. Routledge. p. 385. {{ISBN|1-85728-538-7}}.</ref> An shuka auduga a karni na 5th-4th BC.<ref>Stein, Burton (1998). ''A History of India''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.</ref> Shaidar archaeological ta nuna noma da dabba ta jawo daga 2500 BC a cikin wayewar Indus Valley.<ref name="lal">{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=R. |date=2001 |title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=61 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L |doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2}}</ref>&nbsp; KA kasar Sin, daga karni na 5 BC, akwai tsarin hatsi na kasa da kuma noma siliki. An yi amfani da ma'adinan hatsi masu amfani da ruwa a ƙarni na 1 BC, sannan kuma ban ruwa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 2, an haɓaka shinge mai nauyi tare da shinge na ƙarfe da allon gyare-gyare. <ref name="greenberger 2006 11-12">Greenberger, Robert (2006) ''The Technology of Ancient China'', Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 11–12. {{ISBN|1404205586}}</ref> Wadannan sun bazu zuwa yamma a fadin Eurasia. An yi amfani da shinkafa ta Asiya shekaru 8,200-13,500 da suka gabata - dangane da ƙididdigar agogon kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da shi - a kan Kogin Pearl a kudancin China tare da asalin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya daga shinkafa ''Oryza rufipogon''.<ref name="pnas1">{{Cite journal |last=Molina |first=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. 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Ana kiyaye tumaki da awaki galibi don kayan madara.<ref name="koester 1995 p76-77">Koester, Helmut (1995), ''History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 76–77. {{ISBN|3-11-014693-2}}</ref> [[File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Yanayin noma na girbi, kantin hatsi, girbi tare da sikelin, tonowa, yankan itace da noma daga tsohuwar Misira. Kabarin Nakht, ƙarni na 15 BC]] A cikin Amurka, amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su a Mesoamerica (ban da teosinte) sun haɗa da squash, wake, da koko. Mayo Chinchipe na saman Amazon ne ya yi amfani da koko a kusa da 3000 BC. &nbsp;Wataƙila an yi amfani da turkey a Mexico ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.<ref name="Speller">{{Cite journal |last=Speller |first=Camilla F. |author-link=Camilla Speller |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication |journal=PNAS |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=2807–2812 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.2807S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909724107 |pmc=2840336 |pmid=20133614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aztecs sun haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, sun kafa tuddai masu tasowa, sun shayar da ƙasarsu, kuma sun haɓaka chinampas ko tsibirai na wucin gadi. Maya sun yi amfani da tashar ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tsarin filin da aka ɗaga don noma daga 400 BC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mascarelli, Amanda |date=5 November 2010 |title=Mayans converted wetlands to farmland |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2010.587 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan, John |date=6 November 2013 |title=Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science |journal=Soil Horizons |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=3 |doi=10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |year=2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |pages=14694–14699 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pmid=16203994 |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;A Kudancin Amurka aikin gona na iya fara ne game da 9000 BC tare da domestication na squash (Cucurbita) da sauran tsire-tsire.<ref name="Piperno">{{Cite journal |last=Piperno |first=Dolores R. |date=2011 |title=The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=S-4 |pages=S453–S470 |doi=10.1086/659998 |s2cid=83061925 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> &nbsp;An yi amfani da Coca a cikin Andes, [[Tumatir|Tumar]] yadda man shanu, tumatir, taba, da pineapple.<ref name="Murphy2011" /> An yi amfani da auduga a Peru a shekara ta 3600 BC. &nbsp;Dabbobi ciki har da llamas, alpacas, da aladu na Guinea an yi musu gida a can. A Arewacin Amurka, 'yan asalin Gabas sun shuka amfanin gona kamar [[Duba Rana|sunflower]], taba, squash da ''Chenopodium''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiser |first=Carl B. Jr. |year=1992 |title=On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1086/204032 |s2cid=144433864}}</ref> An girbe abinci na daji ciki har da Shinkafa ta daji da sukari na maple. strawberry na gida shine nau'in nau'in Chilean da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar kiwo a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardigan |first=Michael A. |title=P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time |url=https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |url-status=live |journal=PAG - Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference (January 13–17, 2018) |publisher=Plant & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suna yin aikin lambu da aikin gona. 'Yan asalin sun sarrafa wuta a kan sikelin yanki don ƙirƙirar yanayin muhalli na wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ya ci gaba da aikin gona mai ƙaranci a cikin juyawa mai sauƙi; wani nau'in "wild" [[permaculture]]. An haɓaka tsarin shuka aboki da ake kira 'Yan uwa mata Uku a Arewacin Amurka. Shuke-shuke guda uku sune squash na hunturu, masara, da wake masu hawa.<ref name="landon">{{Cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |year=2008 |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |pages=110–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> 'Yan asalin Australiya, tun da daɗewa ana zaton sun kasance masu mafarauta da tarawa, suna yin ƙonewa ta tsari, mai yiwuwa don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=R. |year=2012 |title=Fire-stick Farming |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=3–8 |bibcode=2012FiEco...8c...3J |doi=10.1007/BF03400623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa suna buƙatar yanayi mai amfani don tallafawa tattarawa ba tare da noma ba. Saboda gandun daji na New Guinea suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire na abinci, mutane na farko na iya amfani da "ƙonewa mai zaɓaɓɓu" don ƙara yawan amfanin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na karuka na daji don tallafawa hanyar rayuwa mai farauta da tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rowley-Conwy |first=Peter |last2=Layton |first2=Robert |date=27 March 2011 |title=Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1566 |pages=849–862 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0307 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3048996 |pmid=21320899}}</ref> Gunditjmara da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɓaka aikin noma da tsarin kama kifi daga kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Elizabeth |year=1988 |title=Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia |journal=Archaeopress Archaeology |volume=423}}</ref> Akwai shaidar 'ƙaruwa' a duk nahiyar a wannan lokacin. A yankuna biyu na Ostiraliya, tsakiyar yammacin gabar teku da gabashin tsakiya, manoma na farko sun noma yams, millet na asali, da albasa na daji, mai yiwuwa a cikin mazauna dindindin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bill Gammage}}</ref> === Juyin Juya Halin === [[File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg|thumb|Agricultural calendar, {{Circa|1470}}, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi]] A tsakiyar zamanai, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Roman, noma a Yammacin Turai ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[Rashin dorewa|wadatar kai]]. Yawan manoma a karkashin feudalism yawanci an tsara su a cikin [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manors]] wanda ya kunshi daruruwan ko fiye da kadada na ƙasa wanda shugaba na manor tare da cocin Roman Katolika da firist ke jagoranta. Godiya ga musayar tare da Al-Andalus inda juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa ke gudana, aikin gona na Turai ya canza, tare da ingantaccen dabarun da yaduwar shuke-shuke, gami da gabatar da sukari, shinkafa, auduga da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace (kamar orange). <ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |date=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700079602 |s2cid=154359726}}</ref> Bayan 1492, musayar Columbian ta kawo amfanin gona na Sabon Duniya kamar masara, dankali, tumatir, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da [[Rogo|manioc]] zuwa Turai, da kuma amfanin gona da aka yi a Tsohon Duniya kamar alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, da turnips, da dabbobi (ciki har da dawakai, shanu, tumaki da awaki) zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crosby, Alfred |date=December 2011 |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> [[Ban ruwa|Ruwa]], juyawa na amfanin gona, da [[taki]] sun ci gaba daga karni na 17 tare da juyin juya halin noma na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar yawan jama'ar duniya su karu sosai. Tun daga shekara ta 1900, noma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kasashe mai tasowa, ya ga karuwar yawan aiki yayin da inji ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam, kuma ya taimaka da [[Taki|taki na roba]], magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Hanyar Haber-Bosch ta ba da damar hada ammonium nitrate taki a kan sikelin masana'antu, yana ƙara yawan [[Amfanin Gona|amfanin gona]] da kuma ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yawan jama'ar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janick, Jules |title=Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid, John F. |date=2011 |title=The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture |url=http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |url-status=live |journal=The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology |volume=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033809/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Reindeer_herding.jpg|thumb|Garken Reindeer sun zama tushen aikin gona na kiwo ga mutane da yawa na Arctic da Subarctic.]]   Makiyaya sun haɗa da sarrafa dabbobi na gida. A cikin makiyaya, ana motsa garken dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri don neman makiyaya, abinci, da ruwa. Ana yin irin wannan noma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke cikin [[Sahara]], Asiya ta Tsakiya da wasu sassan Indiya. [[File:Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg|thumb|Yaduwar turare da hannu a Zambia]] A cikin sauya noma, an share wani karamin yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar yankewa da ƙone bishiyoyi. Ana amfani da ƙasar da aka share don shuka amfanin gona na 'yan shekaru har sai ƙasa ta zama mai ƙwarewa, kuma an watsar da yankin. An zaɓi wani yanki na ƙasa kuma an sake maimaita wannan tsari. Irin wannan aikin gona ana yin sa ne galibi a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa inda gandun daji ke sake farfadowa da sauri. Ana amfani da wannan aikin a Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da kuma Amazon Basin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting cultivation |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |publisher=[[Survival International]]}}</ref> Ana yin aikin gona don biyan bukatun iyali ko na gida kadai, tare da ɗan kaɗan don sufuri a wasu wurare. Ana yin sa sosai a Monsoon Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Kimanin manoma biliyan 2.5 sun yi aiki a cikin 2018, suna noma kusan kashi 60% na ƙasar noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=<!--no byline--> |date=7 March 2018 |title=Chinese project offers a brighter farming future |department=Editorial |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |page=141 |bibcode=2018Natur.555R.141. |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02742-3 |pmid=29517037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Noman Zamani|Aikin noma mai zurfi]] shine noma don kara yawan aiki, tare da ƙananan raguwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan shigarwa (ruwa, taki, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sarrafa kansa). Ana yin shi galibi a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533 |archive-date=5 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="bbcFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=BBC School fact sheet on intensive farming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503035007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml |archive-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> == Aikin noma na zamani == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/agriculture share gdp#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:agriculture share gdp, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Share of GDP from agriculture]]|startingView=World}} === Matsayi === [[File:Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png|thumb|354x354px|Daidaitawa ga aikin gona na ƙasa a duniya (Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, 1998) ]] [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_by_region.svg|thumb|221x221px|Hanyoyin aiki na baya-bayan nan a aikin gona (ciki har da gandun daji da kamun kifi) ta yankin ]] Daga karni na ashirin zuwa gaba, noma mai zurfi ya kara yawan amfanin gona. Ya maye gurbin taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari don aiki, amma ya haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da tallafin gona. Rashin lalacewar ƙasa da cututtuka irin su tsatsa sune manyan damuwa a duniya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK) |url=http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107064545/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> kimanin kashi 40% na ƙasar noma ta duniya ta lalace sosai. Aikin noma na zamani ya tayar ko ya gamu da batutuwan muhalli, siyasa, da tattalin arziki ciki har da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]], [[Biofuel|man fetur]], kwayoyin halitta, haraji da [[Taimako na aikin gona|tallafin gona]], wanda ke haifar da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace kamar Motsi na kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{Cite journal |date=15 August 2011 |title=Ten worst famines of the 20th century |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |url-status=live |journal=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063152/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ten-worst-famines-of-the-20th-century-20110815-1iu2w.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Ayyukan noma marasa dorewa a Arewacin Amurka sun haifar da Dust Bowl na shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Peter R |last2=Sayre |first2=Ken |last3=Gupta |first3=Raj |date=12 February 2008 |title=The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=543–555 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2169 |pmc=2610169 |pmid=17720669}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami mummunar martani game da Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona na al'ada, wanda ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin aikin gona masu ɗorewa, masu sabuntawa, da masu ɗorewar aiki.<ref name="motherjones1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheierling, Susanne M. |year=1995 |title=Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1 |url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112426/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000009265_3970311122936 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan wannan motsi shine [[Tarayyar Turai]], wanda ya fara tabbatar da abinci na kwayoyin halitta a cikin 1991 kuma ya fara sake fasalin Manufofin Aikin Gona na yau da kullun (CAP) a cikin 2005 don fitar da tallafin gona da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi, wanda aka fi sani da rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=CAP Reform |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017124251/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> Ci gaban aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ya sabunta bincike a cikin wasu fasahohi kamar hadin gwiwar kula da kwari, zaɓaɓɓen kiwo, da aikin gona mai sarrafa muhalli. Akwai damuwa game da ƙananan amfanin gona da ke da alaƙa da aikin [[Noman Asali|noma na kwayoyin halitta]] da tasirinsa akan tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Samuel |last2=van der Heijden |first2=Marcel G. A. |date=7 September 2018 |title=A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3632 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3632K |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6128901 |pmid=30194344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Abinci mai canza kwayar halitta. A cikin shekaru 60 tsakanin 1964 da 2023, an sami mafi yawan karuwar samar da aikin gona ta hanyar karuwa, yayin da fadada ƙasar noma ta iyakance zuwa 8% kawai. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, tsakanin 2001 da 2023, yankin noma na duniya ya ragu da hekta miliyan 78 (Mha) (-2%), tare da yankin amfanin gona yana ƙaruwa da 78 Mha da kuma ciyawa na dindindin da makiyaya suna raguwa da 151 Mha. Wadannan canje-canje suna nuna bambance-bambance na yanki. Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta ga fadada gonar amfanin gona na 69 Mha tare da asarar gandun daji 72 Mha, yayin da Latin Amurka ta ga 25 Mha na ci gaban amfanin gona tare da 85 Mha na asarar yankin gandun daji. Yaduwar aikin gona ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da [[Deforestation|sare daji]] a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na asarar gandun daji. A cikin wannan karni, wani muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi shine cewa kimanin 3.6 Mha na gonaki ana watsar da su a kowace shekara, tare da lalacewar ƙasa mai yiwuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan asarar. [[File:Agricultural_output_of_China.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ci gaban aikin gona na kasar Sin a shekarar 2015 US $ tun 1961]] A shekara ta 2015, aikin gona na kasar Sin ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, sannan Tarayyar Turai, Indiya da Amurka suka biyo baya.<ref name="UNCTAD2017">{{Cite web |title=UNCTADstat – Table view |url=http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020072414/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=95 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Masana tattalin arziki suna auna jimlar yawan aiki gona, bisa ga abin da aikin gona a Amurka ya kusan sau 1.7 ya fi yawan amfanin gona fiye da yadda yake a shekarar 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201021133/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/ |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=USDA Economic Research Service}}</ref> Samun amfanin gona na dogon lokaci ya fi girma lokacin da bincike da ci gaba ke fuskantar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da kayan lambu. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata miliyan 873 a cikin 2021, ko kuma kashi 27% na ma'aikata na duniya, miliyan 916 a cikin 2023, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1 027 (ko 40%) a cikin 2000. Kashi na noma a cikin GDP na duniya ya kasance mai ɗorewa a kusan 4% tun daga 2000-2023. Duk da karuwar samar da noma da yawan aiki, tsakanin mutane miliyan 702 da 828 yunwa ta shafa a cikin 2021. Rashin tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki da rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki na iya zama sakamakon rikici, matsanancin yanayi da bambancin yanayi da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Hakanan yana iya haifar da halaye na tsarin ƙasa kamar matsayin samun kudin shiga da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma tattalin arzikin siyasa.<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-2022" /> Amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a aikin gona ya karu da kashi 62% tsakanin 2000 da 2021, tare da Amurka da ke lissafin rabin amfani a cikin 2021. Asusun Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya ya nuna cewa karuwar aikin gona na iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita ga damuwa game da Farashin abinci da tsaron abinci gaba ɗaya, saboda kwarewar da ta dace da Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution |url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development}}</ref> [[Masifa|Bala'o'i]] sun haifar da kimanin dala tiriliyan 3.26 a cikin asarar noma sama da shekaru 33 (1991-2023), matsakaicin dala biliyan 99 a kowace shekara, tare da amfanin gona da ke ɗauke da nauyin da ya fi nauyi a tan biliyan 4.6 da suka ɓace, sannan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (2.8 biliyan), da kuma nama da madara sun rasa tan miliyan 900. === Ma'aikata === [[File:Employment_in_agriculture,_forestry_and_fishing_(2023).svg|thumb|Ayyukan duniya a cikin noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi a cikin 2023 ]] Aikin noma yana samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk ayyukan duniya, fiye da rabi a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma kusan kashi 60 cikin dari a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=The World Bank |place=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Yayinda kasashe ke tasowa, wasu ayyukan tarihi sun janye ma'aikata daga aikin gona, kuma sababbin abubuwan ceton ma'aikata suna kara yawan aikin gona ta hanyar rage bukatun ma'aikata a kowane sashi na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michaels |first=Guy |last2=Rauch |first2=Ferdinand |last3=Redding |first3=Stephen J. |date=2012 |title=Urbanization and Structural Transformation |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=535–586 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjs003 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=23251993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gollin |first=Douglas |last2=Parente |first2=Stephen |last3=Rogerson |first3=Richard |date=2002 |title=The Role of Agriculture in Development |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1257/000282802320189177 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=3083394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=W. Arthur |year=1954 |title=Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour |journal=The Manchester School |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=139–191 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x |issn=1463-6786}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, haɗuwa da samar da ma'aikata da yanayin buƙatun ma'aikata sun rage yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=FAOSTAT: Employment Indicators: Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074500/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=FAO |publication-place=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007214142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[File:Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|220x220px|A kan ka'idar bangarori uku, yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona (bar mai wuya a kowane rukuni, kore) ya faɗi yayin da tattalin arziki ya zama mafi ci gaba.]] A cikin karni na 16 a Turai, tsakanin 55 da 75% na yawan jama'a sun shiga aikin gona; a karni na 19, wannan ya sauka zuwa tsakanin 35 da 65%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen, Robert C. |title=Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800 |url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |journal=European Review of Economic History |volume=3 |pages=1–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027195415/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe a yau, adadi bai kai kashi 10 cikin 100 ba.<ref name="LaborForce">{{Cite web |title=Labor Force – By Occupation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2013 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, wasu mutane biliyan daya, ko kuma sama da 1/3 na ma'aikatan da ke akwai, sun yi aiki a aikin gona. Wannan ya zama kusan kashi 70% na aikin yara na duniya, kuma a kasashe da yawa ya zama mafi yawan mata na kowane masana'antu.<ref name="ILO">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Safety and health in agriculture |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318105845/http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Sashin sabis ɗin ya mamaye bangaren noma a matsayin babban ma'aikaci na duniya a cikin shekara ta 2007. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, baƙi suna taimakawa wajen cika karancin ma'aikata a cikin ayyukan noma masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa. Ma'aikatan gona na kasashen waje daga mafi yawan Gabashin Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatan gona da aka biya albashi a Spain, Italiya, Girka da Portugal a cikin 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasimis |first=Charalambos |date=1 October 2005 |title=Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172236/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrants-rural-economies-greece-and-southern-europe |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonseca |first=Maria Lucinda |date=November 2008 |title=New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal |journal=Population, Space and Place |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=525–535 |doi=10.1002/psp.514}}</ref> A Amurka, fiye da rabin dukkan ma'aikatan gona da aka hayar (kimanin ma'aikata 450,000) baƙi ne a cikin 2019, kodayake yawan sabbin baƙi da suka isa ƙasar don yin aiki a aikin gona ya ragu da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma karuwar albashi ya nuna wannan ya haifar da babban karancin ma'aikata a gonakin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preibisch |first=Kerry |date=2010 |title=Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=404–441 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00811.x |issn=0197-9183 |jstor=25740855 |s2cid=145604068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture: How immigration plays a critical role |url=https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024221/https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/issues/agriculture/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=New American Economy |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mata a cikin noma ==== A duk faɗin duniya, mata sun kasance babban ɓangare na yawan mutanen da ke aiki a aikin gona. Wannan rabon yana girma a duk yankuna masu tasowa sai dai Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya inda mata suka riga sun kasance kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Mata sun kai kashi 47 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gona a yankin Sahara na Afirka, adadin da bai canza sosai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Koyaya, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta nuna cewa matsayin da alhakin mata a aikin gona na iya canzawa - alal misali, daga aikin gona zuwa aikin albashi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga membobin gida ga masu samar da farko a cikin mahallin maza-daga-momi.<ref name="FAO-2017" /> Gabaɗaya, mata suna da babban rabo na aikin gona a ƙananan matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki, kamar yadda rashin isasshen ilimi, iyakance damar samun ababen more rayuwa da kasuwanni, babban nauyin aiki da ba a biya ba da kuma damar yin aiki a yankunan karkara a waje da aikin gona yana iyakance yiwuwar mata don aikin gona. Mata da ke aiki a cikin aikin gona suna yin hakan a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Suna mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, inda ba a samun wasu hanyoyin rayuwa ba, kuma suna kula da tsananin aikinsu a yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke haifar da rikice-rikice. Mata ba su da damar shiga a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da manoma masu zaman kansu kuma suna da hannu a samar da amfanin gona mai sauki. Rashin jinsi a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin gonakin da aka gudanar da mata da maza na girman iri ɗaya shine kashi 24. A matsakaici, mata suna samun kashi 18.4 cikin dari ƙasa da maza a aikin albashi a aikin gona; wannan yana nufin cewa mata suna karɓar cents 82 ga kowane dala da maza suka samu. Ci gaba ya kasance mai jinkiri wajen rufe gibin da mata ke samu ga ban ruwa da kuma mallakar dabbobi, ma. Mata a cikin aikin gona har yanzu suna da ƙarancin damar fiye da maza ga shigarwa, gami da ingantaccen tsaba, taki da kayan aikin inji. A kan bayanin kula mai kyau, bambancin jinsi a cikin samun damar intanet ta hannu a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici ya fadi daga kashi 25 zuwa kashi 16 cikin dari tsakanin 2017 da 2021, kuma bambancin jinsi na samun damar asusun banki ya ragu daga kashi 9 zuwa 6. Mata suna iya zama kamar maza don karɓar sabbin fasahohi lokacin da aka sanya abubuwan da suka dace kuma suna da daidaitattun damar samun ƙarin albarkatu. === Tsaro === [[File:Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG|thumb|Rollover kariya mashaya da aka gyara zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 Fordson tractorTractor na Fordson]] Aikin noma, musamman noma, ya kasance masana'antu mai haɗari, kuma manoma a duk duniya sun kasance cikin haɗarin raunin da ya shafi aiki, cututtukan huhu, asarar ji da aka haifar da hayaniya, cututsin fata, da kuma wasu cututtukani da suka shafi amfani da sinadarai da kuma hasken rana mai tsawo. A [[Aikin noma na masana'antu|gonaki masu masana'antu]], raunin sau da yawa ya haɗa da amfani da injunan noma, kuma sanannen dalilin mummunan raunin noma a kasashe masu tasowa shine fashewar tractor.<ref name="aginjury">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries |url=https://wwwa.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028181205/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona na iya zama [[Tasirin lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari|haɗari ga lafiyar ma'aikata]], kuma ma'aikatan da ke fuskantar magungunan ƙwari na iya fuskantar rashin lafiya ko samun yara tare da lahani na haihuwa.<ref name="NIOSH_pest">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004253/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012%2D108/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin masana'antar da iyalai ke yawan aiki kuma suna zaune a gonar kanta, dukkan iyalai na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin rauni, rashin lafiya, da mutuwa.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">{{Cite web |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009224012/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |archive-date=9 October 2007 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Shekaru 0-6 na iya zama yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni a aikin gona; abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan rauni tsakanin matasa ma'aikatan gona sun haɗa da nutsewa, injuna da haɗarin mota, gami da motoci masu tasowa. <ref name="NIOSH Agri" /><ref name="WeicheltGorucu2018">{{Cite journal |last=Weichelt |first=Bryan |last2=Gorucu |first2=Serap |date=17 February 2018 |title=Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org |url=http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |url-status=live |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=injuryprev–2017–042671 |doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671 |pmid=29386372 |s2cid=3371442 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427133711/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The PLOS ONE staff |date=6 September 2018 |title=Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303842. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203842 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6126865 |pmid=30188948 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan mutuwar aiki daga shekaru goma da suka gabata sun nuna cewa, yayin kallon dukkan masana'antu, noma yana da yawan mutuwar da suka shafi aiki ga matasa. A cikin wannan masana'antar, matasa tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 sun sha wahala mafi yawan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Barbara C. |last2=Salzwedel |first2=Marsha A. |date=2023-01-30 |title=Safeguarding youth from agricultural injury and illness: The United States' experience |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1148576L |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048576 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9922745 |pmid=36794078 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da yake noma yana da haɗari, binciken ya kalli gaskiyar cewa akwai fa'idodi da yawa ga girma da zama a gona.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Richard R. |last2=Berg |first2=Richard L. |last3=Weichelt |first3=Bryan P. |last4=Gabor |first4=Rachel M. |last5=Rudolphi |first5=Josie M. |last6=Bendixsen |first6=Casper G. |last7=VanWormer |first7=Jeffrey J. |date=April 2026 |title=A PheWAS Analysis of the Risks and Benefits of Growing Up on a Farm |journal=Journal of Agromedicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=254–262 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2025.2591079 |issn=1545-0813 |pmid=41275339}}</ref> Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta dauki aikin gona "ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki".<ref name="ILO" /> Ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka mutu a kowace shekara tsakanin ma'aikatan gona ya kai akalla 170,000, sau biyu na matsakaicin sauran ayyukan. Bugu da kari, abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa, rauni da rashin lafiya da suka shafi ayyukan noma galibi ba a bayar da rahoto ba.<ref name="ILO2">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Agriculture: A hazardous work |url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041758/http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356550/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aikin Gona, 2001, wanda ke rufe kewayon haɗari a cikin aikin noma, rigakafin waɗannan haɗari da rawar da mutane da kungiyoyin da ke cikin aikin gona ya kamata su taka.<ref name="ILO" /> A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano aikin gona a matsayin bangaren masana'antu na farko a cikin Shirin Bincike na Kasa don ganowa da samar da dabarun shiga tsakani don batutuwan kiwon lafiya da tsaro na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618084010/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: Program Description |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073850/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/agff/ |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=[[NIOSH]]}}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki ta ba da jagororin kan aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiya da aminci a aikin gona, kiwon dabbobi, aikin lambu, da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry |url=https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929143326/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/protecting-health-and-safety-workers-agriculture-livestock/view |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[European Agency for Safety and Health at Work]]}}</ref> Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aikin Gona ta Amurka (ASHCA) tana kuma gudanar da taron koli na shekara-shekara don tattauna tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiberger |first=Scott |date=3 July 2018 |title=The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona |journal=[[Journal of Agromedicine]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=302–304 |doi=10.1080/1059924X.2018.1485089 |issn=1059-924X |pmid=30047853 |s2cid=51721534}}</ref> === Tasirin muhalli === Yaduwa sama da hekta biliyan 4.8 a cikin 2025 - daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar duniya - noma yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da kowane bangare na tattalin arziki. Matsi a kan ƙasa, ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa sun lalata aikin da kuma yiwuwar aikin gona a nan gaba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin asarar ƙasa mai amfani da rage wadatar ruwa don noma da sauran nau'ikan samar da aikin gona. Yaduwar aikin gona yana haifar da sare daji kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin halittu masu wadataccen carbon kamar su peatlands. Kimanin kashi 64% na ƙasar noma yana cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke lalata bambancin halittu ta hanyar lalata masu shuka, yana cutar da microbiota na ƙasa kuma yana sa tsarin abinci na gona ya zama ƙasa da juriya ga kwari, pathogens da canjin yanayi. Kashi 72% na janyewar ruwan sha na duniya, adadi da aka yi hasashen zai kara tashi a nan gaba, aikin gona yana ba da gudummawa kuma yana ƙara shafar karancin ruwa. Yawan amfani da ruwan kasa da ruwan teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ya yadu, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaro na abinci. == Fitarwa == {{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Value of agricultural production#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Value of agricultural production, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Value of agricultural production]]|startingView=World}} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona (a cikin sharuddan suna) bisa ga IMF da CIA World Factbook, a matakin mafi girma har zuwa 2018 |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=1,120<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=1,117|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=414|label3={{nowrap|(—) '''''{{Flagu|European Union}}'''''}}|data3=308|label4=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data4=185|label5=(04) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=162|label6=(05) '''{{Flagu|Indonesia}}'''|data6=141|label7=(06) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data7=123|label8=(07) '''{{Flagu|Russia}}'''|data8=108|label9=(08) '''{{Flagu|Pakistan}}'''|data9=76|label10=(09) '''{{Flagu|Argentina}}'''|data10=70|label11=(10) '''{{Flagu|Turkey}}'''|data11=64|label12=(11) '''{{Flagu|Japan}}'''|data12=62|label13=(12) '''{{Flagu|France}}'''|data13=59|label14=(13) '''{{Flagu|Iran}}'''|data14=57|label15=(14) '''{{Flagu|Australia}}'''|data15=56|label16=(15) '''{{Flagu|Mexico}}'''|data16=51|label17=(16) '''{{Flagu|Italy}}'''|data17=50|label18=(17) '''{{Flagu|Spain}}'''|data18=43|label19=(18) '''{{Flagu|Bangladesh}}'''|data19=41|label20=(19) '''{{Flagu|Thailand}}'''|data20=40|label21=(20) '''{{Flagu|Egypt}}'''|data21=40|caption={{resize|88%|The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]].}}|isbn=978-0-309-04248-2|date=1 February 1990}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Kasashe mafi girma ta hanyar samar da aikin gona bisa ga UNCTAD a farashin shekara ta 2005 da kuma farashin musayar, 2015 <ref name="UNCTAD2017" /> |- |<templatestyles src="Template:Bar chart/styles.css" />{{Bar chart|float=center|title=|table_width=70|bar_width=50 <!-- must be an unformatted number -->|data_max=500,000<!-- Upper bound on the values in the data fields -->|label_type=Economy|data_type=Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)|label1=(01) '''{{Flagu|China}}'''|data1=418,455|label2=(02) '''{{Flagu|India}}'''|data2=196,592|label3=(03) '''{{Flagu|United States}}'''|data3=149,023|label4=(04) '''{{Flagu|Nigeria}}'''|data4=77,113|label5=(05) '''{{Flagu|Brazil}}'''|data5=59,977}} |} * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona] * [https://www.usda.gov/ Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka] * Kayan [http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture Aikin noma] daga Bankin Duniya[[Bankin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya]] * Agriculturelabarai da aka tattara da sharhi aJaridar New York Times * {{Guardian topic|science/agriculture}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == s200eqev364e8rq5uqg87bhuidedzqn 14 178237 963316 2026-10-05T07:40:11Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Sabon rukuni 963316 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan rukunin ya tattara rukunonin mutanen da suka a mutu a shekarar 2016 jedfm7y0ywlv4be4t6kk5up3zyedupq 0 178238 963341 2026-10-05T08:56:57Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336027449|Cyber]]" 963341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cyber-''' prefix ne wanda aka samo daga 'cybernetic', wanda aka yi amfani da shi dangane da kwamfutoci, fasaha, cibiyoyin sadarwa (ciki har da [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]]), da sauransu. '''Cyber''' kuma na iya nufin:Cyber (Russian), wani hali na kimiyya-fiction na Soviet (duba ayyukan Arkady da Boris Strugatsky). == Kwamfutoci == * CDC Cyber, kewayon kwamfutocin mainframe == Fasaha da nishaɗi == * Cyber (Marvel Comics) , wani mai ban dariya mai ban mamaki * Cyber (Russian), wani hali na kimiyya-fiction na Soviet (duba ayyukan Arkady da Boris Strugatsky) * Dokta Cyber, babban mugun DC Comics * ''Yadda za a Kasance Cyber-Lovah'', fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2001 * ''Cyber'', wani ɗan gajeren taken ''Blackhat'', fim na Amurka na 2015 * ''CSI: Cyber'', jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka * CY8ER, ƙungiyar gumakan EDM guda biyar == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * All pages with titles beginning with cyber * All pages with titles containing cyber * Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙudan zuma (CIBER) * Cyber City (disambiguation) * Cybernetics (disambiguation) ** Kwayar halitta ta Cybernetic, ko cyborg, wani abu ne da ke da sassan jiki da na halitta ** Cyberneticist, wanda ke nazarin cybernetics * Yanayin yanar gizo (disambiguation) * Cyborg (disambiguation) * Zyber, sunan namiji na Albanian qopbyu38jbf3emym8efzh7dsryice6e 963342 963341 2026-10-05T08:57:55Z Baffa ali 47435 963342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cyber-''' prefix ne wanda aka samo daga 'cybernetic', wanda aka yi amfani da shi dangane da kwamfutoci, fasaha, cibiyoyin sadarwa (ciki har da [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]]), da sauransu. '''Cyber''' kuma na iya nufin:Cyber (Russian), wani hali na kimiyya-fiction na Soviet (duba ayyukan Arkady da Boris Strugatsky). == Kwamfutoci == * CDC Cyber, kewayon kwamfutocin mainframe == Fasaha da nishaɗi == * Cyber (Marvel Comics) , wani mai ban dariya mai ban mamaki * Cyber (Russian), wani hali na kimiyya-fiction na Soviet (duba ayyukan Arkady da Boris Strugatsky) * Dokta Cyber, babban mugun DC Comics * ''Yadda za a Kasance Cyber-Lovah'', fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2001 * ''Cyber'', wani ɗan gajeren taken ''Blackhat'', fim na Amurka na 2015 * ''CSI: Cyber'', jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka * CY8ER, ƙungiyar gumakan EDM guda biyar == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * All pages with titles beginning with cyber * All pages with titles containing cyber * Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙudan zuma (CIBER) * Cyber City (disambiguation) * Cybernetics (disambiguation) ** Kwayar halitta ta Cybernetic, ko cyborg, wani abu ne da ke da sassan jiki da na halitta ** Cyberneticist, wanda ke nazarin cybernetics * Yanayin yanar gizo (disambiguation) * Cyborg (disambiguation) * Zyber, sunan namiji na Albanian lddlfe2n0r0q0ne1ihhy0lmy8xckhci 0 178239 963343 2026-10-05T08:58:41Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372125828|Insulin shock therapy]]" 963343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maganin girgizar insulin''' ko '''maganin ciwon suga na insulin''' wani nau'i ne na maganin tabin hankali inda ake yi wa marasa lafiya allurar insulin mai yawa akai-akai domin haifar da ciwon suga na yau da kullun tsawon makonni da dama. Likitan tabin hankali na Austriya-Amurka Manfred Sakel ne ya gabatar da shi a shekarar 1927 kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a shekarun 1940 da 1950, musamman don [[Hauka|maganin schizophrenia]], kafin ya faɗi ƙasa a idanunsa kuma aka maye gurbinsa da magungunan neuroleptic a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=K |year=2000 |title=Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia |url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=147–149 |doi=10.1177/014107680009300313 |pmc=1297956 |pmid=10741319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220051055/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan jiyya na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin ilimin tabin hankali a cikin shekaru arba'in na farko na ƙarni na 20. Waɗannan sun haɗa da magungunan rage radadi (maganin cardiazol/metrazol da maganin electroconvulsive ), maganin barci mai zurfi, da kuma tiyatar kwakwalwa . Maganin insulin coma da kuma magungunan girgiza an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin magungunan girgiza . == Asalin == A shekarar 1927, Sakel, wanda kwanan nan ya sami cancantar zama likita a [[Vienna]] kuma yana aiki a wani asibitin tabin hankali a [[Berlin]], ya fara amfani da allurar insulin mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (sub-coma) don magance masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da masu tabin hankali, kuma lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiyar ya sami ingantaccen fahimtar hankali bayan ya faɗi cikin suma ba zato ba tsammani, Sakel ya yi tunanin cewa maganin na iya aiki ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali. Bayan ya dawo Vienna, ya yi wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia magani da allurai masu yawa na insulin domin ya haifar da suma da gangan, wani lokacin kuma ya yi suma. <ref name="Sakel" /> Sakel ya bayyana sakamakon bincikensa a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1933, kuma ba da daɗewa ba wasu likitocin tabin hankali suka fara amfani da hanyoyinsa. <ref name="Sakel" /> Joseph Wortis, bayan ya ga Sakel yana yin sa a shekarar 1935, ya gabatar da shi ga Amurka. Likitocin tabin hankali na Birtaniya daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiya sun ziyarci Vienna a shekarun 1935 da 1936, kuma zuwa 1938, asibitoci 31 a Ingila da Wales suna da sassan maganin insulin. <ref name="Jones" /> A shekarar 1936, Sakel ya ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya haɓaka amfani da maganin insulin coma a asibitocin tabin hankali na Amurka. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, yawancin asibitocin tabin hankali a Amurka suna amfani da maganin insulin coma. == Fasaha == [[File:Insulin_Treatment_Unit_(Roundway_Hospital_circa_1951).jpg|right|thumb| Sashen maganin insulin, kusan 1951, Asibitin Roundway, Devizes, Ingila]] Maganin ciwon suga na insulin magani ne mai matuƙar wahala wanda ke buƙatar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa da kuma wani sashe na musamman. <ref name="Jones" /> An zaɓi marasa lafiya, waɗanda kusan ba a saba gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]] ba, bisa ga kyakkyawan hasashen da ƙarfin jiki don jure wa magani mai wahala. <ref name="Doroshow2007">{{Cite journal |last=Doroshow |first=DB |year=2007 |title=Performing a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–43 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrl044 |pmid=17105748 |s2cid=25481965}}</ref> Babu wata ka'ida ta yau da kullun don magani. Asibitoci daban-daban da likitocin tabin hankali sun ƙirƙiro nasu ka'idoji. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Yawanci, ana yin allurar kwanaki shida a mako na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu. An ƙara yawan insulin na yau da kullun a hankali zuwa raka'a 100-150 (raka'a 1 = 34.7 μg <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knopp |first=Jennifer L. |last2=Holder-Pearson |first2=Lui |last3=Chase |first3=J. Geoffrey |date=2018-10-13 |title=Insulin Units and Conversion Factors: A Story of Truth, Boots, and Faster Half-Truths |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=597–600 |doi=10.1177/1932296818805074 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=6501531 |pmid=30318910}}</ref> ) har sai an samar da comas, a lokacin ne za a daidaita adadin. A wasu lokutan, ana amfani da allurai har zuwa raka'a 450. <ref name="Maclay">{{Cite journal |last=Maclay |first=WS |year=1953 |title=Death Due to Treatment |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1177/003591575304600103 |pmc=1918466 |pmid=13027286}}</ref> Bayan kimanin 50 ko 60 na suma, ko kuma kafin haka, idan likitan tabin hankali ya yi tunanin cewa an sami mafi girman fa'ida, ana rage yawan insulin cikin sauri kafin a dakatar da magani. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> An rubuta darussan har zuwa shekaru 2. <ref name="Allen" /> Bayan allurar insulin, marasa lafiya za su fuskanci alamu daban-daban na raguwar glucose a jini: fitsari, bushewar fata, gumi, amai, barci ko rashin natsuwa. Idan maganin ya yi yawa sosai, za a yi ta suma. <ref name="Allen" /> Kowace suma za ta ɗauki tsawon awa ɗaya kuma za ta ƙare ta hanyar glucose ta jijiya ko kuma ta hanyar bututun hanci da na ciki. Karyewar jiki ta faru kafin ko kuma lokacin suma. Mutane da yawa za su yi jifa, birgima, nishi, girgiza, girgiza ko kuma su yi ta dukan juna. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Wasu likitocin tabin hankali sun ɗauki farfadiya a matsayin magani, kuma a wasu lokutan ana ba wa marasa lafiya maganin electroconvulsive ko maganin cardiazol/metrazol convulsive a lokacin suma, ko kuma a ranar mako lokacin da ba a yi musu maganin insulin ba. Idan ba su cikin suma ba, ana ajiye marasa lafiya da ke cikin insulin tare a cikin rukuni kuma ana ba su kulawa ta musamman. Wani littafi mai suna "Littafin Jagora ga ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali," wanda likitan tabin hankali na Burtaniya Eric Cunningham Dax ya rubuta, ya umurci ma'aikatan jinya da su fitar da marasa lafiyar insulin dinsu suna yawo a waje suna shagaltar da su da wasanni da gasa, tsintar furanni da karanta taswira, da sauransu. Marasa lafiya suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai saboda akwai haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga bayan suma. <ref name="Jones" /> A cikin "gyaran maganin insulin", wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance cututtukan neurosis, an bai wa marasa lafiya ƙananan allurai na insulin (sub-coma). [1] == Manazarta == ny5fw8x3njyssn8bfygodmukr8igv55 963344 963343 2026-10-05T08:59:17Z Sardeeq 39275 963344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maganin girgizar insulin''' ko '''maganin ciwon suga na insulin''' wani nau'i ne na maganin tabin hankali inda ake yi wa marasa lafiya allurar insulin mai yawa akai-akai domin haifar da ciwon suga na yau da kullun tsawon makonni da dama. Likitan tabin hankali na Austriya-Amurka Manfred Sakel ne ya gabatar da shi a shekarar 1927 kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a shekarun 1940 da 1950, musamman don [[Hauka|maganin schizophrenia]], kafin ya faɗi ƙasa a idanunsa kuma aka maye gurbinsa da magungunan neuroleptic a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=K |year=2000 |title=Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia |url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=147–149 |doi=10.1177/014107680009300313 |pmc=1297956 |pmid=10741319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220051055/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/93/3/147.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan jiyya na jiki da aka gabatar a cikin ilimin tabin hankali a cikin shekaru arba'in na farko na ƙarni na 20. Waɗannan sun haɗa da magungunan rage radadi (maganin cardiazol/metrazol da maganin electroconvulsive ), maganin barci mai zurfi, da kuma tiyatar kwakwalwa . Maganin insulin coma da kuma magungunan girgiza an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin magungunan girgiza . == Asalin == A shekarar 1927, Sakel, wanda kwanan nan ya sami cancantar zama likita a [[Vienna]] kuma yana aiki a wani asibitin tabin hankali a [[Berlin]], ya fara amfani da allurar insulin mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (sub-coma) don magance masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da masu tabin hankali, kuma lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiyar ya sami ingantaccen fahimtar hankali bayan ya faɗi cikin suma ba zato ba tsammani, Sakel ya yi tunanin cewa maganin na iya aiki ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali. Bayan ya dawo Vienna, ya yi wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia magani da allurai masu yawa na insulin domin ya haifar da suma da gangan, wani lokacin kuma ya yi suma. <ref name="Sakel" /> Sakel ya bayyana sakamakon bincikensa a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1933, kuma ba da daɗewa ba wasu likitocin tabin hankali suka fara amfani da hanyoyinsa. <ref name="Sakel" /> Joseph Wortis, bayan ya ga Sakel yana yin sa a shekarar 1935, ya gabatar da shi ga Amurka. Likitocin tabin hankali na Birtaniya daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiya sun ziyarci Vienna a shekarun 1935 da 1936, kuma zuwa 1938, asibitoci 31 a Ingila da Wales suna da sassan maganin insulin. <ref name="Jones" /> A shekarar 1936, Sakel ya ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya haɓaka amfani da maganin insulin coma a asibitocin tabin hankali na Amurka. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, yawancin asibitocin tabin hankali a Amurka suna amfani da maganin insulin coma. == Fasaha == [[File:Insulin_Treatment_Unit_(Roundway_Hospital_circa_1951).jpg|right|thumb| Sashen maganin insulin, kusan 1951, Asibitin Roundway, Devizes, Ingila]] Maganin ciwon suga na insulin magani ne mai matuƙar wahala wanda ke buƙatar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa da kuma wani sashe na musamman. <ref name="Jones" /> An zaɓi marasa lafiya, waɗanda kusan ba a saba gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]] ba, bisa ga kyakkyawan hasashen da ƙarfin jiki don jure wa magani mai wahala. <ref name="Doroshow2007">{{Cite journal |last=Doroshow |first=DB |year=2007 |title=Performing a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–43 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrl044 |pmid=17105748 |s2cid=25481965}}</ref> Babu wata ka'ida ta yau da kullun don magani. Asibitoci daban-daban da likitocin tabin hankali sun ƙirƙiro nasu ka'idoji. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Yawanci, ana yin allurar kwanaki shida a mako na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu. An ƙara yawan insulin na yau da kullun a hankali zuwa raka'a 100-150 (raka'a 1 = 34.7 μg <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knopp |first=Jennifer L. |last2=Holder-Pearson |first2=Lui |last3=Chase |first3=J. Geoffrey |date=2018-10-13 |title=Insulin Units and Conversion Factors: A Story of Truth, Boots, and Faster Half-Truths |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=597–600 |doi=10.1177/1932296818805074 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=6501531 |pmid=30318910}}</ref> ) har sai an samar da comas, a lokacin ne za a daidaita adadin. A wasu lokutan, ana amfani da allurai har zuwa raka'a 450. <ref name="Maclay">{{Cite journal |last=Maclay |first=WS |year=1953 |title=Death Due to Treatment |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1177/003591575304600103 |pmc=1918466 |pmid=13027286}}</ref> Bayan kimanin 50 ko 60 na suma, ko kuma kafin haka, idan likitan tabin hankali ya yi tunanin cewa an sami mafi girman fa'ida, ana rage yawan insulin cikin sauri kafin a dakatar da magani. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> An rubuta darussan har zuwa shekaru 2. <ref name="Allen" /> Bayan allurar insulin, marasa lafiya za su fuskanci alamu daban-daban na raguwar glucose a jini: fitsari, bushewar fata, gumi, amai, barci ko rashin natsuwa. Idan maganin ya yi yawa sosai, za a yi ta suma. <ref name="Allen" /> Kowace suma za ta ɗauki tsawon awa ɗaya kuma za ta ƙare ta hanyar glucose ta jijiya ko kuma ta hanyar bututun hanci da na ciki. Karyewar jiki ta faru kafin ko kuma lokacin suma. Mutane da yawa za su yi jifa, birgima, nishi, girgiza, girgiza ko kuma su yi ta dukan juna. <ref name="Doroshow2007" /> Wasu likitocin tabin hankali sun ɗauki farfadiya a matsayin magani, kuma a wasu lokutan ana ba wa marasa lafiya maganin electroconvulsive ko maganin cardiazol/metrazol convulsive a lokacin suma, ko kuma a ranar mako lokacin da ba a yi musu maganin insulin ba. Idan ba su cikin suma ba, ana ajiye marasa lafiya da ke cikin insulin tare a cikin rukuni kuma ana ba su kulawa ta musamman. Wani littafi mai suna "Littafin Jagora ga ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali," wanda likitan tabin hankali na Burtaniya Eric Cunningham Dax ya rubuta, ya umurci ma'aikatan jinya da su fitar da marasa lafiyar insulin dinsu suna yawo a waje suna shagaltar da su da wasanni da gasa, tsintar furanni da karanta taswira, da sauransu. Marasa lafiya suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai saboda akwai haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga bayan suma. <ref name="Jones" /> A cikin "gyaran maganin insulin", wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance cututtukan neurosis, an bai wa marasa lafiya ƙananan allurai na insulin (sub-coma). [1] == Manazarta == 9viuv9wi17ajokyjiah9iqdm11reb4s 0 178240 963345 2026-10-05T09:00:26Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244276286|Karl Wilhelm Ideler]]" 963345 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carl_Wilhelm_Ideler.png|right|thumb| Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] '''Karl Wilhelm Ideler''' (25 Oktoba 1795 - 29 Yuli 1860) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus. An haife shi a Bentwisch kuma ya mutu a [[Kumlosen]] kusa da Wittenberge . == Rayuwa da aiki == A shekara ta 1820, ya sami digirin digirgir daga Cibiyar Friedrich Wilhelm da ke Berlin, kuma ya shafe shekaru da dama a matsayin likitan tiyata a biranen Bernau, Rathenow da Genthin . A shekarar 1828, ya koma Berlin a matsayin shugaban sashen kula da cututtukan tabin hankali a Charité . A shekara ta 1840, ya zama cikakken farfesa kuma darektan asibitin masu tabin hankali. Daga shekarar 1839 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1860, ya koyar da azuzuwan a Jami'ar Berlin . Kawunsa sanannen masanin ilmin taurari ne Kirista Ludwig Ideler (1766–1846). [1] Ideler yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane dangane da tunanin tabin hankali na Jamus a rabin farko na ƙarni na 19. Sau da yawa ana kiran wannan zamanin da "makarantar ilimin tabin hankali" ta Jamus. A cikin wallafe-wallafensa da dama, Ideler ya yi nazari kan batutuwa kamar alaƙar tunani da jiki, rashin jituwar [[addini]] da kuma ruɗani na addini. Ideler ya gabatar da ka'idoji masu rikitarwa kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan tunani da yanayin jikin mutum. A lokacin da yake raye, yanayin da ake ciki a Charité ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin ƙyama da rashin tausayi. Ideler, ba tare da ƙin ɗaukar matakan hukunci ba, bai yi ƙoƙari sosai ba don canza waɗannan yanayi. Daga baya, [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] (1817–1868) zai yi kira ga manyan canje-canje ga kyautatawa da kuma kula da masu tabin hankali a Charité. Duk da cewa ana yawan kwatanta Ideler a matsayin samfurin zamanin da ba a waye ba a cikin tunanin tabin hankali, yana da ra'ayoyi da dama da suka yi daidai da nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam na zamani. Ya jaddada muhimmancin rayuwar motsin rai, kuma ya yi imanin cewa sha'awa da ba a cika ba na iya zama tushen tashin hankali. Ya ɗauki sha'awa a matsayin wani nau'i na damuwa ta hankali, kuma likitan yana buƙatar yin nazarin sha'awar da ta haifar da rashin daidaiton tunani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1860]] gwjagibgrwz1qzkmgrfqpoxu7c32go8 963346 963345 2026-10-05T09:01:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244276286|Karl Wilhelm Ideler]]" 963346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carl_Wilhelm_Ideler.png|right|thumb| Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] '''Karl Wilhelm Ideler''' (25 Oktoba 1795 - 29 Yuli 1860) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus. An haife shi a Bentwisch kuma ya mutu a [[Kumlosen]] kusa da Wittenberge.<ref>German biography translated by Google</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == A shekara ta 1820, ya sami digirin digirgir daga Cibiyar Friedrich Wilhelm da ke Berlin, kuma ya shafe shekaru da dama a matsayin likitan tiyata a biranen Bernau, Rathenow da Genthin . A shekarar 1828, ya koma Berlin a matsayin shugaban sashen kula da cututtukan tabin hankali a Charité . A shekara ta 1840, ya zama cikakken farfesa kuma darektan asibitin masu tabin hankali. Daga shekarar 1839 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1860, ya koyar da azuzuwan a Jami'ar Berlin . Kawunsa sanannen masanin ilmin taurari ne Kirista Ludwig Ideler (1766–1846). [1] Ideler yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane dangane da tunanin tabin hankali na Jamus a rabin farko na ƙarni na 19. Sau da yawa ana kiran wannan zamanin da "makarantar ilimin tabin hankali" ta Jamus. A cikin wallafe-wallafensa da dama, Ideler ya yi nazari kan batutuwa kamar alaƙar tunani da jiki, rashin jituwar [[addini]] da kuma ruɗani na addini. Ideler ya gabatar da ka'idoji masu rikitarwa kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan tunani da yanayin jikin mutum. A lokacin da yake raye, yanayin da ake ciki a Charité ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin ƙyama da rashin tausayi. Ideler, ba tare da ƙin ɗaukar matakan hukunci ba, bai yi ƙoƙari sosai ba don canza waɗannan yanayi. Daga baya, [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] (1817–1868) zai yi kira ga manyan canje-canje ga kyautatawa da kuma kula da masu tabin hankali a Charité. Duk da cewa ana yawan kwatanta Ideler a matsayin samfurin zamanin da ba a waye ba a cikin tunanin tabin hankali, yana da ra'ayoyi da dama da suka yi daidai da nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam na zamani. Ya jaddada muhimmancin rayuwar motsin rai, kuma ya yi imanin cewa sha'awa da ba a cika ba na iya zama tushen tashin hankali. Ya ɗauki sha'awa a matsayin wani nau'i na damuwa ta hankali, kuma likitan yana buƙatar yin nazarin sha'awar da ta haifar da rashin daidaiton tunani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1860]] edor9dvirftq171i1lwnne3s2nrig49 963347 963346 2026-10-05T09:01:39Z Sardeeq 39275 963347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Carl_Wilhelm_Ideler.png|right|thumb| Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] '''Karl Wilhelm Ideler''' (25 Oktoba 1795 - 29 Yuli 1860) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus. An haife shi a Bentwisch kuma ya mutu a [[Kumlosen]] kusa da Wittenberge.<ref>German biography translated by Google</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == A shekara ta 1820, ya sami digirin digirgir daga Cibiyar Friedrich Wilhelm da ke Berlin, kuma ya shafe shekaru da dama a matsayin likitan tiyata a biranen Bernau, Rathenow da Genthin . A shekarar 1828, ya koma Berlin a matsayin shugaban sashen kula da cututtukan tabin hankali a Charité . A shekara ta 1840, ya zama cikakken farfesa kuma darektan asibitin masu tabin hankali. Daga shekarar 1839 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1860, ya koyar da azuzuwan a Jami'ar Berlin . Kawunsa sanannen masanin ilmin taurari ne Kirista Ludwig Ideler (1766–1846). [1] Ideler yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane dangane da tunanin tabin hankali na Jamus a rabin farko na ƙarni na 19. Sau da yawa ana kiran wannan zamanin da "makarantar ilimin tabin hankali" ta Jamus. A cikin wallafe-wallafensa da dama, Ideler ya yi nazari kan batutuwa kamar alaƙar tunani da jiki, rashin jituwar [[addini]] da kuma ruɗani na addini. Ideler ya gabatar da ka'idoji masu rikitarwa kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan tunani da yanayin jikin mutum. A lokacin da yake raye, yanayin da ake ciki a Charité ga marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin ƙyama da rashin tausayi. Ideler, ba tare da ƙin ɗaukar matakan hukunci ba, bai yi ƙoƙari sosai ba don canza waɗannan yanayi. Daga baya, [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] (1817–1868) zai yi kira ga manyan canje-canje ga kyautatawa da kuma kula da masu tabin hankali a Charité. Duk da cewa ana yawan kwatanta Ideler a matsayin samfurin zamanin da ba a waye ba a cikin tunanin tabin hankali, yana da ra'ayoyi da dama da suka yi daidai da nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam na zamani. Ya jaddada muhimmancin rayuwar motsin rai, kuma ya yi imanin cewa sha'awa da ba a cika ba na iya zama tushen tashin hankali. Ya ɗauki sha'awa a matsayin wani nau'i na damuwa ta hankali, kuma likitan yana buƙatar yin nazarin sha'awar da ta haifar da rashin daidaiton tunani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1860]] iblt2gamcwhly9j0u2ivtkwk1tyx74d 3 178241 963352 2026-10-05T09:17:17Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 963352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}}[[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 09:17, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) aijszh84nahtypp505uo5a1x5fe424z 0 178242 963354 2026-10-05T09:25:28Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347469867|Little Arpad]]" 963354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙaramin Arpad''' [Bandi, 'Mutumin Zakara'] sunan da aka bai wa tarihin wani yaro mai ganewar zakara da kuma sha'awarsa ta masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Sandor Ferenczi . == Lura == A cikin kasidarsa ta 1913 a cikin ''Mujallar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya'', "A Little Chant'cleer", Ferenczi ya ba da rahoto game da shari'ar wani yaro, wanda zakara ya kai masa hari, wanda daga baya ya ɗauki matsayin zakara duk inda zai yiwu, a cikin misali na farko na gane shi da mai kai hari . Ko dai ya yi koyi kai tsaye, ko kuma ya yi magana game da zakaru kawai; kuma ya yi wasa da zakaru na kayan wasa kawai. == Amfanin Freud == [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] ya yi amfani da misalin Little Arpad, tare da [[Herbert Graf|Little Hans]], don tallafawa ka'idarsa ta uba a matsayin totem a cikin littafinsa na 1913 ''Totem da Taboo'' . Daga baya Peter Gay ya soki shi saboda yin watsi da aƙalla hujjoji masu ƙarfi game da ra'ayin Arpad game da mahaifiyarsa: "Ya kamata mutum ya saka mahaifiyata a cikin tukunya ya dafa ta, to za a sami uwa mai kiyayewa kuma zan iya cinye ta". == Zaɓin waƙoƙi == Zabin Arpad na waƙoƙin da zai rera shi ma ya samo asali ne daga sha'awarsa ta zakara - wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idar Freud kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 1901 mai suna The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . [1] == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Ambivalence]] *[[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] *[[Counterphobic attitude]] *[[Vamik Volkan]] *[[Sergei Pankejeff|Wolfman]]}} == Manazarta == qevgucsgecd5mdwna28x93baukylvin 963355 963354 2026-10-05T09:26:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347469867|Little Arpad]]" 963355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙaramin Arpad''' [Bandi, 'Mutumin Zakara'] sunan da aka bai wa tarihin wani yaro mai ganewar zakara da kuma sha'awarsa ta masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Sandor Ferenczi.<ref>R. Lockwood, Cruelty to Animal and Interpersonal Violence (1998) p. 8</ref> == Lura == A cikin kasidarsa ta 1913 a cikin ''Mujallar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya'', "A Little Chant'cleer", Ferenczi ya ba da rahoto game da shari'ar wani yaro, wanda zakara ya kai masa hari, wanda daga baya ya ɗauki matsayin zakara duk inda zai yiwu, a cikin misali na farko na gane shi da mai kai hari . Ko dai ya yi koyi kai tsaye, ko kuma ya yi magana game da zakaru kawai; kuma ya yi wasa da zakaru na kayan wasa kawai. == Amfanin Freud == [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] ya yi amfani da misalin Little Arpad, tare da [[Herbert Graf|Little Hans]], don tallafawa ka'idarsa ta uba a matsayin totem a cikin littafinsa na 1913 ''Totem da Taboo'' . Daga baya Peter Gay ya soki shi saboda yin watsi da aƙalla hujjoji masu ƙarfi game da ra'ayin Arpad game da mahaifiyarsa: "Ya kamata mutum ya saka mahaifiyata a cikin tukunya ya dafa ta, to za a sami uwa mai kiyayewa kuma zan iya cinye ta". == Zaɓin waƙoƙi == Zabin Arpad na waƙoƙin da zai rera shi ma ya samo asali ne daga sha'awarsa ta zakara - wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idar Freud kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 1901 mai suna The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . [1] == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Ambivalence]] *[[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] *[[Counterphobic attitude]] *[[Vamik Volkan]] *[[Sergei Pankejeff|Wolfman]]}} == Manazarta == 9poe53jwc4ywb2zm7ao31qnj8ckx42b 963356 963355 2026-10-05T09:26:20Z Sardeeq 39275 963356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙaramin Arpad''' [Bandi, 'Mutumin Zakara'] sunan da aka bai wa tarihin wani yaro mai ganewar zakara da kuma sha'awarsa ta masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Sandor Ferenczi.<ref>R. Lockwood, Cruelty to Animal and Interpersonal Violence (1998) p. 8</ref> == Lura == A cikin kasidarsa ta 1913 a cikin ''Mujallar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya'', "A Little Chant'cleer", Ferenczi ya ba da rahoto game da shari'ar wani yaro, wanda zakara ya kai masa hari, wanda daga baya ya ɗauki matsayin zakara duk inda zai yiwu, a cikin misali na farko na gane shi da mai kai hari . Ko dai ya yi koyi kai tsaye, ko kuma ya yi magana game da zakaru kawai; kuma ya yi wasa da zakaru na kayan wasa kawai. == Amfanin Freud == [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] ya yi amfani da misalin Little Arpad, tare da [[Herbert Graf|Little Hans]], don tallafawa ka'idarsa ta uba a matsayin totem a cikin littafinsa na 1913 ''Totem da Taboo'' . Daga baya Peter Gay ya soki shi saboda yin watsi da aƙalla hujjoji masu ƙarfi game da ra'ayin Arpad game da mahaifiyarsa: "Ya kamata mutum ya saka mahaifiyata a cikin tukunya ya dafa ta, to za a sami uwa mai kiyayewa kuma zan iya cinye ta". == Zaɓin waƙoƙi == Zabin Arpad na waƙoƙin da zai rera shi ma ya samo asali ne daga sha'awarsa ta zakara - wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idar Freud kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 1901 mai suna The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . [1] == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[Ambivalence]] *[[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] *[[Counterphobic attitude]] *[[Vamik Volkan]] *[[Sergei Pankejeff|Wolfman]]}} == Manazarta == ad86or847h27g5ho0pa0gek6appobp1 0 178243 963357 2026-10-05T09:27:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289555138|Maxime Laignel-Lavastine]]" 963357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul-Marie Maxime Laignel-Lavastine''', an haife shi a Évreux, [[Faransa]] a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1875, daga wani iyali da asalinsa daga Elbeuf, Faransa, kuma ya mutu a [[Faris|Paris]] a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1953, ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Faransa. == Bayanin Tarihin Rayuwa == Maxime ya fito ne daga dangin likitoci da dama: kakansa na uwa, Louis Bidault, ya sami matsayi na 7 a cikin jerin [[Paris hospital internship|horon asibiti na Paris]] a shekarar 1842, kuma kakansa, Jacques Daviel, shine wanda ya ƙirƙiro aikin tiyatar [[cataract]] ta hanyar cire ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cf. Alain Ségal & Alain Lellouch, bibliographie |url=http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181011/http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5.htm |archive-date=2019-01-07 |access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Évreux, inda ya lashe gasar tarihi da tarihin halitta, ya fara karatun likitanci a Paris kuma ya zama ɗalibin Joseph Babinski . Yana da sha'awar ilimin neuroanatomy, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin laifuka, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . Ya kuma sadaukar da kansa ga nazarin tarihin likitanci . Laignel-Lavastine ya goyi bayan shirin ɗalibinsa, [[Isidore Simon]], lokacin da ya kafa Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magungunan Yahudawa kuma ya amince ya zama shugaban girmamawa. <ref>Isidore Simon (dir.), special issue devoted to M. Laignel-Lavastine. ''Journal of the History of Jewish Medicine'', 1954, n{{0}} 21, 57-120.</ref> A Cibiyar Asibitin Sainte-Anne da ke Paris, ya sami Shugaban Tarihin Magunguna a 1931 da kuma Shugaban Cututtukan Hankali a 1939, inda ya maye gurbin Henri Claude, wanda ya kasance shugaban Cututtukan Hankali daga 1922 zuwa 1939. (A shekara ta 1942, [[Joseph Lévy-Valensi]] ya gaje shi a wannan matsayin, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1943.) Babban aikinsa kuma mai ƙirƙira shi ne koyarwarsa a Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Laifuka da ke Paris . Ya kuma kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Magunguna da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, Makarantar Ilimin Dan Adam da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Laifuka ta Duniya. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Tarihin Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ya rubuta tare da wani littafi na ilimin tabin hankali, kuma tare da V. Vanciu da Étienne De Greeff, sun buga wani rubutu na ilimin laifuka. Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga wani littafi na Alfred Adler, ''La Sens de la vie'' (Payot:{{ISBN|2-228-89531-8}} ) (an fara buga shi a Jamusanci kamar ''Der Sinn des Lebens'', kuma an buga shi a cikin fassarar Turanci daban-daban kamar ''Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind'' and ''Social Interest: Adler's Key to the Ma'anar Rayuwa'' ). Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam [[Maurice Bouvet (psychoanalyst)|Maurice Bouvet]] da [[René Held]] suna cikin ɗalibansa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . A shekarar 1933, ya kafa mujallar Hippocrate tare da Farfesa Maurice Klippel . Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar International Society for the History of Medicine daga 1946 zuwa 1953. [1] == Manazarta == fv6xjg83b6map8wp08ppuqpckva948n 963358 963357 2026-10-05T09:28:09Z Sardeeq 39275 963358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul-Marie Maxime Laignel-Lavastine''', an haife shi a Évreux, [[Faransa]] a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1875, daga wani iyali da asalinsa daga Elbeuf, Faransa, kuma ya mutu a [[Faris|Paris]] a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1953, ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Faransa. == Bayanin Tarihin Rayuwa == Maxime ya fito ne daga dangin likitoci da dama: kakansa na uwa, Louis Bidault, ya sami matsayi na 7 a cikin jerin [[Paris hospital internship|horon asibiti na Paris]] a shekarar 1842, kuma kakansa, Jacques Daviel, shine wanda ya ƙirƙiro aikin tiyatar [[cataract]] ta hanyar cire ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cf. Alain Ségal & Alain Lellouch, bibliographie |url=http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181011/http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/histoire5.htm |archive-date=2019-01-07 |access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Évreux, inda ya lashe gasar tarihi da tarihin halitta, ya fara karatun likitanci a Paris kuma ya zama ɗalibin Joseph Babinski . Yana da sha'awar ilimin neuroanatomy, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin laifuka, da kuma ilimin tabin hankali . Ya kuma sadaukar da kansa ga nazarin tarihin likitanci . Laignel-Lavastine ya goyi bayan shirin ɗalibinsa, [[Isidore Simon]], lokacin da ya kafa Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magungunan Yahudawa kuma ya amince ya zama shugaban girmamawa. <ref>Isidore Simon (dir.), special issue devoted to M. Laignel-Lavastine. ''Journal of the History of Jewish Medicine'', 1954, n{{0}} 21, 57-120.</ref> A Cibiyar Asibitin Sainte-Anne da ke Paris, ya sami Shugaban Tarihin Magunguna a 1931 da kuma Shugaban Cututtukan Hankali a 1939, inda ya maye gurbin Henri Claude, wanda ya kasance shugaban Cututtukan Hankali daga 1922 zuwa 1939. (A shekara ta 1942, [[Joseph Lévy-Valensi]] ya gaje shi a wannan matsayin, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1943.) Babban aikinsa kuma mai ƙirƙira shi ne koyarwarsa a Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Laifuka da ke Paris . Ya kuma kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Magunguna da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, Makarantar Ilimin Dan Adam da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Laifuka ta Duniya. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Tarihin Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ya rubuta tare da wani littafi na ilimin tabin hankali, kuma tare da V. Vanciu da Étienne De Greeff, sun buga wani rubutu na ilimin laifuka. Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga wani littafi na Alfred Adler, ''La Sens de la vie'' (Payot:{{ISBN|2-228-89531-8}} ) (an fara buga shi a Jamusanci kamar ''Der Sinn des Lebens'', kuma an buga shi a cikin fassarar Turanci daban-daban kamar ''Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind'' and ''Social Interest: Adler's Key to the Ma'anar Rayuwa'' ). Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam [[Maurice Bouvet (psychoanalyst)|Maurice Bouvet]] da [[René Held]] suna cikin ɗalibansa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . A shekarar 1933, ya kafa mujallar Hippocrate tare da Farfesa Maurice Klippel . Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar International Society for the History of Medicine daga 1946 zuwa 1953. [1] == Manazarta == tsmu3olvozpvd6iqthmq3acsal5x1gi 0 178244 963359 2026-10-05T09:30:33Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372939918|Richard von Krafft-Ebing]]" 963359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing''' (cikakken suna '''Richard Fridolin Joseph Freiherr Krafft von Festenberg auf Frohnberg, genannt von Ebing''' ; 14 Agusta 1840 - 22 Disamba 1902) likitan hauka na Jamus ne kuma marubucin aikin tushen ''Psychopathia'' (1 Sexu88). == Rayuwa da aiki == [[File:Krafft_ebing_uniwien.jpg|thumb| Richard von Krafft-Ebing, hoton [[Richard Kauffungen]], farfajiyar Jami'ar Vienna]] === Bayani da ilimi === [[File:Krafft-Ebingsches_Familienwappen.jpg|thumb| Alamar iyali ta Krafft-Ebing]] An haifi Richard von Krafft-Ebing a matsayin ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Friedrich Karl Konrad Christoph von Krafft-Ebing, wani babban jami'i a Grand Duchy na Baden . Mahaifiyarsa Klara Antonia Carolina 'yar shahararren masanin shari'a na Heidelberg kuma lauyan kare shi Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier ce. An bai wa zuriyarsa ta uba a shekarar 1770 ta hannun Empress Maria Theresia kuma aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin Baronial a shekarar 1805 ta hannun Emperor Franz II (a matsayin Franz I, Sarkin Austria).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} Saboda ƙaura ta musamman da mahaifinsa ya yi, iyalin sun fara ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban a Baden sannan daga baya suka koma Heidelberg . A Heidelberg, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, bayan ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda kakansa ya koyar da shari'a, ya koma karatun likitanci. Ya ci jarrabawar jiha a shekarar 1863 " ''summa cum laude'' " tare da aikinsa a kan "Sensory Delusions" kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin likitanci. A lokacin karatunsa, ya zama memba na ''[[Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg]]'' a zangon karatu na hunturu na 1858/59. === Aikin likita na farko === Farfadowa daga wani ciwon typhoid ya sa ya yi bazara a Zürich, inda ya saba da nazarin [[Anatomy|kwakwalwar]] [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] . Ya lura da ayyukan ibada a [[Vienna]], [[Prag|Prague]], da [[Berlin]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya daga 1864 zuwa 1868, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin kwakwalwa na Baden [[Illenau]] - musamman a ƙarƙashin Christian Roller da [[Karl Hergt]] - yana samun ƙwarewa a fannin magani da kula da masu tabin hankali da kuma waɗanda ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da abota ta tsawon rai da abokin aikinsa [[Heinrich Schüle]] (1840–1916), wanda daga baya ya zama darektan wannan cibiyar (daga 1890).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin 1868, von Krafft-Ebing ya kafa nasa aikin a matsayin likitan neurologist a Baden-Baden . A farkon aikinsa, ya kula da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa Friedrich, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani tsawon watanni da dama. Bayan ya sha kaye a yaƙin neman rayuwar ɗan'uwansa, wanda yake ɗan shekara 24 kacal, tafiya ce ta gyara hali da kuma ta mayar da hankali kan fasaha, tare da ziyartar cibiyoyin kula da tabin hankali da na jijiyoyi, ya kai shi makonni da dama yana yawo a kudancin Turai. A lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Prussia (1870/71), ya fara aiki a matsayin likitan filin wasa tare da matsayin kyaftin a Rundunar Baden sannan aka mayar da shi likitan asibiti zuwa sansanin [[Fortress Rastatt|soja na Fortress Rastatt]] . An tattara abubuwan da ya lura da su, musamman game da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar [[typhus]], a cikin wani littafi na musamman. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki da ke Baden-Baden, musamman don kula da sojojin da suka ji rauni a jijiyoyi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} === Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Strasbourg da Graz === [[File:Feldhof.jpg|thumb| Feldhof (Katin wasiƙa, mai kwanan wata 24 ga Yuli 1898)]] Von Krafft-Ebing ya riga ya yi alfahari da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya masu ban sha'awa, yana da sha'awar neman aikin ilimi. Bayan wani lacca da aka yi a Leipzig a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban sashen likitanci, Wunderlich, an yi tsammanin yanke shawara kan lafiyarsa nan ba da jimawa ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1872, von Krafft-Ebing ya sami damar buɗe asibitinsa na tabin hankali a Strasbourg . Bayan shekaru ɗaya a sabon Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Hauka na Jami'ar Strasbourg —asibitin jami'ar ya ƙunshi gadaje biyu a ɗaki na maza, wani ɗaki mai gadaje biyu na mata, da kuma ɗakuna biyu don kula da asibiti—farfesa ɗan jami'a mai shekaru 32 yanzu ya jure wa waɗannan ƙuntatawa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Ta hanyar shiga tsakani na malaminsa Roller, an naɗa shi a shekara ta 1873 a matsayin darektan sabuwar Styrian State Asylum [[LKH Graz II Standort Süd|Feldhof]] da aka kafa kusa da Graz, kuma a lokaci guda aka ba shi Shugaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Graz . A shekara mai zuwa, matarsa Maria Luise Kißling (1846–1903), wacce asalinta daga Baden-Baden ce, ta haɗu da shi a can. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 1874, ya buɗe asibitin a Graz kuma ya jagoranci shi har zuwa 1880. Bayan shekaru da dama na ƙoƙari, a ƙarshe ya sami sauƙi daga nauyin aikinsa biyu ta yadda zai iya barin shugabancin cibiyar Feldhof. Da gyare-gyare masu dacewa a asibitin da kuma nadinsa zuwa cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1885, shi kaɗai ne Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dul1gwoycy576iswa1wemu0xsgopcxs 963360 963359 2026-10-05T09:32:00Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372939918|Richard von Krafft-Ebing]]" 963360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing''' (cikakken suna '''Richard Fridolin Joseph Freiherr Krafft von Festenberg auf Frohnberg, genannt von Ebing''' ; 14 Agusta 1840 - 22 Disamba 1902) likitan hauka na Jamus ne kuma marubucin aikin tushen ''Psychopathia'' (1 Sexu88).<ref>Crystal, David (1994). The Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 536. <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-43421-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Membership Directory of Burschenschaft Frankonia to Heidelberg. 1956–1966. Heidelberg 1966, p. 9.</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == [[File:Krafft_ebing_uniwien.jpg|thumb| Richard von Krafft-Ebing, hoton [[Richard Kauffungen]], farfajiyar Jami'ar Vienna]] === Bayani da ilimi === [[File:Krafft-Ebingsches_Familienwappen.jpg|thumb| Alamar iyali ta Krafft-Ebing]] An haifi Richard von Krafft-Ebing a matsayin ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Friedrich Karl Konrad Christoph von Krafft-Ebing, wani babban jami'i a Grand Duchy na Baden . Mahaifiyarsa Klara Antonia Carolina 'yar shahararren masanin shari'a na Heidelberg kuma lauyan kare shi Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier ce. An bai wa zuriyarsa ta uba a shekarar 1770 ta hannun Empress Maria Theresia kuma aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin Baronial a shekarar 1805 ta hannun Emperor Franz II (a matsayin Franz I, Sarkin Austria).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} Saboda ƙaura ta musamman da mahaifinsa ya yi, iyalin sun fara ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban a Baden sannan daga baya suka koma Heidelberg . A Heidelberg, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, bayan ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda kakansa ya koyar da shari'a, ya koma karatun likitanci. Ya ci jarrabawar jiha a shekarar 1863 " ''summa cum laude'' " tare da aikinsa a kan "Sensory Delusions" kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin likitanci. A lokacin karatunsa, ya zama memba na ''[[Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg]]'' a zangon karatu na hunturu na 1858/59. === Aikin likita na farko === Farfadowa daga wani ciwon typhoid ya sa ya yi bazara a Zürich, inda ya saba da nazarin [[Anatomy|kwakwalwar]] [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] . Ya lura da ayyukan ibada a [[Vienna]], [[Prag|Prague]], da [[Berlin]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya daga 1864 zuwa 1868, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin kwakwalwa na Baden [[Illenau]] - musamman a ƙarƙashin Christian Roller da [[Karl Hergt]] - yana samun ƙwarewa a fannin magani da kula da masu tabin hankali da kuma waɗanda ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da abota ta tsawon rai da abokin aikinsa [[Heinrich Schüle]] (1840–1916), wanda daga baya ya zama darektan wannan cibiyar (daga 1890).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin 1868, von Krafft-Ebing ya kafa nasa aikin a matsayin likitan neurologist a Baden-Baden . A farkon aikinsa, ya kula da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa Friedrich, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani tsawon watanni da dama. Bayan ya sha kaye a yaƙin neman rayuwar ɗan'uwansa, wanda yake ɗan shekara 24 kacal, tafiya ce ta gyara hali da kuma ta mayar da hankali kan fasaha, tare da ziyartar cibiyoyin kula da tabin hankali da na jijiyoyi, ya kai shi makonni da dama yana yawo a kudancin Turai. A lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Prussia (1870/71), ya fara aiki a matsayin likitan filin wasa tare da matsayin kyaftin a Rundunar Baden sannan aka mayar da shi likitan asibiti zuwa sansanin [[Fortress Rastatt|soja na Fortress Rastatt]] . An tattara abubuwan da ya lura da su, musamman game da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar [[typhus]], a cikin wani littafi na musamman. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki da ke Baden-Baden, musamman don kula da sojojin da suka ji rauni a jijiyoyi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} === Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Strasbourg da Graz === [[File:Feldhof.jpg|thumb| Feldhof (Katin wasiƙa, mai kwanan wata 24 ga Yuli 1898)]] Von Krafft-Ebing ya riga ya yi alfahari da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya masu ban sha'awa, yana da sha'awar neman aikin ilimi. Bayan wani lacca da aka yi a Leipzig a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban sashen likitanci, Wunderlich, an yi tsammanin yanke shawara kan lafiyarsa nan ba da jimawa ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1872, von Krafft-Ebing ya sami damar buɗe asibitinsa na tabin hankali a Strasbourg . Bayan shekaru ɗaya a sabon Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Hauka na Jami'ar Strasbourg —asibitin jami'ar ya ƙunshi gadaje biyu a ɗaki na maza, wani ɗaki mai gadaje biyu na mata, da kuma ɗakuna biyu don kula da asibiti—farfesa ɗan jami'a mai shekaru 32 yanzu ya jure wa waɗannan ƙuntatawa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Ta hanyar shiga tsakani na malaminsa Roller, an naɗa shi a shekara ta 1873 a matsayin darektan sabuwar Styrian State Asylum [[LKH Graz II Standort Süd|Feldhof]] da aka kafa kusa da Graz, kuma a lokaci guda aka ba shi Shugaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Graz . A shekara mai zuwa, matarsa Maria Luise Kißling (1846–1903), wacce asalinta daga Baden-Baden ce, ta haɗu da shi a can. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 1874, ya buɗe asibitin a Graz kuma ya jagoranci shi har zuwa 1880. Bayan shekaru da dama na ƙoƙari, a ƙarshe ya sami sauƙi daga nauyin aikinsa biyu ta yadda zai iya barin shugabancin cibiyar Feldhof. Da gyare-gyare masu dacewa a asibitin da kuma nadinsa zuwa cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1885, shi kaɗai ne Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f3ub8r9mrps504kiwykfrmippfg5ixd 963361 963360 2026-10-05T09:32:20Z Sardeeq 39275 963361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing''' (cikakken suna '''Richard Fridolin Joseph Freiherr Krafft von Festenberg auf Frohnberg, genannt von Ebing''' ; 14 Agusta 1840 - 22 Disamba 1902) likitan hauka na Jamus ne kuma marubucin aikin tushen ''Psychopathia'' (1 Sexu88).<ref>Crystal, David (1994). The Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 536. <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-43421-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Membership Directory of Burschenschaft Frankonia to Heidelberg. 1956–1966. Heidelberg 1966, p. 9.</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == [[File:Krafft_ebing_uniwien.jpg|thumb| Richard von Krafft-Ebing, hoton [[Richard Kauffungen]], farfajiyar Jami'ar Vienna]] === Bayani da ilimi === [[File:Krafft-Ebingsches_Familienwappen.jpg|thumb| Alamar iyali ta Krafft-Ebing]] An haifi Richard von Krafft-Ebing a matsayin ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Friedrich Karl Konrad Christoph von Krafft-Ebing, wani babban jami'i a Grand Duchy na Baden . Mahaifiyarsa Klara Antonia Carolina 'yar shahararren masanin shari'a na Heidelberg kuma lauyan kare shi Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier ce. An bai wa zuriyarsa ta uba a shekarar 1770 ta hannun Empress Maria Theresia kuma aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin Baronial a shekarar 1805 ta hannun Emperor Franz II (a matsayin Franz I, Sarkin Austria).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} Saboda ƙaura ta musamman da mahaifinsa ya yi, iyalin sun fara ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban a Baden sannan daga baya suka koma Heidelberg . A Heidelberg, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, bayan ya ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda kakansa ya koyar da shari'a, ya koma karatun likitanci. Ya ci jarrabawar jiha a shekarar 1863 " ''summa cum laude'' " tare da aikinsa a kan "Sensory Delusions" kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin likitanci. A lokacin karatunsa, ya zama memba na ''[[Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg]]'' a zangon karatu na hunturu na 1858/59. === Aikin likita na farko === Farfadowa daga wani ciwon typhoid ya sa ya yi bazara a Zürich, inda ya saba da nazarin [[Anatomy|kwakwalwar]] [[Wilhelm Griesinger]] . Ya lura da ayyukan ibada a [[Vienna]], [[Prag|Prague]], da [[Berlin]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya daga 1864 zuwa 1868, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin kwakwalwa na Baden [[Illenau]] - musamman a ƙarƙashin Christian Roller da [[Karl Hergt]] - yana samun ƙwarewa a fannin magani da kula da masu tabin hankali da kuma waɗanda ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da abota ta tsawon rai da abokin aikinsa [[Heinrich Schüle]] (1840–1916), wanda daga baya ya zama darektan wannan cibiyar (daga 1890).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A cikin 1868, von Krafft-Ebing ya kafa nasa aikin a matsayin likitan neurologist a Baden-Baden . A farkon aikinsa, ya kula da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa Friedrich, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani tsawon watanni da dama. Bayan ya sha kaye a yaƙin neman rayuwar ɗan'uwansa, wanda yake ɗan shekara 24 kacal, tafiya ce ta gyara hali da kuma ta mayar da hankali kan fasaha, tare da ziyartar cibiyoyin kula da tabin hankali da na jijiyoyi, ya kai shi makonni da dama yana yawo a kudancin Turai. A lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Prussia (1870/71), ya fara aiki a matsayin likitan filin wasa tare da matsayin kyaftin a Rundunar Baden sannan aka mayar da shi likitan asibiti zuwa sansanin [[Fortress Rastatt|soja na Fortress Rastatt]] . An tattara abubuwan da ya lura da su, musamman game da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar [[typhus]], a cikin wani littafi na musamman. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki da ke Baden-Baden, musamman don kula da sojojin da suka ji rauni a jijiyoyi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} === Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Strasbourg da Graz === [[File:Feldhof.jpg|thumb| Feldhof (Katin wasiƙa, mai kwanan wata 24 ga Yuli 1898)]] Von Krafft-Ebing ya riga ya yi alfahari da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya masu ban sha'awa, yana da sha'awar neman aikin ilimi. Bayan wani lacca da aka yi a Leipzig a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban sashen likitanci, Wunderlich, an yi tsammanin yanke shawara kan lafiyarsa nan ba da jimawa ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1872, von Krafft-Ebing ya sami damar buɗe asibitinsa na tabin hankali a Strasbourg . Bayan shekaru ɗaya a sabon Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Hauka na Jami'ar Strasbourg —asibitin jami'ar ya ƙunshi gadaje biyu a ɗaki na maza, wani ɗaki mai gadaje biyu na mata, da kuma ɗakuna biyu don kula da asibiti—farfesa ɗan jami'a mai shekaru 32 yanzu ya jure wa waɗannan ƙuntatawa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Ta hanyar shiga tsakani na malaminsa Roller, an naɗa shi a shekara ta 1873 a matsayin darektan sabuwar Styrian State Asylum [[LKH Graz II Standort Süd|Feldhof]] da aka kafa kusa da Graz, kuma a lokaci guda aka ba shi Shugaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Graz . A shekara mai zuwa, matarsa Maria Luise Kißling (1846–1903), wacce asalinta daga Baden-Baden ce, ta haɗu da shi a can. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 1874, ya buɗe asibitin a Graz kuma ya jagoranci shi har zuwa 1880. Bayan shekaru da dama na ƙoƙari, a ƙarshe ya sami sauƙi daga nauyin aikinsa biyu ta yadda zai iya barin shugabancin cibiyar Feldhof. Da gyare-gyare masu dacewa a asibitin da kuma nadinsa zuwa cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1885, shi kaɗai ne Farfesa a fannin tabin hankali. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d9cejyxx6cmfpi132rxs6wqalihtvcl 0 178245 963362 2026-10-05T09:34:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372442817|Emil Kraepelin]]" 963362 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emil Wilhelm Georg Magnus''' / ( / ˈkrə pəl ɪn / ;{{IPA|de|ˈeːmiːl 'kʁɛːpəliːn|lang}} ; 15 ga Fabrairu 1856 - 7 ga Oktoba 1926) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus. Abokin aikinsa Hans Eysenck 's ''Encyclopedia of Psychology'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke da alhakin kafa harsashin ilimin tabin hankali na zamani, psychopharmacology, da kuma ilimin halittar kwakwalwa. Kraepelin ya yi imanin cewa babban tushen [[Cuta|cututtukan]] tabin hankali shine haɗuwa da tsarin halittu da kuma [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|matsalar kwayoyin halitta]] ko rashin aiki. Ka'idojin Kraepelin sun mamaye ilimin tabin hankali a farkon karni na 20, kuma duk da tasirin [[Sigmund Freud]] da almajiransa daga baya, sun ji daɗin farfaɗowa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Duk da cewa ya ayyana matakan da ya ɗauka na tattara bayanai "ta hanyar nazarin ƙwararru kan lamuran da suka shafi mutum ɗaya," ya kuma yi amfani da rahotannin da aka bayar na lura da jami'ai waɗanda ba su da horo a fannin tabin hankali. Littattafan karatu na Kraepelin ba su ƙunshi cikakkun [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin shari'o'in lafiya]] na mutane ba, maimakon haka suna ba da tarin maganganu da halaye na yau da kullun daga marasa lafiya da ke da takamaiman ganewar asali.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} An bayyana Kraepelin a matsayin "manajan kimiyya" kuma "mai gudanar da harkokin siyasa" wanda ya ƙirƙiro "babban shirin bincike mai zurfi, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} Wasu daga cikin ka'idodin Kraepelin an ɗauke su a matsayin [[wariyar launin fata]] ko kuma [[wariya]] ga wasu. <ref name="Engstrom2007">{{Cite journal |last=Engstrom |first=E. J. |date=1 September 2007 |title=On the Question of Degeneration' by Emil Kraepelin (1908)1 |url=http://134.76.163.171:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10898/1/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X07079689.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[History of Psychiatry (journal)|History of Psychiatry]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=389–398 |doi=10.1177/0957154X07079689 |pmid=18175639 |s2cid=46482747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526013902/http://134.76.163.171:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10898/1/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X07079689.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2013}}.</ref> <ref name="Shepherd 174–183">{{Cite journal |last=Shepherd |first=M. |date=1 August 1995 |title=Two faces of Emil Kraepelin |journal=[[The British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=174–183 |doi=10.1192/bjp.167.2.174 |pmid=7582666 |s2cid=37204909}}</ref> == Iyali da rayuwar farko == An haifi Kraepelin, wanda mahaifinsa, Karl Wilhelm, tsohon mawaƙin opera ne, malamin kiɗa, kuma daga baya ya yi nasara a fannin ba da labari, a shekara ta 1856 a Neustrelitz, a Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz a Jamus . Ɗan'uwansa Karl, wanda ya girmi shekaru 10, kuma daga baya, darektan Gidan Tarihi na Naturhistorisches Hamburg ne ya fara gabatar da shi ga ilmin halittu. == Ilimi da aiki == [[File:Kraepelin.JPG|thumb| Kabari a Heidelberg (2008)]] Kraepelin ya fara karatun likitanci a shekarar 1874 a [[Jami'ar Leipzig]] kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Würzburg (1877–1878). A Leipzig, ya yi karatun ilimin cututtukan jijiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Paul Flechsig da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji tare da Wilhelm Wundt . Kraepelin zai zama almajirin Wundt kuma yana da sha'awar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji bisa ga ka'idojinsa. A lokacin da yake can, Kraepelin ya rubuta wani muƙala mai lambar yabo, "Tasirin Rashin Lafiya Mai Tsanani a Cikin Sanadin Matsalolin Hankali". A Würzburg, ya kammala ''Rigorosum'' ɗinsa (kusan daidai da jarrabawar PhD ta viva-voce, a zahiri "jarrabawar mai tsauri") a watan Maris na 1878, jarrabawar ''Staatsexamen'' (jarrabawar lasisi) a watan Yuli na 1878, da kuma ''amincewarsa'' (lasisinsa na yin aikin likitanci; kusan daidai da MBBS ) a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1878. Daga Agusta 1878 zuwa 1882, <ref name="HGL" /> ya yi aiki tare da [[Bernhard von Gudden]] a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan ya dawo Jami'ar Leipzig a watan Fabrairun 1882, ya yi aiki a asibitin jijiyoyi na Wilhelm Heinrich Erb da kuma dakin gwaje-gwajen psychopharmacology na Wundt. Ya kammala takardar karatunsa ''ta gyaran hali'' - babban wallafe-wallafe da tsarin bayan digiri - a Leipzig; <ref name="HGL" /> an yi masa taken "Matsayin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam". <ref name="Alic2001" /> A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1883, ya kammala ''[[:de:umhabilitation|umhabilitation]]'' (tsarin gane lafiyar jiki don samun "gyaran jiki" a wata cibiya da ba ta da wacce aka nema a farko) a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. <ref name="HGL" /> Babban aikin Kraepelin, ''Compendium der Psychiatrie: Zum Gebrauche für Studirende und Aerzte'' ( ''Compendium of Psychiatry: Don Amfani da Dalibai da Likitoci'' ), an fara buga shi a cikin 1883 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin bugu na multivolume na gaba zuwa ''Ein Lehrbuch der Psychiatry'' ''Foundation'' . ). A cikinsa, ya yi jayayya cewa ilimin tabin hankali wani reshe ne na kimiyyar likitanci kuma ya kamata a binciki shi ta hanyar lura da gwaji kamar sauran kimiyyar halitta. Ya yi kira da a yi bincike kan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan kwakwalwa, sannan ya fara kafa tushen tsarin rarrabawa na zamani don cututtukan kwakwalwa. Kraepelin ya ba da shawarar cewa ta hanyar nazarin tarihin shari'o'i da kuma gano takamaiman cututtuka, za a iya hasashen ci gaban cututtukan tabin hankali, bayan la'akari da bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin halayen mutum da shekarun marasa lafiya a farkon cutar. A shekara ta 1884, ya zama babban likita a garin Leubus na lardin Prussian, lardin Silesia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa aka naɗa shi darektan Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Jinya da ke Dresden . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1886, [1] yana da shekaru 30, an nada Kraepelin a matsayin Farfesa na Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Imperial ta Dorpat (a yau Jami'ar Tartu ) a abin da ake kira Tartu a yau, Estonia (duba Burgmair et al., vol. IV). Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1890, [1] ya zama shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1904. [2] A lokacin da yake Dorpat, ya zama darektan Asibitin Jami'a mai gadaje 80, inda ya fara nazari da kuma rubuta tarihin asibiti da yawa dalla-dalla kuma "an sa shi ya yi la'akari da mahimmancin yadda cutar ta kasance dangane da rarrabuwar cututtukan tabin hankali". == Manazarta == fyhnhn7srxf54zyqfz9u01l9m0yin2w 963363 963362 2026-10-05T09:34:50Z Sardeeq 39275 963363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emil Wilhelm Georg Magnus''' / ( / ˈkrə pəl ɪn / ;{{IPA|de|ˈeːmiːl 'kʁɛːpəliːn|lang}} ; 15 ga Fabrairu 1856 - 7 ga Oktoba 1926) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus. Abokin aikinsa Hans Eysenck 's ''Encyclopedia of Psychology'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke da alhakin kafa harsashin ilimin tabin hankali na zamani, psychopharmacology, da kuma ilimin halittar kwakwalwa. Kraepelin ya yi imanin cewa babban tushen [[Cuta|cututtukan]] tabin hankali shine haɗuwa da tsarin halittu da kuma [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|matsalar kwayoyin halitta]] ko rashin aiki. Ka'idojin Kraepelin sun mamaye ilimin tabin hankali a farkon karni na 20, kuma duk da tasirin [[Sigmund Freud]] da almajiransa daga baya, sun ji daɗin farfaɗowa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Duk da cewa ya ayyana matakan da ya ɗauka na tattara bayanai "ta hanyar nazarin ƙwararru kan lamuran da suka shafi mutum ɗaya," ya kuma yi amfani da rahotannin da aka bayar na lura da jami'ai waɗanda ba su da horo a fannin tabin hankali. Littattafan karatu na Kraepelin ba su ƙunshi cikakkun [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin shari'o'in lafiya]] na mutane ba, maimakon haka suna ba da tarin maganganu da halaye na yau da kullun daga marasa lafiya da ke da takamaiman ganewar asali.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} An bayyana Kraepelin a matsayin "manajan kimiyya" kuma "mai gudanar da harkokin siyasa" wanda ya ƙirƙiro "babban shirin bincike mai zurfi, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} Wasu daga cikin ka'idodin Kraepelin an ɗauke su a matsayin [[wariyar launin fata]] ko kuma [[wariya]] ga wasu. <ref name="Engstrom2007">{{Cite journal |last=Engstrom |first=E. J. |date=1 September 2007 |title=On the Question of Degeneration' by Emil Kraepelin (1908)1 |url=http://134.76.163.171:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10898/1/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X07079689.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[History of Psychiatry (journal)|History of Psychiatry]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=389–398 |doi=10.1177/0957154X07079689 |pmid=18175639 |s2cid=46482747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526013902/http://134.76.163.171:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10898/1/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X07079689.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2013}}.</ref> <ref name="Shepherd 174–183">{{Cite journal |last=Shepherd |first=M. |date=1 August 1995 |title=Two faces of Emil Kraepelin |journal=[[The British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=174–183 |doi=10.1192/bjp.167.2.174 |pmid=7582666 |s2cid=37204909}}</ref> == Iyali da rayuwar farko == An haifi Kraepelin, wanda mahaifinsa, Karl Wilhelm, tsohon mawaƙin opera ne, malamin kiɗa, kuma daga baya ya yi nasara a fannin ba da labari, a shekara ta 1856 a Neustrelitz, a Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz a Jamus . Ɗan'uwansa Karl, wanda ya girmi shekaru 10, kuma daga baya, darektan Gidan Tarihi na Naturhistorisches Hamburg ne ya fara gabatar da shi ga ilmin halittu. == Ilimi da aiki == [[File:Kraepelin.JPG|thumb| Kabari a Heidelberg (2008)]] Kraepelin ya fara karatun likitanci a shekarar 1874 a [[Jami'ar Leipzig]] kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Würzburg (1877–1878). A Leipzig, ya yi karatun ilimin cututtukan jijiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Paul Flechsig da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji tare da Wilhelm Wundt . Kraepelin zai zama almajirin Wundt kuma yana da sha'awar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gwaji bisa ga ka'idojinsa. A lokacin da yake can, Kraepelin ya rubuta wani muƙala mai lambar yabo, "Tasirin Rashin Lafiya Mai Tsanani a Cikin Sanadin Matsalolin Hankali". A Würzburg, ya kammala ''Rigorosum'' ɗinsa (kusan daidai da jarrabawar PhD ta viva-voce, a zahiri "jarrabawar mai tsauri") a watan Maris na 1878, jarrabawar ''Staatsexamen'' (jarrabawar lasisi) a watan Yuli na 1878, da kuma ''amincewarsa'' (lasisinsa na yin aikin likitanci; kusan daidai da MBBS ) a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1878. Daga Agusta 1878 zuwa 1882, <ref name="HGL" /> ya yi aiki tare da [[Bernhard von Gudden]] a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan ya dawo Jami'ar Leipzig a watan Fabrairun 1882, ya yi aiki a asibitin jijiyoyi na Wilhelm Heinrich Erb da kuma dakin gwaje-gwajen psychopharmacology na Wundt. Ya kammala takardar karatunsa ''ta gyaran hali'' - babban wallafe-wallafe da tsarin bayan digiri - a Leipzig; <ref name="HGL" /> an yi masa taken "Matsayin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam". <ref name="Alic2001" /> A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1883, ya kammala ''[[:de:umhabilitation|umhabilitation]]'' (tsarin gane lafiyar jiki don samun "gyaran jiki" a wata cibiya da ba ta da wacce aka nema a farko) a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. <ref name="HGL" /> Babban aikin Kraepelin, ''Compendium der Psychiatrie: Zum Gebrauche für Studirende und Aerzte'' ( ''Compendium of Psychiatry: Don Amfani da Dalibai da Likitoci'' ), an fara buga shi a cikin 1883 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin bugu na multivolume na gaba zuwa ''Ein Lehrbuch der Psychiatry'' ''Foundation'' . ). A cikinsa, ya yi jayayya cewa ilimin tabin hankali wani reshe ne na kimiyyar likitanci kuma ya kamata a binciki shi ta hanyar lura da gwaji kamar sauran kimiyyar halitta. Ya yi kira da a yi bincike kan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan kwakwalwa, sannan ya fara kafa tushen tsarin rarrabawa na zamani don cututtukan kwakwalwa. Kraepelin ya ba da shawarar cewa ta hanyar nazarin tarihin shari'o'i da kuma gano takamaiman cututtuka, za a iya hasashen ci gaban cututtukan tabin hankali, bayan la'akari da bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin halayen mutum da shekarun marasa lafiya a farkon cutar. A shekara ta 1884, ya zama babban likita a garin Leubus na lardin Prussian, lardin Silesia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa aka naɗa shi darektan Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Jinya da ke Dresden . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1886, [1] yana da shekaru 30, an nada Kraepelin a matsayin Farfesa na Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Imperial ta Dorpat (a yau Jami'ar Tartu ) a abin da ake kira Tartu a yau, Estonia (duba Burgmair et al., vol. IV). Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1890, [1] ya zama shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1904. [2] A lokacin da yake Dorpat, ya zama darektan Asibitin Jami'a mai gadaje 80, inda ya fara nazari da kuma rubuta tarihin asibiti da yawa dalla-dalla kuma "an sa shi ya yi la'akari da mahimmancin yadda cutar ta kasance dangane da rarrabuwar cututtukan tabin hankali". == Manazarta == kp1pao6rthzfrn54pgiy84dj9w1sffz 0 178246 963364 2026-10-05T09:37:02Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368809593|Kirkbride Plan]]" 963364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Trenton_State_Hospital_-_Kirkbride_Lithograph_1848.jpg|thumb| Lithograph na Kirkbride na Asibitin Jihar Trenton da ke Trenton, New Jersey, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1848]] [[File:NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG|thumb| Asibitin Jihar Traverse City da ke [[Michigan]], wanda ke aiki daga 1881 zuwa 1989, misali ne na ginin Kirkbride]] '''Tsarin Kirkbride''' wani tsari ne na tsara mafakar kwakwalwa wanda likitan tabin hankali na Amurka Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) ya gabatar a tsakiyar karni na 19. An gina gidajen mafaka da aka gina a cikin tsarin Kirkbride, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kirkbride Buildings''' (ko kuma kawai '''Kirkbrides''' ), a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 a Amurka. Tsarin [[Asibiti|asibitocin]] kamar yadda Kirkbride ya ayyana sun dogara ne akan ka'idojinsa game da warkar da masu tabin hankali, inda muhalli da fallasa ga haske na halitta da zagayawar iska suke da mahimmanci. Asibitocin da aka gina bisa ga Tsarin Kirkbride za su yi amfani da salon gine-gine daban-daban, {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} amma suna da tsarin bene irin na "fikafikan jemage", wanda ke ɗauke da fikafikai da yawa waɗanda ke fitowa daga tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kirkbride Buildings |url=http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/about/ |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=Kirkbride Buildings}}</ref> The first hospital designed under the Kirkbride Plan was the Trenton State Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey, by John Notman, constructed in 1848.{{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, numerous psychiatric hospitals were designed under the Kirkbride Plan across the United States. By the 20th century, popularity of the design had waned, largely due to the economic pressures of maintaining the immense facilities, as well as contestation of Kirkbride's theories among the medical community. Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been partially demolished and repurposed or completely demolished. An yi wa akalla gine-ginen Kirkbride guda 30 rijista a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Amurka, ko dai kai tsaye ko ta hanyar wurin da suke a harabar asibiti ko kuma a gundumomin tarihi. == Tarihi == === Tushe da falsafa === [[File:Thomas_Story_Kirkbride_001.jpg|thumb| Thomas Story Kirkbride, wanda ya ƙirƙiri Kirkbride Plan]] Kafa [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] na gwamnati a Amurka ya samo asali ne daga Dorothea Dix, mai kawo sauyi, wacce ta shaida wa majalisar dokokin [[New Jersey]] a shekarar 1844, tana bayyana yadda jihar ke kula da mahaukata ; ana tsare da su a gidajen yarin gundumar, gidaje masu zaman kansu, da kuma ginshiƙan gine-ginen gwamnati. Kokarin Dix ya haifar da gina sansanin mafaka na jihar New Jersey, cikakken wurin mafaka na farko da aka gina bisa Tsarin Kirkbride. {{Sfn|Goeres-Gardner|2013}} Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883), likitan tabin hankali daga [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], ya ƙirƙiro buƙatunsa na tsara mafaka bisa ga falsafar Kula da Ɗabi'a {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} da kuma [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙa'idar muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvilla, Lindsay |date=2010 |title=Therapeutic Architecture |url=http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Kirkbride.html |access-date=May 12, 2017 |website=The Pennsylvania Center of the Book}}</ref> Tsarin bene na yau da kullun, tare da dogayen fikafikai masu rarrafe waɗanda aka shirya ''a echelon'', suna tafiya a hankali, don haka kowane fikafikan da ke haɗe suna samun hasken rana da iska mai kyau, an yi shi ne don haɓaka sirri da jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. An yi nufin tsarin ginin da kansa ya zama yana da tasirin warkarwa, "wani kayan aiki na musamman don kula da hauka, [wanda ya kamata a] inganta filinsa sosai kuma a yi masa ado mai kyau." {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} Saboda haka, ra'ayin kafa tsarin mulki shine babban abin da ya sa Kirkbride ya tsara yadda za a magance mahaukata yadda ya kamata. {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} === Siffofin zane da gine-gine === [[File:Kirkbride_Plan_1854.jpg|thumb| Tsarin bene na ƙirar Kirkbride daga lithograph na 1854]] Gidajen mafaka na Kirkbride Plan sun kasance manyan gine-gine masu girma, masu girman gaske, <ref name="thebuildings">{{Cite web |title=The Buildings |url=http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/ |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=Kirkbride Buildings}}</ref> tare da fasalin da ke bayyana shine "ƙafafun gininsu masu kunkuntar, matakai, da layi" waɗanda ke nuna fikafikan da ke fitowa daga tsakiya, suna kama da fikafikan jemage. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Adadin fikafikan asibitin Kirkbride Plan guda takwas ne, {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} tare da ɗaukar marasa lafiya 250. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} Falsafar Kirkbride a bayan fikafikan da suka yi karo da juna ita ce a bar hanyoyi daban-daban su buɗe don hasken rana da kuma samun iska ta kowane gefe, wanda ya yi imanin ya taimaka wajen warkar da masu tabin hankali. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Kowace reshe, bisa ga ƙa'idodin Kirkbride na asali, za ta ƙunshi wani sashe daban, wanda zai ƙunshi ɗakin kwana nata mai "kayan da aka ƙera da kyau", bandaki, ɗakin tufafi, da kuma ɗakin kula da marasa lafiya, da kuma bututun magana da dumbwaiter don ba da damar sadarwa a buɗe da kuma motsa kayan aiki tsakanin benaye. [1] [1] An tanada fikafikan da suka fi nisa da tsakiyar ginin ga marasa lafiya "masu saurin fushi" ko kuma masu haɗarin jiki da kuma waɗanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali. [1] An ba da shawarar ɗakunan marasa lafiya su kasance masu faɗi, tare da rufin "aƙalla {{Convert|12|ft|m}} " tsayi", amma babba ne kawai da zai iya ɗaukar mutum ɗaya. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} An tsara manyan gine-ginen Kirkbride Plan ne don ɗaukar nauyin gudanarwa, dakunan girki, wuraren jama'a da wuraren karɓar baƙi, da kuma gidajen zama na iyalan shugaban makarantar. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} Salon gine-ginen Kirkbride Plan ya bambanta dangane da mai ginin da aka naɗa, kuma ya kama daga Richardsonian Romanesque zuwa Neo-Gothic . {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Baya ga tsarin gine-gine mai sarkakiya, Kirkbride ya kuma yi kira da a samar da yanayin "mai takin zamani" da kuma fadin da za a gina asibitoci a kai, tare da ra'ayoyin da "idan zai yiwu, ya kamata su nuna rayuwa a cikin siffofinta masu aiki." {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Kirkbride ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa filin asibitin ya zama aƙalla {{Convert|100|acre}} a girma. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} A wasu lokutan marasa lafiya kan kula da ganyaye da gonakin da ke filin asibiti a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsa jiki da/ko magani. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} A tsawon ƙarni na 19 da 20, harabar waɗannan asibitoci sau da yawa sun rikide zuwa wurare masu faɗi da faɗi tare da gine-gine da yawa. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} == Manazarta == 7z7lih2vpdprzsxvpdvu2fvx0rzkzo7 963365 963364 2026-10-05T09:37:20Z Sardeeq 39275 963365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Trenton_State_Hospital_-_Kirkbride_Lithograph_1848.jpg|thumb| Lithograph na Kirkbride na Asibitin Jihar Trenton da ke Trenton, New Jersey, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1848]] [[File:NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG|thumb| Asibitin Jihar Traverse City da ke [[Michigan]], wanda ke aiki daga 1881 zuwa 1989, misali ne na ginin Kirkbride]] '''Tsarin Kirkbride''' wani tsari ne na tsara mafakar kwakwalwa wanda likitan tabin hankali na Amurka Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) ya gabatar a tsakiyar karni na 19. An gina gidajen mafaka da aka gina a cikin tsarin Kirkbride, wanda aka fi sani da '''Kirkbride Buildings''' (ko kuma kawai '''Kirkbrides''' ), a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 a Amurka. Tsarin [[Asibiti|asibitocin]] kamar yadda Kirkbride ya ayyana sun dogara ne akan ka'idojinsa game da warkar da masu tabin hankali, inda muhalli da fallasa ga haske na halitta da zagayawar iska suke da mahimmanci. Asibitocin da aka gina bisa ga Tsarin Kirkbride za su yi amfani da salon gine-gine daban-daban, {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} amma suna da tsarin bene irin na "fikafikan jemage", wanda ke ɗauke da fikafikai da yawa waɗanda ke fitowa daga tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kirkbride Buildings |url=http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/about/ |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=Kirkbride Buildings}}</ref> The first hospital designed under the Kirkbride Plan was the Trenton State Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey, by John Notman, constructed in 1848.{{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, numerous psychiatric hospitals were designed under the Kirkbride Plan across the United States. By the 20th century, popularity of the design had waned, largely due to the economic pressures of maintaining the immense facilities, as well as contestation of Kirkbride's theories among the medical community. Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been partially demolished and repurposed or completely demolished. An yi wa akalla gine-ginen Kirkbride guda 30 rijista a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Amurka, ko dai kai tsaye ko ta hanyar wurin da suke a harabar asibiti ko kuma a gundumomin tarihi. == Tarihi == === Tushe da falsafa === [[File:Thomas_Story_Kirkbride_001.jpg|thumb| Thomas Story Kirkbride, wanda ya ƙirƙiri Kirkbride Plan]] Kafa [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] na gwamnati a Amurka ya samo asali ne daga Dorothea Dix, mai kawo sauyi, wacce ta shaida wa majalisar dokokin [[New Jersey]] a shekarar 1844, tana bayyana yadda jihar ke kula da mahaukata ; ana tsare da su a gidajen yarin gundumar, gidaje masu zaman kansu, da kuma ginshiƙan gine-ginen gwamnati. Kokarin Dix ya haifar da gina sansanin mafaka na jihar New Jersey, cikakken wurin mafaka na farko da aka gina bisa Tsarin Kirkbride. {{Sfn|Goeres-Gardner|2013}} Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883), likitan tabin hankali daga [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], ya ƙirƙiro buƙatunsa na tsara mafaka bisa ga falsafar Kula da Ɗabi'a {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} da kuma [[Ƙaddamar da muhalli|ƙa'idar muhalli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvilla, Lindsay |date=2010 |title=Therapeutic Architecture |url=http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Kirkbride.html |access-date=May 12, 2017 |website=The Pennsylvania Center of the Book}}</ref> Tsarin bene na yau da kullun, tare da dogayen fikafikai masu rarrafe waɗanda aka shirya ''a echelon'', suna tafiya a hankali, don haka kowane fikafikan da ke haɗe suna samun hasken rana da iska mai kyau, an yi shi ne don haɓaka sirri da jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. An yi nufin tsarin ginin da kansa ya zama yana da tasirin warkarwa, "wani kayan aiki na musamman don kula da hauka, [wanda ya kamata a] inganta filinsa sosai kuma a yi masa ado mai kyau." {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} Saboda haka, ra'ayin kafa tsarin mulki shine babban abin da ya sa Kirkbride ya tsara yadda za a magance mahaukata yadda ya kamata. {{Sfn|Yanni|2007}} === Siffofin zane da gine-gine === [[File:Kirkbride_Plan_1854.jpg|thumb| Tsarin bene na ƙirar Kirkbride daga lithograph na 1854]] Gidajen mafaka na Kirkbride Plan sun kasance manyan gine-gine masu girma, masu girman gaske, <ref name="thebuildings">{{Cite web |title=The Buildings |url=http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/ |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=Kirkbride Buildings}}</ref> tare da fasalin da ke bayyana shine "ƙafafun gininsu masu kunkuntar, matakai, da layi" waɗanda ke nuna fikafikan da ke fitowa daga tsakiya, suna kama da fikafikan jemage. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Adadin fikafikan asibitin Kirkbride Plan guda takwas ne, {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} tare da ɗaukar marasa lafiya 250. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} Falsafar Kirkbride a bayan fikafikan da suka yi karo da juna ita ce a bar hanyoyi daban-daban su buɗe don hasken rana da kuma samun iska ta kowane gefe, wanda ya yi imanin ya taimaka wajen warkar da masu tabin hankali. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Kowace reshe, bisa ga ƙa'idodin Kirkbride na asali, za ta ƙunshi wani sashe daban, wanda zai ƙunshi ɗakin kwana nata mai "kayan da aka ƙera da kyau", bandaki, ɗakin tufafi, da kuma ɗakin kula da marasa lafiya, da kuma bututun magana da dumbwaiter don ba da damar sadarwa a buɗe da kuma motsa kayan aiki tsakanin benaye. [1] [1] An tanada fikafikan da suka fi nisa da tsakiyar ginin ga marasa lafiya "masu saurin fushi" ko kuma masu haɗarin jiki da kuma waɗanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali. [1] An ba da shawarar ɗakunan marasa lafiya su kasance masu faɗi, tare da rufin "aƙalla {{Convert|12|ft|m}} " tsayi", amma babba ne kawai da zai iya ɗaukar mutum ɗaya. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} An tsara manyan gine-ginen Kirkbride Plan ne don ɗaukar nauyin gudanarwa, dakunan girki, wuraren jama'a da wuraren karɓar baƙi, da kuma gidajen zama na iyalan shugaban makarantar. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} Salon gine-ginen Kirkbride Plan ya bambanta dangane da mai ginin da aka naɗa, kuma ya kama daga Richardsonian Romanesque zuwa Neo-Gothic . {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Baya ga tsarin gine-gine mai sarkakiya, Kirkbride ya kuma yi kira da a samar da yanayin "mai takin zamani" da kuma fadin da za a gina asibitoci a kai, tare da ra'ayoyin da "idan zai yiwu, ya kamata su nuna rayuwa a cikin siffofinta masu aiki." {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} Kirkbride ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa filin asibitin ya zama aƙalla {{Convert|100|acre}} a girma. {{Sfn|Kirkbride|1854}} {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} A wasu lokutan marasa lafiya kan kula da ganyaye da gonakin da ke filin asibiti a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsa jiki da/ko magani. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} A tsawon ƙarni na 19 da 20, harabar waɗannan asibitoci sau da yawa sun rikide zuwa wurare masu faɗi da faɗi tare da gine-gine da yawa. {{Sfn|Verderber|2010}} == Manazarta == dzg2kxk2oy1vex4w345lw0hd4g7uxgq 0 178247 963366 2026-10-05T09:42:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372421179|Jacob S. Kasanin]]" 963366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacob Sergi Kasanin''' (1897-1946) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=July 1941 |title=President: 1941-42: Jacob Kasanin, M.D. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=598 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |issn=1939-0025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ɗan asalin ƙasar Rasha ne, ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ɗan Amurka wanda ya gabatar da kalmar ''acute schizoaffective psychoses'' a cikin 1933. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schizoaffective disorder {{!}} psychology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/schizoaffective-disorder |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lake |first=C. Raymond |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Nathaniel |date=2006-08-30 |title=Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=143 |issue=2–3 |pages=255–287 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.012 |issn=0165-1781 |pmid=16857267 |s2cid=35916818}}</ref> An san shi da Yasha ga waɗanda ke kusa da shi. <ref name=":2" /> An haife shi a Slavgorod, a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1897, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=Jacob S. |last2=Windholz |first2=Emanuel |date=1947-01-01 |title=In Memoriam |journal=The Psychoanalytic Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1947.11925668 |issn=0033-2828}}</ref> kuma ya ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekara ta 1915. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Michigan da digirin farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1919, <ref name=":2" /> digirin Diktora a fannin Magunguna a shekarar 1921 da kuma digirin Master a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin Lafiyar Jama'a]] a shekarar 1926. <ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba da yin horo a fannin ilimin tabin hankali da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi a Asibitin Jihar Boston, Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston da kuma Asibitin Mount Sinai da ke New York. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 1928 zuwa 1932 ya kasance babban jami'in bincike a Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston yana nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar tabin hankali . <ref name=":2" /> Lokacin da Daraktan Sashen Tsaftar Hankali na Ƙungiyar Agaji ta Yahudawa da ke Boston, abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kansa shi ne yawan sukari a cikin jini a cikin [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|cutar encephalitis]] . <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da yake Rasha a shekarar 1930 ya saba da Lev Vygotsky da aikinsa. Ya fassara aikinsa mai suna "Thought In Schizophrenia" zuwa Turanci. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1933 a cikin mujallar The American Journal of Psychiatry ya buga wata takarda mai taken '"Maganin Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective" <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=J. |date=1933-07-01 |title=The acute schizoaffective psychoses |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=97–126 |doi=10.1176/ajp.90.1.97 |issn=0002-953X}}</ref> wanda ya gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na 88 na Ƙungiyar Masu Hauka ta Amurka a [[Philadelphia]] a watan Mayu ko Yuni 1932. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond Lake |first=C. |date= |title=Jacob Kasanin (1897–1946) and Schizoaffective Disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302232499 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> A cikin labarinsa Kasanin ya bayyana bincike guda 9 da suka shafi cututtukan schizophrenia ko Psychotic da kuma alamun Affective . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marneros |first=A. |date=2003 |title=The schizoaffective phenomenon: the state of the art |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum |volume=108 |issue=418 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.7.x |issn=0065-1591 |pmid=12956811 |s2cid=15632654}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Asibitin Michael Reese, ya gudanar da bincike tare da Eugenia Hanfmann kan cutar Schizophrenia, yana tunanin cewa wannan ya biyo bayan aikin Vygotsky kuma Gidauniyar Masonic ce ta ba shi tallafin kuɗi. Tare suka rubuta Tunanin Tunani a Schizophrenia, daga nan aka ƙirƙiro wani gwaji mai suna Gwajin Hanfmann-Kasanin. [1] Daga 1939 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Kula da Lafiyar Dan Adam a Asibitin Mount Zion da ke [[San Francisco]] kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Asibiti a Makarantar Magunguna ta UCSF . Ya kuma shiga aikin asibiti na sirri. <ref name=":2" /> Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin tabin hankali ta Amurka daga 1941 zuwa 1942. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tabin hankali zuwa kwamandan rundunar sojoji ta 9. Ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1946. <ref name=":2" /> == Littattafai == * Kasanin, Yakubu. "Kwankwason sukari a cikin cututtukan kwakwalwa: II. ƘUNGIYOYIN SCHIZOPHRENIC (DEMENTIA PREACOX)." ''Taskar Nazarin Jijiyoyi da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (Chicago)'' 16.4 (1926): 414-19 * Kasanin J., Knapp E. ''Abubuwan waje da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin amsawar Kottmann'', 1926 * Kasanin J., Petersen JN ''Psychosis a matsayin alamar farko ta annoba encephalitis'', 1926 * ''Ciwon Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 90, 1933 <ref name=":1" /> * ''Ka'idar Pavlov game da Schizophrenia'', 1932 * Bowman KM, Kasanin J. ''Ciwon Sanyi na Tsarin Mulki'', 1933 * Kasanin J., Hanfmann E. ''Nazarin gwaji kan samuwar ra'ayi a cikin schizophrenia.'' ''Binciken adadi na sakamakon'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 95, ss. 35–48, 1938 * Hanfmann E., Kasanin J. ''Tunani mai zurfi a cikin ilimin schizophrenia'' . New York: Takaitattun Labarai game da Cututtukan Jijiyoyi da Hankali, 1942 * ''Harshe da Tunani a Cutar Schizophrenia'', 1944 * ''Ka'idojin Maganin Yaƙi Neuroses'' Mujallar Amurka ta Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 104, 1947 * Kasanin JS (ed.), ''Harshe da Tunani a cikin Schizophrenia.'' ''Takardu da aka tattara'' . Tare da Gabatarwa daga Nolan DC Lewis, Jami'ar California Press, Berkeley da Los Angeles 1951 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 47xtsfyf6rp4qzsf4k1h017kuqe6dgj 963367 963366 2026-10-05T09:43:16Z Sardeeq 39275 963367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Sergi Kasanin''' (1897-1946) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=July 1941 |title=President: 1941-42: Jacob Kasanin, M.D. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=598 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1941.tb05845.x |issn=1939-0025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ɗan asalin ƙasar Rasha ne, ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ɗan Amurka wanda ya gabatar da kalmar ''acute schizoaffective psychoses'' a cikin 1933. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schizoaffective disorder {{!}} psychology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/schizoaffective-disorder |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lake |first=C. Raymond |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Nathaniel |date=2006-08-30 |title=Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=143 |issue=2–3 |pages=255–287 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.012 |issn=0165-1781 |pmid=16857267 |s2cid=35916818}}</ref> An san shi da Yasha ga waɗanda ke kusa da shi. <ref name=":2" /> An haife shi a Slavgorod, a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1897, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=Jacob S. |last2=Windholz |first2=Emanuel |date=1947-01-01 |title=In Memoriam |journal=The Psychoanalytic Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1947.11925668 |issn=0033-2828}}</ref> kuma ya ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekara ta 1915. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Michigan da digirin farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1919, <ref name=":2" /> digirin Diktora a fannin Magunguna a shekarar 1921 da kuma digirin Master a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin Lafiyar Jama'a]] a shekarar 1926. <ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba da yin horo a fannin ilimin tabin hankali da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi a Asibitin Jihar Boston, Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston da kuma Asibitin Mount Sinai da ke New York. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 1928 zuwa 1932 ya kasance babban jami'in bincike a Asibitin Psychopathic na Boston yana nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar tabin hankali . <ref name=":2" /> Lokacin da Daraktan Sashen Tsaftar Hankali na Ƙungiyar Agaji ta Yahudawa da ke Boston, abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kansa shi ne yawan sukari a cikin jini a cikin [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|cutar encephalitis]] . <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da yake Rasha a shekarar 1930 ya saba da Lev Vygotsky da aikinsa. Ya fassara aikinsa mai suna "Thought In Schizophrenia" zuwa Turanci. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1933 a cikin mujallar The American Journal of Psychiatry ya buga wata takarda mai taken '"Maganin Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective" <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kasanin |first=J. |date=1933-07-01 |title=The acute schizoaffective psychoses |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=97–126 |doi=10.1176/ajp.90.1.97 |issn=0002-953X}}</ref> wanda ya gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na 88 na Ƙungiyar Masu Hauka ta Amurka a [[Philadelphia]] a watan Mayu ko Yuni 1932. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond Lake |first=C. |date= |title=Jacob Kasanin (1897–1946) and Schizoaffective Disorder |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302232499 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> A cikin labarinsa Kasanin ya bayyana bincike guda 9 da suka shafi cututtukan schizophrenia ko Psychotic da kuma alamun Affective . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marneros |first=A. |date=2003 |title=The schizoaffective phenomenon: the state of the art |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum |volume=108 |issue=418 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.7.x |issn=0065-1591 |pmid=12956811 |s2cid=15632654}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Asibitin Michael Reese, ya gudanar da bincike tare da Eugenia Hanfmann kan cutar Schizophrenia, yana tunanin cewa wannan ya biyo bayan aikin Vygotsky kuma Gidauniyar Masonic ce ta ba shi tallafin kuɗi. Tare suka rubuta Tunanin Tunani a Schizophrenia, daga nan aka ƙirƙiro wani gwaji mai suna Gwajin Hanfmann-Kasanin. [1] Daga 1939 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Kula da Lafiyar Dan Adam a Asibitin Mount Zion da ke [[San Francisco]] kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Asibiti a Makarantar Magunguna ta UCSF . Ya kuma shiga aikin asibiti na sirri. <ref name=":2" /> Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin tabin hankali ta Amurka daga 1941 zuwa 1942. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tabin hankali zuwa kwamandan rundunar sojoji ta 9. Ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1946. <ref name=":2" /> == Littattafai == * Kasanin, Yakubu. "Kwankwason sukari a cikin cututtukan kwakwalwa: II. ƘUNGIYOYIN SCHIZOPHRENIC (DEMENTIA PREACOX)." ''Taskar Nazarin Jijiyoyi da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (Chicago)'' 16.4 (1926): 414-19 * Kasanin J., Knapp E. ''Abubuwan waje da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin amsawar Kottmann'', 1926 * Kasanin J., Petersen JN ''Psychosis a matsayin alamar farko ta annoba encephalitis'', 1926 * ''Ciwon Hauka Mai Tsanani na Schizoaffective'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 90, 1933 <ref name=":1" /> * ''Ka'idar Pavlov game da Schizophrenia'', 1932 * Bowman KM, Kasanin J. ''Ciwon Sanyi na Tsarin Mulki'', 1933 * Kasanin J., Hanfmann E. ''Nazarin gwaji kan samuwar ra'ayi a cikin schizophrenia.'' ''Binciken adadi na sakamakon'' . Mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka 95, ss. 35–48, 1938 * Hanfmann E., Kasanin J. ''Tunani mai zurfi a cikin ilimin schizophrenia'' . New York: Takaitattun Labarai game da Cututtukan Jijiyoyi da Hankali, 1942 * ''Harshe da Tunani a Cutar Schizophrenia'', 1944 * ''Ka'idojin Maganin Yaƙi Neuroses'' Mujallar Amurka ta Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 104, 1947 * Kasanin JS (ed.), ''Harshe da Tunani a cikin Schizophrenia.'' ''Takardu da aka tattara'' . Tare da Gabatarwa daga Nolan DC Lewis, Jami'ar California Press, Berkeley da Los Angeles 1951 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] 5wcbhadigsluaic2o0ti7d48ttm7pqg 0 178248 963368 2026-10-05T09:44:21Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371960849|Ladislas J. Meduna]]" 963368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladislas Joseph Meduna''' (27 Maris 1896 - 31 Oktoba 1964) ƙwararren likitan jijiyoyi ne na ƙasar Hungary kuma likitan tabin hankali wanda ya fara maganin tashin zuciya, maimaita kamuwa da ciwon farfadiya, a matsayin maganin tabin hankali . Ganin yadda ciwon glia ke ƙaruwa a kwakwalwar marasa lafiya bayan mutuwa da kuma ƙarancin masu fama da [[Farfaɗiya|ciwon]] [[Hauka|farfadiya]], ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya magance ciwon schizophrenia ta hanyar haifar da farfadiya. Saboda haka, farfadiya da sinadarai suka haifar ta zama maganin electroconvulsive wanda yanzu ake amfani da shi a duk duniya. Da karuwar Nazi a Turai, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Chicago]] a shekarar 1939. A cikin bincike da masana kimiyya na Amurka suka yi, Meduna ta binciki maganin carbon dioxide don damuwa da damuwa kuma ta bayyana oneirophrenia a matsayin wata cuta ta tabin hankali da za a iya magancewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meduna |first=L. |date=1985 |title=Autobiography of L.J. Meduna. |journal=Convuls Ther 1 |volume=1 |pages=1:43–57; 121–135}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da iyali === An haifi Meduna a cikin iyali mai arziki a [[Budapest]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], a shekara ta 1896. Kakansa Giuseppe Carlo (Jozsef), wanda ya fito daga dangin Meduna, ya fito ne daga Castelcucco, [[Italiya]], zuwa Hungary, inda ya zama mai yin salami mai nasara kuma an ba shi lambar yabo. Mutane da yawa daga cikin reshen iyali, ciki har da Ladislas Meduna a lokacin aikinsa na soja a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], sau da yawa suna amfani da sunan ''Meduna di Montecucco'' ko kuma suna amfani da laƙabi mai daraja " von " a cikin sunansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vizler |first=Imre |title=Montecuccoli Meduna József |url=https://www.fszek.hu/sirkert/album/Fiumei%20%C3%BAti%20S%C3%ADrkert%201/26-0%20Parcella/Montecuccoli%20Meduna%20J%C3%B3zsef/index.html |website=Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár Budapest Gyűjtemény, Budapesti sírkertek, 2015 |language=hu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ranglisten des Kaiserlichen und Königlichen Heeres 1917, Artillerie |url=https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/RanglistenHeeres_1917/?query=montecucco%20meduna&pg=1131 |journal=Ranglisten Heeres 1914-1918 |volume=1917 |page=1120}}</ref> Meduna ya yi karatun likitanci a Budapest daga 1914 zuwa 1921, aikin soja a fagen daga na Italiya ya kawo cikas ga karatunsa daga 1915 zuwa 1918. === Farkon aikina === An naɗa shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwakwalwa ta Hungary Interacademic Institute for Brain Research, wadda kuma ke Budapest, inda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Károly Schaffer . Ya yi nazarin cututtukan jijiyoyi na tsarin da ci gaban glandar pineal da kuma ƙwayoyin microglia, [[Guba na gubar|gubar gubar]], da kuma rashin bitamin . A shekarar 1927 ya koma Cibiyar Kula da Masu tabin hankali tare da Dr. Schaffer kuma ya fara aikin asibiti da bincike a fannin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] . === Induction na farfadiya === Sha'awar Meduna wajen magance matsalar schizophrenia ta fara ne da lura cewa yawan ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa ya bambanta tsakanin marasa lafiya da suka mutu da farfadiya (ƙwai ya fi na al'ada) da kuma waɗanda ke da schizophrenia (ƙasa da ƙwayar jini ya fi na al'ada). Ya yi tunanin cewa haifar da farfadiya ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da schizophrenia zai ƙara yawan glia da kuma rage cutar. Rahotanni sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa yawan kamuwa da farfadiya a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia ya yi ƙasa sosai; kuma wasu marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia waɗanda suka kamu da farfadiya bayan kamuwa da cuta ko rauni a kai, sun sami sauƙi daga tabin hankalinsu. Ya nemi hanyoyin da zai haifar da farfadiya ga dabbobi masu amfani da sinadarai. Bayan gwaji da alkaloids strychnine, thebaine, coramine, [[caffeine]], da brucin, ya zauna a kan camphor wanda aka narkar a cikin mai a matsayin mai tasiri da aminci. Ga al'umma mai fama da matsalar schizophrenia mai tsanani, ya ƙaura daga Budapest zuwa asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Lipotmező]], a wajen Budapest. Ya fara gwaje-gwajensa na gano allurai a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1934. Ya sami damar haifar da farfadiya a kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da yake mu'amala da su. Duk da haka, uku daga cikin marasa lafiya goma sha ɗaya na farko sun sami sakamako mai kyau, wanda ke ƙarfafa aikinsa (duba Gazdag et al., 2009). A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya tuna da lamarin wani majiyyaci mai shekaru 33 da ke fama da cutar catatonia mai tsanani wanda ya fara jinyarsa a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1934. Bayan zaman tattaunawa guda biyar kacal, an kawar da alamun catatonia da psychotic . Ya ƙara girman samfurinsa zuwa marasa lafiya ashirin da shida, Meduna ta samu sauƙi a cikin goma kuma ta samu ci gaba a cikin uku. Babban abin da ya taimaka wa Meduna wajen samun nasara shi ne zaɓen marasa lafiya da ya yi: tara daga cikin goma sha ɗaya na farko sun kamu da cutar. Catatonia wata cuta ce da ke da matuƙar tasiri ga kamuwa da cuta da aka haifar. Abin mamaki da ake ɗauka a matsayin catatonia schizophrenia a lokacin ya sa bincikensa ya yiwu. Da farko, Meduna ta maye gurbin camphor da pentylenetetrazol (sunan alama Metrazol), wani magani da ke haifar da farfadiya a cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan, idan aka kwatanta da dogon jinkiri na mintuna 15 zuwa 45 bayan an yi amfani da camphor a cikin jijiya. Baya ga kasancewarsa maganin hana zubar jini mai ƙarfi, pentylenetetrazol magani ne mai ƙarfi na motsa zuciya da numfashi; saboda haka, marasa lafiya suna fuskantar jin daɗi da aka fi ɗauka da rashin daɗi. Sun kasance cikin shiri gaba ɗaya har sai da suka suma daga girgizar da ta fara, kuma ba kamar maganin electroconvulsive ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin bacci wanda ya rage duk wani tunanin da ba shi da daɗi na wannan maganin, marasa lafiya suna tuna duk wani jin daɗi da ya faru kafin girgizar da Metrazol ya haifar. Meduna da wasu likitoci sun ji cewa rashin jin tsoron da ake nunawa na iya zama wani ɓangare na dalilin da ya sa maganin ya yi nasara a wasu marasa lafiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] 2zhtic1f1ftb5g6tl1c0hngt8fc66n7 963369 963368 2026-10-05T09:44:38Z Sardeeq 39275 963369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ladislas Joseph Meduna''' (27 Maris 1896 - 31 Oktoba 1964) ƙwararren likitan jijiyoyi ne na ƙasar Hungary kuma likitan tabin hankali wanda ya fara maganin tashin zuciya, maimaita kamuwa da ciwon farfadiya, a matsayin maganin tabin hankali . Ganin yadda ciwon glia ke ƙaruwa a kwakwalwar marasa lafiya bayan mutuwa da kuma ƙarancin masu fama da [[Farfaɗiya|ciwon]] [[Hauka|farfadiya]], ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya magance ciwon schizophrenia ta hanyar haifar da farfadiya. Saboda haka, farfadiya da sinadarai suka haifar ta zama maganin electroconvulsive wanda yanzu ake amfani da shi a duk duniya. Da karuwar Nazi a Turai, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Chicago]] a shekarar 1939. A cikin bincike da masana kimiyya na Amurka suka yi, Meduna ta binciki maganin carbon dioxide don damuwa da damuwa kuma ta bayyana oneirophrenia a matsayin wata cuta ta tabin hankali da za a iya magancewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meduna |first=L. |date=1985 |title=Autobiography of L.J. Meduna. |journal=Convuls Ther 1 |volume=1 |pages=1:43–57; 121–135}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da iyali === An haifi Meduna a cikin iyali mai arziki a [[Budapest]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], a shekara ta 1896. Kakansa Giuseppe Carlo (Jozsef), wanda ya fito daga dangin Meduna, ya fito ne daga Castelcucco, [[Italiya]], zuwa Hungary, inda ya zama mai yin salami mai nasara kuma an ba shi lambar yabo. Mutane da yawa daga cikin reshen iyali, ciki har da Ladislas Meduna a lokacin aikinsa na soja a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], sau da yawa suna amfani da sunan ''Meduna di Montecucco'' ko kuma suna amfani da laƙabi mai daraja " von " a cikin sunansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vizler |first=Imre |title=Montecuccoli Meduna József |url=https://www.fszek.hu/sirkert/album/Fiumei%20%C3%BAti%20S%C3%ADrkert%201/26-0%20Parcella/Montecuccoli%20Meduna%20J%C3%B3zsef/index.html |website=Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár Budapest Gyűjtemény, Budapesti sírkertek, 2015 |language=hu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ranglisten des Kaiserlichen und Königlichen Heeres 1917, Artillerie |url=https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/RanglistenHeeres_1917/?query=montecucco%20meduna&pg=1131 |journal=Ranglisten Heeres 1914-1918 |volume=1917 |page=1120}}</ref> Meduna ya yi karatun likitanci a Budapest daga 1914 zuwa 1921, aikin soja a fagen daga na Italiya ya kawo cikas ga karatunsa daga 1915 zuwa 1918. === Farkon aikina === An naɗa shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwakwalwa ta Hungary Interacademic Institute for Brain Research, wadda kuma ke Budapest, inda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Károly Schaffer . Ya yi nazarin cututtukan jijiyoyi na tsarin da ci gaban glandar pineal da kuma ƙwayoyin microglia, [[Guba na gubar|gubar gubar]], da kuma rashin bitamin . A shekarar 1927 ya koma Cibiyar Kula da Masu tabin hankali tare da Dr. Schaffer kuma ya fara aikin asibiti da bincike a fannin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] . === Induction na farfadiya === Sha'awar Meduna wajen magance matsalar schizophrenia ta fara ne da lura cewa yawan ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa ya bambanta tsakanin marasa lafiya da suka mutu da farfadiya (ƙwai ya fi na al'ada) da kuma waɗanda ke da schizophrenia (ƙasa da ƙwayar jini ya fi na al'ada). Ya yi tunanin cewa haifar da farfadiya ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da schizophrenia zai ƙara yawan glia da kuma rage cutar. Rahotanni sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa yawan kamuwa da farfadiya a cikin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia ya yi ƙasa sosai; kuma wasu marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar schizophrenia waɗanda suka kamu da farfadiya bayan kamuwa da cuta ko rauni a kai, sun sami sauƙi daga tabin hankalinsu. Ya nemi hanyoyin da zai haifar da farfadiya ga dabbobi masu amfani da sinadarai. Bayan gwaji da alkaloids strychnine, thebaine, coramine, [[caffeine]], da brucin, ya zauna a kan camphor wanda aka narkar a cikin mai a matsayin mai tasiri da aminci. Ga al'umma mai fama da matsalar schizophrenia mai tsanani, ya ƙaura daga Budapest zuwa asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Lipotmező]], a wajen Budapest. Ya fara gwaje-gwajensa na gano allurai a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1934. Ya sami damar haifar da farfadiya a kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da yake mu'amala da su. Duk da haka, uku daga cikin marasa lafiya goma sha ɗaya na farko sun sami sakamako mai kyau, wanda ke ƙarfafa aikinsa (duba Gazdag et al., 2009). A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya tuna da lamarin wani majiyyaci mai shekaru 33 da ke fama da cutar catatonia mai tsanani wanda ya fara jinyarsa a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1934. Bayan zaman tattaunawa guda biyar kacal, an kawar da alamun catatonia da psychotic . Ya ƙara girman samfurinsa zuwa marasa lafiya ashirin da shida, Meduna ta samu sauƙi a cikin goma kuma ta samu ci gaba a cikin uku. Babban abin da ya taimaka wa Meduna wajen samun nasara shi ne zaɓen marasa lafiya da ya yi: tara daga cikin goma sha ɗaya na farko sun kamu da cutar. Catatonia wata cuta ce da ke da matuƙar tasiri ga kamuwa da cuta da aka haifar. Abin mamaki da ake ɗauka a matsayin catatonia schizophrenia a lokacin ya sa bincikensa ya yiwu. Da farko, Meduna ta maye gurbin camphor da pentylenetetrazol (sunan alama Metrazol), wani magani da ke haifar da farfadiya a cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan, idan aka kwatanta da dogon jinkiri na mintuna 15 zuwa 45 bayan an yi amfani da camphor a cikin jijiya. Baya ga kasancewarsa maganin hana zubar jini mai ƙarfi, pentylenetetrazol magani ne mai ƙarfi na motsa zuciya da numfashi; saboda haka, marasa lafiya suna fuskantar jin daɗi da aka fi ɗauka da rashin daɗi. Sun kasance cikin shiri gaba ɗaya har sai da suka suma daga girgizar da ta fara, kuma ba kamar maganin electroconvulsive ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin bacci wanda ya rage duk wani tunanin da ba shi da daɗi na wannan maganin, marasa lafiya suna tuna duk wani jin daɗi da ya faru kafin girgizar da Metrazol ya haifar. Meduna da wasu likitoci sun ji cewa rashin jin tsoron da ake nunawa na iya zama wani ɓangare na dalilin da ya sa maganin ya yi nasara a wasu marasa lafiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] 0xz6k34ibrkc69z6v5ukkiibmq5blxk 0 178249 963370 2026-10-05T09:46:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372489891|Henry Maudsley]]" 963370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Maudsley''' FRCP (5 ga Fabrairu, 1835){{Spaced en dash}}A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1918) ya kasance ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali na Ingila, wanda aka yi bikin tunawa da shi a Asibitin Maudsley da ke Landan da kuma a cikin lakcar Maudsley ta shekara-shekara ta Kwalejin Royal of Psychiatrists . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Maudsley a wata gona da ke kusa da Giggleswick a North Riding na Yorkshire kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Giggleswick . Maudsley ya rasa mahaifiyarsa tun yana ƙarami. Wata goggo ta kula da shi, tana koya masa waƙoƙi wanda zai karanta wa bayi, kuma ta samo masa babban malami da kuma horo mai tsada zuwa makarantar likitanci ta Kwalejin Jami'a ta Landan . Ya sami lambobin zinare goma kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin MD a 1857, duk da cewa an ce ya guji fannoni da ayyukan asibiti da ya ga suna da wahala kuma ya yi suka ga malamansa. <ref name="borderland" /> Da alama Maudsley ya yi niyyar yin aikin tiyata, amma bisa ga tarihin rayuwarsa, ya canza ra'ayinsa lokacin da ya kasa samun amsa ga aikace-aikacensa na farko: an aika shi zuwa adireshinsa na baya. Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar barin ƙasar ya yi aiki da Kamfanin East India, kodayake idan bai taɓa yin hakan ba, bai taɓa yin hakan ba. Zai buƙaci ya fara yin wani aiki a matsayin matsuguni, don haka ya yi watanni tara a West Riding Asylum da ke Wakefield, sai ya rage farin ciki da ɗan gajeren lokaci a Essex County Asylum da ke Brentwood . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, an naɗa Maudsley a matsayin babban jami'in kula da lafiya a ƙaramin gidan kula da marasa lafiya na Manchester Royal Lunatic Asylum da ke Cheadle Royal. Duk da cewa bai da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin lafiya da gudanarwa, ya sami nasarar ƙara yawan majinyata da kuma kuɗin shiga. Ya koma Landan a shekarar 1862, inda ya zauna a Queen Anne St, Cavendish Square . A shekara ta 1865 ya kasa samun matsayin Likita a Asibitin Bethlem Royal, amma ya yi nasara a Asibitin Yammacin London. Haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen ɗan gajeren lokacin da Maudsley ya yi a gidajen kula da marasa lafiya na gwamnati da na agaji. A wannan shekarar aka naɗa shi mataimakin edita na ''Mujallar Kimiyyar Hankali'', wani muhimmin matsayi da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru 15. An zaɓe Maudsley a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal kuma ya gabatar da laccocin Gulstonian a shekarar 1870 kan ''Jiki da Hankali'' . Charles Darwin ya yi nazari sosai kan rubutun laccocin Maudsley yayin shirya littafinsa mai suna ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'' (1872). An naɗa Maudsley Farfesa a fannin [[Kimiyya ta bincike|Shari'ar Likitanci]] a Kwalejin Jami'ar Landan daga 1869 zuwa 1879. <ref>Mary Elizabeth Leighton, Lisa Surridge. (2012). ''The Broadview Anthology of Victorian Prose, 1832–1901''. Broadview Press. p. 197. {{ISBN|978-1551118604}}</ref> Maudsley ya auri 'yar [[John Conolly]], Ann Conolly, a watan Fabrairun 1866, kuma daga 1866 ya karɓi ragamar kula da gidan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Conolly, Lawn House, inda ya ɗauki mata shida masu kuɗi, har zuwa 1874. Daga nan ya janye daga rayuwar jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da kuma wani ba da shawara mai zaman kansa mai matuƙar riba da sirri ga masu kuɗi, waɗanda galibi suke da arziki, a Yammacin London. == Tasiri == Maudsley ya sami suna a matsayin fitaccen marubuci a fannin rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan likitanci da adabi. Nasarar farko ita ce wani rubutu mai ban mamaki game da [[Edgar Allan Poe]] . Ya bayar da gudummawa da dama ga ''Mujallar Kimiyyar Hankali'' . Matsayinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin tabin hankali na Burtaniya ya samu karɓuwa ne sakamakon saninsa da Charles Darwin da sauran manyan masana ilimi na Victoria da kuma littattafansa na fikihu ''The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind'' (1867), ''Body and Mind'' (1870) da kuma ''Mental Responsibility in Health and Disease'' (1874). Shahararsa ta bayyana ne ta hanyar tasirinsa a kan littattafai da yawa na Rosa Nouchette Carey . Maudsley ya bi ka'idar lalacewar jiki kuma ya yi imani cewa an ƙara girman "lalata" da aka gada ta hanyar tsararraki masu zuwa ( Lamarckism ). Ya yi jayayya cewa [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] shine abin da ya fi haifar da lalacewar gado, kuma maye a cikin tsara ɗaya zai haifar da buƙatar shan giya a cikin ƙarni na biyu, hypochondria a cikin na uku, da wauta a cikin na huɗu. Duk da haka, bayan ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ɗaukar ka'idar lalacewar yanayi ta Birtaniya sama da shekaru ashirin, a cikin shekarun 1890 yana gargaɗin cewa ana amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta da ma'ana. An yi suka ga ra'ayoyinsa game da haihuwa saboda nuna "ƙin jinin haihuwa da kuma kula da jariri," wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana nuna gaskiyar da ke tattare da hankali. An ƙalubalanci shi har ma a lokacin saboda ra'ayinsa mara kyau game da mata; wata fitacciyar mai suka ta farko ita ce likitar farko Elizabeth Garrett Anderson . An bayyana Maudsley a matsayin "babban misali na yadda cibiyar likitanci ta samar da kuma ƙarfafa rarrabuwar kawuna da matsayi a cikin al'umma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19." An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "marasa daidaito akai-akai". Maudsley bai yarda da wanzuwar Allah ba, kuma a matsayinsa na mai suka ga addini da rahotannin abubuwan da suka faru na al'ajabi. A cikin littafinsa Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings (1886) ya rubuta cewa abin da ake kira abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka rikice-rikice ne na tunani kuma kawai "rashin lura da kuma kuskuren fahimta game da yanayi". [1] Ana ɗaukar littafinsa a matsayin rubutu na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3dvigu4tob2wujqr14u7dxuk5s9pjnj 963371 963370 2026-10-05T09:47:40Z Sardeeq 39275 963371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henry Maudsley''' FRCP (5 ga Fabrairu, 1835){{Spaced en dash}}A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1918) ya kasance ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali na Ingila, wanda aka yi bikin tunawa da shi a Asibitin Maudsley da ke Landan da kuma a cikin lakcar Maudsley ta shekara-shekara ta Kwalejin Royal of Psychiatrists . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Maudsley a wata gona da ke kusa da Giggleswick a North Riding na Yorkshire kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Giggleswick . Maudsley ya rasa mahaifiyarsa tun yana ƙarami. Wata goggo ta kula da shi, tana koya masa waƙoƙi wanda zai karanta wa bayi, kuma ta samo masa babban malami da kuma horo mai tsada zuwa makarantar likitanci ta Kwalejin Jami'a ta Landan . Ya sami lambobin zinare goma kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin MD a 1857, duk da cewa an ce ya guji fannoni da ayyukan asibiti da ya ga suna da wahala kuma ya yi suka ga malamansa. <ref name="borderland" /> Da alama Maudsley ya yi niyyar yin aikin tiyata, amma bisa ga tarihin rayuwarsa, ya canza ra'ayinsa lokacin da ya kasa samun amsa ga aikace-aikacensa na farko: an aika shi zuwa adireshinsa na baya. Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar barin ƙasar ya yi aiki da Kamfanin East India, kodayake idan bai taɓa yin hakan ba, bai taɓa yin hakan ba. Zai buƙaci ya fara yin wani aiki a matsayin matsuguni, don haka ya yi watanni tara a West Riding Asylum da ke Wakefield, sai ya rage farin ciki da ɗan gajeren lokaci a Essex County Asylum da ke Brentwood . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, an naɗa Maudsley a matsayin babban jami'in kula da lafiya a ƙaramin gidan kula da marasa lafiya na Manchester Royal Lunatic Asylum da ke Cheadle Royal. Duk da cewa bai da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin lafiya da gudanarwa, ya sami nasarar ƙara yawan majinyata da kuma kuɗin shiga. Ya koma Landan a shekarar 1862, inda ya zauna a Queen Anne St, Cavendish Square . A shekara ta 1865 ya kasa samun matsayin Likita a Asibitin Bethlem Royal, amma ya yi nasara a Asibitin Yammacin London. Haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen ɗan gajeren lokacin da Maudsley ya yi a gidajen kula da marasa lafiya na gwamnati da na agaji. A wannan shekarar aka naɗa shi mataimakin edita na ''Mujallar Kimiyyar Hankali'', wani muhimmin matsayi da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru 15. An zaɓe Maudsley a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal kuma ya gabatar da laccocin Gulstonian a shekarar 1870 kan ''Jiki da Hankali'' . Charles Darwin ya yi nazari sosai kan rubutun laccocin Maudsley yayin shirya littafinsa mai suna ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'' (1872). An naɗa Maudsley Farfesa a fannin [[Kimiyya ta bincike|Shari'ar Likitanci]] a Kwalejin Jami'ar Landan daga 1869 zuwa 1879. <ref>Mary Elizabeth Leighton, Lisa Surridge. (2012). ''The Broadview Anthology of Victorian Prose, 1832–1901''. Broadview Press. p. 197. {{ISBN|978-1551118604}}</ref> Maudsley ya auri 'yar [[John Conolly]], Ann Conolly, a watan Fabrairun 1866, kuma daga 1866 ya karɓi ragamar kula da gidan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Conolly, Lawn House, inda ya ɗauki mata shida masu kuɗi, har zuwa 1874. Daga nan ya janye daga rayuwar jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da kuma wani ba da shawara mai zaman kansa mai matuƙar riba da sirri ga masu kuɗi, waɗanda galibi suke da arziki, a Yammacin London. == Tasiri == Maudsley ya sami suna a matsayin fitaccen marubuci a fannin rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan likitanci da adabi. Nasarar farko ita ce wani rubutu mai ban mamaki game da [[Edgar Allan Poe]] . Ya bayar da gudummawa da dama ga ''Mujallar Kimiyyar Hankali'' . Matsayinsa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin tabin hankali na Burtaniya ya samu karɓuwa ne sakamakon saninsa da Charles Darwin da sauran manyan masana ilimi na Victoria da kuma littattafansa na fikihu ''The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind'' (1867), ''Body and Mind'' (1870) da kuma ''Mental Responsibility in Health and Disease'' (1874). Shahararsa ta bayyana ne ta hanyar tasirinsa a kan littattafai da yawa na Rosa Nouchette Carey . Maudsley ya bi ka'idar lalacewar jiki kuma ya yi imani cewa an ƙara girman "lalata" da aka gada ta hanyar tsararraki masu zuwa ( Lamarckism ). Ya yi jayayya cewa [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] shine abin da ya fi haifar da lalacewar gado, kuma maye a cikin tsara ɗaya zai haifar da buƙatar shan giya a cikin ƙarni na biyu, hypochondria a cikin na uku, da wauta a cikin na huɗu. Duk da haka, bayan ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ɗaukar ka'idar lalacewar yanayi ta Birtaniya sama da shekaru ashirin, a cikin shekarun 1890 yana gargaɗin cewa ana amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta da ma'ana. An yi suka ga ra'ayoyinsa game da haihuwa saboda nuna "ƙin jinin haihuwa da kuma kula da jariri," wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana nuna gaskiyar da ke tattare da hankali. An ƙalubalanci shi har ma a lokacin saboda ra'ayinsa mara kyau game da mata; wata fitacciyar mai suka ta farko ita ce likitar farko Elizabeth Garrett Anderson . An bayyana Maudsley a matsayin "babban misali na yadda cibiyar likitanci ta samar da kuma ƙarfafa rarrabuwar kawuna da matsayi a cikin al'umma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19." An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "marasa daidaito akai-akai". Maudsley bai yarda da wanzuwar Allah ba, kuma a matsayinsa na mai suka ga addini da rahotannin abubuwan da suka faru na al'ajabi. A cikin littafinsa Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings (1886) ya rubuta cewa abin da ake kira abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka rikice-rikice ne na tunani kuma kawai "rashin lura da kuma kuskuren fahimta game da yanayi". [1] Ana ɗaukar littafinsa a matsayin rubutu na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k8o95d5ckw84p4dmqu78h1xsupb3hti 0 178250 963373 2026-10-05T09:48:26Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295609346|Valentin Magnan]]" 963373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Valentin_Magnan.jpg|right|thumb| Valentin Magnan (1835-1916)]] '''Valentin Magnan''' (16 Maris 1835 &#x2013; 27 Satumba 1916) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke aiki a ƙarni na 19. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Valentin Magnan ɗan asalin Perpignan ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci a [[Lyon]] da [[Faris|Paris]], inda ya kasance ɗalibi a makarantar Jules Baillarger (1809–1890) da Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870). Daga shekarar 1867 zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa, an haɗa shi da Hôpital Sainte-Anne da ke Paris. A Sainte-Anne, ya daɗe yana aiki tare da Gustave Bouchereau (1835–1900). Magnan mutum ne mai tasiri a fannin ilimin tabin hankali na Faransa a rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ana tuna shi da faɗaɗa ra'ayin lalacewar kwakwalwa wanda Bénédict Augustin Morel (1809–1873) ya fara gabatar da shi a fannin ilimin tabin hankali. Ka'idar Magnan ta lalacewa wani nau'i ne na "ilimin halittu na juyin halitta" wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gado. Ya yi amfani da kalmomi irin su ''bouffée délirante'' (transitory delusional psychosis ) da ''délire chronique evolution systématique'' (cututtukan tsarin ruɗi na yau da kullun) a matsayin nau'ikan cututtukan tabin hankali. A cikin 1892 tare da likitan tabin hankali Paul Sérieux (1864-1947), ya buga littafi guda ɗaya akan yanayin tunani na ƙarshe mai suna ''Le délire chronique a evolution systématique'' . Magnan ya yi imanin cewa yawan shan barasa, musamman absinthe, babban abin da ya fahimta shi ne raguwar al'adun Faransa. A cikin bincikensa kan absinthe, ya yi ƙoƙarin gano wani takamaiman "tasirin absinthe" wanda ba ya cikin wasu nau'ikan barasa, kuma ya nuna cewa delirium na absinthe ya bambanta da delirium tremens da ake fuskanta a cikin maye . A cikin bincikensa da dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje, Magnan ya yi amfani da sinadarin absinthe ( tsutsa ), maimakon abin sha da kansa, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙaramin kashi na tsutsa. Daga gwaje-gwajensa, ya lura cewa dabbobi suna fuskantar farfadiya idan aka fallasa su ga tarin tsutsotsi. == Sunan da ke da alaƙa == * " Alamar Magnan ": Jin wani abu na ruɗani na wani abu da ke rarrafe a ƙarƙashin fata; rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin tabin hankali na masu shan hodar iblis . == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan rubutu == * ''Etude expérimentale et clinique sur l'alcoolisme, alcool et absinthe; Epilepsie absinthique'', 1871 * ''De l'hémi-anesthésie, de la sensibilité générale et des sens dans l'alcoolisme chronique'' * ''Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie'', 1873. * ''De l'alcoolisme, des diverses forms de délire alcoolique at de leur traitement'', 1874. * ''Recherches sur les cibiyoyin nerveux.'' ''Pathology da Physiology Pathology'' , 1876 * ''Des anomalies, des aberrations et des perversions sexuelles'', 1885. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of published works at Who Named It |url=https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/811.html |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6ni493p0jh0veuqlr6oikxy1yk33ocp 963374 963373 2026-10-05T09:48:53Z Sardeeq 39275 963374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Valentin_Magnan.jpg|right|thumb| Valentin Magnan (1835-1916)]] '''Valentin Magnan''' (16 Maris 1835 &#x2013; 27 Satumba 1916) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke aiki a ƙarni na 19. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Valentin Magnan ɗan asalin Perpignan ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci a [[Lyon]] da [[Faris|Paris]], inda ya kasance ɗalibi a makarantar Jules Baillarger (1809–1890) da Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870). Daga shekarar 1867 zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa, an haɗa shi da Hôpital Sainte-Anne da ke Paris. A Sainte-Anne, ya daɗe yana aiki tare da Gustave Bouchereau (1835–1900). Magnan mutum ne mai tasiri a fannin ilimin tabin hankali na Faransa a rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ana tuna shi da faɗaɗa ra'ayin lalacewar kwakwalwa wanda Bénédict Augustin Morel (1809–1873) ya fara gabatar da shi a fannin ilimin tabin hankali. Ka'idar Magnan ta lalacewa wani nau'i ne na "ilimin halittu na juyin halitta" wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gado. Ya yi amfani da kalmomi irin su ''bouffée délirante'' (transitory delusional psychosis ) da ''délire chronique evolution systématique'' (cututtukan tsarin ruɗi na yau da kullun) a matsayin nau'ikan cututtukan tabin hankali. A cikin 1892 tare da likitan tabin hankali Paul Sérieux (1864-1947), ya buga littafi guda ɗaya akan yanayin tunani na ƙarshe mai suna ''Le délire chronique a evolution systématique'' . Magnan ya yi imanin cewa yawan shan barasa, musamman absinthe, babban abin da ya fahimta shi ne raguwar al'adun Faransa. A cikin bincikensa kan absinthe, ya yi ƙoƙarin gano wani takamaiman "tasirin absinthe" wanda ba ya cikin wasu nau'ikan barasa, kuma ya nuna cewa delirium na absinthe ya bambanta da delirium tremens da ake fuskanta a cikin maye . A cikin bincikensa da dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje, Magnan ya yi amfani da sinadarin absinthe ( tsutsa ), maimakon abin sha da kansa, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙaramin kashi na tsutsa. Daga gwaje-gwajensa, ya lura cewa dabbobi suna fuskantar farfadiya idan aka fallasa su ga tarin tsutsotsi. == Sunan da ke da alaƙa == * " Alamar Magnan ": Jin wani abu na ruɗani na wani abu da ke rarrafe a ƙarƙashin fata; rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin tabin hankali na masu shan hodar iblis . == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan rubutu == * ''Etude expérimentale et clinique sur l'alcoolisme, alcool et absinthe; Epilepsie absinthique'', 1871 * ''De l'hémi-anesthésie, de la sensibilité générale et des sens dans l'alcoolisme chronique'' * ''Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie'', 1873. * ''De l'alcoolisme, des diverses forms de délire alcoolique at de leur traitement'', 1874. * ''Recherches sur les cibiyoyin nerveux.'' ''Pathology da Physiology Pathology'' , 1876 * ''Des anomalies, des aberrations et des perversions sexuelles'', 1885. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of published works at Who Named It |url=https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/811.html |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6p65nncxevkk2a0djwlvzhano23uzss 0 178251 963375 2026-10-05T09:52:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362237771|Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine]]" 963375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Madhouse: Tale na Tashin Hankali na Megalomania da Magungunan Zamani''''' littafi ne da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Andrew Scull ya wallafa a shekarar 2005, wanda ya tattauna aikin likitan tabin hankali mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce Henry Cotton a Asibitin Jihar Trenton da ke New Jersey a shekarun 1920. Auduga ta gamsu cewa hauka cuta ce mai guba, sai ta cire sassan jiki ta hanyar tiyata domin inganta [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] . <ref name="freck">{{Cite journal |last=Freckelton |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Freckelton |date=1 November 2005 |title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine |journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law |type=Book review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=435–438 |doi=10.1375/pplt.12.2.435 |s2cid=219728333}}</ref> Wannan yakan fara ne da cire haƙora da tonsils :<blockquote>An cire wa wata yarinya 'yar shekara 18 da ke fama da ɓacin rai a jere, an cire mata haƙoranta na sama da na ƙasa, an yi mata tiyatar cire tonsill, an cire magudanar sinus, an yi mata magani ga [[Mahaifa|mahaifar]] da ta kamu da cutar, an cire mannewar hanji - duk ba tare da an samu sauƙi a yanayin tabin hankalinta ba. Sai aka cire sauran haƙoranta aka mayar da ita gida, aka tabbatar ta warke. <ref name="freck" /></blockquote>Scull ya yi jayayya cewa sha'awar Cotton ga ciwon sepsis a matsayin tushen cututtukan tabin hankali "ya ci gaba duk da duk wata shaida da ke nuna akasin haka da kuma mummunan lamarin mutuwa da cutarwa daga ayyukan da ya fara". [1] Tsarin da Cotton ya bi ya jawo hankalin wasu masu suka, amma likitocin zamani ba su yi watsi da shi ko kuma su ladabtar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. [1] Wani mai sharhi ya kira ''Madhouse'' "wani bincike na tarihi mai ma'ana ta zamani", kuma ya ƙara da cewa "yana sa karatu ya zama mai jan hankali". <ref name="freck" /> == Manazarta == 4rmgq75q3ahgmifjzzechyjj7zmn1ix 963376 963375 2026-10-05T09:52:51Z Sardeeq 39275 963376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Madhouse: Tale na Tashin Hankali na Megalomania da Magungunan Zamani''''' littafi ne da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Andrew Scull ya wallafa a shekarar 2005, wanda ya tattauna aikin likitan tabin hankali mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce Henry Cotton a Asibitin Jihar Trenton da ke New Jersey a shekarun 1920. Auduga ta gamsu cewa hauka cuta ce mai guba, sai ta cire sassan jiki ta hanyar tiyata domin inganta [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] . <ref name="freck">{{Cite journal |last=Freckelton |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Freckelton |date=1 November 2005 |title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine |journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law |type=Book review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=435–438 |doi=10.1375/pplt.12.2.435 |s2cid=219728333}}</ref> Wannan yakan fara ne da cire haƙora da tonsils :<blockquote>An cire wa wata yarinya 'yar shekara 18 da ke fama da ɓacin rai a jere, an cire mata haƙoranta na sama da na ƙasa, an yi mata tiyatar cire tonsill, an cire magudanar sinus, an yi mata magani ga [[Mahaifa|mahaifar]] da ta kamu da cutar, an cire mannewar hanji - duk ba tare da an samu sauƙi a yanayin tabin hankalinta ba. Sai aka cire sauran haƙoranta aka mayar da ita gida, aka tabbatar ta warke. <ref name="freck" /></blockquote>Scull ya yi jayayya cewa sha'awar Cotton ga ciwon sepsis a matsayin tushen cututtukan tabin hankali "ya ci gaba duk da duk wata shaida da ke nuna akasin haka da kuma mummunan lamarin mutuwa da cutarwa daga ayyukan da ya fara". [1] Tsarin da Cotton ya bi ya jawo hankalin wasu masu suka, amma likitocin zamani ba su yi watsi da shi ko kuma su ladabtar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. [1] Wani mai sharhi ya kira ''Madhouse'' "wani bincike na tarihi mai ma'ana ta zamani", kuma ya ƙara da cewa "yana sa karatu ya zama mai jan hankali". <ref name="freck" /> == Manazarta == a158nn65keli6xhgk223i57rci6c8rj 0 178252 963377 2026-10-05T09:54:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317714009|Rudolph Loewenstein (psychoanalyst)]]" 963377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rudolph Maurice Loewenstein''' (Janairu 17, 1898 - Afrilu 14, 1976) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Loewenstein a Łódź, Poland (a lokacin yana cikin Daular Rasha ), ga dangin Yahudawa daga lardin Galicia . Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a Zurich Switzerland daga 1917 zuwa 1920, ya tafi Berlin don yin karatun likitanci inda ya sami takardar shaidar likitanci, ƙwararre a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi da karatu a ƙarƙashin Eugen Bleuler . A wannan lokacin ya saba da nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam inda aka ba shi takardar shedar zama likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam bayan ya yi horo tare da Hanns Sachs . Ya zama memba na ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Jamus. (DPG) a cikin 1925. A bisa buƙatar [[Sigmund Freud]], Loewenstein ya ƙaura zuwa Paris, Faransa a shekarar 1927 domin horar da sabbin masu sharhi. Shi ne masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na biyu da ke da lasisi, bayan Eugenie Sokolnicka, da ya yi aiki a can. Ya horar da mafi yawan ƙarni biyu na farko na masu sharhi na Faransa, ciki har da, musamman, Jacques Lacan (tsakanin 1933 da 1939). Ya kasance memba na farko da ya kafa ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Faransa, Société psychanalytique de Paris (SPP). (Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar sun haɗa da René Laforgue, Marie Bonaparte, Raymond de Saussure, da Angelo Hesnard .) A shekarar 1927, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar mujallar SPP, {{Interlanguage link|Revue française de psychanalyse|fr}} ; kuma a shekarar 1928 shi da Marie Bonaparte suka fassara nazarin shari'o'in Freud game da Dora zuwa Faransanci. A shekarar 1930, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa bisa doka kuma ya sake samun lasisin likitancinsa - inda ya kare takardar shaidar digirinsa na uku a fannin likitanci a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1939, an tura shi aiki a matsayin likita a rundunar sojojin Faransa yana karɓar Croix-de-Guerre a shekarar 1940. Bayan yaƙin basasar ƙasar, ya gudu zuwa kudancin Faransa, kuma a shekarar 1942 ya bar can tare da iyalinsa zuwa Amurka, inda ya zauna a New York. A can ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban jami'i a Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya (IPA), inda ya zama mataimakin shugabanta daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Ya mutu a shekarar 1976 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An san Loewenstein, tare da Ernst Kris da Heinz Hartmann, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin abin da ake kira ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na son kai . == Iyali == Ya auri Marie-Elisabeth Schmitt, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Dominique Therese da Elisabeth Charlotte. Bayan rasuwarta ya auri Marquess Amalia Pallavicini, wacce ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Marie-Francoise. A shekarar 1947 ya auri wata mai nazarin halayyar ɗan adam Elisabeth Geleerd wadda ta haifi ɗa, Richard Joseph. == Ayyuka == * ''Origine du masochisme et la théorie des pulsions'', 1938 * ''Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi'', 1940 * ''Psychanalyse de l'Antisemitisme'', 1952 * (wanda aka buga tare da Heinz Hartmann da Ernst Kris ), ''Bayanan kula game da ka'idar zalunci'', 1949 == Duba kuma == * Daniel Lagache == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] mj211n610utziyh52t4diu34tjr2nsl 963378 963377 2026-10-05T09:55:04Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317714009|Rudolph Loewenstein (psychoanalyst)]]" 963378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rudolph Maurice Loewenstein''' (Janairu 17, 1898 - Afrilu 14, 1976) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>i.e. the Deutsche Psychoanalytische Gesellschaft.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Loewenstein a Łódź, Poland (a lokacin yana cikin Daular Rasha ), ga dangin Yahudawa daga lardin Galicia . Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a Zurich Switzerland daga 1917 zuwa 1920, ya tafi Berlin don yin karatun likitanci inda ya sami takardar shaidar likitanci, ƙwararre a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi da karatu a ƙarƙashin Eugen Bleuler . A wannan lokacin ya saba da nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam inda aka ba shi takardar shedar zama likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam bayan ya yi horo tare da Hanns Sachs . Ya zama memba na ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Jamus. (DPG) a cikin 1925. A bisa buƙatar [[Sigmund Freud]], Loewenstein ya ƙaura zuwa Paris, Faransa a shekarar 1927 domin horar da sabbin masu sharhi. Shi ne masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na biyu da ke da lasisi, bayan Eugenie Sokolnicka, da ya yi aiki a can. Ya horar da mafi yawan ƙarni biyu na farko na masu sharhi na Faransa, ciki har da, musamman, Jacques Lacan (tsakanin 1933 da 1939). Ya kasance memba na farko da ya kafa ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Faransa, Société psychanalytique de Paris (SPP). (Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar sun haɗa da René Laforgue, Marie Bonaparte, Raymond de Saussure, da Angelo Hesnard .) A shekarar 1927, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar mujallar SPP, {{Interlanguage link|Revue française de psychanalyse|fr}} ; kuma a shekarar 1928 shi da Marie Bonaparte suka fassara nazarin shari'o'in Freud game da Dora zuwa Faransanci. A shekarar 1930, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa bisa doka kuma ya sake samun lasisin likitancinsa - inda ya kare takardar shaidar digirinsa na uku a fannin likitanci a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1939, an tura shi aiki a matsayin likita a rundunar sojojin Faransa yana karɓar Croix-de-Guerre a shekarar 1940. Bayan yaƙin basasar ƙasar, ya gudu zuwa kudancin Faransa, kuma a shekarar 1942 ya bar can tare da iyalinsa zuwa Amurka, inda ya zauna a New York. A can ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban jami'i a Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya (IPA), inda ya zama mataimakin shugabanta daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Ya mutu a shekarar 1976 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An san Loewenstein, tare da Ernst Kris da Heinz Hartmann, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin abin da ake kira ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na son kai . == Iyali == Ya auri Marie-Elisabeth Schmitt, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Dominique Therese da Elisabeth Charlotte. Bayan rasuwarta ya auri Marquess Amalia Pallavicini, wacce ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Marie-Francoise. A shekarar 1947 ya auri wata mai nazarin halayyar ɗan adam Elisabeth Geleerd wadda ta haifi ɗa, Richard Joseph. == Ayyuka == * ''Origine du masochisme et la théorie des pulsions'', 1938 * ''Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi'', 1940 * ''Psychanalyse de l'Antisemitisme'', 1952 * (wanda aka buga tare da Heinz Hartmann da Ernst Kris ), ''Bayanan kula game da ka'idar zalunci'', 1949 == Duba kuma == * Daniel Lagache == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] t51j3khld5j1ddxvai5werdqepdgj9m 963379 963378 2026-10-05T09:55:28Z Sardeeq 39275 963379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rudolph Maurice Loewenstein''' (Janairu 17, 1898 - Afrilu 14, 1976) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>i.e. the Deutsche Psychoanalytische Gesellschaft.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Loewenstein a Łódź, Poland (a lokacin yana cikin Daular Rasha ), ga dangin Yahudawa daga lardin Galicia . Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a Zurich Switzerland daga 1917 zuwa 1920, ya tafi Berlin don yin karatun likitanci inda ya sami takardar shaidar likitanci, ƙwararre a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi da karatu a ƙarƙashin Eugen Bleuler . A wannan lokacin ya saba da nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam inda aka ba shi takardar shedar zama likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam bayan ya yi horo tare da Hanns Sachs . Ya zama memba na ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Jamus. (DPG) a cikin 1925. A bisa buƙatar [[Sigmund Freud]], Loewenstein ya ƙaura zuwa Paris, Faransa a shekarar 1927 domin horar da sabbin masu sharhi. Shi ne masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na biyu da ke da lasisi, bayan Eugenie Sokolnicka, da ya yi aiki a can. Ya horar da mafi yawan ƙarni biyu na farko na masu sharhi na Faransa, ciki har da, musamman, Jacques Lacan (tsakanin 1933 da 1939). Ya kasance memba na farko da ya kafa ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Faransa, Société psychanalytique de Paris (SPP). (Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar sun haɗa da René Laforgue, Marie Bonaparte, Raymond de Saussure, da Angelo Hesnard .) A shekarar 1927, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar mujallar SPP, {{Interlanguage link|Revue française de psychanalyse|fr}} ; kuma a shekarar 1928 shi da Marie Bonaparte suka fassara nazarin shari'o'in Freud game da Dora zuwa Faransanci. A shekarar 1930, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa bisa doka kuma ya sake samun lasisin likitancinsa - inda ya kare takardar shaidar digirinsa na uku a fannin likitanci a shekarar 1935. A shekarar 1939, an tura shi aiki a matsayin likita a rundunar sojojin Faransa yana karɓar Croix-de-Guerre a shekarar 1940. Bayan yaƙin basasar ƙasar, ya gudu zuwa kudancin Faransa, kuma a shekarar 1942 ya bar can tare da iyalinsa zuwa Amurka, inda ya zauna a New York. A can ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban jami'i a Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya (IPA), inda ya zama mataimakin shugabanta daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Ya mutu a shekarar 1976 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . An san Loewenstein, tare da Ernst Kris da Heinz Hartmann, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin abin da ake kira ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na son kai . == Iyali == Ya auri Marie-Elisabeth Schmitt, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Dominique Therese da Elisabeth Charlotte. Bayan rasuwarta ya auri Marquess Amalia Pallavicini, wacce ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Marie-Francoise. A shekarar 1947 ya auri wata mai nazarin halayyar ɗan adam Elisabeth Geleerd wadda ta haifi ɗa, Richard Joseph. == Ayyuka == * ''Origine du masochisme et la théorie des pulsions'', 1938 * ''Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi'', 1940 * ''Psychanalyse de l'Antisemitisme'', 1952 * (wanda aka buga tare da Heinz Hartmann da Ernst Kris ), ''Bayanan kula game da ka'idar zalunci'', 1949 == Duba kuma == * Daniel Lagache == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] dl0dncm9v96zhbhb2gwquwyex656vtn 3 178253 963398 2026-10-05T11:23:00Z Céréales Killer 4616 Céréales Killer moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Անահիտ Կիրանց]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Մկրտչյան Անահիտ]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Անահիտ Կիրանց|Անահիտ Կիրանց]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Մկրտչյան Անահիտ|Մկրտչյան Անահիտ]]" 963398 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Մկրտչյան Անահիտ]] 289ve0so1lj2rl4htlzcfwxwf8xd7we 0 178254 963404 2026-10-05T11:39:06Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 963404 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Takalman dogon diddige== Takalman dogon diddige (high heels) nau'in takalma ne da diddigensa yake ɗaga diddigen ƙafa sama da yatsun ƙafa. Tarihinsu yana da alaƙa da mahayan dawakai, musamman a Farisa, kafin daga baya su zama wani ɓangare na salon tufafi a Turai. ==Asali== Wasu daga cikin tsoffin misalan takalma masu diddige ana danganta su da mahayan dawakan Farisa tun kusan ƙarni na 10. Mahayan dawakai suna amfani da takalma masu ɗan tsayin diddige domin taimaka musu wajen riƙe ƙafafunsu cikin stirrup yayin hawa doki. Wannan ya taimaka musu wajen samun daidaito musamman yayin amfani da baka da kibau. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, hulɗar Turai da Daular Safawiyya ta Farisa ta taimaka wajen yaɗuwar salon takalma masu diddige zuwa wasu sassan Turai. Daga nan, takalma masu diddige suka fara zama wani ɓangare na tufafin maza masu fada aji. ==Takalman diddige a Turai== A ƙarni na 17, takalma masu diddige sun samu karɓuwa a tsakanin maza masu matsayi a wasu ƙasashen Turai. A wasu lokuta, tsayi da salon takalmin suna da alaƙa da matsayi, dukiya da gata. Louis XIV, Sarkin Faransa, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu amfani da takalma masu diddige. An fi saninsa da takalman da ke da diddige ja, waɗanda suka zama wata alama ta salon kotun sarautar Faransa da matsayi na zamantakewa. ==Amfani da takalman diddige da mata== Daga baya a ƙarni na 17, mata a Turai ma suka fara amfani da takalma masu diddige. Salon takalma da tufafi ya sauya a hankali, kuma takalman diddige suka zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado na mata. A tsawon lokaci, ma'anar takalman diddige ta sauya daga alaƙarsu da hawa doki da salon maza masu fada aji zuwa kasancewarsu wani muhimmin ɓangare na salon mata a ƙasashen yammacin duniya. ==Tasirin al'adu== Takalman dogon diddige sun kasance suna da ma'anoni daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban. A wasu zamanai, sun kasance alamar matsayi da iko, yayin da daga baya suka zama kayan ado da ake dangantawa da salo da kyau. Saboda haka, tarihin takalman dogon diddige ya nuna cewa ba a fara danganta su da salon mata kaɗai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman tushensu na tarihi yana da alaƙa da mahayan dawakan Farisa, kafin daga baya su zama wani ɓangare na salon tufafi a Turai da sauran sassan duniya. ==Manazarta== 1. Bata Shoe Museum / Google Arts & Culture, The History of High Heels. 2. Swiss National Museum, High Heels: From the Battlefield to the Height of Fashion, 2025. 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Shoes with Red Heels, tarin kayan tarihi na ƙarni na 17. 4. PBS, When Men Wore High Heels. 0r82xykbo9pnyttwhchm79ygwmnh1v4 963406 963404 2026-10-05T11:42:45Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 963406 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Takalman dogon diddige==[[File:Takalman dogon diddige.jpg|thumb|Asalin Takalman dogon diddige daga sojojin farisa]] Takalman dogon diddige (high heels) nau'in takalma ne da diddigensa yake ɗaga diddigen ƙafa sama da yatsun ƙafa. Tarihinsu yana da alaƙa da mahayan dawakai, musamman a Farisa, kafin daga baya su zama wani ɓangare na salon tufafi a Turai. ==Asali== Wasu daga cikin tsoffin misalan takalma masu diddige ana danganta su da mahayan dawakan Farisa tun kusan ƙarni na 10. Mahayan dawakai suna amfani da takalma masu ɗan tsayin diddige domin taimaka musu wajen riƙe ƙafafunsu cikin stirrup yayin hawa doki. Wannan ya taimaka musu wajen samun daidaito musamman yayin amfani da baka da kibau. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, hulɗar Turai da Daular Safawiyya ta Farisa ta taimaka wajen yaɗuwar salon takalma masu diddige zuwa wasu sassan Turai. Daga nan, takalma masu diddige suka fara zama wani ɓangare na tufafin maza masu fada aji. ==Takalman diddige a Turai== A ƙarni na 17, takalma masu diddige sun samu karɓuwa a tsakanin maza masu matsayi a wasu ƙasashen Turai. A wasu lokuta, tsayi da salon takalmin suna da alaƙa da matsayi, dukiya da gata. Louis XIV, Sarkin Faransa, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu amfani da takalma masu diddige. An fi saninsa da takalman da ke da diddige ja, waɗanda suka zama wata alama ta salon kotun sarautar Faransa da matsayi na zamantakewa. ==Amfani da takalman diddige da mata== Daga baya a ƙarni na 17, mata a Turai ma suka fara amfani da takalma masu diddige. Salon takalma da tufafi ya sauya a hankali, kuma takalman diddige suka zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado na mata. A tsawon lokaci, ma'anar takalman diddige ta sauya daga alaƙarsu da hawa doki da salon maza masu fada aji zuwa kasancewarsu wani muhimmin ɓangare na salon mata a ƙasashen yammacin duniya. ==Tasirin al'adu== Takalman dogon diddige sun kasance suna da ma'anoni daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban. A wasu zamanai, sun kasance alamar matsayi da iko, yayin da daga baya suka zama kayan ado da ake dangantawa da salo da kyau. Saboda haka, tarihin takalman dogon diddige ya nuna cewa ba a fara danganta su da salon mata kaɗai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman tushensu na tarihi yana da alaƙa da mahayan dawakan Farisa, kafin daga baya su zama wani ɓangare na salon tufafi a Turai da sauran sassan duniya. ==Manazarta== 1. Bata Shoe Museum / Google Arts & Culture, The History of High Heels. 2. Swiss National Museum, High Heels: From the Battlefield to the Height of Fashion, 2025. 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Shoes with Red Heels, tarin kayan tarihi na ƙarni na 17. 4. PBS, When Men Wore High Heels. e8svpyhho9nwpujkekjz11b28b3rst5 0 178255 963405 2026-10-05T11:42:22Z Musa Ardo 46374 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288806539|Coin-matching game]]" 963405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wasan daidaita '''tsabar kudi'''''' (kuma tsabar kudi smack ko smack game ) wata yarjejeniya ce ta amincewa wacce masu zane-zane biyu suka kafa wanda aka azabtar. Mai zamba na farko ya fara tattaunawa da wanda aka zalunta, yawanci yana jira a wani wuri. Mai zamba ya ba da shawarar yin wasan tsabar kuɗi (ko wasu tsabar kuɗi) don ɓata lokaci, wasa mai sauƙi inda 'yan wasa ke bayyana tsabar kuɗi a matsayin kai ko wutsiya kuma wanda ya yi nasara ana tantance shi ta hanyar ko fuskoki sun yi daidai ko sun bambanta. Mai zamba na biyu ya zo ya shiga, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi na ɗan lokaci. Mai zamba na farko ya ba da shawarar yin zamba. Wanda aka zalunta, yana tunanin za su zambaci mai zamba na biyu, ya yarda ya daidaita tsabar kuɗi a kowane lokaci. Lokacin da mai zane-zane na biyu ya dawo kuma ya fara rasa, sai ya zargi su biyu da zamba kuma ya yi barazanar kiran 'yan sanda. Mai zane-zane na farko yana ba da kuɗi mai yawa, kuma wanda aka azabtar ya ba da gudummawa. Bayan wanda aka azabtar ya tafi, masu zane-zane guda biyu sun raba kuɗin da aka kwace daga wanda aka azabta. A cikin ka'idar wasan kalmar tana nufin Wasan mutum biyu na ajizanci (ba ya haɗa da mai kunnawa na uku ko makirci); wasu bambance-bambance akan sunan sune "daidaita tsabar kudi" ko "daidaidaita tsaba". == Manazarta == bojq8hluosolq9rxm4rbs2q6ebaknj4