Katsina

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    <title>Katsina</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:45:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Zainab Muazu yau</username>
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      <text bytes="20647" sha1="adu3xte4i6w415edgojmr3ktuthrt5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]]
[[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]]
[[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]]
[[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]]
[[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]]
[[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]]
[[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]]
[[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina 
[[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]]
[[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]]
Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a  [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita dari biyu da sintin 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin jahar [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. 

An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin  birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.&lt;ref&gt;Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]].

Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria&quot;. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne 

Umar Dikko Raɗɗa,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock&quot;. ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar ta 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 
== Masarautar Katsina: ==

Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Gidan Korau&quot; wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na jahar Katsina. Fadar ta  kasance muhimmiyar alama ce na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. 

Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta (1348) [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a jahar Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL&quot;. Retrieved 6 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani.
[[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]]
[[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]]

== Tarihi: ==

Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).&lt;ref&gt;Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960.
[[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]]
A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19.

Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino.

==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ====

A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys&quot;. ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin.

kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.&lt;ref&gt;tabbaci gareni&lt;/ref&gt;

== : ==

* [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU).
* [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina).
* [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]].
* [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].
* Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM).
* National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
* Cherish Enterprises Institute.
* Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground].

==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:==

==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina
File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management
File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic
File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina
File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|Federal College of Education, Katsina State (FCE )
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina
File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina
File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About
File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau
File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina
File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina
File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina
File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Labarin ƙasa: ==

=== Yanayi; ===


Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Climate Summary for Katsina.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]]

=== Ruwan sama; ===

Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina:
!S/N
!Code
!Shekaru
!Junairu 
!Febreru 
!March
!Aprelu
!Mayu
!Yuni
!Yuli
!Agusta
!Satumba
!Oktoba 
!Nuwamba 
!Disemba
|-
|1.
|65028
|1990
|0
|0
|0
|0
|29.9
|57.9
|198.8
|220.2
|34.7
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2.
|65028
|1991
|0
|0
|10.8
|12.2
|73.5
|58.8
|71.5
|109.7
|21.1
|1.4
|0
|0
|-
|3.
|65028
|1992
|0
|0
|0
|0
|33.6
|19.9
|89.3
|119.4
|70.7
|0.2
|0
|0
|-
|4.
|65028
|1993
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4.5
|42.3
|69
|94.5
|51.7
|0
|0
|0
|-
|5.
|65028
|1994
|0
|0
|0
|3.1
|12.3
|42.3
|107.9
|174.2
|113.1
|20.3
|0
|0
|-
|6.
|65028
|1995
|0
|0
|0
|10
|30
|70
|80
|120
|80
|10
|0
|0
|-
|7.
|65028
|1996
|0
|0
|0
|0
|42.6
|44.5
|38.1
|66.8
|67.8
|0
|0
|0
|-
|8.
|65028
|1997
|0
|0
|7.2
|9.5
|89.5
|30.4
|91.1
|153.7
|56.5
|8.3
|0
|0
|-
|9.
|65028
|1998
|0
|0
|0
|10.1
|11.4
|43.4
|114.1
|116.6
|135.2
|0.8
|0
|0
|-
|10.
|65028
|1999
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4.2
|22.4
|149.2
|89.8
|132.3
|18.4
|0
|0
|-
|11.
|65028
|2000
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1.6
|106.8
|299.9
|160.2
|62.1
|45
|0
|0
|-
|12.
|65028
|2001
|0
|0
|0
|16.9
|83.9
|110.8
|176
|240.9
|70.6
|0
|0
|0
|-
|13.
|65028
|2002
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2.9
|141.3
|170.4
|71.3
|199.1
|9.8
|0
|0
|-
|14.
|65028
|2003
|0
|0
|0
|4
|52.8
|57.2
|118.2
|275.5
|75.1
|16.4
|0
|0
|-
|15.
|65028
|2004
|0
|0
|0
|0
|74.9
|151.2
|161.1
|268.8
|42
|0
|0
|0
|-
|16.
|65028
|2005
|0
|0
|0
|14.8
|18.4
|83.2
|173.7
|216.1
|194
|50.4
|0
|0
|-
|17.
|65028
|2006
|0
|0
|0
|0
|26.1
|69.9
|170.9
|314.9
|129.7
|15
|0
|0
|-
|18.
|65028
|2007
|0
|0
|0
|6.2
|84.9
|135.2
|117.4
|314.9
|45.5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|19.
|65028
|2008
|0
|0
|0
|16.6
|8.5
|63.3
|182.9
|213.9
|67.7
|4.2
|0
|0
|-
|20.
|65028
|2009
|0
|0
|0
|0
|95
|57.9
|96.5
|123.3
|38.3
|29
|0
|0
|-
|21.
|65028
|2010
|0
|0
|0
|85.6
|8.1
|118.8
|226.1
|448.9
|76.6
|48.6
|0
|0
|-
|22.
|65028
|2011
|0
|0
|0
|0
|38
|149.2
|116.6
|180.6
|67.3
|8
|0
|0
|-
|23.
|65028
|2012
|0
|0
|0
|0
|59.5
|135.2
|117.4
|314.9
|129.7
|15
|0
|0
|-
|24.
|65028
|2013
|0
|0
|0
|42.4
|36.7
|103.2
|89
|274.7
|107.6
|10.2
|0
|0
|-
|25.
|65028
|2014
|0
|0
|0
|0
|38.1
|39.5
|178.9
|178.7
|46.3
|0
|0
|0
|-
|26.
|65028
|2015
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|89.1
|178.9
|274.7
|46.3
|9
|0
|0
|-
|27.
|65028
|2016
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4.5
|42.3
|69
|94.5
|59.5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|28.
|65028
|2017
|0
|0
|0
|10.1
|11.4
|62
|114.1
|16.6
|135.2
|0.8
|0
|0
|-
|29.
|65028
|2018
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2.9
|141.3
|170.4
|149.7
|199.1
|63.8
|0
|0
|-
|30.
|65028
|2019
|0
|0
|0
|11.6
|8.1
|118.8
|232.7
|359.1
|98.6
|26.6
|0
|0
|}
Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021.

=== Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; ===
Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri

===== Zafi; =====
Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.&lt;ref&gt;Yu Media Group. &quot;Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast&quot;. Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!S/N
!Code
!Shekara
!Junairu
!Febrelu
!March
!Aprelu
!Mayu
!Juni
!Juli
!Augusta
!Satumba
!Oktoba
!Nuwamba
!December
|-
|1.
|65028
|1985
|31.7
|29.7
|36.5
|36.5
|38.6
|35.9
|31.6
|31.3
|33.2
|35.5
|33.9
|28.2
|-
|2.
|65028
|1986
|38.9
|34.7
|37
|40.2
|39.2
|37
|31.5
|31.4
|32.2
|35.4
|33.3
|37.4
|-
|3.
|65028
|1987
|30.4
|33.6
|36
|37.6
|40.1
|36.6
|35.1
|32.6
|34.4
|35.7
|34.1
|30.1
|-
|4.
|65028
|1988
|28.4
|32
|36.7
|39
|39.2
|35.3
|31.9
|29.5
|31.9
|34.3
|33.7
|28.5
|-
|5.
|65028
|1989
|26
|28.4
|35.2
|39.3
|38.3
|36.2
|32.4
|30.9
|32.6
|33.6
|33.6
|29.6
|-
|6.
|65028
|1990
|32.2
|30.1
|33.5
|39.9
|38.1
|36.7
|31.7
|31.4
|33.9
|36.7
|35.5
|34
|-
|7.
|65028
|1991
|29.4
|35.9
|35.9
|39
|35.3
|35.1
|31
|30.5
|34.4
|36.4
|33.3
|28.9
|-
|8.
|65038
|1992
|29.1
|30.1
|36.4
|39
|36.5
|35.6
|31
|30.3
|32.4
|35.7
|31.5
|30.2
|-
|9.
|65028
|1993
|36.5
|32.5
|36.5
|39.3
|39.3
|36.5
|33.3
|31.5
|33.1
|36.9
|35.5
|29.5
|-
|10.
|65028
|1994
|29.5
|31.6
|38.2
|38.7
|38.9
|35.4
|31.8
|29.5
|31.4
|34.1
|32.3
|27.4
|-
|11.
|65028
|1995
|27.7
|31
|38.1
|38.8
|38.3
|36.1
|32.9
|30.9
|32.6
|35.4
|32.2
|31.7
|-
|12.
|65028
|1996
|32.1
|34.8
|37.6
|39.3
|38.3
|34.5
|33.6
|30.3
|32.3
|35.3
|31.2
|31.8
|-
|13.
|65028
|1997
|31.3
|28.5
|34.8
|38.3
|36.5
|35.1
|32.4
|31.7
|33.6
|36.5
|35.6
|30.4
|-
|14.
|65028
|1998
|29.4
|33.5
|33.9
|40.2
|39.3
|35.6
|32.1
|30.8
|31.6
|34.9
|34.9
|30.6
|-
|15.
|65028
|1999
|30.8
|34
|39
|39.5
|39.3
|38.1
|31.7
|29.5
|31.4
|33.4
|33.2
|29.7
|-
|16.
|65028
|2000
|31
|28.6
|35.2
|40.5
|39.6
|35.3
|31
|31
|32.9
|33.8
|33.8
|29.6
|-
|17.
|65028
|2001
|29.3
|30.4
|36.9
|38
|37.8
|34.3
|31.3
|30
|32
|34.8
|33.6
|31.9
|-
|18.
|65028
|2002
|26.3
|31.6
|37
|39.8
|40.8
|36
|32.5
|31.1
|32.2
|32.4
|33.8
|31
|-
|19.
|65028
|2003
|34.7
|35.3
|39.6
|39.4
|34.4
|35.6
|31.3
|30.8
|32.8
|33.8
|33.5
|31.7
|-
|20.
|65028
|2004
|32
|29.9
|40
|39
|36.5
|32
|30
|33
|36
|34
|33.9
|31.9
|-
|21
|65028
|2005
|13.4
|19.4
|22
|24
|25.2
|24.2
|22.7
|21.6
|22.3
|20
|16.2
|14
|-
|22.
|65028
|2006
|15
|18.1
|20
|21.4
|26
|25
|23.2
|22
|22.2
|22
|15
|11.8
|-
|23.
|65028
|2007
|12.8
|13.6
|18.3
|22.7
|24.4
|23.8
|21.5
|20.3
|20.5
|17.6
|13.3
|10.7
|-
|24.
|65028
|2008
|9.5
|14.4
|20
|21.2
|23.2
|22.8
|21.1
|19.5
|19.8
|17.5
|13.3
|11.5
|-
|25.
|65028
|2009
|11.1
|14.2
|19.2
|23.4
|24.2
|22.4
|22.4
|21.1
|22.1
|21.5
|14.6
|13.6
|-
|26.
|65028
|2010
|14.5
|17
|19.7
|23.8
|23.7
|23.8
|22
|20.7
|21.9
|19.6
|14.3
|14.1
|-
|27.
|65028
|2011
|13.3
|17.9
|17.5
|22.3
|24.7
|23.8
|20.6
|20.5
|21.2
|21.2
|16.1
|12.2
|-
|28.
|65028
|2012
|12.6
|16.4
|18.6
|25.4
|26.3
|23.4
|21.3
|20.4
|21.8
|22.1
|19.0
|14.6
|-
|29.
|65028
|2013
|30.7
|34.3
|39.8
|37.8
|38.8
|35.6
|32.5
|29.9
|32.8
|34.9
|34.9
|31.1
|-
|30.
|65028
|2014
|30.8
|32.2
|37.5
|39.7
|37.6
|36.6
|33.4
|30.7
|32.5
|35.9
|34.8
|30.7
|-
|31.
|65028
|2015
|28.2
|35.1
|36.1
|37.5
|40.3
|37.4
|33.4
|33.1
|32.5
|35.9
|33.3
|36.1
|-
|32.
|65028
|2016
|28.2
|32.5
|38.5
|40.5
|39
|35.1
|32.2
|30.9
|32.3
|36.5
|35.5
|30.7
|-
|33.
|65028
|2017
|27.8
|31.6
|37.5
|39.5
|39
|34.7
|31.9
|31
|32.9
|35.7
|34.1
|30.2
|}
Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021.

==== Sanyi; ====
Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!S/N
!Code
!Shekara
!Junairu
!Febrelu
!March
!Aprelu
!Mayu
!Juni
!Juli
!Augusta
!Satumba
!Oktoba
!Nuwamba
!December
|-
|1.
|65028
|1985
|16
|14.7
|22.6
|24.2
|26.7
|24.4
|22.2
|22.2
|22.6
|21
|17.5
|14.7
|-
|2.
|65028
|1986
|12.7
|18
|23.4
|26.2
|26.6
|25.2
|21.9
|21.8
|22.2
|20.8
|17.9
|12.8
|-
|3.
|65028
|1987
|13.1
|16.7
|21.4
|22.3
|25.2
|24.9
|23.9
|22.6
|23.6
|22.5
|17.5
|14.5
|-
|4.
|65028
|1988
|14.4
|16.4
|21.6
|26.6
|24.5
|24.5
|22.7
|21.2
|22.3
|19.6
|16.2
|13.5
|-
|5.
|65028
|1989
|11.1
|13.8
|18.9
|23.1
|25.1
|24.4
|22.2
|21.7
|22.8
|20.6
|15.8
|13.8
|-
|6.
|65028
|1990
|15.5
|14.3
|17
|25.7
|25.7
|25.1
|22.4
|25.8
|23.4
|21
|18.1
|17.4
|-
|7.
|65028
|1991
|13.7
|18.9
|21.7
|25.5
|24.5
|24.4
|
|
|
|
|16.2
|12.6
|-
|8.
|65028
|1992
|12.5
|13.9
|21.9
|24.4
|25.1
|23.7
|21.4
|21.1
|21.6
|20.3
|16.5
|12.7
|-
|9.
|65028
|1993
|11.3
|15
|19.7
|22.7
|24.9
|23.1
|21.1
|20.7
|21.1
|20.5
|17.5
|12.5
|-
|10.
|65028
|1994
|12.5
|13.5
|19.5
|23.7
|24.2
|22.1
|20
|19.1
|19.6
|20.7
|13.5
|10.5
|-
|11.
|65028
|1995
|11.2
|13
|19.1
|22.7
|23.5
|22.2
|20.5
|19.4
|19.7
|19.8
|14
|12.4
|-
|12.
|65028
|1996
|11.4
|14.2
|18.7
|20.8
|22.3
|20.6
|20
|18.8
|19
|18.7
|11.8
|12.2
|-
|13.
|65028
|1997
|14
|14.1
|21.1
|24.7
|24.6
|24
|22.9
|22.3
|23.1
|23.5
|18.9
|14.2
|-
|14.
|65028
|1998
|13.7
|17.5
|18.6
|25.8
|27.7
|24.5
|23.1
|21.8
|22.3
|21.3
|16.9
|13.3
|-
|15.
|65028
|1999
|12.6
|16
|20.2
|23.1
|24.7
|24.1
|20.8
|20.4
|20.7
|19
|15.1
|11.3
|-
|16.
|65028
|2000
|13
|11.2
|16.7
|19
|24.3
|23.5
|21
|21
|21.9
|19.9
|14.1
|11
|-
|17.
|65028
|2001
|20.2
|12.6
|16.5
|23
|24.6
|23.2
|22
|21
|21.9
|19.7
|14.6
|12.8
|-
|18.
|65028
|2002
|11.7
|13.5
|20
|25.6
|26
|24
|22.1
|21.9
|22.3
|19.8
|13.9
|12.8
|-
|19.
|65028
|2003
|16.5
|18.6
|24.4
|24
|23.6
|23.5
|22.2
|22.1
|22.5
|19.9
|14.5
|12.5
|-
|20.
|65028
|2004
|16
|17.5
|25
|25
|24.2
|22
|21
|22
|20
|17
|14.7
|12.3
|-
|21
|65028
|2005
|13.4
|19.4
|22
|24
|25.2
|24.2
|22.7
|21.6
|22.3
|20
|16.2
|14
|-
|22
|65028
|2006
|15
|18.1
|20
|21.4
|26
|25
|23.2
|22
|22.2
|22
|15
|11.8
|-
|23.
|65028
|2007
|12.8
|13.6
|18.3
|22.7
|24.4
|23.8
|21.5
|20.3
|20.5
|17.6
|13.3
|10.7
|-
|24.
|65028
|2008
|9.5
|14.4
|20
|21.2
|23.2
|22.8
|21.1
|19.5
|19.8
|17.5
|13.3
|11.5
|-
|25.
|65028
|2009
|11.1
|14.2
|19.2
|23.4
|24.2
|22.4
|22.4
|21.1
|21.1
|21.5
|14.6
|13.6
|-
|26.
|65028
|2010
|14.5
|17
|19.7
|23.8
|23.7
|23.8
|22
|20.7
|21.9
|19.6
|14.3
|14.1
|-
|27.
|65028
|2011
|13.3
|17.9
|17.5
|22.3
|24.7
|23.8
|20.6
|20.5
|21.2
|21.2
|16.1
|12.2
|-
|28.
|65028
|2012
|12.6
|16.4
|18.6
|25.4
|26.3
|23.4
|21.3
|20.4
|21.8
|22.1
|19.0
|14.6
|-
|29.
|65028
|2013
|14.3
|15.8
|22.1
|23.4
|24.3
|22.7
|21.9
|21
|22.3
|20.9
|18.3
|15.9
|-
|30.
|65028
|2014
|14.3
|16.7
|21.7
|25.8
|25.8
|26.7
|24.2
|22.1
|22.3
|20.7
|18.2
|14.2
|-
|31.
|65028
|2015
|12.3
|18.1
|20.8
|22.2
|26.6
|24.8
|22.7
|
|22.3
|23.3
|17.6
|13.3
|-
|32.
|65028
|2016
|13.5
|16.5
|24.2
|27.1
|26.8
|24.9
|23.2
|22.2
|22
|22.3
|18.7
|13.1
|-
|33.
|65028
|2017
|13.4
|16.4
|19.9
|25
|27.1
|24.8
|23.1
|22.4
|23.1
|19.9
|16.6
|15.4
|}
Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021

==Sanannun Mutane;==
*[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]
*[[Muhammadu Buhari]]
*[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]]

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina
File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state
File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital
File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout
File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina
File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina
File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina
File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt=
File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt=
File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt=
File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt=
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Demografi a Jihar Katsina ==
'''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati.

== Yawan Jama’a ==
A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

== Rabe-raben Jama’a ==
* **Maza:** kusan kashi 51%  
* **Mata:** kusan kashi 49%  
* **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa.  
* **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60.  

== Addini ==
Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya.  

== Harsuna ==
Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi.  

== Kabilu ==
* Hausawa (mafi rinjaye)
* Fulani
* Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana.  

== Ilimi ==
Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune:
* [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]]  
* [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]]  
* [[Katsina State Polytechnic]]  
* Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da:
* Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga)  
* Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki)  
* Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka)  
* Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina.  

== Matsaloli da Kalubale ==
* Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba.  
* Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli.  
* Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki.  

== Kammalawa ==
Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata.

== Manazarta ==
* [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]]
* [[National Bureau of Statistics]]
* Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)]
{{reflist}}
{{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34</text>
      <sha1>adu3xte4i6w415edgojmr3ktuthrt5l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Onitsha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963674</id>
      <parentid>913496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T04:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="839" sha1="6io4t8b71y4fhe0kfovaotqknvhj3zo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Onitsha_Main_Market.jpg  |thumb|Babbar kasuwar birnin Onitishan]] 
[[File:Harbor Layout Onitsha.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Harbor Layout Onitsha]]
'''Onitsha''' birni ne, da ke a jihar [[Anambra]], a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha Bakwai shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane miliyon ɗaya da dubu ɗari uku ne ke rayuwa a wajen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22013/onitsha/population |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308163926/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22013/onitsha/population |archive-date=2022-03-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƴan asalin Onitsha [[Igbo]] ne kuma suna jin yaren Igbo. Ana kiran mutanen Onitsha da Ndi Onicha. 

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Onitsha}}
[[Category:Biranen Najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>6io4t8b71y4fhe0kfovaotqknvhj3zo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Potiskum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:30:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
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      <text bytes="11823" sha1="ppa7xyh44brkhbk9de638von3cn2dlk" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]]
'''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin  [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]]
== Tarihi ==
Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauni ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da Masarautar [[fika]]  mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. 

== Sarkin Potiskum ==
[[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]]
Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. 

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum.  Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]].
[[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]]
Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka;

.kasuwan dabbobi,

Kasuwar shanu, 

Kasuwar wayoyin hannu

.kasuwan hatsi ,

Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]]
Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin shanun ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu.

== Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. ==
Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}}

Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023	511,448
2022	483,346
2021	454,813
2020	426,253
2019	398,160
2018	371,040
2017	345,351
2016	321,441
2015	299,186
&lt;reference &quot;wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Lamba Shua'ibu
* Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai
* Alhaji Baba Adi
* Alhaji Baba Gimba
* Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri
* Alhaji Adamu Chiroma
* Fatsuma Talba
* Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera
* Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa
* Alhaji kwalo
* Alhaji Mai Dirmi
* Alhaji Guza. 
* Hakimi Garba na malam madi
* Hajiya Uwani Bajoga
* Alhaji Musa Lawan
*Alhaji bakoji.
*alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum 
*Ummaru aljan
*alhaji mamma fara fara
*Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa
*Alhaji Adamun Mama.
*hakimi salisu auwal
*Dan baba galda
*Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau
*Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi
*muhammed Hassan dambu
*Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani
*baradan potiskum 
*Alhaji wammi nahuta
*Alhaji adamu chillariye
*Adamu waziri
*Jibir janko
*Adamu bazuwa

== Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum ==
[[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin.

Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su.

. Noma

.Kiwo

.sana,ar hannu

.Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu.

.laka 

.yashi 

.tabo.

.dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake  Nomawa a jiar potiskum.

A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake    

ALKALUMA

An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. 

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji
*Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi
*Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci
*Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci
*Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics |
Dailytrust&quot; . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabuwa</title>
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        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>963412</origin>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="ttne07on306t5ydon751soh0lk5uviq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Moder Primary school sabuwa.jpg|Moder_Primary_school_sabuwa]][[File:Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa, Jihar Kaduna.png|thumb|Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa da ke Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, tana nuna iyakokin ƙaramar hukumar, manyan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, hanyoyi, koguna, Kogon Sabuwa Forest Reserve, da ƙananan hukumomin da ke makwabtaka da ita.]]
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Katsina]]
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sabuwa}}{{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}}

== Sabuwa (ƙaramar hukuma) ==
Sabuwa ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin Jihar Katsina, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Sabuwa. Tana a kudancin Jihar Katsina, kusa da iyakar Jihar Kaduna.

==Geography==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina da kuma Jihar Kaduna. A yammacin ƙaramar hukumar akwai iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Gwari ta Jihar Kaduna, yayin da a kudu akwai ƙaramar hukumar Giwa ta Jihar Kaduna.

A cikin Jihar Katsina, Sabuwa tana da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi ciki har da Dandume da Faskari.

==Noma da kiwo==

Noma da kiwo na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin mutanen Sabuwa. Ana noma amfanin gona iri daban-daban, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake da shinkafa.

A baya, noma ya kasance babban tushen samar da abinci da samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar sun shafi ayyukan noma da kiwo, musamman a yankunan da manoma ke fuskantar barazanar hare-haren 'yan bindiga.

==Yawan jama'a==

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2006, ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da yawan jama'a 140,679.

An kuma samu wasu alkaluman hasashen yawan jama'a na shekarun baya, amma ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da kuma hasashen yawan jama'a, domin ba su da matsayi iri ɗaya a matsayin tushen ƙididdiga.

==Gundumomi==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da gundumomi waɗanda suka haɗa da:

* Sabuwa A
* Sabuwa B
* Machika
* Damari
* Gamji
* Sayau
* Rafin Iwa
* Dugu Mu'azu
* Gazari
* Maibakko

==Duba kuma==

* [[Jihar Katsina]]
* [[Sabuwa]]
* [[Giwa]]
* [[Birnin Gwari]]
* [[Dandume]]
* [[Faskari]]

==Manazarta==

* National Population Commission (Nigeria), 2006 Population and Housing Census.
* National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria), bayanan yawan jama'a da ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya.
* Katsina State Government, bayanan ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.</text>
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        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>/* Sabuwa (ƙaramar hukuma) */ inganta shafi</comment>
      <origin>963442</origin>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="q0hklcrtetxn3j3sf0as0j2rx7fsdzn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Moder Primary school sabuwa.jpg|Moder_Primary_school_sabuwa]][[File:Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa, Jihar Kaduna.png|thumb|Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa da ke Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, tana nuna iyakokin ƙaramar hukumar, manyan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, hanyoyi, koguna, Kogon Sabuwa Forest Reserve, da ƙananan hukumomin da ke makwabtaka da ita.]]
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Katsina]]
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sabuwa}}{{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}}

== Tarihin ƙaramar hukuma. ==
Sabuwa ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin Jihar Katsina, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Sabuwa. Tana a kudancin Jihar Katsina, kusa da iyakar Jihar Kaduna.

==Geography==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina da kuma Jihar Kaduna. A yammacin ƙaramar hukumar akwai iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Gwari ta Jihar Kaduna, yayin da a kudu akwai ƙaramar hukumar Giwa ta Jihar Kaduna.

A cikin Jihar Katsina, Sabuwa tana da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi ciki har da Dandume da Faskari.

==Noma da kiwo==

Noma da kiwo na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin mutanen Sabuwa. Ana noma amfanin gona iri daban-daban, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake da shinkafa.

A baya, noma ya kasance babban tushen samar da abinci da samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar sun shafi ayyukan noma da kiwo, musamman a yankunan da manoma ke fuskantar barazanar hare-haren 'yan bindiga.

==Yawan jama'a==

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2006, ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da yawan jama'a 140,679.

An kuma samu wasu alkaluman hasashen yawan jama'a na shekarun baya, amma ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da kuma hasashen yawan jama'a, domin ba su da matsayi iri ɗaya a matsayin tushen ƙididdiga.

==Gundumomi==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da gundumomi waɗanda suka haɗa da:

* Sabuwa A
* Sabuwa B
* Machika
* Damari
* Gamji
* Sayau
* Rafin Iwa
* Dugu Mu'azu
* Gazari
* Maibakko

==Duba kuma==

* [[Jihar Katsina]]
* [[Sabuwa]]
* [[Giwa]]
* [[Birnin Gwari]]
* [[Dandume]]
* [[Faskari]]

==Manazarta==

* National Population Commission (Nigeria), 2006 Population and Housing Census.
* National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria), bayanan yawan jama'a da ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya.
* Katsina State Government, bayanan ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.</text>
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        <id>28228</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tarihin ƙaramar hukuma. */</comment>
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[[File:Moder Primary school sabuwa.jpg|Moder_Primary_school_sabuwa]][[File:Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa, Jihar Kaduna.png|thumb|Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa da ke Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, tana nuna iyakokin ƙaramar hukumar, manyan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, hanyoyi, koguna, Kogon Sabuwa Forest Reserve, da ƙananan hukumomin da ke makwabtaka da ita.]]
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Katsina]]
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sabuwa}}{{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}}

== Tarihin ƙaramar hukuma. ==
Sabuwa ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin Jihar Katsina, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Sabuwa. Tana a kudancin Jihar Katsina, kusa da iyakar Jihar Kaduna.Garin Sabuwa tsohon gari ne da sama da shekara dari biyu (200) da suka gabata mutane suke rayuwa a wurin. Shi kuma garin “Duya” tsohon gari ne yana nan kimanin Kilomita shida (6) shashen Arewa maso yammacin garin Sabuwa.
Wannan garin na Duya zagaye yake da duwatsu manya da kanan sannan kuma an kafa garin Duya ne a ƙarni na goma sha biyar wajen shekara ta (1475–1480 AD) Miladiyya. Garin Duya yana da manya-manyan duwatsu a cikinsa waɗannan duwatsu sune kamar haka:
Gabas da gari akwai Dutsen Duya
Yamma da gari akwai Dutsen Torankawa
Kudu da gari akwai Dutsen Gwari
Arewa da gari akwai Dutsen Mai Malfa
Akwai hasashe mai ƙarfi da ake yi game da kafuwar Duya inda ake ganin wani mutum ne mai suna “Dunya” tare da abokin tafiyarsa wanda ake kira “Kamashi” suka kafa shi. Dukkansu guda biyu nan sun fito ne daga garin Katsina. Garin ya samo sunan ne daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan duwatsun da suke kewaye da wurin inda Dunya ke zaune, sai mutane ke kiran wurin Dutsen Dunya, har daga bisani aka ci gaba da cewa wurin Duya.
Garin Duya ya zama wurin yada zango na matafiya daga wurare da dama kamar daga Arewa akwai mutanen Sokoto, Katsina, da Maradi da sauran ƙasashen Arewa idan za su shiga kudanci. Haka Yarabawa da Nufawa da Gwanja suma sukan yada zango a nan idan za su shiga ƙasar Sokoto ko Maradi da sauransu.
An kafa wata kasuwa a wani wuri da ake kira Sabuwa, inda wani mutum mai suna Danguiji ke zaune a daidai shekara ta 1876. Domin a sami mutane masu yawa zuwa cin wannan kasuwa, sai mutanen garin Duya suka dinga yayata bude kasuwa har yasa wasu Maguzawa dake kusa da garin suka shirya wata gasar shan giya wadda aka gudanar ranar da aka bude kasuwar. An ce wani Bamaguje ne mai suna “Sabo” ya ci wannan gasa, ya zama zakara.
Gina wannan kasuwa ya sanya wannan sabon wuri ya rika kwace jama’a daga garin Duya, har sai da ta kai mafi yawan jama’ar Duya suka taso suka dawo Sabuwa. Shi kansa garin Sabuwa ya samo sunansa ne daga Sabo, Bamagujen wanda yayi nasara ya zama zakara gwajin dafi a gasar shan giya da aka gudanar ranar da aka bude kasuwar. Amma akwai wani ra’ayi dake cewa garin ya sami wannan suna ne saboda canjin wurin zama da aka yi zuwa sabuwar ƙasa, har daga bisani aka cire “ƙasa” ana cewa Sabuwar ƙwai.

==Geography==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina da kuma Jihar Kaduna. A yammacin ƙaramar hukumar akwai iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Gwari ta Jihar Kaduna, yayin da a kudu akwai ƙaramar hukumar Giwa ta Jihar Kaduna.

A cikin Jihar Katsina, Sabuwa tana da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi ciki har da Dandume da Faskari.

==Noma da kiwo==

Noma da kiwo na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin mutanen Sabuwa. Ana noma amfanin gona iri daban-daban, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake da shinkafa.

A baya, noma ya kasance babban tushen samar da abinci da samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar sun shafi ayyukan noma da kiwo, musamman a yankunan da manoma ke fuskantar barazanar hare-haren 'yan bindiga.

==Yawan jama'a==

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2006, ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da yawan jama'a 140,679.

An kuma samu wasu alkaluman hasashen yawan jama'a na shekarun baya, amma ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da kuma hasashen yawan jama'a, domin ba su da matsayi iri ɗaya a matsayin tushen ƙididdiga.

==Gundumomi==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da gundumomi waɗanda suka haɗa da:

* Sabuwa A
* Sabuwa B
* Machika
* Damari
* Gamji
* Sayau
* Rafin Iwa
* Dugu Mu'azu
* Gazari
* Maibakko

==Duba kuma==

* [[Jihar Katsina]]
* [[Sabuwa]]
* [[Giwa]]
* [[Birnin Gwari]]
* [[Dandume]]
* [[Faskari]]

==Manazarta==

* National Population Commission (Nigeria), 2006 Population and Housing Census.
* National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria), bayanan yawan jama'a da ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya.
* Katsina State Government, bayanan ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963445</id>
      <parentid>963444</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tarihin ƙaramar hukuma. */</comment>
      <origin>963445</origin>
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      <text bytes="4686" sha1="3juls0a0x846dpnnljat4di1tjzqi05" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Moder Primary school sabuwa.jpg|Moder_Primary_school_sabuwa]][[File:Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa, Jihar Kaduna.png|thumb|Taswirar Karamar Hukumar Sabuwa da ke Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, tana nuna iyakokin ƙaramar hukumar, manyan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, hanyoyi, koguna, Kogon Sabuwa Forest Reserve, da ƙananan hukumomin da ke makwabtaka da ita.]]
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Katsina]]
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sabuwa}}{{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}}

== Tarihin ƙaramar hukuma Sabuwa. ==
Sabuwa ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke cikin Jihar Katsina, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Sabuwa. Tana a kudancin Jihar Katsina, kusa da iyakar Jihar Kaduna.Garin Sabuwa tsohon gari ne da sama da shekara dari biyu (200) da suka gabata mutane suke rayuwa a wurin. Shi kuma garin “Duya” tsohon gari ne yana nan kimanin Kilomita shida (6) shashen Arewa maso yammacin garin Sabuwa.
Wannan garin na Duya zagaye yake da duwatsu manya da kanan sannan kuma an kafa garin Duya ne a ƙarni na goma sha biyar wajen shekara ta (1475–1480 AD) Miladiyya. Garin Duya yana da manya-manyan duwatsu a cikinsa waɗannan duwatsu sune kamar haka:
Gabas da gari akwai Dutsen Duya
Yamma da gari akwai Dutsen Torankawa
Kudu da gari akwai Dutsen Gwari
Arewa da gari akwai Dutsen Mai Malfa
Akwai hasashe mai ƙarfi da ake yi game da kafuwar Duya inda ake ganin wani mutum ne mai suna “Dunya” tare da abokin tafiyarsa wanda ake kira “Kamashi” suka kafa shi. Dukkansu guda biyu nan sun fito ne daga garin Katsina. Garin ya samo sunan ne daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan duwatsun da suke kewaye da wurin inda Dunya ke zaune, sai mutane ke kiran wurin Dutsen Dunya, har daga bisani aka ci gaba da cewa wurin Duya.
Garin Duya ya zama wurin yada zango na matafiya daga wurare da dama kamar daga Arewa akwai mutanen Sokoto, Katsina, da Maradi da sauran ƙasashen Arewa idan za su shiga kudanci. Haka Yarabawa da Nufawa da Gwanja suma sukan yada zango a nan idan za su shiga ƙasar Sokoto ko Maradi da sauransu.
An kafa wata kasuwa a wani wuri da ake kira Sabuwa, inda wani mutum mai suna Danguiji ke zaune a daidai shekara ta 1876. Domin a sami mutane masu yawa zuwa cin wannan kasuwa, sai mutanen garin Duya suka dinga yayata bude kasuwa har yasa wasu Maguzawa dake kusa da garin suka shirya wata gasar shan giya wadda aka gudanar ranar da aka bude kasuwar. An ce wani Bamaguje ne mai suna “Sabo” ya ci wannan gasa, ya zama zakara.
Gina wannan kasuwa ya sanya wannan sabon wuri ya rika kwace jama’a daga garin Duya, har sai da ta kai mafi yawan jama’ar Duya suka taso suka dawo Sabuwa. Shi kansa garin Sabuwa ya samo sunansa ne daga Sabo, Bamagujen wanda yayi nasara ya zama zakara gwajin dafi a gasar shan giya da aka gudanar ranar da aka bude kasuwar. Amma akwai wani ra’ayi dake cewa garin ya sami wannan suna ne saboda canjin wurin zama da aka yi zuwa sabuwar ƙasa, har daga bisani aka cire “ƙasa” ana cewa Sabuwar ƙwai.

==Geography==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina da kuma Jihar Kaduna. A yammacin ƙaramar hukumar akwai iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Gwari ta Jihar Kaduna, yayin da a kudu akwai ƙaramar hukumar Giwa ta Jihar Kaduna.

A cikin Jihar Katsina, Sabuwa tana da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi ciki har da Dandume da Faskari.

==Noma da kiwo==

Noma da kiwo na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arzikin mutanen Sabuwa. Ana noma amfanin gona iri daban-daban, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake da shinkafa.

A baya, noma ya kasance babban tushen samar da abinci da samun kuɗin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar sun shafi ayyukan noma da kiwo, musamman a yankunan da manoma ke fuskantar barazanar hare-haren 'yan bindiga.

==Yawan jama'a==

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2006, ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da yawan jama'a 140,679.

An kuma samu wasu alkaluman hasashen yawan jama'a na shekarun baya, amma ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da kuma hasashen yawan jama'a, domin ba su da matsayi iri ɗaya a matsayin tushen ƙididdiga.

==Gundumomi==

Ƙaramar Hukumar Sabuwa tana da gundumomi waɗanda suka haɗa da:

* Sabuwa A
* Sabuwa B
* Machika
* Damari
* Gamji
* Sayau
* Rafin Iwa
* Dugu Mu'azu
* Gazari
* Maibakko

==Duba kuma==

* [[Jihar Katsina]]
* [[Sabuwa]]
* [[Giwa]]
* [[Birnin Gwari]]
* [[Dandume]]
* [[Faskari]]

==Manazarta==

* National Population Commission (Nigeria), 2006 Population and Housing Census.
* National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria), bayanan yawan jama'a da ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya.
* Katsina State Government, bayanan ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.</text>
      <sha1>3juls0a0x846dpnnljat4di1tjzqi05</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nangere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963428</id>
      <parentid>640020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
        <id>49197</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963428</origin>
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      <text bytes="2372" sha1="h99bp364m80og2kd6vqbc2c46jzr198" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nangere'''  ƙaramar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake a jihar yobe. Arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta dake a garin Sabon Gari Nangere (ko Sabon Garin) a kan hanyar zuwa Gashu'a daga fotiskum a{{Coord|11|51|50|N|11|04|11|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/792&lt;/ref&gt;

== chanjin yanayi ==
Karamar hukumar Nangere tana da girman kilomita murabba'i dari tara da tamanin 980 kuma tana da matsakaicin yanayi na zafi/sanyi na 34 °C. Karamar hukumar ta nada manyan yanayi guda biyu da suka hada da rani da damina yayin da aka kiyasta yawan ruwan sama a yankin ya kai milimita dari tokas da shasa'in (890) na [[ruwan sama]] a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nangere Local Government Area&quot;. ''www.manpower.com.ng''. Retrieved 2022-05-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yawan jama'a ==
Garin na da jimillar yawan jama'a 87,823 a [[Census|Kidayar]] shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;CityPopulation.de. (n.d.). ''Nangere (Local Government Area, Nigeria) - population statistics''. Retrieved June 2025, from CityPopulation.de.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Soluap.com. (n.d.). ''Population of Local Government Areas in Nigeria''. Retrieved June 2025, from Soluap.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambar gidan waya ==
Nangare na da lambar akwatin gidan waya na yankin ita ce shida uku daya (631).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Garuruwa da Kauyuka ==
Sauran garuruwa da kauyukan da suka hada da karamar hukumar Nangere sun hada da Dawasa, Tagamasa, Sabon Gari Nangere, Tikau, da Dorowa.&lt;ref&gt;Mapcarta. (n.d.). ''Dawasa map – Nangere, Yobe State''. Retrieved June 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ibrahim, et al. (2021). ''Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State''. IJTSRD.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arzikin Nangere ==
Yawancin mazauna Nangere suna gudanar da ayyukan noma. Ana noman amfanin gona iri-iri a karamar hukumar yayin da ake kiwon [[dabbobi]] da sayar da su a yankin. Har ila yau ciniki ya bunkasa a karamar hukumar [[Nangere]] 

inda yankin ke da kasuwanni da dama inda ake saye da sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri. Sauran muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki da jama'ar karamar hukumar Nangere ke gudanarwa sun hada da [[farauta]], sana'ar [[fata]] da sana'o'in hannu da sauran su.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]]</text>
      <sha1>h99bp364m80og2kd6vqbc2c46jzr198</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donga (Nijeriya)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963634</id>
      <parentid>962492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DanJuuma</username>
        <id>14836</id>
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      <text bytes="2272" sha1="fn191hhp4dvs1o2tj5vzdkhrx6is375" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin a ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Donga tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin Donga yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
      <sha1>fn191hhp4dvs1o2tj5vzdkhrx6is375</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963635</id>
      <parentid>963634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:39:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DanJuuma</username>
        <id>14836</id>
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      <origin>963635</origin>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="h7v2v1ooh1143a0cmlb87c2zr8wponr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin a ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Donga tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin Donga yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
      <sha1>h7v2v1ooh1143a0cmlb87c2zr8wponr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963636</id>
      <parentid>963635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DanJuuma</username>
        <id>14836</id>
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      <text bytes="2271" sha1="nlv6f9xomxt596ehnjshpnaogbu2db1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Donga tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin Donga yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
      <sha1>nlv6f9xomxt596ehnjshpnaogbu2db1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963637</id>
      <parentid>963636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:40:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DanJuuma</username>
        <id>14836</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Yanayin Ƙasa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="jjvwmg7m12gfnyf7kque9ais7vuifc0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar (Donga) tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin Donga yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar (Donga) tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin (Donga) yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar (Donga) tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin (Donga) yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne watan Maris da Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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'''Donga''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n da suke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/767/donga |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar (Donga) tana da faɗin fili da yakai kimanin kilomita murabba’i 3,121 (3,121 km²). Haka kuma, ita ce ke ɗauke da (Kogin Donga), wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin ƙaramar hukumar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankin (Donga) yana kusan digiri 32 na ma'aunin Celsius (32 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da digiri 90 na Fahrenheit (90 °F). Yayin da matsakaicin yanayin danshin iska (humidity) a ƙaramar hukumar yake kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 (17%).

== Yanayi ==
Watannin da suka fi zafi da sanyi a '''Donga''' su ne watan Maris da watan Disamba, bi da bi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake ƙasa da 18°C (65°F). Lokacin zafi, wanda yake daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar kusan watanni 2.3, kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana yana wuce 33°C (91°F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donga Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65573/Average-Weather-in-Donga-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Donga, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/donga-climate |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Maris shi ne watan da ya fi zafi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 34°C (93°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 23°C (74°F). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi, wanda yake ɗaukar kusan watanni 3.5, daga 24 ga Yuni zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, yana ƙasa da 29°C (85°F).
Disamba shi ne watan da ya fi sanyi a Donga, inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi mafi girma yake 30°C (86°F), yayin da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yake 18°C (65°F).

== manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gashaka</title>
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[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Taraba, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Gashaka]]
[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park banner.jpg|thumb|gashaka]]
[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Taraba, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|gashaka]]
'''Gashaka''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Taraba, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Gashaka]]
[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park banner.jpg|thumb|gashaka]]
[[Fayil:Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Taraba, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|gashaka]]
'''Gashaka''' Ƙaramar hukuma ce, kuma takasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bala Usman</title>
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'''Bala Usman''' (an haife shi ne a watan Satumbar shekarar 1945, sannan ya mutu a shekarar 2005) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka tsara tarihin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Vaughan, Olufemi. &quot;Falola, Toyin, and SaheeAderinto. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History.&quot; Africa Today 58.2 (2011): 156+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Dimokuradiyya, Bincike da Horaswa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceddert.org/|title=CEDERT:Centre For Democratic Development, Research and Training|work=ceddert.org|accessdate=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100017/https://ceddert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/grantee/centre-for-democratic-development-research-and-training-ceddert-23158/|title=
Centre for Democratic Development Research and Training (CEDDERT)|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]|accessdate=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwa==
An haifi Usman a shekarar 1945 a garin [[Musawa]] dake cikin lardin [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa shi ne Durbin Katsina (lakabi na gargajiya mai martaba a masarautar Katsina) kuma dan'uwa ga Sarkin Katsina [[Usman Nagogo]]. Mahaifiyarsa diyar Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ce. Ya halarci Karamar Firamare ta Musawa, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Kankia, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Minna da Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;Gwadabe, M.M. &quot;IV Yusufu Bala Usman (1945-2005).&quot; Africa 80.1 (2010): 165+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'a sannan kuma a Jami'ar Lancaster inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1967 ya zama malami a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] da ke [[Zariya]] inda ya koyar har zuwa 1971. Usman ya fara karatun digirinsa a shekarar 1970 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1974. Ya fara koyarwa a jami’ar a matsayin malamin rabin lokaci kafin a daukaka shi zuwa cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Dr|url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5240.htm|website=www.gamji.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gwadabe |first=M. M. |date=February 2010 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman (1945–2005) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/yusufu-bala-usman-19452005/877BD73811E62AC46A08F646C95AB0E3 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.3366/E0001972009001338 |issn=1750-0184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]], ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jam’iyyar PRP ta gwamnatin Balarabe Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminu Kano, political change, and Northern Nigeria By Attahiru Bala Usman - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/4770-aminu-kano-political-change-and-northern-nigeria-by-attahiru-bala-usman.html|date=2012-04-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Fateema B. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman: 1945–2005 |url=https://dateline.ng/yusufu-bala-usman-1945-2005/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Aikin ilimi===
Usman ya kasance babban jigo a cikin masana tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello,{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=88}} ra’ayinsa game da tarihin [[Afirka]] ya ƙunshi goyan bayan yin amfani da kafofin baka da na harshe tare da rubuce-rubuce da madogaran kayan tarihi. Ya ji cewa duk kafofin suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya kuma ƙarin binciken na baka don murdiya da canza launin ba a ba da su ga yawancin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Turai ba. A wurinsa, marubucin tarihi ba zai iya rabuwa da iliminsa da gyare-gyare a matsayinsa na malami ba kuma mai yiwuwa tarihin marubutan Turawa ya yi tasiri ga wasu rubuce-rubucensu.{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=91}} Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi tunani game da rubuce-rubucen tarihin Afirka sun haɗa da sukar Heinrich Barth, tushen da ake girmamawa a tsakanin malaman Yammacin Turai, Usman yana tunanin Barth ya fi mayar da hankali ga dabi'un jiki da kwayoyin halitta na wadanda yake karantawa{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=92}} wanda yake jin cewa sakamako ne. daga cikin manyan al'adun rubuce-rubucen tarihin Turai na karni na sha tara.

==Gudummawaga ga Tarihi==
Canjin yanayin tarihi: Ya canza nazarin tarihin Afirka daga mayar da hankali kan karatun kabilanci zuwa ƙarin fahimtar fahimta da tsarin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Yusufu Bala Usman – Yusufu Bala Usman Institute. |url=https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ybu-institute.org |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055527/https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Manyan ayyuka===
* For the Liberation of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] (1979)
* The Transformation of [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] 1400-1883 (1981)
* Nigeria against the I.M.F (1986)
* The Manipulation of Region in Nigeria (1987)
* Co-author of Minority Report and Draft Consultation for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Muhimmin matsayi da kungiyoyi ==
* Daraktan Bincike na jam'iyyar people's redemption party.
* Ya ba da gudummawa ga kwamitocin gwamnati daban-daban kuma yana da hannu a cikin diflomasiyar kasa da kasa.
* Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
== Iyali ==
Usman ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya guda shida bayan rasuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya rasu a shekarar 2005 yana da shekaru 60 a duniya.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
==Tushe==
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first= Mahmood |year=2012 |title=W.E.B. du Bois Lectures : Define and Rule : Native as Political Identity |place=Boston |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=ha}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Bala}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[category:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]]</text>
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'''Bala Usman''' (an haife shi ne a watan Satumbar shekarar 1945, sannan ya mutu a shekarar 2005) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka tsara tarihin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Vaughan, Olufemi. &quot;Falola, Toyin, and SaheeAderinto. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History.&quot; Africa Today 58.2 (2011): 156+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Dimokuradiyya, Bincike da Horaswa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceddert.org/|title=CEDERT:Centre For Democratic Development, Research and Training|work=ceddert.org|accessdate=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100017/https://ceddert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/grantee/centre-for-democratic-development-research-and-training-ceddert-23158/|title=
Centre for Democratic Development Research and Training (CEDDERT)|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]|accessdate=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwa==
An haifi Bala Usman a shekarar 1945 a garin [[Musawa]] dake cikin lardin [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa shi ne Durbin Katsina (lakabi na gargajiya mai martaba a masarautar Katsina) kuma dan'uwa ga Sarkin Katsina [[Usman Nagogo]]. Mahaifiyarsa diyar Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ce. Ya halarci Karamar Firamare ta Musawa, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Kankia, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Minna da Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;Gwadabe, M.M. &quot;IV Yusufu Bala Usman (1945-2005).&quot; Africa 80.1 (2010): 165+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'a sannan kuma a Jami'ar Lancaster inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1967 ya zama malami a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] da ke [[Zariya]] inda ya koyar har zuwa 1971. Usman ya fara karatun digirinsa a shekarar 1970 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1974. Ya fara koyarwa a jami’ar a matsayin malamin rabin lokaci kafin a daukaka shi zuwa cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Dr|url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5240.htm|website=www.gamji.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gwadabe |first=M. M. |date=February 2010 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman (1945–2005) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/yusufu-bala-usman-19452005/877BD73811E62AC46A08F646C95AB0E3 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.3366/E0001972009001338 |issn=1750-0184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]], ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jam’iyyar PRP ta gwamnatin Balarabe Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminu Kano, political change, and Northern Nigeria By Attahiru Bala Usman - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/4770-aminu-kano-political-change-and-northern-nigeria-by-attahiru-bala-usman.html|date=2012-04-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Fateema B. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman: 1945–2005 |url=https://dateline.ng/yusufu-bala-usman-1945-2005/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Aikin ilimi===
Usman ya kasance babban jigo a cikin masana tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello,{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=88}} ra’ayinsa game da tarihin [[Afirka]] ya ƙunshi goyan bayan yin amfani da kafofin baka da na harshe tare da rubuce-rubuce da madogaran kayan tarihi. Ya ji cewa duk kafofin suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya kuma ƙarin binciken na baka don murdiya da canza launin ba a ba da su ga yawancin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Turai ba. A wurinsa, marubucin tarihi ba zai iya rabuwa da iliminsa da gyare-gyare a matsayinsa na malami ba kuma mai yiwuwa tarihin marubutan Turawa ya yi tasiri ga wasu rubuce-rubucensu.{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=91}} Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi tunani game da rubuce-rubucen tarihin Afirka sun haɗa da sukar Heinrich Barth, tushen da ake girmamawa a tsakanin malaman Yammacin Turai, Usman yana tunanin Barth ya fi mayar da hankali ga dabi'un jiki da kwayoyin halitta na wadanda yake karantawa{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=92}} wanda yake jin cewa sakamako ne. daga cikin manyan al'adun rubuce-rubucen tarihin Turai na karni na sha tara.

==Gudummawaga ga Tarihi==
Canjin yanayin tarihi: Ya canza nazarin tarihin Afirka daga mayar da hankali kan karatun kabilanci zuwa ƙarin fahimtar fahimta da tsarin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Yusufu Bala Usman – Yusufu Bala Usman Institute. |url=https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ybu-institute.org |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055527/https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Manyan ayyuka===
* For the Liberation of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] (1979)
* The Transformation of [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] 1400-1883 (1981)
* Nigeria against the I.M.F (1986)
* The Manipulation of Region in Nigeria (1987)
* Co-author of Minority Report and Draft Consultation for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Muhimmin matsayi da kungiyoyi ==
* Daraktan Bincike na jam'iyyar people's redemption party.
* Ya ba da gudummawa ga kwamitocin gwamnati daban-daban kuma yana da hannu a cikin diflomasiyar kasa da kasa.
* Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
== Iyali ==
Usman ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya guda shida bayan rasuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya rasu a shekarar 2005 yana da shekaru 60 a duniya.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
==Tushe==
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first= Mahmood |year=2012 |title=W.E.B. du Bois Lectures : Define and Rule : Native as Political Identity |place=Boston |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=ha}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Bala}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[category:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]]</text>
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'''Bala Usman''' (an haife shi ne a watan Satumbar shekarar 1945, sannan ya mutu a shekarar 2005) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka tsara tarihin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Vaughan, Olufemi. &quot;Falola, Toyin, and SaheeAderinto. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History.&quot; Africa Today 58.2 (2011): 156+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Dimokuradiyya, Bincike da Horaswa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceddert.org/|title=CEDERT:Centre For Democratic Development, Research and Training|work=ceddert.org|accessdate=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100017/https://ceddert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/grantee/centre-for-democratic-development-research-and-training-ceddert-23158/|title=
Centre for Democratic Development Research and Training (CEDDERT)|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]|accessdate=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwa==
An haifi Bala Usman a shekarar 1945 a garin [[Musawa]] dake cikin lardin [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa shi ne Durbin Katsina (lakabi na gargajiya mai martaba a masarautar Katsina) kuma dan'uwa ga Sarkin Katsina [[Usman Nagogo]]. Mahaifiyarsa diyar Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ce. Ya halarci Karamar Firamare ta Musawa, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Kankia, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Minna da Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;Gwadabe, M.M. &quot;IV Yusufu Bala Usman (1945-2005).&quot; Africa 80.1 (2010): 165+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'a sannan kuma a Jami'ar Lancaster inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1967 ya zama malami a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] da ke [[Zariya]] inda ya koyar har zuwa 1971. Usman ya fara karatun digirinsa a shekarar 1970 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1974. Ya fara koyarwa a jami’ar a matsayin malamin rabin lokaci kafin a daukaka shi zuwa cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Dr|url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5240.htm|website=www.gamji.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gwadabe |first=M. M. |date=February 2010 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman (1945–2005) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/yusufu-bala-usman-19452005/877BD73811E62AC46A08F646C95AB0E3 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.3366/E0001972009001338 |issn=1750-0184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]], ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jam’iyyar PRP ta gwamnatin Balarabe Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminu Kano, political change, and Northern Nigeria By Attahiru Bala Usman - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/4770-aminu-kano-political-change-and-northern-nigeria-by-attahiru-bala-usman.html|date=2012-04-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Fateema B. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman: 1945–2005 |url=https://dateline.ng/yusufu-bala-usman-1945-2005/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Aikin ilimi===
Usman ya kasance babban jigo ne a cikin masana tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello,{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=88}} ra’ayinsa game da tarihin [[Afirka]] ya ƙunshi goyan bayan yin amfani da kafofin baka da na harshe tare da rubuce-rubuce da madogaran kayan tarihi. Ya ji cewa duk kafofin suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya kuma ƙarin binciken na baka don murdiya da canza launin ba a ba da su ga yawancin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Turai ba. A wurinsa, marubucin tarihi ba zai iya rabuwa da iliminsa da gyare-gyare a matsayinsa na malami ba kuma mai yiwuwa tarihin marubutan Turawa ya yi tasiri ga wasu rubuce-rubucensu.{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=91}} Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi tunani game da rubuce-rubucen tarihin Afirka sun haɗa da sukar Heinrich Barth, tushen da ake girmamawa a tsakanin malaman Yammacin Turai, Usman yana tunanin Barth ya fi mayar da hankali ga dabi'un jiki da kwayoyin halitta na wadanda yake karantawa{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=92}} wanda yake jin cewa sakamako ne. daga cikin manyan al'adun rubuce-rubucen tarihin Turai na karni na sha tara.

==Gudummawaga ga Tarihi==
Canjin yanayin tarihi: Ya canza nazarin tarihin Afirka daga mayar da hankali kan karatun kabilanci zuwa ƙarin fahimtar fahimta da tsarin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Yusufu Bala Usman – Yusufu Bala Usman Institute. |url=https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ybu-institute.org |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055527/https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Manyan ayyuka===
* For the Liberation of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] (1979)
* The Transformation of [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] 1400-1883 (1981)
* Nigeria against the I.M.F (1986)
* The Manipulation of Region in Nigeria (1987)
* Co-author of Minority Report and Draft Consultation for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Muhimmin matsayi da kungiyoyi ==
* Daraktan Bincike na jam'iyyar people's redemption party.
* Ya ba da gudummawa ga kwamitocin gwamnati daban-daban kuma yana da hannu a cikin diflomasiyar kasa da kasa.
* Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
== Iyali ==
Usman ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya guda shida bayan rasuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya rasu a shekarar 2005 yana da shekaru 60 a duniya.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
==Tushe==
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first= Mahmood |year=2012 |title=W.E.B. du Bois Lectures : Define and Rule : Native as Political Identity |place=Boston |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=ha}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Bala}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[category:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]]</text>
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'''Bala Usman''' (an haife shi ne a watan Satumbar shekarar 1945, sannan ya mutu a shekarar 2005) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka tsara tarihin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Vaughan, Olufemi. &quot;Falola, Toyin, and SaheeAderinto. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History.&quot; Africa Today 58.2 (2011): 156+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Dimokuradiyya, Bincike da Horaswa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceddert.org/|title=CEDERT:Centre For Democratic Development, Research and Training|work=ceddert.org|accessdate=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100017/https://ceddert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/grantee/centre-for-democratic-development-research-and-training-ceddert-23158/|title=
Centre for Democratic Development Research and Training (CEDDERT)|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]|accessdate=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwa==
An haifi Bala Usman a shekarar 1945 a garin [[Musawa]] dake cikin lardin [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa shi ne Durbin Katsina (lakabi na gargajiya mai martaba a masarautar Katsina) kuma dan'uwa ga Sarkin Katsina [[Usman Nagogo]]. Mahaifiyarsa diyar Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ce. Ya halarci Karamar Firamare ta Musawa, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Kankia, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Minna da Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;Gwadabe, M.M. &quot;IV Yusufu Bala Usman (1945-2005).&quot; Africa 80.1 (2010): 165+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'a sannan kuma a Jami'ar Lancaster inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1967 ya zama malami a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] da ke [[Zariya]] inda ya koyar har zuwa 1971. Usman ya fara karatun digirinsa a shekarar 1970 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1974. Ya fara koyarwa a jami’ar a matsayin malamin rabin lokaci kafin a daukaka shi zuwa cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Dr|url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5240.htm|website=www.gamji.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gwadabe |first=M. M. |date=February 2010 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman (1945–2005) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/yusufu-bala-usman-19452005/877BD73811E62AC46A08F646C95AB0E3 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.3366/E0001972009001338 |issn=1750-0184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]], ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jam’iyyar PRP ta gwamnatin Balarabe Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminu Kano, political change, and Northern Nigeria By Attahiru Bala Usman - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/4770-aminu-kano-political-change-and-northern-nigeria-by-attahiru-bala-usman.html|date=2012-04-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Fateema B. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman: 1945–2005 |url=https://dateline.ng/yusufu-bala-usman-1945-2005/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Aikin ilimi===
Usman ya kasance babban jigo ne a cikin masana tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello,{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=88}} ra’ayinsa game da tarihin [[Afirka]] ya ƙunshi goyan bayan yin amfani da kafofin baka da na harshe tare da rubuce-rubuce da madogaran kayan tarihi. Ya ji cewa duk kafofin suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya kuma ƙarin binciken na baka don murdiya da canza launin ba a ba da su ga yawancin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Turai ba. A wurinsa, marubucin tarihi ba zai iya rabuwa da iliminsa da gyare-gyare a matsayinsa na malami ba kuma mai yiwuwa tarihin marubutan Turawa ya yi tasiri ga wasu rubuce-rubucensu.{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=91}} Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi tunani game da rubuce-rubucen tarihin Afirka sun haɗa da sukar Heinrich Barth, tushen da ake girmamawa a tsakanin malaman Yammacin Turai, Usman yana tunanin Barth ya fi mayar da hankali ga dabi'un jiki da kwayoyin halitta na wadanda yake karantawa{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=92}} wanda yake jin cewa sakamako ne. daga cikin manyan al'adun rubuce-rubucen tarihin Turai na karni na sha tara.

==Gudummawaga ga Tarihi==
Canjin yanayin tarihi: Ya canza nazarin tarihin Afirka daga mayar da hankali kan karatun kabilanci zuwa ƙarin fahimtar fahimta da tsarin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Yusufu Bala Usman – Yusufu Bala Usman Institute. |url=https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ybu-institute.org |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055527/https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Manyan ayyuka===
* For the Liberation of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] (1979)
* The Transformation of [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] 1400-1883 (1981)
* Nigeria against the I.M.F (1986)
* The Manipulation of Region in Nigeria (1987)
* Co-author of Minority Report and Draft Consultation for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Muhimmin matsayi da kungiyoyi ==
* Daraktan Bincike na jam'iyyar people's redemption party.
* Ya ba da gudummawa ga kwamitocin gwamnati daban-daban kuma yana da hannu a cikin diflomasiyar kasa da kasa.
* Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
== Iyali ==
Usman ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya guda shida bayan rasuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya rasu a shekarar 2005 yana da shekaru 60 a duniya.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
==Tushe==
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first= Mahmood |year=2012 |title=W.E.B. du Bois Lectures : Define and Rule : Native as Political Identity |place=Boston |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=ha}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Bala}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[category:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]]</text>
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'''Bala Usman''' (an haife shi ne a watan Satumbar shekarar 1945, sannan ya mutu a shekarar 2005) masanin tarihin Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka tsara tarihin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Vaughan, Olufemi. &quot;Falola, Toyin, and SaheeAderinto. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History.&quot; Africa Today 58.2 (2011): 156+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Dimokuradiyya, Bincike da Horaswa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceddert.org/|title=CEDERT:Centre For Democratic Development, Research and Training|work=ceddert.org|accessdate=3 September 2024|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100017/https://ceddert.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/grantee/centre-for-democratic-development-research-and-training-ceddert-23158/|title=
Centre for Democratic Development Research and Training (CEDDERT)|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]|accessdate=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Rayuwa==
An haifi Bala Usman a shekarar 1945 a garin [[Musawa]] dake cikin lardin [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa shi ne Durbin Katsina (lakabi na gargajiya mai martaba a masarautar Katsina) kuma dan'uwa ga Sarkin Katsina [[Usman Nagogo]]. Mahaifiyarsa diyar Sarkin [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ce. Ya halarci Karamar Firamare ta Musawa, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Kankia, Babbar Makarantar Firamare ta Minna da Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;Gwadabe, M.M. &quot;IV Yusufu Bala Usman (1945-2005).&quot; Africa 80.1 (2010): 165+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya tafi karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'a sannan kuma a Jami'ar Lancaster inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1967 ya zama malami a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] da ke [[Zariya]] inda ya koyar har zuwa 1971. Usman ya fara karatun digirinsa a shekarar 1970 a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1974. Ya fara koyarwa a jami’ar a matsayin malamin rabin lokaci kafin a daukaka shi zuwa cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Dr|url=http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5240.htm|website=www.gamji.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gwadabe |first=M. M. |date=February 2010 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman (1945–2005) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/yusufu-bala-usman-19452005/877BD73811E62AC46A08F646C95AB0E3 |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.3366/E0001972009001338 |issn=1750-0184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]], ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] karkashin jam’iyyar PRP ta gwamnatin Balarabe Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aminu Kano, political change, and Northern Nigeria By Attahiru Bala Usman - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/4770-aminu-kano-political-change-and-northern-nigeria-by-attahiru-bala-usman.html|date=2012-04-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Fateema B. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Yusufu Bala Usman: 1945–2005 |url=https://dateline.ng/yusufu-bala-usman-1945-2005/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Aikin ilimi===
Usman ya kasance babban jigo ne a cikin masana tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello,{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=88}} ra’ayinsa game da tarihin [[Afirka]] ya ƙunshi goyan bayan yin amfani da kafofin baka da na harshe tare da rubuce-rubuce da madogaran kayan tarihi. Ya ji cewa duk kafofin suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya kuma ƙarin binciken na baka don murdiya da canza launin ba a ba da su ga yawancin rubuce-rubucen marubutan Turai ba. A wurinsa, marubucin tarihi ba zai iya rabuwa da iliminsa da gyare-gyare a matsayinsa na malami ba kuma mai yiwuwa tarihin marubutan Turawa ya yi tasiri ga wasu rubuce-rubucensu.{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=91}} Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi tunani game da rubuce-rubucen tarihin Afirka sun haɗa da sukar Heinrich Barth, tushen da ake girmamawa a tsakanin malaman Yammacin Turai, Usman yana tunanin Barth ya fi mayar da hankali ga dabi'un jiki da kwayoyin halitta na wadanda yake karantawa{{sfn|Mamdani|2012|p=92}} wanda yake jin cewa sakamako ne. daga cikin manyan al'adun rubuce-rubucen tarihin Turai na karni na sha tara.

==Gudummawaga ga Tarihi==
Canjin yanayin tarihi: Ya canza nazarin tarihin Afirka daga mayar da hankali kan karatun kabilanci zuwa ƙarin fahimtar fahimta da tsarin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Yusufu Bala Usman – Yusufu Bala Usman Institute. |url=https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ybu-institute.org |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055527/https://ybu-institute.org/about-yusufu-bala-usman-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Manyan ayyuka===
* For the Liberation of [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] (1979)
* The Transformation of [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] 1400-1883 (1981)
* Nigeria against the I.M.F (1986)
* The Manipulation of Region in Nigeria (1987)
* Co-author of Minority Report and Draft Consultation for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Muhimmin matsayi da kungiyoyi ==
* Daraktan Bincike na jam'iyyar people's redemption party.
* Ya ba da gudummawa ga kwamitocin gwamnati daban-daban kuma yana da hannu a cikin diflomasiyar kasa da kasa.
* Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
== Iyali ==
Usman ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya guda shida bayan rasuwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Ya rasu a shekarar 2005 yana da shekaru 60 a duniya.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
==Tushe==
*{{cite book |last=Mamdani |first= Mahmood |year=2012 |title=W.E.B. du Bois Lectures : Define and Rule : Native as Political Identity |place=Boston |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=ha}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Bala}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[category:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]]</text>
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    <title>Nnewi ta Arewa</title>
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[[Fayil:Street in Nnewi.jpg|thumb|Hoton titi a nwewi]]
[[Fayil:A house in Nnewi.jpg|thumb|Hoton wnai gida a Nnewi]]


'''Nnewi ta Arewa,''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|haramar hukuma]] ce dake a jihar [[Anambra]] a shiyar kudu maso gabashin  [[Nijeriya|a Nijeriya]]. [[Nnewi]] shine gari ɗaya tilo a ƙaramar hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin na da ƙauyuka huɗu (ƙananan garuruwa) waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramar hukuma ta gari ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗa da; Otolo, Uruagu, Umudim da Nnewi-ichi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2018-07-31 |title=Nnewi North postal/zip codes (Anambra State) |url=https://postcode.com.ng/nnewi-north-postal-zip-codes-anambra-state/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Postcode |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
A matsayin yanki mai bunƙasar masana’antu, Ƙaramar Hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa tana da kamfanonin masana’antu daban-daban da ke samar da kayayyaki iri-iri. Kasuwanci ma yana bunƙasa sosai sakamakon yawan kasuwannin yankin, ciki har da babbar Kasuwar Nkwo Nnewi, inda ake sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri. Ƙaramar Hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa kuma tana da bankuna, otal-otal, wuraren hutawa, cibiyoyin gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nnewi North Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/120/nnewi-north |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ƙasa da Yanayi ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa na da koguna da rafuka daban-daban da ke gudana a cikin yankinta, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ya kai digiri 26 a ma’aunin Celsius (79 °F). Yankin yana fuskantar manyan yanayi biyu ne, wato lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Bisa ƙididdiga, Ƙaramar Hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa na da matsakaicin danshin iska da ya kai kashi 72 cikin 100, tare da yawan ruwan sama na shekara da ya kai milimita 2,550 (inci 100)..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nnewi North Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/120/nnewi-north |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Makarantu==
Ga jerin sunayen makarantun sakandare a karamar hukumar Nnewi ta Arewa:

# Makarantar Sakandaren ’Yan Mata, Nnewi
# Maria Regina Model Comprehensive Secondary School, Nnewi
# Nnewi High School, Nnewi
# Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya, Nnewi
# Okongwu Memorial Grammar School, Nnewi
# Cibiyar Ilimin Mata, Nnewi
# Community Secondary School, Nnewichi, Nnewi
# Akoboezem Community Secondary School, Uruagu, Nnewi
# Sabuwar Era Model Secondary School, Uruagu, Nnewi
# Makarantar Shepherd mai kyau, Umudim, Nnewi
# Christ The Way School, Nnewi

==Fitattun mutane==
* [[Joseph N. C. Egemonye|Joseph Egemonye]], dan jaridan Najeriya
* [[Ebele Ofunneamaka Okeke]], tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Najeriya

==Manazarta==
*[http://anambra.gov.ng/cities.htm LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN ANAMBRA STATE]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dated July 21, 2007; accessed October 4, 2007
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nnewi ta Arewa}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tuwo</title>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani wanda [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko semo ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da [[miyar kubewa]] da [[miyar taushe]]  da kuma [[miyan tafasa]] da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za'a nuko gari sai a tankaɗe shi sai a ɗibo gari idan ruwan ya tausa a kwaɓa wannan garin ayi talge ma'ana akwaɓashi da kauri ba sosai ba a zuba a tukunyar a riƙa kaɗa yayi ƙullu. Bayan talge  ya dahu sai a zuba sauran garin a hankali a hankali ana tuƙawa a barshi ya dahu sosai bayan ya dahu sosai sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka kokuma asakaya a guyleda.

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Milaes, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
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      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-41 */ sabon sashe</comment>
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[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galdiz ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar a usman|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Anasskoko|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 16:47, 24 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC)
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:3em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif; font-size:110%; line-height:1.75;&quot;&gt;
Muna gayyatan kudan shiga gasar '''WPWP Contest na Hausa Community'''! 
 
'''Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community''' gasa ce ta duk shekara wanda editoci a Wikipedia daga [[m:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Community User Group]] ke sanya hotuna a mukalolin da basu da ko keda karancin hoto articles. Wannan dan a inganta da karfafa amfani ne da dubannin hotunan da ake samu ne daga gasa daban-daban na hotuna da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wanda Wikimedia community ke shiryawa a Wikipedia. hoto na inganta fahimtar mai karatu, da bayyana bayani, da sanya mukaloli suyi kyau. Gasar Kuma zata ba sabbin editoci da tsoffi damar inganta kwarewa, dan shiga samun kwarewa tuntube mu anan [[Special:Emailuser/M-Mustapha|Emel]].
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background:#ffbd4a;color:yellow;padding:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--T:24--&gt;[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos for Hausa Community|Danna nan dan shiga gasa da Karin bayani.]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;Em&lt;/samp&gt;[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;mustapha&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  16:48, 26 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC)

Allah ya kaimu [[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]] ([[User talk:Umar a usman#top|talk]]) 12:02, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC)

==Barka da ƙoƙari==
Naga idan kayi gyara sai ka goge wasu masu amfani, a wani wurin ma share sashen dukka kake yi! Misali, zaka ga na mayar da yawancin gyararrakin. Ka kula sosai. [[User:M-Mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;''Em-em''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 16:25, 26 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC)

== Gasar Hausa Wikipeda ==

'''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]]''','''

Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]], Nagode.--  [[User:Anasskoko|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#00BFFF&quot;&gt;An@ss_koko&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#7F007F&quot;&gt;(Yi Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 11:22, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC)

== Gyara akan saka manazarta ==

@[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] barka da kokari, naga kaine ka kirkiri mukalar [[Saladin Governorate]], amma baka saka manazarta ko daya ba, yakamata mu fahimci mahimmancin manazarta. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:41, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC)

== Invitation to Rejoin the [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:Translation_task_force Healthcare Translation Task Force] ==

[[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|right|frameless|125px]]
You have been a [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/prior/index.php medical translators within Wikipedia]. We have recently relaunched our efforts and invite you to [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php join the new process]. Let me know if you have questions. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 12:34, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
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== Canza taken mukala ==

@[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] Barka da Kokari, Inason inyi amfani da wannan damar domin jawo hankalinka, akan taken da mukeba mukala. Naga ka fassara mukalar mai taken '''Rabies''' da taken '''Ciwon hauka'''. Amma yanzu na mayar dashi a [[Ciwon Rabies]]...Dalili kuwa shine wannan ciwo ba ciwon hauka bane kamar yadda ka fassara...inaga idan bamusan sunan abuba da hausa kamata yayi mu rika barinsa da turancinsa a kan mubashi fassarar da ba ita bace.[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 12:29, 11 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2023 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;project=all&amp;year=2023&amp;start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. Consider joining '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|here]]''', there are no associated costs and we look forwards to working together in 2024.
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]'''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia,

Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC.

Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a.

Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki.

A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC)
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== Kula ==

Barka @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] wannan muƙalar mai [[Wesley Koolhof]] akwai gyararraki acikinta, amma bakayi ba. Yanzu na gyara ta amma mu kula saboda gaba. Nagode  [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:56, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)

:Ok toh nogode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:55, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)

== Goyo Baya UC4C (non-voting member) ==


== Goyon baya ==
Assalam @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]]

Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members&lt;nowiki&gt;] ayi comment.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Done  [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 23:21, 24 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:50, 27 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:46, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30872536 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 10 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30901051 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 31 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:44, 7 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:31, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:56, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:49, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:52, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
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      <text bytes="20232" sha1="iodc4nnwc6orodlymt15cd739wl4m9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Stephanie Linus''' (an haife '''Stephanie Onyekachi Okereke''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5395023-146/story.csp|title=Stephanie Okereke's full name|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328123335/http://www.234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5395023-146/story.csp|archive-date=28 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 2 ga  watan Oktoba shekara ta 1982)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/stephanie-okereke-clocks-30-and-its-going-to-be/|title=Stephanie Okereke clocks 30 and it’s going to be…|last=Onikoyi|first=Ayo|date=2 October 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=3 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/02/01/my-wedding-plans-in-top-gear-says-stephanie-okereke/|title=My Wedding Plans in Top Gear, Says Stephanie Okereke|date=1 February 2011|work=[[P.M. News]]|accessdate=3 October 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce 'yar fim din Nijeriya, daraktar fim kuma samfurin. Ta samu kyaututtuka da dama da kuma gabatarwa kan aikinta a matsayin 'yar fim, gami da ''2003 Reel Award'' ga mafi kyawun 'yar wasa'', 2006 Afro Hollywood Award'' ga mafi kyawun 'yar wasa'','' da gabatarwa uku don mafi kyawun Actan wasa a Matsayin Jagora a ''Africa Movie Academy Awards'' a shekarar  2005, 2009 da shekarar 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;fut2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefuturenigeria.com/the-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-2010-nominations/|title=The African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) 2010 Nominations|publisher=thefuturenigeria.com|access-date=14 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717001352/http://www.thefuturenigeria.com/the-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-2010-nominations/|archive-date=17 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jema1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamati.com/online/film/and-the-2010-amaa-nominees-are/|title=And the 2010 AMAA nominees are|publisher=Jemati.com|accessdate=14 April 2010|archive-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406042644/http://www.jamati.com/online/film/and-the-2010-amaa-nominees-are/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amaa2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|title=AMAA 2009: List of Nominees and Winners|access-date=17 October 2010|publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|archive-date=5 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce ta kasance ta biyu a cikin Kyakkyawar Yarinya a Nijeriya a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta shekarar 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|title=Official bio|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906100015/http://stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|archive-date=6 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta karrama ta da lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Memba na Kungiyar Tarayyar, MFR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/11/15/bn-bytes-genevieve-nnaji-stephanie-okereke-amaka-igwe-aliko-dangote-jim-ovia-receive-national-honours-photos-from-the-ceremony/|title=BN Bytes: Genevieve Nnaji, Stephanie Okereke, Amaka Igwe, Aliko Dangote &amp; Jim Ovia receive National Honours – Photos from the Ceremony|publisher=bellanaija.com|accessdate=24 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Sokereke.jpg|thumb|Stephanie Okereke Linus]]
An haifi Stephanie Okereke a [[Ngor Okpala]], [[jihar Imo]]. Ita ce ta shida a cikin yaran Mary da Chima Okereke ‘ya’ya takwas. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare a [[jihar Delta]]. Ta yi karatu a Jami’ar Calabar, a Jihar Kuros Riba, inda ta kammala da digiri a kan Turanci da Nazarin Adabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamovies.net/news/news24.php|title=Okereke at NigeriaMovies.com|accessdate=2009-10-06|archive-date=2008-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228004623/http://nigeriamovies.net/news/news24.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Yayinda take budurwa a shekarar 1997, ta kuma yi fice a fina-finan Nollywood guda biyu; ''Compromise 2'' da ''Waterloo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Film/5394629-147/story.csp|title=Stephanie Okereke: Nigerian screen queen|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326061603/http://www.234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Film/5394629-147/story.csp|archive-date=26 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin gasar shekarar 2002 Kyakkyawar yarinya a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Najeriya, Okereke ta kai matsayi na 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|title=Official bio|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906100015/http://stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|archive-date=6 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara guda a shekarar 2003, Okereke ta samu kyaututtuka biyu, daga cikin takara takwas da ta karba, a ''2003 Reel Awards don'' &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Yar wasa mafi kyau - Ingilishi' da &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Yar wasa mafi kyau ta shekara ta 2003'. Bayan kammala karatun ta daga ''New York Film Academy'' a shekarar 2007, Okereke ta fitar da fim din ''Through the Glass''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1326268/|title=Through the Glass: Review|accessdate=2009-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.throughtheglassmovie.com/|title=Through the Glass: Official Site|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414170115/http://throughtheglassmovie.com/|archive-date=14 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; da a ciki ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubucin rubutu, furodusa da kuma 'yar fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|title=Official bio|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906100015/http://stephanieokereke.net/bio.html|archive-date=6 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Africa Movie Academy Award'' don Mafi Kyawun Allo a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;amaa20092&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|title=AMAA 2009: List of Nominees and Winners|access-date=17 October 2010|publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|archive-date=5 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014, ta sake fitar da wani fim din, ''Dry'' kuma ta sake zama darakta, marubuciya, furodusa, kuma 'yar fim wadda ta ci kyaututtuka da dama ciki har da ''12th Africa Movie Academy Awards'' da ''2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards'' mafi kyawun fim din gaba ɗaya tare da kyautar sabuwar mota. Stephanie Okereke linus tayi fim sama da 90.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1760384/|title=Filmography|accessdate=2009-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum ==
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2005, a kan hanyarta ta zuwa bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na ''African Movie Academy Awards'' da aka gudanar a [[Yenagoa|Yenagoa,]] [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]],Stephanie Okereke Linus ta yi wani mummunan hatsarin mota wanda ya sa ta konewa ko'ina da kuma karaya a kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/2933/3/i-am-looking-beyond-nollywood-stephanie-okereke.html|title=Interview with Stephanie Okereke|accessdate=2009-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun shekarar 2012 Stephanie Okereke ta auri Linus Idahosa a Paris, Faransa, a wani bikin aure na sirri wanda ya samu halartar ‘yan'uwanta da dinbin 'yan wasan Nollywood da ’yan fim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/nga/articles/22611/2012/04/21/stephanie_okereke_and_linus_idahosa_wed_paris.html|title=Stephanie Okereke And Linus Idahosa Wed in Paris|date=21 April 2012|work=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]]|publisher=Leadership Newspaper Group|access-date=22 April 2012|location=Abuja, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423194453/http://www.leadership.ng/nga/articles/22611/2012/04/21/stephanie_okereke_and_linus_idahosa_wed_paris.html|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204220071.html|title=Genevieve, RMD, Others Storm Paris for Steph Okereke's Wedding Today|last=Njoku|first=Ben|date=21 April 2012|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|accessdate=22 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807280890.html|title=AllAfrica.com: Why Stephanie Okereke ended her marriage|accessdate=2009-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haifi ɗansu na fari Maxwell Enosata Linus a watan Oktoba shekarar 2015.

== Kyauta da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taron
!Kyauta
!Mai karɓa
!Sakamako
|-
|2002
|'''Yarinya Mafi Kyawu a Najeriya'''
|
|Kanta
|Wanda ya zo na biyu
|-
|2003:
|'''What a Year Awards'''
|Mafi kyawun Actan
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Reel Awards'''
|Mafi kyawun Actan - Ingilishi
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
|Mafi kyawun Actan wasan shekara
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
|2004:
|'''Afro-Dublin Awards'''
|Fitacciyar Jaruma
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
|2004
|'''Film Makers of Nigeria'''
|Kyauta Don Kyau
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
|2005:
|'''1st Africa Movie Academy Awards''',
|Mafi kyawun Actan a Matsayin Gwarzo
|Kanta|Kanta
|Gabatar
|-
|2006
|'''Afro Hollywood Award'''
|Mafi kyawun Actan
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''5th Africa Movie Academy Awards'''
|Mafi kyawun Actan a Matsayin Gwarzo
|Reloaded|''Reloaded''
|Gabatar&lt;ref name=&quot;award&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amaa2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bio1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Mafi Kyawun allo
|Through the Glass|''Through the Glass''
|Gabatar
|-
|2010
|'''6th Africa Movie Academy Awards'''
|Mafi kyawun Actan a Matsayin Gwarzo
|Nnenda|Nnenda
|Gabatar&lt;ref name=&quot;jema1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fut2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2013
|Montage Africa Women of Exllence Awards
|Nasara a wasan kwaikwayo da nishaɗi
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://naijagists.com/stephanie-okereke-linus-wins-montage-africa-women-of-excellence-awards-photos/|title=Stephanie Okereke Linus Wins Montage Africa Women of Excellence Awards (Photos) - NaijaGistsBlog Nigeria, Nollywood, Celebrity ,News, Entertainment, Gist, Gossip, Inspiration, Africa|date=27 June 2013|website=naijagists.com|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2015
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2015 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Fim Tare da Mafi Kyawun Yan Jarida
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Dry''
|Gabatar
|-
|Mafi kyawun Actan a Matsayin Gwarzo|Mafi kyau 'yar wasa a cikin jagora
|Gabatar
|-
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun Darekta
|Gabatar
|-
|Fim na shekara|Fim na shekara
|Gabatar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/events/best-of-nollywood-awards-2015-see-full-list-of-winners-id4459200.html|title=Best of Nollywood Awards 2015: See full list of winners|first=Fu'ad|last=Lawal|website=pulse.ng|accessdate=29 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807154159/http://www.pulse.ng/events/best-of-nollywood-awards-2015-see-full-list-of-winners-id4459200.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bentonville Film Festival
|Mafi Kyawun Maita|Mafi kyau yan wasa
|Lashe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2015/05/stephanie-linus-wins-best-protagonist.html?m=1|title=Stephanie Linus Wins Best Protagonist Award at the Bentonville Film Festival Arkansas, USA.|website=www.stelladimokokorkus.com|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |ZAFAA Global Awards
|Mafi kyawun Actan|mafi kyawun 'yar wasa
|Lashe
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Fim|Mafi Kyawun Fim
|Lashe
|-
|Mai tsarawa mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun furodusa
|Lashe
|-
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun Darekta
|Lashe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/dry-stephanie-linus-movie-gets-8-zafaa-global-awards-2015-nominations-id4212560.html|title=&quot;Dry&quot;: Stephanie Linus&quot; movie gets 8  ZAFAA Global Awards 2015 nominations|first=Chidumga|last=Izuzu|website=pulse.ng|accessdate=29 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807154300/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/dry-stephanie-linus-movie-gets-8-zafaa-global-awards-2015-nominations-id4212560.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |12th Africa Movie Academy Awards
|Mafi Kyawun Fim din Najeriya|Mafi kyawun fim din Najeriya
|Lashe
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Fim|Mafi Kyawun Fim
|Gabatar
|-
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun Darekta
|Gabatar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards
|Mafi Kyawun Fim (Afirka)|Mafi kyawun fim (Afirka)
|Lashe
|-
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun Darekta
|Gabatar
|-
|Mafi kyawun fim ɗin Yammacin Afirka|Mafi kyawun fim din Afirka ta 
|Gabatar
|-
|Pan African Film Festival
|Fasalin Kyautar Labari mai Kyawu|Masu shirye-shirye suna ba da labarin fasali
|Lashe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2016/02/stephanie-linus-dry-wins-award-at-the-pan-african-film-festival/|title=Stephanie Linus' 'Dry' wins award at the Pan African Film Festival - Nigerian Entertainment Today - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games|date=24 February 2016|website=thenet.ng|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727194405/http://thenet.ng/2016/02/stephanie-linus-dry-wins-award-at-the-pan-african-film-festival/|archive-date=27 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Nafca
|Mafi kyawun Actan a Matsayin Gwarzo|Mafi kyau 'yar wasa a cikin jagora
|Lashe&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/nafca-2016-stephanie-linus-dry-win-big-id5792842.html|title=NAFCA 2016: Stephanie Linus, &quot;Dry&quot; win big|first=Chidumga|last=Izuzu|website=pulse.ng|accessdate=29 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807154253/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/nafca-2016-stephanie-linus-dry-win-big-id5792842.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Fim|Gabadaya mafi kyawun fim
|Lashe&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|Mafi kyawun Darekta
|Gabatar
|-
|Mafi Kyawun allo|Mafi Kyawun Allo
|Gabatar
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Fim|Mafi Kyawun Fim
|Gabatar
|-
|DALA awards
|Fuskar Nollywood (Mace)
|Kanta|Kanta
|Lashe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/nollywood-stars-dazzle-daylight-annual-leadership-awards/|title=Nollywood stars dazzle at Daylight Annual Leadership Awards - Vanguard News|date=28 May 2016|website=vanguardngr.com|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|Truth Awards
|Mafi Kyawun Actan Wasan Talla
|Boonville Redemption|''Boonville Redemption''
|Lashe
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Shekara
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Fim
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Matsayi
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Bayanun kula
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1997
|''Compromise 2''
|
|
|-
|''Waterloo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''Pretender''
|
|tare da Patience Ozokwor kuma Tony Umez
|-
|''Blind Justice''
|
|tare da Tony Umez
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2003
|''Aristos''
|
|
|-
|''Emotional Crack''
|
|tare da Ramsey Nouah, Dakore Egbuson kuma Patience Ozokwor
|-
|''Genesis of Love''
|
|
|-
|''Private Sin''
|
|tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]], Richard Mofe-Damijo and [[Patience Ozokwor]]
|-
|''Queen Sheba''
|
|
|-
|''The Cross of Love''
|
|tare da [[Patience Ozokwor]]
|-
|''Together as One''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;22&quot; |2004
|''Beautiful Faces''
|
|tare da Ini Edo
|-
|''Critical Decision''
|
|tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]], Richard Mofe-Damijo &amp; Mike Ezuruonye
|-
|''Deep Loss''
|
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Diamond Lady: The Business Woman''
|
|
|-
|''Dream Lover''
|Benita
|
|-
|''Eye of the Gods''
|
|tare da [[Ini Edo]]
|-
|''In the Name of Love''
|
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Last Girl Standing''
|
|
|-
|''Magic Moment''
|Stephine Okereke
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Mama-G in America''
|
|tare da Patience Ozokwor
|-
|''Miss Nigeria''
|
|
|-
|''More Than a Woman''
|
|
|-
|''My Mother My Marriage''
|
|
|-
|''Official Romance''
|
|tare da Zack Orji
|-
|''Promise &amp; Fail''
|
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Promise Me Forever''
|
|tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]]
|-
|''Right Man for Me''
|
|tare da Tony Umez
|-
|''Sensational Spy''
|
|
|-
|''Strength of a Woman''
|
|tare da Emeka Ike
|-
|''To Love Again''
|
|
|-
|''Virgins Night Out''
|
|
|-
|''Working Class Lady''
|
|tare da [[Rita Dominic]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2005
|''A Time to Die''
|
|
|-
|''Days of Bondage''
|Lucia
|
|-
|''Guys on the Line''
|
|tare da [[Rita Dominic]]
|-
|''Lonely Hearts''
|
|tare da [[Ini Edo]]
|-
|''Ola... the Morning Sun''
|
|tare da Pete Edochie
|-
|''Omalinze''
|Adaugo
|tare da Onyeka Onwenu
|-
|''Price of Ignorance''
|
|tare da Pete Edochie
|-
|''Princess of Wealth''
|
|
|-
|''Royal Battle''
|
|
|-
|''Street Fame''
|
|
|-
|''Windfall'' 
|
|
|-
|''Woman on Top''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2006
|''Behind the Plot''
|
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Daytime Lovers''
|Binta
|tare da Tony Umez
|-
|''Efficacy'' 
|
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Shut In''
|
|
|-
|''Sitanda''
|
|wanda Izu Ojukwu ya bada umarni, wannan fim din ya samu karbuwa sau 9 kuma ya ci kyaututtuka 5 a
''3rd African Movie Academy Awards'' a 2007, gami da Kyakkyawan Hoto &amp; Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007|title=AMAA 2007: List of Nominees and Winners|access-date=17 October 2010|publisher=[[African Movie Academy Awards]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007|archive-date=12 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Law Students''
|
|
|-
|''The Preacher''
|
|
|-
|''Upside Down''
|
|tare da Patience Ozokwor kuma Tony Umez
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''A Time to Love''
|Hope
|tare da Desmond Elliot
|-
|''Governor's Wife''
|
|tare da Ramsey Nouah
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008
|''Mission to Nowhere''
|
|
|-
|''Hidden Treasure''
|Nadine
|tare da Ramsey Nouah, Nadia Buari kuma Olu Jacobs
|-
|''Through the Glass''
|Ada
|tare da Garrett McKechnie, Christy Williams, Pascal Atuma
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|''Nnenda''
|
|wannan fim din, wanda aka bada umarni ga Izu Ojukwu, ya samu gabatarwa guda 3 a ''African Movie Academy Awards'' a cikin 2010, ciki har da gabatarwa don ''Heart of Africa''&lt;ref name=&quot;mtv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/12/the-2010-african-movie-academy-awards-winners-re-cap-dresses|title=The 2010 African Movie Academy Awards: Winners, Re-Cap, Dresses|publisher=[[MTV Networks]] a division of [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom International Inc]]|accessdate=17 October 2010|location=New York, NY, USA|archive-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416020205/http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/12/the-2010-african-movie-academy-awards-winners-re-cap-dresses/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Reloaded''
|Weyinmi
|tare da Ramsey Nouah, Desmond Elliot, [[Rita Dominic]] kuma Nse Ikpe Etim
|-
|2014
|''Dry''
|Dr Zara
|tare da Liz Benson
|-
|2015
|''Make Me Fabulous''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=It’s Episode 1 of Stephanie Linus' Reality Show &quot;Make Me Fabulous&quot;|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/05/25/its-episode-1-of-stephanie-linus-reality-show-make-me-fabulous-watch/|website=Bellanaija|publisher=Bellanaija.com|accessdate=25 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Watch 1st episode of Stephanie Linus' reality TV series|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/make-me-fabulous-watch-1st-episode-of-stephanie-linus-reality-tv-series-id3794212.html|website=Pulse Nigeria|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528161143/http://pulse.ng/movies/make-me-fabulous-watch-1st-episode-of-stephanie-linus-reality-tv-series-id3794212.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|''[[:en:Boonville_Redemption|Boonville Redemption]]''
|Doris
|tare da Pat Boone, Ed Asner, [[Diane Ladd]] and Richard Tyson
|}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* 
* [http://www.stephanieokereke.net/ Tashar yanar gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724084341/http://www.stephanieokereke.net/ |date=2011-07-24 }}
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]
[[category:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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[[File:Book of Condolence (52365389872).jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio]]
'''Fatima Maada Bio''' ( née '''Jabbe''' ; an Kuma haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1980), kawai '''Fatima Bio''', tsohuwar ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, marubuciya kuma mai shirya fina-finai ‘yar Saliyo wacce ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban kasar Saliyo a halin yanzu, a matsayin matar Shugaba Julius Maada Bio . A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Bio ya shiga cikin ayyukan fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] da sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] .Ta fito daga gundumar Kono ta [[Saliyo]], a kudu maso gabashin kasar; duk da haka kuma, wani bangare na gadonta na kasar Gambiya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLPPToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.slpptoday.com/fatima-jabbe-bio-is-the-new-first-lady-of-sierra-leone/ |title=Meet Fatima Jabbe-Bio, New First lady of Sierra Leone. |date=9 April 2018 |website=slpptoday.com |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SL Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/ |title=Sierra Leone's presidential hopeful – Maada Bio weds in London |last=Thomas |first=Abdul Rashid  |date=8 November 2013 |website=thesierraleonetelegraph.com |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon Rayuwa da karatu. ==
An kuma haifi Fatima Bio a Gundumar Kono ga Tidankay (née Jabbie) da Umar Jabbe a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 1980 lokacin Shugabancin Siaka Stevens, Shugaban [[Saliyo|kasar Saliyo na farko]] . Mahaifiyarta 'yar Saliyo ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan Gambiya ne.  

Ta girma a garin Kono sannan tayi makarantar firamare a makarantar Islamiyya ta Ansarul. Daga baya kuma ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta St Joseph a Freetown. 

Tana da digiri na digiri na digiri tare da digirin girmamawa a fannin aikin fasaha daga Cibiyar Roehampton da ke London.  Ta kuma sami digiri na a Arts a aikin jarida a Jami'ar Arts, Kwalejin Sadarwa ta London a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLPPToday&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka. ==
Kafin aurenta da Julius Maada Bio, ta yi rawar gani a fagen nishadantarwa da sunanta Fatime Jabbe.

A shekarar 2000, ta lashe gasar Miss Africa.

Ta fara aiki a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka a Landan. Ta rubuta, ta yi aiki, kuma ta shirya fina-finan Nollywood da suka hada da &quot;Battered&quot;, &quot;Shameful Deceit&quot;, Ibu in Sierra Leone &quot;,&quot; Expedition Africa &quot;,&quot; The Soul &quot;.   Ta kuma fito a fim din &quot;Mirror Yaro&quot; sannan ta samu &quot;Jaruma mai goyan baya&quot; a Gasar yabo ta ZAFAA ta shekarar 2011. 
[[Fayil:Book of Condolence (52365389872).jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio]]
A shekara ta 2013, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Pan-Afirka &quot;Mace mafi kwazo ta shekarar&quot; daga 'Duk Media na Afirka'.  A cikin shekarar 2013, ta sami Kyakkyawan yabo na 'Yar Wasan Mata a Gwarzon Afirka a Washington DC.  A wannan shekarar ce ta lashe lambar yabo na Gathering of African Best (GAB) don inganta kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da 'yan Afirka a duniya. 

== Aure da iyali. ==
Ta auri Rtd. Brig. Julius Maada Bio a wani bikin sirri a London a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2013. 

Kafin Fatima ta auri Bio a shekarar 2013, ta taba auren wani dan kwallon kafa wanda ta haifa masa yara biyu

A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, ta haifi ɗa, Hamza Maada Bio wanda ya mutu kwana uku bayan haihuwarsa. 

A ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, shekara guda bayan rashin ɗansu, ta haihu da lafiyayyar ɗiya, ansanya mata Amina.&lt;ref name=&quot;PV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/alhaji-julius-maada-bio |title=Alhaji Julius Maada Bio? |last=Koroma |first=Gibril |website=The Patriotic Vanguard|date=12 November 2013 |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://thenet.ng/gambian-actress-fatimah-jabbe-delivers-baby-girl-a-year-after-losing-3-day-old-son/ |title=Gambian actress, Fatimah Jabbe delivers baby girl, a year after losing 3-day-old son |last=Ajagunna |first=Timilehin  |date=9 September 2015 |website=hthenet.ng |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sierra Express&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=75656 |title=Mr. &amp; Mrs. Maada Bio Name Child |publisher=Sierra Express Media |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193103/http://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=75656 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agaji. ==
[[Fayil:Fatima Bio, Julius Maada Bio, Joe Biden, Jill Biden.jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio daga farko]]
Bio Mashawarciya ce na wasu kungiyoyin agaji a Burtaniya, gami da Gidauniyar John Utaka wacce ke taimakawa yara da matasa Afirka su jimre da matsalolin kiwon lafiya. 

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Fatima Jabbe on IMDb
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4730" sha1="0k2ejocspollzdk0180einzw4msgksy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Book of Condolence (52365389872).jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio]]
'''Fatima Maada Bio''' ( née '''Jabbe''' ; an Kuma haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1980), kawai '''Fatima Bio''', tsohuwar ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, marubuciya kuma mai shirya fina-finai ‘yar Saliyo wacce ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban kasar Saliyo a halin yanzu, a matsayin matar Shugaba Julius Maada Bio . A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Bio ya shiga cikin ayyukan fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] da sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] .Ta fito daga gundumar Kono ta [[Saliyo]], a kudu maso gabashin kasar; duk da haka kuma, wani bangare na gadonta na kasar Gambiya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLPPToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.slpptoday.com/fatima-jabbe-bio-is-the-new-first-lady-of-sierra-leone/ |title=Meet Fatima Jabbe-Bio, New First lady of Sierra Leone. |date=9 April 2018 |website=slpptoday.com |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SL Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/ |title=Sierra Leone's presidential hopeful – Maada Bio weds in London |last=Thomas |first=Abdul Rashid  |date=8 November 2013 |website=thesierraleonetelegraph.com |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon Rayuwa da karatu. ==
An kuma haifi Fatima Bio a Gundumar Kono ga Tidankay (née Jabbie) da Umar Jabbe a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 1980 lokacin Shugabancin Siaka Stevens, Shugaban [[Saliyo|kasar Saliyo na farko]] . Mahaifiyarta 'yar Saliyo ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan Gambiya ne.  

Ta girma a garin Kono sannan tayi makarantar firamare a makarantar Islamiyya ta Ansarul. Daga baya kuma ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta St Joseph a Freetown. 

Tana da digiri na digiri na digiri tare da digirin girmamawa a fannin aikin fasaha daga Cibiyar Roehampton da ke London.  Ta kuma sami digiri na a Arts a aikin jarida a Jami'ar Arts, Kwalejin Sadarwa ta London a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLPPToday&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka. ==
Kafin aurenta da Julius Maada Bio, ta yi rawar gani a fagen nishadantarwa da sunanta Fatime Jabbe.

A shekarar 2000, ta lashe gasar Miss Africa.

Ta fara aiki a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka a Landan. Ta rubuta, ta yi aiki, kuma ta shirya fina-finan Nollywood da suka hada da &quot;Battered&quot;, &quot;Shameful Deceit&quot;, Ibu in Sierra Leone &quot;,&quot; Expedition Africa &quot;,&quot; The Soul &quot;.   Ta kuma fito a fim din &quot;Mirror Yaro&quot; sannan ta samu &quot;Jaruma mai goyan baya&quot; a Gasar yabo ta ZAFAA ta shekarar 2011. 
[[Fayil:Book of Condolence (52365389872).jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio]]
A shekara ta 2013, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Pan-Afirka &quot;Mace mafi kwazo ta shekarar&quot; daga 'Duk Media na Afirka'.  A cikin shekarar 2013, ta sami Kyakkyawan yabo na 'Yar Wasan Mata a Gwarzon Afirka a Washington DC.  A wannan shekarar ce ta lashe lambar yabo na Gathering of African Best (GAB) don inganta kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da 'yan Afirka a duniya. 

== Aure da iyali. ==
Ta kuma auri Rtd. Brig. Julius Maada Bio a wani bikin sirri a London a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2013. 

Kafin Fatima ta auri Bio a shekarar 2013, ta taba auren wani dan kwallon kafa wanda ta haifa masa yara biyu

A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, ta haifi ɗa, Hamza Maada Bio wanda ya mutu kwana uku bayan haihuwarsa. 

A ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, shekara guda bayan rashin ɗansu, ta haihu da lafiyayyar ɗiya, ansanya mata Amina.&lt;ref name=&quot;PV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/alhaji-julius-maada-bio |title=Alhaji Julius Maada Bio? |last=Koroma |first=Gibril |website=The Patriotic Vanguard|date=12 November 2013 |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://thenet.ng/gambian-actress-fatimah-jabbe-delivers-baby-girl-a-year-after-losing-3-day-old-son/ |title=Gambian actress, Fatimah Jabbe delivers baby girl, a year after losing 3-day-old son |last=Ajagunna |first=Timilehin  |date=9 September 2015 |website=hthenet.ng |access-date=17 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sierra Express&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=75656 |title=Mr. &amp; Mrs. Maada Bio Name Child |publisher=Sierra Express Media |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193103/http://sierraexpressmedia.com/?p=75656 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agaji. ==
[[Fayil:Fatima Bio, Julius Maada Bio, Joe Biden, Jill Biden.jpg|thumb|Fatima Maada Bio daga farko]]
Bio Mashawarciya ce na wasu kungiyoyin agaji a Burtaniya, gami da Gidauniyar John Utaka wacce ke taimakawa yara da matasa Afirka su jimre da matsalolin kiwon lafiya. 

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Fatima Jabbe on IMDb
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Kasuwancin yanar gizo</title>
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[[Fayil:Internet-problems.svg|thumb|abubuwan da ake kira fa yananar gizo]]
'''Kasuwancin yanar gizo''' wata hanyar kasuwanci ne na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] da ya kawo cigaba sosai a wannan lokacin sannan ya takaita zirga-zirga a ɓangaren yan kasuwa domin zaka yi amfani da wayar hannun ka ne ko kwamfutar ka wajen siyen kayayyaki daga wani waje kuma a kawo maka inda kake ba tare da kaje da kanka ba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasuwancin [[yanar gizo]] ya kawo kara hadaka kasuwanci a duniya domin yanzun kasashen masu tasowa suna alfahari da kasuwancin yanar [[Giza|gizo]]

==Amfanin sa==

==Illolin kasuwancin yanar gizo==
Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin yanar gizo to aƙwai illoli da dama a tattare da shi domin a kasuwancin yanar gizo akan yawaita damfarar mutane ko kuma a basu kayan da basu ne suka siya ba ko kuma a turo masu kayan da basu da inganci sosai.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.printpeppermint.com/ha/how-to-elevate-your-business-through-website-design/{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Internet_Online_Marketing_(27905885880).jpg|Kasuwar yanar gizo ta hanayar Email 
File:Social_media_tablet.jpg|Online marketing 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
* Bartels, Robert, Tarihin Tunanin Kasuwanci, Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 a[http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hm/a02history_of_marketing_thought_by_bartels_hermans.pdf kan layi]
* {{Cite book|last3=Clayton M. Christensen}}
* Ikilisiya, Roy da Godley, Andrew (eds), The Emergence of Modern Marketing, London, Frank Cass, 2003 online edition An ajiye shi 18 Oktoba 2009 a 
* {{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Stanley C. |last2=Rassuli |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Jones |first3=D. G. Brian |last4=Dix |first4=Laura Farlow |date=June 2005 |title=Periodization in Marketing History |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1177/0276146705274982}}
* Tedlow, Richard S., da Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, Routledge, 2014
* Weitz, Barton A. da Robin Wensley (eds). Littafin Kasuwanci, 2002

== Duba kuma ==

{{Columns-list|* [[Account-based marketing]]
* [[Advertising]]
** [[History of advertising]]
** [[Online Advertising]]
** [[Sex in Advertising]]
* [[Advertising management]]
* [[Affinity marketing]]
* [[Agile marketing]]
* [[American business history]]
* [[B2B Marketing]]
* [[Brand awareness]]
* [[Consumer confusion]]
* [[Consumer behaviour]]
* [[Content marketing]]
* [[Database marketing]]
* [[Demand chain]]
* [[Digital marketing]]
* [[Email remarketing]]
* [[Family in advertising]]
* [[Guerrilla marketing]]
* [[History of marketing]]
* [[Internet marketing]]
* [[List of marketing terms]]
* [[Loyalty marketing]]
* [[Macromarketing]]
* [[Marketing management]]
* [[Marketing mix]]
* [[Marketing science]]
* [[Marketing strategy]]
* [[Micromarketing]]
* [[Media manipulation]]
* [[Meta marketing]]
* [[Mobile marketing]]
* [[Multicultural marketing]]
* [[Product management]]
* [[Product marketing]]
* [[Production orientation]]
* [[Public Sector Marketing]]
* [[Real-time marketing]]
* [[Return on marketing investment]] (ROMI)
* [[Relationship marketing]]
* [[Search Engine Marketing]]
* [[Services marketing]]
* [[Smarketing]]
* [[Societal marketing]]
* [[Social media marketing]]
* [[Sustainable market orientation]]
* [[Visual marketing]]
* [[Viral Marketing]]
* [[Web marketing]]
* [[Word-of-mouth marketing]]|colwidth=15em}}

=== Nau'o'in talla ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Agricultural marketing]]
* [[Business marketing]] and [[industrial marketing]]
* [[Destination marketing]]
* [[Global marketing]]
* [[Influencer marketing]]
* [[Relationship marketing]]
* [[Services marketing]]
* [[Social marketing]]|colwidth=15em}}

=== Hanyoyin tallace-tallace ko falsafanci ===
{{Columns-list|* [[History of marketing#The marketing orientation|Marketing orientation]]
* [[Production orientation]]
* [[History of marketing#Selling orientation|Selling orientation]]
* [[Socially responsible marketing]] and [[corporate social responsibility]]
* [[Relationship marketing]] and [[customer relationship management]]|colwidth=15em}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Mukhtar Ansari</title>
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'''Mukhtar Ansari'''an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da uku 1963) Miladiyya.(A.c)dan damfara ne da ya juye da siyasa daga [[Uttar Pradesh]].An zabe shi a matsayin dan Majalisar Dokoki daga mazabar Mau har sau biyar tare da tikitin Jam’iyyar Bahujan Samaj.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Mukhtar Ansari jika ne ga [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], shugaban ƙasar [[Indiya]] na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patrick2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-photos-robinhoods-who-scare-worlds-most-wanted-dawood-ibrahim-3540419.html | title = Robinhoods who scare world's most-wanted Dawood Ibrahim | publisher = Daily Bhaskar | date = 2012-07-18 | access-date = 2021-04-10 | archive-date = 2014-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140320023247/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-photos-robinhoods-who-scare-worlds-most-wanted-dawood-ibrahim-3540419.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ansari]]
A farkon shekara ta 1970s, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da ayyukan ci gaba da yawa a yankin Poorvanchal da ke baya. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke gasa da juna don karɓar kwangilar waɗannan ayyukan.  Mukhtar Ansari asalinsa dan kungiyar Makhanu Singh ne. A cikin shekarun 1980, wannan gungun sun yi arangama da wani gungun da Sahib Singh ke jagoranta, kan wani fili a Saidpur, wanda kuma ya haifar da jerin tashin hankali.  Brijesh Singh, memba na ƙungiyar Sahib Singh, daga baya ya kafa ƙungiyarsa kuma ya karɓi mafia na aikin Ghazipur a cikin shekara ta 1990s. Ansari ta ƙungiya gasa da shi ga iko da ₹ 100 crore kwangila kasuwanci, wanda spanned bangarori kamar ci karafa, Railway yi, ya da dashi, jama'a aiki, da kuma sayar da giya kasuwanci. Har ila yau, ƙungiyoyin sun kasance cikin gudanar da kariya (&quot; goonda tax&quot;) da raket ɗin ɓarna, ban da sauran ayyukan laifi irin su sace mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Little-known-party-fields-mafia-don-Brijesh-Singh/articleshow/11322299.cms?referral=PM | title = Little known party fields mafia don Brijesh Singh | date = 2012-01-01 | newspaper = The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikin siyasa ==
Zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, Mukhtar Ansari ya shahara sosai da ayyukan ta'addanci, musamman a gundumomin Mau, Ghazipur, Varanasi da Jaunpur. Ya shiga siyasa a kusan 1995 ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai a jami'ar Banaras Hindu University, ya zama MLA a 1996, kuma ya fara ƙalubalantar mamayar Brijesh Singh. Su biyun sun zama manyan abokan hamayyar ƙungiya a cikin yankin Poorvanchal.  A cikin 2002, Singh ya yi wa ayarin motocin Ansari kwanton ɓauna. Uku daga cikin mutanen Ansari aka kashe a sakamakon harbe-harben. Brijesh Singh ya ji mummunan rauni kuma ana zaton ya mutu. Ansari ya zama shugabar ƙungiya ta baƙinciki a Poorvanchal. Koyaya, daga baya an gano Brijesh Singh yana raye, kuma rikicin ya sake komawa. Don magance tasirin siyasa na Ansari, Singh ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban BJP Krishnanand Rai . Rai ya doke dan uwan Mukhtar Ansari da kuma MLA Afzal Ansari sau biyar daga Mohammadabad a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh na 2002.  Daga baya Mukhtar Ansari ya yi ikirarin cewa Rai yayi amfani da ofishinsa na siyasa don bayar da duk kwangilolin ga ƙungiyar Brijesh singh, kuma su biyun sun shirya kawar da shi. 

Ansari yayi amfani da bankin musulmi don tabbatar da nasarar shi yayin zaɓen a yanƙin Ghazipur - Mau . Abokan adawar kokarin ƙarfafa da Hindu kuri'u, wanda aka raba a kan caste Lines. Cakuda laifuka, siyasa, da addini sun haifar da wasu rikice-rikicen kabilanci a yankin. Bayan irin wannan rikici, an kama Mukhtar Ansari kan laifin tunzura mutane zuwa tashin hankali. 
[[File:Mukhtar ansari image.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ansari]]
Yayin da Ansari yake gidan yari, an harbe Krishnanand Rai a bainar jama'a tare da mataimakansa shida. Maharan sun harba sama da harsasai 400 daga [[AK-47|bindigogin AK-47]] guda shida; An gano harsasai 67 daga gawarwakin bakwai tare da taimakon Ramashrey Giri.  Shashikant Rai, mashahuri a cikin shari'ar, an same shi mutu a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin shekara ta 2006. Ya gano Ansari da Bajrangi masu harbi Angad Rai da Gora Rai a matsayin 'yan bindiga biyu da suka kai wa ayarin Rai hari. 'Yan sanda sun yi watsi da mutuwarsa a matsayin kashe kansa.  Kishiyar Ansari Brijesh Singh ta tsere daga yankin Ghazipur-Mau bayan kisan Rai. Daga baya an kama shi a cikin 2008, a [[Odisha|Orissa]], sannan daga baya ya shiga siyasa a matsayin memba na Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party . 

A cikin shekara ta 2008, an yi wa Ansari rajista saboda ba da umarnin a kai hari kan Dharmendra Singh, mai ba da shaida a shari’ar kisan kai. Koyaya, daga baya, wanda aka azabtar ya gabatar da takardar rantsuwa yana neman a dakatar da shari'ar akan Ansari.  A ranar 27 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2017, an wanke Ansari daga kisan kai. &lt;ref&gt;https://scroll.in/latest/852134/uttar-pradesh-mla-mukhtar-ansari-acquitted-in-eight-year-old-murder-case&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Ansari da matarsa sun kamu da ciwon zuciya yayin da suke kurkuku. 

== Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj ==
Mukhtar Ansari tare da dan uwansa Afzal sun shiga jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) a 2007. Theungiyar ta ba su izinin shiga, bayan da suka yi ikirarin cewa an ƙirƙira su da ƙarya a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka don yaƙi da &quot;tsarin mulkin ƙasa&quot;, kuma ta yi alƙawarin kauracewa shiga kowane irin laifi. Shugaban BSP ɗin Mayawati ya bayyana Mukhtar Ansari a matsayin Robin Hood kuma ya kira shi &quot;malakin talakawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patrick2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Patrick French | title=India: A Portrait | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Umq5giFg8gC&amp;pg=PA258 | year=2011 | publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|Knopf Doubleday]] | isbn=978-0-307-59664-2 | page=258 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IE_2010_expel&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/bsp-fields-mukhtar-ansari-from-varanasi/article356363.ece | title = BSP fields Mukhtar Ansari from Varanasi | date = 2009-02-17 | newspaper = The Hindu | access-date = 2021-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140320011324/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/bsp-fields-mukhtar-ansari-from-varanasi/article356363.ece | archive-date = 2014-03-20 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ansari ya yi yaƙi da zaɓen Lok Sabha na 2009 daga Varanasi akan tikitin BSP, yayin da yake har yanzu yana gidan yari.  Ya sha kaye a hannun Murli Manohar Joshi na BJP da tazarar kuri’u 17,211; ya sami kashi 27.94% na ƙuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da Joshi mai kashi 30.52%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-varanasi-won-t-be-a-walk-through-for-narendra-modi-1970368 | title = Varanasi won't be a walk through for Narendra Modi | date = 2014-03-19 | author = Iftikhar Gilani | newspaper = DNA }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.electionplans.com/election/state/india/constituency/2544/200904/ | title = General Elections Results, Apr 2009: Varanasi | publisher = ZillR ElectionPlans.com | accessdate = 2014-03-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gurfanar da Mukhtar Ansari da wasu mutane biyu a gaban ƙuliya bisa kisan Kapil Dev Singh a watan Afrilun 2009. ‘Yan sanda sun kuma gano cewa ya ba da umarnin kisan wani dan kwangila Ajay Prakash Singh a watan Agustan 2009.  A cikin 2010, Ansari aka yi masa rajista don kisan Ram Singh Maurya. Maurya ta kasance shaida a kisan Mannat Singh, wani dan kwangila na cikin gida da ake zargin ƙungiyar Ansari ta kashe a shekarar 2009. 
[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari inaugurating the Photo Exhibition on the occasion of 134th Birth Anniversary of Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, organised by the Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ansari]]
BSP sun kori 'yan uwan biyu a cikin 2010 bayan jam'iyyar ta fahimci cewa har yanzu suna cikin aikata laifuka. Wani samame da aka kai a gidan yarin Ghazipur, inda ya sauka, ya nuna cewa Mukhtar yana rayuwa cikin jin daɗi: an gano abubuwa kamar na'urar sanyaya iska da kayan girki daga ɗakin da yake ciki. An canza shi zuwa kurkukun Mathura jim kaɗan bayan harin.

== Quami Ekta Dal ==
Bayan an kore su daga BSP kuma wasu jam'iyyun siyasa suka ki su, 'yan uwan Ansari ukun (Mukhtar, Afzal, da Sibkatillah ) suka kafa ƙungiyar siyasarsu mai suna Quami Ekta Dal (QED), a cikin 2010. Tun da farko, Mukhtar ya ƙaddamar da wata kaya mai suna Hindu Muslim Ekta Party, wacce aka haɗata da QED.  A cikin 2012, an zarge shi a ƙarƙashin Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act don kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar aikata laifuka. 
[[File:The Minister of State for Minority Affairs and Parliamentary Affairs, Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi calling on the Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari, in New Delhi on November 13, 2014.jpg|thumb|Mukhtar Ansari]]
A watan Maris na 2014, Ansari ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a zaben Lok Sabha na shekarar 2014 da Narendra Modi daga Varanasi kuma ya sha kaye a can da babban banbanci, ban da yin takara daga Ghosi .  Koyaya, a watan Afrilu, ya janye takararsa yana mai cewa yana son hana raba &quot;kuri'un mutane&quot;. 

== Koma cikin BSP ==
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2017, Ansari ya sake komawa cikin Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), kafin zaben majalisar dokokin Uttar Pradesh na shekarar 2017. Akwai jita-jita game da 'yan uwan Ansari da suka shiga jam'iyyar Samajwadi' yan watannin da suka gabata. Shugaban BSP, Mayawati ya kare shigarsa jam’iyyar, inda ya bayyana cewa ba a tabbatar da tuhumar da ake yi wa Ansari ba, kuma jam’iyyar ta ba mutane dama su gyara kansu. 
A karshe,Ansari ya haɗu da Quami Ekta Dal tare da BSP a cikin 2017, kuma ya ci zaɓen jihar a matsayin ɗan takarar BSP daga kujerar majalisar Mau. Ya kayar da abokin karawarsa Mahendra Rajbhar na Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party (abokin kawancen BJP) da kuri’u 6464.

== Ayyukan zaɓe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Nasarar zaben Majalisar Uttar Pradesh  
! Shekara
! Mazabar
! Zabe %
! Jam'iyyar
|-
| 2017
| Mau
| 24.19%
| Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj 
|-
| 2012
| Mau
| 31.24%
| Quami Ekta Dal
|-
| 2007
| Mau
| 46.78%
| Mai zaman kansa
|-
| 2002
| Mau
| 46.06%
| Mai zaman kansa
|-
| 1996
| Mau
| 45.85%
| Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Indiya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Asiya]]
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    <title>Dangiwa Umar</title>
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      <text bytes="6133" sha1="9ejsyo7jy9uax6qtmdomofop4pagt00" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}'''Abubakar Dangiwa Umar''' Kanal (mai ritaya)[[File:Abubakar umar dangiwa.jpg|thumb|Tsohon gwamnan jahar kaduna bayan wasu shekaru]][[File:Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, former Military Governor of Kaduna State.jpg|thumb|Hoton Kanar Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, tsohon Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ya riƙe muƙamin gwamnan jihar daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1988.]] (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan  Satumban shekara ta 1949) ya kasance gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a [[Najeriya]] daga watan Agusta  na shekara ta  (1985) zuwa watan Yuni name shekara( 1988 ) lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] .  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar( 1993 ), ya zama mai sukar zamantakewar al'umma kuma shi ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar Movement for Unity and Progress, jam'iyyar siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;Ibraheem Musa (18 August 2009). &quot;Dikko's Appointment Violates Federal Character Dangiwa&quot;. Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-05-31.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Haihuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Umar a ranar (21) ga watan Satumban shekara ta (1949) a [[Birnin Kebbi]], [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]] . Mahaifinsa malamin makaranta ne kuma mai gudanarwa ne da ake yiwa binda lakabin gargajiya na Wazirin Gwandu wanda ya zama memba na Majalisar Wakilai a Legas a shekara ta (1954 zuwa1964) da Kwamishinan Ayyuka a Jihar Arewa maso zuwaa a shekara ta (1968 zuwa1975).  Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekara ta(1964 zuwa1968), [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a shekara ta (1967 zuwa 1972), Makarantar Ba da Makamai ta Sojojin Najeriya, [[Ibadan]] a shekara ta (1972), Makarantar Gudanar da Sojojin Amurka, Fort Benjamin Harrison, [[Indiana]], Amurka 1976), Royal Armor School, Kentucky, USA a shekara ta (1977 zuwa1978), Command and Staff College, Jaji dashekara ta (1978 zuwa 1979 da 1982 - 1983), [[Jami'ar Bayero]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a shekara ta  (1979 zuwa 1981), Harvard University, USA a shekara ta (1988 - 1989) . 

== Aikin soja ==
Umar ya kuma shiga aikin sojan [[Najeriya]] a shekarar( 1967) kuma aka bashi mukamin Laftanal na biyu a watan Maris na shekara ta (1972). Ya rike mukamai daban-daban, aciki har da ADC ga Manjo Janar [[Hassan Usman Katsina]], Mataimakin Shugaban Ma’aikata, Hedikwatar Koli.  An kuma nada Umara matsayin Babban Jami'i a Sashin Yammata, Hedikwatar Soja. A lokacin juyin mulkin ranar( 27) ga Agustan shekara ta( 1985) wanda Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ya]] hau karagar mulki ya kasance Manjo kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya a shekara ta  (1984 zuwa 1985).  Ya goyi bayan juyin mulkin, kuma bayan ya yi nasara an nada shi Gwamnan jihar Kaduna. Daga baya ya samu karin girma zuwa Laftanar Kanal. 

Umar ya kuma kasance Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga watan Satumban shekara ta (1985 zuwa Yunin shekarar 1988), a lokacin da kudade suka yi karanci. Dole ne ya yi fama da mummunan rikicin addini a cikin jihar a  shekara ta (1987), ya zama ba shi da farin jini ga duk bangarorin rikicin.  Ya ce &quot;Idan kun ci nasara a yakin addini, ba za ku iya samun zaman lafiya na addini ba [. . . ] Tunda aka fara kisan kiristoci nawa ne suka musulunta? Musulmai nawa ne suka koma addinin kirista? Atisaye ne na banza &quot;. 

A cikin shekara ta (1993 ), ya kasance Kanal kuma  Kwamandan Armored Corps Center da Makaranta. Ya kasance mai adawa da soke zaben shugaban kasa na ranar (12) ga Yunin shekara ta( 1993), kuma ya fara neman goyon baya a tsakanin sojoji don naɗa zaɓaɓɓen shugaban [[Moshood Abiola|MKO Abiola]] . A watan Oktoba, an tsare shi bisa zargin hadin baki, amma ba a tuhume shi ba. Bayan an sake shi ya yi murabus daga hukumar tasa. 

== Daga baya aiki ==
Bayan ritaya, Umar ya zama Shugaba kuma Babban Daraktan, Aiki da Bauta (Kamfanin Gas) Nigeria Limited, Kaduna.  Umar ya kasance mai yawan sukar gwamnatin Janar [[Sani Abacha]], kuma ya shiga kungiyar G-18 ta ‘yan siyasa wadanda suka fito fili suka nuna adawa da shirin Abacha na zama shugaban kasa.  A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya ya kasance mai fashin baki kan batutuwa da yawa. A watan Yunin a shekara ta( 2000), ya ce batun mallakar yankin Arewacin kasar nan ya tsufa kuma bai zama dole ba.  Ya gargadi 'yan takarar da aka kayar a zaben a shekara ta (2003) da su nuna dattako da bin doka wajen daukaka sakamakon.  A watan Maris na shekarar (2004), ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] inda ya zarge shi da kasancewa mai hannu a soke zaben Shugaban kasa na (12 )ga watan Yuni a shekara ta( 1993). 

A watan Yunin shekarar 2004, ya ce manufofin tattalin arzikin da mutane ba sa so suna haifar da rikici a cikin al’umma.  A watan Mayun 2005, ya yi magana game da tilasta wa mataimakin gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] ritaya da tilasta gwamnati da rashin gaskiya a yakin da take yi da cin hanci da rashawa.  Ya nuna adawa sosai ga shawarwarin da aka bayar na barin Obasanjo ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku.  A watan Janairun 2008, ya goyi bayan cire Nuhu Ribadu daga mukaminsa na Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Tattalin Arziki  a kan cewa Ribadu ba shi da kwarewa sosai, kuma ya aiwatar da umarnin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ba tare da tambaya ba.  A watan Agustan 2009, ya zargi Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru 'Yar'Adua]] da nuna son kai a wajen nade-naden nasa.  A watan Disambar 2009, ya yi kira ga Shugaban da ke fama da rashin lafiya ya yi murabus. 

A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Yunin 2014, ya jaddada mahimmancin tattaunawa don magance rikicin [[Rikicin Boko Haram|Boko Haram]], yana mai cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Bana jin akwai hadin kai tsakanin mutanen soja da‘ yan [[Boko Haram]] .. Ina tsammanin dole ne a sami hadin kai na manufa; dole ne al’umma su hada kai a wannan mummunan hatsarin yaki da Boko Haram. Hanya daya tilo da kungiyar Boko Haram za ta iya cimma nasara ita ce idan al’umma suka rabu kuma ya rage ga gwamnatin tarayya ta hada kan jama’a don yaki da Boko Haram. ” &lt;/blockquote&gt;

{{Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna}}
== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]]
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    <title>Kawu Sumaila</title>
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'''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' &lt;small&gt;( OFR )&lt;/small&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015).  Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano.￼￼ da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad.

Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK).

Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [

== Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a ==
An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA

== Harkar siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta  (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) .

A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) .

Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa.

A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru&lt; Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections

== Nasarorin siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa.

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006).  [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ).

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yan siyasa]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutane Kano]]
[[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Yan Najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>ni4erpkxu9m91nhtw0rmodoo33w8k9g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963691</id>
      <parentid>963690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IB Muazzam</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>963691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6839" sha1="63ff0nwnt8234vjzu4sa6kmryyptlfh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' &lt;small&gt;( OFR )&lt;/small&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015).  Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano.￼￼ da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad.

Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK).

Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [

== Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a ==
An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA

== Harkar siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta  (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) .

A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) .

Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa.

A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru&lt; Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections

== Nasarorin siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa.

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006).  [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ).

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yan siyasa]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutane Kano]]
[[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Yan Najeriya]]
[[Wadanda aka haifa a 1964]]</text>
      <sha1>63ff0nwnt8234vjzu4sa6kmryyptlfh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963692</id>
      <parentid>963691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IB Muazzam</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>963692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6848" sha1="ojhfapj4gv7lcwokluud8txnsg4t8r8" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' &lt;small&gt;( OFR )&lt;/small&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015).  Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano.￼￼ da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad.

Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK).

Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [

== Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a ==
An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA

== Harkar siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta  (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) .

A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) .

Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa.

A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru&lt; Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections

== Nasarorin siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa.

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006).  [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ).

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yan siyasa]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutane Kano]]
[[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Yan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1964]]</text>
      <sha1>ojhfapj4gv7lcwokluud8txnsg4t8r8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963693</id>
      <parentid>963692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:36:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IB Muazzam</username>
        <id>15405</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>963693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6848" sha1="embtxtx72sglfjnb8xy9g06h7ruw63z" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' &lt;small&gt;( OFR )&lt;/small&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015).  Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano.￼￼ da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad.

Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK).

Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [

== Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a ==
An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA

== Harkar siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta  (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) .

A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) .

Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa.

A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru&lt; Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections

== Nasarorin siyasa ==
Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa.

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006).  [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ).

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yan siyasa]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutane Kano]]
[[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Yan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1968]]</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963622</id>
      <parentid>963168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:29:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
      <origin>963622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="10755" sha1="inznha314sp5842vuovzgp3j8f79lfz" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:ALwaysverify|ALwaysverify]]
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|[[User:Manny Emeaka|Manny Emeaka]]
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|[[User:Jajajshkwvjwdvq|Jajajshkwvjwdvq]]
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|[[User:A person without name|A person without name]]
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|[[Special:Contributions/U.S. Navy Veterans|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:Chell Hill|Chell Hill]]
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|[[User:Jrlavender|Jrlavender]]
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[[Fayil:Rahman wiki.jpg|thumb|Rahman (actor)]]
'''Rashin Rahman''' (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1967) wanda aka sani da suna '''Rahman''', ɗan wasan fina-finan Indiya ne. Ya yi aiki a cikin fim din  sama da 150, musamman a silima ta Malayalam, ban da Tamil da Telugu cinema, kuma ya ci lambobin yabo da yawa. A cikin shekarun 80, Rahman ya kasance babban jarumi a masana'antar fim ta Malayalam.  A cikin sinima na Tamil da Telugu, sunaye sunaye sunaye Raghuman da Raghu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hero-is-now-actor-of-substance/article5947756.ece{{!}}title=Hero |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723232340/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hero-is-now-actor-of-substance/article5947756.ece |archive-date=2021-07-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Farkon Rayuwar da karatu==
[[Fayil:Rahman wiki.jpg|thumb|Rahman ]]
An haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1967 a Abu Dhabi. Asalin danginsa sun fito ne daga Nilambur, Malappuram . An haife shi a matsayin babba a cikin yara biyu ga KMA Rahman da Savithri Nair. Yana da kanwar Shameema.  Ya yi karatu a Merryland Kindergarten, Abu Dhabi da Baldwin Boys 'High School, Bangalore, St Joseph's School a Abu Dhabi da Rex Higher Secondary School, Ooty kuma yayi digiri na farko a jami'a a Kwalejin MES Mampad, Malappuram. 

==Aikin fim==
[[Fayil:Taskeen Rahman.jpg|thumb|Rahman ]]
Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin Koodevide acikin shekara ta (1983), wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Fim ta Kerala ta farko don Mafi kyawun Jarumi, ya zama ƙarami wanda ya karɓi kyautar a lokacin 16. Ya kasance sanannen tsafi na matashi a cikin silima na Malayalam a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda ya haɓaka tauraruwarsa a masana'antar fim ta Malayalam. Daga ƙarshe ya canza zuwa taka rawa a cikin fina -finan Tamil da Telugu a ƙarshen shekara ta1980s da farkon 1990s. Ya sake dawowa a fina -finan Malayalam tun cikin shekara ta 2004 kuma yana aiki a cikin jagora da tallafi acikin fina -finan Tamil da Telugu bayan shekarun 2000.  Babban masoyi ne ga mai wasan kwaikwayo Mammootty .

==Iyali==
Yana da yara biyu. Matarsa Meherunnisa kanwa ce ga daraktan kiɗa na matar AR Rahman Saira Banu.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1967]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa</title>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Covid-19]]
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta kasar Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa&amp;action=edit210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta kasar Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa bakin aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa&amp;action=edit210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta kasar Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa bakin aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na majalisar Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png  |thumb|Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] 
An sanar da [[Koronavirus 2019|bullar COVID-19]] ta farko a Afirka [[Misra|a Masar]] a ranar 14 ga  watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa&amp;action=edit210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[Egypt Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An aiwatar da matakan rigakafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban a [[Afirka]], gami da hana tafiye-tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron,&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-092&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN 2020-03-093&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=24 March 2020|work=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran matakan da za a dauka da takaita yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, ƙulle-ƙulle, da kuma tilasta sanya abin [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]] . Kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [[Lesotho]], ƙasa ta ƙarshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba ta da [[Kwayar cuta|kwayar cutar]], ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-13|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]

== Jadawalin lokacin martani ==

=== Afrilu ===

==== 1 ga Afrilu ====
Eritrea ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da makonni uku, wanda ya fara a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu don yaƙar yaduwar COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Uras|first2=Umut|last3=Najjah|first3=Farah|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|access-date=2 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html|archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyo ta ba da sanarwar cewa dokar hana fita ta kwanaki uku za ta fara aiki a ranar Asabar (4 ga Afrilu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 April2&quot; /&gt;

==== 14 ga Afrilu ====
Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta kasar Ghana da Zoomlion Ghana Limited sun hada karfi da karfe don kaddamar da wani shiri na fatattakar dukkan manyan makarantu na musamman da na fasaha a kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/zoomlion-rolls-out-school-disinfection-programme.html|title=Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Guinea Alpha Condé ya wajabta wa dukkan 'yan kasar da mazauna wurin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu. Masu laifin suna fuskantar harajin rashin biyayya na farar hula 30,000 na Guinea (US $3.16, €2.8). Condéal ya kuma yi kira ga dukkan kamfanoni, ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da su samar da abin rufe fuska ga ma'aikatansu a ranar Asabar tare da yin kira da a kera abin rufe fuska a cikin gida kuma a sayar da su cikin sauki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 14 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Usaid|title=More than 1.9&amp;nbsp;million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|access-date=14 April 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html|archive-date=14 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

==== 1 ga Mayu ====
Afirka ta Kudu ta fara sassauta takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar da ta sanya, wanda ya baiwa wasu 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu damar komawa bakin aiki. Za a ba da izinin gidajen abinci don ba da sabis na ɗaukar kaya. Ayyukan nishaɗi kamar tafiya, keke, da gudu za a ba su izinin sa'o'i uku a rana. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ci gaba da hana sayar da sigari da barasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Aziz|first2=Saba|last3=Stepansky|first3=Joseph|title=WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html|archive-date=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya tsawaita dokar hana fita na tsawon makwanni biyu tare da ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 720 ga kamfanonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 1 May reports2&quot; /&gt;

==== 4 Mayu ====
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na majalisar Duniya ya rabawa Kamaru dalar Amurka miliyan 226 don biyan ma'auni na gaggawa na biyan buƙatun da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar da cewa za a dage dokar ta na tsawon sa'o'i 24 na &quot;ku zauna a gida&quot; tun daga ranar 30 ga Maris a babban birnin [[Abuja|tarayya Abuja]] da jihohin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Ogun]] na tsawon makonni shida. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da damar kasuwanci da sufuri su dawo tare da mutanen da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

A Afirka ta Kudu, Dondo Mogajane, Darakta-Janar na Baitulmalin Kasa, ya yi gargadin cewa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta Kudu zai iya yin kwangila da kashi 12% kuma kashi daya bisa uku na ma'aikata na iya shafar cutar sankara ta coronavirus sakamakon tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Annobar cutar covid19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mayberry|first1=Kate|last2=Najjah|first2=Farah|last3=Allahoum|first3=Ramy|title=US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ministan kudi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Zimbabwe Mthuli Ncube ya yi kira ga asusun lamuni na duniya IMF da ya cire basussukan da ke bin sa domin samun tallafin kudaden kasashen waje don ayyukan agaji na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 May reports2&quot;/&gt;

=== Yuni ===

==== 11 ga Yuni ====
A cewar Shugaban [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Afirka, barkewar cutar sankara tana &quot;hanzari&quot; a cikin nahiyar, tare da bayar da rahoton watsa labaran al'umma a fiye da rabin dukkan kasashen Afirka. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an kwashe kwanaki 18 kafin Afirka ta sami rahoton bullar cutar guda 200,000 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 98 da nahiyar ta dauka na samun bullar cutar 100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|access-date=12 June 2020|date=12 June 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sullivan, Helen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Rwanda za ta kara samun wasu lamunin tattalin arziki na dala miliyan 110 daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, don taimakawa kasar wajen yaki da cutar amai da gudawa. Yanzu haka IMF ta baiwa Rwanda sama da dala miliyan 220 a lokacin rikicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|access-date=12 June 2020|date=11 June 2020|work=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19|archive-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

==== 2 ga Yuli ====
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana cewa nahiyar Afirka ta yi asarar dala biliyan 55 na kudaden shiga da yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido yayin barkewar cutar korona. Kwamitin samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na kungiyar ya yi gargadin cewa wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ba za su tsira daga illar tattalin arzikin da annobar ta haifar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Pietromarchi|first1=Virginia|last2=Qazi|first2=Shereena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown|url=https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|access-date=3 July 2020|date=2 July 2020|work=[[Yahoo]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html|archive-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dage dokar hana fita da aka sanya a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya saboda cutar korona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 2 July2&quot;/&gt;

=== Agusta ===

==== 3 ga Agusta ====
A Gambia, Ministan Kudi Mambury Njie, Ministan Makamashi Fafa Sanyang, da Ministan Noma Amie Fabureh duk sun gwada ingancin COVID-19, kuma daga baya za su ware kansu tare da yin aiki daga gida, tare da daukar jimillar ministocin majalisar ministocin da suka kamu da cutar. biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=State House of The Gambia on Twitter|access-date=6 August 2020|date=2 August 2020|user=Presidency_GMB|number=1290049707583000576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4 ga Agusta ====
Magajin garin Kanifing a Gambia, Talib Bensouda, ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti don jinya, ya zama babban dan siyasa na shida a kasar da ya gwada inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Arwa|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Usaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|access-date=6 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[YouTube]]|author=Fatou, Kerr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y|archive-date=6 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na Najeriya [[Air Peace|Air Peace ya]] sanar da cewa an rage albashi sannan kuma an rage ma matuka jiragen sama kusan 70 aiki sakamakon illar da annobar COVID-19 ke yi a jiragen sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot; /&gt;

An sanar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga a matsayin sabon ministan lafiya na kasar, bayan korar tsohon minista Obadiah Moyo bisa wasu zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da cutar amai da gudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 August2&quot;/&gt;

== Arewacin Afirka ==

=== Masar ===
[[File:Egypt_Metro_Covid19.jpg|thumb| Mata sanye da abin rufe fuska a Masar]]

==== Taƙaita tafiye-tafiye ====
Ministan sufurin jiragen sama ya rufe filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga ranar 19 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/03/16/egypt-shuts-down-airports-suspends-air-travel-pm/|title=Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM|date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Masar ya fara aiki ne daga ranar 19 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Arabic2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية|publisher=[[BBC Arabic]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|trans-title=Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726|archive-date=20 March 2020|date=19 March 2020|url-status=live|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lokacin Gwaji ====
Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da cewa an yi gwajin PCR 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=25032020&amp;id=913aaaec-a6a9-4e9f-98d0-6a88b6d76fe2|title=وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 17 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/4/17/مصدر-بالصحة-إجراء-55-ألف-تحليل-PCR-فى-مصر-حتى/4729901|title=مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن|date=17 April 2020|website=youm7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 23 ga Afrilu, an yi gwajin PCR 90,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youm7.com/story/2020/4/23/وزيرة-الصحة-إجراء-أكثر-من-90-ألف-تحليل-pcr-لحالات/4740740|title=وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا|date=23 April 2020|website=akhbarelyom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 9 ga Mayu 105,000 an yi gwajin PCR&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976183|title=كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا|date=9 May 2020|website=almasryalyoum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masar yanzu tana da kayan gwajin PCR sama da 40 da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: &quot;حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل&quot; {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1976192|website=www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Takaddama ====
Kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton cewa an [[Bayanai na Covid-19|kama]] wasu mutane bisa zargin yada bayanan karya game da cutar sankarau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists|url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293|work=Deutsche Welle|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=3 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maroko ===

==== Haramcin tashi ====
[[File:Casablanca_Airport_cancelations_due_to_COVID_19.jpg|thumb| Sokewar tashin jirgi a filin jirgin saman Casablanca sakamakon cutar sankarau ta COVID-19]]
A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2020 Gwamnatin [[Moroko|Maroko ta ba da]] sanarwar dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da mashigin ruwa zuwa da daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Faransa]] har sai sanarwa ta gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/03/13/covid-19-le-maroc-boucle-ses-liaisons-aeriennes-et-maritimes-vers-l-espagne-la-france-et-l-algerie_6032978_3212.html|title=Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie|date=13 March 2020|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=14 March 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙarin ƙasashe 25. A wannan ranar, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa /daga [[Aljeriya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Sin|China]] . Bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba tsakanin [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Denmark]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Jamus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Norway]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Senegal]], [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/morocco-halts-flights-with-25-more-countries-confirms-18-coronavirus-cases|title=Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases|date=14 March 2020|publisher=Financial Post|access-date=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnati ta dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, kuma ba ta sanar da ranar da ake sa ran za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa ba. Ya ba da damar wasu tsiraru na jirage ga baƙi masu son tashi su tashi kafin su rufe gaba ɗaya filayen saukar jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga wata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry|work=ONDA|date=15 March 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sake bude manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama don yin jigilar jiragen cikin gida kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume|work=ONDA|date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Yuli, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa, tare da isa ga 'yan Morocco kawai ko kuma na kasashen waje da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar. An bukaci fasinjoji masu shigowa su kawo sakamakon gwajin Coronavirus daga kasarsu ta tashi, wanda aka bayar kasa da awanni 48 na lokacin isowar. An ƙyale ƴan ƙasar Moroko da ke zaune a waje ko kuma baƙi da ke zaune a cikin Masarautar su bar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/Je-suis-Passager/Guide-du-voyageur/News-a%C3%A9roportuaires-COVID-19|title=Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally|work=ONDA|date=9 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yanayin gaggawa na likita ====
Morocco ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020 da karfe 6:00 na yamma agogon gida kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2020 tare da yiwuwar tsawaita na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/03/296213/covid-19-morocco-declares-public-health-emergency/|title=COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency|last=News|first=Morocco World|date=2020-03-19|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/|title=إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد|date=2020-03-19|website=MapTanger|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-19|archive-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan umarnin yana buƙatar izinin jami'an jihohi don 'yan ƙasa su bar gidajensu, yayin da ke keɓance ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, kantin magani, bankuna, tashoshin mai, asibitocin likita, kamfanonin sadarwa, da mahimman ayyuka masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:012&quot; /&gt; An kafa layin wayar kai tsaye na sa'o'i 24 don &quot;ƙarfafa sadarwa kai tsaye tare da buƙatar yin taka tsantsan don yaƙar tasirin cutar amai da gudawa da kuma kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/91194/coronavirus-hotline-launched-morocco.html|title=New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco|last=Yabiladi.com|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu, 2020, gwamnati ta yi afuwa ga fursunoni 5,654, kuma ta fitar da hanyoyin kare fursunoni daga barkewar COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN21N06R|title=Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asusun Gaggawa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar asusun gaggawa (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)'' ) don haɓaka kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tallafawa sassan tattalin arzikin da abin ya fi shafa. Asusun yana da adadin dirham biliyan 10 (dala biliyan 1).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-idUSKBN212173|title=Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak|date=2020-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Tsakiya ==

=== Angola ===
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/89434/read/Angola-closes-borders-for-15-days|title=Angola closes borders for 15 days|last=Oliveira|first=Yokani|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;upstreamonline.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/safety/sonangol-official-one-of-two-covid-19-cases-in-angola-report/2-1-779461|title=Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report {{!}} Upstream Online|website=Upstream Online {{!}} Latest oil and gas news|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamaru ===

==== Matakan gwamnati ====
A ranar 18 ga Maris, Firayim Ministan Kamaru Joseph Dion Ngute ya rufe iyakokinsa na kasa, sama da na teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/video/coronavirus-le-cameroun-ferme-ses-frontieres|title=Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières|date=2020-03-18|website=TV5MONDE|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na gwajin coronavirus a cikin birnin [[Douala]] . Tawagar da suka sadaukar za su bi gida-gida a babban birnin tattalin arzikin daga ranar 2 zuwa 6 ga Afrilu, in ji ministan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200331-coronavirus-cameroun-le-silence-paul-biya-face-%C3%A0-l%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-fait-parler|title=Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler|date=2020-03-31|website=RFI|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta dauki karin matakai 7 don dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a Kamaru. Waɗannan matakan sun fara aiki daga ranar Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|title=7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire|date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ma'auni 1: Sanya abin rufe fuska a duk wuraren da aka buɗe ga jama'a;
* Ma'auni na 2: Samar da magunguna na gida, gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, mashin kariya da gels na ruwa-giya;
* Ma'auni 3: Ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin kula da COVID-19 na musamman a duk manyan yankuna;
* Ma'auni 4: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Pasteur;
* Ma'auni na biyar: Ƙarfafa yaƙin neman zaɓe a birane da karkara cikin harsunan hukuma biyu;
* Ma'auni na 6: Ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin cikin tsananin bin umarnin 17 Maris 2020;
* Ma'auni 7: Takunkumi

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, biyo bayan ikirarin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kamaru, Shugaba [[Paul Biya|Paul Biya ya ba da]] sanarwar sakin wasu fursunoni dangane da COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/928525/politique/coronavirus-au-cameroun-paul-biya-annonce-la-liberation-de-certains-prisonniers/|title=Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique|date=2020-04-16|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Talata 5 ga Mayu, Ministan Lafiya ya ba da sanarwar samar wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na rufe fuska 50,000, abin rufe fuska 320,000, masu feshin jakunkuna 220, nau'ikan takalmi 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Monde.fr2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-05|title=Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/05/au-cameroun-sur-la-piste-du-coronavirus-dans-les-quartiers-de-douala_6038725_3212.html|access-date=2020-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen watan Yuni, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a dage gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021 har zuwa shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kindzeka|first=Moki E.|date=1 July 2020|title=Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/cameroon-plans-improve-infrastructure-afcon-postponed-2022|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ===

==== Matakan rigakafin ====
An rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da tashin jirgin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AA 1st death2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-sees-1st-coronavirus-death/1774644|access-date=22 March 2020|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Maris, ya sanya dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bonnerot|first=Clément|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200325-dr-congo-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak|title=DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak|date=25 March 2020|work=France 24|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afirka ta Yamma ==

=== Ghana ===
An tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu ta farko ta Corona a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da mutane biyu da suka kamu da cutar suka zo Ghana; daya daga [[Norway]] dayan kuma daga [[Turkiyya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duncan|first1=Jude|date=12 March 2020|title=Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-ghana/|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Citi Newsroom}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] umurci Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, da ya samar da cedi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Panic-hits-social-media-as-Ghana-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-893413|title=Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; don inganta shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar Coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Coronavirus-MPs-to-have-temperature-tested-before-entering-chamber-Speaker-892792|title=Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker|website=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma kaddamar da Asusun Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na COVID-19 don taimakawa wajen yakar cutar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

==== Bans da Kulle ƙasa ====
A ranar 15 ga Maris, da karfe 10 na dare, [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo ya]] haramta duk wani tarukan jama'a da suka hada da taro, tarurrukan bita, jana'iza, bukukuwa, tarukan siyasa, ayyukan coci da sauran abubuwan da suka danganci hakan don rage yaduwar COVID-19 a wani taron manema labarai kan jihar. na COVID-19. An kuma rufe makarantun asali, manyan manyan makarantu da jami'o'i, na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 'Yan takarar BECE da WASSCE ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a makaranta a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nyabor|first1=Jonas|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/government-bans-church-activities-funerals-all-other-public-gatherings/|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da guga na Veronica ya shahara sosai a Ghana sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau yayin da 'yan kasar ke ci gaba da wanke hannu akai-akai don dakile yaduwar ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|title=Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana|website=www.globalcommunitiesgh.org|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230109/https://www.globalcommunitiesgh.org/index.php/telling-our-story/62-saving-lives-with-a-little-soap-and-water-new-behavior-change-communication-package-promotes-healthy-hygiene-practices|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/banks-in-suhum-step-up-measures-against-coronavirus-spread/ar-BB11ANUJ|title=Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, rufe wani bangare na [[Accra]] da [[Kumasi]] ya fara aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|title=Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect {{!}} Starr Fm|last1=Acheampong|first1=Kwame|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202909/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-accra-kumasi-empty-as-lockdown-takes-effect/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2020, A wani taron manema labarai, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana, ya sanar da fara samar da abin rufe fuska a cikin gida a wani bangare na kokarin dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-starts-local-production-of-nose-masks-to-fight-covid-19.html|title=Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da sabon Instrument Instrument, EI 164, wanda Shugaban kasa ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020, mutanen da suka ki sanya abin rufe fuska a bainar jama'a na iya fuskantar hukuncin dauri tsakanin shekaru 4-10 ko kuma tarar tsakanin GHS12,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka $2,065). ) da GHS60,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,320) ko duka biyun za a yi. Wannan ya biyo bayan sanya abin rufe fuska na tilas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/failing-to-wear-face-mask-to-attract-hefty-fine-10-year-jail-term/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnati ====
Daga ranar 3 ga Afrilu, sama da kasuwanni 464 sun kamu da cutar a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/northern-north-east-savannah-regions-disinfect-markets.html|title=Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-198-markets-in-eastern-region-disinfected.html|title=Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected|website=Graphic Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara kashi na biyu na fumigation a fadin kasar a watan Yuli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-markets-public-places-in-kumasi-to-be-disinfected-tomorrow/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Satumba, MoE tare da GES sun haɗa kai da Zoomlion don lalata SHS a duk faɗin Ghana don share hanya don sake buɗe makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3rd-phase-of-national-disinfection-exercise-in-shss-begins-2.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministan Kudi ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahoton nasa cewa gwamnati ta kashe kusan cedi miliyan 54.3 na Ghana don samar da dafaffe da abinci ga marasa galihu yayin kulle-kullen na makonni 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/covid-19-gh%c2%a254-3-million-spent-on-food-for-vulnerable-during-lockdown/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi ikirarin gwamnati za ta samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa kyauta ga sauran 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-announces-free-electricity-for-the-rest-of-the-year.html|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar dokokin Ghana ta ba da izinin rage harajin cedi miliyan 174 na GHS (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 30) kan harajin samun kudin shiga na ma'aikatan sahun gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arhinful, Mensah Opoku|first=Ernest, Duke|date=15 August 2020|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/parliament-approves-ghs174m-tax-waiver-for-frontline-health-workers/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, MoH ta karɓi software na COVID-19 AI don gano ƙwayar cuta akan X-ray na ƙirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghs-gets-ai-software-to-enhance-covid-19-detection/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati kuma ta sake ƙaddamar da GH COVID-19 tracker app bayan ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-re-launches-covid-19-tracker-app.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta fara da gida samar da hanci masks kazalika Medical gowns, shugaban inuwõyi, da kuma likita scrubs . Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kusan abin rufe fuska miliyan 18.8 ne kasar ta kera tare da masana'antu guda daya na samar da abin rufe fuska miliyan daya a rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Coronavirus-18-8-million-face-masks-were-produced-in-Ghana-Deputy-Trade-Minister-1088836|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina cibiyoyin jiyya daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar [[Cibiyar Cutar Cututtuka ta Ghana|Cibiyar Cututtuka ta Ghana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-commissions-ghanas-first-infectious-disease-centre/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; don taimakawa a cikin Jiyya na COVID-19 na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/icu-bed-facilities-treatment-centre-to-be-constructed-in-greater-accra-ashanti-regions-nana-addo/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/coronavirus-government-to-expand-isolation-centers.html|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko yi amfani da drone jirgin sama a yaki da cutar AIDS ta hanyar da kai daga COVID-19 gwajin samfurori da kuma PPEs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ghana-using-drones-to-transport-covid-19-tests/|title=In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.html|title=Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-04-23/fight-against-coronavirus-ghana-uses-drones-speed-testing?amp|title=In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing|website=The World|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Guinea-Bissau ===

==== Ƙuntatawa ====
[[File:Guinea’s_frontline_healthcare_workers.jpg|thumb| Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na farko na Guinea-Bissau]]
A ranar 27 ga Maris, an ayyana dokar ta-baci don rage yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 daga gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau . An rufe zirga-zirga ta ruwa da iska da kuma iyakokin kasar. Gwamnati ta kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji da dokoki don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 a tsakanin al'umma. Waɗannan dokokin sun taƙaita taron jama'a kuma sun ba da damar yin bincike don gano ƙwayar cuta da wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin addini da jiga-jigan jama'a ne suka jagoranci rigakafin COVID-19, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ikon gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. An tallafa wa iyalai na Guinea ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da bayanan rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19 waɗanda aka bayar ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyi da gidajen rediyo mafi mahimmanci, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage shingen zamantakewa da al'adu kamar halaye, bambance-bambancen al'adu, ƙabila da matsayi waɗanda ke shafar samun damar bayanai game da su. COVID-19 a Guinea-Bissau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Barros|date=2020|pmc=7267172|issn=0893-0465|doi=10.1111/ciso.12262|issue=1|volume=32|journal=City &amp; Society|url=|title=State of &quot;Emergency&quot; for health but State of &quot;Exception&quot; for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19|first6=Rui|first1=Miguel|last6=Jorge Semedo|first5=Fatumata|last5=Jau|first4=Cadija|last4=Mané|first3=Aliu Soares|last3=Cassamá|first2=Anaxore|last2=Casimiro|pmid=32514226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau da [[UNICEF|Asusun Tallafawa]] [[UNICEF|Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNICEF) sun taimaka a kasar Guinea-Bissau wajen dakile annobar. UNICEF da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sadarwar Jama'a sun haɗa matakan rigakafi da dabaru ga jama'ar Bissau-Guinean ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kuma gidan talabijin na kasa don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar UNICEF (Shirin WASH ) ta samar da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomi 960 a duk fadin kasar don dakile yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Meribole|first=Joshua|date=2020-08-14|title=COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/covid-19-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin kudi ====
Guinea-Bissau tana samun tallafi daga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF da GAVI, da kuma gwamnatin Guinea-Bissau wacce ta samar da dala 200,000 ga kasar don taimakawa wajen tsare COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Ma'aikatun Kuɗi da Lafiya sun tallafa wa asibitoci da kuɗi a Guinea Bissau a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. Manufar kasafin kudi ta tallafawa da inganta asibitoci. Likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya sun karɓi fa’idodin albashi na $55,000 kowane wata da dala 50,000 na magani yayin da aka keɓe $100,000 don abinci don ciyar da marasa lafiya da ma’aikatan asibitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;/&gt; Wani jami'in hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO a kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sanar da cewa, kasar [[Cuba]] ta aike da tawagar likitoci da suka hada da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don taimakawa wajen yaki da cutar a lokacin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=29 June 2020|title=Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/cuban-medical-team-in-guinea-bissau-to-combat-covid-19/1893700|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mali ===
Shugaban kasar Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da kafa dokar hana fita daga karfe 9:00 na dare zuwa karfe 5:00 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;ina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maliweb.net/nation/coronavirus-au-mali-•4-cas-enregistres-en-deux-jours-•le-president-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire-et-instaure-le-couvre-feu-2865061.html|title=maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu|last=Républicain|first=Le|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Maris, Shugaba [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta|Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daga kasashen da abin ya shafa, ya rufe makarantu tare da hana manyan tarukan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/mali-suspends-flights-from-covid-19-hit-countries-/1769908|work=Anadolu Agency|date=18 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma zaben da aka shirya a watan Maris-Afrilu, wanda tuni aka dage shi sau da dama saboda rashin tsaro a kasar, ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/19/mali-proceeds-with-elections-despite-coronavirus-fears/|work=[[Channels TV]]|date=19 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Najeriya ===

==== Hana tafiye-tafiye ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Maris ne Najeriya ta sanya dokar hana fita zuwa kasashe 13 masu dauke da cutar, kasashen sun hada da; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da [[Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others|title=UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others|last=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== martanin gwamnatin tarayya ====
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta umurci cibiyoyi da su rufe na tsawon kwanaki 30 a matsayin matakin dakile yaduwar COVID-19. Haka kuma ta haramta taron jama'a. Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta bukaci makarantu da su rufe tare da hana tarukan jama’a sama da 50, musamman tarukan addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=19 March 2020|title=Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19|url=https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu game da samar da mutane 500&amp;nbsp;Naira biliyan 1.39&amp;nbsp;biliyan) asusun shiga rikicin coronavirus don haɓaka kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Shugaban Malawi Peter Mutharika ya ba da sanarwar matakai da yawa don tallafawa kanana da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa da suka hada da karya haraji, rage alawus alawus na mai da kara alawus alawus ga ma'aikatan lafiya. Shugaban kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa shi da majalisar ministocinsa za su rage kashi 10 cikin 100 na albashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera 4 April reports2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|last2=Stepansky|first2=Joseph|last3=Uras|first3=Umut|title=Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|access-date=5 April 2020|date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html|archive-date=5 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu da dama a Najeriya sun rufe, biyo bayan umarnin gwamnatin tarayya a Abuja. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Gudanar da daya daga cikin makarantun da ke da yawan jama'a a Najeriya, [[Federal Polytechnic, Nekede|Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri]], ta ayyana hutun gaggawa a matsayin rigakafin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da bayyana cewa hutun gaggawa zai dauki kwanaki 30. Cibiyar ta riga ta kayyade ranakun jarrabawar shekarar karatu ta 2019/2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2020|title=Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19|url=https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Martanin gwamnatin jihar ====
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari ya]] kafa kwamitin yaki da cutar a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus|last=Daka|first=FTerhemba|title=Buhari names task force on coronavirus|date=10 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317135513/https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-names-task-force-on-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/buhari-sets-up-12-member-task-force-to-control-coronavirus|title=Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus|last=Agbakwuru|first=Johnbosco|date=9 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gwamnatin jihar Adamawa ta ba da sanarwar rufe iyakokin jihohinsu na tsawon kwanaki 14 daga ranar 31 ga Maris, tare da ba da umarnin rufe iyakokin jihar baki daya. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma sanar da cewa haramcin ya shafi masu tuka keke masu hawa uku, motocin haya da motocin bas a duk fadin jihar. Gwamnatin jihar ta kuma haramta gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da bayar da umarnin rufe duk kasuwannin, in ban da kasuwannin abinci, kasuwannin magunguna da gidajen mai, inda ta umurci bankunan da su samar da ayyukan kwarangwal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/fintiri-orders-adamawa-lockdown-over-coronavirus|title=Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus|last=Shobiye|first=Hamed|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar hana fita a jihar Ogun da ya kamata ta fara daga ranar 30 ga Maris, ta fara aiki ne daga ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, bayan da gwamnatin jihar ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta ba su damar samar da abinci ga mazauna yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-lockdown-of-ogun-now-shifted-to-friday-says-abiodun|title=BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun|last=Olatunji|first=Daud|date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabashin Afirka ==

=== Habasha ===
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, ofishin Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da makarantu, wasannin motsa jiki, da tarukan jama'a na tsawon kwanaki 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-ethiopia-closes-schools-bans-public-events/1767683|title=COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events|website=aa.com.tr|access-date=16 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020, [[Ethiopian Airlines|Jirgin saman Habasha ya]] dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa kasashe 30 da suka kamu da cutar korona&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-suspends-flights-to-30-countries|title=Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 29 ga Maris 2020, ya tsawaita zuwa kasashe sama da 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-suspends-flights-to-80-international-destinations|title=Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations|website=fanabc.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=flyethiopian|author=Ethiopian Airlines|number=1244266257484038145|date=29 March 2020|title=Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da sanarwar a ranar 20 ga Maris cewa, duk wanda zai shiga kasar ya kamata ya keɓe kansa na tilas na kwanaki 14. Kungiyoyin dare a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] su ma za su kasance a rufe har sai an sanar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;fanabc.com2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, Habasha ta rufe dukkan iyakokin kasa kuma ta tura jami'an tsaro don dakatar da zirga-zirgar mutane a kan iyakokin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/ethiopia-closes-land-border-deploys-troops-to-combat-virus|title=Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, Majalisar Ministoci ta ayyana dokar ta-baci ta tsawon watanni biyar a matsayin martani ga karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid19|title=Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19|website=fanabc.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/04/08/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-over-coronavirus|title=Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus|website=ethiopianmonitor.com|access-date=8 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar ta amince da dokar ta baci ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopian-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency|title=Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency|publisher=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwamnatocin yanki ====
Bayan da aka samu rahoton bullar cutar da dama, yankuna da dama na kasar sun dauki matakan hana yaduwar cutar. Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela sun sanya dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kulle-kullen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|publisher=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amhara ====
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin yankin Amhara ta umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke cikin haɗarin yin aiki daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%88%88%e1%8a%ae%e1%88%ae%e1%8a%93-%e1%89%ab%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b5-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8b%e1%88%8b%e1%8c%ad-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%86/|title=የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=25 March 2020|trans-title=The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin hana duk motocin jigilar jama'a masu shigowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b0-%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8b%9d%e1%89%a5-%e1%88%9b%e1%88%98%e1%88%8b%e1%88%88%e1%88%bb-%e1%89%b0%e1%88%bd%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%ad|title=ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanar da cewa duk wanda ya dawo daga kasashen waje a cikin makonni uku da suka gabata ya kai rahoto ga ofisoshin lafiya na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8d%89%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b6%e1%88%b5%e1%89%b5-%e1%88%b3%e1%88%9d%e1%8a%95%e1%89%b3-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%ad|title=የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 2020, an sanya dokar hana fita na [[Baher Dar|tsawon kwanaki 14 a Bahir Dar da wasu garuruwa uku.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ab-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%89%a04-%e1%8a%a8%e1%89%b0%e1%88%9e%e1%89%bd-%e1%88%9b%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%9b%e1%8b%8d%e1%88%9d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5|title=በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=31 March 2020|trans-title=Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Oromia ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 2020, birnin Adama na Oromia inda ya ba da umarnin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a a gaba daya. Umurnin kuma ya zo ne bayan da wasu mutane biyu suka gwada ingancin kwayar cutar a cikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7864/Adama-City-Freezes-Transportation-Services-over-COVID-19|title=Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Asella da Metu sun kuma dauki matakan hana zirga-zirgar jama'a zuwa ko daga birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|Mettu-Town-Government-Communication-Affairs-Office-1524063014587333|name=Mettu Town Government Communication Affairs Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an sanya cikakken dokar hana zirga-zirgar jama'a ta ƙetare da birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7865/Ethiopian-Regional-States-Impose-Travel-Ban-to-Halt-Spread-of-COVID-19|title=Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19|website=ezega.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, [[Yankin Oromia|jihar ta]] saki fursunoni 13,231.&lt;ref&gt;{{Facebook|fanabroadcasting/photos/a.332889983468414/2915894328501287/|FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tigray ===
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, [[Yankin Tigray|yankin Tigray ya]] ayyana dokar ta baci ta tsawon kwanaki 15 a fadin yankin, tare da hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan jama'a a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/26/ethiopia-s-coronavirus-rules-crowd-ban-free-transport-regulate-essentials-etc|title=Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency|website=africanews.com|access-date=27 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2020, an ba da umarnin rufe duk wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Matakan da aka dauka sun kuma hada da hana masu gidaje korar masu haya ko kara haya. Ana kuma bukatar duk wani matafiya da zai shiga jihar ya kai rahoto ga ofishin lafiya mafi kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.news/news-alert/tigray-state-orders-cafes-restaurants-closure/|title=Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure|website=addisfortune.news|access-date=10 April 2020|date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2020, jihar ta saki fursunoni 1,601.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanabc.com/%e1%89%a0%e1%89%b5%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%ab%e1%8b%ad-%e1%8a%ad%e1%88%8d%e1%88%8d-1%e1%88%ba%e1%88%85-601-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%85%e1%8c%8d-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%ab%e1%88%9a%e1%8b%8e%e1%89%bd-%e1%89%a0%e1%8b%ad%e1%89%85/|title=በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ|website=fanabc.com|access-date=10 April 2020|date=7 April 2020|trans-title=1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
Dangane da hauhawar cututtukan coronavirus a Kenya zuwa uku, a ranar 15 ga Maris [[Gwamnatin Kenya|gwamnatin Kenya ta]] rufe dukkan makarantu tare da ba da umarnin cewa duk ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki daga gida, a duk inda zai yiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/scienceandhealth/Coronavirus-update-Kenya/3073694-5492136-splkgfz/index.html|title=Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an sanya takunkumin tafiye-tafiye don hana waɗanda ba mazauna wurin shiga ba. An bukaci 'yan kasar Kenya da mazauna yankin su ware kansu na tsawon kwanaki goma sha hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/kenya-blocks-entry-residents-virus-response-200315154944348.html|title=Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Garden_City_Mall_02.jpg|thumb|Lambun City Mall babu kowa a sakamakon hana COVID-19]]
A ranar 22 ga Maris, bayan tabbatar da karin wasu kararraki takwas, wanda ya kawo jimillar mutane 16 a fadin kasar, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da karin matakai da umarni don rage yaduwar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsakar dare ranar 25 ga Maris, ban da jigilar kaya (duk mutanen da ke shiga ƙasar za a tilasta musu keɓe kansu a wata cibiyar gwamnati). Gwamnatin ta kuma bayyana cewa, duk wani mutum, ciki har da manyan jami’an gwamnati, da aka samu ya saba wa matakan keɓe, za a keɓe shi da kuɗaɗen su. Duk sanduna za su kasance a rufe daga ranar 22 ga Maris, tare da ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci su kasance a buɗe don ayyukan ɗaukar kaya kawai. Duk motocin sabis na jama'a kamar [[Matatu|matatus]] da bas bas dole ne su bi ka'idodin nisantar fasinja da aka tsara a baya a ranar 20 ga Maris. Bugu da kari, duk wani taron jama'a a majami'u, masallatai, jana'izar da sauran wurare an hana su fiye da mutane 15, kuma an hana bukukuwan aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/news/breaking-8-new-coronavirus-cases-search-for-363-persons-who-had-contact-with-victims-continues|title=8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues|website=www.kenya-today.com|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokar hana fita a fadin kasar da martanin 'yan sanda ===
Dokar hana fita daga karfe 7 na yamma - 5 na safe da aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Maris tana tare da rahotannin [[Zaluntar 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001366037/sticks-stones-and-broken-bones-in-first-curfew-night|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanai na farko da faifan bidiyo a birane da yawa, ciki har da [[Nairobi]] da [[Mombasa]], sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da duka da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 27 ga Maris. Wasu asusun sun nuna cewa tsare ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a zuwa kananan yankuna, sabanin manufar dokar hana fita na kara nisantar da jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya jami'an Kenya da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun yi tir da halin 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police|website=www.standardmedia.co.ke|title=Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Martanin tattalin arziki ===
A ranar 25 ga Maris, [[Shugaban kasar Kenya|Shugaba]] [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], bayan rahoton karin wasu kararraki uku, ya ba da sanarwar kafa dokar hana fita a fadin kasar kan zirga-zirgar da ba ta da izini daga karfe 7 na yamma zuwa 5 na safe daga ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana matakan dakile 'yan Kenya kan matsalolin kudi da ke haifar da takunkumin motsi da ke da alaƙa da rikicin coronavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;k24tv.co.ke2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/tax-relief-crb-listing-suspension-here-are-all-directives-issued-by-pres-kenyatta-to-ensure-you-have-more-money-in-your-pocket-18275/|website=www.k24tv.co.ke|title=Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket|date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madagascar ===
An aiwatar da kulle-kulle a akalla birane biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumitomo halts2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar|url=https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/|access-date=26 March 2020|work=MINING.COM|date=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar a ranar 17 ga Maris cewa za a dakatar da duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na tsawon kwanaki 30 daga 20 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|title=Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales|date=2020-03-18|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=2020-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin tsakiyar kasar tare da Antananarivo, an sanya dokar hana fita daga ranar 6 zuwa 20 ga Yuli sakamakon karuwar sabbin lamura a babban birnin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=7 July 2020|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Babban Bankin Madagascar|Babban bankin kasar Madagascar ya]] zuba daruruwan biliyoyin ariary a cikin tsarin banki don saukaka barnar tattalin arzikin da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19 ya]] haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1|access-date=26 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=24 March 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/|publisher=jeuneafrique|language=fr-FR|access-date=7 July 2020|date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya ƙaddamar da &quot;maganin&quot; coronavirus a [[Covid-Organics|hukumance wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Covid-Organics]] . [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin]] Aiwatarwa ta Madagaska (MIAR) ta haɓaka, an yi shayin ganyen shayi ta hanyar amfani da [[Artemisia (jinin)|artemisia]] da sauran ganyayen da ake samu a cikin gida. An aike da sojoji don raba rukunin Covid-Organic, tare da Kanar Willy Ratovondrainy ya sanar a gidan talabijin na jihar cewa shayin zai &quot;ƙarfafa rigakafi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown|archive-date=2 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[National Academy of Medicine na Madagascar|Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Madagaska]] (ANAMEM) ta bayyana shakkun ta, yayin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta yi gargadin cewa babu wata hujja ga duk wani maganin cutar Coronavirus a lokacin ƙaddamar da Covid-Organic. Kungiyar [[Taraiyar Afirka|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta shiga tattaunawa da gwamnatin Malagasy domin a gwada ingancin maganin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 22 April2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|access-date=7 May 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250|archive-date=30 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|access-date=5 May 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html|archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mauritius ==

=== Rufe cibiyoyin ilimi ===
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, a cikin sabbin lamuran da aka tabbatar da su a Mauritius, [[Gwamnatin Mauritius|Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da]] sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan makarantu da jami'o'i har sai an samu sanarwa. An ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga duk ɗalibai akan layi da kuma a talabijin ta hanyar Gidan [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Mauritius|Watsa Labarai na Mauritius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;educa3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19confinement-education-voici-les-details-des-cours-en-ligne-et-la-tele|title=Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;educa22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-et-confinement-education-des-cours-la-television-et-en-ligne-destines-aux-eleves|title=Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves|date=1 April 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2020, gwamnati ta amince da rarraba [[Kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu|kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu guda]] 2,500 ga yaran da ke cikin rajistar tsaro na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=CAriane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|date=14 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ƙuntatawa na tafiya da shigarwa ==
A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, Firayim Ministan Mauritius ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana duk fasinjoji, ciki har da Mauritius da baki, shiga yankin Mauritius na tsawon kwanaki 15 masu zuwa, wanda ya fara da karfe 6:00 GMT (10:10 na safe agogon Mauritius). Fasinjojin da ke son barin Mauritius za a bar su su tashi. Haka kuma za a bar jiragen dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa shiga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|title=Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi|date=18 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bani2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|title=Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa wasu 'yan Mauritius da suka makale a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama daban-daban na duniya izinin shiga yankin Mauritius a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020. An bukaci su shafe kwanaki 14 a keɓe a wurare daban-daban da gwamnati ta ba su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|title=L'aéroport de Plaisance : &quot; quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés &quot;, indique Girish Appaya|date=22 March 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doka ==
A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2020, an buga sanarwa, oda da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati:

:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasance mai ra'ayin cewa Mauritius ya bayyana yana fuskantar barazanar, ko kamuwa da cutar ta coronavirus kuma an ba da sanarwar cewa sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a zai shafi Mauritius;&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/28_Extra_Ord_190320.pdf|title=THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* An buga Dokokin Keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;QUA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/57_The%20Quarantaine%20_Quarantinable%20Diseases.pdf|title=THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act|date=19 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin sashe na 79 zuwa 83 na Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a don hana isar da kayayyaki, ban da duk wani jigilar kayayyaki, shiga yankin Mauritius tun daga karfe 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon kwanaki 15 a karkashin Doka ta 3 na Dokokin Keɓe (cututtukan da za a keɓe) 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
:* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da oda a karkashin tsari na 5 na ka'idojin keɓewa (cututtukan keɓewa) 2020, hana kowane fasinja, ban da ma'aikatan jirgin, shiga ko tashi daga jigilar kaya kamar daga 10:00 na safe ranar 19 ga Maris 2020 na tsawon 15. kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GovGa2&quot; /&gt;
: Rigakafin Rigakafin da Rage Cututtuka (Coronavirus) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 20 ga Maris 2020. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa ka’idojin, idan aka same shi da laifi, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba, da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni shida.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=20 March 2020|work=Acttogether|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100307/http://www.actogether.mu/media/11430/preven-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sabunta dokar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/67_The%20Prevention%20and%20Mitigation%20of%20Infectious%20Disease%20(Coronavirus)%20(Amd)%20Regulations%202020.pdf|title=Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act|date=22 March 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamnatin Mauritius ta ba da umarnin hana fita (Babban Sanarwa No.512 na 2020), da nufin rage yaduwar COVID-19 a Mauritius. Dokar hana fita ta fara aiki kamar ranar 23 ga Maris 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar hana fita, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500 ba da kuma zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurfewOrder2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/31_Extra_Ord_220320.pdf|title=Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020|work=Prime Minister Office|date=22 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2020, an tsawaita dokar hana fita har zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 2020 da karfe 20:00 na agogon gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Govmu.org2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|title=PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020|date=19 March 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2020, an zartar da dokar COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) da Dokar Keɓewa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Kudirin COVID-19 (Babban Sharuɗɗa) yana nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, ceton masana'antu da ayyuka, da ginawa don dawo da karin lokaci. Makasudin kudirin dokar keɓe kansu shine don hana sake bullar cutar ta COVID-19, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shirye da mayar da martani ga ƙasar kan kowace annoba ta gaba. Duk mutumin da ya saba wa dokar keɓe, za a yanke masa hukunci, zai fuskanci tarar da ba za ta wuce MUR 500,000 ba da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;qua2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/quarantine-bill-amende-allant-jusqua-rs-500000-et-peine-maximale-de-5-ans-de-prison-prevues|title=Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16may2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|title=COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly|date=16 May 2020|work=[[Government Portal of Mauritius]]|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covidbill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/covid-19-bill-decouvrez-le-projet-de-loi|title=Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=10 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan Mauritius sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudurorin biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;critis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/ariane-navarre-marie-ce-projet-de-loi-vient-reprendre-les-droits-acquis-des-travailleurs|title=Ariane Navarre-Marie : &quot; Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs &quot;|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=14 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fgth2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/petition-contre-le-covid-19-bill-et-le-quarantine-bill-plus-de-17-000-signatures-en-moins-de-24-heures|title=Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures|website=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|date=13 May 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rigakafin Farfadowa da Ci gaba da Yaɗuwar Cutar Cutar (COVID-19) Dokokin 2020 an buga su a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020. Kamar yadda dokar ta tanada, duk mutumin da bai sanya abin rufe fuska ba kuma bai mutunta ka'idojin nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki ba, zai aikata laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a ci shi tarar da ba za ta wuce rupees 50,000 ba da kuma dauri na tsawon shekaru 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;mask2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/vous-risquerez-jusqua-deux-ans-de-prison-sans-votre-masque-ou-sans-respect-des-distances|title=Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances|date=17 May 2020|work=[[Le Défi Media Group]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Martanin ƙasa game da cutar ta COVID-19
* [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka]]
* COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
* SolaWash

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Federal College of Education (Technical), Potiskum</title>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha)''' babbar makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke garin [[Potiskum]], [[Yobe|Jahar Yobe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Da fari an kawo mata reshen jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Minna kafin daga bisa ni aka ɗauke ta tare da maye gurbin ta da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, (ATBU) Bauchi]] don karatun digiri. Kwalejin ta fara samar da shirye-shiryen karatun PGDE a cikin shekarar 2021. Shugaban Kwalejin  shi ne Dr. Muhammad Madu Yunusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074743/https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muhammad Madu Yunusa Archives&quot;. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An bude Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha) da ke cikin garin Potiskum ne a shekarar 1991. Inda tun asali da aka fari a na kiranta ne da suna Federal Advanced Teachers' College (FATC), Yola.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ATBU Portal - Official Website&quot;. www.atbu.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsangayoyi ==
Kwalejin tana da tsangayu kamar haka waɗanda a ƙarƙashinsu akwai sassa daban-daban.

* Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya
* Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha
* Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a
* Tsangayar Ilimi

== Sassa/Rukunai ==
'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Sinadarai
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Makamashi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Lissafi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Halittu
* Ginin Sashin Hadakar Kimiyya

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Tattalin Gida
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Zane-Zane

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Lantarki
* Ginin Sashin Gyaran Mota
* Ginin Sashin Gine-Gine
* Ginin Sashin Kayan Aikin Katako
* Ginin Sashin Kira

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Sakateriya
* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Akawunta

'''Tsangayar Ilimi'''

* Rukunin Ilimin Firamare
* Rukunin Ilimin Yara a Matakin Farko


== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa kamar haka;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official List of Courses Offered in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM) - Myschool&quot;. myschool.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimi da Physics
* Ilimin Fasahar Gini
* Ilimin Fasaha na Aikin Katako
* Hadin gwiwar Kimiyya da Makamashi
* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Tattalin Gida/Girke-Girke
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Sinadarai
* Ilimin Sinadarai/Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kwamfuta/Makamashi
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Fasahar Gyaran Mota
* Ilimin Halittu da Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi
* Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kula da Yara a Matakin Farko
* Ilimin Fasaha
* Ilimin Fasahar Zane
* Karatun Ilimin Firamare
* Ilimin Fasahar Ƙarfe

== Alaka/Reshe ==
Cibiyar tana da alaƙa/reshe da Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] don bayar da karatun da zai kai ga samun shaidar karatun digiri na fannin ilimi, (B.Ed) a wadannan bangarorin:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;LIST OF DEGREE COURSES&quot;. ACADEMIA. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Fasahar Aikin Karfe
* Ilimin Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Aikin Katako
* Ilimin Fasahar Mota
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Sinadarai
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimin Makamashi
* Ilimin Gine-Gine
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jami'a]]
[[Category:Makaranta]]
[[Category:Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yobe (jiha)]]
[[Category:Potiskum]]
[[Category:Arewa]]
[[Category:Kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya]]
[[Category: Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Najeriya]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
        <id>49197</id>
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      <origin>963526</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3815" sha1="ej6ixda9e0aewu8mb41z4m4qzavmuns" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha)''' babbar makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke garin [[Potiskum]], [[Yobe|Jahar Yobe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Da fari an kawo mata reshen jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Minna kafin daga bisa ni aka ɗauke ta tare da maye gurbin ta da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, (ATBU) Bauchi]] don karatun digiri. Kwalejin ta fara samar da shirye-shiryen karatun PGDE a cikin shekarar 2021. Shugaban Kwalejin  shi ne Dr. [[Muhammad]] Madu Yunusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074743/https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muhammad Madu Yunusa Archives&quot;. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An bude Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha) da ke cikin garin Potiskum ne a shekarar 1991. Inda tun asali da aka fari a na kiranta ne da suna Federal Advanced Teachers' College (FATC), Yola.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ATBU Portal - Official Website&quot;. www.atbu.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsangayoyi ==
Kwalejin tana da tsangayu kamar haka waɗanda a ƙarƙashinsu akwai sassa daban-daban.

* Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya
* Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha
* Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a
* Tsangayar Ilimi

== Sassa/Rukunai ==
'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Sinadarai
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Makamashi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Lissafi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Halittu
* Ginin Sashin Hadakar Kimiyya

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Tattalin Gida
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Zane-Zane

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Lantarki
* Ginin Sashin Gyaran Mota
* Ginin Sashin Gine-Gine
* Ginin Sashin Kayan Aikin Katako
* Ginin Sashin Kira

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Sakateriya
* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Akawunta

'''Tsangayar Ilimi'''

* Rukunin Ilimin Firamare
* Rukunin Ilimin Yara a Matakin Farko


== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa kamar haka;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official List of Courses Offered in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM) - Myschool&quot;. myschool.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimi da Physics
* Ilimin Fasahar Gini
* Ilimin Fasaha na Aikin Katako
* Hadin gwiwar Kimiyya da Makamashi
* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Tattalin Gida/Girke-Girke
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Sinadarai
* Ilimin Sinadarai/Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kwamfuta/Makamashi
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Fasahar Gyaran Mota
* Ilimin Halittu da Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi
* Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kula da Yara a Matakin Farko
* Ilimin Fasaha
* Ilimin Fasahar Zane
* Karatun Ilimin Firamare
* Ilimin Fasahar Ƙarfe

== Alaka/Reshe ==
Cibiyar tana da alaƙa/reshe da Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] don bayar da karatun da zai kai ga samun shaidar karatun digiri na fannin ilimi, (B.Ed) a wadannan bangarorin:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;LIST OF DEGREE COURSES&quot;. ACADEMIA. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Fasahar Aikin Karfe
* Ilimin Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Aikin Katako
* Ilimin Fasahar Mota
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Sinadarai
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimin Makamashi
* Ilimin Gine-Gine
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jami'a]]
[[Category:Makaranta]]
[[Category:Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yobe (jiha)]]
[[Category:Potiskum]]
[[Category:Arewa]]
[[Category:Kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya]]
[[Category: Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha)''' babbar makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke garin [[Potiskum]], [[Yobe|Jahar Yobe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Da fari an kawo mata reshen jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Minna kafin daga bisa ni aka ɗauke ta tare da maye gurbin ta da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, (ATBU) Bauchi]] don karatun digiri. Kwalejin ta fara samar da shirye-shiryen karatun PGDE a cikin shekarar 2021. Shugaban Kwalejin  shi ne Dr. [[Muhammad]] Madu Yunusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074743/https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muhammad Madu Yunusa Archives&quot;. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An bude Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha) da ke cikin garin Potiskum ne a shekarar 1991. Inda tun asali da aka fari a na kiranta ne da suna Federal Advanced Teachers' College (FATC), Yola.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ATBU Portal - Official Website&quot;. www.atbu.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsangayoyi ==
Kwalejin tana da tsangayu kamar haka waɗanda keda rassa daban daban a ƙarƙashinsu.

* Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya
* Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha
* Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a
* Tsangayar Ilimi
* Tsangayar ilimin koyarwa

== Sassa/Rukunai ==
'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Sinadarai
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Makamashi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Lissafi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Halittu
* Ginin Sashin Hadakar Kimiyya

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Tattalin Gida
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Zane-Zane

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Lantarki
* Ginin Sashin Gyaran Mota
* Ginin Sashin Gine-Gine
* Ginin Sashin Kayan Aikin Katako
* Ginin Sashin Kira

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Sakateriya
* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Akawunta

'''Tsangayar Ilimi'''

* Rukunin Ilimin Firamare
* Rukunin Ilimin Yara a Matakin Farko


== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa kamar haka;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official List of Courses Offered in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM) - Myschool&quot;. myschool.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimi da Physics
* Ilimin Fasahar Gini
* Ilimin Fasaha na Aikin Katako
* Hadin gwiwar Kimiyya da Makamashi
* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Tattalin Gida/Girke-Girke
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Sinadarai
* Ilimin Sinadarai/Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kwamfuta/Makamashi
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Fasahar Gyaran Mota
* Ilimin Halittu da Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi
* Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kula da Yara a Matakin Farko
* Ilimin Fasaha
* Ilimin Fasahar Zane
* Karatun Ilimin Firamare
* Ilimin Fasahar Ƙarfe

== Alaka/Reshe ==
Cibiyar tana da alaƙa/reshe da Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] don bayar da karatun da zai kai ga samun shaidar karatun digiri na fannin ilimi, (B.Ed) a wadannan bangarorin:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;LIST OF DEGREE COURSES&quot;. ACADEMIA. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Fasahar Aikin Karfe
* Ilimin Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Aikin Katako
* Ilimin Fasahar Mota
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Sinadarai
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimin Makamashi
* Ilimin Gine-Gine
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jami'a]]
[[Category:Makaranta]]
[[Category:Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yobe (jiha)]]
[[Category:Potiskum]]
[[Category:Arewa]]
[[Category:Kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya]]
[[Category: Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi na Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha)''' babbar makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke garin [[Potiskum]], [[Yobe|Jahar Yobe]], a [[Najeriya]]. Da fari an kawo mata reshen jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Minna kafin daga bisa ni aka ɗauke ta tare da maye gurbin ta da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Jami’ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, (ATBU) Bauchi]] don karatun digiri. Kwalejin ta fara samar da shirye-shiryen karatun PGDE a cikin shekarar 2021. Shugaban Kwalejin  shi ne Dr. [[Muhammad]] Madu Yunusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074743/https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Muhammad Madu Yunusa Archives&quot;. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An bude Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Reshen Fasaha) da ke cikin garin Potiskum ne a shekarar 1991. Inda tun asali da aka fari a na kiranta ne da suna Federal Advanced Teachers' College (FATC), Yola.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ATBU Portal - Official Website&quot;. www.atbu.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsangayoyi ==
Kwalejin tana da tsangayu kamar haka waɗanda keda rassa daban daban a ƙarƙashinsu.

* Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya
* Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha
* Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a
* Tsangayar Ilimi
* Tsangayar ilimin koyarwa

== Sassa/Rukunai ==
'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kimiyya'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Sinadarai
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Makamashi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Lissafi
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Halittu
* Ginin Sashin Hadakar Kimiyya

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Sana'a'''

* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Tattalin Gida
* Ginin Sashin Kimiyyar Zane-Zane

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Fasaha'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Lantarki
* Ginin Sashin Gyaran Mota
* Ginin Sashin Gine-Gine
* Ginin Sashin Kayan Aikin Katako
* Ginin Sashin Kira

'''Tsangayar Ilimin Kasuwanci'''

* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Sakateriya
* Ginin Sashin Rukunin Akawunta

'''Tsangayar Ilimi'''

* Rukunin Ilimin Firamare
* Rukunin Ilimin Yara a Matakin Farko


== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa kamar haka;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official List of Courses Offered in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM) - Myschool&quot;. myschool.ng. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimi da Physics
* Ilimin Fasahar Gini
* Ilimin Fasaha na Aikin Katako
* Hadin gwiwar Kimiyya da Makamashi
* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Tattalin Gida/Girke-Girke
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Sinadarai
* Ilimin Sinadarai/Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kwamfuta/Makamashi
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Fasahar Gyaran Mota
* Ilimin Halittu da Hadaddiyar Kimiyya
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kasuwanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta da Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi
* Kimiyyar Noma
* Ilimin Kula da Yara a Matakin Farko
* Ilimin Fasaha
* Ilimin Fasahar Zane
* Karatun Ilimin Firamare
* Ilimin Fasahar Ƙarfe

== Alaka/Reshe ==
Cibiyar tana da alaƙa/reshe da Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] don bayar da karatun da zai kai ga samun shaidar karatun digiri na fannin ilimi, (B.Ed) a wadannan bangarorin:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;LIST OF DEGREE COURSES&quot;. ACADEMIA. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ilimin Lissafi
* Ilimin Fasahar Aikin Karfe
* Ilimin Nazarin Halittu
* Ilimin Aikin Katako
* Ilimin Fasahar Mota
* Ilimin Lantarki/Kayan Wuta
* Ilimin Sinadarai
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimin Makamashi
* Ilimin Gine-Gine
* Ilimin Kimiyyar Noma
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jami'a]]
[[Category:Makaranta]]
[[Category:Najeriya]]
[[Category:Yobe (jiha)]]
[[Category:Potiskum]]
[[Category:Arewa]]
[[Category:Kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya]]
[[Category: Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meacham, Saskatchewan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>963802</id>
      <parentid>501217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:26:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
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[[Fayil:Meacham Saskatchewan 2014.jpg|thumb|hutun yanki Meacham, Saskatchewan]]
'''Meacham''' ( yawan jama'a 2016 : 99 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Saskatchewan na Kanada a cikin Karamar Hukumar Mulki ta Colonsay No. 342 da Sashen ƙidayar jama'a mai lamba 11 . Tana da nisan kilomita 69 gabas da Birnin Saskatoon akan Babbar Hanya 2.

== Tarihi ==
Meacham an ƙirƙire shi a matsayin ƙauye ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1912. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Urban Municipality Incorporations&quot;. Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alkaluma ==
A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Meacham yana da yawan jama'a 96 da ke zaune a cikin 46 daga cikin 51 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -3% daga yawan 2016 na 99 . Tare da yanki na ƙasa na {{Convert|1.26|km2|sqmi}}  , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 76.2/km   a cikin 2021. 

A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016, ƙauyen Meacham ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 99 da ke zaune a cikin 43 daga cikin 55 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. 15.2% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 84. Tare da yankin ƙasa na {{Convert|1.27|km2|sqmi}}  , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 78.0/km   a cikin 2016.

== Arts da al'adu ==
Ƙauyen gida ne ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dancing Sky, wanda ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada a Meacham tun 1997. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye na asali da yawa, kuma ya sanya yawon shakatawa don 10 na nunin. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dancingskytheatre.com Theatre Company Description]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan
* Ƙauyen Saskatchewan

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jibril Gaini</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376282043|Jibril Gaini]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jibril Gaini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1904) ya kasance mai wa'azi na Mahdism wanda ya rayu a lokacin mulkin Emir Zailani (1882-1888) na [[Masarautar Gombe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emirs Palace Gombe State : Nigeria Information &amp; Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Emirs-Palace-Gombe.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban Mahdi, mai kishin addini((('''Jibril Gaini''' (d. 1904) was a Mahdism preacher who lived during the reign of Emir Zailani (1882–1888) of [[:en:Gombe_Emirate|Gombe Emirate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emirs Palace Gombe State : Nigeria Information &amp; Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Emirs-Palace-Gombe.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[:en:Mahdist_State|Mahdist]] leader, a [[:en:Religious_fanaticism|religious zealot]] who managed to establish himself)) wanda ya sami nasarar kafa kansa a Burmi a kan iyaka tsakanin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] da Fika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=J. |date=1967 |title=Jibril Gaini : a preliminary account of the career of a Mahdist leader in North-Eastern Nigeria |language=en |s2cid=152694822}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wadannan lokutan, an mamaye raƙuman juyin juya halin Mahdism ta masarautun yammacin Sokoto da masarautar gabashin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Lovejoy |last2=J. |first2=Hogendorn |date=2010-10-28 |title=Revolutionary Mahdism and Resistance to Colonial Rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905–06 |url=https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/case%20studies/sokoto/mahdism_sokoto.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=217–244 |jstor= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105455/https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/case%20studies/sokoto/mahdism_sokoto.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-29 |access-date=2022-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaini ya yi nasarar tsayayya da sojojin Gombe da Sokoto Caliphate na tsawon shekaru, kuma a ƙarshe [[Daular Biritaniya|Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya]] sun ci nasara kuma suka kore shi a cikin 1902. An tura shi gudun hijira zuwa [[Lokoja]], inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1904.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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'''Jibril Gaini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1904) ya kasance mai wa'azi na Mahdism wanda ya rayu a lokacin mulkin Emir Zailani (1882-1888) na [[Masarautar Gombe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emirs Palace Gombe State : Nigeria Information &amp; Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Emirs-Palace-Gombe.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban Mahdi, mai kishin addini wanda ya sami nasarar kafa kansa a Burmi a kan iyaka tsakanin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] da Fika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=J. |date=1967 |title=Jibril Gaini : a preliminary account of the career of a Mahdist leader in North-Eastern Nigeria |language=en |s2cid=152694822}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wadannan lokutan, an mamaye raƙuman juyin juya halin Mahdism ta masarautun yammacin Sokoto da masarautar gabashin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Lovejoy |last2=J. |first2=Hogendorn |date=2010-10-28 |title=Revolutionary Mahdism and Resistance to Colonial Rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905–06 |url=https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/case%20studies/sokoto/mahdism_sokoto.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=217–244 |jstor= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105455/https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist347/additional%20rdgs/case%20studies/sokoto/mahdism_sokoto.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-29 |access-date=2022-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaini ya yi nasarar tsayayya da sojojin Gombe da Sokoto Caliphate na tsawon shekaru, kuma a ƙarshe [[Daular Biritaniya|Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya]] sun ci nasara kuma suka kore shi a cikin 1902. An tura shi gudun hijira zuwa [[Lokoja]], inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1904.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naana Eyiah Quansah</title>
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[[Fayil:Naana Eyiah.jpg|thumb|Naana Eyiah Quansah]]
'''Naana Eyiah Quansah''' 'yar siyasar Ghana ce kuma mamba a New Patriotic Party. A halin yanzu ita ce ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Gomoa ta tsakiya a yankin tsakiyar ƙasar Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/854369/mp-advocates-for-girl-child-education-in-gomoa-central.html|title=MP Advocates For Girl-Child Education In Gomoa Central|last=Nkrumah|first=Benedict Kweku|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/naana-eyiah-supports-gomoa-obuasi-health-centre.html|title=Naana Eyiah supports Gomoa Obuasi Health Centre|last=Agbey|first=Gilbert Mawuli|work=Graphic Online|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/mp-settles-bills-of-55-gyaman-shs-students/|title=MP settles bills of 55 Gyaman SHS students {{!}} News Ghana|website=www.newsghana.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu ita ce mataimakiyar ministar harkokin cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jul 30|last2=2021|title=Police Ladies Association calls on Interior Deputy Minister|url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/police-ladies-association-calls-on-interior-deputy-minister/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Ministry of the Interior│Republic of Ghana|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623165320/https://www.mint.gov.gh/police-ladies-association-calls-on-interior-deputy-minister/|archive-date=2024-06-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Agyeman|first=Nana Konadu|date=19 June 2021|title=Parliament approves second batch deputy ministerial appointees|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-parliament-approves-second-batch-deputy-ministerial-appointees.html#|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2022|website=Graphic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=GTonline|date=2022-09-09|title=British Royal Army member donates equipment to GNFS|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/british-royal-army-member-donates-equipment-to-gnfs/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Quansah a ranar 14 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1963 kuma ta fito daga Gomoa Lome da ke yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana. Ta sami takardar shaidar a Gudanar da Ayyuka a cikin shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eyiah, Naana|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/naana-eyiah-quansah/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Quansah ta kasance shugabar gudanarwa na Naaba Company Limited..&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=26|access-date=2022-12-02|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052154/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Quansah 'yar sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MP Commends President Akufo Addo for creating Gomoa Central District Assembly|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/842561/mp-commends-president-akufo-addo-for-creating-gomoa-central.html|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Allotey|first=Godwin Akweiteh|date=2016-10-07|title=NPP’s Gomoa Central candidate can’t unseat Appoh – DCE|url=https://citifmonline.com/2016/10/npps-gomoa-central-candidate-cant-unseat-appoh-dce/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202163739/https://citifmonline.com/2016/10/npps-gomoa-central-candidate-cant-unseat-appoh-dce/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance tsohuwar mataimakiyar ministar filaye da albarkatun kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Agyeman|first=Adwoa|date=2020-12-14|title=Central Region gets six women Parliamentarians|url=https://www.adomonline.com/central-region-gets-six-women-parliamentarians/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Deputy Minister of Lands and Natural Resources breaks ground for 6-unit classroom block - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/deputy-minister-of-lands-and-natural-resources-breaks-ground-for-6-unit-classroom-block/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaben 2016 ===
A babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 2016, ta lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Gomoa ta tsakiya da kuri'u 14,178 inda ta samu kashi 51.6% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada yayin da 'yar takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NDC Rachel Florence Appoh ta samu kuri'u 12,858 da ya samu kashi 46.8% na kuri'un da aka kada, 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta CPP. Emmanuel Appoh Mensah ya samu kuri'u 280 wanda ya zama kashi 1.0% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da 'yar takarar majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar PPP Grace Ignophia Appiah ta samu kuri'u 174 wanda ya zama kashi 0.6% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Gomoa Central Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/gomoa_central/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513002034/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/gomoa_central/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaben 2020 ===
A babban zaben kasar Ghana na 2020, ta sake lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Gomoa ta tsakiya da kuri'u 20,527 wanda ya samu kashi 56.81% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NDC Jonamoah Moses Jehu-Appiah ya samu kuri'u 14,568 da ya samu kashi 42.32% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. 'Yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta GUM Hannah Chrissam ta samu kuri'u 561 wanda ya zama kashi 1.6% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NDP Frank Otchere Painstil ya samu kuri'u 476 wanda ya samu kashi 1.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Gomoa Central Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/gomoa_central/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513002250/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/gomoa_central/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamitoci ===
Quansah mamba ce a kwamitin tabbatar da gwamnati kuma mamba ce a kwamitin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Quansah ta bayyana a matsayin Kirista da ke da aure da ɗa guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Eyiah, Naana|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5375|access-date=2018-11-02|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2024-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928195634/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5375|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafawa ==
A watan Mayun 2019, ta baiwa mata sama da 300 kayan sawa da abinci da abin sha a mazabarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=Mothers Day: Gomoa Central MP Celebrates Mothers In Grand Style|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/mothers-day-gomoa-central-mp-celebrates-mothers-in-grand-style/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2020, ta ba da gudummawar kayan aikin lafiya da na ofis ga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a mazabar Gomoa ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MP donates items to Health Facilities in Gomoa Central {{!}} 07th February, 2020 - Ghana Hospitals|url=http://ghanahospitals.org/news/details.php?id=2557|access-date=2022-12-02|website=ghanahospitals.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2022, ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan makaranta ga kimanin dalibai 120 da suka kammala karatunsu a mazabarta da suka sami shiga manyan makarantun sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=hammad|date=2022-04-17|title=Deputy Interior Minister supports 120 needy students in Gomoa Central -|url=https://ghanaonlinenews.com/deputy-interior-minister-supports-120-needy-students-in-gomoa-central-2/|access-date=2022-12-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202163916/https://ghanaonlinenews.com/deputy-interior-minister-supports-120-needy-students-in-gomoa-central-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=120 needy students in Gomoa Central get support from MP|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/ReaderDistrict/6426ed9-5218-4c73-a4|access-date=2022-12-02|website=www.ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Tarihin Turai</title>
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[[File:Abraham_Ortelius_Map_of_Europe.jpg|right|thumb| Turai ta mai zane-zane Abraham Ortelius a 1595]]


An raba '''tarihin Turai'''  dangane da lokuta hudu: [[Tarihin Afirka|Tarihin]] Turai kafin kafuwarta (kafin 800 BC), na gargajiya (800 BC zuwa AD 500), Tsakiyar Shekaru (Alif 500 zuwa AD 1500), da lokutan zamani (tun AD). 1500).

Mutanen Turai na farko na zamani sun bayani ne a cikin tarihin burbushin halittu kimanin shekaru alif,48,000 da suka wuce, a zamanin Paleolithic Era. Mutanen wannan lokacin sun bar ababen tarihi da dama, gami da kayayyakin fasaha, makabartu, da kayan aiki, wadanda suka basu damar sake gina al'ummarsu. A lokacin hijira na Indo-Europe, Turawa sunyi kaura daga gabas zuwa kudu maso gabas. Aikin noma da aka kafa ya janyo tsarin Neolithic Era, wanda ya bazu a hankali a ko'ina cikin yankunan Turai daga kudu maso gabas zuwa arewa da yamma. Lokacin Neolithic na baya ya ga kaddamar da karfe na farko da kuma amfani da kayan aiki da makamai daga tagulla, da gine-ginen megalithic, misali irinsu Stonehenge.

Faduwar Daular Rum ta Yamma a alif 476 bisa ga al'ada ita ce farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Yayin da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roma ta Gabas]] za ta dawwama na tsawon shekaru alif 1000, za a raba tsoffin ƙasashen daular Yammacin Turai zuwa wasu jihohi daban-daban. A lokaci guda, Slavs na farko sun fara zama rukuni na musamman a tsakiya da gabashin Turai. Babbar daular farko ta Tsakiyar Zamani ita ce Daular Faransa ta Charlemagne, yayin da [[Nasarar Umayyah a kan Hispaniya|mamayar Musulunci ta Iberia]] ta kafa Al-Andalus . Zamanin Viking ya ga daura na biyu na mutanen Norse . kokarin kwato Levant daga jihohin musulmi da suka mamaye shi ya sa lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ya zama zamanin an Salibiyya, yayin da tsarin siyasa na 'ya ya kai matsayinsa. Marigayi Tsakiyar Zamani ya kasance alama ce ta raguwar yawan jama'a, yayin da Turai ke fuskantar barazanar annoba ta Bubonic, da kuma mamayewar mutanen Mongol daga Eurasian Steppe . A karshen Tsakiyar, an sami lokacin tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka sani da Renaissance .

Turai na baya-bayan nan ta fara ne yi zuwa karshen karni na 15. Canje-canjen fasaha kamar foda da na'urar buga littattafai sun canza yadda ake gudanar da yaki da yadda ake kiyaye ilimi da yaɗuwa. Gyarawa na Furotesta ya ga wargajewar tunanin addini, ya kai ga yake-yake na addini . Age of Exploration ya kai ga mulkin mallaka, da kuma amfani da mutane da albarkatun mulkin mallaka ya kawo albarkatu da arziki zuwa Turai. Bayan alif, 1800, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya kawo jarin jari da hadaka cikin sauri zuwa yammacin Turai, yayin da kasashe da yawa suka fice daga mulkin kama-karya zuwa gwamnatocin majalisa. Zamanin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali ya ga tsarin siyasa da aka dade ana kafuwa ya baci kuma ya juya baya. A cikin karni na 20, [[Yakin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na]] daya ya kai ga sake yin taswirar Turai yayin da manyan dauloli suka rabu zuwa kasashe-kasashe . Batutuwan siyasa masu dadewa za su kai ga [[Yakin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta yi kisan kiyashi . Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, a lokacin yakin cacar baka, yawancin Turai sun rabu da Labulen karfe a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na soja: [[NATO]] da Warsaw Pact . Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya ga tura mulkin mallaka yayin da aka rushe daulolin Turawan mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau, bayan yakin ya nuna ci gaban tsarin hadin gwiwar Turai a hankali, wanda ya haifar da kafa [[Tarayyar Turai]] ; hakan ya kai kasashen Gabashin Turai bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin . Karni na 21 ya ga rikicin bashi na Turai da kuma ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai.
[[File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg|thumb| Hijira na Indo-Turai ya yada zuriyar makiyaya ta Steppe da harsunan Indo-Turai a manyan sassan Eurasia. ]]
{{Stub}} 

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[[File:Abraham_Ortelius_Map_of_Europe.jpg|right|thumb| Turai ta mai zane-zane Abraham Ortelius a 1595]]


An raba '''tarihin Turai'''  dangane da lokuta hudu: [[Tarihin Afirka|Tarihin]] Turai kafin kafuwarta (kafin 800 BC), na gargajiya (800 BC zuwa AD 500), Tsakiyar Shekaru (Alif 500 zuwa AD 1500), da lokutan zamani (tun AD). 1500).

Mutanen Turai na farko na zamani sun bayani ne a cikin tarihin burbushin halittu kimanin shekaru alif,48,000 da suka wuce, a zamanin Paleolithic Era. Mutanen wannan lokacin sun bar ababen tarihi da dama, gami da kayayyakin fasaha, makabartu, da kayan aiki, wadanda suka basu damar sake gina al'ummarsu. A lokacin hijira na Indo-Europe, [[Turawa]] sunyi kaura daga gabas zuwa kudu maso gabas. Aikin noma da aka kafa ya janyo tsarin Neolithic Era, wanda ya bazu a hankali a ko'ina cikin yankunan Turai daga kudu maso gabas zuwa arewa da yamma. Lokacin Neolithic na baya ya ga kaddamar da karfe na farko da kuma amfani da kayan aiki da makamai daga tagulla, da gine-ginen megalithic, misali irinsu Stonehenge.

Faduwar Daular Rum ta Yamma a alif 476 bisa ga al'ada ita ce farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Yayin da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roma ta Gabas]] za ta dawwama na tsawon shekaru alif 1000, za a raba tsoffin ƙasashen daular Yammacin Turai zuwa wasu jihohi daban-daban. A lokaci guda, Slavs na farko sun fara zama rukuni na musamman a tsakiya da gabashin Turai. Babbar daular farko ta Tsakiyar Zamani ita ce Daular Faransa ta Charlemagne, yayin da [[Nasarar Umayyah a kan Hispaniya|mamayar Musulunci ta Iberia]] ta kafa Al-Andalus . Zamanin Viking ya ga daura na biyu na mutanen Norse . kokarin kwato Levant daga jihohin musulmi da suka mamaye shi ya sa lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ya zama zamanin an Salibiyya, yayin da tsarin siyasa na 'ya ya kai matsayinsa. Marigayi Tsakiyar Zamani ya kasance alama ce ta raguwar yawan jama'a, yayin da Turai ke fuskantar barazanar annoba ta Bubonic, da kuma mamayewar mutanen Mongol daga Eurasian Steppe . A karshen Tsakiyar, an sami lokacin tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka sani da Renaissance .

Turai na baya-bayan nan ta fara ne yi zuwa karshen karni na 15. Canje-canjen fasaha kamar foda da na'urar buga littattafai sun canza yadda ake gudanar da yaki da yadda ake kiyaye ilimi da yaɗuwa. Gyarawa na Furotesta ya ga wargajewar tunanin addini, ya kai ga yake-yake na addini . Age of Exploration ya kai ga mulkin mallaka, da kuma amfani da mutane da albarkatun mulkin mallaka ya kawo albarkatu da arziki zuwa Turai. Bayan alif, 1800, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya kawo jarin jari da hadaka cikin sauri zuwa yammacin Turai, yayin da kasashe da yawa suka fice daga mulkin kama-karya zuwa gwamnatocin majalisa. Zamanin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali ya ga tsarin siyasa da aka dade ana kafuwa ya baci kuma ya juya baya. A cikin karni na 20, [[Yakin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na]] daya ya kai ga sake yin taswirar Turai yayin da manyan dauloli suka rabu zuwa kasashe-kasashe . Batutuwan siyasa masu dadewa za su kai ga [[Yakin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta yi kisan kiyashi . Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, a lokacin yakin cacar baka, yawancin Turai sun rabu da Labulen karfe a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na soja: [[NATO]] da Warsaw Pact . Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya ga tura mulkin mallaka yayin da aka rushe daulolin Turawan mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau, bayan yakin ya nuna ci gaban tsarin hadin gwiwar Turai a hankali, wanda ya haifar da kafa [[Tarayyar Turai]] ; hakan ya kai kasashen Gabashin Turai bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin . Karni na 21 ya ga rikicin bashi na Turai da kuma ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai.
[[File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg|thumb| Hijira na Indo-Turai ya yada zuriyar makiyaya ta Steppe da harsunan Indo-Turai a manyan sassan Eurasia. ]]
{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Zamanin Zamani</title>
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Kalmar '''zamani''' ko '''zamani''' (wani lokaci kuma ana kiranta '''tarihin zamani''' ko '''zamani''' ) shine lokacin tarihi zamani wanda ya maye tsakiyar zamanai (wanda ya ƙare a kusan Dubu daya da dari biyar(1500) AD. Wannan kalmomin lokaci ne na tarihi (history) wanda aka fara amfani da su ga tarihin [[Tarihin Turai|Turai]] da na Yamma.

Za’a iya kara raba zamanin zamani kamar haka:

* Azamanin farko ya kasance daga Baban Al ameri c. AD 1500 zuwa 1800 kuma ya haifar da sauye-sauye na ilimi, siyasa da ilimin manoma, tattalin arziki. Ya zo da zamanin wayewar kai, juyin juya halin masana'antu da zamanin juyin juya hali, wanda ya fara da na Amurka da Faransa daga baya kuma ya yadu a wasu kasashe, wani bangare na sakamakon tashin hankalin yakin Napoleon.
* [[File:Long Island City New York May 2015 panorama 3.jpg|thumb|gine-ginen wannan zamanin]]Late modern period ya fara a kusan 1800 tare da ƙarshen juyin juya halin siyasa a ƙarshen karni na goma shata kwais (18 )kuma ya haɗa da sauye-sauye daga [[Imperialism|duniyar da mulkin mallaka da 'yan mulkin mallakar Al, umma suka mamaye]] zuwa ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomi da ƙasa bayan manyan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya, [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] ɗaya da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Duniya]]. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaki na biyu]], da yakin cacar baka. Lokacin da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II a cikin shekarar 1945 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu ana kiransa tarihi (History) na zamani, wanda a madadin haka ake la'akari da shi ko dai wani yanki ne na ƙarshen zamani ko kuma wani lokaci daban wanda ya fara bayan ƙarshen zamani.

Zamanin zamani ya kasance wani gagarumin ci gaban Al umma fagagen kimiyya da [[siyasa]] da [[Yaƙi|yaki]] da [[fasaha]]. Haka kuma ya kasance zamani na ganowa da dunkulewar duniya. A wannan lokacin ne Turawa da kuma kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, suka fara mulkin mallaka na siyasa da tattalin arziki da al'adu na sauran kasashen duniya Bakidaya.

A ƙarshen karni na goma shatara (19) da farkon karni na Ashirin ( 20), [[Art|fasahar]] [[Modernism (Zamani)|zamani]], [[siyasa]], kimiyya da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] sun mamaye ba kawai Yammacin Turai da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, amma kusan kowane yanki mai wayewa a duniya, gami da ƙungiyoyin da ake tunanin sabanin yammacin duniya da dunkulewar duniya. Zamanin zamani yana da alaƙai da haɓakar ɗabi'a, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari-hujja]], urbanization da kuma imani da kyakkyawar damar ci gaban Al,umma fasaha da siyasa.

Mummunan yaƙe-yaƙe da sauran matsalolin da dama  wannan zamanin, waɗanda yawancinsu sun fito ne daga illolin sauye-sauye cikin sauri, da asarar ƙarfin ƙa'idodin addini da ɗabi'a na al'ada, sun haifar da martani da yawa [[Modernism (Zamani)|game da ci gaban zamani]]. A baya-bayan nan dai an soki kyakkyawan fata da imani da ci gaba ta hanyar [[Postmodernism|zamani bayan zamani]], yayin da rinjayen yammacin Turai da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] a kan sauran nahiyoyi aka yi suka ta hanyar ka'idar mulkin mallaka.

== Kalmomi ==
Ba za a iya bayyana Era cikin sauƙi fiye da ƙarni ba. Shekara ta 1500 kusan lokacin farawa ne na wannan zamani domin manyan al'amura da yawa sun sa ƙasashen yammacin duniya su canza a wannan lokacin: daga Faɗuwar Constantinople (1453), faduwar Muslmi Spain, da balaguron Christopher Columbus zuwa [[Amurka]] (duka biyun). 1492), zuwa ga gyare-gyaren Furotesta ya fara da litattafai casa'in da biyar na Martin Luther (1517).

Kalmar “zamani” an yi ta ne jim kaɗan kafin 1585 don bayyana farkon sabon zamani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;modern&quot;. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kalmar &quot;Early Modern&quot; an gabatar da ita a cikin harshen Ingilishi a cikin 1930s &lt;ref&gt;New Dictionary of the History of ideas, Volume 5, Detroit 2005. Modernism and Modern&lt;/ref&gt; don bambanta lokacin tsakanin abin da muke kira Middle Ages da kuma lokacin late enlightenment  (1800) (lokacin da ma'anar kalmar Zamani ta haɓaka ta zamani form).

Wani lokaci ya bambanta da na zamani da kansu, kalmomin &quot;zamani&quot; da &quot;[[Modernism (Zamani)|na zamani]]&quot; suna nufin wata sabuwar hanyar tunani, wadda ta bambanta da tunanin Al, ummatsakiyar zamani.
[[File:Tell Es Sultan Area B - Early Bronze IIIB period, City walls and Buildings P1190786.JPG|thumb|gine-ginen zamanin baya]]
Renaissance na [[Turai]] (kimanin 1420-1630) muhimmin lokacin canji ne wanda ya fara tsakanin Late middle ages da Zamani  na Farko, wanda ya fara a Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Definition of POSTMODERN&quot;. www.merriam-webster.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Nairobi Gazisi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>41995</id>
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        <username>İmmortalance</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>İmmortalance moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Keremank]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Nairobi Gazisi]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Keremank|Keremank]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Nairobi Gazisi|Nairobi Gazisi]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Keremank! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Keremank|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:01, 21 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>James Addy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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      <text bytes="689" sha1="nsbi6akgvau9lpowpdngzt7m10mj0qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''James Aryee Addy''' ( an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1939- 26 Afrilu 2009)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[James Addy]] Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at

Sports-Reference.com&quot; . 16 December 2012.

Archived from the original on 16 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan tseren [[Ghana]] ne wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1960, a gasar bazara ta shekarar 1964, a wasannin bazara na shekarar 1968, da kuma a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;James Addy Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at

Sports-Reference.com&quot; . 16 December 2012.

Archived from the original on 16 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{Stub}} 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Mutuwan 2009]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdoulaye Wagne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
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      <text bytes="3335" sha1="svfm3k1kt6t9xldixu8re3854wgj09n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[File:Wagne_pescara2.jpg|right|thumb| Wagne in Pescara]]
[[Fayil:2016 Cerimônia de entrega de credenciais a embaixadores estrangeiros residentes em Brasília - 41277520870.jpg|thumb|Abdoulaye Wagne]]
'''Abdoulaye Wagne''' (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1981, a [[Dakar]], Senegal) &lt;ref name=&quot;nbcbio&quot;&gt;&quot;2008 Beijing Summer Olympics | Abdoulaye WAGNE Profile &amp; Bio, Photos &amp; Videos | NBC Olympics&quot; http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=52990/bio/index.html {{Webarchive}} retrieved June 19, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan Olympics ne [[Senegal|na Senegal]] da ke fafatawa a cikin tseren mita 800 tare da mafi kyawun sa na 1:45.08. &lt;ref name=&quot;IAAFbio&quot;&gt;&quot;iaaf.org-athletes-Wagne Abdoulaye Biography&quot; http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=sen/athcode=180366/index.html retrieved June 19, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikodin gasa ==
{|{{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{SEN}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Paris, France]]
|25th (h)
|800 m
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres|1:47.64]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]]
|[[Abuja, Nigeria]]
|8th
|800 m
|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games – Men's 800 metres|1:49.79]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2004
|rowspan=2|[[2004 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]]
|8th (h)
|800 m
|[[2004 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres|1:49.48]]
|-
|7th
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2004 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:10.61]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|50th (h)
|800 m
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|1:47.95]]
|-
|2006
|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Bambous, Mauritius]]
|5th
|800 m
|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres|1:47.44]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2007
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Algiers, Algeria]]
|4th
|800 m
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Men's 800 metres|1:46.12]]
|-
|6th
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:08.35]]
|-
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|18th (sf)
|800 m
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres|1:46.49]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Valencia, Spain]]
|16th (sf)
|800 m
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres|1:49.49]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|31st (h)
|800 m
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|1:47.50]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|32nd (h)
|800 m
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres|1:48.22]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie|Jeux de la Francophonie]]
|[[Beirut, Lebanon]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|800 m
|[[Athletics at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie – Results#800 meters|1:47.48]]
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1981]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Ayoub Ferjani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1935" sha1="qntnz3hgokj64kxhbr1cfdb7hxqh2jk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mohamed Ayoub Ferjani''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 1986) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], zakaran Afirka a shekara ta 2013 da 2015. Shi ne ɗan'uwan saber Fencer [[Farès Ferjani|Fares Ferjani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fie.html.infostradasports.com/cache/2/TheASP.asp@pageid%3D8937&amp;personid%3D454261&amp;sportid%3D208&amp;Cache%3D2.html?303692 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819091154/http://fie.html.infostradasports.com/cache/2/TheASP.asp%40pageid%3D8937%26personid%3D454261%26sportid%3D208%26Cache%3D2.html?303692 |archive-date=2016-08-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kusan Ferjani bai taɓa shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Fencing ba, amma yana shiga gasar zakarun nahiyoyi a cikin foil da épée. Babban sakamakonsa na farko shine lambar tagulla biyu a épée da foil a Gasar Wasannin Afirka ta shekara ta 2007 a Algiers. Ya daina shinge epée a gasar duniya a cikin shekarar 2012. Ya cancanci wakiltar ƙasarsa a gasar cin kofin maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.oasport.it/2013/11/rio-2016-a-rischio-le-prove-a-squadre-di-sciabola-maschile-e-fioretto-femminile/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330093229/https://www.oasport.it/2013/11/rio-2016-a-rischio-le-prove-a-squadre-di-sciabola-maschile-e-fioretto-femminile/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai yi fafatawa a Rio de Janeiro tare da ɗan uwansa Fares, wanda ya cancanta a sabar maza.

Ferjani yana koyar da wasan shinge a Trappes da Montigny-le-Bretonneux, a cikin kusancin Paris. Haka kuma Alƙalin wasa ne na ƙasa-da-ƙasa da ya fashe kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin Alƙalin wasa na biyu mafi kyawu a cikin wannan makami a 2012, 2013 da 2014.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikechuku Ndukwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>963754</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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[[Fayil:Ikechuku Ndukwe.jpg|thumb|ndukwe]]
[[Fayil:Ikechuku Ndukwe No. 60.jpg|thumb|Ndukwe]]
'''Ikechuku &quot;Ike&quot; Ndukwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 1982) tsohon ɗan wasan NFL ne wanda kuma ya taka leda a gasar ƙwallon ta ƙafa ta Amurka. New Orleans Saints ne suka sanya masa hannu a matsayin daftarin wakili na kyauta acikin shekarar 2005. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Northwwest.

Ikechuku Ndukwe ya kuma buga wa Washington Redskins, Baltimore Ravens, Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs, New York Giants, da San Diego Chargers . Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan tsohon lafiyar NFL Chinedum Ndukwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tao&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tao |first=Anthony |date=October 13, 2004 |title=Big: Ndukwe owes work ethic to Nigerian parents |publisher=The Daily Northwestern |url=http://dailynorthwestern.com/2004/10/13/archive-manual/big-ndukwe-owes-work-ethic-to-nigerian-parents/ |accessdate=February 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830042828/http://www.kcchiefs.com/player/ikechuku_ndukwe Kansas City Chiefs bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013075644/http://nusports.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/ndukwe_ike00.html Northwestern Wildcats bio]  
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mokolo Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48183</id>
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[[Fayil:Baignade enfants.jpg|thumb|dam din mokolo]]
'''Dam ɗin Mokolo,''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Hans Strijdom Dam''' ) wani nau'in madatsar ruwa ne da ke kan kogin Mokolo, kusa da Lephalale, Limpopo, a kasar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Malmanies da kogin Bulspruit, magudanan ruwa biyu na Mokolo, su ma suna shiga dam daga gefen hagu. Dam ɗin yana samar da ruwa wa garin Lephalale . Dam ɗin ya fi yin aiki ne don dalilai na birni da masana'antu kuma an sanya haɗarin haɗarinsa a matsayi mai girma na (3).

Dam ɗin yana samar da yankin Lephalale, ma'adinan gwal na Grootgeluk, tashar wutar lantarki ta Matimba da wani ɓangare na bukatun ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki ta Medupi .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Eskom/Water-supply-ready-for-Medupi-TCTA-20150504|title=Water supply ready for Medupi   TCTA|website=Fin24|access-date=2016-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/letters/2013/07/26/letter-ample-water-available|title=LETTER: Ample water available|website=Business Day Live|access-date=2016-05-30|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918061513/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/letters/2013/07/26/letter-ample-water-available|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Matsugunin dam na Mokolo yana gefen gabas daga kudancin madatsar. Garin dam ɗin yana cike da riƙon ''Phragmites'' . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/np_mokololo-dam.htm Mokolo Dam Nature Reserve, Limpopo]
* [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/103542335/African-Dams Dams na Afirka]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Misverstand Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48184</id>
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'''Dam din Misverstand,''' haɗe ne dam ɗin nauyi da nau'in baka wanda ke kan kogin Berg, kusa da Porterville, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1977 kuma yana aiki galibi don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An tsara yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin mai mahimmanci (2).

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)</text>
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    <title>Modderpoort Dam</title>
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[[Fayil:Mantsopa Cave.jpeg|thumb|Dutsen modderpoort  Wanda akwai ruwa acikin dutsen]]
'''Dam na Modderpoort,''' wani dam ne mai haɗewar buttress &amp; nau'in dam mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan kogin Rietfontein, kusa da Beaufort West, Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar ta 1953 kuma yana aiki da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. An tsara yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin mai mahimmanci (2).

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kayode Kasum</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376650715|Kayode Kasum]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekarar 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekarar 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekarar 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekara ta 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963700</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:53:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sani Abdullahi M</username>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekara ta 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, a ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shine a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa a Najeriya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin Nollywood kuma masu hazaka, inda fina-finansa guda goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun kuɗi]] a watan Nuwamban 2025. A shekara ta 2024, an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da jimillar darajar da ake da ita a cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;An haifi Kasum a jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth &amp; Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kasum ya fara aikinsa a fannin shirya fina-finai a matsayin mai tsara zane-zanen motsi a Wale Adenuga Productions . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla.  An fitar da fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Dognapped'' a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim dinsa ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, a ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da kuma ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' na [[Toyin Abraham]] ''.''  Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na M-Net ''mai suna Unbroken'' da ''Riona'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor &quot;Aaron Sunday&quot; Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela &quot;Unbroken&quot;. {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daraktansa sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''Castle and Castle'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro na tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 Prize for Filming kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finan Nollywood na shekarar 2020.   A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni a shirin ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da kuma [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oluwole Ogundare</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Oluwole Ogundare Ezekiel''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Wole Ogundare''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1984) [[Darakta|daraktan]] fina-finai ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]], Daraktan Kirkire-kirkire, daraktan bidiyon kiɗa kuma furodusa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oluwole Ogundare |url=https://filmfreeway.com/OluwoleOgundare |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;   


== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Wole Ogundare a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos]] na Najeriya a watan Agusta na shekarar 1984. Ya halarci Makarantar Nursery da Firamare ta Jelly Las sannan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Folbim, Legas. Daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] inda ya yi karatun Fasahar Bayanai da kuma [[Makarantar Kwalejin Jihar Osun|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Osun inda]] ya sami digirin farko a fannin sadarwa . 

== Sana'a ==
An fara ba da umarni a Ogundare a shekarar 2016 don shirin kasada na shirin Najeriya mai suna &quot;Lola&quot; wanda Celine Dimas ta shirya.  A shekarar 2020, ya ba da umarni a fim ɗin Najeriya mai suna Violated (wani ɗan gajeren fim game da Fyade da Cin Zarafi) wanda [[Seun Sean Jimoh]] da Lekan Ogunjobi suka fito a ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Watch ''Violated'' - The Trending Short Rape Movie |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2020/6/watch-violated-the-trending-short-rape-movie.html.html |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=lindaikejisblog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin wani ɓangare ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |Shekara
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Fim
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Matsayin
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Bayanan kula
! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''Lola Jerin Wasanni''
| Darakta
| Jerin Talabijin
| 
|-
| 2020
| ''An keta doka''
| Darakta, Mai Shiryawa, Edita
| Gajeren fim
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Violated |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13162472/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2020 |title=Watch this Short Film &quot;Violated&quot; Addressing Rape and Abuse |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/short-film-violated-addresses-rape-and-abuse/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| ''Yanar gizo''
| Darakta, Mai Shiryawa, Edita
| Fim ɗin Fim
|  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=REGINA ASKIA SPILLS SEX DETAILS ON FORTHCOMING MOVIE, WEB |url=https://yara.ng/regina-askia-spills-sex-details-on-forthcoming-movie-web/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819010419/https://yara.ng/regina-askia-spills-sex-details-on-forthcoming-movie-web/ |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=yara.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| ''Amurka''
| Daraktan Ƙirƙira
| Wasan Yarabawa
| 
|}

== Zaɓaɓɓen bidiyon kiɗa (a matsayin darakta) ==

* 2016: &quot;Bouce it remix&quot; na MC Galaxy ft Beniton X Double Dose &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bez Drops New Video, Say |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2013/07/24/bez-drops-new-video-say/ |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: &quot;Stamina Remix&quot; na Korede Bello X Gyptian X Young DX DJ Tunez &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2018 |title=VIDEO: Korede Bello X Gyptian X Young D X DJ Tunez - Stamina (International Remix) |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/video-korede-bello-x-gyptian-x-young-d-x-dj-tunez-stamina-international-remix/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=NotjustOk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: &quot;Sannu&quot; ta MC Galaxy &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=New Video: MC Galaxy – Hello |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/01/new-video-mc-galaxy-hello/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: &quot;Shupe For Ayade&quot; na MC Galaxy
* 2019: &quot;Koloko&quot; na BM X Nestreya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=VIDEO: BM &amp; Nestreya – Koloko |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/video-bm-nestreya-koloko/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=jukeboxmusic.com.ng}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: &quot;Ku Yi Rayuwarku&quot; ta Ms. Bodega X Gyptian X MC Galaxy X Neza X Neil Bajayo X Young D
* 2018: &quot;Wannan Mace&quot; ta Maxi Priest X [[Yemi Alade]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=VIDEO: Maxi Priest ft. Yemi Alade - This Woman |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/video-maxi-priest-ft-yemi-alade-this-woman/ |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=NotjustOk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: &quot;Aikin Jiki&quot; na Young DX Harmonize X [[Banki na Reekado|Reekado Banks]]
* 2016: &quot;Snap O (Snapchat)&quot; na MC Galaxy X Neza X Mucicmanty X Kelli Pyle &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MUSIC: MC Galaxy – Snapchat Ft. Neza Africa, Kelly Pyle &amp; Musicman TY |url=https://confirmgist.com.ng/2016/07/music-mc-galaxy-snapchat-ft-neza-africa-kelly-pyle-musicman-ty/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=confirmgist.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: &quot;Sokutu&quot; na Koffi X Small Doctor X [[Qdot]] X QDot &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2016 |title=VIDEO: Koffi – Sokutu Ft Small Doctor &amp; QDot |url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/video-koffi-sokutu-ft-small-doctor-qdot/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=mp3bullet.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: &quot;Na Made It&quot; ta Harmonize feat. Bobby Shmurda &amp; Bien

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Afirka a Amurka
| Daraktan Kirkire-kirkire na shekara|{{Won}}
| 
|-
| 2021
| Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Afirka a Amurka
| Daraktan Kirkire-kirkire na shekara|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;AEAUSA 2021 WINNERS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-09 |title=2021 WINNERS |url=https://aeausa.net/awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205215008/https://aeausa.net/awards/ |archive-date=2021-12-05 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=aeausa.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuel Kofi Woods</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
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      <text bytes="3403" sha1="b2fj2kfpur7xoftr4xekme5emx1eqd1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Samuel Kofi Woods''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1,1964) ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam [[Laberiya|ɗan ƙasar Laberiya]] ne, kuma ɗan jarida, ɗan siyasa ne kuma malami. A cikin shekarar 1994, ya kafa ƙungiyar farko, wadda ta rubuta laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Woods a [[Monrovia]] a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 1964. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yara ashirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|work=Online Bio|publisher=RFK center|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314131713/http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|archivedate=2012-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Woods ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba a fagen kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ya kasance mai taka-tsan-tsan wajen fallasa ayyukan yi wa yara aiki da rashin adalci a duk faɗin Laberiya. Yana aiki ko da yana a matsayin ɗalibi, an fara kama shi a shekarar 1981. A lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya a shekarar 1989 Woods ya tsere zuwa Ghana, amma ya koma Laberiya a shekarar 1991 ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai suna The Catholic Justice and Peace Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya gudanar da wani shiri na rediyo da nufin fallasa kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma sanar da 'yan kasar hakkokinsu na jama'a. A shekara ta 1994 Woods ya kirkiro kungiyar sahun gaba domin yin karin haske kan take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2006, Woods ya zama Ministan Kwadago a ƙarƙashin Shugaba [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], kawai ya zama Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a a shekara ta 2009 bayan girgiza majalisar ministoci.

== Kyauta ==
Ya lashe kyautar Reebok Human Rights Award a shekara ta 1994 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Paparoma. Woods ya kammala karatun digiri tare da samun Master of Arts a cikin Nazarin Ci gaba, da kuma ƙwararrun Dokokin Duniya da Ƙungiya don Ci gaba a Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Duniya a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Erasmus Rotterdam a Hague, [[Holand|Netherlands]].

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703103455/http://www.speaktruth.org/defend/profiles/profile_25.asp Tattaunawa da Woods a speaktruth.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014940/http://www.globalrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_kofi_profile Bayanan Woods a globalrights.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120000922/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/394/97 Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa a oxfordjournals.org]
* [http://www.oslofreedomforum.org/ Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo] 


== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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'''Samuel Kofi Woods''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1,1964) ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam [[Laberiya|ɗan ƙasar Laberiya]] ne, kuma ɗan jarida, ɗan siyasa ne kuma malami. A cikin shekarar 1994, ya kafa ƙungiyar farko, wadda ta rubuta laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Woods a [[Monrovia]] a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 1964. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yara ashirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|work=Online Bio|publisher=RFK center|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314131713/http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|archivedate=2012-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Woods ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba a fagen kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ya kasance mai taka-tsan-tsan wajen fallasa ayyukan yi wa yara aiki da rashin adalci a duk faɗin Laberiya. Yana aiki ko da yana a matsayin ɗalibi, an fara kama shi a shekarar 1981. A lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya a shekarar 1989 Woods ya tsere zuwa Ghana, to amma ya koma Laberiya a shekarar 1991 ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai suna The Catholic Justice and Peace Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya gudanar da wani shiri na rediyo da nufin fallasa kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma sanar da 'yan kasar hakkokinsu na jama'a. A shekara ta 1994 Woods ya kirkiro kungiyar sahun gaba domin yin karin haske kan take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2006, Woods ya zama Ministan Kwadago a ƙarƙashin Shugaba [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], kawai ya zama Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a a shekara ta 2009 bayan girgiza majalisar ministoci.

== Kyauta ==
Ya lashe kyautar Reebok Human Rights Award a shekara ta 1994 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Paparoma. Woods ya kammala karatun digiri tare da samun Master of Arts a cikin Nazarin Ci gaba, da kuma ƙwararrun Dokokin Duniya da Ƙungiya don Ci gaba a Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Duniya a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Erasmus Rotterdam a Hague, [[Holand|Netherlands]].

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703103455/http://www.speaktruth.org/defend/profiles/profile_25.asp Tattaunawa da Woods a speaktruth.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014940/http://www.globalrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_kofi_profile Bayanan Woods a globalrights.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120000922/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/394/97 Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa a oxfordjournals.org]
* [http://www.oslofreedomforum.org/ Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo] 


== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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        <id>24783</id>
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'''Samuel Kofi Woods''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1,1964) ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam [[Laberiya|ɗan ƙasar Laberiya]] ne, kuma ɗan jarida, ɗan siyasa ne kuma malami. A cikin shekarar 1994, ya kafa ƙungiyar farko, wadda ta rubuta laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Woods a [[Monrovia]] a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 1964. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yara ashirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|work=Online Bio|publisher=RFK center|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314131713/http://rfkcenter.org/samuel-kofi-woods|archivedate=2012-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Woods ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba a fagen kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ya kasance mai taka-tsan-tsan wajen fallasa ayyukan yi wa yara aiki da rashin adalci a duk faɗin Laberiya. Yana aiki ko da yana a matsayin ɗalibi, an fara kama shi a shekarar 1981. A lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya a shekarar 1989 Woods ya tsere zuwa Ghana, to amma ya koma Laberiya a shekarar 1991 ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai suna The Catholic Justice and Peace Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya gudanar da wani shiri na rediyo da nufin fallasa kama mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma sanar da 'yan kasar hakkokinsu na jama'a. A shekara ta 1994 Woods ya kirkiro kungiyar sahun gaba domin yin karin haske kan take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin yakin basasar Laberiya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samuel Kofi Woods Bio|url=http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|work=Speaker Bio|publisher=oslo freedom forum|accessdate=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326115542/http://www.oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel_kofi_woods.html|archivedate=2012-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2006, Woods ya zama Ministan Kwadago a ƙarƙashin Shugaba [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], kawai ya zama Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a a shekara ta 2009 bayan girgiza majalisar ministoci.

== Kyauta ==
Ya lashe kyautar Reebok Human Rights Award a shekara ta 1994 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Paparoma. Woods ya kammala karatun digiri tare da samun Master of Arts a cikin Nazarin Ci gaba, da kuma ƙwararrun Dokokin Duniya da Ƙungiya don Ci gaba a Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Duniya a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Erasmus Rotterdam a Hague, [[Holand|Netherlands]].

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703103455/http://www.speaktruth.org/defend/profiles/profile_25.asp Tattaunawa da Woods a speaktruth.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014940/http://www.globalrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_kofi_profile Bayanan Woods a globalrights.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120000922/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/394/97 Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa a oxfordjournals.org]
* [http://www.oslofreedomforum.org/ Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo] 


== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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    <title>Groove Yana Cikin Zuciya</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Groove_is_in_the_heart_(5354383484).jpg|Groove_is_in_the_heart_(5354383484).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Photos transferred by User:Jeff G</comment>
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'''Groove Is in the Heart''' &quot; waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar [[Waƙar rawa ta lantarki|rawa]] ta Amurka [[Dee-Lite|Deee-Lite]], wanda [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] ya fitar a watan Agusta shekarata alif 1990 a matsayin farkonsu na farko kuma ya jagoranci guda ɗaya daga kundi na farko, ''[[Duniya Clique|World Clique]]'' (1990). Ƙungiya ta rubuta kuma ta samar da shi, ya kasance abin burgewa a ƙasashe da yawa, ya kai lamba- ɗaya a Ostiraliya kuma a kan duka ''[[RPM (mujallar)|RPM]]'' na Kanada da taswirar rawa ''[[Billboard (mujallar)|na Billboard]]'' na Amurka. A yau an san shi a matsayin wani al'ada na nau'in sa.  

== Fage ==
Ko da yake ba a rubuta sigar kundi ba sai 1990, an fara rubuta waƙar ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 1980s; an yi shi kai tsaye tun a shekarar 1989.  An gina waƙar goyon baya a kusa da samfurori da yawa, da farko babban riff daga waƙar Herbie Hancock 's &quot;Bring Down the Birds&quot; daga ''Blowup'' soundtrack da Vernon Burch 's &quot;Tashi&quot;, wanda ya ba da waƙar drum kuma ya kafa tushe don rarrabuwar kawuna mai nunin busar zamewa . Majalisar-Funkadelic bassist Bootsy Collins ya ba da muryoyin baƙo, kuma rap ɗin yana samar da Q-Tip of A Tribe Called Quest . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Ryan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan Chart ==
Nan da nan ya fashe a wuraren shakatawa,na dare, waƙar ta tafi lamba- ɗaya akan ginshiƙi na wasan kwaikwayo na Hot Dance Club na Amurka sannan kuma ta buga lamba huɗu akan &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOw&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Hot 100 . Ya kai kololuwa a lamba-1 na mako guda a Ostiraliya a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1990, yayin da ya kai lamba biyu a New Zealand.

A cikin Burtaniya, rikodin ɗin ya shahara sosai kuma an sake shi azaman gefen A-biyu tare da &quot;Mene ne Soyayya&quot;, kuma, tare da Burtaniya guda ɗaya da aka saki tare da taken &quot;haɗin man gyada&quot; (saboda ɗayan an daidaita shi sosai kuma an cire shi gaba ɗaya. gudunmawar da Bootsy Collins da Q-Tip suka bayar), a ƙarshe ya kai lamba biyu a lokacin Satumba 1990.  Sanya na biyu ya kasance saboda ka'idar da aka kafa a cikin Chart Singles na Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 1980s, wanda ya daidaita duk wani &quot;dangantaka&quot; akan matsayi na ginshiƙi saboda dai-daiton tallace-tallace: wanda ke da tallace-tallacen da ya karu daga makon da ya gabata zai kasance sama da ɗayan, jayayya yana ba da &quot; The Joker &quot; ta Steve Miller Band babban wuri. Bayan korafe-korafe daga kamfanin rikodi na Deee-Lite, WEA, an soke dokar, wanda wannan waƙar ta kasance kawai wanda aka azabtar, kuma an sake ba da izinin haɗin gwiwa. Duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa tallace-tallacen panel 2,595 da duk bayanan da aka samu na wannan makon na Satumba 15, 1990, an tattara su, tare da ginshiƙi Gallup daga baya sun fitar da bayanan da suka nuna cewa Steve Miller Band ya buga ya kasance raguwa a gaba ( sayar da kusan kwafi takwas fiye da Deee-Lite).  &quot;The Joker&quot; ya shafe mako na biyu a lamba-daya tabo kuma bayan haka an fitar da shi cikin nasara &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot;.

A Turai, ɗayan ya shiga saman 10 kuma a Finland (9), Girka (3), Ireland (8), Italiya (7), Netherlands (10) da Spain (8), da kuma kan Eurochart Hot 100. Singles, inda ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyar a cikin Satumba 1990. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance manyan 20 da aka buga a Belgium (19), Jamus (17) da Switzerland (13), yayin da ta kai saman 30 a Austria (25). &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; ya samu kambun zinare a Amurka, bayan da aka siyar da 'yan mata 500,000. A ƙasar Ostiraliya da Burtaniya, ta sami rikodin platinum, lokacin da aka sayar da raka'a 70,000 da 600,000, bi da bi.

== Mahimman liyafar ==
Bayan da aka saki, JD Considine daga ''Baltimore Sun'' gano cewa &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; &quot;yana murna da farin ciki daga rap zuwa funk zuwa gida ba tare da rasa ko dai motsi ko jin dadi ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[J.D. Considine|Considine, J.D.]] (1990). &lt;/ref&gt; Bill Coleman daga ''Billboard'' ya rubuta, &quot;Wani lokaci za ku iya yarda da haɓakar. Hot [[New York (birni)|New York City]] underground dance trio fiye da rayuwa har zuwa prerelease tura tare da wannan sizzling groove'n'sample funk jam, harba a cikin kaya ta sultry da charismatic. kasancewar muryar diva na gaba Lady Miss Kier .&quot;  Har ila yau, ya kara da cewa, &quot;'Groove' yana da kyau, yana da matukar damuwa. Waƙar da ke tafiya a gida tare da basirar hip-hop .&quot;  Bevan Hannan daga ''The Canberra Times'' ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin &quot;mai daɗi&quot;.  David Giles daga ''Makon Kiɗa'' ya ce &quot;lafiya ce mai kyau&quot;. Ya kara da cewa, &quot;Pure Seventies funk tare da tsagi na Nineties.&quot;  Helen Mead daga ''NME'' ta bayyana cewa &quot;wasa ce mai ban dariya&quot;.  Wani mai bita daga ''Mujallar Jama'a'' ya lura da shi a matsayin &quot;hopping&quot;.  Ross Grady daga ''The Rice Thresher'' ya ce &quot;yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun shinge na vinyl da ya taɓa fitowa daga wurin kiɗan gida.&quot;  Caroline Sullivan daga ''Smash Hits'' ta rubuta cewa &quot;mafificin bene&quot; yana da &quot;samfuran samfurori da na'urorin lantarki masu mahimmanci don nasarar dancefloor a zamanin yau, amma akwai kuma waƙar ƙasƙanci da jin dadi game da shi duka.&quot;  ''NME'' da ''The Village Voice'' {{'}} Pazz &amp;amp;amp; Jop kuri'ar masu sukar shekara-shekara mai suna &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; mafi kyawun ɗayan da aka saki a cikin shekara ta 1990.

== Martanin baya ==
Editan AllMusic Ned Raggett ya rubuta a cikin nazarinsa na ''World Clique'', &quot;Sunansa na iya kasancewa a kan bugun guda ɗaya kawai - amma abin da ya faru. 'Groove Is in the Heart' ya bayyana lokacin rani na shekarar 1990 akan rediyo da MTV tare da haɗin gwiwa mai dadi na funk., raye-rayen zamani, da Lady Miss Kier's wayo, hanyoyin diva masu kaifi.Ƙara a cikin muryoyin baƙi da bass daga Bootsy Collins (abin tausayinsa mai ban dariya cameo ba a wakilta a nan), tagulla daga ainihin Horny Horns duo na Fred Wesley da Maceo Parker, da kuma rap na tsakiyar waƙa mai santsi daga A Tribe Called Quest 's Q-Tip, kuma sakamakon ya yi kyau a lokacin kuma yanzu.&quot;  A cikin 2017, Stopera da Galindo daga ''BuzzFeed'' sun ayyana shi a matsayin &quot;cikakkiyar yanki na farkon' 90s na kulob din New York.&quot;  ''NME'' ta kira shi &quot;kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwar G-Funk, Daisy Age hip-hop, salsa da dippy disco .&quot;  A cikin 2006, ''Slant Magazine'' ya sanya waƙar ta uku a cikin jerin waƙoƙin raye-raye mafi girma na 100, yana rubuta: &quot;Babu waƙar da ta isar da kalmar ƙungiyar ta duniya mai launi da buɗe ido kamar 'Groove Is in the Heart,' wanda ya tashi sama. Taswirar Billboard yayin da suke zuga manyan riguna.&quot; 

== Tasiri da gado ==
A cikin 2003, ''Mujallar Q'' ta sanya &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; lamba 323 a cikin jerin &quot;Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙi 1001 Har abada&quot;.  ''VH1'' ya sanya shi lamba 67 a cikin jerin &quot;Mafi Girman Wakoki 100 na 90s&quot; a cikin 2007.  ''Pitchfork'' ya sanya mata suna mafi kyawun waƙa na 59 na 1990s. Sun rubuta: &quot;Tare da sass-tastic macen gaba da kitched-to-mutu salon salon, tabbas Deee-Lite ya zama kamar kyakkyawan fare a lokacin da makomar pop ke ci gaba da kamawa. Idan kun kasance yaro a cikin 'burbs, kusan sun yi kama da ƙungiyar hip-hop na Daisy Age (kallon-glo / flower-power look, Q-Tip guest rap) kamar yadda aikin gida (wani yanayi mai ban mamaki na birni ba mu da damar samun dama ga ƙarami).&quot; 

A cikin 2011, ''The Guardian'' ya nuna waƙar a kan &quot;Tarihin kiɗan zamani: Rawa&quot;.  A cikin Afrilu 2017 an sake sake waƙar a kan vinyl ruwan hoda, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Store Record tare da remixes na &quot;Menene So?&quot; na B-Side.  ''BuzzFeed'' ya sanya waƙar lamba ta uku a cikin jerin &quot;Mafi Girman Waƙoƙin Rawa na 101 na 90s&quot; a cikin 2017. 

A cikin 2018, ''Time Out'' ya sanya shi lamba 23 a cikin jerin &quot;Mafi kyawun waƙoƙin jam'iyya 100&quot;, ya ƙara da cewa, &quot;A cikin wannan labari na New York's wani abu mai yiwuwa ne Gabas ta Tsakiya na ƙarshen 80s, rukuni uku na kulab masu launin alewa. Yara - Super DJ Dmitri, Lady Miss Kier da Towa Tei - sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiya. mai dadi mara laifi na waƙar da, ba tare da wata matsala ba, ta zama ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta 1990. Labari na gaskiya!&quot; 

A cikin 2021, ''Rolling Stone'' ya zaɓi &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; lamba 233 a cikin jerin abubuwan da aka sabunta na The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, yana kiransa &quot;haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsararraki daban-daban na masu jin daɗi.&quot; 

A cikin 2022, ''The Guardian'' ya sanya shi lamba 18 a cikin jerin su na &quot;Mafi Girma Babu 2 Singles 70 - Ranked!&quot;. Alexis Petridis ya rubuta, &quot;Idan da za su sami wata waƙa a nesa mai kyau kamar &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot;'s stew na samfurori, waƙoƙin kiɗan da ba su da ƙarfi da tsaka-tsakin Bootsy Collins da Q-Tip, Deee-Lite ya kasance babba. Ba su yi ba, amma za a buga wannan fa'ida mai fa'ida a liyafa na har abada.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&gt;[[Alexis Petridis|Petridis, Alexis]] (November 17, 2022). &lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, ''Billboard'' ya sanya shi lamba 68 a cikin &quot;Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Pop na Duk Lokaci 500&quot;. 

=== Yabo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
!Publisher
!Country
!Accolade
!Rank
|-
|1990
|''Melody Maker''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;Singles Of The Year&quot;
|1
|-
|2003
|''Q''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;1001 Best Songs Ever&quot;
|323
|-
|2004
|''Q''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;The 1010 Songs You Must Own&quot;[http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q1010songs.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920152555/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q1010songs.htm |date=2013-09-20 }}
|*
|-
|2005
|Bruce Pollock
|United States
|&quot;The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000&quot;
|*
|-
|2007
|VH1
|United States
|&quot;100 Greatest Songs of the 90s&quot;
|67
|-
|2010
|Robert Dimery
|United States
|&quot;1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die&quot;
|*
|-
|2010
|''Pitchfork''
|United States
|&quot;The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s&quot;
|59
|-
|2011
|MTV Dance
|United Kingdom
|&quot;The 100 Biggest 90s Dance Anthems of All Time&quot;
|9
|-
|2011
|''The Guardian''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;A History of Modern Music: Dance&quot;
|*
|-
|2012
|''NME''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;100 Best Songs of the 1990s&quot;
|79
|-
|2012
|''Porcys''
|Poland
|&quot;100 Singli 1990–1999&quot;
|93
|-
|2013
|''Complex''
|United States
|&quot;15 Songs That Gave Dance Music a Good Name&quot;
|*
|-
|2014
|''Musikexpress''
|Germany
|&quot;Die 700 Besten Songs Aller Zeiten&quot;
|518
|-
|2017
|''BuzzFeed''
|United States
|&quot;The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s&quot;
|3
|-
|2017
|''ThoughtCo''
|United States
|&quot;The Best 100 Songs from the 1990s&quot;
|89
|-
|2018
|Max
|Australia
|&quot;1000 Greatest Songs of All Time&quot;
|152
|-
|2018
|''Time Out''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;The 100 Best Party Songs&quot;
|23
|-
|2019
|''Billboard''
|United States
|&quot;''Billboard''{{'}}s Top Songs of the '90s&quot;
|220
|-
|2019
|Max
|Australia
|&quot;1000 Greatest Songs of All Time&quot;
|998
|-
|2020
|''Slant Magazine''
|United States
|&quot;The 100 Best Dance Songs of All Time&quot;
|3
|-
|2021
|''Rolling Stone''
|United States
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAZ0&quot;&gt;Rolling Stone&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt264&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[],&amp;amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[]}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;'&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:'&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAZ4&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:0.1em;&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
|233
|-
|2022
|''Pitchfork''
|United States
|&quot;The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s&quot;
|47
|-
|2022
|''Rolling Stone''
|United States
|&quot;200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time&quot;
|37
|-
|2022
|''The Guardian''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;The 70 Greatest No 2 Singles – Ranked!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&gt;[[Alexis Petridis|Petridis, Alexis]] (November 17, 2022). &lt;/ref&gt;
|18
|-
|2022
|''Time Out''
|United Kingdom
|&quot;The 100 Best Party Songs Ever Made&quot;
|12
|-
|2023
|''Billboard''
|United States
|&quot;Best Pop Songs of All Time&quot;
|68
|-
|}
&lt;small&gt;(*) yana nuna lissafin ba a ba da oda ba.&lt;/small&gt;

== Bibiyar lissafin ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* '''CD maxi – Europe'''
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:14
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (peanut butter mix) – 3:31
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (rainbow beard mix) – 4:04

* '''CD maxi – US'''
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (LP version) – 3:55
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (peanut butter radio mix) – 3:32
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:14
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Jelly Jam beats) – 2:12
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (holographic goatee mix) – 4:13
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (frenchapella) – 0:57
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (rainbow beard mix) – 4:03

* '''2017 Record Store Day Re-Release'''
:A1. &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Meeting of the Minds mix)
:A2. &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Peanut Butter mix)
:A3. &quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Jelly Jam Beats)
:B1. &quot;What Is Love?&quot; (Holographic Goatee mix)
:B2. &quot;What Is Love?&quot; (Frenchapella)
:B3. &quot;What Is Love?&quot; (Rainbow Beard mix)
{{Col-2}}
* '''7-inch single'''
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (peanut butter mix) – 3:29
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10

* '''12-inch maxi'''
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:10
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (peanut butter mix) – 3:29
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10
#&quot;What Is Love?&quot; (rainbow beard mix) – 4:02

* '''Digital single'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/groove-is-in-the-heart-ep/818269215 |title=Groove Is In the Heart!!! - EP by Deee-Lite on Apple Music |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=May 30, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot;&amp;nbsp;– 3:54
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Bootsified to the Nth Degree)&amp;nbsp;– 5:04
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Meeting the Minds Mix)&amp;nbsp;– 5:10
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Peanut Butter Mix)&amp;nbsp;– 3:29
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Jelly Jam Beats)&amp;nbsp;– 2:12
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Instrumental)&amp;nbsp;– 3:45
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Acapella)&amp;nbsp;– 3:38
#&quot;Groove Is in the Heart&quot; (Extended Version)&amp;nbsp;– 4:59
{{Col-end}}

* Lady Miss Kier – jagora  da muryoyin baya
* Q-Tip - rap
* Bootsy Collins - muryoyin baya
* Maceo Parker - saxophone
* Fred Wesley - trombone

== Takaddun shaida da tallace-tallace ==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|artist=Deee-Lite|title=Groove Is in the Heart|award=Platinum|relyear=1993|certyear=1993|certref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Australian Fun Countdowns – Accreditation Awards |publisher= Australian Fun Countdowns |date= April 7, 2011 |access-date= July 30, 2014 |url= http://australianfuncountdowns.blogspot.fr/2010/01/accreditation-awards.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|relyear=2004|certyear=2022|title=Groove Is in the Heart|artist=Deee-Lite|type=single|award=Platinum|id=14340-2209-1|access-date=June 13, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Deee-Lite|title=Groove Is in the Heart|award=Gold|relyear=1990|certyear=1990}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true}}

== Siffofin rufewa ==
Sarkar tallace-tallace ta Amurka Target Corporation ta yi amfani da waƙar, kamar yadda Charli XCX ya yi tare da Questlove da Black Thought daga Tushen, a cikin jerin tallace-tallace na talabijin na 2015. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin mawaƙa na ɗaya-daya a Ostiraliya a lokacin 1990s
* Jerin waƙoƙin rawa na lamba ɗaya na 1990
* Jerin raye-raye na lamba-daya na 1990 (US)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>pbynun62v5lvmt5su1eulmksc1p38ie</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ofishin Kula da Bashi (Najeriya)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="8235" sha1="9w3yn4gkz0swrwpwf9l8nax4ekcch8s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Ofishin kula da basussuka''' ( '''DMO''' ) hukuma ce ta gwamnati da aka kafa ta a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba,shekara ta 2000, wacce ke da alhakin karkatar da basussukan [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Devex s638&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Debt Management Office (Nigeria) | website=[[Devex]] | date= | url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/debt-management-office-nigeria-129895 | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiro ta ne saboda ƙalubalen da ke tattare da tsarin basussukan [[Najeriya]], waɗanda suka haɗa da dimbin basussuka na waje da na cikin gida, dimbin basussuka, ƙarancin ajiyar waje, da rashin karfin sarrafa basussukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devex s638&quot;/&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa hukumar [[DMO]] ne biyo bayan shawarwarin da sashin Kula da abashi (DMD) na susun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya bayar bayan wani cikakken nazari kan yanayin basussukan Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;About DMO 2023 z536&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=About DMO | website=About DMO | date=2 October 2023 | url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/about-dmo | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Counterparty. 2001 n930&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Counterparty. | first=Another | title=Guidelines for Public Debt Management | website=IMF | date=21 March 2001 | url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/pdebt/2000/eng/index.htm | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; (DMD) ta ba da shawarar kafa hukuma guda ɗaya da ke da alhakin duk abubuwan da suka shafi kula da basussukan jama'a, gami da tsara manufofi, haɓaka dabaru, rance, rikodi, sabis, da bayar da rahoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Counterparty. 2001 n930&quot;/&gt;

Da farko wani ɓangare ne mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Fadar Shugaban ƙasa, daga baya aka mayar da (DMO) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kudi a cikin shekara ta 2001 kuma an inganta shi zuwa cikakkiyar parastatal a cikin shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anon. r247&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=debt management office establishment (etc.) act 2003 | url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/publications/other-publications/national-debt-management-framework/2706-national-debt-management-framework-2018-2022/file | access-date=28 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315031026/https://dmo.gov.ng/publications/other-publications/national-debt-management-framework/2706-national-debt-management-framework-2018-2022/file | archive-date=15 March 2024 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin doka don aikin (DMO) ya haɗa da Dokar Nauyin Kuɗi na 2007 da Dokar Kafa hukumar ta (DMO)  a cikin shekara ta 2003.

== Ayyuka ==
Babban ayyuka na (DMO) shine ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin Tarayya game da kula da basussukan jama'a, tara kuɗi ta hanyar gida da waje, kula da cikakkun bayanai na basussukan jama'a, hidimar duk basussukan jama'a,&lt;ref name=&quot;Anon. r247&quot;/&gt; sarrafa haɗarin da ke tattare da shi,  haɓaka bashi. dabarun gudanarwa, inganta kasuwar bashi na cikin gida, da haɗa kai da masu ruwa da tsaki kan al'amuran kula da basussukan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anon. r247&quot;/&gt;

== Ƙungiya ==
Hukumar ta (DMO) dai na ƙarƙashin jagorancin Darakta-Janar ne, wanda shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa na tsawon shekaru biyar, tare da yiyuwar sabunta wasu shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Statehouse, Abuja 2022 e774&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=President Buhari Appoints Patience Oniha as DG DMO – The Statehouse, Abuja | website=The Statehouse, Abuja | date=30 June 2022 | url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-buhari-appoints-patience-oniha-as-dg-dmo/ | access-date=28 October 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daraktocin Zartarwa guda uku suna kula da sassan aiki na hukumar (DMO): Ci gaban Kasuwa, Gudanar da Fayiloli, da Dabarun Manufofi da Gudanar da kaucewa haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, akwai sassan wasu ayyukan guda huɗu: Aikin gaba-daya, Binciken Ciki, Ayyukan Shari'a, da Harkokin Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawyard 2022 i289&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Buhari Approves Reappointment of Patience Oniha as DG of DMO | website=Lawyard | date=30 June 2022 | url=https://www.lawyard.org/news/buhari-approves-reappointment-of-patience-oniha-as-dg-of-dmo/ | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar ta (DMO) na aiki ne ta ofisoshin shiyyoyi shida da ke yankuna daban-daban don daidaita tsarin kula da basussuka a matakin jiha da ƙananan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Statehouse, Abuja 2022 e774&quot;/&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==
Hukumar (DMO) ta samu gagarumin ci gaba ta hanyar rage yawan basussukan da Najeriya ke samu a waje,&lt;ref name=&quot;Center For Global Development 2006 z273&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Nigerian Debt Relief | website=Center For Global Development | date=21 April 2006 | url=https://www.cgdev.org/topics/nigerian-debt-relief | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙara yawan ajiyar waje,&lt;ref name=&quot;Anon. b792&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=External Reserves Accumulation and the Estimation of the Adequacy Level for Nigeria | url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2012/publications/reports/rsd/efr-2010/Economic%20and%20Financial%20Review%20Vol%2048%20No%203,%20September%202010/External%20Reserves%20Accumulation%20and%20the%20Estimation%20of%20the%20Adequacy%20Level.pdf | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; inganta kimar kiredit,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fitch Ratings c362&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Fitch Assigns Nigeria 'BB-' Rating; Outlook Stable | website=Fitch Ratings | url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-assigns-nigeria-bb-rating-outlook-stable-30-01-2006-1 | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayar da lamuni mai nasara na ƙasa da ƙasa (Eurobonds, Sukuk bonds, and Green Bonds),&lt;ref name=&quot;Ugbodaga 2021 r924&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Ugbodaga | first=Mary | title=Nigeria redeems its first-ever 10-year $500m Eurobond | website=TheCable | date=28 January 2021 | url=https://www.thecable.ng/fg-redeems-its-first-ever-10-year-500m-eurobond | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Premium Times Nigeria s044&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Nigerian govt releases N100 billion Sukuk Bond proceeds for 25 Road Projects | website=Premium Times Nigeria | url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/245199-nigerian-govt-releases-n100-billion-sukuk-bond-proceeds-25-road-projects.html | access-date=28 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 v189&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sukuk Some Highlights of the N100 Billion Sovereign Sukuk | website=Debt Management Office Nigeria | date=2 October 2023 | url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/fgn-bonds/sovereign-sukuk/2197-sukuk-some-highlights-of-the-n100-billion-sovereign-sukuk | access-date=28 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028163149/https://www.dmo.gov.ng/fgn-bonds/sovereign-sukuk/2197-sukuk-some-highlights-of-the-n100-billion-sovereign-sukuk | archive-date=28 October 2023 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙarfafa dabarun sarrafa bashi. Ta inganta karfin masu kula da basussukan jama'a, samar da ilimi kan kula da basussukan jama'a, da kiyaye rahotanni akai-akai don wayar da kan jama'a.

== Ƙalubale ==
(DMO) na fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi gudanar da hajojin bashin jama'a da ke tasowa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 n210&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=National Debt Management Framework 2008 | website=Debt Management Office Nigeria | date=2 October 2023 | url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/publications/other-publications/national-debt-management-framework/1769-national-debt-management-framework-2008-2012-1/ | access-date=28 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028163146/https://www.dmo.gov.ng/publications/other-publications/national-debt-management-framework/1769-national-debt-management-framework-2008-2012-1/ | archive-date=28 October 2023 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsadar ayyukan bashi na cikin gida, raguwar rabon bashi na waje, buƙatar daidaitawa da daidaitawa a cikin kula da bashi, ingantawa a cikin tsarin shari'a da hukumomi, da kuma tabbatar da gaskiya da riƙon amana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yusuf Mohd 2021 p. &quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Yusuf | first=Abdulkarim | last2=Mohd | first2=Saidatulakmal | title=The impact of government debt on economic growth in Nigeria | journal=Cogent Economics &amp;amp; Finance | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=1 January 2021 | issn=2332-2039 | doi=10.1080/23322039.2021.1946249 | page=| doi-access=free | hdl=10419/270116 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>9w3yn4gkz0swrwpwf9l8nax4ekcch8s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>The Royal Hibiscus Hotel</title>
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        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368998216|The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Otal din Royal Hibiscus''''' fim ne na barkwanci na Najeriya na shekarar 2017 wanda Ishaya Bako ya jagoranta. An nuna shi a sashin sinima na zamani a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Toronto na shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;TIFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
A [[Landan]], bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin mai dafa abinci, Ope ba ta iya samun kudade don buɗe Gidan cin abinci ba. Ta yanke shawarar komawa gidan iyayenta a [[Najeriya]], inda suke gudanar da wani otal da a da ya yi nasara. Ope tana shirin yin aiki a can a matsayin mai dafa abinci. Duk da haka, otal ɗin ba ya yin kyau, kuma mahaifinta, Segun, ya amince ya sayar da shi ga masu zuba jari masu arziki, Deji da Martin. Matarsa, Rose, ko 'yarsu Ope ba su san game da siyarwar ba. Kafin a kammala yarjejeniyar, Deji ta ziyarci otal ɗin ta haɗu da Ope ba tare da sanin cewa ita ce 'yar masu shi ba.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Zainab Balogun]] a matsayin Ope
* [[Kenneth Okolie]] a matsayin Deji
* [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Martin
* [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Augustina
* Olu Jacobs a matsayin Richard
* [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Cif Segun Adeniyi
* [[Rachel Oniga|Racheal Oniga]] a matsayin Rose Adeniyi
* [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Chika
* [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Joyce
* Toni Tones a matsayin Esther
* [[Charles Inojie]] a matsayin Shugaba
* [[OC Ukeje|O.C. Ukeje]] a matsayin Felix
* [[Akah Nnani]] a matsayin Tobem

== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ==
Bayan gabatarwa na ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017, shafin yanar gizon CREETIQ ya kimanta fim din 5.3/10 yana ambaton sake dubawa daga masu sukar 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=18 September 2016 |title=The Royal Hibiscus Hotel - CREETIQ |url=https://creetiq.com/reviews/royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=CREETIQ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Courtney Small na Cinema Axis ya yi imanin cewa &quot;Ko da yake ''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ba zai sami masu sauraro tare da magoya bayan rom-com masu wuya ba, waɗanda ke neman ƙwarewar da ta fi dacewa za su yi takaici&quot;  yayin da Chelsea Phillips-Carr (Pop Matters) ya fi karɓar fim ɗin yana mai cewa &quot;''Otal din Royal Hibiscus'' ya tabbatar da cewa yin wasa a cikin nau'in ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da fim mara kyau&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Courtney Small |date=18 September 2016 |title=TIFF 2017: THE ROYAL HIBISCUS HOTEL |url=https://cinemaaxis.com/2017/09/18/tiff-2017-the-royal-hibiscus-hotel/ |publisher=Cinema Axis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chelsea Phillips-Carr |date=18 September 2016 |title='The Royal Hibiscus Hotel' |url=http://www.popmatters.com/post/the-royal-hibiscus-hotel-ishaya-bako-tiff-2017/ |publisher=Pop Matters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Film Scriptic ta samu nasarar fim ɗin da kashi 46%, inda ta samu maki D. Isedehi Aigbogun ya nuna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin sa, tare da kammala jawabinsa: &quot;...TIFF ta nuna wannan fim ɗin a shekarar 2017... daga sadaka da kuma yawan haɗin gwiwa. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2017|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2017]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Material (fim)</title>
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      <text bytes="4711" sha1="4fs621oa9mf1hvb6q9lehcnkmvpzpdy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Material fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.materialmovie.com/welcome.html Official website]&lt;/ref&gt; na 2012,  wanda Craig Freimond ya jagoranta kuma Craig Freimund, Ronnie Apteker, Robbie Thorpe, Rosalind Butler da Riaad Moosa ne suka rubuta shi. Ba ya yi wasa a Fim din Afirka na 2012,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/film-africa-2012/ |title=Film Africa 2012 |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208030629/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/film-africa-2012/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa a duniya (Landan, Bikin Fim na Duniya na Indiya, Busan) kuma ya sami suna a&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.channel24.co.za/Movies/News/SA-film-Material-makes-UK-viewers-cry-20120312/ &quot;South African film makes UK viewers cry&quot;] Channel 24 Entertainment Now, 3 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/film.htm#.VlbgucsnzIU &quot;Telling South Africa's Stories&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710181858/http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/film.htm#.VlbgucsnzIU |date=2013-07-10 }} Brand South Africa, 2 May 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317133715/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2012/03/11/south-african-muslims-come-to-life-in-material-film/ &quot;South African Muslims come to life in Material film&quot;] Reuters blog, 11 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/material-at-lff-london-film-festival-review-south-african-film/ |title=The Africa Channel |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207234336/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/material-at-lff-london-film-festival-review-south-african-film/ |archive-date=2015-12-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labarin fim ==
An kafa shi a cikin yankin Indiyawan Musulmi na Fordsburg, Johannesburg . Abubuwan da ke kewaye da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Cassim Kaif da mahaifinsa da ya tsufa wanda mafarkinsa daya shine ɗansa ya mallaki shagon masana'antar iyali, wanda ke fama da kasancewa a kan ruwa. Koyaya, Cassim yana so ya zama mai wasan kwaikwayo, ra'ayin da mahaifinsa mai bin al'ada bai yarda da shi ba. Lokacin &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-02-10-riaad-moosa-and-his-bright-material/#.VlbfrcsnzIU/ Riaad Moosa and his bright material] Daily Maverick, 10 February 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Cassim ya sauka a wani mashaya na gida, dole ne ya sami hanyar ɓoye shi daga iyalinsa. Hoton fim din game da rikici tsakanin matasa, al'ada da addini, yana canzawa tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na iyali da snippets daga duniyar wasan kwaikwayo.

== Ƴan Wasa ==

* Riaad Moosa a matsayin Cassim Kaif
* Vincent Ebrahim a matsayin Ebrahim Kaif
* Joey Yusuf Rasdien a matsayin Yusuf
* [[Denise Newman (yar'fim)|Denise Newman]] a matsayin Fatima Kaif
* Krijay Govender a matsayin Dadi Kaif
* Zakeeya Patel a matsayin Aisha Kaif
* Carishma Basday a matsayin Zulfa Ahmed
* Royston Stoffels a matsayin Rafiq Kaif
* [[Quanita Adams]] a matsayin Shareen
* Afzal Khan a matsayin Faheem
* Mel Miller a matsayin Merv
* Nik Rabinowitz a matsayin Dave Gold

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 7th South African Film and Television Awards (2013) - Mafi kyawun Darakta na Fim (Craig Freimond), Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Fim (Riaad Moosa), Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a cikin Finai (Vincent Ebrahim), Mafi kyawun Fim, Mafi kyawun Mai tsara Sauti na Fim &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/Channel/Saftas-2013-The-winners-20130317 South African Film and Television Awards]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size\5c &quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Wadanda aka zaba
!Sakamakon
!Tabbacin.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2013
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.|Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu]]
|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako - Fim mai Bayani
|Vincent Ebrahim|  {{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |
|-
|Mafi kyawun Actor - Fim mai ban sha'awa
|Riaad Moosa|  {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Nasarar a cikin Tsarin Sauti - Fim mai ban sha'awa
|Charlotte ta Sayi| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Nasarar Cinematography - Fim mai ban sha'awa
|Trevor Calverley| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo - Fim mai ban sha'awa
|[[Denise Newman (yar'fim)|Denise Newman]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Nasara a Rubuce-rubuce - Fim mai ban sha'awa
|Craig Freimond| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Nasarar A Gyara - Fim mai Bayani
|| {{Nom}}
|-
|Fim mafi Kyau
|Ronnie Apteker goofball&lt;br /&gt;| {{Nom}}
|}

== Sakamakon ==
An kira shi ''Sabon Abubuwa'', tare da isowa Riaad Moosa, Vincent Ebrahim, [[Denise Newman (yar'fim)|Denise Newman]] da Joey Yusuf Rasdien.  a sake shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Onuora Abuah</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Hamza DK</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374884918|Onuora Abuah]]&quot;</comment>
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Anthony Onuora Abuah Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, furodusa kuma marubuci.[1][2][3][4] 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
He was born in [[Kenya]] to a [[Inyamurai|Nigerian-Igbo]] father and [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]]/ Ugandan mother of the [[Tutsi]] ethnic group. He spent his childhood around central and west [[Afirka|Africa]] before his family relocated to [[Switzerland]] in [[Turai|Europe]] in 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Onuora Abuah |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Onuora Abuah |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onuora attended the British School of Lomé where he spends three productive years and was given the opportunity to hone his writing and acting skills{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Aynam Zongo |date=2021-04-28 |title=Anthony Abuah |url=https://www.bsl.tg/post/anthony-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=British School Lomé |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; before moving to the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] to attend Plymouth University and he later obtained a master's degree in Filmmaking from Central Film School.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo ===
Bayan ya zauna a Cardiff na 'yan shekaru, Onuora ya shiga kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na MeWe na London, inda aka jefa shi a wasan game da tsohon bawa wanda ya zama marubuci, [[Olaudah Equiano]] . Daga baya ya taka rawar [[Olaudah Equiano]] a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim daga kamfanin Talawa Theatre don Victoria &amp; Albert Museum . Fim dinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin Tony Kaye's Black Water Transit (2009), kafin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din Patrolmen (2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Cast &amp; Crew: Black Water Transit (2009) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0490087/fullcredits/cast |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrol Men |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1394360/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topcount |url=https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122056/https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.topcount.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya rubuta kuma ya samar da wasan sa na farko Wani Biafra, game da rikicin man Neja-Delta da ke gudana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor Abuah Profile |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Kweli TV |publisher=kweli.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwa ===
Onuora ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko mai suna Woolwich Boys (2012), wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Birnin Burtaniya kuma London Live a Burtaniya, ETV a Afirka ta Kudu da [[Ebonylife TV]] a duk faɗin Afirka sun ba shi lasisi. Fim dinsa na biyu, Mona (2016) tare da David Avery da Lonyo, ya lashe kyautar Grand Nile a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2016 kuma an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Movie Academy sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title=Full List of Nominees for the 2016 African Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.okay.ng/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-african-movie-academy-awards/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Okay Nigeria |publisher=okay.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFF announces the 5th edition's awards |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929120401/http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Luxor African Film Festival |publisher=luxorafricanfilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anthony Abuah on his new film Woolwich Boys about 419 scammers |url=https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122057/https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.smartmonkeytv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 African movie academy awards nominations announced. |url=https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043428/https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.afrofilmsinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotuna ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''The Unlucky Mother''
|Director, producer, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2012
|''Woolwich Boys''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Crime Drama
|-
|2013
|''Trim''
|Executive Producer, director, writer
|Web Series
|-
|2014
|''Woodfalls''
|Actor, producer
|Drama
|-
|2014
|''Mum Dad Meet Sam''
|Producer
|Romantic Comedy
|-
|2016
|''Mona''
|Actor, producer, director, writer
|Political Thriller
|-
|2018
|''Danhomé &amp; Vodun''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''A Thousand Years to Tomboctou''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''Kano with Onuora Abuah''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2020
|''Tainted Canvas''
|Producer
|Drama
|-
|2020
|''Headwrap''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2020
|''Ouroboros''
|Actor
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Ọjị''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Tafiya''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2022
|''Revolution Now: 5 Days with Sowore''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''km.t: A Journey through the Black Land''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''Deep Undercover: Part One''
|Actor
|Pilot Film
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Bikin bayar da kyautar
!Sashe
!Fim din
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2013
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka a kasashen waje
|Yara na Woolwich|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=2013 African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) Nominations Announced |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-nominations-announced |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Face 2 Face Africa |publisher=face2faceafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko ta Darakta da Mafi kyawun Fimi ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje
|''Mona''|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2016 |title=Pulse Ghana Full list of winners at 2016 Africa Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/amaas-2016-full-list-of-winners-at-2016-africa-movie-academy-awards/x7v1vp2 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Pulse |publisher=pulse.com.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Luxor African Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Afirka na Luxor]]
|Kyautar Grand Nile don Mafi Kyawun Labari
|''Mona''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luxor African Film Festival 2016 Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003011/2016/1/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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Anthony Onuora Abuah Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, furodusa kuma marubuci. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onuora_Abuah#cite_note-1 &lt;/ref&gt;[1][2][3][4] 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
He was born in [[Kenya]] to a [[Inyamurai|Nigerian-Igbo]] father and [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]]/ Ugandan mother of the [[Tutsi]] ethnic group. He spent his childhood around central and west [[Afirka|Africa]] before his family relocated to [[Switzerland]] in [[Turai|Europe]] in 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Onuora Abuah |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Onuora Abuah |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onuora attended the British School of Lomé where he spends three productive years and was given the opportunity to hone his writing and acting skills{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Aynam Zongo |date=2021-04-28 |title=Anthony Abuah |url=https://www.bsl.tg/post/anthony-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=British School Lomé |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; before moving to the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] to attend Plymouth University and he later obtained a master's degree in Filmmaking from Central Film School.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo ===
Bayan ya zauna a Cardiff na 'yan shekaru, Onuora ya shiga kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na MeWe na London, inda aka jefa shi a wasan game da tsohon bawa wanda ya zama marubuci, [[Olaudah Equiano]] . Daga baya ya taka rawar [[Olaudah Equiano]] a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim daga kamfanin Talawa Theatre don Victoria &amp; Albert Museum . Fim dinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin Tony Kaye's Black Water Transit (2009), kafin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din Patrolmen (2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Cast &amp; Crew: Black Water Transit (2009) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0490087/fullcredits/cast |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrol Men |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1394360/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topcount |url=https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122056/https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.topcount.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya rubuta kuma ya samar da wasan sa na farko Wani Biafra, game da rikicin man Neja-Delta da ke gudana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor Abuah Profile |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Kweli TV |publisher=kweli.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwa ===
Onuora ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko mai suna Woolwich Boys (2012), wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Birnin Burtaniya kuma London Live a Burtaniya, ETV a Afirka ta Kudu da [[Ebonylife TV]] a duk faɗin Afirka sun ba shi lasisi. Fim dinsa na biyu, Mona (2016) tare da David Avery da Lonyo, ya lashe kyautar Grand Nile a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2016 kuma an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Movie Academy sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title=Full List of Nominees for the 2016 African Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.okay.ng/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-african-movie-academy-awards/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Okay Nigeria |publisher=okay.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFF announces the 5th edition's awards |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929120401/http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Luxor African Film Festival |publisher=luxorafricanfilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anthony Abuah on his new film Woolwich Boys about 419 scammers |url=https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122057/https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.smartmonkeytv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 African movie academy awards nominations announced. |url=https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043428/https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.afrofilmsinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotuna ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''The Unlucky Mother''
|Director, producer, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2012
|''Woolwich Boys''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Crime Drama
|-
|2013
|''Trim''
|Executive Producer, director, writer
|Web Series
|-
|2014
|''Woodfalls''
|Actor, producer
|Drama
|-
|2014
|''Mum Dad Meet Sam''
|Producer
|Romantic Comedy
|-
|2016
|''Mona''
|Actor, producer, director, writer
|Political Thriller
|-
|2018
|''Danhomé &amp; Vodun''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''A Thousand Years to Tomboctou''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''Kano with Onuora Abuah''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2020
|''Tainted Canvas''
|Producer
|Drama
|-
|2020
|''Headwrap''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2020
|''Ouroboros''
|Actor
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Ọjị''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Tafiya''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2022
|''Revolution Now: 5 Days with Sowore''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''km.t: A Journey through the Black Land''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''Deep Undercover: Part One''
|Actor
|Pilot Film
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Bikin bayar da kyautar
!Sashe
!Fim din
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2013
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka a kasashen waje
|Yara na Woolwich|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=2013 African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) Nominations Announced |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-nominations-announced |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Face 2 Face Africa |publisher=face2faceafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko ta Darakta da Mafi kyawun Fimi ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje
|''Mona''|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2016 |title=Pulse Ghana Full list of winners at 2016 Africa Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/amaas-2016-full-list-of-winners-at-2016-africa-movie-academy-awards/x7v1vp2 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Pulse |publisher=pulse.com.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Luxor African Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Afirka na Luxor]]
|Kyautar Grand Nile don Mafi Kyawun Labari
|''Mona''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luxor African Film Festival 2016 Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003011/2016/1/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>86zp0l1yh90joxrnbnr0m39k9aycz7l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963625</id>
      <parentid>963624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamza DK</username>
        <id>12444</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7538" sha1="nqoclimhxydjcogx50z7rp208b9mcaj" xml:space="preserve">
 

Anthony Onuora Abuah Listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, furodusa kuma marubuci. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onuora_Abuah#cite_note-1 &lt;/ref&gt;[2][3][4] 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
He was born in [[Kenya]] to a [[Inyamurai|Nigerian-Igbo]] father and [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]]/ Ugandan mother of the [[Tutsi]] ethnic group. He spent his childhood around central and west [[Afirka|Africa]] before his family relocated to [[Switzerland]] in [[Turai|Europe]] in 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Onuora Abuah |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Onuora Abuah |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onuora attended the British School of Lomé where he spends three productive years and was given the opportunity to hone his writing and acting skills{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Aynam Zongo |date=2021-04-28 |title=Anthony Abuah |url=https://www.bsl.tg/post/anthony-abuah |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=British School Lomé |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; before moving to the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] to attend Plymouth University and he later obtained a master's degree in Filmmaking from Central Film School.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo ===
Bayan ya zauna a Cardiff na 'yan shekaru, Onuora ya shiga kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na MeWe na London, inda aka jefa shi a wasan game da tsohon bawa wanda ya zama marubuci, [[Olaudah Equiano]] . Daga baya ya taka rawar [[Olaudah Equiano]] a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim daga kamfanin Talawa Theatre don Victoria &amp; Albert Museum . Fim dinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin Tony Kaye's Black Water Transit (2009), kafin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din Patrolmen (2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full Cast &amp; Crew: Black Water Transit (2009) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0490087/fullcredits/cast |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patrol Men |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1394360/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topcount |url=https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122056/https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.topcount.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya rubuta kuma ya samar da wasan sa na farko Wani Biafra, game da rikicin man Neja-Delta da ke gudana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actor Abuah Profile |url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Kweli TV |publisher=kweli.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwa ===
Onuora ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko mai suna Woolwich Boys (2012), wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Birnin Burtaniya kuma London Live a Burtaniya, ETV a Afirka ta Kudu da [[Ebonylife TV]] a duk faɗin Afirka sun ba shi lasisi. Fim dinsa na biyu, Mona (2016) tare da David Avery da Lonyo, ya lashe kyautar Grand Nile a bikin fina-finai na Afirka na 2016 kuma an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Movie Academy sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title=Full List of Nominees for the 2016 African Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.okay.ng/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-african-movie-academy-awards/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Okay Nigeria |publisher=okay.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFF announces the 5th edition's awards |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929120401/http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Luxor African Film Festival |publisher=luxorafricanfilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anthony Abuah on his new film Woolwich Boys about 419 scammers |url=https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122057/https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.smartmonkeytv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 African movie academy awards nominations announced. |url=https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043428/https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.afrofilmsinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotuna ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''The Unlucky Mother''
|Director, producer, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2012
|''Woolwich Boys''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Crime Drama
|-
|2013
|''Trim''
|Executive Producer, director, writer
|Web Series
|-
|2014
|''Woodfalls''
|Actor, producer
|Drama
|-
|2014
|''Mum Dad Meet Sam''
|Producer
|Romantic Comedy
|-
|2016
|''Mona''
|Actor, producer, director, writer
|Political Thriller
|-
|2018
|''Danhomé &amp; Vodun''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''A Thousand Years to Tomboctou''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2019
|''Kano with Onuora Abuah''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2020
|''Tainted Canvas''
|Producer
|Drama
|-
|2020
|''Headwrap''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2020
|''Ouroboros''
|Actor
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Ọjị''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2021
|''Tafiya''
|Producer, director, writer
|Short Film
|-
|2022
|''Revolution Now: 5 Days with Sowore''
|Director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''km.t: A Journey through the Black Land''
|Actor, director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|''Deep Undercover: Part One''
|Actor
|Pilot Film
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Bikin bayar da kyautar
!Sashe
!Fim din
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2013
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka a kasashen waje
|Yara na Woolwich|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=2013 African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) Nominations Announced |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-nominations-announced |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Face 2 Face Africa |publisher=face2faceafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko ta Darakta da Mafi kyawun Fimi ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje
|''Mona''|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2016 |title=Pulse Ghana Full list of winners at 2016 Africa Movie Academy Awards |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/amaas-2016-full-list-of-winners-at-2016-africa-movie-academy-awards/x7v1vp2 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Pulse |publisher=pulse.com.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Luxor African Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Afirka na Luxor]]
|Kyautar Grand Nile don Mafi Kyawun Labari
|''Mona''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luxor African Film Festival 2016 Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003011/2016/1/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>nqoclimhxydjcogx50z7rp208b9mcaj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michelle Beling</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963740</id>
      <parentid>395342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2322" sha1="0de431vyglgc2sliv0exnzyf28nfoa6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Michelle Beling-Pretorius''', ' [[Ɗan wasa|yar wasan kwaikwayo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling-Pretorius |url=http://www.springsouth.co.nz/michelle-beling-pretorius.html |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=Spring South}}&lt;/ref&gt;ce ta Afirka ta Kudu.  An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a cikin shahararrun serials ''[[Isidingo]]'', ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Michelle_Beling |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=ESAT}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife ta kuma ta girma a Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=tvsa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tun tana karama. Ta fara shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da dama a duk fadin kasar. A cikin shekarar 1999, ta koma Gauteng don neman aikin ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=tvsa}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin rayuwarta a Gauteng, ta yi aikinta na farko na jama'a a cikin Girl Talk 2000 . Sa'an nan ta bayyana a matsayin mai raɗaɗi 'Patty' a Grease Stadium Spectacular .

Ta fara fitowa a talabijin tare da serial ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' a cikin 2009. A cikin serial, ta taka rawar 'Candice (Candy) Botha Smith' daga Seasons 10 zuwa 18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/Sarie/Bekendes/Het-Jy-Gehoor/fotos-michelle-beling-trou-20170914 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=netwerk24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi baƙo fitowa a cikin serial ''Generations'' . Ta taka rawar goyon baya 'Janine Cullanan' a cikin jerin ''High Rollers'' sannan ta shiga mashahurin wasan opera na sabulun talabijin ''[[Isidingo|na Isidingo]]'' inda ta taka rawar 'Wendy'.

== Fina-finai ==

* ''Egoli: Wurin Zinare'' a matsayin Candice (Candy) Botha Smith
* ''Zamani'' a matsayin Tauraron Bako
* ''Babban Rollers'' kamar Janine Cullanan
* ''[[Isidingo|Sunan mahaifi]]'' ma'anar Wendy

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0de431vyglgc2sliv0exnzyf28nfoa6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963741</id>
      <parentid>963740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2331" sha1="6hfgnev6b9nt4itpzwz6g2dgcgv8gaa" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Michelle Beling-Pretorius''', ' [[Ɗan wasa|yar wasan kwaikwayo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling-Pretorius |url=http://www.springsouth.co.nz/michelle-beling-pretorius.html |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=Spring South}}&lt;/ref&gt;ce ta Afirka ta Kudu.  An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a cikin shahararrun serials ''[[Isidingo]]'', ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Michelle_Beling |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=ESAT}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife ta kuma ta girma a Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=tvsa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tun tana karama. Ta fara shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da dama a duk fadin kasar. A cikin shekarar 1999, ta koma Gauteng don neman aikin ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Michelle Beling bio |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2653 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=tvsa}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin rayuwarta a Gauteng, ta yi aikinta na farko na jama'a a cikin Girl Talk 2000 . Sa'an nan ta bayyana a matsayin mai raɗaɗi 'Patty' a Grease Stadium Spectacular .

Ta fara fitowa a talabijin tare da serial ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' a cikin shekarar 2009. A cikin serial, ta taka rawar 'Candice (Candy) Botha Smith' daga Seasons 10 zuwa 18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FOTO'S: Michelle Beling trou |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/Sarie/Bekendes/Het-Jy-Gehoor/fotos-michelle-beling-trou-20170914 |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=netwerk24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi baƙo fitowa a cikin serial ''Generations'' . Ta taka rawar goyon baya 'Janine Cullanan' a cikin jerin ''High Rollers'' sannan ta shiga mashahurin wasan opera na sabulun talabijin ''[[Isidingo|na Isidingo]]'' inda ta taka rawar 'Wendy'.

== Fina-finai ==

* ''Egoli: Wurin Zinare'' a matsayin Candice (Candy) Botha Smith
* ''Zamani'' a matsayin Tauraron Bako
* ''Babban Rollers'' kamar Janine Cullanan
* ''[[Isidingo|Sunan mahaifi]]'' ma'anar Wendy

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philomaine Nanema</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Philomaine Nanema''', kuma '''Philo''' (an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1982) 'yar wasan barkwanci ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Burkina Faso]]. Ita ce wacce ta samu kyautar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] na shekarar 2020 don mafi kyawun matashiya 'yar wasan barkwanci. A cikin shekarar 2022 ta haɗu da gabatar da ''Hello Doc'', jerin shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya don ƙarfafa rigakafin COVID-19 a Afirka.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Nanema a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1982 a Cote d'Ivoire. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Evasion |date=2016-05-06 |title=Philomène Nanéma, artiste-comédienne-humoriste burkinabè : « je fais un boulot qui me permet de m'épanouir » |url=https://evasion.bf/philomene-nanema-artiste-comedienne-humoriste-burkinabe-fais-boulot-me-permet-de-mepanouir/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Evasion |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2016-02-12 |title=Philomène NANEMA, Comédienne humoriste - Artistes.bf |url=https://www.artistesbf.org/philomene-nanema-comedienne-humoriste/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=ArtistesBF |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2006, Nanema ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a Ouagadougou, inda mai ba ta shawara shine Gérard Ouédraogo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-02 |title=Philomaine Nanema : ' Les jeunes filles doivent s'intéresser à l'humour' |url=https://www.studioyafa.org/et-aussi/134-philomaine-nanema-les-jeunes-filles-doivent-s-interesser-a-l-humour.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304003117/https://www.studioyafa.org/et-aussi/134-philomaine-nanema-les-jeunes-filles-doivent-s-interesser-a-l-humour.html |archive-date=2022-03-04 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Studio Yafa |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nanema kuma ta yi a cikin ''Cellule 512'' ta marigayiya {{Interlanguage link|Missa Hébié|fr}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2015 ta shiga ''majalisar dariya'' ta 'yar wasan barkwanci na Najeriya [[Mamane (comedian)|Mamane]] wanda aka watsa a Canal+. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokacin bikin Barkwanci a shekarar 2015, ta yi rawar gani a matsayin shugabar satirical na jamhuriya ta gaskiya don tallafawa zaɓuka shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa na waccan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Revelyn |date=2016-08-29 |title=Philo : « Mes sœurs ne me prennent jamais au sérieux ! » |url=https://burkina24.com/2016/08/29/philo-mes-soeurs-ne-me-prennent-jamais-au-serieux/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Burkina24.com - L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2019, Nanema ta shirya wasanta na farko na mace ɗaya, mai taken ''ina gaishe ki Marie'', wanda ya tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi aure. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humour : ' Je vous salue maris ', le nouveau spectacle de Philomène Nanema dite Philo - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article88669 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=lefaso.net |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAWADOGO |first=Parfait |date=2019-04-09 |title=Je vous salue maris : 1er one man show de Philomaine Nanéma. |url=https://infosculturedufaso.net/je-vous-salue-maris-1er-one-man-show-de-philomene-nanema/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Infos Culture du Faso |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127194510/https://infosculturedufaso.net/je-vous-salue-maris-1er-one-man-show-de-philomene-nanema/ |archive-date=2022-11-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakan ya biyo bayan wani shiri mai suna ''Marry me'' wanda ya shafi aure, da kuma batutuwa kamar cin zarafin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EPOUSE-MOI |url=https://ouagadougou.institutfrancais-burkinafaso.com/evenement/epouse-moi/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Institut Français de Ouagadougou |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shirye-shiryenta, ta yi tir da cin zarafin mata; tana kuma karfafa gwiwar mata da su shiga harkar barkwanci da wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2022 ta shirya tare da [[Frank Donga]] wani wasan ban dariya mai suna ''Hello Doc'' da nufin haɓaka shirye-shiryen rigakafin COVID-19 a Afirka.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=#ArtistesBFcontreCovid19 |url=https://en.unesco.org/creativity/covid-19/artistesbfcontrecovid19 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Diversity of Cultural Expressions |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==

* 2019: Mafi kyawun taron nishaɗi a MADIGO d'Or &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KINDA |first=Armand |date=2019-10-21 |title=MADIGO 2019 : Les lauréats reçoivent leurs prix |url=https://www.minute.bf/madigo-2019-les-laureats-recoivent-leurs-prix/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Minute.bf |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyauta ga mafi kyawun matashiya 'yar wasan barkwanci na [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] a MASA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAWADOGO |first=Parfait |date=2020-03-15 |title=MASA 2020: Philo remporte le Prix de la meilleure jeune humoristique de la CEDEAO avec « Je vous Salue Maris » |url=https://infosculturedufaso.net/masa-2020-philo-remporte-le-prix-de-la-meilleure-jeune-humoristique-de-la-cedeao-avec-je-vous-salue-maris/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Infos Culture du Faso |language=fr-FR}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=Prix CEDEAO de l'humour au MASA 2020 : La burkinabè Philo, lauréate |url=https://kulturekibare.com/2020/03/14/prix-cedeao-de-lhumour-au-masa-2020-la-burkinabe-philo-laureate/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Kulture Kibaré |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan barkwanci a 12 Cultural Personalities of the Year (PCA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B24 |first=Rédaction |date=2021-11-04 |title=12 Personnalités Culturelles de l'Année (PCA) : La 10e édition prévue pour le 28 janvier 2022 |url=https://burkina24.com/2021/11/04/12-personnalites-culturelles-de-lannee-pca-la-10e-edition-prevue-pour-le-28-janvier-2022/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Burkina24.com - L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Erika Seyama</title>
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'''Erika Nonhlanhla Seyama''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994) ƴar wasan [[ESwatini|Swazi]] ce da ta kware a tsalle mai tsawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Asaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6009294-nonhlanhla-seyama.htm|title=2018 Commonwealth Games bio|accessdate=13 September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n172102-seyama-nonhlanhla-erikah.htm|title=2017 Universiade bio|accessdate=13 September 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711033811/https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n172102-seyama-nonhlanhla-erikah.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi kyawunta shine mita 1.83 da aka kafa a Asaba a cikin 2018.

== Rubuce-rubucen gasa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{SWZ}}
|-
|2016
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Durban, South Africa]]
|11th
|High jump 
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump|1.65 m]]
|-
|2017
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Taipei, Taiwan]]
|14th (q)
|High jump 
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Australia]]
|13th
|High jump 
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|-
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Asaba, Nigeria]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|High jump 
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump|1.83 m]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|29th (q)
|High jump 
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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'''Erika Nonhlanhla Seyama''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994) ƴar wasan [[ESwatini|Swazi]] ce da ta kware a tsalle mai tsawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Asaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6009294-nonhlanhla-seyama.htm|title=2018 Commonwealth Games bio|accessdate=13 September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n172102-seyama-nonhlanhla-erikah.htm|title=2017 Universiade bio|accessdate=13 September 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711033811/https://data.2017.gov.taipei/atos/prod/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n172102-seyama-nonhlanhla-erikah.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi kyawunta shine mita 1.83 da aka kafa a Asaba a cikin shekarar 2018.

== Rubuce-rubucen gasa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{SWZ}}
|-
|2016
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Durban, South Africa]]
|11th
|High jump 
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump|1.65 m]]
|-
|2017
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Taipei, Taiwan]]
|14th (q)
|High jump 
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Australia]]
|13th
|High jump 
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|-
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Asaba, Nigeria]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|High jump 
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump|1.83 m]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|29th (q)
|High jump 
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's high jump|1.70 m]]
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Driss Moussaid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77403</id>
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'''Driss Moussaid''' (an haife shi a watan Maris 29, 1988) ɗan dambe ne daga [[Moroko|Maroko]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Driss Moussaid Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123718/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ci tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Ƙarfafa 2006 kuma ya cancanci shiga Gasar Olympics 2008 a ƙaramin welter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Driss Moussaid Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123718/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya lashe lambar tagulla a shekara ta 2006 a gasar kananan yara ta duniya a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa lokacin da ya yi rashin nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar Hungarian Balazs Bacskai . A wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Olympics ya yi waje da Hastings Bwalya zakaran Afrika, sannan kuma ya doke Hamza Hassini . Moussaid ya doke Todd Kidd na Ostiraliya a cikin Welter Light Welter (64 kg) a rana ta biyu ta gasar Olympics ta Beijing .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Driss Moussaid Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123718/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/driss-moussaid-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AfricanOlyQual2008_1.html cancanta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524233250/http://au.sports.yahoo.com/olympics/athletes/profile/-/238259/driss-moussaid/ Yahoo profile]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tshilidzi Kawata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Tshilidzi Kawata''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1989) wanda aka fi sani da '''Tshilidzi Nephaweis''', ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu-Japan don Hiroshima Dragonflies na Jafananci B.League .

Nephawe ya halarci ''makarantar sakandare ta Mphaphuli'' kusa da Thohoyandou kuma ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin lardin Limpopo wasa tun yana karami. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zoutnet.co.za/articles/sport/6902/2008-11-21/rural-boy-to-play-basketball-overseas Rural boy to play basketball overseas], Elmon Tshikhudo (Zoutnet.co.za), 21 November 2008. Accessed 2 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da zuwa Jami'ar Jihar New Mexico, inda ya kasance abokin wasan gaba na dan wasan NBA Pascal Siakam .

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Tshilidzi-Nephawe/Japan/Sendai-89ers/143026 Afrobasket.com bayanin martaba]
* [http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/_/id/51805/tshilidzi-nephawe Bayanin ESPN]
* [http://www.nmstatesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=90 New Mexico State bio]
* [http://www.nmstatesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=90&amp;path=mbball New Mexico State Aggies bio]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Takalma</title>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378212813|Shoe]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963820</origin>
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[[File:Skor_från_1700-_till_1960-talet_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056302.jpg|alt=Three blue shelves on a black background. The top shelf displays a pair of pink high heels, a wedge sandal and a dance heel shoe. The middle shelf displays a variety of low-heeled, slipper-type shoes. The bottom shelf displays two antique heeled shoes and a pair of kid's shoes.|thumb|275x275px|Takalma iri-iri da aka nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Nordic, gami da samfuran daga 1700 zuwa shekarun 1960.]]
Takalmin wani abu ne na '''takawa''' wanda ake samu a nau'i-nau'i don kariya ga ƙafar mutum, yawanci ana yin sa ta hanyar da aka tsara don ya dace da ƙafar hagu ɗayan kuma ƙafar dama.

An yi amfani da takalma don samar da ƙarin kariya ga ƙafar ɗan adam mai rauni, kodayake ƙafar tana da sauƙin daidaitawa ga wurare daban-daban. An ɗaure tsari da farko don aiki, amma a tsawon lokaci, takalma sun zama kayan ado. Ana sa wasu takalma a matsayin kayan tsaro, kamar takalma na ƙarfe, waɗanda ake buƙata takalma a wuraren aiki na masana'antu.

Bugu da ƙari, takalma sau da yawa sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙirar daban-daban; takalma masu tsawo, alal misali, mata galibi suna sawa a lokacin lokutan da suka dace. Takalma na zamani sun bambanta sosai a cikin salon, rikitarwa da tsada. takalma na asali na iya kunshe da ƙananan takalma da madauri mai sauƙi kuma ana sayar da su a farashi mai arha. Ana iya yin takalma masu tsada da sanannun masu zanen kaya suka yi da kayan tsada, amfani da gine-gine masu rikitarwa kuma sayar da su don kuɗi mai yawa. An tsara wasu takalma don takamaiman dalilai, kamar takalma da aka tsara musamman don hawan dutse ko tseren kankara, yayin da wasu ke da amfani da yawa kamar sneakers waɗanda suka canza daga takalmin wasanni na musamman zuwa takalmin amfani na gaba ɗaya.

A al'ada, an yi takalma daga fata, [[Katako|itace]] ko zane, amma ana ƙara yin su daga roba, filastik, da sauran kayan da aka samo daga man fetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoskins |first=Tansy E. |date=2020-03-21 |title='Some soles last 1,000 years in landfill': the truth about the sneaker mountain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/21/some-soles-last-1000-years-in-landfill-the-truth-about-the-sneaker-mountain |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duniya, masana'antar takalma masana'antar dala biliyan 200 ce a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 90% na takalma sun ƙare a cikin shara, saboda kayan suna da wuyar rabawa, sake amfani ko sake amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon zamani ===
[[File:Chalcolithic_leather_shoe_from_Areni-1_cave.jpg|thumb|Tsohon takalmin fata da aka sani, kimanin shekaru 5500, wanda aka samo a [[Armeniya|Armenia]]]]

==== Asiya da Turai ====
Helenawa na dā sun fi kallon takalma a matsayin masu gamsarwa, marasa kyau da marasa amfani. Yawanci sun fi son tafiya tsirara, tare da takalma da aka sa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a matsayin hanyar kara girman kai. 'Yan wasa a Wasannin Olympics na Dā sun shiga tsirara da tsirara. Tsohon alloli da jarumai na Helenawa an nuna su da ƙafafu, da kuma mayaƙan Hoplite. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙafafu; Alexander the Great ya jagoranci sojojin da ba su da ƙafafu a cikin yakin basasa. An kuma yi imanin cewa masu gudu na tsohuwar Girka sun gudu tsirara.
[[File:6_Schoen_inheemse_soldaat_LegioIIAugusta_BlackBox_endeLimes_fotoAvdOord.jpg|thumb|Takalma na sojojin Romawa (sake ginawa) ]]

=== Wasanni ===
[[File:Puma_shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsere]]
An tsara Takalma na wasanni don ayyukan wasanni daban-daban, suna mai da hankali kan kara yawan rikici tsakanin ƙafa da ƙasa. Wadannan takalma galibi suna amfani da kayan kamar roba don cimma wannan manufar. Takalma na farko na 'yan wasa, wanda ya kasance a tsakiyar karni na 19, sune tsokoki na waƙa tare da takalma na ƙarfe don ƙara ƙarfin. A tsawon lokaci, ƙirar takalma ta motsa jiki ta samo asali, tare da kamfanoni kamar Reebok da [[Adidas]] suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban takalma na wasanni na zamani. Shahararrun sababbin abubuwa sun haɗa da takalma na roba da kuma gabatar da takalma masu mahimmanci don wasanni daban-daban, kamar [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da golf. Kwanan nan, takalma masu ƙanƙanta sun sami shahara yayin da gudu a ƙafa ya zama sananne a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, yana riƙe da mafi kyawun sassauci da tafiya ta halitta yayin da yake ba da wani mataki na kariya. Manufar su ita ce ba da damar ƙafafun mutum da kafafu su ji da hankali tasirin da karfi da ke cikin gudu, suna ba da damar gyare-gyare masu kyau a cikin salon gudu.
[[File:A_classic_Black_pair_of_Converse_All_Stars_resting_on_the_Black_&amp;_White_Ed._Shoebox_(1998-2002).JPG|left|thumb|Taurari biyu na Converse]]

=== Takalmin rufewa ===
[[File:S3_safety_footwear.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsaron ƙarfe]]
Takalma wani nau'i ne na takalma na musamman wanda ke rufe ƙafa kuma ya shimfiɗa zuwa kafa. Suna aiki da dalilai na aiki da na zamani, suna ba da kariya daga abubuwa kamar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, da laka yayin da suke kuma sanarwa ta zamani.

Kwando na Cowboy, alal misali, an san su da salon su na musamman kuma suna da mashahuri a tsakanin cowboys a yammacin Amurka. Takalman tafiya, a gefe guda, an tsara su ne don ta'aziyya da tallafi yayin tafiya mai tsawo a cikin wurare masu wahala. Takalmin dusar ƙanƙara suna da kyau ga rigar ko yanayin dusar ƙara, suna ba da dumi da kariya daga abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da takalma a cikin ayyukan musamman kamar tseren kankara, tseren kan kankara, da hawa saboda siffofin su na musamman da aka tsara don waɗannan ayyukan.

==== Mata ====
[[File:My_Shoes.jpg|thumb|Takalma masu tsayi]]
Takalman mata suna rufe nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da manyan takalma, alfadarai, slingbacks, ballet flats, da takalma na kotu, tare da takalma masu tsayi suna da mashahuriyar zaɓi don lokutan al'ada.</text>
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[[File:Skor_från_1700-_till_1960-talet_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056302.jpg|alt=Three blue shelves on a black background. The top shelf displays a pair of pink high heels, a wedge sandal and a dance heel shoe. The middle shelf displays a variety of low-heeled, slipper-type shoes. The bottom shelf displays two antique heeled shoes and a pair of kid's shoes.|thumb|275x275px|Takalma iri-iri da aka nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Nordic, gami da samfuran daga 1700 zuwa shekarun 1960.]]
Takalmin wani abu ne na '''takawa''' wanda ake samu a nau'i-nau'i don kariya ga ƙafar mutum, yawanci ana yin sa ta hanyar da aka tsara don ya dace da ƙafar hagu ɗayan kuma ƙafar dama.

An yi amfani da takalma don samar da ƙarin kariya ga ƙafar ɗan adam mai rauni, kodayake ƙafar tana da sauƙin daidaitawa ga wurare daban-daban. An ɗaure tsari da farko don aiki, amma a tsawon lokaci, takalma sun zama kayan ado. Ana sa wasu takalma a matsayin kayan tsaro, kamar takalma na ƙarfe, waɗanda ake buƙata takalma a wuraren aiki na masana'antu.

Bugu da ƙari, takalma sau da yawa sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙirar daban-daban; takalma masu tsawo, alal misali, mata galibi suna sawa a lokacin lokutan da suka dace. Takalma na zamani sun bambanta sosai a cikin salon, rikitarwa da tsada. takalma na asali na iya kunshe da ƙananan takalma da madauri mai sauƙi kuma ana sayar da su a farashi mai arha. Ana iya yin takalma masu tsada da sanannun masu zanen kaya suka yi da kayan tsada, amfani da gine-gine masu rikitarwa kuma sayar da su don kuɗi mai yawa. An tsara wasu takalma don takamaiman dalilai, kamar takalma da aka tsara musamman don hawan dutse ko tseren kankara, yayin da wasu ke da amfani da yawa kamar sneakers waɗanda suka canza daga takalmin wasanni na musamman zuwa takalmin amfani na gaba ɗaya.

A al'ada, an yi takalma daga fata, [[Katako|itace]] ko zane, amma ana ƙara yin su daga roba, filastik, da sauran kayan da aka samo daga man fetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoskins |first=Tansy E. |date=2020-03-21 |title='Some soles last 1,000 years in landfill': the truth about the sneaker mountain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/21/some-soles-last-1000-years-in-landfill-the-truth-about-the-sneaker-mountain |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duniya, masana'antar takalma masana'antar dala biliyan 200 ce a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 90% na takalma sun ƙare a cikin shara, saboda kayan suna da wuyar rabawa, sake amfani ko sake amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon zamani ===
[[File:Chalcolithic_leather_shoe_from_Areni-1_cave.jpg|thumb|Tsohon takalmin fata da aka sani, kimanin shekaru 5500, wanda aka samo a [[Armeniya|Armenia]]]]

==== Asiya da Turai ====
Helenawa na dā sun fi kallon takalma a matsayin masu gamsarwa, marasa kyau da marasa amfani. Yawanci sun fi son tafiya tsirara, tare da takalma da aka sa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a matsayin hanyar kara girman kai. 'Yan wasa a Wasannin Olympics na Dā sun shiga tsirara da tsirara. Tsohon alloli da jarumai na Helenawa an nuna su da ƙafafu, da kuma mayaƙan Hoplite. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙafafu; Alexander the Great ya jagoranci sojojin da ba su da ƙafafu a cikin yakin basasa. An kuma yi imanin cewa masu gudu na tsohuwar Girka sun gudu tsirara.
[[File:6_Schoen_inheemse_soldaat_LegioIIAugusta_BlackBox_endeLimes_fotoAvdOord.jpg|thumb|Takalma na sojojin Romawa (sake ginawa) ]]

=== Wasanni ===
[[File:Puma_shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsere]]
An tsara Takalma na wasanni don ayyukan wasanni daban-daban, suna mai da hankali kan kara yawan rikici tsakanin ƙafa da ƙasa. Wadannan takalma galibi suna amfani da kayan kamar roba don cimma wannan manufar. Takalma na farko na 'yan wasa, wanda ya kasance a tsakiyar karni na 19, sune tsokoki na waƙa tare da takalma na ƙarfe don ƙara ƙarfin. A tsawon lokaci, ƙirar takalma ta motsa jiki ta samo asali, tare da kamfanoni kamar Reebok da [[Adidas]] suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban takalma na wasanni na zamani. Shahararrun sababbin abubuwa sun haɗa da takalma na roba da kuma gabatar da takalma masu mahimmanci don wasanni daban-daban, kamar [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da golf. Kwanan nan, takalma masu ƙanƙanta sun sami shahara yayin da gudu a ƙafa ya zama sananne a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, yana riƙe da mafi kyawun sassauci da tafiya ta halitta yayin da yake ba da wani mataki na kariya. Manufar su ita ce ba da damar ƙafafun mutum da kafafu su ji da hankali tasirin da karfi da ke cikin gudu, suna ba da damar gyare-gyare masu kyau a cikin salon gudu.
[[File:A_classic_Black_pair_of_Converse_All_Stars_resting_on_the_Black_&amp;_White_Ed._Shoebox_(1998-2002).JPG|left|thumb|Taurari biyu na Converse]]

=== Takalmin rufewa ===
[[File:S3_safety_footwear.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsaron ƙarfe]]
Takalma wani nau'i ne na takalma na musamman wanda ke rufe ƙafa kuma ya shimfiɗa zuwa kafa. Suna aiki da dalilai na aiki da na zamani, suna ba da kariya daga abubuwa kamar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, da laka yayin da suke kuma sanarwa ta zamani.

Kwando na Cowboy, alal misali, an san su da salon su na musamman kuma suna da mashahuri a tsakanin cowboys a yammacin Amurka. Takalman tafiya, a gefe guda, an tsara su ne don ta'aziyya da tallafi yayin tafiya mai tsawo a cikin wurare masu wahala. Takalmin dusar ƙanƙara suna da kyau ga rigar ko yanayin dusar ƙara, suna ba da dumi da kariya daga abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da takalma a cikin ayyukan musamman kamar tseren kankara, tseren kan kankara, da hawa saboda siffofin su na musamman da aka tsara don waɗannan ayyukan.

==== Mata ====
[[File:My_Shoes.jpg|thumb|Takalma masu tsayi]]
Takalman mata suna rufe nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da manyan takalma, alfadarai, slingbacks, ballet flats, da takalma na kotu, tare da takalma masu tsayi suna da mashahuriyar zaɓi don lokutan al'ada.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5904" sha1="f0jwstksiyl5diujgw1y45v5xerylq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Skor_från_1700-_till_1960-talet_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056302.jpg|alt=Three blue shelves on a black background. The top shelf displays a pair of pink high heels, a wedge sandal and a dance heel shoe. The middle shelf displays a variety of low-heeled, slipper-type shoes. The bottom shelf displays two antique heeled shoes and a pair of kid's shoes.|thumb|275x275px|Takalma iri-iri da aka nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Nordic, gami da samfuran daga 1700 zuwa shekarun 1960.]]
Takalmin wani abu ne na '''takawa''' wanda ake samu a nau'i-nau'i don kariya ga ƙafar mutum, yawanci ana yin sa ta hanyar da aka tsara don ya dace da ƙafar hagu ɗayan kuma ƙafar dama.

An yi amfani da takalma don samar da ƙarin kariya ga ƙafar ɗan adam mai rauni, kodayake ƙafar tana da sauƙin daidaitawa ga wurare daban-daban. An ɗaure tsari da farko don aiki, amma a tsawon lokaci, takalma sun zama kayan ado. Ana sa wasu takalma a matsayin kayan tsaro, kamar takalma na ƙarfe, waɗanda ake buƙata takalma a wuraren aiki na masana'antu.

Bugu da ƙari, takalma sau da yawa sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙirar daban-daban; takalma masu tsawo, alal misali, mata galibi suna sawa a lokacin lokutan da suka dace. Takalma na zamani sun bambanta sosai a cikin salon, rikitarwa da tsada. takalma na asali na iya kunshe da ƙananan takalma da madauri mai sauƙi kuma ana sayar da su a farashi mai arha. Ana iya yin takalma masu tsada da sanannun masu zanen kaya suka yi da kayan tsada, amfani da gine-gine masu rikitarwa kuma sayar da su don kuɗi mai yawa. An tsara wasu takalma don takamaiman dalilai, kamar takalma da aka tsara musamman don hawan dutse ko tseren kankara, yayin da wasu ke da amfani da yawa kamar sneakers waɗanda suka canza daga takalmin wasanni na musamman zuwa takalmin amfani na gaba ɗaya.

A al'ada, an yi takalma daga fata, [[Katako|itace]] ko zane, amma ana ƙara yin su daga roba, filastik, da sauran kayan da aka samo daga man fetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoskins |first=Tansy E. |date=2020-03-21 |title='Some soles last 1,000 years in landfill': the truth about the sneaker mountain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/mar/21/some-soles-last-1000-years-in-landfill-the-truth-about-the-sneaker-mountain |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duniya, masana'antar takalma masana'antar dala biliyan 200 ce a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 90% na takalma sun ƙare a cikin shara, saboda kayan suna da wuyar rabawa, sake amfani ko sake amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon zamani ===
[[File:Chalcolithic_leather_shoe_from_Areni-1_cave.jpg|thumb|Tsohon takalmin fata da aka sani, kimanin shekaru 5500, wanda aka samo a [[Armeniya|Armenia]]]]

==== Asiya da Turai ====
Helenawa na dā sun fi kallon takalma a matsayin masu gamsarwa, marasa kyau da marasa amfani. Yawanci sun fi son tafiya tsirara, tare da takalma da aka sa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a matsayin hanyar kara girman kai. 'Yan wasa a Wasannin Olympics na Dā sun shiga tsirara da tsirara. Tsohon alloli da jarumai na Helenawa an nuna su da ƙafafu, da kuma mayaƙan Hoplite. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙafafu; Alexander the Great ya jagoranci sojojin da ba su da ƙafafu a cikin yakin basasa. An kuma yi imanin cewa masu gudu na tsohuwar Girka sun gudu tsirara.
[[File:6_Schoen_inheemse_soldaat_LegioIIAugusta_BlackBox_endeLimes_fotoAvdOord.jpg|thumb|Takalma na sojojin Romawa (sake ginawa) ]]

=== Wasanni ===
[[File:Puma_shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsere]]
An tsara Takalma na wasanni don ayyukan wasanni daban-daban, suna mai da hankali kan kara yawan rikici tsakanin ƙafa da ƙasa. Wadannan takalma galibi suna amfani da kayan kamar roba don cimma wannan manufar. Takalma na farko na 'yan wasa, wanda ya kasance a tsakiyar karni na 19, sune tsokoki na waƙa tare da takalma na ƙarfe don ƙara ƙarfin. A tsawon lokaci, ƙirar takalma ta motsa jiki ta samo asali, tare da kamfanoni kamar Reebok da [[Adidas]] suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban takalma na wasanni na zamani. Shahararrun sababbin abubuwa sun haɗa da takalma na roba da kuma gabatar da takalma masu mahimmanci don wasanni daban-daban, kamar [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da golf. Kwanan nan, takalma masu ƙanƙanta sun sami shahara yayin da gudu a ƙafa ya zama sananne a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, yana riƙe da mafi kyawun sassauci da tafiya ta halitta yayin da yake ba da wani mataki na kariya. Manufar su ita ce ba da damar ƙafafun mutum da kafafu su ji da hankali tasirin da karfi da ke cikin gudu, suna ba da damar gyare-gyare masu kyau a cikin salon gudu.
[[File:A_classic_Black_pair_of_Converse_All_Stars_resting_on_the_Black_&amp;_White_Ed._Shoebox_(1998-2002).JPG|left|thumb|Taurari biyu na Converse]]

=== Takalmin rufewa ===
[[File:S3_safety_footwear.jpg|right|thumb|Takalma masu tsaron ƙarfe]]
Takalma wani nau'i ne na takalma na musamman wanda ke rufe ƙafa kuma ya shimfiɗa zuwa kafa. Suna aiki da dalilai na aiki da na zamani, suna ba da kariya daga abubuwa kamar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, da laka yayin da suke kuma sanarwa ta zamani.

Kwando na Cowboy, alal misali, an san su da salon su na musamman kuma suna da mashahuri a tsakanin cowboys a yammacin Amurka. Takalman tafiya, a gefe guda, an tsara su ne don ta'aziyya da tallafi yayin tafiya mai tsawo a cikin wurare masu wahala. Takalmin dusar ƙanƙara suna da kyau ga rigar ko yanayin dusar ƙara, suna ba da dumi da kariya daga abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da takalma a cikin ayyukan musamman kamar tseren kankara, tseren kan kankara, da hawa saboda siffofin su na musamman da aka tsara don waɗannan ayyukan.

==== Mata ====
[[File:My_Shoes.jpg|thumb|Takalma masu tsayi]]
Takalman mata suna rufe nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da manyan takalma, alfadarai, slingbacks, ballet flats, da takalma na kotu, tare da takalma masu tsayi suna da mashahuriyar zaɓi don lokutan al'ada.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="15638" sha1="of7krozw0o3dpn9u0q2m4oyohpvei7y" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Flag of Morocco (construction sheet).svg|thumb|tsarin tutar su shima akwai ilimin lissafi aciki]]
'''Ilimi a Moroko''' Tsarin ba da gudummawa a [[Moroko|Maroko]] galibi ma'auni ne mai maki 20, ana amfani dashi a makarantun sakandare da jami'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Nick |date=April 2006 |title=Education in Maghreb: Morocco |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-morocco#:~:text=All%20Moroccan%20universities%20use%20a,the%20next%20year%20of%20studies. |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=wenr.wes.org |publisher=World Education News + Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210043657/https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-morocco#:~:text=All%20Moroccan%20universities%20use%20a,the%20next%20year%20of%20studies. |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin lokaci, ba a la'akari da maki na al'ada da aka yi amfani da su a Maroko a cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na karɓa ba saboda wasu dalilai marasa fahimta: alal misali, maki na 12 (wanda a zahiri maki ne mai wucewa a Maroko amma daidai da 60% a [[Amurka]] inda ake la'akari dashi a ƙasa da matsakaici) gabaɗaya maki ne mai kyau don neman karatun digiri da taimakon kuɗi ko tallafin karatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entry requirements for students from Morocco |url=https://www.port.ac.uk/study/international-students/your-country/morocco |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=port.ac.uk |publisher=University of Portsmouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tsarin Maroko: matsakaicin matsakaicin 12 daga 20, Assez Bien, Good. Ko daidai a cikin tsarin Amurka: matsakaicin 'B' ko matsakaicin maki 3.00 (GPA) a kan sikelin GPA 4.00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entry requirements for students from Morocco |url=https://www.jmu.edu/admissions/apply/country-reqs/africa-and-middle-east/morocco.shtml |access-date=1 June 2023 |publisher=university james madison}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amma wasu jami'o'in Turai suna amfani da buƙatun shigarwa daban ga ɗaliban Maroko. Kasashen makwabta na Maroko, [[Aljeriya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Admission Requirements: Algeria |url=https://www.jmu.edu/admissions/apply/country-reqs/africa-and-middle-east/algeria.shtml |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=jmu.edu |publisher=James Madison University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Tunisiya]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Education in the Maghreb: Tunisia |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-tunisia |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=wenr.wes.org |publisher=World Education News + Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917213402/https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-tunisia |archive-date=17 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna da irin wannan tsarin kimantawa.

== Tsarin darajar ==
Tsarin ƙididdigar Maroko ya kasance daga 0 zuwa 20. Zai zama ba daidai ba don kawai ninka darajar Maroko ta hanyar 5 don samun kwatankwacin Kanada ko Amurka. Sakamakon 20 yana nuna kammalawa kuma kusan ba a taɓa ba da shi ba. Sakamakon 19 da 18 ba a ba su da yawa. Dangane da batun da matakin, 16 kyakkyawan matsayi ne. A wasu yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar 12 a matsayin kyakkyawan matsayi, wannan musamman idan ya zo ga Kimiyya ta Jama'a ko bil'adama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of the French system |url=http://www.claudel.org/admin/orientation/pages/overview.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906082452/http://www.claudel.org/admin/orientation/pages/overview.htm |archive-date=2009-09-06 |access-date=2009-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ka'ida, an kiyasta matsakaicin ɗalibi 11/20; ɗalibi mai basira ya ci - 15/20. Yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi suna da matsakaicin matsayi a ƙasa da 10; maki sama da 12/20 sun kiyasta mafi kyawun 10% zuwa 15% na aji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CampusFrance- Academic calendar, courses types and grading system |url=http://philippines.campusfrance.org/enseignement03.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164212/http://philippines.campusfrance.org/enseignement03.asp |archive-date=2009-10-10 |access-date=2009-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Scale da aka ba da shawarar don Morocco &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Education in Maghreb: Morocco |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-morocco#:~:text=All%20Moroccan%20universities%20use%20a,the%20next%20year%20of%20studies. |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=wenr.wes.org |publisher=World Education News + Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210043657/https://wenr.wes.org/2006/04/wenr-apr-2006-education-in-morocco#:~:text=All%20Moroccan%20universities%20use%20a,the%20next%20year%20of%20studies. |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Matsayi
!An ambaci shi
!Daidaitaccen Turanci
!Matsayi na Amurka
|-
|16 - 20
|Daɗi sosai
| (Yana da kyau sosai) 
|A+
|-
|13 - 15.9
|Daɗi
| (Kyakkyawan) 
|A
|-
|12-12.9
|Daɗi ne
| (Ya isa ya yi kyau) 
|B+
|-
|11-11.9
|Mai wucewa
| (Mai gamsarwa) 
|B
|-
|10-10.9
|Matsakaicin
| (Ya isa) 
|C
|-
|0.0-9.9
|Rashin daidaituwa
| (Matsayi mara kyau) 
|*
|}
A cikin tsarin da yawa, an raba cikakken sikelin maki ba kawai tsakanin wucewa da kasawa ba, amma a cikin &quot;aji&quot; daban-daban ko &quot;ƙungiyoyi&quot; daidai da manyan &quot;lambar inganci&quot; da aka sanya wa wani rukuni na maki na lambobi. Don haka, a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=The UK Honours degree system for undergraduates |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/students/exams-and-assessments/certificates-results/uk-honours-degree-system-undergraduates |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=ucl.ac.uk |publisher=London's Global University |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909142033/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/students/exams-and-assessments/certificates-results/uk-honours-degree-system-undergraduates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; akwai &quot;Kilasi na Farko, &quot;Kila na Biyu&quot; (wanda aka raba tsakanin manyan da ƙananan ɗalibai) da &quot;Kilasin na Uku&quot;, yayin da Faransanci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Description of the Grading System |url=https://ices.fr/media/ices_grading_system__099258700_1717_09092015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606225542/https://ices.fr/media/ices_grading_system__099258700_1717_09092015.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=ices.fr |publisher=Institut Catholique d'Etudes Supérieures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jamusanci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 January 2013 |title=German Grading System |url=https://www.studying-in-germany.org/german-grading-system/ |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=studying-in-germany.org |publisher=Studying in Germany}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko Mutanen Espanya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Spanish grading system |url=https://www.eii.ulpgc.es/tb_university_ex/sites/default/files/files/Mobility/Incoming/The%20Official%20Spanish%20grading%20system.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917204824/https://www.eii.ulpgc.es/tb_university_ex/sites/default/files/files/Mobility/Incoming/The%20Official%20Spanish%20grading%20system.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=eii.ulpgc.es |publisher=Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana iya lakafta su a irin wannan hanyar kamar, misali, Passable (Average), Gut (Good) ko Sobresaliente (Outstanding).Ma'anar waɗannan alamomi a cikin mahallin su yana da lahani ta al'ada da al'ada. Don haka, &quot;Kilasi na Uku&quot; na Burtaniya (alama ce ta wucewa, amma yawanci ana ba da ita ne kawai ga ƙananan ɗalibai masu iyaka) ya bambanta da Passable na Maroko (lambar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai wanda ya saba amfani da ita ga yawancin maki na wucewa). Koyaya mai jaraba yana iya zama, daidaita &quot;mai wucewa&quot; tare da &quot;Kilasi na Uku&quot; saboda dukansu sun dace da mafi ƙasƙanci na lakabin &quot;ma'auni na wucewa&quot; ba zai iya la'akari da ainihin ma'anar su ba.

A sakamakon haka, ma'auni na juyawa ya kamata ya mai da hankali sosai ga rukunoni / aji na maki. Ya kamata a sami fifiko na farko don tabbatar da cewa an fassara wannan mahimmin bayanai daidai lokacin da ake canza maki na kasashen waje; daidaitawa mai kyau a cikin kowane aji ko rukuni shine kawai motsa jiki mai ƙasƙanci: abin da ke da mahimmanci a Burtaniya shine ko maki ne &quot;Na farko&quot; ko a'a, ba ko 71 ko 72 ba. Wannan lura yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da ake canza maki daga tsarin ta amfani da sikelin lambobi mai yawa zuwa, alal misali, tsarin Amurka wanda yawanci yana da maki uku kawai (ko rukunoni) daidai da haruffa A, B, da C. A Amurka, ana iya ɗaukar &quot;D&quot; a matsayin maki mai wucewa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APUS Grading System (Chart) |url=https://www.apus.edu/student-handbook/your-academic-success/your-course-grades-and-apus-transcripts/apus-grading-system-chart.html |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=apus.edu |publisher=American Public University System}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba don dalilai na canja wuri ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Matt |title=What Do D's Mean? |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/confessions-community-college-dean/what-do-d%E2%80%99s-mean#:~:text=My%20cc%2C%20like%20most%20colleges,or%20perhaps%20a%20mercy%20pass. |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=insidehighered.com |publisher=Inside Higher Ed}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bukatar mai da hankali ga aji na aji yana ƙarfafa ƙaddamar da cewa hanyoyin layi, waɗanda ke watsi da iyakokin aji, ba komai bane face kuskuren da haɗari. Suna karkatar da saƙon asali kamar yadda ake bincika kalma-kalma a cikin ƙamus na harsuna biyu: ga kowane kalma akwai kalma mai dacewa a cikin ɗayan harshe, amma jerin kalmomin da aka samu kusan tabbas yana nufin wani abu daban (ko babu komai) a cikin harshen da aka yi niyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;wes.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article: Capturing the Message Conveyed by Grades |url=http://www.wes.org/gradeconversionguide/articlewindow.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127162240/http://www.wes.org/gradeconversionguide/articlewindow.htm |archive-date=2009-11-27 |access-date=2009-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin lissafi ya kasa kama saƙon Dukansu a Turai da Amurka, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa na baya-bayan nan don haɗa tsarin lissafi na atomatik, wanda ke &quot;ƙididdige&quot; maki na ƙasashen waje a cikin tsarin ƙididdigar ƙasa na mai amfani. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙididdigar ba sa samar da adadi waɗanda suke da abin dogaro da adalci game da saƙon da aka isar da shi ta hanyar asali. Babban rashi shine cewa ba za su iya magance wasu mahimman halaye na tsarin grading ba: • Tsarin grading ba layi ba ne kuma galibi ana nuna su ta hanyar rarraba maki da aka ba ɗalibai. Duk da yake malamai na Amurka ko Italiyanci za su yi amfani da bangare na sama na ma'aunin su (ko da yake a hanyoyi daban-daban), wasu (misali, Faransanci da Burtaniya) a aikace ba za su taɓa amfani da saman 20% na sikelin su ba. Saboda wannan dalili, shawarwari da suka danganci tsarin layi na iya haifar da sakamako mai banƙyama: Kwanan nan na ga batun dalibi na Jamus a Faransa wanda ya sami 15 (mai kyau) wanda aka canza shi zuwa Jamusanci 2.5 (wani matsakaici); akasin haka, dalibi na Burtaniya wanda ya sami 27/30 a Italiya zai sami kowane dalili don jin daɗi idan an lissafa wannan digiri don ya dace da Birtaniya 90/100!• Yawancin tsarin grading ba su ci gaba ba amma an raba su zuwa &quot;aji&quot; ko &quot;ƙungiyoyi&quot; da yawa waɗanda suka dace da matakan aiki masu yawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa karamin bambanci a cikin lambobi na iya ɓoye bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ma'ana lokacin da aka ƙetare iyakar &quot;aji&quot;: a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, digiri na 70 da aka rarraba a matsayin &quot;Klasi na Farko&quot; ya bambanta da 69 (&quot;Klasi na Biyu&quot;), yayin da wannan ƙaramin bambancin 1 ba shi da mahimmanci tsakanin maki na 54 da 55 (duka &quot;Klasi ta Biyu&quot;).

• Grading ya bambanta ba kawai tsakanin ƙasashe ba, amma akwai, har ma, bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin al'adun grading da manufofi dangane da nau'in da matakin ma'aikatar grading, filin karatu, ko ma nau'in digiri (jarabawar ƙarshe, tsakiyar lokaci, takarda, ko matsakaicin lissafi daga abubuwa daban-daban).

Da yake ɗaukar Faransa a matsayin misali, an san shi sosai cewa maki a &quot;classes préparatoires,&quot; wanda ke ɗaukar ɗalibai mafi kyau a kan hanyarsu zuwa &quot;Grandes Ecoles,&quot; suna da ƙarancin gaske, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonnaud |first=Marie |last2=Mandry |first2=Philippe |title=En prépa, dois-je m'attendre obligatoirement à une chute des notes ? |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/etudes/classes-prepa/reussir-sa-prepa-les-reponses-a-vos-questions/en-prepa-dois-je-m-attendre-obligatoirement-a-une-chute-des-notes.html |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=letudiant.fr |publisher=l'Etudiant}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da, alal misali, 11/20 da aka gani a matsayin ƙwarewa mai ƙarfi, yayin da alamar wucewa a Faransa yawanci matsakaicin 10/20 ne da aka lissafa akan duk batutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Grading System in France |url=http://www.cnsmd-lyon.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Academic-grading-system-in-France.pdf |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=cnsmd-lyon.fr |publisher=Conservatoire National Supérieur Musique et Danse de Lyon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan akwai yiwuwar mafi ƙarancin maki na wucewa a kowane batun da aka saita a matakin ƙasa, misali, 8/20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonnaud |first=Marie |last2=Mandry |first2=Philippe |title=En prépa, dois-je m'attendre obligatoirement à une chute des notes ? |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/etudes/classes-prepa/reussir-sa-prepa-les-reponses-a-vos-questions/en-prepa-dois-je-m-attendre-obligatoirement-a-une-chute-des-notes.html |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=letudiant.fr |publisher=l'Etudiant}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rarraba maki yana da bambanci tsakanin wasu filayen ƙididdiga (tare da maki da aka rarraba a duk kewayon) da filayen da ba su da yawa (inda maki suka fi mayar da hankali a tsakiya, kuma ba a amfani da ɓangaren sama na sikelin ba). Don haka, ko da a cikin wata ƙasa, darajar na iya samun &quot;al'ada,&quot; fahimta, ma'anar ma'ana wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa (sama ko ƙasa) dangane da jerin abubuwan da suka shafi wanda ya ba shi da wanda ya fassara shi.Daga abubuwan da aka lura a sama, babban ƙarshe na shi ne cewa maki na kasashen waje ba kawai lambobi ne da za a iya lissafawa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin lissafi ba, amma saƙon da ke buƙatar fahimta da farko a cikin tsarin asali kuma a mataki na biyu wanda masu amfani suka fassara a cikin nasu tsarin.

Tsarin lissafi mai sauƙi tare da da'awar su ga duniya ba komai bane face sauƙaƙe gaskiyar da suka kasa kamawa Wannan, duk da haka, ba yana nufin cewa ba za a iya tsara tsarin fassarar ƙididdigar ƙasashen waje a hanyar da ta dace ba, ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa bisa ga cikakken ƙoƙari don fahimtar saƙon da [ƙididdigar baƙi] ke ɗauka. Yana yiwuwa a zana tebur (&quot;gidan daidaitawa na digiri,&quot; &quot;ma'auni na daidaitawa&quot;) wanda ke ba da &quot;al'ada&quot; ko &quot;ma'ana&quot; ma'ana a cikin wani tsarin grading, da farko a kan tushen biyu sannan kuma a cikin wani mahallin da yawa. Amma wannan motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na harshen ɗan adam fiye da lissafi. Yana buƙatar ƙarin sauraro, tawali'u da sassauci maimakon halin koyarwa da imani a cikin tsarin / amsoshi na duniya. Fiye da haka, zane-zanen teburin da za su iya zama tushen fassarar maki na kasashen waje zai yiwu ne kawai idan an lura da wasu mahimman la'akari. Sauran labarin ya gabatar da ka'idoji shida waɗanda zasu iya jagorantar ci gaba na gaba a fannin kula da ƙwarewar ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;wes.org&quot;/&gt;

== Bayani ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

* https://books.google.com/books?id=DXsF7fT318QC&amp;
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120451/http://www.experienceittours.com/moroccoeducation.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090103161709/http://www.britishcouncil.org/eumd-information-background-morocco.htm
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yancin yara</title>
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[[Fayil:Helene Thiesen with other children in Greenland.jpg|thumb|hoton yara manyan gobe]]
[[Fayil:Khost children in 2009.jpg|thumb]]
'''Yancin yara.''' Yancin yara na daya daga cikin hakkokin al'umma da kuma samun kyakkyawar kulawa game da Kare hakkin yaran&lt;ref&gt;Children's Rights&quot; Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International. Retrieved 2/23/08&lt;/ref&gt;. A shekarar 1989, wata ma'aikata ta fassara ma'anar yara a matsayin mutum Wanda yake kasa da shekarar 18,&lt;ref&gt;Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2&lt;/ref&gt;yancin yara ya hada da basu damar yin tarraya d iyayensu,abasu damar walwala da kuma neman lafiya gami da yancin Neman lafiya da dai dukkanin wani yanci na walwala domin samun sukuni 
Akan iya fassara yancin yara a matsayin yancin da ke bawa yara damar walwala da kuma yancin da zai basu damar samun tsari daga tsana ,ko kyara daga sauran mutane,haka zalika akan iya kiran yara da suna kamar matasa dadai sauransu. Haƙƙin yara yana da matukar muhimmanci domin yakan Basu kariya aduk inda suka samu kansu.
==Adalci==
''Akwai tarin tsari da kuma dokokin ga dukkanin hakkokin yara Wanda suka haɗa da kuma basu tsauri da kuma masu sauki Wanda wannan yana daya daga cikin abun da ke nuni da muhimmancin yara ta fuskar kallonsu a matsayin yara manyan gobe ,Wanda kuma hakan yasa dole ne a tashi tsaye Dan basu kariya irin wacce ta dace.''
       Jeny kufar
Amman kuma kamar yanda yazo a cikin wasu kalilan na dokoki, yara basu da yancin yanke hukunci akan karan kansu, sai dai alhakin hakan ya rataya ne ga masu kula dasu, iyaye, ko malaman su da dai wasu jigon su&lt;ref&gt;Lansdown, G. &quot;Children's welfare and children's rights,&quot; in Hendrick, H. (2005) Child Welfare And Social Policy: An Essential Reader. The Policy Press. p. 117&lt;/ref&gt;sai dai da yawa suna kalon hakan yakan tirza wasu yaran Jin cewar an hana su samun damar bayyanar da ra'ayinsu tare da nuna kin amincewa da wasu abubuwan,
An fitar da tsaruka daban daban Wanda kuma suna hani daga saka yara aikata irin ayyukan da basu dace ba,da kuma tsana wanda kuma ta na kawo masu rashin samun isasshen ilimi da dai sauransu
Sai dai wasu bincike sun bayana yara a matsayin Wanda ya kamata a kula da rayinsu a cikin alumma,da kuma nuna an damu dasu da basu yancinsu ba tare da la'akari da irin nau'in shekarun su ba.&lt;ref&gt;Lansdown, G. (1994). &quot;Children's rights,&quot; in B. Mayall (ed.) Children's childhood: Observed and experienced. London: The Falmer Press&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tarihinsa==
Mai girma Williams ya bayyana Hakkin iyaye akan ya'yansu kamar haka: basu kariya, kula dasu da kuma basu kyakkyawan ilimi,&lt;ref&gt;Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book One, Chapter Sixteen. (1765-1769).&lt;/ref&gt; a tsarin wayewa, kowane yaro yanada hakkin samun wannan daga iyayensa
A wata mahanga ta league of nation sun bayana cewa Hakkin yara ya hada da yaro mai jin yunwa abashi abinci, yaro mara lafiya yasamu kyakkyawar kulawa,sanan lokacin da yaro ya Shiga mawuyacin hali, ayi kokarin rarrashinsa&lt;ref&gt; Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book One, Chapter Sixteen. (1765-1769).
 Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924, adopted Sept. 26, 1924, League of Nations O.J. Spec. Supp. 21, at 43 (1924).&lt;/ref&gt; 
An damu kungiyoyi da dama dasu bayyana irin kulawar da ta dace yara su samu daga wajen iyayensu musamman iyaye mata
Sannan an kara da cewa Hakkin kowane yaro ne samun kyakkyawar kulawa ta hanyar kareshi daga tsana ko kyara a kowane lokaci&lt;ref&gt; 2015.
 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959)&lt;/ref&gt;
Hakkin da yake magana akan yancin yara ya rattabo hannu sosai akan mahanga ta doka, Inda ya buƙaci yara su samu kulawa ta ko ina, batare da nuna banbancin addini ba ko al'ada ko kuma wata nakasa da suke da ita ba&lt;ref&gt;
 Ahearn, D., Holzer, B. with Andrews, L. (2000, 2007) Children's Rights Law: A Career Guide. Harvard Law School. Retrieved 18 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rabe-Rabensa==
Yara su na da ire-iren yanci guda biyu a karkashin kungiyar kula da hakkin dan Adam ta duniya, suna da hakki kamar yanda kowa yake da shi ,sai dai kuma wasu hakkokin akan jinkirta masu su kamar hakkin yin aure, akan jinkirta har sai lokaci yayi, sannan kuma suna da hakki na kula dasu daga dukkanin wata cutarwa,&lt;ref&gt; UNICEF, Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 2019-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, 29 November 2005&lt;/ref&gt; sauran hakkokin sun hada da basu dama da iko a wajen yin magana, da ta shafi yara da kuma yancin samarwa kansu lafiya da kare kansu daga keta hadi, da kuma hakkin samun ilimi,&lt;ref&gt;Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
Wasu kuma sun kayyade hakkin izuwa gida uku,
Wanda suka hada da samarwa, lafiya, da kuma bada gudunmawa.
===Samarwa===
An nuna cewa yara Nada hakin samun kyakyawar rayuwa,samun ingantaciyar lafiya da kuma hakkin ilimi, wanda ya hada da samun makwanci mai kyau da sauransu.
===Kariya===
Yara su na da hakkin da za abasu kariya daga munanan al'amura kamar kariya daga cin zarafi da kuma cin mutunci
===Fafatawa===
Akan so a bawa yara yancin sa hannu a al'amuran da suka shafi rayuwar al'umma da kuma cigabansu bakidaya.
=== Banbancin yancin babba da na Yaro===
wannan doka bata bawa yara 'yancin yin aure ba, 'yancin sayen giya da kuma 'yancin yin saduwa ba, da kuma 'yancin yin zabe ko kuma 'yancin zaman kansu,
An samu daidaito akan banbancin 'yancin yara da na manya Inda 'yancin yara yafi mayar da hankali wurin ganin yara sun samu kariya ta ko ina, su kuma manya, yakan yi yaki akan bawa kowa 'yancin yayi abinda yakeso.&lt;ref&gt;Children's Rights&quot;, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2/23/08&lt;/ref&gt;
===karfin Ikon Iyaye===
An bawa iyaye ikko sosai akan yayansu ,Wanda ya hada da ikon tabbatar da karesu daga tsangwama da basu damar samun dukkan cikin iko da zai hana su sakewa, hakan yasa ake ganin dukkanin wani iko na iyaye yana nuna tabbacin yanda yara zasu samu kulawa ta musamman &lt;ref&gt;Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006) &quot;'Beyond Anti-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations,&quot; Childhood. 13(4) p 479-498&lt;/ref&gt; haka zalika yana cikin bawa yara iko wajen rarrabe goyon bayansu akan rabuwar iyayensu ko kuma akasin haka&lt;ref&gt;Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006) &quot;'Beyond Anti-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations,&quot; Childhood. 13(4) p 479-498&lt;/ref&gt;
===Iyakar adadin ikon iyaye===

Babu Inda aka bawa iyaye cikakkiyar iko akan 'yayansu, an nuna adadin laifin da iyaye zasu iyayi akan 'yayansu harma masu hannu da shuni akan hakkin yara sun kawo dokar cewa addinin iyaye bazai zamo dalili wajen cutar da yaran ba&lt;ref&gt; B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto. [1995] 1 S.C.R&lt;/ref&gt;
''Bayan dukanin wasu hakkokin da ake ganin kamar yara su na samun karancin iko da shi wanda ya hada da 'yanci wajen kare hakkin su, jama''
==Sadaukarwar iyaye==
A sna1 b9dahra'amas ya wallafa acikin rubutunsa ya nuna 'yancin yara yanada asali sosai wanda zuwa karni na 20 anta fafutuka wajen ganin cewa 'yancin yara yasamu karbuwa sosai da sasai, wanda mutane da dama sunyi gwagwarmaya sosai domin yara su samu farinciki kamar yanda wani ya sadaukar da makarantar sa domin samun yancin yara&lt;ref&gt; Newman, Michael (2015) Children's Rights in our Schools – the movement to liberate the child, an introduction to the New Ideals in Education Conferences 1914-1937&lt;/ref&gt;
===Kalubalanta===
An samu sabani ta hanyar caccakar wannan ra'ayi Inda masu sukar abun suke ganin cewa bai kamata abar dukkanin kowace ragama ta yara a hannun su ba , wannan ya samu rukuni a karni na 13, inda suka ce ikon yara ya zamo a hannun iyayen su, sun kuma kara da cewa ikon iyaye ne su kula da tattalin arzikinsu domin samun cikakken daidaito&lt;ref&gt;Mason, M.A. (2005) &quot;The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard?&quot; Journal of Social History&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dokar kasa==
Kawace kasa suna da tsarin da ke magana akan 'yancin yara, wanda anyi bincike akan korafe korafe na kowace kasa akan yara, daga baya kuma har aka kaddamar da tsarin basu damar aiki da wasu ma'aikatu.
===Dokar Amurika===
Kasar amurika ta bayyana dokar amma kuma dokar bata zama sahihiya ba a cikin kundin mulkin su, yara suna samun dukkanin wata kulawa da ta kamata, kamar yanda kundin tsarin kasar ya tanada.

== Duba kuma ==

* Child Poverty Action Group
* ''Children Youth and Environments Journal''
* Children's rights education
* Defence for Children International
* European Convention on Human Rights
* FGM, Forced circumcision, and Ethics of circumcision
* International Children's Peace Prize
* Inter-Agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children
* Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan
* National Action Plan for Children
* Parental rights movement
* Parents' rights movement
* Red Hand Day
* Save the Children
* Think of the children
* UNICEF
* Voting Rights of Children
* World's Children's Prize for the Rights of the Child

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Malagum</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376446443|Malagum]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Malagum&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;nickname ib-settlement-native&quot;&gt; Zali&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt; Ƙauye &lt;/div&gt;
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'''Malagum''' (kuma {{Lang|kcg|A̱zali, Uzali, Zali}} ) ƙauye ne a masarautar [[Kagoro|Agworok]], [[Kaura|ƙaramar hukumar Kaura]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaduna State Council of Chiefs |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=Kaduna State Ministry of Local Government Affairs, Kaduna State Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] na [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malagum, Malagum, Kaura, Kaduna State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2331119.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen yana amfani da ofishin gidan waya a garin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] da ke kusa da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2022-05-02 |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane da harshe ==

=== Mutane ===
Mutanen da ke kewayen Malagum su ne mutanen Asalin ''Atyap'' da Agworok.

=== Yare ===
Mutanen Malagum suna jin yaruka guda biyu na Tyap ( Asalin ''Tyap'' da Gworok).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyuka a jihar Kaduna]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
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{{databox}}
'''Malagum''' (kuma ana cewa {{Lang|kcg|A̱zali, Uzali, Zali}} ) ƙauye ne a masarautar [[Kagoro|Agworok]], [[Kaura|ƙaramar hukumar Kaura]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaduna State Council of Chiefs |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=Kaduna State Ministry of Local Government Affairs, Kaduna State Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] na [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malagum, Malagum, Kaura, Kaduna State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2331119.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen yana amfani da ofishin gidan waya a garin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] da ke kusa da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2022-05-02 |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane da harshe ==

=== Mutane ===
Mutanen da ke kewayen Malagum su ne mutanen Asalin ''Atyap'' da Agworok.

=== Yare ===
Mutanen Malagum suna jin yaruka guda biyu na Tyap ( Asalin ''Tyap'' da Gworok).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyuka a jihar Kaduna]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
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{{databox}}
'''Malagum''' (kuma ana cewa {{Lang|kcg|A̱zali, Uzali, Zali}} ) ƙauye ne a masarautar [[Kagoro|Agworok]], [[Kaura|ƙaramar hukumar Kaura]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaduna State Council of Chiefs |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=Kaduna State Ministry of Local Government Affairs, Kaduna State Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a Yankin Tsakiyar Najeriya [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|(Middle Belt)]] na [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malagum, Malagum, Kaura, Kaduna State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2331119.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen yana amfani da ofishin gidan waya a garin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] da ke kusa da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2022-05-02 |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane da harshe ==

=== Mutane ===
Mutanen da ke kewayen Malagum su ne mutanen Asalin ''Atyap'' da Agworok.

=== Yare ===
Mutanen Malagum suna jin yaruka guda biyu na Tyap ( Asalin ''Tyap'' da Gworok).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyuka a jihar Kaduna]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Oras (kamfani)</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Oras Oy''' ita ce masana'anta ta [[Bandaki|gidan wanka]] da bututun [[Kicin|Abincin]] a Finland.&lt;ref name=&quot;oras.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oras at a glance |url=http://www.oras.com/en/consumer/company/Pages/Oras.aspx |access-date=May 3, 2012 |publisher=Oras |archive-date=May 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519171026/http://www.oras.com/en/consumer/company/pages/oras.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin an kafa shi ne a Rauma a cikin shekara ta 1945 ta hanyar Erkki Paasikivi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vahe, Juha |date=September 5, 2008 |title=Vuorineuvos Pekka Paasikivi (1944–) |url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/talousvaikuttajat/?iid=2190 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |website=[[Kansallisbiografia]] |publisher=[[Finnish Literature Society]] |language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oras ita ce ta huɗu mafi girma a cikin masana'antun famfo a Turai, kuma tana da kashi 30-80 cikin dari na kasuwar kasuwa a Finland.&lt;ref name=&quot;talouselama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kullas, Emilia |date=October 12, 2007 |title=Paasikiven iloiset velikullat tarttuvat Kemiraan |url=http://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/paasikiven+iloiset+velikullat+tarttuvat+kemiraan/a2047527 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |website=Talouselämä |publisher=Talentum |language=Finnish }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[kamfani]] yana da masana'antu biyu, waɗanda ke cikin Olesno, Poland da Rauma. &lt;ref name=&quot;oras.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2010 |title=Oras keskittää tuotantoaan Raumalle ja Puolaan |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/oras_keskittaa_tuotantoaan_raumalle_ja_puolaan/2200413 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |publisher=[[Yle]] |language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Babban ofishin Oras yana cikin Rauma kuma wuraren samar da shi suna cikin Finland, Poland, Jamus da Jamhuriyar Czech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oras Group |url=https://www.orasgroup.com/fi/yritys/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031716/https://www.orasgroup.com/fi/yritys/ |archive-date=2018-12-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2012, ta dauki ma'aikata kusan 920 a Turai, daga cikinsu kimanin ma'aikata 600 da ma'aikatan farar fata a Finland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taloussanomat_Oras&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oras - Yrityshaku |url=http://yritys.taloussanomat.fi/y/oras-oy/rauma/1988049-0/ |access-date=April 28, 2011 |website=Taloussanomat |publisher=Sanoma News |archive-date=March 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321041639/http://yritys.taloussanomat.fi/y/oras-oy/rauma/1988049-0/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke cikin albarkatun kasa da kayan samarwa sun samo asali ne daga Turai. Oras tana da ƙungiyar tallace-tallace ta kanta a cikin ƙasashe 15 na Turai. Mafi mahimman alamun Oras sune Oras da Hansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;VM&quot;&gt;[http://www.vm.fi/vm/fi/03_tiedotteet_ja_puheet/01_tiedotteet/20110328Tuotta32803/name.jsp Valtiovarainministeriö: Tuottavuuden pyöreä pöytä jakoi vuoden 2011 tuottavuusyhteistyökunniamaininnat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407205655/http://www.vm.fi/vm/fi/03_tiedotteet_ja_puheet/01_tiedotteet/20110328Tuotta32803/name.jsp |date=2011-04-07 }}, 28.3.2011&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.oras.com/en Shafin yanar gizon Oras]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aguma Igochukwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Aguma Igochukwu''' ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne daga ƙaramar hukumar [[Port Harcourt (ƙaramar hukuma)|Fatakwal]] a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]] a [[Najeriya]]. Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa, mai wakiltar mazaɓar Fatakwal daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2011. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aguma, Installed by Court as APC Chairman in Rivers Suspended by Aggrieved Members |url=https://thesouthernexaminer.com/aguma-installed-by-court-as-apc-chairman-in-rivers-suspended-by-aggrieved-p2501-179.htm |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=thesouthernexaminer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/aguma-igochukwu |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]</text>
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    <title>Merilyn Tahi</title>
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'''Merilyn Tahi''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin 1950) mai fafutuka ce game da tashin hankali na cikin gida daga [[Vanuatu]], wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Mata ta Vanuatu kuma ita ce mace ta farko daga kasar da ta zama wakilin gari. An san ta a matsayin mai haske na Commonwealth na arba'in a cikin 2018.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Tahi a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1950 a kan Ambae . [1] Babbar 'yan uwa bakwai, iyayenta sun yi aiki ga Ofishin Jakadancin Anglican a tsibirin.[1] Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko da suka halarci Kwalejin Malapoa, inda ta yi karatu daga 1966-70, an tilasta ta barin makarantar da wuri don yin aure.[1] Ta yi aiki ga gwamnatin Vanuatu na tsawon shekaru ashirin, kafin da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai.[1] A shekara ta 2003 ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Revans tare da BA a cikin Gudanarwa . [1]

== 'Yancin mata ==
A shekara ta 1975 an zabe ta mace ta farko a Vanuatu ta zama wakilin gari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Australian High Commission recognises three outstanding women – Vila Times |url=https://www.vilatimes.com/2020/03/04/the-australian-high-commission-recognises-three-outstanding-women/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924181641/http://www.vilatimes.com/2020/03/04/the-australian-high-commission-recognises-three-outstanding-women/ |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |access-date=2021-02-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1980s ta ba da gudummawa ga kwamitoci da yawa da suka shafi batutuwan mata, da kuma aikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Vanuatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matas |first=Tatavola |title=Winner of the Australian High Commission 2020 International Women's Day 40th Anniversary Gender Equality Advocate Award |url=https://vanuatu.embassy.gov.au/files/pvla/Merilyn%20Tahi%20winner%20of%20the%20Australian%20~%20Women%20s%20Day%2040th%20anniversary%20Gender%20Equality%20Advocate%20Award.pdf |website=Australian Embassy of Vanuatu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1992 Tahi ta kafa Cibiyar Mata ta Vanuatu, wacce aka kirkira don tallafawa wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990s daidaito tsakanin mata ba shine fifiko ga gwamnati ba kuma ya ɗauki ƙarfin hali don riƙe su ta hanyar kafa VWC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mata suna fuskantar shingen da yawa don samun damar ƙasa a cikin ƙasar kuma a cikin 2004 Tahi ta yi amfani da kwarewarta don jawo hankali ga rashin gida da yawancin mata na Pacific ke fuskanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Matthew|url-status=Filer}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani taron yanki ta tuna yadda bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1997, an kore ta daga gidan aurenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tana ba da shawara ga shirye-shiryen gida waɗanda ke da al'adu masu mahimmanci suna da babban tasiri ga tashin hankali na jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title='Home-grown initiatives to end violence against women show better results' |url=https://www.pasifikarising.org/home-grown-initiatives-to-end-violence-against-women-show-better-results/ |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Pasifika Rising |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahi ya yi aiki a matsayin mai lura da zabe na [[Nauru]] a 2016, tare da Anote Tong da Lorna Simon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-07-01 |title=Commonwealth election observers head to Nauru, led by former President of Kiribati |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/commonwealth-election-observers-head-nauru-led-former-president-kiribati |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=The Commonwealth |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2018, yayin da Vanuatu ta yi bikin shekaru talatin da shida na 'yancin kai da gwamnati cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu farin ciki a duniya, Tahi ta kalubalanci wannan labarin ta hanyar tattauna a bayyane game da matakan tashin hankali na gida da mata a kasar suka fuskanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-04 |title=Vanuatu justice system fails women |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201810921/vanuatu-justice-system-fails-women |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020 Tahi ta yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Mata ta Vanuatu don rage tasirin sau biyu na Cyclone Harold da COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=Across the Pacific, crisis centres respond to COVID-19 amid natural disasters |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/feature-pacific-crisis-centres-respond-to-covid-19-amid-natural-disasters |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=UN Women |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
[[Fayil:6th_Pacific_Regional_Meeting_on_Eliminatig_Violence_Against_Women_and_Girls.jpg|thumb|Taron Yankin Pacific na 6 kan Eliminatig Rikicin Mata da 'Yan Mata]]
A cikin 2018 an girmama Tahi a matsayin 40th Commonwealth Point of Light, jerin kyaututtuka da ke nuna gudummawar masu sa kai a cikin Commonwealth of Nations . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tahi – A Point of Light for Vanuatu |url=https://pacificwomen.org/news/tahi-point-light-vanuatu/ |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Pacific Women Shaping Pacific Development |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin jawabin karɓa, Tahi ta bayyana cewa tana karɓar shi a madadin Cibiyar Mata ta Vanuatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-28 |title=Vanuatu |url=https://www.pointsoflight.gov.uk/vanuatu/ |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Points of Light |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185100/https://www.pointsoflight.gov.uk/vanuatu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020 Babban Hukumar Australiya ta amince da Tahi tare da lambar yabo ta 40th Anniversary Gender Equality Advocate Award, lambar yabo ta sau ɗaya da ke murna da aikin rayuwarta game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Massing |first=Adorina |date=5 March 2020 |title=Celebrating Women Leaders |url=https://dailypost.vu/news/celebrating-women-leaders/article_48cf8de0-5e66-11ea-bb48-cb9acdf31750.html |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Vanuatu Daily Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030154750/https://dailypost.vu/news/celebrating-women-leaders/article_48cf8de0-5e66-11ea-bb48-cb9acdf31750.html |archive-date=2020-10-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.pasifikarising.org/women-in-the-pacific-video/ Mata a cikin Pacific]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Tattaunawar Shari'a: Rikicin da aka yi wa Mata[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySsYlzT8HyM Cin zarafin mata]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Patricia Arredondo</title>
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'''Patricia Arredondo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1945) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, wadda aka fi sani da kokarin da ta yi wajen bunkasa fannin ba da shawara ga al'adu da yawa. An san ta a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban ilimin halayya na Ƙananan Ƙasa. An haɗa ta da APA (American Psychological Association), &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Featured Psychologist: Patricia Arredondo, EdD |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/patricia-arredondo.aspx |access-date=2019-01-06 |website=www.apa.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da National Hispanic Psychological Association tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa.  Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Anthony J. Marsella ta 2018 daga masu ilimin halayyar dan adam don alhakin zamantakewa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Patricia Arredondo |url=http://psysr.net/dr-patricia-arredondo/ |access-date=2019-01-06 |website=Psychologists for Social Responsibility |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153440/http://psysr.net/dr-patricia-arredondo/ |archive-date=2019-01-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Patricia Arredondo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945, a Lorain, Ohio &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2016 |title=Patricia Arredondo in History of Counseling Psychology - iResearchNet |url=http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/history-of-counseling/patricia-arredondo/ |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=psychology.iresearchnet.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ga iyayen Apolinar Arredondo Orozco da Evarista Zaldívar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Delgado-Romero |first=Edward |date=December 27, 2016 |title=Patricia Arredondo: Creating a Pathway for Cultural Empowerment |journal=The Counseling Psychologist |volume=44 |pages=1212–1235 |doi=10.1177/0011000016683943 |s2cid=151404217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patricia ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'yan uwa bakwai. Mahaifinta Apolinar ya ƙarfafa 'ya'yansa su ci gaba da asalin su na Mexico ta hanyar magana da Mutanen Espanya, suna koyon tarihin su da raye-raye na gargajiya. Wannan da sauri ya haifar da sha'awarta ga nazarin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. A gefe guda, mahaifiyarta Evarista ta ƙarfafa 'ya'yanta su bi salon rayuwar Amurka saboda nuna bambanci da ta fuskanta akai-akai yayin da take girma. Patricia ta raba kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinta saboda ra'ayinsa na daidaito. Ya koya wa 'ya'yansa daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake Patricia ba ta kasance ɗan fari ba ta ɗauki nauyin da yawa yayin da 'yar'uwarta ta fari ke da rashin lafiya, a lokacin da ake kira batutuwan motsin rai. Yayinda ta girma an gano 'yar'uwarta da cutar [[Hauka|paranoid schizophrenia]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Yayinda take girma an koya wa Patricia yin alfahari da aikinta da kuma samun sha'awar canza duniya. Ta kasance daliba mai basira sosai kuma a lokacin da take cikin damuwa daga mahaifiyarta ta nemi mafaka a cikin ɗakin karatu. A can ta iya koyo da kuma jin daɗin abin da ta taɓa faranta rai; sau da yawa ta sami kanta tana karantawa game da [[Boston]] birni da ta yi mafarki na komawa. Ta yi amfani da wannan sha'awar don tallafawa malaman ta, ta sanya ta a saman na uku na ajin ta a makarantar sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Mahaifiyar Patricia ta yi imani da ilimi don sabbin dama wanda shine dalilin da ya sa dukkan yaran suka tafi makarantar Katolika. Tare da goyon bayan iyayenta da rashin jituwa, ta tafi kwaleji sa'o'i biyu daga Lorain. Patricia Arredondo ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Kent inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin [[Journalism|Jarida]] da [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]]. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunta ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin koyar da Mutanen Espanya a Brookline, Massachusetts . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Featured Psychologist: Patricia Arredondo, EdD |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/patricia-arredondo.aspx |access-date=2019-01-06 |website=www.apa.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/patricia-arredondo.aspx &quot;Featured Psychologist: Patricia Arredondo, EdD&quot;]. ''www.apa.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-01-06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Patricia ta ji daɗin sabon aikinta a Brookline saboda yana kusa da garin burinta na Boston. Ba da daɗewa ba Patricia ta buƙaci ƙalubale don haka ta yanke shawarar yin rajista a Kwalejin Boston don neman shirin masters a cikin shawarwarin makaranta, saboda kyakkyawan gogewa da ta samu tare da masu ba da shawara suna girma. Yayinda ta kammala karatunta ta kara sanin rashin ilimin kabilanci dangane da shawarwarin mutum. Ba da daɗewa ba ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da karatunta a wannan lokacin ta hanyar halartar Jami'ar Boston don samun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam. A lokacin da take Jami'ar Boston Patricia ta shiga cikin shirin zumunci na harsuna biyu, don ci gaba da karatunta a bambancin kabilanci. A ƙarshe a shekara ta 1978 Patricia ta sami digirin digirin ta kasancewar ita ce ta farko a cikin iyalinta don yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Delgado-Romero |first=Edward |date=December 27, 2016 |title=Patricia Arredondo: Creating a Pathway for Cultural Empowerment |journal=The Counseling Psychologist |volume=44 |pages=1212–1235 |doi=10.1177/0011000016683943 |s2cid=151404217}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDelgado-Romero2016&quot;&gt;Delgado-Romero, Edward (December 27, 2016). &quot;Patricia Arredondo: Creating a Pathway for Cultural Empowerment&quot;. ''The Counseling Psychologist''. '''44''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1212–&lt;/span&gt;1235. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0011000016683943|10.1177/0011000016683943]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151404217 151404217].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Patricia Arredondo ta fara aikinta jim kadan bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Boston a shekarar 1978. Ta koma jihar New Hampshire da ke kusa da ita tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar New Hampshire . A shekara ta 1979 Patricia ta koma Boston ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Boston a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi na aiki har zuwa 1985 lokacin da Patricia ta yanke shawarar tallafawa kamfaninta, bitar karfafawa INC. Manufar kamfanin ita ce samar da kamfanoni da dabarun kara bambancin a cikin wurin aiki.

Bayan shekaru da yawa tana aiki da kanta a 1999 Patricia Arredondo ta koma koyarwa a wannan lokacin a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi na 'yan shekaru har zuwa 2006, lokacin da aka ba ta matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jami'ar Harkokin Dalibai a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2016 |title=Patricia Arredondo in History of Counseling Psychology - iResearchNet |url=http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/history-of-counseling/patricia-arredondo/ |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=psychology.iresearchnet.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/history-of-counseling/patricia-arredondo/ &quot;Patricia Arredondo in History of Counseling Psychology - iResearchNet&quot;]. ''psychology.iresearchnet.com''. 15 September 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-04-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi har zuwa 2007 lokacin da ta karɓi aiki a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Milwaukee a matsayin Dean na wucin gadi na Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Ilimi.

Shekaru da yawa daga baya a cikin 2013 Patricia ta koma Chicago ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin shugaban a Makarantar Nazarin Kwararru ta Chicago .  Patricia ta kasance a cikin matsayi har zuwa 2015 lokacin da aka kawar da ita. A shekara ta 2016 ta dawo a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2004 - NLPA (National Latina / ko Psychological Association), Kyautar Kwarewar Kwarewa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* 2013 - APA, Kyautar Henry Tomes don Kyautattun Kyaututtuka na Rayuwa ga Ilimin Halitta na Ƙananan Ƙasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Tomes Awards |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/communique/2013/02/tomes-awards.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - NLPA (National Latina / ko Psychological Association), Kyautattun Madrina Sanarwa don nasarorin rayuwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Ricardo |title=NLPA Award Recipients |url=http://www.nlpa.ws/nlpa-award-recipients |access-date=2018-04-10 |website=www.nlpa.ws |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 - SCP (Society of Counseling Psychology) APA Division 17, Elder Recognition Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SCP Elder Recognition Award - Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17 |url=http://www.div17.org/about-scp/awards/scp-elder-recognition-award/ |access-date=2018-04-10 |website=www.div17.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106182428/http://www.div17.org/about-scp/awards/scp-elder-recognition-award/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]</text>
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    <title>Nancy Darling</title>
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'''Nancy Ellen Darling''' Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka. Ita ce William da Jeannette Smith Chair na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Kwalejin Oberlin, babban edita na Journal of Adolescence, kuma wanda ya kafa 1step2life .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Darling ta fito ne daga asalin Jamusanci; kakanninta na uwa sun isa Amurka tsakanin yakin duniya na farko da yakin duniya na biyu.  Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya, digiri na biyu, da PhD daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nancy Darling |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/nancy-darling |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=oberlin.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala digirin digirin digirinta, ta shiga bangaren ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Haikali don aikinta na post-doc har zuwa 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nancy Darling CV |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/5814839/curriculum-vitae-oberlin-college |access-date=August 25, 2020 |website=yumpu.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Darling ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Kwalejin Dickinson bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta karbi matsayi a Jami'ar Jihar Penn (PSU). &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;/&gt; Yayinda take a PSU, ta yi aiki tare da [[Linda Caldwell]] don bunkasa aikin &quot;Structure of Adolescent Leisure&quot;, wanda ya ba da damar dalibai su shiga bincike na fannoni da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Faculty honored for collaborative instructional, curricular innovation |url=https://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_1997/Sept18/news3.html |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=psu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darling daga baya ya rubuta wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Youth and Adolescence wanda ya kammala cewa yara maza sun fi rauni idan ya zo ga soyayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irwin |first=Dana |date=December 8, 1999 |title=Study shows dating stressful for males |url=https://www.collegian.psu.edu/archives/article_54a42769-b47c-58e7-a99b-dde9e5f63845.html |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=collegian.psu.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bar PSU a shekara ta 2000 don karɓar matsayin farfesa tare da kwalejin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Kwalejin Bard.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da ta yi gajeren aiki a Bard, ta wallafa Theory, measurement, da hanyoyi a cikin nazarin tasirin iyali akan shan sigari na matasa tare da [[Patricio Cumsille]] ta hanyar mujallar Addiction . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Nancy |last2=Cumsille |first2=Patricio |date=May 2003 |title=Theory, measurement, and methods in the study of family influences on adolescent smoking |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.3.x |journal=[[Addiction (journal)|Addiction]] |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.3.x |pmid=12752360 |access-date=August 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga matasa da yin ƙarya kuma ta gudanar da binciken da ya gano cewa kashi 98 cikin 100 na matasa sun yi wa iyayensu ƙarya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=JuJu |date=February 12, 2008 |title=Why Do Kids Lie? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/GMA/story?id=4277319&amp;page=1 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=abcnews.go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, Darling ta koma Kwalejin Oberlin a Ohio don karɓar matsayin farfesa a cikin sashen ilimin halayyar su.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;/&gt; Yayinda take aiki a wannan rawar, an kuma nada ta sabon babban edita na ''Jaridar Matasa.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=From the President |url=https://www.earaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/eara_newsletter_may-2015.pdf |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=earaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Darling da ƙungiyar bincikenta sun sami tallafin $ 20,000 don motsa aikace-aikacen yanar gizo 1step2life, wanda ke taimaka wa matasa su sarrafa ciwo mai tsanani, don siye ta hanyar iTunes App Store . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ulrich |first=Erin |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Psychology Students Develop Technology to Help Adolescents Manage Chronic Pain |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/news/psychology-students-develop-technology-help-adolescents-manage-chronic-pain |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=oberlin.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Nancy Ellen Darling''' Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka. Ita ce William da Jeannette Smith Chair na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Kwalejin Oberlin, babban edita na Journal of Adolescence, kuma wanda ya kafa 1step2life .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Darling ta fito ne daga asalin Jamusanci; kakanninta na uwa sun isa Amurka tsakanin yakin duniya na farko da yakin duniya na biyu.  Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya, digiri na biyu, da PhD daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nancy Darling |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/nancy-darling |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=oberlin.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala digirin digirin digirinta, ta shiga bangaren ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Haikali don aikinta na post-doc har zuwa 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nancy Darling CV |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/5814839/curriculum-vitae-oberlin-college |access-date=August 25, 2020 |website=yumpu.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Darling ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Kwalejin Dickinson bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta karbi matsayi a Jami'ar Jihar Penn (PSU). &lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;/&gt; Yayinda take a PSU, ta yi aiki tare da [[Linda Caldwell]] don bunkasa aikin &quot;Structure of Adolescent Leisure&quot;, wanda ya ba da damar dalibai su shiga bincike na fannoni da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Faculty honored for collaborative instructional, curricular innovation |url=https://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_1997/Sept18/news3.html |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=psu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darling daga baya ya rubuta wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Youth and Adolescence wanda ya kammala cewa yara maza sun fi rauni idan ya zo ga soyayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irwin |first=Dana |date=December 8, 1999 |title=Study shows dating stressful for males |url=https://www.collegian.psu.edu/archives/article_54a42769-b47c-58e7-a99b-dde9e5f63845.html |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=collegian.psu.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bar PSU a shekara ta 2000 don karɓar matsayin farfesa tare da kwalejin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Kwalejin Bard.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da ta yi gajeren aiki a Bard, ta wallafa Theory, measurement, da hanyoyi a cikin nazarin tasirin iyali akan shan sigari na matasa tare da [[Patricio Cumsille]] ta hanyar mujallar Addiction . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Nancy |last2=Cumsille |first2=Patricio |date=May 2003 |title=Theory, measurement, and methods in the study of family influences on adolescent smoking |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.3.x |journal=[[Addiction (journal)|Addiction]] |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.3.x |pmid=12752360 |access-date=August 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga matasa da yin ƙarya kuma ta gudanar da binciken da ya gano cewa kashi 98 cikin 100 na matasa sun yi wa iyayensu ƙarya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=JuJu |date=February 12, 2008 |title=Why Do Kids Lie? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=4277319&amp;page=1 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=abcnews.go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, Darling ta koma Kwalejin Oberlin a Ohio don karɓar matsayin farfesa a cikin sashen ilimin halayyar su.&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;/&gt; Yayinda take aiki a wannan rawar, an kuma nada ta sabon babban edita na ''Jaridar Matasa.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=From the President |url=https://www.earaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/eara_newsletter_may-2015.pdf |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=earaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, Darling da ƙungiyar bincikenta sun sami tallafin $ 20,000 don motsa aikace-aikacen yanar gizo 1step2life, wanda ke taimaka wa matasa su sarrafa ciwo mai tsanani, don siye ta hanyar iTunes App Store . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ulrich |first=Erin |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Psychology Students Develop Technology to Help Adolescents Manage Chronic Pain |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/news/psychology-students-develop-technology-help-adolescents-manage-chronic-pain |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=oberlin.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Nalina Chitrakar</title>
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'''Nalina Chitrakar''' ([[Nepal]]_language&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Nepali language&quot;) mawaƙiya ce daga Nepal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=कहाँ हराइन् नलिना चित्रकार? :: Pahilopost.com |url=http://www.pahilopost.com/content/-10420.html |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=www.pahilopost.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162651/http://www.pahilopost.com/content/-10420.html |archive-date=2018-02-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nepal |first=video courtsy DC |title=नायिका नलिना चित्रकार दशैं मनाउन काठमाडौँमा - Enepalese.com |url=http://enepalese.com/2015/10/50782.html |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=Enepalese |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610115733/http://enepalese.com/2015/10/50782.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna mafi kyawun mawaƙa a ƙasar a cikin 1999 da 2005 kuma ta yi a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa ciki har da Miss Nepal da Nepal Idol .   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-20 |title=The Neprican Times Network: Nalina Chitrakar at Miss Nepal US(A) 2012… |url=http://nepricantimes.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/nalina-chitrakar-at-miss-nepal-usa-2012_5.html |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=archive.is |archive-date=2013-06-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620050533/http://nepricantimes.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/nalina-chitrakar-at-miss-nepal-usa-2012_5.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पोर्चुगलमा नलिना र संजीपको भब्य प्रस्तुति {{!}} |url=http://www.newsnrn.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA/ |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=www.newsnrn.com |archive-date=2018-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163239/http://www.newsnrn.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta waƙoƙi game da jituwa tsakanin mutanen Madhesi da ''Pahadi'', kuma tana yaƙi da nuna bambanci ga al'ummomin Madhesi na Nepal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2007 |title=Nalini married to Sanjay Mishra |url=http://blog.com.np/2007/08/02/unifying-nepal-via-marriage-pahade-wives-and-madhesi-hubbies/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife ta ne a ranar Indra Jatra a matsayin ƙarama a cikin iyalinta. Ta so ta zama mai karɓar bakuncin iska a yarinta amma ba a taɓa fahimta ba. Ta kasance daliba a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Padma Kanya Multiple Campus inda ta kasance abokiyar Princess Shruti Shah . Ta sami tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Chandigarh don nazarin kiɗa, amma ba ta shiga ba.

== Ayyukan talabijin ==
A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki ga Channel Nepal a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ta yi aiki a tallace-tallace don mai da bankunan. Ta kuma yi hira da Dipendra Shah . &lt;ref name=&quot;liveinterview2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live interview with Nalina Chitrakar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoDKaXmA7Qk |access-date=8 July 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kiɗa ==
Chitrakar ta fara waka bayan SLC dinta na Ganesh Yuwa Club a [[Rastriya Sabha Griha]], [[Kathmandu]]; waƙar Newari ce. Ta kuma yi aiki a Rediyon Nepal . Waƙar Nepali ta farko ita ce ''Timro Adhar'' . Waƙoƙinta na biyu ''kina-kina'', waƙar pop ce mai ɗanɗano, wannan sabon abu ne a cikin al'ummar Nepali.&lt;ref name=&quot;liveinterview2020&quot;/&gt;

== Nomination na Kyauta ==

* Kyautar Kiɗa ta FM don waƙar ''Kina-Kina''
* Kyautar Kiɗa ta FM don waƙar Pani-pani''Tsuntsu''

== Albums ==

* ''Halitta''
* ''Nalina''
* ''Priyatam''
* ''Nalina da aka zaba''
* ''Jindagi''
* ''Sabuntawa'', 2008
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3]
* ''Sahasle''

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ta auri Sanjeev Mishra a shekara ta 2003. Suna da ɗa kuma suna zaune a [[California]] tun daga shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=नयाँ बर्षमा नलिना – Everest Times News |url=http://www.everesttimesnews.com/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/#sthash.J0kMeXJX.dpbs |access-date=2018-02-28 |website=www.everesttimesnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Ra'ayoyin da basu dace ba game da Afirka</title>
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Ra'ayoyi game da [[Afirka]], 'Yan Afirka, da [[Al'adun Afirka]] sun zama ruwan dare, musamman a Yammacin Duniya. Sau da yawa ana tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na Turai a kan dalilai na iyaye, suna nuna Afirka a matsayin mai ƙarancin wayewa, kuma 'yan Afirka a matsayin marasa iya wayewa da kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afrophobia: Europe should confront this legacy of colonialism and the slave trade |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/blog/-/asset_publisher/xZ32OPEoxOkq/content/afrophobia-europe-should-confront-this-legacy-of-colonialism-and-the-slave-trade |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Commissioner for Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy Clarke |date=June 2012 |title=People of African Descent in Europe : A UKREN Briefing Paper |url=https://www.ukren.org/uploads/Black%20Europeans%20Briefing%20Paper%20Summer%202012.pdf |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Ukren.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094606/https://www.ukren.org/uploads/Black%20Europeans%20Briefing%20Paper%20Summer%202012.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis Jr. |date=4 February 2017 |title=Opinion - The History the Slaveholders Wanted Us to Forget |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/opinion/sunday/the-history-the-slaveholders-wanted-us-to-forget.html |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invisible Visible Minority |url=https://kisa.org.cy/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/book_-_people_of_african_descent_-_final-21.pdf |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Kisa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abbattista |first=Guido |title=European Encounters in the Age of Expansion European Encounters |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/european-encounters/guido-abbattista-european-encounters-in-the-age-of-expansion |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Ieg-ego.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarun 2010, waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun ci gaba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olusoga |first=David |date=8 September 2015 |title=The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long - David Olusoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/08/european-racism-africa-slavery |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Africa Stereotypes in the European media |url=https://en.ejo.ch/ethics-quality/dark-continent-Africa-stereotypes-european-media |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=En.ejo.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Turai ===
Kasashe da yawa, kamar [[Faransa]] da [[Portugal]], sun yi ƙoƙari su 'civilize' Afirka ta hanyar mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrows |first=Mathew |date=March 1986 |title=' Mission Civilisatrice ': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0018246X00018641/type/journal_article |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=109–135 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00018641 |issn=0018-246X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |date=5 March 1964 |title=The Colonial Situation in Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-06_2_2/page/149 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=149–164 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003979 |jstor=158816 |s2cid=154471688}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mai zane-zane na [[Beljik|Belgian]] Hergé ya nuna 'yan Afirka kamar yara a ''Tintin a Kongo'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tintin 90 years on: Belgian comic book stirs racial controversy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/tintin-90-years-on-belgian-comic-book-stirs-racial-controversy-190110063908744.html |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Jamus|Jamusawa]] sun yi kuskuren yabo ga nasarorin Afirka ga Tseren 'Hamitic' wanda ya fito ne daga mazauna Turai. Wasu [[Italiya|Italiyanci]] suna nuna 'yan Afirka a matsayin baƙi da masu bara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rossella Falanga |last2=Maria Elvira De Carolia |last3=Elisabetta Sagone |title=WCPCG 2013 : The relationship between stereotypes and prejudice toward the Africans in Italian university students |url=http://www.fmag.unict.it/Public/Uploads/links/Stereotypes%20and%20prejudice%20toward%20Africans%20in%20univ%20students.pdf |access-date=2017-05-23 |website=Fmag.uniict.it |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830233829/http://www.fmag.unict.it/Public/Uploads/links/Stereotypes%20and%20prejudice%20toward%20Africans%20in%20univ%20students.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahimtar '[[Poland|'Yan Poland']] game da Afirka ta rinjayi 'yan jarida, wanda sau da yawa ke magana akan mummunan labarai ko damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ndiayea |first=Iwona Anna |last2=Ndiayea |first2=Bara |year=2014 |title=Sociocultural Stereotypes in Media and Intercultural Communication (Africa in the Polish Media) |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=154 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka'idar wariyar launin fata na kimiyya ta sami karbuwa a Turai a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, daidai da fadada mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka. Masu ilimi sun nemi rarraba yawan mutane zuwa kabilu daban-daban bisa ga ka'idodin pseudoscientific. Misali, masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Sweden [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]], a cikin aikinsa na 1735 Systema Naturae, ya nuna &quot;tseren Afirka&quot; a matsayin mai wayo, mai laushi, da sakaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linnaeus and Race |url=https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Linnean Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arewacin Amurka ===
A cikin karni na 19, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kimiyya kamar Josiah C. Nott da George Gliddon sun kwatanta 'yan Afirka da birai marasa mutum. An yi amfani da wannan kwatancin don tabbatar da matsayin tsohon.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Citation|journal=Frederic W.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Charles W. |last2=Hund |first2=Wulf D. |date=29 February 2016 |title=Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history |url=http://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanzu ==

=== Ostiraliya ===
'Yan Ostiraliya galibi suna kallon Afirka a matsayin na asali da kuma daidaituwa. Wannan ra'ayi yana da tasiri daga ra'ayoyin 'yan Afirka na Afirka.

=== Gabashin Asiya ===
[[Japan]] tana ganin [[Afirka]] a matsayin [[Nahiya|nahiyar]] da ke buƙatar taimako, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sato |first=Makoto |year=2005 |title=Japanese Aid Diplomacy in Africa : An Historical Analysis |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ir/isaru/assets/file/raris/raris-04-sato.pdf |journal=Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies |volume=4 |pages=67–85 |s2cid=33086945}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Capobianco |first=Paul |date=1 June 2015 |title=Confronting diversity: Africans challenging Japanese societal convictions |journal=Contemporary Japan |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–212 |doi=10.1515/cj-2015-0011 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kamar yadda [[Sin|China]] ke yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Warner |title=Map: China's Stereotypes of Africa, from 'Chaotic' Somalia to 'Awesome' Gambia |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/30/china-africa-stereotype-map-chaotic-somalia-awesome-gambia/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Foreignpolicy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madrid-Morales |first=Dani |date=26 February 2018 |title=China's media struggles to overcome stereotypes of Africa |url=http://theconversation.com/chinas-media-struggles-to-overcome-stereotypes-of-africa-92362 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madrid-Morales |first=Dani |last2=Madrid-Morales |first2=Dani |date=27 February 2018 |title=China's media is struggling to overcome its racial stereotypes of Africa |url=https://qz.com/africa/1216783/china-racist-stereotypes-of-africans-is-a-problem-for-its-media/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Quartz Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Al'adun intanet na kasar Sin, ana kiran 'yan wasa [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasan bidiyo]] marasa sa'a ko marasa ƙwarewa 'Afirkawa', wanda ke nuni da haɗin fuskokin baki tare da rashin sa'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=In China's gaming world, 'Europeans' and 'Africans' expose stereotypes |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2148023/chinas-gaming-world-lucky-europeans-and-unlucky |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Binciken da Majalisar Burtaniya ta yi ya nuna cewa daga hangen nesa na matasa 'yan Burtaniya, nahiyar Afirka gaba ɗaya, ko dai an tsara ta ko kuma an lalata ta. Shekaru da yawa na hotuna da labaru a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ayyukan agaji da ke nuna jigogi ciki har da yunwa, fari, cututtuka, rashin daidaito da rashin daidaito sun ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar ƙasashen Afirka a matsayin matalauta, haɗari, da kuma baya a bayan sauran duniya a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su don bayyana waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗa da cin hanci da rashawa na cikin gida, cin zarafin Afirka na tarihi da na zamani ta ƙasashen waje da masu zaman kansu (ciki har da Burtaniya da kamfanonin Burtaniya), da kuma ganin nesa da warewar Afirka dangane da sauran duniya.

=== Amurka ===
A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana ganin [[Afirka]] a matsayin ta asali, matalauta, kuma cike da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=The Africa Stereotype |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/africa-stereotype-article-1.1197466 |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=Nydailynews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa: Beyond the Stereotypes |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/africa-beyond-the-stereotypes-73190999/ |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=Smithsonianmag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin 'yan Afirka a matsayin masu saukin kamuwa da Cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebola and the History and Politics of Pointing at Immigrants as Potential Disease Vectors |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/25/othering-ebola-and-the-history-and-politics-of-pointing-at-immigrants-as-potential-disease-vectors/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Representation of Africa in Western Media: still a 21st century problem |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292141961 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Researchgate.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ana ganin Afirka a matsayin gandun daji mai cike da Dabbobi na daji. Ana zargin fina-finai na Amurka da rashin amincewa da Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jesudason |first=David |date=5 March 2021 |title=Is Hollywood ready to stop stereotyping Africa? |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210304-is-hollywood-ready-to-stop-stereotyping-africa |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jigogi ==

=== Muhalli ===
[[Fayil:Elephantreaching.jpg|thumb|Baƙi na iya tunanin Afirka a matsayin mafi yawan savanna mara zama, tare da dabbobin daji da yawa.]]
[[Zaki|Zaki.]] nau'i na yau da kullun shine cewa yawancin ko duk [[Afirka]] daji ne ko hamada, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy E. Harth |title=Representations of Africa in the Western News Media: Reinforcing Myths and Stereotypes |url=https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2012/1BHarth.pdf |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Pol.illinoisstate.edu |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405000223/https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2012/1BHarth.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kawai Dabbobi na daji kamar Elephants da Lions ke zaune.  A madadin haka, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa dabbobin daji suna ko'ina kuma sun saba, kamar dabbobin gida. Kodayake Afirka tana da dabbobin daji da yawa, daga cikinsu manyan dabbobi masu cin nama, yawancin 'yan Afirka suna ganin su ne kawai a cikin gidajen namun daji da safarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelland |first=Zoe |last2=Sanchez |first2=Erica |date=12 January 2018 |title=15 Reasons African Countries Aren't 'Shitholes' |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/africans-are-all-poor-and-15-other-myths/ |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2016 |title=Beyond Wildlife: Teaching about Africa and Stereotypes |url=https://www.socialstudies.org/publications/ssyl/march-april2008/beyond_wildlife_teaching_about_africa_and_stereotypes |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=Socialstudies.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daidaitawa ===
[[Afirka]] sau da yawa ana kuskuren zama [[Jaha|jihar]] ɗaya,    yayin da ita [[Nahiya|nahiyar]] ce tare da kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 54 da [[Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci|jihohi biyu na zahiri]]. Wannan kuskuren na iya haifar da mutane suyi tunanin cewa duk 'yan Afirka na cikin kabilanci ɗaya, ko kuma su yi amfani da ra'ayoyi masu banƙyama game da wata ƙungiya zuwa wata.

Baƙi na iya samun kuskuren ra'ayi cewa akwai yare ɗaya kawai, wanda aka sani kawai da &quot;Afirka&quot;. A zahiri, akwai Harsunan Afirka sama da 1,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ita ce yaren asalin Afirka da aka fi magana da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-18 |title=Top 11 Most Spoken Languages in Africa |url=https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/ |access-date=2018-12-19 |website=Africa Facts |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918174122/https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talauci ===
Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Afirka ta asali kuma matalauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Young Africans embrace Chinese gadgets, shatter stereotypes - Business |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2017-02/09/content_28144901.htm |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=Chinadaily.com.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-22 |title=AFRICA BY THE AFRICANS: Young Tastemakers Aim to Challenge Stereotypes - EBONY |url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/africa-by-the-africans-034#axzz4hGgdHalT |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=Ebony.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake talauci ya wanzu a Afirka, kasashe da yawa suna da [[tattalin arziki]] mai saurin girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bremmem |first=Nur |date=2014-12-18 |title=7 African countries with booming ecommerce markets |url=http://ventureburn.com/2014/12/7-african-countries-booming-ecommerce-markets/ |access-date=16 October 2018 |website=Venturebur.comn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yawancin 'yan Afirka suna zaune &quot;a cikin Gidan laka a tsakiyar babu inda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Kashi arba'in da uku na 'yan Afirka suna zaune a cikin birane, dan kadan a ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na 55%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urbanization in 2018, by continent |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270860/urbanization-by-continent/ |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=Statista.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meredith |first=Sam |date=2018-05-17 |title=Two-thirds of global population will live in cities by 2050, UN says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/17/two-thirds-of-global-population-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-un-says.html |access-date=2018-12-19 |publisher=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fasahar ===
[[Fayil:InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg|thumb|Amfani da Intanet a Afirka (2015) ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.]]
A cikin Kasashe masu arziki, ana ganin 'yan Afirka ba su da damar yin amfani da [[Fasaha|Fasahar zamani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kashi 80% na 'yan Afirka suna da [[Salula|Wayar hannu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-03 |title=African mobile penetration hits 80% (and is growing faster than anywhere else) |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/03/african-mobile-penetration-hits-80-and-is-growing-faster-than-anywhere-else/ |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=VentureBeat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200744/https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/03/african-mobile-penetration-hits-80-and-is-growing-faster-than-anywhere-else/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=TA Telecom White Paper: Africa Telecom Market 2013 Report |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/189193509/TA-Telecom-White-Paper-Africa-Telecom-Market-2013-Report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613141501/http://www.scribd.com/doc/189193509/TA-Telecom-White-Paper-Africa-Telecom-Market-2013-Report |archive-date=2014-06-13 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da Intanet a Afirka ya karu da kashi 20% a cikin 2018, ya kai kashi 59% na [[Arewacin Afirka]], kashi 51% na [[Kudancin Afirka]], 39% na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], da kashi 45% na [[Gabashin Afirka]].

Wani nau'i na yau da kullun shine cewa 'Yan Afirka, musamman [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'Yan Najeriya]], suna yin Zamba a kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jenna Burrell |title=Problematic Empowerment: West African Internet Scams as Strategic Misrepresentation |url=https://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/308 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Itidjournal.org |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727130406/https://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/308 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JILT 2009 (1) - Olowu |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2009_1/olowu/ |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Warwick.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi sanannun yaudarar Afirka ita ce yaudarar farashi, wanda ake kira &quot;yaudarar yarima na Najeriya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=17 August 2001 |title=FACT CHECK: Nigerian (419) Scam |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/nigerian-scam-2/ |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=Snopes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nazarin baƙar fata</title>
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      <text bytes="23547" sha1="blfsmhqxvukrapdbgonxhjyzuzaim6s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Map_of_the_African_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|350x350px| Taswirar [[Afirka]] da Afirka a duk faɗin duniya]]{{Databox}}
'''Nazarin baƙar fata''' ko '''Nazarin [[Afirka]]''' (tare da takamaiman sharuɗɗa na ƙasa, kamar '''Nazarin Afirka na Amurka''' da karatun baƙar fata na Kanada), wani fannin ilimi ne wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin tarihin, al'adu, da siyasa na mutanen Afirka da Afirka. Filin ya hada da malaman [[Afirka]]-Amurka, Afro-Kanada, Afro'Caribbean, Afro na Latino, Afro, Afro de Turai, Afro d'Asian, Afirka ta Australiya, da wallafe-wallafen Afirka, tarihi, siyasa, da addini gami da waɗanda ke cikin horo, kamar [[Ilimin zamantakewa|ilimi zamantakewa]], ilimin ɗan adam, Nazarin al'adu, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], ilimi, da sauran fannoni da yawa a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Filin kuma yana amfani da nau'ikan [[Bincike|Hanyoyin bincike]] daban-daban.

Kokarin ilimi na musamman don sake gina tarihin Afirka-Amurka ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 ([[W. E. B. Du Bois]], The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1896). Daga cikin majagaba a farkon rabin karni na 20 sune Carter G. Woodson,  Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, da Lorenzo Dow Turner. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jason |date=November–December 2010 |title=Lorenzo Dow Turner, PhD'26 |url=https://magazine.uchicago.edu/1012/features/legacy.shtml |quote=&quot;''Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect'' (1949) ... was considered not only the defining work of Gullah language and culture but also the beginning of a new field, Black studies. 'Until then it was pretty much thought that all of the African knowledge and everything had been erased by slavery. Turner showed that was not true,' [curator Alcione] Amos says. 'He was a pioneer. He was the first one to make the connections between African Americans and their African past.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cotter |first=Holland |author-link=Holland Cotter |date=September 2, 2010 |title=A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/arts/design/03gullah.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |quote=&quot;Turner published 'Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect,' a book that would help pave the way for the field of African-American studies in the 1960s.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirye-shiryen da sassan karatun baƙar fata a Amurka an fara kirkiresu ne a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sakamakon ɗaliban kabilanci da kuma gwagwarmayar baiwa a jami'o'i da yawa, wanda ya haifar da yajin aiki na watanni biyar don karatun baƙarƙashiya a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco. A watan Fabrairun 1968, Jihar San Francisco ta hayar [[Kimiyar al'umma|Masanin ilimin zamantakewa]] Nathan Hare don daidaita shirin karatun Black na farko da kuma rubuta wani tsari ga Sashen Nazarin Black na farko; an kirkiro sashen ne a watan Satumbar 1968 kuma ya sami matsayin hukuma a ƙarshen yajin aikin watanni biyar a cikin bazara na 1969. Ra'ayoyin Hare sun nuna na ƙungiyar baƙar fata, kuma ya yi imanin cewa sashen ya kamata ya ba da ikon ɗaliban baƙar fata. Halitta shirye-shirye da sassan a cikin karatun baƙar fata wani abu ne na yau da kullun na zanga-zangar da zama daga ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru da abokansu, waɗanda suka ji cewa al'adunsu da abubuwan da suke so ba su da kyau ta hanyar tsarin ilimi na gargajiya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An kuma kirkiro sassan nazarin baƙar fata, shirye-shirye, da darussan a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=Kehinde |date=December 2020 |title=Blackness, Empire and migration: How Black Studies transforms the curriculum |url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/area.12528 |journal=Area |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=701–707 |bibcode=2020Area...52..701A |doi=10.1111/area.12528 |s2cid=151178582}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews II&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Heidi Safia}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]],  [[Brazil]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Nascimento&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nascimento |first=Elisa Larkin |date=April 13, 2021 |title=The Ram's Horns: Reflections on the Legacy of Abdias Nascimento |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00219347211006484 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=52 |issue=6 |page=9 |doi=10.1177/00219347211006484 |s2cid=234812096 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kanada]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Barnstead&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnstead |first=John A. |date=November 9, 2007 |title=Black Canadian Studies as the Cutting Edge of Change: Revisioning Pushkin, Rethinking Pushkinology |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021934707306571 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=367–368 |doi=10.1177/0021934707306571 |jstor=40034385 |s2cid=144613740 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carillo |first=Mónica |date=2008 |title=Academic Studies On People Of African Descent In The Americas: Debate Between The Americas |url=https://iopn.library.illinois.edu/pressbooks/iblackstudies/chapter/academic-studies-on-people-of-african-descent-in-the-americas/ |journal=International Journal of Africana Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=248–254}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo II&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carillo |first=Mónica |date=2008 |title=African Diaspora Studies, African Americans |url=https://iopn-library-illinois-edu.translate.goog/pressbooks/iblackstudies/chapter/estudios-de-diaspora-africana-afroamericanos/?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |journal=International Journal of Africana Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=255–260}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ecuador]], [4] da [[Venezuela]]. [4]&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Ethan |date=October 2014 |title=Afro-Ecuadorian Educational Movement: Racial Oppression, Its Origins and Oral Tradition |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol7no4/7.4-4-Johnson-AfroEcuadorian.pdf |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=122–123 |s2cid=141610274 |access-date=2025-07-01 |archive-date=2025-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812055754/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol7no4/7.4-4-Johnson-AfroEcuadorian.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown-Vincent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown-Vincent |first=Layla Dalal Zanele Sekou |date=2016 |title=We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting for: Pan-African Consciousness Raising and Organizing in the United States and Venezuela |url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/12262/Brown_duke_0066D_13503.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Duke University |pages=125, 127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sunayen horo na ilimi ==
An san horo na ilimi da sunaye daban-daban.{{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeleza&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zeleza |first1=Paul Tiyambe |title=Building intellectual bridges: from African studies and African American studies to Africana studies in the United States |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=25 Feb 2011 |volume=24 |issue=2 |page=17 |doi=10.21825/af.v24i2.5000 |s2cid=155291097|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reid-Merritt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reid-Merritt |first1=Patricia |title=Defining Ourselves: Name Calling in Black Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934709335136 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=May 7, 2009 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=80–81 |doi=10.1177/0021934709335136 |jstor=40282621 |s2cid=143530857|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reid-Merritt II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reid-Merritt |first1=Patricia |title=Defining Ourselves One Name, One Discipline? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2009-09_40_1/page/6 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=September 2009 |volume=40 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1177/0021934709335130|s2cid=144557289 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karenga II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Karenga |first1=Maulana |title=Founding the First PhD in Black Studies: A Sankofa Remembrance and Critical Assessment of Its Significance |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=2018 |volume=49 |issue=6 |page=579 |doi=10.1177/0021934718797317 |s2cid=150088166 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0021934718797317|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reid-Merritt III&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reid-Merritt |first1=Patricia |title=Temple University's African American Studies PhD Program @ 30: Assessing the Asante Affect |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=2018 |volume=49 |issue=6 |page=559 |doi=10.1177/0021934718786221 |s2cid=150164309 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0021934718786221|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karenga III&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Karenga |first1=Maulana |title=Names and Notions of Black Studies: Issues of Roots, Range, and Relevance |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=May 20, 2009 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |doi=10.1177/0021934709335134 |jstor=40282619 |s2cid=144854972 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934709335134|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Christian&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Christian |first1=Mark |title=Black Studies in the 21st Century: Longevity Has Its Place |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=May 1, 2006 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=698–719 |doi=10.1177/0021934705285939 |jstor=40026680 |s2cid=144986768 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934705285939|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conyers&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conyers |first1=James L. Jr. |title=The Evolution Of Africology: An Afrocentric Appraisal |journal=Journal of Black Studies |date=May 1, 2004 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=640–652 |doi=10.1177/0021934703259257 |jstor=3180921 |s2cid=145790776 |url=https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/MEAS400/jan%2022/africology.pdf |access-date=July 1, 2025 |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205172043/https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/MEAS400/jan%2022/africology.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asante XX&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Asante |first1=Molefi Kete |title=Africology, Afrocentricity, and What Remains to Be Done |journal=The Black Scholar |date=10 Aug 2020 |volume=50 |issue=3 |page=48 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2020.1780859 |s2cid=221097874 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2020.1780859|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawkins&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=Marvin P. |last2=Braddock II |first2=Jomills Henry |last3=Theune |first3=Felecia |last4=Gilbert |first4=Shelby |title=The Status of Black Studies at Public Institutions After the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Academic Scandal |journal=Journal of African American Studies |date=29 July 2021 |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=5 |doi=10.1007/s12111-021-09547-1 |s2cid=238821709 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12111-021-09547-1|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Mazama (2009) ya bayyana cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;A cikin ƙarin bayani ga littafin da aka buga kwanan nan na Black Studies, Asante da Karenga sun lura cewa &quot;sunan horo&quot; ya kasance &quot;marasa tabbas&quot; (Asante &amp; Karenga, 2006, shafi na 421). Wannan magana ta zo ne sakamakon bincike mai zurfi game da shirye-shiryen Black Studies na yanzu, wanda ya haifar da editocin gano sunaye da yawa don horo: Nazarin Afirka, Nazarin Afirka da Afirka, Nazaren Afirka / Black World, Nazarin Pan-African, Nazarin Africology, Nazarin Duniya da Sabon Duniya, Nazarin Ƙasar Afirka-Major, Nazarin Baƙar fata, Nazarin Latin Amurka, Nazarin Yankin Afirka-Amurka, Nazarin Jama'ar Amirka, Nazarin Kabilanci-Amurka&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazama X&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazama |first=Ama |date=May 6, 2009 |title=Naming and Defining: A Critical Link |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934709335135 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1177/0021934709335135 |jstor=40282620 |s2cid=142081339 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Okafor (2014) ya bayyana cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;Abin da ya bayyana don fitar da waɗannan sunayen na musamman shine haɗuwa da dalilai: ƙwarewar ƙwarewarsu, wuraren ƙwarewar su, da kuma ra'ayoyin duniya na ƙwarewar da suka zama kowane ɗayan. Ta hanyar ra'ayi na duniya, ina magana ne game da tambayar ko bangaren da aka ba shi a cikin wani wuri yana nuna ko haɗuwa da wahayi masu zuwa na aikinmu:

* hangen nesa na cikin gida game da karatun baƙar fata wanda ke ganin yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan al'amuran Amurkawa 'yan Afirka na Amurka waɗanda suka fito daga ƙarni na' yan Afirka masu bautar
* hangen nesa na nazarin baƙar fata wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran dukkan zuriyar Afirka a Sabon Duniya - wato, Amurka: Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean
* hangen nesa na duniya game da karatun baƙar fata - wato, ra'ayi wanda ke tunani dangane da duniyar Afirka - duniyar da ta kunshi al'ummomin asalin Afirka waɗanda suka warwatse a duk faɗin duniya da nahiyar Afirka kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okafor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okafor |first=Victor Oguejiofor |date=March 2014 |title=Africology, Black Studies, African American Studies, Africana Studies, or African World Studies? What's so Important about a Given Name? |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no7/6.7-9Okafor.pdf |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=218–219 |s2cid=140735927 |access-date=2025-07-01 |archive-date=2025-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521210743/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no7/6.7-9Okafor.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Jerin sunaye a cikin Black Studies kuma yana nuna yanayin tarihi da zamantakewar siyasa wanda waɗannan shirye-shiryen suka fito. Misali, kalmomi kamar &quot;African-American Studies&quot; sun samo asali ne a lokacin yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama, suna jaddada mayar da hankali kan kwarewar Afirka ta Amurka da gwagwarmayar samun daidaiton launin fata. Sabanin haka, karin kalmomin zamani kamar &quot;African Studies&quot; da &quot;Pan-African studies&quot; suna nuna haɗin kai tare da kwarewar baki na duniya, gami da haɗin kai a duk faɗin Afirka da kuma amincewa da tasirin ƙasashen duniya.

== Tarihi ==

=== Amurka ===

==== Arewacin Amurka ====

===== Kanada =====
A cikin 1991, an kirkiro kujera ta kasa don Nazarin Black Canadian, wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan James Robinson Johnston, a Jami'ar Dalhousie don manufar ci gaba da kasancewar karatun Black a [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnstead&quot;/&gt; Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin ya yi karatu ne daga shugaban Black Canadian Studies, John Barnstead . &lt;ref name=&quot;Barnstead&quot; /&gt;

===== Mexico =====
Ta hanyar ci gaban littafin, The black population in Mexico (1946), Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán ya ba da hanya ga ci gaban karatun Afro-Mexican.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaz Casas&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Casas |first=Maria Camila |last2=Velazquez |first2=Maria Elisa |date=2017 |title=Afro-Mexican studies: a historiographical and anthropological review |url=https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/jatsRepo/396/39654308010/html/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |journal=Tabula Rasa |volume=27 |pages=221–248 |doi=10.25058/20112742.450 |issn=1794-2489 |s2cid=192255238 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301001650/https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/jatsRepo/396/39654308010/html/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2025-07-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Amurka =====
[[Fayil:Dr._Carter_G._Woodson_(1875-1950),_Carter_G._Woodson_Home_National_Historic_Site,_1915._(18f7565bf62142c0ad7fff83701ca5f6).jpg|thumb|254x254px| Carter G. Woodson, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]]]
Ci gaban karatun Africana, kamar yadda Robert Harris Jr. ya tsara, ya jaddada juyin halitta na horo don mayar da martani ga yanayin tarihi da bukatun al'umma. Mataki na farko, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka ne suka yi alama da ke neman haskaka tarihin da al'adun mutanen Afirka. Wannan aikin tushe ya kafa tushe don ilimin gaba ta hanyar kalubalantar labaran da ke da yawa waɗanda galibi ke warewa ko kuma ba su nuna abubuwan Black ba.

Mataki na uku ya ga kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi na yau da kullun da ake kira Black Studies, wanda ya kara inganta horo a cikin ilimi mafi girma. Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar tsarin ilimi mai tsauri don nazarin kwarewar Black, sau da yawa suna haɗa hanyoyin da suka samo asali daga tarihi, ilimin zamantakewa, adabi, da zane-zane. Wannan tsari ba wai kawai ya ba da izini ga filin ba har ma ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar ƙwarewar da ta kalubalanci labaran da suka fi dacewa.

Yayinda karatun Africana ke ci gaba da bunkasa, mataki na huɗu - yana jaddada haɗin duniya da hangen nesa na Afirka - yana nuna yadda horo ke amsawa ga batutuwan zamani. Yana neman bincika haɗin gwiwar abubuwan da suka faru na Afirka da Afirka, suna inganta zurfin fahimtar abubuwan al'adu da tasirin su a cikin yanayin duniya. Wannan manufar tana ƙarfafa muhimmancin wakiltar muryoyi da gogewa daban-daban, tabbatar da cewa an gane kwarewar Black a matsayin wani ɓangare na labarin ɗan adam.

===== Brazil =====
[[Fayil:Abdias_do_Nascimento.jpg|thumb|246x246px| Abdias Nascimento, [[Brazil]]]]
A cikin 1980, Abdias Nascimento ya ba da gabatarwa a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] game da karatunsa a kan Kilombismo a 2nd Congress of Black Culture in the Americas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nascimento&quot;/&gt; Binciken da ya yi a kan Kilombismo ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa na [[Afirkawa mazaunan Amurka|'Yan Afirka a duk faɗin Amurka]] suka ba da gudummawa ga yadda suka shirya kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Saunders |first=Tanya L. |last2=Ipólito |first2=Jessica |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Mariana Meriqui |last4=Souza |first4=Simone Brandão |date=2020 |title=Kuírlombo Epistemologies Introduction to the CRGS Special Issue Genders and Sexualities in Brazil |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/crgs/december2020/documents/CRGS_14_Pgs1-42_Introduction-Kuirlombo-Epistemologies-final.pdf |journal=Caribbean Review of Gender Studies |issue=14 |page=3 |issn=1995-1108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Nascimento ya koma [[Brazil]] kuma ya fara kafa karatun Africana a 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nascimento&quot; /&gt; Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta São Paulo, Nascimento ya haɓaka Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Bincike (IPEAFRO). &lt;ref name=&quot;Nascimento&quot; /&gt; IPEAFRO ta samar da darasi ga farfesa tsakanin 1985 da 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nascimento&quot; /&gt;

===== Chile =====
Daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da kasancewar Afro-Chileans ba a tsara su ba, kuma, daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, wallafe-wallo sun ci gaba da haɗa Afro-chileans tare da wasu kungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfull&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marfull |first=Montserrat Arre |last2=Vergara |first2=Paulina Barrenechea |date=2017 |title=From denial to diversification: the intramural and extramural aspects of Afro-Chilean studies |url=https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/journal/396/39654308007/html/?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |journal=Tabula Rasa |volume=27 |pages=129–160 |doi=10.25058/20112742.447 |issn=1794-2489 |s2cid=165774774 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301001648/https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/journal/396/39654308007/html/?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2025-07-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarun 2000, an sami karuwar tsarin da ci gaba da nazarin Afro-Chilean, tare da mai da hankali kan Afro-Shileans da dawo da al'adun al'adun Afro-Chhilean.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfull&quot; /&gt;

===== Colombia =====
Masana, kamar su Rogerio Velásquez, Aquiles Escalante, José Rafael Arboleda, da Thomas Price, sun kasance masu gabatarwa a ci gaban karatun Afro-Colombian a cikin 1940s da 1950s. &lt;ref name=&quot;Velandia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Velandia |first=Pedro J. |last2=Restrepo |first2=Edward |date=2007 |title=Afro-Colombian studies: balance of a heterogeneous field |url=https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/jatsRepo/396/39654308008/html/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |journal=Tabula Rasa |issue=27 |doi=10.25058/20112742.448 |issn=1794-2489 |s2cid=193998215 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124125512/https://www-redalyc-org.translate.goog/jatsRepo/396/39654308008/html/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2025-07-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1960, yayin da shirye-shiryen kimiyyar zamantakewa suka shiga cikin cibiyoyin jami'a, gudummawa daga masana kimiyyar ɗan adam da masana kimiyyyar zamantakewar jama'a sun kara da fitowarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Velandia&quot; /&gt; Bayan gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia, musamman Mataki na 55, a cikin 1991, &lt;ref name=&quot;Velandia&quot; /&gt; Dokar 70 a cikin 1993, &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo II&quot;/&gt; da Dokar 804 ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi a cikin 1995, &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carillo II&quot; /&gt; abubuwan da ke tattare da karatun Afro-Colombian sun fara haɗuwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Velandia&quot; /&gt; kuma nuna bambancin tarihi na Afro-colombians ya sami damar fara magance shi, tare da ci gaban abubuwan ilimi na ƙasa game da Afro-Kolombians da [[Afirka]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arocha&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arocha |first=Jaime |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=Elegguá y respeto por los afrocolombianos: una experiencia con docentes de Bogotá en torno a la Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos |journal=Revista de Estudios Sociales |issue=27 |pages=94–105 |doi=10.7440/res27.2007.06 |s2cid=142662429 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jami'ar Birnin Bogotá, na Jami'ar Kasa ta Colombia, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afro-Colombian ta haɓaka kuma ta kafa shirin horo a cikin karatun Afro-colombian don malaman makarantar firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arocha&quot; /&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2002, an ci gaba da shirin difloma na ilimi a cikin karatun Afro-Colombian kuma an fara bayar da shi a Jami'ar Cauca da ke Belalcázar, Caldas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cauca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Codigos De Dependencias: Programas Academicos |url=https://portal.unicauca.edu.co/docs/comunicados/codigos-por-dependencia.pdf |publisher=Universidad del Cauca |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian, akwai shirin digiri na biyu a cikin karatun Afro-Colombian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Xavierian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Master of Afro-Colombian Studies |url=https://buscacarrera-com-co.translate.goog/posgrado/maestria-en-estudios-afrocolombianos-23983/pontificia-universidad-javeriana-principal-49.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US |publisher=Pontifical Javeriana University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USA StudyAbroad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |title=Overseas Capacity Building Initiatives |url=https://studyabroad.state.gov/overseas-capacity-building-initiatives |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=1 July 2025 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109123101/https://studyabroad.state.gov/overseas-capacity-building-initiatives |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, akwai shirin karatu a kasashen waje don daliban Afro-Colombian da daliban Afirka-Amurka da ke tsakanin shirin karatun Afro-Kolombian a Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian a Colombia da shirye-shiryen karatun Afirka-Amurkan a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na tarihi a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;USA StudyAbroad&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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  <page>
    <title>Paradise Point, Pakistan</title>
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      <text bytes="2064" sha1="tkphwtmnmy99yu7vrd9q2iekx7r2fkv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{delete|ai}}[[Fayil:Keamari_Town,_Karachi,_Pakistan_-_panoramio_(3).jpg|thumb|The Paradise Point a cikin 2015.]]
[[Fayil:Paradise_Point.jpg|thumb|Paradise Point a cikin 2007.]]
Paradise Point rairayin bakin teku ne a kan Tekun Larabawa kuma ajiyar Hukumar Makamashi ta Pakistan da ke cikin Gundumar Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan . Paradise Point wani dutse ne na dutse wanda ya taɓa samun bakan halitta.

Saboda damuwa da tsaro da rauni da suka shafi tashar nukiliya ta Karachi a Paradise Point, an rufe rairayin bakin teku don yawon bude ido lokacin da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta sami ajiyar a madadin gwamnatin tarayya ta Pakistan a cikin 2017. 

Kafin 2017, Aljanna Point babban abin jan hankali ne ga masu yawon bude ido, wanda ke ba da doki da raƙumi na bakin teku, wuraren shakatawa, gidajen cin abinci, da yin iyo a Tekun Larabawa. Ana iya samun Beach na Paradise ta hanyar Hawkes Bay Road ko Mubarak Goth Road daga cikin garin Karachi. A yammacinsa, ana samun rairayin bakin teku na Nathiagali.&lt;ref&gt;Shazia Hasan (22 June 2014). &quot;Beachgoers pay no heed to warnings, bathing ban (at Paradise Point beach)&quot;. Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 24 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Imtiaz Ali (14 May 2017). &quot;Four drown during picnic at Karachi's Paradise Point&quot;. Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 24 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa da birnin sun hada da Sandspit Beach, Hawke's Bay, da Clifton Beach.

== Tashar Nukiliya ta Karachi ==
Kusa da Paradise Point wani shafin ne inda kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Karachi yake. Saboda damuwa da tsaro da yiwuwar kai hare-hare, gwamnatin tarayya ta Pakistan ta ba da izinin Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta sami yankin kuma an sanya shi a matsayin ajiyar Hukumar Makamashi Ta atomatik ta Pakistan, wanda ya rufe rairayin bakin teku don yawon bude ido kuma ana buƙatar izini don ziyartar da shigar da rairayin rairayin kan teku.&lt;ref&gt;From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1969: Fifty Years Ago: N-power plant ransacked Dawn (newspaper), Published 21 February 2019, Retrieved 24 March 2021&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mata Yunwa don Adalci</title>
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'''Mata Yunwar Adalci''' wata zanga-zangar ce kai tsaye don nuna goyon bayan amincewa da [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|gyare-gyaren Haƙƙin Daidaita]] a Illinois a cikin 1982.  Azumin ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin manema labarai kuma ya haɗa da sa hannun Sonia Johnson, Sister [[Maureen Fiedler]] da [[Zoe Nicholson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruderman |first=Gary S. |date=June 28, 1982 |title=As Time Runs Out For The E.R.A., Eight Women Stage An Ordeal By Hunger in the Illinois Capital |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=f6h&amp;AN=54138362&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Ebsco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin azumi ==
Wa'adin da Majalisa ta kayyade don tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki ya kasance a lokacin bazara na 1982. Gyaran ya kare ne a ranar 30 ga Yuni na waccan shekarar don haka wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata guda bakwai suka shirya azumi don tada hankali kan bukatar majalisar dokokin jihar Illinois ta zartar da gyaran. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA hunger strikers flirt with death - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/30/ERA-hunger-strikers-flirt-with-death/6876391579200/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=UPI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin azumi ==
[[Fayil:Women_Hunger_for_Justice.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Masu shiga cikin Yunwa don Adalci Mata suna azumi]]
An fara azumi a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1982,  kuma ya dauki kwanaki 37. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=40 years after her Mormon excommunication, ERA firebrand Sonia Johnson salutes today’s ‘wonderful' women, says men ‘bore’ her |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/01/18/years-after-her-mormon/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin azumi an yi ta ba'a daga masu kallo da kuma damuwa a cikin manema labarai game da lafiyar matan da suka shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ERA hunger strikers flirt with death - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/30/ERA-hunger-strikers-flirt-with-death/6876391579200/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=UPI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comedian [[Dick Gregory]] ya zo ya ziyarci matan na tsawon kwanaki uku kuma ya shiga cikin azumi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; An nakalto masu azumi a cikin manema labarai suna cewa alama ce ta &quot;wahalar mata da ta kasance marar ganuwa.&quot;  Ana gudanar da takardu da hotuna na azumi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya a [[Smith College|Kwalejin Smith]] da [[Schlesinger Library|ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collection: Equal Rights Amendment Campaign Archives Project records {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/557 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Papers of Mary Lee Sargent, 1982-2004 |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/12218 |website=Schlesinger Library |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024030254/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/12218 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sr. [[Maureen Fiedler]], 'yar cocin Roman Katolika, ta sami kulawa sosai a cikin 'yan jarida don shiga cikin azumi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Ta kira azumin “Shaida ta addini”. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An gama azumi ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-11 |title=Historical photos: Equal Rights Amendment fight |url=https://journalnow.com/historical-photos-equal-rights-amendment-fight/collection_5b93edf2-3cc8-5f6e-8c02-8d18c2a8c5a5.html#50 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Winston-Salem Journal |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224133922/https://journalnow.com/historical-photos-equal-rights-amendment-fight/collection_5b93edf2-3cc8-5f6e-8c02-8d18c2a8c5a5.html#50 |archive-date=2024-12-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimako daga Gloria Steinem ==
Gloria Steinem ta biya kudin mota, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Gloriamobile&quot; don jigilar mata a lokacin azumi. 

== Shiga Kungiyar Mata ta Kasa ==
Kungiyar Mata ta kasa ta biya kudin dakunan masu azumi a wani masaukin Ramada. 
[[Fayil:Women_Fast_for_Justice_Rally.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Matan Yunwa Don Adalci Raally]]

== Heath na masu azumi ==
Sonia Johnson  ba ta da lafiya sosai a lokacin azumi kuma ta faɗi a lokuta daban-daban guda biyu.  A wasu lokuta ba ta iya tafiya ba tare da taimako ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Magoya bayan Johnson sun damu cewa tana shirye ta mutu don goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mahalarta ==
Mata takwas  a ƙarshe sun shiga cikin azumin Yunwa don Adalci.  Zoe Nicholson ya rubuta littafi game da shiga cikin azumi mai suna ''A Yungry Heart: A Woman's Fast for Justice'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Hungry Heart: A Woman's Fast for Justice |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/481680.The_Hungry_Heart |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da suka halarci azumi sun hada da

* Mary Barnes 
* [[Dina Bachelor]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;
* Sonia Johnson
* [[Maureen Fiedler|Sister Maureen Fiedler]]
* [[Zoe Nicholson]]
* [[Mary Ann Real]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* [[Shirley Wallace]] 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nico Jones</title>
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'''Nico Anthony Jones''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Kudancin Kudancin Kwallon Kwallon Kwando na Banbury United .

Jones samfurin akadami ta Fulham ne kuma ya fara aikinsa na sana'a tare da Oxford United . Ya koma kulob din Brentford B a 2021, wanda ya buga wa har sai an sake shi a 2023. Bayan haka, ya taka leda a kwallon kafa wanda ba na League ba. An haife shi a Ingila, Jamhuriyar Ireland ta rufe Jones a matakin kasa da shekaru 18.

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Shekaru na farko da Oxford United ===
[[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron tsakiya]], Jones ya fara aikin matasa a Fulham Academy a matakin kasa da shekaru 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordProfile&quot; /&gt; Bayan shekaru takwas tare da kulob din, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafin karatu tare da kulob din Oxford United a shekarar 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordProfile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones – Defender – Under 21 Team |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/archived-players/nico-jones2/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=Oxford United |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815120700/https://www.oufc.co.uk/teams/archived-players/nico-jones2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nine New Scholars at Oxford United |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2018/april/nine-new-scholars2/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.oufc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku na farko a ƙarshen kakar 2018-19 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru biyu, tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara, a watan Yunin 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones Signs First Professional Contract |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2019/june/nico-jones-signs/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.oufc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jones ya buga wasan daya kawai a lokacin kakar 2019-20,  duk da cewa abin tunawa ne, lokacin da ya jagoranci kulob din Oxford United zuwa nasarar 4-1 na EFL Trophy a kan Crawley Town a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;Captain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Good Day For Goodrham |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2019/november/tyler-goodrham-youngest-player/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.oufc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bayyanar ta sanya shi kyaftin din kulob din mafi ƙanƙanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Captain&quot; /&gt;

Jones daga baya an rance shi zuwa yin bayyanar EFL Trophy kuma ya kwashe lokaci a kan aro a kungiyoyin National League South Oxford City da Havant &amp;amp;amp; Waterlooville a lokacin kakar 2019-20 da 2020-21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones Joins Oxford City On Loan |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2020/february/nico-jones-oxford-city-loan/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.oufc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a watan Yunin 2021, bayan kulob din ya yi watsi da zaɓin shekara guda a kwangilarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U's Announce Retained List |url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2021/may/retained-list/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.oufc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jones ya buga wasanni takwas a cikin yanayi uku a Filin wasa na Kassam . 

=== Brentford ===
A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2021, Jones ya koma Kungiyar B a kulob din Brentford dake Premier League kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu, tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara, a kan canja wurin kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones joins Brentford B |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/august/nico-jones-joins-brentford-b/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2021-22 da 2022-23, ya buga wasanni 61 na kungiyar B kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar da ta lashe kofin London na 2021-22.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrentfordReleased&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brentford B squad update |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/brentford-b-team-brentford-b-squad-update |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LSC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Report: Brentford B win London Senior Cup on penalties |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2022/april/match-report-brentford-b-v-hendon/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426222021/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2022/april/match-report-brentford-b-v-hendon/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jones a wasu lokuta ya shiga cikin horar da tawagar farko a lokacin kakar 2021-22 kuma ya yi wasan sada zumunci a tsakiyar kakar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones: Step by Step |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/brentford-b-team-nico-jones-step-by-step |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Report: Brentford XI 3 Leicester City U23s 0 |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/match-report-brentford-xi-3-leicester-city-u23s-0-638383 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare a watan Yunin 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrentfordReleased&quot; /&gt;

=== Kwallon ƙafa da ba na League ba ===
A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2023, Jones ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci tare da kulob din Welling United na Kudancin Kungiyar ta Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=wellingunited|title=✍️ Defensive duo sign! The Wings are delighted to welcome right-back Rob Howard back to the club, alongside former @OUFCOfficial &amp; @BrentfordFC centre-back Nico Jones on short-term deals 🤝 #WeAreWings🪽}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasan Kent Senior Cup guda daya ga kulob din.&lt;ref name=&quot;AylesburyUnitedArchive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones {{!}} Player Profile |url=https://www.aylesburyunitedarchive.com/player/nico-jones/33515 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Aylesbury United Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 2024, Jones ya buga wasan Kent Senior Cup na biyu na kakar 2023-24, ga Dover Athletic . &lt;ref name=&quot;Reeves&quot; /&gt; A matsayinsa na dan wasan da bai cancanci ba, an fitar da kulob din daga gasar don sanya shi a filin wasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reeves&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reeves |first=Thomas |date=24 February 2024 |title=Confirmed: Whites out of Kent Senior Cup |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/dover/sport/confirmed-whites-out-of-kent-senior-cup-302353/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Kent Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Maris 2024, Jones ya koma kungiyar Burgess Hill Town ta Isthmian League ta Kudu maso Gabas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Defender Jones joins the Hillians |url=https://bhtfc.co.uk/2024/03/defender-jones-joins-the-hillians/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=bhtfc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni hudu kafin karshen kakar 2023-24,  wanda ya kai ga raguwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FWP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Burgess Hill Town {{!}} Appearances {{!}} Nico Jones {{!}} 2023–2024 |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/burgess-hill-town/appearances/2023-2024/nico-jones/963578 |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Football Web Pages}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2024, Jones ya koma kungiyar Banbury United ta Kudancin Kudancin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones joins the Puritans |url=https://www.banburyunitedfc.co.uk/news/nico-jones-joins-the-puritans-2857508.html |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.banburyunitedfc.co.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 31 a lokacin tsakiyar teburin 2024-25.  &lt;ref name=&quot;BanburyStats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones |url=https://www.banburyunitedfc.co.uk/teams/24168/player/nico-jones-3274484/90191 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Banbury United Football Club First Team |archive-date=18 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118113651/https://www.banburyunitedfc.co.uk/teams/24168/player/nico-jones-3274484/90191 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An riƙe Jones don kakar 2025-26.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=BanburyUnitedFC|title=𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐎 𝐉𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐒 🟥🟨 👉 We're delighted to announce that defender Nico Jones has committed to Banbury United for the 25/26 season! 🏞️ Jones proved to be a man-mountain in the defence last season, showcasing his aerial qualities and superb strength consistently. #WeAreUnited {{!}} #UTP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
An kira Jones zuwa cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 na Jamhuriyar Ireland don gasar sada zumunci a Sweden a watan Satumbar 2019 kuma ya bayyana sau ɗaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ireland U18: Reid names squad for Sweden tournament |url=https://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/ireland-u18-reid-names-squad-for-sweden-tournament |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=Football Association of Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 0-0 draw tare da masu masaukin baki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ireland U18: Ireland held to a draw by hosts Sweden |url=https://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/ireland-u18-ireland-held-to-a-draw-by-hosts-sweden |access-date=15 August 2021 |website=Football Association of Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jones ya buga wasan da ya yi na [[Republic of Ireland national under-20 football team|kasa da shekaru 20]] kawai tare da farawa a wasan sada zumunci da ba na kai ba da tawagar Jamhuriyar Ireland a ranar 22 ga Maris 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones makes Ireland Under-20 debut |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2022/march/nico-jones-makes-ireland-under-20-debut/ |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 21 October 2025}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Oxford United
|2018–19
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
|2019–20
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Ƙungiyar Ɗaya
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4[ƙasa-alpha 1]&lt;ref name=&quot;EFLT&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!3
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!5
!0
!8
!0
|-
|Birnin Oxford (rashin kuɗi) 
|2019–20
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|3
|0
|-
|Havant &amp;amp;amp; Waterlooville (rashin aro) 
|2020–21
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|1 
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Rashin lafiya da aka haɗa
|2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;AylesburyUnitedArchive&quot;/&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 3]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|Dover Athletic
|2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;AylesburyUnitedArchive&quot; /&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 3]&lt;ref name=&quot;KSC&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
|0
|1
|0
|-
|Birnin Burgess Hill
|2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;FWP&quot;/&gt;
|Ƙungiyar Isthmian ta Kudu maso Gabas
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|4
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Banbury United
|2024–25&lt;ref name=&quot;BanburyStats&quot;/&gt;
|Kudancin Kudancin Premier Division Central
|28
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|2
|0
|31
|0
|-
|2025–26&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nico Jones |url=https://www.banburyunitedfc.co.uk/teams/24168/player/nico-jones-3274484/93391 |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Banbury United Football Club First Team }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Kudancin Kudancin Premier Division Central
|7
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|1 &lt;ref name=&quot;FAT&quot; group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;
|0
|10
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!35
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!3
!0
!41
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!46
!0
!3
!0
!0
!0
!11
!0
!60
!0
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Brentford B'''

* Babban Kofin London: 2021-22 &lt;ref name=&quot;LSC&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3j77qatm5lowescwuhpcjww4up2ujib</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miss Universo Chile 2012</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121130</id>
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      <id>963769</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T07:22:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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Miss Universo [[Chile]] 2012, gasar Miss Universo [[Chile]] ta 49th, da aka gudanar a Ji daɗin Santiago, Casino &amp; Resort a ranar 26 ga Oktoban shekarar 2012. Mai nasara, Ana Luisa König daga O'Higgins, ta wakilci ƙasarta a Miss Universe 2012 a [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], Amurka ranar 12 ga Disamba, 20.

== Sakamako na ƙarshe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Sakamako na ƙarshe
! Mai gasa
|-
| '''Miss Universo Chile 2012'''
| '''Ana Luisa König''' '''O'Higgins'''
|-
| '''Wanda ya zo na daya'''
| '''Maule''' - Javiera Santander
|-
| '''2nd Gudu'''
| '''Valparaiso''' - Rebeca Barros
|-
| '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan wasan kusa da na karshe'''
| '''Araucanía''' - Fernanda Luchsinger '''Islas Juan Fernández''' - María Mihovilovic
|}

=== Kyaututtuka na musamman ===

* '''Miss Congeniality''' - Emilia Depassier ( '''Bio Bio''' )

== Wakilai ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Represents
!Name
!Age
!Height
!Hometown
|-
|'''Antofagasta'''
|Javiera Franco
|27
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Araucanía'''
|Fernanda Luchsinger
|18
|1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
|Temuco
|-
|'''Atacama'''
|Carla Abarca
|25
|1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
|Vallenar
|-
|'''Bío Bío'''
|Emilia Depassier
|22
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''[[Santiago de Chile|Ciudad Capital]]'''
|María José Muñoz
|19
|1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Coquimbo'''
|Camila Silva
|19
| 
|Coquimbo
|-
|'''Islas Juan Fernández'''
|María Ignacia Mihovilovic
|19
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Los Lagos'''
|Valeria Yohonson
|18
|1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Maule'''
|Javiera Santander
|20
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''O'Higgins'''
|'''Ana Luisa König'''
|21
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Región Metropolitana'''
|Nicole Lavanchy
|22
|1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Tarapacá'''
|Gabriela Ahumada
|20
|1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|-
|'''Valparaíso'''
|Rebeca Barros
|18
| 
|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]
|}

== Jury ==

* Vanessa Ceruti, [[Miss Universo Chile 2011]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}}
* Raquel Argandoña, Mai gabatarwa TV &amp; Miss Universo Chile 1975
* Juan Falcón, actor
* Carolina Parsons, Model
* Carolina Ruiz, Model
* Gabriel Schkolnick, Mai daukar hoto
* Luis Francisco Dotto, Wanda ya kafa Hukumar Dotto
* Majed Kahlil, Shugaban Sun Channel TV

== Bayanan kula ==

* Luciano Marrochino, Enjoy Casino &amp; Resort da Camilo Valdivia ne suka shirya bikin.
* Sara Bravo da Daniela Llanos sun janye daga gasar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=60em}}</text>
      <sha1>47xrnppx6gwv4a49r9xh954zu9p66i2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miriam Rautert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963487</id>
      <parentid>739272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2376" sha1="e2fxvhvgoee8qx8vh12tyrqxnlx8h62" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Miriam Rautert (an Haife ta 21 Maris 1996) ƙirar Bajamushe ce kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta sami kambin Miss Universe [[Jamus]] 2019 . Ta wakilci [[Jamus]] a gasar Miss Universe 2019 . A cikin 2021, ta zama 'yar takara a cikin Topmodel na gaba na [[Jamus]] (lokaci na 16) .

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Rautert a ranar 21 ga Maris 1996 a [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad da Tobago kuma ya girma a [[Hagen]], Jamus. Tana da digiri a aikin jarida da sadarwar kamfanoni daga jami'a mai zaman kanta a Iserlohn, kuma ta koma [[Berlin]] don semester na shida a cikin 2018. Rautert ita ce [[Miss Universe Jamus|Miss Universe ta biyu ta Jamus]] na ƙabilanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miss Universe Germany is Trini-born |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/miss-universe-germany-is-trini-born/article_c28c71f0-cd1d-11e9-8bef-a3de76b0cf0e.html |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=Trinidad Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506061039/https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/miss-universe-germany-is-trini-born/article_c28c71f0-cd1d-11e9-8bef-a3de76b0cf0e.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shafin shafi ==

=== Miss Universe Germany 2019 ===
Rautert ta shiga babbar gasar kasa, wannan karon a gasar [[Miss Universe Jamus|Miss Universe Germany 2019]] a [[Berlin]] ranar 1 ga Satumba 2019. Ta ci gaba da lashe gasar, inda ta doke wadanda suka zo na biyu Christine Annabelle Keller da Alena Krempl. Rautert ya sami kambi ta mai fita Miss Universe [[Jamus]] 2018 Celine Willers . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad-born woman to represent Germany at next Miss Universe pageant |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2019/news/regional/trinidad/09/02/trinidad-born-woman-to-represent-germany-at-next-miss-universe-pageant/ |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=www.stabroeknews.com |publisher=Stabroek News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lauterborn |first=Antonia |title=Miriam aus Hagen deutsche Kandidatin bei Miss-Universe-Wahl |url=https://www.wp.de/staedte/hagen/miriam-aus-hagen-deutsche-kandidatin-bei-miss-universe-wahl-id226972225.html |access-date=2 September 2019 |publisher=wp.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Miss Universe 2019 ===
A matsayin Miss Universe [[Jamus]], Rautert ta wakilci [[Jamus]] a Miss Universe 2019 inda ba ta sanya ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chinonye Chukwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>122826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963703</id>
      <parentid>928925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sani Abdullahi M</username>
        <id>27364</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344706901|Chinonye Chukwu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963703</origin>
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      <text bytes="7309" sha1="p3ntsmkgwmwgrz1qqkol8frka9jsher" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da shekaru shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' (2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
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'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da shekaru shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' (2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da (shekaru shida 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' (2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da (shekaru shida 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗe kide. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' (2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
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'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da (shekaru shida 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗe kide. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' Shekara(2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Chinonye Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ ( / ˈtʃ iː n oʊ j ə ˈtʃuːkuː / CHEE -noh - CHEE CHOO- koo ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2013 |title=Chinonye Chukwu – Finding One's Self and Alaskaland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrCIwUhImOE&amp;t=6m58s |access-date=January 10, 2020 |publisher=Reelblack}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Amurka wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''Clemency'' da ''Till'' . Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a Sundance . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Appler |first=Michael |date=2019-12-12 |title=Chinonye Chukwu on Golden Globes Shutout of Female Directors |url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-alfre-woodard-1203432196/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Variety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Chukwu a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya. Lokacin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Oklahoma]], suka kuma sake ƙaura zuwa Fairbanks, Alaska lokacin tana da (shekaru shida 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sun ziyarci Najeriya akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin da ta girma a Alaska, Chukwu ita ce kawai bakar fata a cikin azuzuwan ta, kuma ta sha wahala wajen daidaita kanta. A tsawon yarintarta tana fama da matsalar yanayi, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu a Alaska. Domin ta jure, ta karanta [[Maya Angelou]] kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi. Chukwu koyaushe yana son yin fina-finai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta ɗauki littafin rubutu wanda za ta rubuta ra'ayoyin fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗe kide. Sau da yawa tana rubuta labarai game da 'yan matan Najeriya da Amurka da ke sake haɗuwa da ƙauna ko 'yan'uwansu da suka rasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar DePauw, inda ta shiga Zeta Phi Beta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Zeta Phi Beta Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Just Became The First Black Woman to Win Sundance Film Festival's Biggest Prize |url=https://www.watchtheyard.com/zetas/chinonye-chukwu-zeta-phi-beta/ |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Watch The Yard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta shiga makarantar koyon fina-finai a Jami'ar Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2013-2014 Chukwu ya sami tallafin karatu na Hodder daga Jami'ar Princeton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current &amp; Past Fellows |url=https://arts.princeton.edu/fellowships/people/#hodder |access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Chukwu ya jagoranci ''darasin rawa'' a shekarar 2010, game da wata yarinya bakar fata da ke fama da matsalar zama mai rawa a cikin al'umma mai ci gaba.  Fim ɗinta na farko mai suna ''Alaska-Land'' Shekara(2012), ya ba da labarin wani ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa 'yar Najeriya da ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sake haɗuwa a garinsu na Fairbanks, Alaska.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  An ƙi fim ɗin daga kowace biki da shirin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ta nema. &lt;ref name=&quot;alaskaLand&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Alexis |date=December 12, 2019 |title=With Clemency, Chinonye Chukwu Has Made the Most Devastating Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/chinonye-chukwu-clemency-interview |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Vogue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013 ta ba da umarni a fim mai suna ''A Long Walk'' (2013), wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wani yaro wanda mahaifinsa ya yi masa ba'a a bainar jama'a. 

Chukwu ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ''Clemency'' (2019). Wasan kwaikwayo na hukuncin kisa ya fito a matsayin Alfre Woodard a matsayin mai gadin gidan yari wanda ya fahimci buƙatun aikinta da kuma Aldis Hodge a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2020-01-02 |title=How 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Turned Her Pain Into the Year's Most Empathetic Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/clemency-filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-interview-1202199633/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa a fim ɗin ya fito ne daga shari'ar Troy Davis, wani fursuna da aka kashe a shekarar 2011. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta sami kyautar US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize a 2019 Sundance, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=2019-02-03 |title=Sundance: 'Clemency' Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu Is First Black Woman to Win Biggest Prize |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/sundance-chinonye-chukwu-first-black-woman-grand-jury-prize-1202040823/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2020 |title=Filmmaker Chinonye Chukwu On The Making Of 'Clemency' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793827599/filmmaker-chinonye-chukwu-on-the-making-of-clemency |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne aka shirya zai jagoranci fim ɗin ''A Taste Of Power'', wanda aka gina bisa tarihin rayuwar Elaine Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2019-01-28 |title='Clemency' Director Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Female Black Panther Drama 'A Taste Of Power:' Sundance |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/clemency-director-chinonye-chukwu-female-black-panther-drama-a-taste-of-power-elaine-brown-sundance-1202543958/ |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chukwu ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin Till na shekarar 2022, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da neman adalci da Mamie Till-Mobley ta yi bayan an kashe ɗanta mai shekaru 14 Emmett Louis Till a shekarar 1955. [1]''l.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Chinonye Chukwu To Helm Film On How Mamie Till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder Into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809213508/https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Chukwu ne zai jagoranci ''Wolf Hustle'', wani fim da aka gina bisa tarihin Cin Fabré mai suna iri ɗaya don Apple Studios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Apple Wins Rights To 'Wolf Hustle'; 'Till's Chinonye Chukwu To Write &amp; Direct, Entertainment 360 To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/apple-chinonye-chukwu-wolf-hustle-1235282720/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kasuwanci</title>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377909090|Retail]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947,_Tánger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_78.JPG|thumb|A grocery and cosmetics store in [[Tanja|Tangier]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]]]
Retail shine sayar da kayayyaki da ayyuka ga masu amfani, sabanin siyarwa, wanda shine siyarwa ga '''Kasuwanci''' ko abokan ciniki na hukuma. '''mai siyarwa''' yana sayen kayayyaki da yawa daga [[Masana'anta|masana'antun]], kai tsaye daga ko ta hanyar mai siyarwa, sannan ya sayar da ƙananan yawa ga masu amfani don riba. Masu siyarwa sune hanyar haɗi ta ƙarshe a cikin jerin wadata daga masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani.

Kasuwancin tallace-tallace da shagunan suna da dogon tarihi, tun daga zamanin d ̄ a. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa na farko sun kasance masu sayarwa masu tafiya. A cikin ƙarni, an canza shagunan sayar da kayayyaki daga kadan fiye da &quot;ƙananan ɗakunan ajiya&quot; zuwa manyan kantin sayar da kayayyakin zamani na zamani.

Ayyukan tallace-tallace suna ci gaba da samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da sanya su inda kwastomomi za su saya su, wanda ke sa sayarwa da samar da manyan sassan dabarun tallace-tafiye. Shirye-shiryen tallace-tallace galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Binciken muhalli na lokaci-lokaci da kuma tsarin bincike na kasuwanni, abokan ciniki, damar ciki, da gasa. Sau da yawa ana bayyana yanke shawara na yau da kullun ta amfani da haɗin tallace-tallace, wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin &quot;Ps&quot; guda shida: samfurin, wuri, gabatarwa, farashi, ma'aikata, da gabatarwa (shaida ta jiki). Shawarwarin wuri sun haɗa da wuri, lokutan aiki, da samun dama, kuma masu siyarwa da yawa sun faɗaɗa cikin samfuran tashoshi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa siyarwar jiki da kan layi. Shirye-shiryen farashi da dabaru na iya Haɗuwa da rangwamen, farashi mai ƙarancin yau da kullun, farashi ragi ƙarancin farashi, Shugabannin asarar, haɗawa, da farashi na tunani, tare da tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi na abokin ciniki waɗanda ke ɗauke da farashin sarrafawa. Bukatar ma'aikata na tallace-tallace sau da yawa sun bambanta da lokaci da kakar, wanda ya goyi bayan tsarawa mai sauƙi; ɗayan ƙididdigar da aka ambata shi ne cewa a cikin 2012, kusan kashi 70% na ma'aikatan tallace-kallace na Amurka sun kasance na ɗan lokaci. A tsawon lokaci, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun jaddada Dangantakar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci maimakon ma'amaloli na lokaci guda, yayin da suke saka hannun jari a cikin ƙirar shagon (tsarin, hasken wuta, kiɗa, alamomi, da wuraren &quot;decompression&quot;) don tsara kwarewar siyayya.

A cikin zamani na dijital, yawancin 'yan kasuwa suna neman isa kasuwannin da suka fi girma ta hanyar siyarwa ta hanyar tashoshi da yawa, gami da tubali da kuma siyarwar kan layi. Fasahar dijital tana shafar hanyar da masu amfani ke biyan kaya da aiyuka. Ayyukan tallafin tallafi na iya haɗawa da samar da bashi, sabis na isar da kaya, sabis na ba da shawara, sabis na salo da sauran ayyukan tallafi. Ma'aikatan sayar da kayayyaki ma'aikatan irin waɗannan shagunan ne.

Sashin sayarwa yana da mahimmanci a tattalin arziki kuma yana daukar ma'aikata masu yawa. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa na zamani yawanci suna yin yanke shawara iri-iri na dabarun ciki har da nau'in shagon, kasuwar da za a yi hidima, mafi kyawun samfurin, sabis na abokin ciniki, sabis na tallafi, da kuma matsayin kasuwar gaba ɗaya. Masu siyarwa sun kuma fadada damar omnichannel, kamar sayen kan layi da karɓar ajiya, kuma wasu kamfanoni sun gwada sarrafa kansa, kamar tsarin kantin sayar da kaya.

== Magana ==
Kalmar ''retail'' ta fito ne daga tsohon {{Lang|fro|retaillier}} fi'ili na Faransa, ma'ana &quot;siffa ta hanyar yankewa&quot; ( {{Circa|1365}} ). An fara rubuta shi a matsayin suna a shekara ta 1433 da ma'anar &quot;sayarwa a ƙananan adadi&quot; daga ''mai sayar da'' fi'ili na Tsakiyar Faransanci ma'ana &quot;wani yanki da aka yanke, aka yanke, aka goge, aka yi masa paring&quot;.  A halin yanzu, ma'anar kalmar ''retail'' (a Turanci, Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Jamusanci da Sifaniyanci) tana nufin sayar da ƙananan kayayyaki ga masu amfani (sabanin jumla ).

=== Ma'anar shari'a da bayani ===
Dillali yana nufin aikin sayar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka kai tsaye ga masu amfani ko masu amfani da ƙarshen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=retail |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811173951/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=17 January 2018 |via=The Free Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan kasuwa na iya sayarwa ga abokan ciniki na kasuwanci, kuma irin waɗannan tallace-tallace ana kiransu ''aikin da ba na siyarwa ba'' . A wasu yankuna ko yankuna, ma'anonin shari'a na dillalai sun ƙayyade cewa aƙalla kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan tallace-tallace dole ne su kasance ga masu amfani da ƙarshen.  A fannin banki, &quot;sayar da kaya&quot; yawanci yana nufin yin amfani da babban banki, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na musamman ga manyan abokan ciniki, sabanin bankin dillalai, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na yau da kullun ga ƙananan abokan ciniki. Dillalai galibi suna faruwa ne a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ko wuraren hidima, amma kuma suna iya faruwa ta hanyar siyarwa kai tsaye, kamar ta hanyar injunan siyarwa, tallace-tallace daga gida zuwa gida ko hanyoyin lantarki.  Duk da cewa ra'ayin dillanci galibi ana danganta shi da siyan kaya, kalmar za a iya amfani da ita ga masu samar da ayyuka waɗanda ke sayarwa ga masu amfani. Masu samar da ayyukan dillalai sun haɗa da bankunan dillalai, yawon buɗe ido, inshora, kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, ilimi mai zaman kansa, kamfanonin tsaro masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin shari'a, masu bugawa, sufuri na jama'a, da sauransu. Misali, mai samar da yawon bude ido na iya samun sashen dillalai wanda ke ba da tafiye-tafiye da masauki ga masu sayayya, da kuma sashen jimillar kaya wanda ke siyan tubalan masauki, karimci, sufuri, da yawon bude ido, wanda daga baya ake tattarawa a matsayin rangadin hutu don sayarwa ga wakilan tafiye-tafiye na dillalai.

Wasu dillalai suna yi wa shagunansu lakabi da &quot;shagunan sayar da kayayyaki&quot; waɗanda ke ba da &quot;farashin tallace-tallace&quot;. Duk da cewa wannan tsari na iya ƙarfafa masu sayayya su yi tunanin cewa suna da damar samun ƙananan farashi, yayin da suke shirin musanya farashin da aka rage don yanayin da ke cikin shaguna, a cikin ma'anar doka, shagon da ke sayar da mafi yawan kayansa kai tsaye ga masu sayayya ana bayyana shi a matsayin dillali maimakon dillali. Hukumomi daban-daban sun kafa ma'auni don rabon tallace-tallace na mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke ayyana kasuwancin dillalai. Hanya mafi dacewa ta bambanta juzu'i da dillalai ita ce ta ''babban abokin ciniki'' : 

* ''Cinikin Jumla'' : galibi ana sayarwa ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su ''sake sayarwa'' ko ''amfani da kayayyaki a cikin ayyuka'' (kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci).
* ''Kasuwancin dillalai:'' galibi ana sayar da shi ga ''gidaje/masu amfani'' .

== Ayyukan dillalai da ayyukan ==

=== Sayen kaya na dillali ===
Samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da kuma gano su inda masu sayayya za su saya su manyan ayyuka ne na dillalai, don haka kula da sayayya da wadata muhimman abubuwa ne na dabarun dillalai. 

Bambanci tsakanin yanke shawara na &quot;dabaru&quot; da &quot;shugabanci&quot; galibi ana amfani da shi don bambance &quot;matakai biyu masu manufofi daban-daban kuma bisa ga kayan aikin dabaru daban-daban. Tsarin dabaru ya shafi zaɓin manufofi da nufin inganta matsayin gasa na kamfanin, la'akari da ƙalubale da damammaki da yanayin gasa ya gabatar. A gefe guda kuma, yanke shawara na gudanarwa yana mai da hankali kan aiwatar da takamaiman manufofi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Volpato |first=Giuseppe |last2=Stocchetti |first2=Andrea |date=2009 |title=Old and new approaches to marketing. The quest of their epistemological roots |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |url-status=live |journal=The Proceedings of 10th International Conference Marketing Trends |issue=30841 |page=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203170330/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |archive-date=2017-02-03 |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken dabarun dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan: 
[[File:Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg|thumb| Dillalin kuma yana la'akari da matsayin dabarun gabaɗaya da kuma hoton dillalin.]]

* Binciken Kasuwa - Girman kasuwa, matakin kasuwa, gasa a kasuwa, jan hankalin kasuwa, yanayin kasuwa
* Binciken Abokan Ciniki - Rarraba Kasuwa, bayanin alƙaluma, yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yanayin tunanin mutum, dabi'u da halaye, halayen siyayya, fifikon alama, nazarin buƙatu da buƙatu, da kuma halayen kafofin watsa labarai.
* Binciken Cikin Gida - Sauran iyawa da suka haɗa da ƙarfin albarkatun ɗan adam, ƙarfin fasaha, ƙarfin kuɗi, ikon samar da tattalin arziki ko tattalin arziki mai girma, dangantakar kasuwanci, suna, matsayi, da kuma ayyukan da suka gabata.
* Binciken gasa - Samuwar maye gurbin, ƙarfi da raunin masu fafatawa, taswirar fahimta, yanayin gasa
* Sharhin haɗin samfura –:: Tallace-tallace a kowace murabba'in ƙafa, ƙimar juye-juyen hannun jari, riba a kowace layin samfura
* Bitar hanyoyin rarrabawa - Lokutan jagora tsakanin yin oda da isarwa, farashin rarrabawa, da kuma ingancin farashi na masu shiga tsakani
* Kimanta tattalin arzikin dabarun - Nazarin farashi da fa'idar ayyukan da aka tsara

A ƙarshen nazarin dillalai, ya kamata masu sayar da kayayyaki su fahimci waɗanne ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki ne za a yi wa ayyukan tallatawa. Duk da haka, ba dukkan abubuwa suke daidai ba, sau da yawa tare da alƙaluma, dalilan siyayya, da kuma kashe kuɗi wajen jagorantar ayyukan masu amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Christopher J. |last2=Wenyu |first2=Lu |date=13 May 2019 |title=What influences Chinese fashion retail? Shopping motivations, demographics and spending |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36823 |journal=Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |doi=10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken bincike kan harkokin kasuwanci ya nuna cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin matsayin shago da kuma matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na abokan ciniki.  Bugu da ƙari, dabarun dillalai, gami da ingancin sabis, yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da aminci ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yu-Jia |date=Summer 2012 |title=The Moderating Effect of Brand Equity and the Mediating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy On the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty: the case of retail chain stores in Taiwan |url=https://www.ijoi-online.org/attachments/article/31/FINAL%20ISSUE%20VOL%205%20%20NUM%201%20SUMMER%202012%20revised.pdf#page=155 |journal=International Journal of Organizational Innovation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |issn= |eissn=1943-1813 |id={{EBSCOhost|79544612}}. {{ProQuest|1030258221}}.&lt;!-- also https://www.proquest.com/openview/25ef15184d9b2af0ad9f49c28bb5f08b --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin tallan ya bayyana dukkan muhimman fannoni na masu sauraron da kamfanoni ke so, alƙaluma, da abubuwan da suke so. A cikin kasuwa mai gasa sosai, dabarun dillalai yana kafa dorewa na dogon lokaci. Yana mai da hankali kan alaƙar abokan ciniki, yana jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin ƙima, gamsuwar abokan ciniki, kuma yana nuna yadda matsayin kasuwar shagon ke jan hankalin ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki da aka yi niyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morschett |first=Dirk |last2=Swoboda |first2=Bernhard |last3=Schramm-Klein |first3=Hanna |date=July 2006 |title=Competitive strategies in retailing—an investigation of the applicability of Porter's framework for food retailers |journal=Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=275–287 |doi=10.1016/j.jretconser.2005.08.016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tallan dillali ===
[[File:Retail_mix.jpg|thumb| Haɗin tallan dillalai ko Ps 6 na siyarwa]]
An ƙirƙiro wani haɗin dillalai don manufar daidaita shawarwarin dabarun yau da kullun. Haɗin tallan dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi manyan matakai shida na yanke shawara, gami da yanke shawara kan samfura, yanke shawara kan wuri, haɓakawa, farashi, ma'aikata da gabatarwa (wanda kuma aka sani da shaidar zahiri). Haɗin dillalan ya dogara ne kawai akan haɗin tallan, amma an faɗaɗa shi kuma an gyara shi daidai da buƙatun musamman na mahallin dillalan. Masana da dama sun yi jayayya kan faɗaɗa haɗin tallan tare da haɗa sabbin Ps guda biyu, wato, ''Ma'aikata'' da ''Gabatarwa'' tunda waɗannan suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewar abokin ciniki ta musamman ta dillalai kuma sune babban tushen bambance-bambancen dillalai. Duk da haka wasu masana suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a haɗa da ''Tsarin Siyarwa'' (watau tsarin siyarwa). &lt;ref name=&quot;Constantinides 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Constantinides |first=E. |date=April 2006 |title=The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1362/026725706776861190 |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=407–438 (see p. 421 for consolidation and pp. 422–423 for retail format) |doi=10.1362/026725706776861190 |issn=0267-257X |id={{EBSCOhost|20474898}}.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗaɗɗen tallan dillalai da aka fi ambata a cikin littattafan karatu ana kiransa ''4'' (wuri, farashi, samfura, da haɓakawa) ko ''6 Ps na siyarwa'' (duba zane a dama).  
[[File:Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg|left|thumb| Babban kanti na yau da kullun yana ɗauke da kayayyaki daban-daban tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 60,000.]]
Babban shawarwarin da mai siyarwa ke yankewa game da samfura sune nau'in samfuran (irin layukan samfura, layuka nawa da kuma nau'ikan samfuran da za a ɗauka); nau'in sabis na abokin ciniki (taimakon kai tsaye zuwa ga sabis na kai) da kuma samuwar ayyukan tallafi (misali sharuɗɗan bashi, ayyukan isarwa, kulawar bayan tallace-tallace). Waɗannan shawarwari sun dogara ne akan yin nazari mai zurfi kan kasuwa, buƙatu, gasa, da kuma ƙwarewar dillalin.

Sabis na abokin ciniki shine &quot;jimillar ayyuka da abubuwan da ke ba wa masu amfani damar karɓar abin da suke buƙata ko suke so daga [shagon] dillalai.&quot; Dillalai dole ne su yanke shawara ko za su samar da cikakken wurin sabis ko kuma ƙaramin wurin sabis, kamar babu sabis idan akwai injinan siyarwa; yin hidima kai tsaye tare da taimakon tallace-tallace na asali kawai ko cikakken aikin sabis kamar yadda yake a yawancin shaguna da shagunan musamman. Bugu da ƙari, dillalin yana buƙatar yanke shawara game da tallafin tallace-tallace, kamar isar da abokan ciniki da kuma kula da abokan ciniki bayan siyarwa.
[[File:Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da kayan tarihi galibi suna zaune a wuraren da cunkoson ababen hawa ke yawaita kamar wannan wurin ajiye kayan tarihi na London wanda ke kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa a kusurwar titi mai cike da jama'a.]]
Shawarwarin wurin aiki sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan samun damar masu amfani kuma suna iya haɗawa da wurin aiki, amfani da sarari da lokutan aiki. Masu siyarwa na iya la'akari da nau'ikan abubuwan inganci da adadi don kimanta wuraren da ake la'akari da su. Abubuwan da suka shafi manyan abubuwa sun haɗa da halayen kasuwa (alƙaluma, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa), buƙatu, gasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa (misali samuwar wutar lantarki, hanyoyi, tsarin sufuri na jama'a). Ƙananan abubuwan sun haɗa da girman wurin (misali, samuwar wurin ajiye motoci), damar shiga motocin jigilar kaya. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a harkokin kasuwanci shi ne sauyawa zuwa harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Domin magance matsalar da shagunan yanar gizo ke haifarwa, dillalan kayayyaki da yawa sun shiga harkar sayar da kayayyaki ta yanar gizo ta hanyar kafa gidajen yanar gizo na tallace-tallace na katalogi da kuma shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwanci ta yanar gizo. Duk da haka, dillalai da yawa sun lura cewa masu sayayya suna nuna halaye daban-daban lokacin siyayya ta intanet. Misali, dangane da zaɓin dandamalin kan layi, masu siyayya suna zaɓar shafin yanar gizo na dillalin da suka fi so da farko, amma yayin da suke samun ƙarin ƙwarewa a siyayya ta kan layi, suna zama marasa aminci kuma suna da yuwuwar canzawa zuwa wasu shafukan dillalai.  Shagunan kan layi yawanci suna samuwa awanni 24 a rana, kuma yawancin masu amfani a faɗin duniya suna da damar shiga Intanet a wurin aiki da kuma a gida.
[[File:Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG|left|thumb| Amfani da lambar ƙarshe ta 'tara' mai yawa yana nuna cewa farashin tunani yana kan gaba.]]
Tallace-tallacen mu'amala na nufin gano masu sayayya da ake so, sannan a yi shawarwari, a yi ciniki, sannan a ƙarshe a kawo ƙarshen dangantaka don kammala ciniki. A cikin wannan tsarin ciniki na lokaci ɗaya, ɓangarorin biyu suna neman haɓaka buƙatunsu. Sakamakon haka, tallan ciniki yana haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin ingancin sabis bayan sayarwa da kuma rashin hanyoyin amsawa ga ɓangarorin biyu. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kamfanonin dillalai suna buƙatar sake haɓaka alaƙar abokan ciniki don kowace ciniki, farashin tallatawa yana da yawa kuma riƙe abokan ciniki yana da ƙasa. Duk waɗannan matsalolin tallan ma'amaloli sun tura masana'antar dillalai zuwa ga kafa dangantaka ta haɗin gwiwa ta dogon lokaci da abokan ciniki. Daga wannan mahangar, kamfanoni sun fara mayar da hankalinsu daga mu'amala zuwa dangantaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Retail Mix |url=https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175916/https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |archive-date=2018-07-18 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Marketing dictionary |publisher=[[Monash University|Monash]] Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa faɗaɗa kasuwar tallace-tallace da jawo sabbin abokan ciniki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga masana'antar dillalai, yana da mahimmanci a kafa da kuma kula da kyakkyawar alaƙa da abokan cinikin da suka gabata, shi ya sa aka kira sunan manufar da ke ƙarƙashinta, &quot;tallan alaƙa&quot;. A ƙarƙashin wannan ra'ayi, kamfanonin dillalai suna daraja da ƙoƙarin inganta dangantaka da abokan ciniki, domin dangantakar abokan ciniki tana da amfani wajen kiyaye daidaito a kasuwar dillalai masu gasa a yanzu, kuma su ne makomar kamfanonin dillalai.
[[File:Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg|thumb| Ana nuna fasahar zamani a wurare masu tsabta da sarari mai yawa.]]
[[File:Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_(8473364801).jpg|thumb| Tsarin ayyukan dillalai ya haɗa da kamanni, kayan aiki, sararin nunin kaya, kantunan sayar da kaya, alamun talla, tsari da kuma aikin shagon sayar da kaya. Hoto: Kotun Abinci ta Harrods]]
Gabatarwa tana nufin shaidar zahiri da ke nuna hoton dillalin. Bayani na zahiri na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban&amp;nbsp;- shagon da kansa, gami da harabar, ofisoshi, tsarin fuskar waje da na ciki, gidajen yanar gizo, motocin jigilar kaya, rumbunan ajiya, da kayan aikin ma'aikata. Yanayin da ake haɗuwa da ayyukan dillalai wani lokacin ana kiransa da ''yanayin ayyukan dillalai.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Sheetal |date=April 2014 |title=The Impact of Retail Servicescape on Buying Behaviour |url=https://bvimsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2014V6N2.zip &lt;!-- linked from https://bvimsr.org/archive-previous-issues/ --&gt; |format=ZIP archive; this article is 2014V6N1/02.pdf |journal=BVIMSR's Journal of Management Research |publisher=Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Management Studies and Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=10–17 |issn=0976-4739}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin shagon ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa kamar ƙamshi, yanayin zahiri (kayan daki, tsari, da aiki), yanayin yanayi (haske, zafin iska, da kiɗa) da kuma alamu, alamomi, da kayan tarihi (misali tallan tallace-tallace, sararin shiryayye, tashoshin samfura, sadarwa ta gani). Masu tsara shagunan sayar da kaya suna mai da hankali sosai ga gaban shagon, wanda aka sani da ''yankin rage matsin lamba'' . Domin haɓaka yawan damarmakin siyarwa, masu siyarwa gabaɗaya suna son abokan ciniki su ɓatar da ƙarin lokaci a cikin shagon sayar da kaya. Duk da haka, dole ne a daidaita wannan da tsammanin abokin ciniki game da dacewa, samun dama da kuma lokacin jira na gaske. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wakefield |first=Kirk L. |last2=Blodgett |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=November–December 1996 |title=The effect of the servicescape on customers' behavioral intentions in leisure service settings |url=http://www.emerald.com/jsm/article/10/6/45-61/254884 |journal=The Journal of Services Marketing |language=en |publisher=&lt;!-- MCB University Press --&gt; |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.1108/08876049610148594 |issn=0887-6045 |eissn=2054-1651 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708154735}}. {{Gale|A18952864}}. {{ProQuest|212650607}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadda ake nuna alamun kasuwanci shima wani ɓangare ne na tsarin dillalan kayayyaki gabaɗaya. Inda aka sanya samfur a kan shiryayye yana da alaƙa da yuwuwar siye sakamakon gani da samun dama.  Yanayin yanayi, kamar haske, zafin jiki da kiɗa, suma wani ɓangare ne na yanayin kasuwanci gabaɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=2–7 ?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga shagon sayar da kaya ya kunna kiɗan da ya shafi kasuwar da yake son siya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hul |first=Michael K. |last2=Dube |first2=Laurette |last3=Chebat |first3=Jean-Charles |date=March 1997 |title=The impact of music on consumers' reactions to waiting for services |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |doi=10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708151367}}. {{Gale|A19642973}}.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bayanan martaba na masu siye ====
Bangarorin bincike guda biyu daban-daban sun binciki halayen masu siyayya. Ɗaya yana da mahimmanci game da dalilan masu siyayya, yayin da ɗayan kuma yana neman rarraba masu siyayya bisa ga halaye iri ɗaya. Zuwa wani mataki, waɗannan hanyoyin bincike suna da alaƙa da juna, amma kowannensu yana ba da nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban game da halayen masu siyayya.
[[File:Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs,_collectors_and_general_readers_(1888)_(14593807460).jpg|thumb| Mutanen da ke siyayya don nishaɗi ana san su da masu siyayya na nishaɗi. Mai siyan kayan shakatawa ya samo asali ne daga manyan shagunan siyayya na Turai. Hoto: Manyan mutane a cikin shagon yadin Holland a ƙarni na 17]]
Babin da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wasu daga cikin binciken farko kan dalilan da suka sa masu siyayya suka yi amfani da shi, kuma sun gano manyan dalilai guda biyu: ''amfani da shi'' da kuma ''son zuciya.'' Dalilan amfani suna da alaƙa da aiki kuma suna da ma'ana. Ga mai siyayya mai amfani, siyayya aiki ne da ya shafi aiki wanda za a yi shi cikin inganci da sauƙi. A gefe guda kuma, dalilan son zuciya suna nufin jin daɗi. Mai siyayya mai sha'awar sha'awa yana ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'i na tserewa inda yake da 'yancin yin mafarki da 'yanci. Masu siyayya marasa kyau sun fi shiga cikin harkar siyayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Babin |first=Barry J. |last2=Darden |first2=William R. |last3=Griffin |first3=Mitch |year=1994 |title=Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24098851 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=644 |doi=10.1086/209376}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya gano bayanan martaba daban-daban na masu siyayya. 'Yan kasuwa suna haɓaka nazarin rarrabuwa na musamman don kowane shagon musamman. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a gano wasu bayanan martaba na masu siyayya. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan siyayya da aka fi ambato kuma aka fi ambato su shine wanda Sproles da Kendal suka ƙirƙira a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Durvasula |first=Srinivas |last2=Lysonski |first2=Steven |last3=Andrews |first3=J. Craig |date=Summer 1993 |title=Cross-Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |journal=The Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859557 |id={{EBSCOhost|9305260432}}. {{Gale|A14153612}}. {{ProQuest|195901315}} (accession number 00730694, 01557363). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sproles |first=George B. |date=Winter 1983 |title=Conceptualization and Measurement of Optimal Consumer Decision-Making |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=421–438 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859321 |id={{EBSCOhost|5105865}}. {{Gale|A3061478}}. {{ProQuest|195901715}} (accession number 00222896). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin nau'in masu amfani da Sproles da Kendall ya yi daidai a tsawon lokaci da kuma a cikin al'adu daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Anubhav A. |year=2015 |title=Consumer innovativeness and consumer decision styles: A confirmatory and segmentation analysis |journal=The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research |volume=25 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.1080/09593969.2014.911199 |s2cid=219645290}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Ruby |last2=Sharma |first2=Arti |date=March 2013 |title=A Review on Sproles &amp; Kendall's Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) for Analyzing Decision Making Styles of Consumers |url=https://indianjournalofmarketing.com/index.php/ijom/article/view/36370 |journal=Indian Journal of Marketing |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.17010/ijom/2013/v43/i3/36370 |issn=0973-8703}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin su ya dogara ne akan hanyar da mai amfani ke bi wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sprotles |first=George B. |last2=Kendall |first2=Elizabeth L. |date=Winter 1986 |title=A Methodology for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=267–279 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859027 |id={{EBSCOhost|5107288}}. {{Gale|A4671830}}. {{ProQuest|195905572}} (accession number 00345726). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mai Sanin Inganci/Kammalawa: Sanin inganci yana bayyana ta hanyar neman mafi kyawun inganci a cikin samfura; masu sayayya masu sanin inganci suna yawan siyayya ta hanyar tsari, suna yin ƙarin kwatantawa da siyayya a kusa.
* Sanin Alamar Kasuwanci: Sanin alamar kasuwanci yana da alaƙa da siyan kayayyaki masu tsada, sanannun kayayyaki ko lakabin masu ƙira. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki mai yawa a fannin sanin darajar alama sun yi imanin cewa hauhawar farashi alama ce ta inganci kuma suna nuna fifiko ga manyan shaguna ko manyan shaguna.
* Mai kula da nishaɗi/abin sha'awa: Siyayya ta nishaɗi tana da alaƙa da shigar mai siye cikin tsarin siyayya. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki a fannin kula da nishaɗi suna ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'in jin daɗi.
* Mai kula da farashi: Mai amfani wanda ke nuna sanin farashi da ƙima. Masu siyayya masu son farashi suna yin sayayya a hankali don neman ƙananan farashi, tallace-tallace ko rangwame kuma suna samun kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar samun mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi.
* Sabon abu/mai sanin salon zamani: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mai amfani na neman sabbin kayayyaki ko sabbin abubuwan da suka faru don jin daɗi; waɗanda ke samun farin ciki daga neman sabbin abubuwa; suna son ci gaba da sabunta salon zamani da salon zamani, neman nau'ikan kayayyaki yana da alaƙa da wannan yanayin.
* Mai Hankali: Masu amfani da sha'awar jima'i ba sa yin sakaci wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya, suna siyayya da sauri kuma ba sa damuwa da yawan kashe kuɗi ko samun daraja. Waɗanda suka yi babban sakamako a kan ma'aunin motsin rai ba sa yin hulɗa da abin a matakin fahimta ko motsin rai.
* Rikicewa (ta hanyar zaɓe fiye da kima ): wanda ke da alaƙa da ruɗani na mai amfani wanda ya haifar da zaɓin samfura da yawa, shaguna da yawa ko yawan bayanai game da samfura; galibi suna fuskantar yawan bayanai.
* Aminci/alama ta yau da kullun: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mabukaci na bin tsarin siyayya na yau da kullun a kowane lokacin siyayya; masu sayayya suna da samfuran da suka fi so ko shaguna kuma sun ƙirƙiri halaye wajen zaɓa; shawarar siyayya ba ta buƙatar kimantawa ko siyayya sosai.

Wasu masu bincike sun daidaita hanyar Sproles da Kendall don amfani a wasu ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin al'adu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Hans H. |last2=Sauer |first2=Nicola E. |last3=Becker |first3=Christine |date=July–August 2006 |title=Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision-making styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cb.185 |journal=Journal of Consumer Behaviour |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=342–354 |doi=10.1002/cb.185 |issn=1472-0817 |id={{EBSCOhost|22188937}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salon yanke shawara ga masu saye yana da mahimmanci ga masu siyar da kaya da masu tallatawa domin suna bayyana halaye waɗanda suka daɗe suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci, kuma saboda wannan dalili, suna da amfani wajen rarraba kasuwa.

=== Farashi ===
Ana kafa tsarin farashi mai faɗi a cikin tsarin dabarun kamfanin gabaɗaya. A fannin shagunan sarka, babban ofishin zai tsara dabarun farashi. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi shida na dabarun farashi da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen tallan: mai mayar da hankali kan ayyuka,  mai mayar da hankali kan samun kuɗi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Dibb, S. 2013&quot; /&gt; mai mayar da hankali kan abokin ciniki, &lt;ref name=&quot;Dibb, S. 2013&quot; /&gt; mai dogara kan ƙima,   mai mayar da hankali kan dangantaka,  da kuma mai mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa.  Lokacin da masu yanke shawara suka yanke shawara kan hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta fara amfani da farashi (watau, dabarun farashi), sai su mayar da hankalinsu ga dabarun farashi. Shawarwarin farashi na dabara farashi ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda aka tsara don cimma takamaiman manufofi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dabaru na farashi da ake amfani da su a shaguna sun haɗa da farashin rangwame,  farashin yau da kullun mai rahusa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hoch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoch |first=Steven J. |last2=Drèze |first2=Xavier |last3=Purk |first3=Mary E. |date=October 1994 |title=EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic |url=http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Marketing |volume=58 |pages=16–27 |doi=10.1177/002224299405800402 |jstor=1251913 |s2cid=18134783 |id={{EBSCOhost|9410316030}}. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230718/http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; farashin mai yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hoch&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaufmann |first=Patrick J. |last2=Smith |first2=N. Craig |last3=Ortmeyer |first3=Gwendolyn K. |date=Summer 1994 |title=Deception in retailer high-low pricing: A &quot;rule of reason&quot; approach |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359%2894%2990011-6 |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.1016/0022-4359(94)90011-6 |issn=0022-4359 |id={{EBSCOhost|9502070535}}. {{Gale|A16401402}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; shugabannin asara, haɗa samfura, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guiltinan |first=Joseph P. |date=April 1987 |title=The Price Bundling of Services: A Normative Framework |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/002224298705100206 |journal=Journal of Marketing |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=74–85 |doi=10.1177/002224298705100206 &lt;!-- or JSTOR's 10.2307/1251130 --&gt; |issn=0022-2429 |jstor=1251130 |id={{EBSCOhost|4999766}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; farashin talla, da farashin tunani .  Wani ɗan kasuwa mai shago a ƙarni na 18, Josiah Wedgwood, ya ƙirƙiro dabaru guda biyu don jawo hankalin mai siye, wato garantin dawo da kuɗi da kuma siyan ɗaya kyauta .   Dole ne 'yan kasuwa su tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da abokan ciniki suka fi so&amp;nbsp;– misali tsabar kuɗi, bashi, lay-by, Canja wurin Kuɗin Lantarki a Wurin Sayarwa (EFTPOS). Duk zaɓuɓɓukan biyan kuɗi suna buƙatar wani nau'in biyan kuɗi da kuma kuɗin jan hankali.  Sabanin yadda aka saba gani, farashi ba shine mafi mahimmancin abin da masu sayayya ke ɗauka wajen yanke shawarar siyan samfura ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romis |first=Rafael |title=Council Post: Three Ways To Crush E-Commerce: Busting Common Misconceptions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206165436/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |archive-date=6 February 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mcdonald's_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun rubuce-rubucen tallace-tallace na giciye ya fito ne daga McDonald's. &quot;Za ki so soyayyen dankali da wannan?&quot;]]
Dillalai za su iya amfani da dabaru daban-daban don haɓaka yawan tallace-tallace da kuma inganta ƙwarewar abokin ciniki, kamar Ƙarawa, Sayarwa ko Sayarwa ta Cross-sell; Sayarwa akan ƙima; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hee Jin |last2=Koo |first2=Jieun |date=November 2015 |title=Stand-Alone Sale of a Free Gift: Is it Effective to Accentuate Promotion Value? |journal=Social Behavior and Personality |language=en |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1593–1605 |doi=10.2224/sbp.2015.43.10.1593 |issn=0301-2212 |id={{EBSCOhost|111059561}}. {{Gale|A437879313}}. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma sanin lokacin da za a rufe tallace-tallacen. 

Kudin gidaje da sata &lt;ref name=&quot;p946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hase |first=Carl |last2=Kasinger |first2=Johannes |date=2026 |title=The Pass-Through of Retail Crime |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20240889 |journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy |doi=10.1257/pol.20240889 |issn=1945-7731}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna ƙara farashin dillalai, yayin da tsarin yanki na iya rage gasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;l720&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Sumon |last2=Sudhir |first2=K. |date=2013 |title=Does reducing spatial differentiation increase product differentiation? Effects of zoning on retail entry and format variety |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |journal=Quantitative Marketing and Economics |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83–116 |doi=10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |issn=1570-7156 |access-date=2026-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ikan tsarin dillalai ==
[[File:Officeworks_inside.jpg|thumb| Ofishin Officeworks na Ostiraliya yana sayar da komai ga ofishin gida ko ƙaramin ofishin kasuwanci; kayan rubutu, kayan daki, kayan lantarki, na'urorin sadarwa, kwafi, ayyukan bugawa da ɗaukar hoto, kofi, shayi da ƙananan abubuwan ciye-ciye.]]
[[File:Apple_Store,_Opéra_1.jpg|thumb| Shagunan Apple sun haɗa da bangon bidiyo, Wi-Fi da tebura don samar da ƙwarewar abokin ciniki mai zurfi.]]
[[File:ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG|thumb| Wani shago a Scarsdale, Victoria, Ostiraliya yana aiki a matsayin ofishin gidan waya, dillalin jaridu, gidan mai, hayar bidiyo, mai sayar da kayan abinci da kuma dillalin abinci mai ɗauke da kayan abinci. Ana kiran wannan nau'in shagon a yankin da mashayar madara .]]
[[File:Luovon_puoji.jpg|thumb| Wani kantin sayar da gida mai suna &quot;Luovon puoji&quot; a cikin Tsibirin Hailuoto, [[Finland]]]]
''Tsarin dillalai'' (wanda kuma aka sani da ''dabarun dillalai'' ) yana tasiri ga zaɓin shagon mai siye kuma yana magance tsammanin mai siye. A matakin farko, tsarin dillanci [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]] ce mai sauƙi, wato; wurin da ake musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka. A wasu sassan duniya, har yanzu ƙananan shaguna ne ke mamaye ɓangaren dillalan kayayyaki, amma manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki suna ƙara mamaye ɓangaren, domin suna iya yin amfani da ƙarfin siye mai yawa da kuma ba da tanadi ta hanyar rage farashi. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki kuma suna samar da nasu lakabin na sirri, waɗanda ke fafatawa tare da samfuran masana'antu. Haɗakar shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ya canza yanayin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, yana canja wutar lantarki daga masu sayar da kayayyaki zuwa hannun manyan kamfanonin sayar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Constantinides 2006&quot; /&gt; A Birtaniya da Turai, ana sanya sayar da kayayyaki a matsayin wani ''aiki na hidima .'' Umarnin Sabis na Turai ya shafi duk wani ciniki na dillalai, gami da kasuwannin lokaci-lokaci, 'yan kasuwa a kan tituna da masu sayar da kaya.

Ana iya rarraba shagunan sayar da kayayyaki bisa ga nau'in samfurin da aka ɗauka. Masu sayar da kayan Softline suna sayar da kayan da ake amfani da su bayan amfani ɗaya, ko kuma suna da iyakataccen lokaci (yawanci ƙasa da shekaru uku), kamar yadda aka saba amfani da su. Kayayyaki masu laushi sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], sauran yadi, [[Takalmi|takalma]], kayan wanka, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], [[Magani|magunguna]] da kayan rubutu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferrara, J. Susan |title=The World of Retail: Hardlines vs. Softlines |url=http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718155656/http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Value Line}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Shagunan kayan abinci, gami da manyan kantuna da manyan kantuna, tare da shagunan kayan abinci suna ɗauke da gaurayen kayayyakin abinci da kayan gida kamar sabulun wanki, kayan tsaftacewa, da kayayyakin tsaftar jiki. Masu sayar da kayayyaki masu araha a wasu lokutan ana kiransu da ''dillalan kayan masarufi masu tsauri'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=hard goods |url=http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104141007/http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Investor Words}}&lt;/ref&gt; - [[Mota|motoci]], kayan aiki, kayan lantarki, kayan daki, kayan wasanni, katako, da sauransu, da kuma sassansu. Ƙwararrun dillalai suna aiki a fannoni da yawa kamar fasaha, misali shagunan sayar da kayan lambu, gidajen adana kayan fasaha na zamani, shagunan sayar da littattafai, [[Sana’ar hannu|sana'o'in hannu, kayan]] kida, shagunan kyaututtuka .

Tsarin ciniki na musamman shine siyayya a gida . Akwai manyan nau'ikansa guda uku: yin odar wasiƙa ko ta waya daga kasida ; yin odar waya don mayar da martani ga tallace-tallace a cikin bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki (kamar jaridu, tashoshin siyayya na TV da rediyo); da siyayya ta yanar gizo .

== Tasirin fasaha ==
Idan ana maganar tasirin fasaha a kan siyayya da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, kasuwancin e-commerce galibi shine abu na farko da ke zuwa wa masu sayar da kayayyaki a zuciya. Duk da haka, fasahohi kamar manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa ta kwamfuta, da Intanet na Abubuwa suna amfani da bayanai don canza kowane ɓangare na ƙwarewar siyayya, daga bincike zuwa biyan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Cuimin |date=17 June 2021 |title=Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data |journal=Mobile Information Systems |volume=2021 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2021/9916304 |issn=1875-905X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyoyi su rungumi katsewar dijital domin samun fa'ida a gasa. Lokacin da masana'antu ke fuskantar katsewar dijital, yawanci yana nuna cewa buƙatun masu amfani suna canzawa. Dillalai suna inganta tsarin nazarin su kuma suna yanke shawara mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa na kwamfuta, da kuma Intanet na Abubuwa. Amfani da bayanai daga dillalai galibi a bayyane yake a cikin waɗannan fannoni, bisa ga sabbin fasahohin da aka ambata a sama: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Will |last2=Rhinehart |first2=Charlene |date=2011-01-04 |title=Retail Inventory Method: Definition, Calculation, and Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728013907/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Investopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jan |first=Irfanullah |date=2012-03-16 |title=Retail Method of Inventory Estimation |url=https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103520/https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=XPLAIND.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Inganta tallan ta hanyar keɓance ƙwarewar abokin ciniki
* Inganta tsarin sarrafa kayayyaki
* Daidaita farashi don ƙara yawan riba

Manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna kai hari ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke tafiya musamman don siyayya ko ware wani kaso mai yawa na kuɗin da suke kashewa ga dillalai yayin hutu. Dangane da ''Rahoton Kasuwar Yawon Bude Ido ta Duniya na 2019–2023'', an kiyasta kasuwar yawon bude ido ta duniya ta kai kimanin ''dala tiriliyan 1.2 a shekarar 2018.'' Rahoton ya yi hasashen ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ''karuwar ci gaba na shekara-shekara (CAGR) na 6.7%'' tsakanin 2019 da 2023. Bisa ga wannan yanayin, Kogan Page ya buga littafin ''Leading Travel and Tourism Retail'' a shekarar 2023, inda ya yi cikakken nazari kan fannin dillalan tafiye-tafiye da kuma ci gaban da ya samu a zamanin bayan COVID.

== Masana'antar dillalai ==

=== Tarihi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[File:Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg|thumb| Kasuwa a Trajan's Forum, misali na farko da aka sani na shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin]]
[[File:2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul_04.jpg|alt=|thumb| Babban Kasuwa, Istanbul (ciki). An kafa shi a shekarar 1455, ana tsammanin shine mafi tsufa kasuwa mai cike da ayyukan yi.]]
Kasuwannin dillalai sun wanzu tun zamanin da. Shaidun tarihi na cinikin, waɗanda wataƙila suka shafi tsarin musanya, sun samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru 10,000. Yayin da wayewar wayewa ke ƙaruwa, an maye gurbin ciniki da ciniki na dillalai da ya haɗa da tsabar kuɗi. Ana tsammanin sayarwa da siye sun bayyana a Asiya Ƙarama (Turkiyya ta zamani) a kusan ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Brian D.G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). &quot;A History of Marketing Thought&quot;, ''Handbook of Marketing.'' Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (eds), Sage, p. 41, {{ISBN|1-4129-2120-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A tsohuwar Girka, kasuwanni suna aiki a cikin agora, wani fili inda, a ranakun kasuwa, ana nuna kayayyaki a kan tabarma ko rumfunan wucin gadi.  A zamanin da, an yi ciniki a dandalin tattaunawa .  Dandalin Romawa ana iya cewa shine misali na farko na shagon sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin. 

Bincike da aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa kasar Sin ta nuna tarihi mai kyau na tsarin sayar da kayayyaki na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Karl |last2=Reid |first2=Susan |date=2008 |title=The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10169/ |journal=Business History |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=419–432 |doi=10.1080/00076790802106299 |url-access=subscription |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga farkon shekara ta 200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ana amfani da marufi da alamar kasuwanci na kasar Sin don nuna alamar iyali, sunayen wurare da ingancin samfura, kuma an yi amfani da alamar kasuwanci ta gwamnati tsakanin shekara ta 600 zuwa 900 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Eckhart da Bengtsson sun yi jayayya cewa a zamanin daular Song (960-1127), al'ummar Sin ta haɓaka al'adar masu sayayya, inda ake samun babban matakin amfani ga masu sayayya na yau da kullun maimakon manyan mutane kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eckhardt |first=Giana M. |last2=Bengtsson |first2=Anders |date=September 2010 |title=A Brief History of Branding in China |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0276146709352219 |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–221 (see e.g. p. 212) |doi=10.1177/0276146709352219 |issn=0276-1467 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin da na Ingila da [[Turai]], shaguna kaɗan ne kawai aka samu na dindindin; maimakon haka, abokan ciniki sun shiga cikin bita na ɗan kasuwa inda suka tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan siyayya kai tsaye da 'yan kasuwa.  A cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a, ƙananan shaguna sun fara bayyana a ƙarni na 13.  A wajen manyan biranen, yawancin sayayya ta kayan masarufi ana yin su ne ta hanyar kasuwanni ko kuma ta baje koli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |url-status=live |journal=[[List and Index Society]] |issue=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113050534/https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |archive-date=2020-01-13 |via=[[Institute of Historical Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da alama kasuwannin sun bayyana daban-daban a wajen Turai. Ana yawan ambaton Babban Kasuwar [[Istanbul]] a matsayin mafi tsufa a duniya da ke ci gaba da aiki; an fara gininta ne a shekarar 1455. Masu mulkin mallaka na Spain sun yi rubutu mai kyau game da kasuwanni a Amurka. A ƙarni na 15, kasuwar Tlatelolco ta Mexica ( Aztec ) ita ce mafi girma a duk faɗin [[Amurka]] . 
[[File:Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg|alt=|thumb| Kantin sayar da kayayyaki wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 18.]]
A ƙarni na 17, shaguna na dindindin waɗanda ke da lokutan ciniki na yau da kullun sun fara maye gurbin kasuwanni da baje kolin a matsayin babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki. Masu shaguna na larduna sun kasance masu himma a kusan kowace garin kasuwar Ingila.  Yayin da adadin shaguna ke ƙaruwa, sai suka rikide. Abubuwan da suka shafi wani shago na zamani, wanda ba ya nan a shagon ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, a hankali sun samar da hanyar shiga cikin shaguna da shagunan da suka fi shahara ga masu siyayya na zamani. Kafin ƙarni na 18, shagon sayar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ba shi da tebur, akwatunan nuni, kujeru, madubai, ɗakunan canza kaya, da sauransu. Duk da haka, damar da abokin ciniki zai samu don duba kayayyaki, taɓawa da jin kaya ta fara samuwa, tare da sabbin abubuwa na dillalai daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. 
[[File:Galeries_de_bois_(ancien_camp_des_Tartares),_au_Palais-Royal,_1825.jpg|alt=|thumb| Galeries de bois a au Palais-Royal, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin shagunan siyayya a Turai]]
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fara bayyana a faɗin Turai da kuma a Antipodes. Gidan siyayya yana nufin wurin sayar da kayayyaki da yawa, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin rufin da aka rufe. Yawanci, rufin an gina shi ne da gilashi domin a sami hasken halitta da kuma rage buƙatar kyandirori ko hasken lantarki. Wasu daga cikin misalan farko na shagunan siyayya sun bayyana a birnin Paris saboda rashin shimfidar hanya ga masu tafiya a ƙasa.  Duk da cewa wuraren shakatawa sune lardin bourgeoisie, wani sabon nau'in kasuwancin dillalai ya fito don biyan buƙatun talakawa masu aiki. John Stuart Mill ya rubuta game da haɓakar shagon sayar da kayayyaki na haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya shaida da idonsa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. 
[[File:AA446b_copy.jpeg|thumb| Shagunan manyan shaguna, kamar Le Bon Marché na Faransa, sun bayyana tun tsakiyar karni na 19.]]
Zamanin zamani na sayar da kayayyaki an bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin daga juyin juya halin masana'antu zuwa ƙarni na 21.  A manyan birane, shagon sayar da kayayyaki ya bunƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma ya sake fasalta dabi'un siyayya har abada, sannan ya sake fasalta ra'ayoyin hidima da jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koot |first=Gerard M. |date=2011 |title=Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores |url=https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806075623/https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=29 May 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Dartmouth |agency=History Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin shagunan farko ba wai kawai shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ba ne; maimakon haka, wurare ne da masu sayayya za su iya yin lokacin hutunsu su kuma sami nishaɗi.  Sayar da kaya, ta amfani da odar wasiƙa, ta samo asali ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Duk da cewa ana amfani da tallace-tallacen kasida tun ƙarni na 15, wannan hanyar sayar da kaya ta takaita ga wasu masana'antu kaɗan, kamar sayar da littattafai da iri. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu a fannin sufuri da ayyukan gidan waya ya sa 'yan kasuwa da dama a kowane gefen Tekun Atlantika suka gwada sayar da kasida. 

A lokacin bayan yaƙin, wani mai gine-gine ɗan Amurka, Victor Gruen, ya ƙirƙiro wata dabara ta gina wani babban kanti; wani katafaren shagon siyayya da aka tsara, wanda ke cike da kayan tarihi, mutum-mutumi, tsarin shuka, kiɗan bututu, da kuma wurin ajiye motoci. Manufar Gruen ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi na siyayya inda mutane ke jin daɗin zama a muhalli, ta yadda za su ƙara samun lokaci a wurin, ta haka za su ƙara samun damar siyayya. An buɗe farkon waɗannan manyan kantuna a Northland Mall kusa da Detroit a shekarar 1954.  A cikin ƙarni na ashirin, an fara ganin yanayin zuwa manyan sawun shaguna. Matsakaicin girman babban kanti na Amurka ya karu daga {{Convert|31000|sqft|m2}}   murabba'in ƙafa a shekarar 1991 zuwa {{Convert|44000|sqft|m2}}   murabba'in ƙafa a shekara ta 2000.  A ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin, shaguna suna amfani da lakabi kamar &quot;manyan shaguna&quot; da shagunan &quot;masu adana kaya&quot; don nuna girmansu da ke ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johanson |first=Simon |date=2 June 2015 |title=Bunnings Shifts Focus as it Upsizes Store Network |url=https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230658/https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=The Age}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɓaka yanayin karuwar harkokin kasuwanci bai kasance iri ɗaya ba a faɗin ƙasashe kuma ya haifar da Amurka da kusan ninki biyu na bambanci a murabba'in ƙafa ga kowane mutum idan aka kwatanta da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da ƙarni na 21 ya fara aiki, wasu alamu sun nuna cewa manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga [[Kasuwanci na kafar sadarwa|samfuran tallace-tallace na kan layi]] kuma an bayyana cewa raguwar girman shaguna.  A ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan gasa da sauran batutuwa kamar bashin kasuwanci,  an sami wani cikas na kasuwanci da ake kira aplace na dillalai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wanda wasu 'yan kasuwa da yawa, musamman a Arewacin Amurka, ke rage yawan shagunansu sosai, ko kuma su daina kasuwanci gaba ɗaya.

=== Manyan dillalai goma na duniya ===
Tun daga shekarar 2016, [[Sin|China]] ita ce babbar kasuwar dillalai a duniya. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Manyan 'yan kasuwa goma a duniya &lt;ref name=&quot;NRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Global Retailers 2025 |url=https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417211743/https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=NRF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Matsayi
!Kamfanin
!Hedikwatar
!Jimlar kudaden shiga na 2024 (US $ biliyan) &lt;ref name=&quot;NRF&quot; /&gt;
!Tushen kasuwanci
!Jimlar adadin shagunan duniya
|-
|1
|Walmart
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$676
|Hypermarket / supercenter / superstore
|10,692
|-
|2
|[[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$393
|Kasuwancin E-commerce
|605
|-
|3
|Schwarz Gruppe (Lidl) 
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|$182
|Kasuwancin kayan masarufi
|14,244
|-
|4
|Aldi
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|$155
|Kasuwancin kayan masarufi
|13,877
|-
|5
|Costco
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$246
|Cash &amp; carry/warehouse kulob
|890
|-
|6
|Ahold Delhaize
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|$99
|Shagon sayar da kayayyaki
|8,111
|-
|7
|Gidan da ke tsakanin mutane
|{{Flag|France}}
|$98
|Babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki
|14,961
|-
|8
|Bakwai da Ni
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|$90
|Shagon da ake amfani da shi
|41,128
|-
|9
|IKEA
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|$51
|Kayan gida
|489
|-
|10
|Gidan Gida
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$155
|Shagon kayan aiki
|2,347
|}
[[File:US_Retail_Sales.png|thumb|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amurka, 1992-2010]]

== 1Dubi kuma ==
{{Columns-list|* [[Automated retail]]
* [[Direct-to-consumer]]
* [[Business-to-business]]
* [[Business-to-government|B2G]]
* [[Consumer behaviour]]
* [[Convenience store]]
* [[Department store]]
* [[Dollar store]]
* [[Dry goods store]]
* [[Final goods]]
* [[Five and dime]]
* [[General store]]
* [[Grey pound]]
* [[Hanseatic League]]
* [[High Street]]
* [[History of marketing]]
* [[Hyper market]]
* [[Like for like]]
* [[List of department stores by country]]
* [[Point of sales]]
* [[Sales promotion]]
* [[Retail concentration]]
* [[Retail design]]
* [[Retail software]]
* [[Retailtainment]]
* [[Revenge buying]]
* [[Sales density]]
* [[Shopping]]
* [[Store manager]]
* [[Super market]]
* [[Super store]]
* [[Variety store]]
* [[Visual merchandising]]
* [[Landlord#Licensed victualler|Licensed victualler]]
* [[Wardrobing]]
* [[Window shopping]]
* [[Large-scale retail in France]]}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947,_Tánger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_78.JPG|thumb|A grocery and cosmetics store in [[Tanja|Tangier]], [[Moroko|Morocco]]]]
Retail shine sayar da kayayyaki da ayyuka ga masu amfani, sabanin siyarwa, wanda shine siyarwa ga '''Kasuwanci''' ko abokan ciniki na hukuma. '''mai siyarwa''' yana sayen kayayyaki da yawa daga [[Masana'anta|masana'antun]], kai tsaye daga ko ta hanyar mai siyarwa, sannan ya sayar da ƙananan yawa ga masu amfani don riba. Masu siyarwa sune hanyar haɗi ta ƙarshe a cikin jerin wadata daga masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani.

Kasuwancin tallace-tallace da shagunan suna da dogon tarihi, tun daga zamanin d ̄ a. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa na farko sun kasance masu sayarwa masu tafiya. A cikin ƙarni, an canza shagunan sayar da kayayyaki daga kadan fiye da &quot;ƙananan ɗakunan ajiya&quot; zuwa manyan kantin sayar da kayayyakin zamani na zamani.

Ayyukan tallace-tallace suna ci gaba da samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da sanya su inda kwastomomi za su saya su, wanda ke sa sayarwa da samar da manyan sassan dabarun tallace-tafiye. Shirye-shiryen tallace-tallace galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Binciken muhalli na lokaci-lokaci da kuma tsarin bincike na kasuwanni, abokan ciniki, damar ciki, da gasa. Sau da yawa ana bayyana yanke shawara na yau da kullun ta amfani da haɗin tallace-tallace, wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin &quot;Ps&quot; guda shida: samfurin, wuri, gabatarwa, farashi, ma'aikata, da gabatarwa (shaida ta jiki). Shawarwarin wuri sun haɗa da wuri, lokutan aiki, da samun dama, kuma masu siyarwa da yawa sun faɗaɗa cikin samfuran tashoshi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa siyarwar jiki da kan layi. Shirye-shiryen farashi da dabaru na iya Haɗuwa da rangwamen, farashi mai ƙarancin yau da kullun, farashi ragi ƙarancin farashi, Shugabannin asarar, haɗawa, da farashi na tunani, tare da tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi na abokin ciniki waɗanda ke ɗauke da farashin sarrafawa. Bukatar ma'aikata na tallace-tallace sau da yawa sun bambanta da lokaci da kakar, wanda ya goyi bayan tsarawa mai sauƙi; ɗayan ƙididdigar da aka ambata shi ne cewa a cikin 2012, kusan kashi 70% na ma'aikatan tallace-kallace na Amurka sun kasance na ɗan lokaci. A tsawon lokaci, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun jaddada Dangantakar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci maimakon ma'amaloli na lokaci guda, yayin da suke saka hannun jari a cikin ƙirar shagon (tsarin, hasken wuta, kiɗa, alamomi, da wuraren &quot;decompression&quot;) don tsara kwarewar siyayya.

A cikin zamani na dijital, yawancin 'yan kasuwa suna neman isa kasuwannin da suka fi girma ta hanyar siyarwa ta hanyar tashoshi da yawa, gami da tubali da kuma siyarwar kan layi. Fasahar dijital tana shafar hanyar da masu amfani ke biyan kaya da aiyuka. Ayyukan tallafin tallafi na iya haɗawa da samar da bashi, sabis na isar da kaya, sabis na ba da shawara, sabis na salo da sauran ayyukan tallafi. Ma'aikatan sayar da kayayyaki ma'aikatan irin waɗannan shagunan ne.

Sashin sayarwa yana da mahimmanci a tattalin arziki kuma yana daukar ma'aikata masu yawa. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa na zamani yawanci suna yin yanke shawara iri-iri na dabarun ciki har da nau'in shagon, kasuwar da za a yi hidima, mafi kyawun samfurin, sabis na abokin ciniki, sabis na tallafi, da kuma matsayin kasuwar gaba ɗaya. Masu siyarwa sun kuma fadada damar omnichannel, kamar sayen kan layi da karɓar ajiya, kuma wasu kamfanoni sun gwada sarrafa kansa, kamar tsarin kantin sayar da kaya.

== Magana ==
Kalmar ''retail'' ta fito ne daga tsohon {{Lang|fro|retaillier}} fi'ili na Faransa, ma'ana &quot;siffa ta hanyar yankewa&quot; ( {{Circa|1365}} ). An fara rubuta shi a matsayin suna a shekara ta 1433 da ma'anar &quot;sayarwa a ƙananan adadi&quot; daga ''mai sayar da'' fi'ili na Tsakiyar Faransanci ma'ana &quot;wani yanki da aka yanke, aka yanke, aka goge, aka yi masa paring&quot;.  A halin yanzu, ma'anar kalmar ''retail'' (a Turanci, Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Jamusanci da Sifaniyanci) tana nufin sayar da ƙananan kayayyaki ga masu amfani (sabanin jumla ).

=== Ma'anar shari'a da bayani ===
Dillali yana nufin aikin sayar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka kai tsaye ga masu amfani ko masu amfani da ƙarshen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=retail |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811173951/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=17 January 2018 |via=The Free Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan kasuwa na iya sayarwa ga abokan ciniki na kasuwanci, kuma irin waɗannan tallace-tallace ana kiransu ''aikin da ba na siyarwa ba'' . A wasu yankuna ko yankuna, ma'anonin shari'a na dillalai sun ƙayyade cewa aƙalla kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan tallace-tallace dole ne su kasance ga masu amfani da ƙarshen.  A fannin banki, &quot;sayar da kaya&quot; yawanci yana nufin yin amfani da babban banki, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na musamman ga manyan abokan ciniki, sabanin bankin dillalai, wanda ke ba da ayyuka na yau da kullun ga ƙananan abokan ciniki. Dillalai galibi suna faruwa ne a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ko wuraren hidima, amma kuma suna iya faruwa ta hanyar siyarwa kai tsaye, kamar ta hanyar injunan siyarwa, tallace-tallace daga gida zuwa gida ko hanyoyin lantarki.  Duk da cewa ra'ayin dillanci galibi ana danganta shi da siyan kaya, kalmar za a iya amfani da ita ga masu samar da ayyuka waɗanda ke sayarwa ga masu amfani. Masu samar da ayyukan dillalai sun haɗa da bankunan dillalai, yawon buɗe ido, inshora, kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, ilimi mai zaman kansa, kamfanonin tsaro masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin shari'a, masu bugawa, sufuri na jama'a, da sauransu. Misali, mai samar da yawon bude ido na iya samun sashen dillalai wanda ke ba da tafiye-tafiye da masauki ga masu sayayya, da kuma sashen jimillar kaya wanda ke siyan tubalan masauki, karimci, sufuri, da yawon bude ido, wanda daga baya ake tattarawa a matsayin rangadin hutu don sayarwa ga wakilan tafiye-tafiye na dillalai.

Wasu dillalai suna yi wa shagunansu lakabi da &quot;shagunan sayar da kayayyaki&quot; waɗanda ke ba da &quot;farashin tallace-tallace&quot;. Duk da cewa wannan tsari na iya ƙarfafa masu sayayya su yi tunanin cewa suna da damar samun ƙananan farashi, yayin da suke shirin musanya farashin da aka rage don yanayin da ke cikin shaguna, a cikin ma'anar doka, shagon da ke sayar da mafi yawan kayansa kai tsaye ga masu sayayya ana bayyana shi a matsayin dillali maimakon dillali. Hukumomi daban-daban sun kafa ma'auni don rabon tallace-tallace na mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke ayyana kasuwancin dillalai. Hanya mafi dacewa ta bambanta juzu'i da dillalai ita ce ta ''babban abokin ciniki'' : 

* ''Cinikin Jumla'' : galibi ana sayarwa ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su ''sake sayarwa'' ko ''amfani da kayayyaki a cikin ayyuka'' (kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci).
* ''Kasuwancin dillalai:'' galibi ana sayar da shi ga ''gidaje/masu amfani'' .

== Ayyukan dillalai da ayyukan ==

=== Sayen kaya na dillali ===
Samun kayayyaki a cikin adadin da ake buƙata da kuma gano su inda masu sayayya za su saya su manyan ayyuka ne na dillalai, don haka kula da sayayya da wadata muhimman abubuwa ne na dabarun dillalai. 

Bambanci tsakanin yanke shawara na &quot;dabaru&quot; da &quot;shugabanci&quot; galibi ana amfani da shi don bambance &quot;matakai biyu masu manufofi daban-daban kuma bisa ga kayan aikin dabaru daban-daban. Tsarin dabaru ya shafi zaɓin manufofi da nufin inganta matsayin gasa na kamfanin, la'akari da ƙalubale da damammaki da yanayin gasa ya gabatar. A gefe guda kuma, yanke shawara na gudanarwa yana mai da hankali kan aiwatar da takamaiman manufofi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Volpato |first=Giuseppe |last2=Stocchetti |first2=Andrea |date=2009 |title=Old and new approaches to marketing. The quest of their epistemological roots |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |url-status=live |journal=The Proceedings of 10th International Conference Marketing Trends |issue=30841 |page=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203170330/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30841/ |archive-date=2017-02-03 |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken dabarun dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan: 
[[File:Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg|thumb| Dillalin kuma yana la'akari da matsayin dabarun gabaɗaya da kuma hoton dillalin.]]

* Binciken Kasuwa - Girman kasuwa, matakin kasuwa, gasa a kasuwa, jan hankalin kasuwa, yanayin kasuwa
* Binciken Abokan Ciniki - Rarraba Kasuwa, bayanin alƙaluma, yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yanayin tunanin mutum, dabi'u da halaye, halayen siyayya, fifikon alama, nazarin buƙatu da buƙatu, da kuma halayen kafofin watsa labarai.
* Binciken Cikin Gida - Sauran iyawa da suka haɗa da ƙarfin albarkatun ɗan adam, ƙarfin fasaha, ƙarfin kuɗi, ikon samar da tattalin arziki ko tattalin arziki mai girma, dangantakar kasuwanci, suna, matsayi, da kuma ayyukan da suka gabata.
* Binciken gasa - Samuwar maye gurbin, ƙarfi da raunin masu fafatawa, taswirar fahimta, yanayin gasa
* Sharhin haɗin samfura –:: Tallace-tallace a kowace murabba'in ƙafa, ƙimar juye-juyen hannun jari, riba a kowace layin samfura
* Bitar hanyoyin rarrabawa - Lokutan jagora tsakanin yin oda da isarwa, farashin rarrabawa, da kuma ingancin farashi na masu shiga tsakani
* Kimanta tattalin arzikin dabarun - Nazarin farashi da fa'idar ayyukan da aka tsara

A ƙarshen nazarin dillalai, ya kamata masu sayar da kayayyaki su fahimci waɗanne ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki ne za a yi wa ayyukan tallatawa. Duk da haka, ba dukkan abubuwa suke daidai ba, sau da yawa tare da alƙaluma, dalilan siyayya, da kuma kashe kuɗi wajen jagorantar ayyukan masu amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Christopher J. |last2=Wenyu |first2=Lu |date=13 May 2019 |title=What influences Chinese fashion retail? Shopping motivations, demographics and spending |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36823 |journal=Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |doi=10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken bincike kan harkokin kasuwanci ya nuna cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin matsayin shago da kuma matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na abokan ciniki.  Bugu da ƙari, dabarun dillalai, gami da ingancin sabis, yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da aminci ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Yu-Jia |date=Summer 2012 |title=The Moderating Effect of Brand Equity and the Mediating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy On the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty: the case of retail chain stores in Taiwan |url=https://www.ijoi-online.org/attachments/article/31/FINAL%20ISSUE%20VOL%205%20%20NUM%201%20SUMMER%202012%20revised.pdf#page=155 |journal=International Journal of Organizational Innovation |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |issn= |eissn=1943-1813 |id={{EBSCOhost|79544612}}. {{ProQuest|1030258221}}.&lt;!-- also https://www.proquest.com/openview/25ef15184d9b2af0ad9f49c28bb5f08b --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin tallan ya bayyana dukkan muhimman fannoni na masu sauraron da kamfanoni ke so, alƙaluma, da abubuwan da suke so. A cikin kasuwa mai gasa sosai, dabarun dillalai yana kafa dorewa na dogon lokaci. Yana mai da hankali kan alaƙar abokan ciniki, yana jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin ƙima, gamsuwar abokan ciniki, kuma yana nuna yadda matsayin kasuwar shagon ke jan hankalin ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki da aka yi niyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morschett |first=Dirk |last2=Swoboda |first2=Bernhard |last3=Schramm-Klein |first3=Hanna |date=July 2006 |title=Competitive strategies in retailing—an investigation of the applicability of Porter's framework for food retailers |journal=Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=275–287 |doi=10.1016/j.jretconser.2005.08.016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tallan dillali ===
[[File:Retail_mix.jpg|thumb| Haɗin tallan dillalai ko Ps 6 na siyarwa]]
An ƙirƙiro wani haɗin dillalai don manufar daidaita shawarwarin dabarun yau da kullun. Haɗin tallan dillalai yawanci ya ƙunshi manyan matakai shida na yanke shawara, gami da yanke shawara kan samfura, yanke shawara kan wuri, haɓakawa, farashi, ma'aikata da gabatarwa (wanda kuma aka sani da shaidar zahiri). Haɗin dillalan ya dogara ne kawai akan haɗin tallan, amma an faɗaɗa shi kuma an gyara shi daidai da buƙatun musamman na mahallin dillalan. Masana da dama sun yi jayayya kan faɗaɗa haɗin tallan tare da haɗa sabbin Ps guda biyu, wato, ''Ma'aikata'' da ''Gabatarwa'' tunda waɗannan suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewar abokin ciniki ta musamman ta dillalai kuma sune babban tushen bambance-bambancen dillalai. Duk da haka wasu masana suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a haɗa da ''Tsarin Siyarwa'' (watau tsarin siyarwa). &lt;ref name=&quot;Constantinides 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Constantinides |first=E. |date=April 2006 |title=The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1362/026725706776861190 |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=407–438 (see p. 421 for consolidation and pp. 422–423 for retail format) |doi=10.1362/026725706776861190 |issn=0267-257X |id={{EBSCOhost|20474898}}.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗaɗɗen tallan dillalai da aka fi ambata a cikin littattafan karatu ana kiransa ''4'' (wuri, farashi, samfura, da haɓakawa) ko ''6 Ps na siyarwa'' (duba zane a dama).  
[[File:Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg|left|thumb| Babban kanti na yau da kullun yana ɗauke da kayayyaki daban-daban tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 60,000.]]
Babban shawarwarin da mai siyarwa ke yankewa game da samfura sune nau'in samfuran (irin layukan samfura, layuka nawa da kuma nau'ikan samfuran da za a ɗauka); nau'in sabis na abokin ciniki (taimakon kai tsaye zuwa ga sabis na kai) da kuma samuwar ayyukan tallafi (misali sharuɗɗan bashi, ayyukan isarwa, kulawar bayan tallace-tallace). Waɗannan shawarwari sun dogara ne akan yin nazari mai zurfi kan kasuwa, buƙatu, gasa, da kuma ƙwarewar dillalin.

Sabis na abokin ciniki shine &quot;jimillar ayyuka da abubuwan da ke ba wa masu amfani damar karɓar abin da suke buƙata ko suke so daga [shagon] dillalai.&quot; Dillalai dole ne su yanke shawara ko za su samar da cikakken wurin sabis ko kuma ƙaramin wurin sabis, kamar babu sabis idan akwai injinan siyarwa; yin hidima kai tsaye tare da taimakon tallace-tallace na asali kawai ko cikakken aikin sabis kamar yadda yake a yawancin shaguna da shagunan musamman. Bugu da ƙari, dillalin yana buƙatar yanke shawara game da tallafin tallace-tallace, kamar isar da abokan ciniki da kuma kula da abokan ciniki bayan siyarwa.
[[File:Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da kayan tarihi galibi suna zaune a wuraren da cunkoson ababen hawa ke yawaita kamar wannan wurin ajiye kayan tarihi na London wanda ke kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa a kusurwar titi mai cike da jama'a.]]
Shawarwarin wurin aiki sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan samun damar masu amfani kuma suna iya haɗawa da wurin aiki, amfani da sarari da lokutan aiki. Masu siyarwa na iya la'akari da nau'ikan abubuwan inganci da adadi don kimanta wuraren da ake la'akari da su. Abubuwan da suka shafi manyan abubuwa sun haɗa da halayen kasuwa (alƙaluma, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa), buƙatu, gasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa (misali samuwar wutar lantarki, hanyoyi, tsarin sufuri na jama'a). Ƙananan abubuwan sun haɗa da girman wurin (misali, samuwar wurin ajiye motoci), damar shiga motocin jigilar kaya. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a harkokin kasuwanci shi ne sauyawa zuwa harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Domin magance matsalar da shagunan yanar gizo ke haifarwa, dillalan kayayyaki da yawa sun shiga harkar sayar da kayayyaki ta yanar gizo ta hanyar kafa gidajen yanar gizo na tallace-tallace na katalogi da kuma shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwanci ta yanar gizo. Duk da haka, dillalai da yawa sun lura cewa masu sayayya suna nuna halaye daban-daban lokacin siyayya ta intanet. Misali, dangane da zaɓin dandamalin kan layi, masu siyayya suna zaɓar shafin yanar gizo na dillalin da suka fi so da farko, amma yayin da suke samun ƙarin ƙwarewa a siyayya ta kan layi, suna zama marasa aminci kuma suna da yuwuwar canzawa zuwa wasu shafukan dillalai.  Shagunan kan layi yawanci suna samuwa awanni 24 a rana, kuma yawancin masu amfani a faɗin duniya suna da damar shiga Intanet a wurin aiki da kuma a gida.
[[File:Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG|left|thumb| Amfani da lambar ƙarshe ta 'tara' mai yawa yana nuna cewa farashin tunani yana kan gaba.]]
Tallace-tallacen mu'amala na nufin gano masu sayayya da ake so, sannan a yi shawarwari, a yi ciniki, sannan a ƙarshe a kawo ƙarshen dangantaka don kammala ciniki. A cikin wannan tsarin ciniki na lokaci ɗaya, ɓangarorin biyu suna neman haɓaka buƙatunsu. Sakamakon haka, tallan ciniki yana haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin ingancin sabis bayan sayarwa da kuma rashin hanyoyin amsawa ga ɓangarorin biyu. Bugu da ƙari, saboda kamfanonin dillalai suna buƙatar sake haɓaka alaƙar abokan ciniki don kowace ciniki, farashin tallatawa yana da yawa kuma riƙe abokan ciniki yana da ƙasa. Duk waɗannan matsalolin tallan ma'amaloli sun tura masana'antar dillalai zuwa ga kafa dangantaka ta haɗin gwiwa ta dogon lokaci da abokan ciniki. Daga wannan mahangar, kamfanoni sun fara mayar da hankalinsu daga mu'amala zuwa dangantaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Retail Mix |url=https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175916/https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/r/retail-mix |archive-date=2018-07-18 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Marketing dictionary |publisher=[[Monash University|Monash]] Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa faɗaɗa kasuwar tallace-tallace da jawo sabbin abokan ciniki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga masana'antar dillalai, yana da mahimmanci a kafa da kuma kula da kyakkyawar alaƙa da abokan cinikin da suka gabata, shi ya sa aka kira sunan manufar da ke ƙarƙashinta, &quot;tallan alaƙa&quot;. A ƙarƙashin wannan ra'ayi, kamfanonin dillalai suna daraja da ƙoƙarin inganta dangantaka da abokan ciniki, domin dangantakar abokan ciniki tana da amfani wajen kiyaye daidaito a kasuwar dillalai masu gasa a yanzu, kuma su ne makomar kamfanonin dillalai.
[[File:Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg|thumb| Ana nuna fasahar zamani a wurare masu tsabta da sarari mai yawa.]]
[[File:Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_(8473364801).jpg|thumb| Tsarin ayyukan dillalai ya haɗa da kamanni, kayan aiki, sararin nunin kaya, kantunan sayar da kaya, alamun talla, tsari da kuma aikin shagon sayar da kaya. Hoto: Kotun Abinci ta Harrods]]
Gabatarwa tana nufin shaidar zahiri da ke nuna hoton dillalin. Bayani na zahiri na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban&amp;nbsp;- shagon da kansa, gami da harabar, ofisoshi, tsarin fuskar waje da na ciki, gidajen yanar gizo, motocin jigilar kaya, rumbunan ajiya, da kayan aikin ma'aikata. Yanayin da ake haɗuwa da ayyukan dillalai wani lokacin ana kiransa da ''yanayin ayyukan dillalai.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Sheetal |date=April 2014 |title=The Impact of Retail Servicescape on Buying Behaviour |url=https://bvimsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2014V6N2.zip &lt;!-- linked from https://bvimsr.org/archive-previous-issues/ --&gt; |format=ZIP archive; this article is 2014V6N1/02.pdf |journal=BVIMSR's Journal of Management Research |publisher=Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Management Studies and Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=10–17 |issn=0976-4739}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin shagon ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa kamar ƙamshi, yanayin zahiri (kayan daki, tsari, da aiki), yanayin yanayi (haske, zafin iska, da kiɗa) da kuma alamu, alamomi, da kayan tarihi (misali tallan tallace-tallace, sararin shiryayye, tashoshin samfura, sadarwa ta gani). Masu tsara shagunan sayar da kaya suna mai da hankali sosai ga gaban shagon, wanda aka sani da ''yankin rage matsin lamba'' . Domin haɓaka yawan damarmakin siyarwa, masu siyarwa gabaɗaya suna son abokan ciniki su ɓatar da ƙarin lokaci a cikin shagon sayar da kaya. Duk da haka, dole ne a daidaita wannan da tsammanin abokin ciniki game da dacewa, samun dama da kuma lokacin jira na gaske. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wakefield |first=Kirk L. |last2=Blodgett |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=November–December 1996 |title=The effect of the servicescape on customers' behavioral intentions in leisure service settings |url=http://www.emerald.com/jsm/article/10/6/45-61/254884 |journal=The Journal of Services Marketing |language=en |publisher=&lt;!-- MCB University Press --&gt; |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=45–62 |doi=10.1108/08876049610148594 |issn=0887-6045 |eissn=2054-1651 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708154735}}. {{Gale|A18952864}}. {{ProQuest|212650607}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadda ake nuna alamun kasuwanci shima wani ɓangare ne na tsarin dillalan kayayyaki gabaɗaya. Inda aka sanya samfur a kan shiryayye yana da alaƙa da yuwuwar siye sakamakon gani da samun dama.  Yanayin yanayi, kamar haske, zafin jiki da kiɗa, suma wani ɓangare ne na yanayin kasuwanci gabaɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=2–7 ?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga shagon sayar da kaya ya kunna kiɗan da ya shafi kasuwar da yake son siya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hul |first=Michael K. |last2=Dube |first2=Laurette |last3=Chebat |first3=Jean-Charles |date=March 1997 |title=The impact of music on consumers' reactions to waiting for services |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |doi=10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6 |id={{EBSCOhost|9708151367}}. {{Gale|A19642973}}.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bayanan martaba na masu siye ====
Bangarorin bincike guda biyu daban-daban sun binciki halayen masu siyayya. Ɗaya yana da mahimmanci game da dalilan masu siyayya, yayin da ɗayan kuma yana neman rarraba masu siyayya bisa ga halaye iri ɗaya. Zuwa wani mataki, waɗannan hanyoyin bincike suna da alaƙa da juna, amma kowannensu yana ba da nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban game da halayen masu siyayya.
[[File:Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs,_collectors_and_general_readers_(1888)_(14593807460).jpg|thumb| Mutanen da ke siyayya don nishaɗi ana san su da masu siyayya na nishaɗi. Mai siyan kayan shakatawa ya samo asali ne daga manyan shagunan siyayya na Turai. Hoto: Manyan mutane a cikin shagon yadin Holland a ƙarni na 17]]
Babin da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wasu daga cikin binciken farko kan dalilan da suka sa masu siyayya suka yi amfani da shi, kuma sun gano manyan dalilai guda biyu: ''amfani da shi'' da kuma ''son zuciya.'' Dalilan amfani suna da alaƙa da aiki kuma suna da ma'ana. Ga mai siyayya mai amfani, siyayya aiki ne da ya shafi aiki wanda za a yi shi cikin inganci da sauƙi. A gefe guda kuma, dalilan son zuciya suna nufin jin daɗi. Mai siyayya mai sha'awar sha'awa yana ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'i na tserewa inda yake da 'yancin yin mafarki da 'yanci. Masu siyayya marasa kyau sun fi shiga cikin harkar siyayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Babin |first=Barry J. |last2=Darden |first2=William R. |last3=Griffin |first3=Mitch |year=1994 |title=Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24098851 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=644 |doi=10.1086/209376}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya gano bayanan martaba daban-daban na masu siyayya. 'Yan kasuwa suna haɓaka nazarin rarrabuwa na musamman don kowane shagon musamman. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a gano wasu bayanan martaba na masu siyayya. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan siyayya da aka fi ambato kuma aka fi ambato su shine wanda Sproles da Kendal suka ƙirƙira a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Durvasula |first=Srinivas |last2=Lysonski |first2=Steven |last3=Andrews |first3=J. Craig |date=Summer 1993 |title=Cross-Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |journal=The Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1993.tb00737.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859557 |id={{EBSCOhost|9305260432}}. {{Gale|A14153612}}. {{ProQuest|195901315}} (accession number 00730694, 01557363). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sproles |first=George B. |date=Winter 1983 |title=Conceptualization and Measurement of Optimal Consumer Decision-Making |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=421–438 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1983.tb00312.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859321 |id={{EBSCOhost|5105865}}. {{Gale|A3061478}}. {{ProQuest|195901715}} (accession number 00222896). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin nau'in masu amfani da Sproles da Kendall ya yi daidai a tsawon lokaci da kuma a cikin al'adu daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Anubhav A. |year=2015 |title=Consumer innovativeness and consumer decision styles: A confirmatory and segmentation analysis |journal=The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research |volume=25 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.1080/09593969.2014.911199 |s2cid=219645290}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Ruby |last2=Sharma |first2=Arti |date=March 2013 |title=A Review on Sproles &amp; Kendall's Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) for Analyzing Decision Making Styles of Consumers |url=https://indianjournalofmarketing.com/index.php/ijom/article/view/36370 |journal=Indian Journal of Marketing |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.17010/ijom/2013/v43/i3/36370 |issn=0973-8703}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin su ya dogara ne akan hanyar da mai amfani ke bi wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sprotles |first=George B. |last2=Kendall |first2=Elizabeth L. |date=Winter 1986 |title=A Methodology for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |journal=Journal of Consumer Affairs |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=267–279 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6606.1986.tb00382.x |issn=0022-0078 |eissn=1745-6606 |jstor=23859027 |id={{EBSCOhost|5107288}}. {{Gale|A4671830}}. {{ProQuest|195905572}} (accession number 00345726). |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mai Sanin Inganci/Kammalawa: Sanin inganci yana bayyana ta hanyar neman mafi kyawun inganci a cikin samfura; masu sayayya masu sanin inganci suna yawan siyayya ta hanyar tsari, suna yin ƙarin kwatantawa da siyayya a kusa.
* Sanin Alamar Kasuwanci: Sanin alamar kasuwanci yana da alaƙa da siyan kayayyaki masu tsada, sanannun kayayyaki ko lakabin masu ƙira. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki mai yawa a fannin sanin darajar alama sun yi imanin cewa hauhawar farashi alama ce ta inganci kuma suna nuna fifiko ga manyan shaguna ko manyan shaguna.
* Mai kula da nishaɗi/abin sha'awa: Siyayya ta nishaɗi tana da alaƙa da shigar mai siye cikin tsarin siyayya. Waɗanda suka fi samun maki a fannin kula da nishaɗi suna ɗaukar siyayya a matsayin wani nau'in jin daɗi.
* Mai kula da farashi: Mai amfani wanda ke nuna sanin farashi da ƙima. Masu siyayya masu son farashi suna yin sayayya a hankali don neman ƙananan farashi, tallace-tallace ko rangwame kuma suna samun kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar samun mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi.
* Sabon abu/mai sanin salon zamani: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mai amfani na neman sabbin kayayyaki ko sabbin abubuwan da suka faru don jin daɗi; waɗanda ke samun farin ciki daga neman sabbin abubuwa; suna son ci gaba da sabunta salon zamani da salon zamani, neman nau'ikan kayayyaki yana da alaƙa da wannan yanayin.
* Mai Hankali: Masu amfani da sha'awar jima'i ba sa yin sakaci wajen yanke shawara kan siyayya, suna siyayya da sauri kuma ba sa damuwa da yawan kashe kuɗi ko samun daraja. Waɗanda suka yi babban sakamako a kan ma'aunin motsin rai ba sa yin hulɗa da abin a matakin fahimta ko motsin rai.
* Rikicewa (ta hanyar zaɓe fiye da kima ): wanda ke da alaƙa da ruɗani na mai amfani wanda ya haifar da zaɓin samfura da yawa, shaguna da yawa ko yawan bayanai game da samfura; galibi suna fuskantar yawan bayanai.
* Aminci/alama ta yau da kullun: wanda ke da alaƙa da halin mabukaci na bin tsarin siyayya na yau da kullun a kowane lokacin siyayya; masu sayayya suna da samfuran da suka fi so ko shaguna kuma sun ƙirƙiri halaye wajen zaɓa; shawarar siyayya ba ta buƙatar kimantawa ko siyayya sosai.

Wasu masu bincike sun daidaita hanyar Sproles da Kendall don amfani a wasu ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin al'adu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Hans H. |last2=Sauer |first2=Nicola E. |last3=Becker |first3=Christine |date=July–August 2006 |title=Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision-making styles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cb.185 |journal=Journal of Consumer Behaviour |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=342–354 |doi=10.1002/cb.185 |issn=1472-0817 |id={{EBSCOhost|22188937}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salon yanke shawara ga masu saye yana da mahimmanci ga masu siyar da kaya da masu tallatawa domin suna bayyana halaye waɗanda suka daɗe suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci, kuma saboda wannan dalili, suna da amfani wajen rarraba kasuwa.

=== Farashi ===
Ana kafa tsarin farashi mai faɗi a cikin tsarin dabarun kamfanin gabaɗaya. A fannin shagunan sarka, babban ofishin zai tsara dabarun farashi. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi shida na dabarun farashi da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen tallan: mai mayar da hankali kan ayyuka,  mai mayar da hankali kan samun kuɗi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Dibb, S. 2013&quot; /&gt; mai mayar da hankali kan abokin ciniki, &lt;ref name=&quot;Dibb, S. 2013&quot; /&gt; mai dogara kan ƙima,   mai mayar da hankali kan dangantaka,  da kuma mai mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa.  Lokacin da masu yanke shawara suka yanke shawara kan hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta fara amfani da farashi (watau, dabarun farashi), sai su mayar da hankalinsu ga dabarun farashi. Shawarwarin farashi na dabara farashi ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda aka tsara don cimma takamaiman manufofi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dabaru na farashi da ake amfani da su a shaguna sun haɗa da farashin rangwame,  farashin yau da kullun mai rahusa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hoch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoch |first=Steven J. |last2=Drèze |first2=Xavier |last3=Purk |first3=Mary E. |date=October 1994 |title=EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic |url=http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Marketing |volume=58 |pages=16–27 |doi=10.1177/002224299405800402 |jstor=1251913 |s2cid=18134783 |id={{EBSCOhost|9410316030}}. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230718/http://www.davidreiley.com/FieldExperimentsCourse/papers/FullReadingList/DrezeEverydayLowPricing.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; farashin mai yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hoch&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaufmann |first=Patrick J. |last2=Smith |first2=N. Craig |last3=Ortmeyer |first3=Gwendolyn K. |date=Summer 1994 |title=Deception in retailer high-low pricing: A &quot;rule of reason&quot; approach |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359%2894%2990011-6 |journal=Journal of Retailing |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.1016/0022-4359(94)90011-6 |issn=0022-4359 |id={{EBSCOhost|9502070535}}. {{Gale|A16401402}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; shugabannin asara, haɗa samfura, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guiltinan |first=Joseph P. |date=April 1987 |title=The Price Bundling of Services: A Normative Framework |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/002224298705100206 |journal=Journal of Marketing |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=74–85 |doi=10.1177/002224298705100206 &lt;!-- or JSTOR's 10.2307/1251130 --&gt; |issn=0022-2429 |jstor=1251130 |id={{EBSCOhost|4999766}}. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; farashin talla, da farashin tunani .  Wani ɗan kasuwa mai shago a ƙarni na 18, Josiah Wedgwood, ya ƙirƙiro dabaru guda biyu don jawo hankalin mai siye, wato garantin dawo da kuɗi da kuma siyan ɗaya kyauta .   Dole ne 'yan kasuwa su tsara hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da abokan ciniki suka fi so&amp;nbsp;– misali tsabar kuɗi, bashi, lay-by, Canja wurin Kuɗin Lantarki a Wurin Sayarwa (EFTPOS). Duk zaɓuɓɓukan biyan kuɗi suna buƙatar wani nau'in biyan kuɗi da kuma kuɗin jan hankali.  Sabanin yadda aka saba gani, farashi ba shine mafi mahimmancin abin da masu sayayya ke ɗauka wajen yanke shawarar siyan samfura ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romis |first=Rafael |title=Council Post: Three Ways To Crush E-Commerce: Busting Common Misconceptions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206165436/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2019/02/05/three-ways-to-crush-e-commerce-busting-common-misconceptions/ |archive-date=6 February 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mcdonald's_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun rubuce-rubucen tallace-tallace na giciye ya fito ne daga McDonald's. &quot;Za ki so soyayyen dankali da wannan?&quot;]]
Dillalai za su iya amfani da dabaru daban-daban don haɓaka yawan tallace-tallace da kuma inganta ƙwarewar abokin ciniki, kamar Ƙarawa, Sayarwa ko Sayarwa ta Cross-sell; Sayarwa akan ƙima; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hee Jin |last2=Koo |first2=Jieun |date=November 2015 |title=Stand-Alone Sale of a Free Gift: Is it Effective to Accentuate Promotion Value? |journal=Social Behavior and Personality |language=en |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1593–1605 |doi=10.2224/sbp.2015.43.10.1593 |issn=0301-2212 |id={{EBSCOhost|111059561}}. {{Gale|A437879313}}. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma sanin lokacin da za a rufe tallace-tallacen. 

Kudin gidaje da sata &lt;ref name=&quot;p946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hase |first=Carl |last2=Kasinger |first2=Johannes |date=2026 |title=The Pass-Through of Retail Crime |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20240889 |journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy |doi=10.1257/pol.20240889 |issn=1945-7731}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna ƙara farashin dillalai, yayin da tsarin yanki na iya rage gasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;l720&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Sumon |last2=Sudhir |first2=K. |date=2013 |title=Does reducing spatial differentiation increase product differentiation? Effects of zoning on retail entry and format variety |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |journal=Quantitative Marketing and Economics |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83–116 |doi=10.1007/s11129-012-9131-x |issn=1570-7156 |access-date=2026-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ikan tsarin dillalai ==
[[File:Officeworks_inside.jpg|thumb| Ofishin Officeworks na Ostiraliya yana sayar da komai ga ofishin gida ko ƙaramin ofishin kasuwanci; kayan rubutu, kayan daki, kayan lantarki, na'urorin sadarwa, kwafi, ayyukan bugawa da ɗaukar hoto, kofi, shayi da ƙananan abubuwan ciye-ciye.]]
[[File:Apple_Store,_Opéra_1.jpg|thumb| Shagunan Apple sun haɗa da bangon bidiyo, Wi-Fi da tebura don samar da ƙwarewar abokin ciniki mai zurfi.]]
[[File:ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG|thumb| Wani shago a Scarsdale, Victoria, Ostiraliya yana aiki a matsayin ofishin gidan waya, dillalin jaridu, gidan mai, hayar bidiyo, mai sayar da kayan abinci da kuma dillalin abinci mai ɗauke da kayan abinci. Ana kiran wannan nau'in shagon a yankin da mashayar madara .]]
[[File:Luovon_puoji.jpg|thumb| Wani kantin sayar da gida mai suna &quot;Luovon puoji&quot; a cikin Tsibirin Hailuoto, [[Finland]]]]
''Tsarin dillalai'' (wanda kuma aka sani da ''dabarun dillalai'' ) yana tasiri ga zaɓin shagon mai siye kuma yana magance tsammanin mai siye. A matakin farko, tsarin dillanci [[Kasuwa (wuri)|kasuwa]] ce mai sauƙi, wato; wurin da ake musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka. A wasu sassan duniya, har yanzu ƙananan shaguna ne ke mamaye ɓangaren dillalan kayayyaki, amma manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki suna ƙara mamaye ɓangaren, domin suna iya yin amfani da ƙarfin siye mai yawa da kuma ba da tanadi ta hanyar rage farashi. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki kuma suna samar da nasu lakabin na sirri, waɗanda ke fafatawa tare da samfuran masana'antu. Haɗakar shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ya canza yanayin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, yana canja wutar lantarki daga masu sayar da kayayyaki zuwa hannun manyan kamfanonin sayar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Constantinides 2006&quot; /&gt; A Birtaniya da Turai, ana sanya sayar da kayayyaki a matsayin wani ''aiki na hidima .'' Umarnin Sabis na Turai ya shafi duk wani ciniki na dillalai, gami da kasuwannin lokaci-lokaci, 'yan kasuwa a kan tituna da masu sayar da kaya.

Ana iya rarraba shagunan sayar da kayayyaki bisa ga nau'in samfurin da aka ɗauka. Masu sayar da kayan Softline suna sayar da kayan da ake amfani da su bayan amfani ɗaya, ko kuma suna da iyakataccen lokaci (yawanci ƙasa da shekaru uku), kamar yadda aka saba amfani da su. Kayayyaki masu laushi sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], sauran yadi, [[Takalmi|takalma]], kayan wanka, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], [[Magani|magunguna]] da kayan rubutu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferrara, J. Susan |title=The World of Retail: Hardlines vs. Softlines |url=http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718155656/http://www.valueline.com/Tools/Educational_Articles/Stocks/The_World_of_Retail__Hardlines_vs__Softlines.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Value Line}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Shagunan kayan abinci, gami da manyan kantuna da manyan kantuna, tare da shagunan kayan abinci suna ɗauke da gaurayen kayayyakin abinci da kayan gida kamar sabulun wanki, kayan tsaftacewa, da kayayyakin tsaftar jiki. Masu sayar da kayayyaki masu araha a wasu lokutan ana kiransu da ''dillalan kayan masarufi masu tsauri'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=hard goods |url=http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104141007/http://www.investorwords.com/2282/hard_goods.html |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Investor Words}}&lt;/ref&gt; - [[Mota|motoci]], kayan aiki, kayan lantarki, kayan daki, kayan wasanni, katako, da sauransu, da kuma sassansu. Ƙwararrun dillalai suna aiki a fannoni da yawa kamar fasaha, misali shagunan sayar da kayan lambu, gidajen adana kayan fasaha na zamani, shagunan sayar da littattafai, [[Sana’ar hannu|sana'o'in hannu, kayan]] kida, shagunan kyaututtuka .

Tsarin ciniki na musamman shine siyayya a gida . Akwai manyan nau'ikansa guda uku: yin odar wasiƙa ko ta waya daga kasida ; yin odar waya don mayar da martani ga tallace-tallace a cikin bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki (kamar jaridu, tashoshin siyayya na TV da rediyo); da siyayya ta yanar gizo .

== Tasirin fasaha ==
Idan ana maganar tasirin fasaha a kan siyayya da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, kasuwancin e-commerce galibi shine abu na farko da ke zuwa wa masu sayar da kayayyaki a zuciya. Duk da haka, fasahohi kamar manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa ta kwamfuta, da Intanet na Abubuwa suna amfani da bayanai don canza kowane ɓangare na ƙwarewar siyayya, daga bincike zuwa biyan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Cuimin |date=17 June 2021 |title=Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data |journal=Mobile Information Systems |volume=2021 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2021/9916304 |issn=1875-905X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyoyi su rungumi katsewar dijital domin samun fa'ida a gasa. Lokacin da masana'antu ke fuskantar katsewar dijital, yawanci yana nuna cewa buƙatun masu amfani suna canzawa. Dillalai suna inganta tsarin nazarin su kuma suna yanke shawara mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da manyan bayanai, fasahar wucin gadi, hangen nesa na kwamfuta, da kuma Intanet na Abubuwa. Amfani da bayanai daga dillalai galibi a bayyane yake a cikin waɗannan fannoni, bisa ga sabbin fasahohin da aka ambata a sama: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Will |last2=Rhinehart |first2=Charlene |date=2011-01-04 |title=Retail Inventory Method: Definition, Calculation, and Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728013907/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Investopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jan |first=Irfanullah |date=2012-03-16 |title=Retail Method of Inventory Estimation |url=https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103520/https://xplaind.com/145742/retail-method |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=XPLAIND.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Inganta tallan ta hanyar keɓance ƙwarewar abokin ciniki
* Inganta tsarin sarrafa kayayyaki
* Daidaita farashi don ƙara yawan riba

Manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna kai hari ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke tafiya musamman don siyayya ko ware wani kaso mai yawa na kuɗin da suke kashewa ga dillalai yayin hutu. Dangane da ''Rahoton Kasuwar Yawon Bude Ido ta Duniya na 2019–2023'', an kiyasta kasuwar yawon bude ido ta duniya ta kai kimanin ''dala tiriliyan 1.2 a shekarar 2018.'' Rahoton ya yi hasashen ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ''karuwar ci gaba na shekara-shekara (CAGR) na 6.7%'' tsakanin 2019 da 2023. Bisa ga wannan yanayin, Kogan Page ya buga littafin ''Leading Travel and Tourism Retail'' a shekarar 2023, inda ya yi cikakken nazari kan fannin dillalan tafiye-tafiye da kuma ci gaban da ya samu a zamanin bayan COVID.

== Masana'antar dillalai ==

=== Tarihi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[File:Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg|thumb| Kasuwa a Trajan's Forum, misali na farko da aka sani na shagunan sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin]]
[[File:2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul_04.jpg|alt=|thumb| Babban Kasuwa, Istanbul (ciki). An kafa shi a shekarar 1455, ana tsammanin shine mafi tsufa kasuwa mai cike da ayyukan yi.]]
Kasuwannin dillalai sun wanzu tun zamanin da. Shaidun tarihi na cinikin, waɗanda wataƙila suka shafi tsarin musanya, sun samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru 10,000. Yayin da wayewar wayewa ke ƙaruwa, an maye gurbin ciniki da ciniki na dillalai da ya haɗa da tsabar kuɗi. Ana tsammanin sayarwa da siye sun bayyana a Asiya Ƙarama (Turkiyya ta zamani) a kusan ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Brian D.G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). &quot;A History of Marketing Thought&quot;, ''Handbook of Marketing.'' Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (eds), Sage, p. 41, {{ISBN|1-4129-2120-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A tsohuwar Girka, kasuwanni suna aiki a cikin agora, wani fili inda, a ranakun kasuwa, ana nuna kayayyaki a kan tabarma ko rumfunan wucin gadi.  A zamanin da, an yi ciniki a dandalin tattaunawa .  Dandalin Romawa ana iya cewa shine misali na farko na shagon sayar da kayayyaki na dindindin. 

Bincike da aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa kasar Sin ta nuna tarihi mai kyau na tsarin sayar da kayayyaki na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Karl |last2=Reid |first2=Susan |date=2008 |title=The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10169/ |journal=Business History |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=419–432 |doi=10.1080/00076790802106299 |url-access=subscription |via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga farkon shekara ta 200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ana amfani da marufi da alamar kasuwanci na kasar Sin don nuna alamar iyali, sunayen wurare da ingancin samfura, kuma an yi amfani da alamar kasuwanci ta gwamnati tsakanin shekara ta 600 zuwa 900 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Eckhart da Bengtsson sun yi jayayya cewa a zamanin daular Song (960-1127), al'ummar Sin ta haɓaka al'adar masu sayayya, inda ake samun babban matakin amfani ga masu sayayya na yau da kullun maimakon manyan mutane kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eckhardt |first=Giana M. |last2=Bengtsson |first2=Anders |date=September 2010 |title=A Brief History of Branding in China |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0276146709352219 |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–221 (see e.g. p. 212) |doi=10.1177/0276146709352219 |issn=0276-1467 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin da na Ingila da [[Turai]], shaguna kaɗan ne kawai aka samu na dindindin; maimakon haka, abokan ciniki sun shiga cikin bita na ɗan kasuwa inda suka tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan siyayya kai tsaye da 'yan kasuwa.  A cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a, ƙananan shaguna sun fara bayyana a ƙarni na 13.  A wajen manyan biranen, yawancin sayayya ta kayan masarufi ana yin su ne ta hanyar kasuwanni ko kuma ta baje koli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |url-status=live |journal=[[List and Index Society]] |issue=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113050534/https://archives.history.ac.uk/gazetteer/gazweb2.html |archive-date=2020-01-13 |via=[[Institute of Historical Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da alama kasuwannin sun bayyana daban-daban a wajen Turai. Ana yawan ambaton Babban Kasuwar [[Istanbul]] a matsayin mafi tsufa a duniya da ke ci gaba da aiki; an fara gininta ne a shekarar 1455. Masu mulkin mallaka na Spain sun yi rubutu mai kyau game da kasuwanni a Amurka. A ƙarni na 15, kasuwar Tlatelolco ta Mexica ( Aztec ) ita ce mafi girma a duk faɗin [[Amurka]] . 
[[File:Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg|alt=|thumb| Kantin sayar da kayayyaki wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 18.]]
A ƙarni na 17, shaguna na dindindin waɗanda ke da lokutan ciniki na yau da kullun sun fara maye gurbin kasuwanni da baje kolin a matsayin babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki. Masu shaguna na larduna sun kasance masu himma a kusan kowace garin kasuwar Ingila.  Yayin da adadin shaguna ke ƙaruwa, sai suka rikide. Abubuwan da suka shafi wani shago na zamani, wanda ba ya nan a shagon ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, a hankali sun samar da hanyar shiga cikin shaguna da shagunan da suka fi shahara ga masu siyayya na zamani. Kafin ƙarni na 18, shagon sayar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ba shi da tebur, akwatunan nuni, kujeru, madubai, ɗakunan canza kaya, da sauransu. Duk da haka, damar da abokin ciniki zai samu don duba kayayyaki, taɓawa da jin kaya ta fara samuwa, tare da sabbin abubuwa na dillalai daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. 
[[File:Galeries_de_bois_(ancien_camp_des_Tartares),_au_Palais-Royal,_1825.jpg|alt=|thumb| Galeries de bois a au Palais-Royal, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin shagunan siyayya a Turai]]
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fara bayyana a faɗin Turai da kuma a Antipodes. Gidan siyayya yana nufin wurin sayar da kayayyaki da yawa, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin rufin da aka rufe. Yawanci, rufin an gina shi ne da gilashi domin a sami hasken halitta da kuma rage buƙatar kyandirori ko hasken lantarki. Wasu daga cikin misalan farko na shagunan siyayya sun bayyana a birnin Paris saboda rashin shimfidar hanya ga masu tafiya a ƙasa.  Duk da cewa wuraren shakatawa sune lardin bourgeoisie, wani sabon nau'in kasuwancin dillalai ya fito don biyan buƙatun talakawa masu aiki. John Stuart Mill ya rubuta game da haɓakar shagon sayar da kayayyaki na haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya shaida da idonsa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. 
[[File:AA446b_copy.jpeg|thumb| Shagunan manyan shaguna, kamar Le Bon Marché na Faransa, sun bayyana tun tsakiyar karni na 19.]]
Zamanin zamani na sayar da kayayyaki an bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin daga juyin juya halin masana'antu zuwa ƙarni na 21.  A manyan birane, shagon sayar da kayayyaki ya bunƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma ya sake fasalta dabi'un siyayya har abada, sannan ya sake fasalta ra'ayoyin hidima da jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koot |first=Gerard M. |date=2011 |title=Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores |url=https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806075623/https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=29 May 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Dartmouth |agency=History Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin shagunan farko ba wai kawai shagunan sayar da kayayyaki ba ne; maimakon haka, wurare ne da masu sayayya za su iya yin lokacin hutunsu su kuma sami nishaɗi.  Sayar da kaya, ta amfani da odar wasiƙa, ta samo asali ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Duk da cewa ana amfani da tallace-tallacen kasida tun ƙarni na 15, wannan hanyar sayar da kaya ta takaita ga wasu masana'antu kaɗan, kamar sayar da littattafai da iri. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu a fannin sufuri da ayyukan gidan waya ya sa 'yan kasuwa da dama a kowane gefen Tekun Atlantika suka gwada sayar da kasida. 

A lokacin bayan yaƙin, wani mai gine-gine ɗan Amurka, Victor Gruen, ya ƙirƙiro wata dabara ta gina wani babban kanti; wani katafaren shagon siyayya da aka tsara, wanda ke cike da kayan tarihi, mutum-mutumi, tsarin shuka, kiɗan bututu, da kuma wurin ajiye motoci. Manufar Gruen ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi na siyayya inda mutane ke jin daɗin zama a muhalli, ta yadda za su ƙara samun lokaci a wurin, ta haka za su ƙara samun damar siyayya. An buɗe farkon waɗannan manyan kantuna a Northland Mall kusa da Detroit a shekarar 1954.  A cikin ƙarni na ashirin, an fara ganin yanayin zuwa manyan sawun shaguna. Matsakaicin girman babban kanti na Amurka ya karu daga {{Convert|31000|sqft|m2}}   murabba'in ƙafa a shekarar 1991 zuwa {{Convert|44000|sqft|m2}}   murabba'in ƙafa a shekara ta 2000.  A ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin, shaguna suna amfani da lakabi kamar &quot;manyan shaguna&quot; da shagunan &quot;masu adana kaya&quot; don nuna girmansu da ke ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johanson |first=Simon |date=2 June 2015 |title=Bunnings Shifts Focus as it Upsizes Store Network |url=https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230658/https://www.theage.com.au/business/bunnings-shifts-focus-as-it-upsizes-store-network-20150601-ghdvs4.html |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=The Age}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɓaka yanayin karuwar harkokin kasuwanci bai kasance iri ɗaya ba a faɗin ƙasashe kuma ya haifar da Amurka da kusan ninki biyu na bambanci a murabba'in ƙafa ga kowane mutum idan aka kwatanta da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da ƙarni na 21 ya fara aiki, wasu alamu sun nuna cewa manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga [[Kasuwanci na kafar sadarwa|samfuran tallace-tallace na kan layi]] kuma an bayyana cewa raguwar girman shaguna.  A ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan gasa da sauran batutuwa kamar bashin kasuwanci,  an sami wani cikas na kasuwanci da ake kira aplace na dillalai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wanda wasu 'yan kasuwa da yawa, musamman a Arewacin Amurka, ke rage yawan shagunansu sosai, ko kuma su daina kasuwanci gaba ɗaya.

=== Manyan dillalai goma na duniya ===
Tun daga shekarar 2016, [[Sin|China]] ita ce babbar kasuwar dillalai a duniya. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Manyan 'yan kasuwa goma a duniya &lt;ref name=&quot;NRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Global Retailers 2025 |url=https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417211743/https://nrf.com/research-insights/top-retailers/top-50-global-retailers/top-50-global-retailers-2025 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=NRF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Matsayi
!Kamfanin
!Hedikwatar
!Jimlar kudaden shiga na 2024 (US $ biliyan) &lt;ref name=&quot;NRF&quot; /&gt;
!Tushen kasuwanci
!Jimlar adadin shagunan duniya
|-
|1
|Walmart
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$676
|Hypermarket / supercenter / superstore
|10,692
|-
|2
|[[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$393
|Kasuwancin E-commerce
|605
|-
|3
|Schwarz Gruppe (Lidl) 
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|$182
|Kasuwancin kayan masarufi
|14,244
|-
|4
|Aldi
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|$155
|Kasuwancin kayan masarufi
|13,877
|-
|5
|Costco
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$246
|Cash &amp; carry/warehouse kulob
|890
|-
|6
|Ahold Delhaize
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|$99
|Shagon sayar da kayayyaki
|8,111
|-
|7
|Gidan da ke tsakanin mutane
|{{Flag|France}}
|$98
|Babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki
|14,961
|-
|8
|Bakwai da Ni
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|$90
|Shagon da ake amfani da shi
|41,128
|-
|9
|IKEA
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|$51
|Kayan gida
|489
|-
|10
|Gidan Gida
|{{Flag|United States}}
|$155
|Shagon kayan aiki
|2,347
|}
[[File:US_Retail_Sales.png|thumb|Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amurka, 1992-2010]]

== 1Dubi kuma ==
{{Columns-list|* [[Automated retail]]
* [[Direct-to-consumer]]
* [[Business-to-business]]
* [[Business-to-government|B2G]]
* [[Consumer behaviour]]
* [[Convenience store]]
* [[Department store]]
* [[Dollar store]]
* [[Dry goods store]]
* [[Final goods]]
* [[Five and dime]]
* [[General store]]
* [[Grey pound]]
* [[Hanseatic League]]
* [[High Street]]
* [[History of marketing]]
* [[Hyper market]]
* [[Like for like]]
* [[List of department stores by country]]
* [[Point of sales]]
* [[Sales promotion]]
* [[Retail concentration]]
* [[Retail design]]
* [[Retail software]]
* [[Retailtainment]]
* [[Revenge buying]]
* [[Sales density]]
* [[Shopping]]
* [[Store manager]]
* [[Super market]]
* [[Super store]]
* [[Variety store]]
* [[Visual merchandising]]
* [[Landlord#Licensed victualler|Licensed victualler]]
* [[Wardrobing]]
* [[Window shopping]]
* [[Large-scale retail in France]]}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hala Badri</title>
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'''Hala Badri''' (Arabic هالة بدري) ita ce babbar darakta ta hukumar al'adu da fasaha ta [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] . An naɗa ta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin wannan mukami a shekarar 2019 kuma a baya ta yi aiki a wasu fannoni da dama, ciki har da mai, dorewa da tallatawa. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Dubai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin nadin ta ga Al'adun Dubai, ta daga mataimakiyar shugaban zartarwa na alama da sadarwa na du, kamfanin sadarwa na biyu mafi girma a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. Ta kuma kasance tsohon babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa]] na Abu Dhabi (ADNOC).

== Ilimi ==
Hala Badri darakta ce mai takardar sheda wacce ta kammala Shirin Daraktocin Duniya tare da INSEAD . Tana da digirin MBA a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta hanyar Intanet daga Jami'ar Zayed, da kuma Digiri na biyu a fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (Journalism) daga Manyan Kwalejojin Fasaha .

== Ayyuka ==
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, an nada Hala Badri a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Dubai ta hanyar umarnin sarauta daga Mai Girma [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Firayim Minista na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da kuma Mai mulkin Dubai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ta shiga Dubai Culture, Badri babbar mai ba da shawara ce kan harkokin sadarwa na Kamfanin Mai na Ƙasa na Abu Dhabi (ADNOC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da take aiki da ADNOC, an kuma naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa don kula da dabarun abun ciki da kuma ƙwarewar baƙi a Babban Tashar Jirgin Ƙasa ta UAE a Expo 2020 Dubai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hala Badri |url=https://www.provokemedia.com/ranking-and-data/innovator-25/innovator-25-2018/innovator-25-emea-2018/hala-badri |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=PRovoke Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin ADNOC, ta shafe shekaru 11 a kamfanin sadarwa na biyu na UAE, du, a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Musamman na Brand and Communications. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga matsayinta na Darakta Janar na Hukumar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Dubai, Hala Badri tana da manyan mukamai da yawa a fadin manyan cibiyoyin UAE. Tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Mata ta Dubai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Hamdan Bin Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum International Photography Award (HIPA) Board of Trustees. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Majalisar Kafofin Watsa Labarai ta Dubai,   Kwamitin Amintattun Kwalejin Fasaha,  da Kwamitin Amincewa na Cibiyar Makarantu ta Rashid da Latifa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, memba ne ta Kwamitin Gwamnoni a Makarantar Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==
A shekara ta 2003, an ba Hala Badri lambar yabo ta Sheikh Rashid sau biyu don Kwarewar Kimiyya, don nasarorin da ta samu a lokacin karatunta na baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2012, an kuma sanya mata suna a matsayin mutum na 21 mafi iko da tasiri a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Gabas ta Tsakiya, tallace-tallace da masana'antar talla a cikin mujallar Communicate Power List 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya mata suna a matsayin The Holmes Report's 2018 Innovator 25 a cikin EMEA,  wanda aka sanya shi a 33 na Forbes ME 200 mafi iko Larabawa a Duniya a cikin 2014,  kuma a 37 na 100 mafi iko Larabar kasuwanci mata a cikin Kamfanoni da aka jera a cikin 2012 don ambaci kaɗan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kuma ba ta suna daya daga cikin Fast Company ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta 43 Mafi Kyawun Mutane a Kasuwanci a cikin Bringing Good Things To More People category, don nuna godiya ga rawar da ta taka wajen canza bangaren kirkira da al'adu a Dubai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2025, ta lashe lambar yabo ta zinare don Mafi Kyawun Mata na Shekara a MENA Stevie Awards, ban da lambar yabo ta Azurfa don Jagoran Tunanin Shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2025, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award a cikin zagaye na 20 na Dubai Quality Group na lambar yabo ta Emirates Women. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma nuna ta a cikin 100 Mafi Kyawun Shugabannin Kasuwancin Larabawa na 2024,  kuma an sanya ta 11 a cikin 100 mafi Kyawun Mata na Kasuwancin Arabiya na 2025 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=محمد بن راشد يصدر مرسومين بتعيين مديرين عامين لـ&quot;جمارك دبي&quot; و&quot;هيئة الثقافة&quot; |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2019-04-24-1.3543509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.H. Sheikh Mohammed issues decree on Dubai Women Establishment |url=https://www.dubaieye1038.com/news/local/h-h-sheikh-mohammed-issues-decree-on-dubai-women-establishment/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Dubai Eye 103.8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heba Abdel Gawad</title>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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'''Heba Muhammad Tawfiq Abdel Gawad''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1982) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne. Ta wakilci Masar a taron mata na biyu a cikin yin iyo a wasanni biyu na Olympics na bazara; [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] da [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Heba Abdel Gawad|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/heba-abdel-gawad-1.html|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418111025/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/heba-abdel-gawad-1.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yar uwarta tagwaye [[Sara Abdel Gawad]] ita ma mai yin iyo ne, sun yi gasa tare a wasan duet na mata a [[2000 Summer Olympics|Wasannin bazara na 2000]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Abdel Gawad Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar gasar Olympics ==

=== Sydney 2000 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Gudun ruwa na lokaci guda - Duet na Mata
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kasar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'Yan wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |cancanta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Abdel Gawad Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙarshe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Synchronized Swimming at the 2000 Sydney Summer Games: Women's Duet Final {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet-final.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190033/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet-final.html |archive-date=2020-04-17 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsayawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Synchronized Swimming at the 2000 Sydney Summer Games: Women's Duet |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418024840/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ƙarshe [3]
|-
!Fasaha
!'Yanci'
!Jimillar
!Fasaha
!'Yanci'
!Jimillar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Misira
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sara Abdel Gawad
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |84.933
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |85.067
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |85.021
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |DNQ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |20
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Heba Abdel Gawad
|}

=== Athena 2004 ===
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Gudun ruwa na lokaci guda - Duet na Mata
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kasar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'Yan wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |cancanta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Abdel Gawad Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙarshe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sara Abdel Gawad Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/sara-abdel-gawad-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsayawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Synchronized Swimming at the 2000 Sydney Summer Games: Women's Duet Final {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet-final.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190033/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/SYN/womens-duet-final.html |archive-date=2020-04-17 |access-date=2017-08-01 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ƙarshe [3]
|-
!Fasaha
!'Yanci'
!Jimillar
!Fasaha
!'Yanci'
!Jimillar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Misira
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Dalia Allam
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |41.167
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |41.667
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |82.834
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |DNQ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |21
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Heba Abdel Gawad
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]</text>
      <sha1>j7eadn4p1kcdhwuywnuwxtc5rrri1w6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Doris Taylor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963742</id>
      <parentid>756632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:51:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2250" sha1="ifc3avxjewgvjhgpub57o7yp5x50r7z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Doris Anita Taylor''' masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya da injiniyan nama. Ta kasance Darakta, Binciken Magunguna da Darakta na Regenerative, Cibiyar Kwayar halitta da Kwayar Kwayar halitta a Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas a Houston, Texas har zuwa Maris ɗin shekarar 2020. Ita ce Co-kafa Miromatrix Medical, Inc. kuma Co-kafa Organamet Bio, Inc.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Taylor a San Francisco kuma ta zauna a Jamus tare da iyayenta da 'yan uwanta biyu, inda mahaifinta ke cikin soja. Lokacin da Taylor ke da shekaru 6, an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji, kuma iyalin suka koma Texas don neman magani. Ganin mutuwar mahaifinta daga ciwon daji, da kuma kula da ɗan'uwanta, wanda ke da schizophrenia, ya kai ta ga aiki a binciken likita.

Taylor ta sami B.S. daga Jami'ar Mississippi don Mata a cikin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar jiki kuma ta sami PhD a cikin ilimin likitanci daga Jami'an Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas .  Ta yi karatun post-doctoral a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein a Bronx, New York, inda ta fara aiki tare da injiniyan nama, girma da ƙwayoyin tsoka na zuciya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Duke daga 1991 zuwa 2007, a bangaren Jami'ar Minnesota daga 2003 zuwa 2012, kuma ta kasance tare da Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas daga 2012 zuwa 2020. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota kuma ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;amp;M har zuwa shekara ta 2020.

== Bincike ==
A shekara ta 2008, ƙungiyar Taylor ta buga takarda a cikin Nature Medicine wanda ke nuna cewa ƙungiyar ta na iya ƙirƙirar bugun zukatan bera ta amfani da aikin injiniya; &lt;ref&gt;[[Krista Tippett]] for [[On Being]]. September 30, 2010 [http://www.onbeing.org/program/stem-cells-untold-stories/178 Doris Taylor — Stem Cells, Untold Stories] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; an kira aikin &quot;ma'auni&quot;. Lab din ya fara cire sel daga zuciyar bera (aikin da ake kira &quot;decellularization&quot;) sannan ya yi allurar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zuciyar bera.

Taylor kuma tana gudanar da bincike wanda ya gano bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin zuciyar namiji da mace da sauran muhimman gabobin.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ifc3avxjewgvjhgpub57o7yp5x50r7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963744</id>
      <parentid>963742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2255" sha1="hd0j9rfccl6qe667rljw3pptfq25c3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Doris Anita Taylor''' masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya da injiniyan nama. Ta kasance Darakta, Binciken Magunguna da Darakta na Regenerative, Cibiyar Kwayar halitta da Kwayar Kwayar halitta a Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas a Houston, Texas har zuwa Maris ɗin shekarar 2020. Ita ce Co-kafa Miromatrix Medical, Inc. kuma Co-kafa Organamet Bio, Inc.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An kuma haifi Taylor a San Francisco kuma ta zauna a Jamus tare da iyayenta da ƴan uwanta biyu, inda mahaifinta ke cikin soja. Lokacin da Taylor ke da shekaru 6, an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji, kuma iyalin suka koma Texas don neman magani. Ganin mutuwar mahaifinta daga ciwon daji, da kuma kula da ɗan'uwanta, wanda ke da schizophrenia, ya kai ta ga aiki a binciken likita.

Taylor ta sami B.S. daga Jami'ar Mississippi don Mata a cikin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar jiki kuma ta sami PhD a cikin ilimin likitanci daga Jami'an Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas .  Ta yi karatun post-doctoral a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein a Bronx, New York, inda ta fara aiki tare da injiniyan nama, girma da ƙwayoyin tsoka na zuciya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Duke daga 1991 zuwa 2007, a bangaren Jami'ar Minnesota daga 2003 zuwa 2012, kuma ta kasance tare da Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas daga 2012 zuwa 2020. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota kuma ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;amp;M har zuwa shekara ta 2020.

== Bincike ==
A shekara ta 2008, ƙungiyar Taylor ta buga takarda a cikin Nature Medicine wanda ke nuna cewa ƙungiyar ta na iya ƙirƙirar bugun zukatan bera ta amfani da aikin injiniya; &lt;ref&gt;[[Krista Tippett]] for [[On Being]]. September 30, 2010 [http://www.onbeing.org/program/stem-cells-untold-stories/178 Doris Taylor — Stem Cells, Untold Stories] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; an kira aikin &quot;ma'auni&quot;. Lab din ya fara cire sel daga zuciyar bera (aikin da ake kira &quot;decellularization&quot;) sannan ya yi allurar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zuciyar bera.

Taylor kuma tana gudanar da bincike wanda ya gano bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin zuciyar namiji da mace da sauran muhimman gabobin.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>hd0j9rfccl6qe667rljw3pptfq25c3s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963745</id>
      <parentid>963744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:51:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2264" sha1="akh0vibi1uxm4xt1odm6jzkiuopo4n6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Doris Anita Taylor''' masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya da injiniyan nama. Ta kasance Darakta, Binciken Magunguna da Darakta na Regenerative, Cibiyar Kwayar halitta da Kwayar Kwayar halitta a Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas a Houston, Texas har zuwa Maris ɗin shekarar 2020. Ita ce Co-kafa Miromatrix Medical, Inc. kuma Co-kafa Organamet Bio, Inc.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An kuma haifi Taylor a San Francisco kuma ta zauna a Jamus tare da iyayenta da ƴan uwanta biyu, inda mahaifinta ke cikin soja. Lokacin da Taylor ke da shekaru 6, an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji, kuma iyalin suka koma Texas don neman magani. Ganin mutuwar mahaifinta daga ciwon daji, da kuma kula da ɗan'uwanta, wanda ke da schizophrenia, ya kai ta ga aiki a binciken likita.

Taylor ta sami B.S. daga Jami'ar Mississippi don Mata a cikin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar jiki kuma ta sami PhD a cikin ilimin likitanci daga Jami'an Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas .  Ta yi karatun post-doctoral a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein a Bronx, New York, inda ta fara aiki tare da injiniyan nama, girma da ƙwayoyin tsoka na zuciya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Duke daga 1991 zuwa 2007, a bangaren Jami'ar Minnesota daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2012, kuma ta kasance tare da Cibiyar Zuciya ta Texas daga 2012 zuwa 2020. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota kuma ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;amp;M har zuwa shekara ta 2020.

== Bincike ==
A shekara ta 2008, ƙungiyar Taylor ta buga takarda a cikin Nature Medicine wanda ke nuna cewa ƙungiyar ta na iya ƙirƙirar bugun zukatan bera ta amfani da aikin injiniya; &lt;ref&gt;[[Krista Tippett]] for [[On Being]]. September 30, 2010 [http://www.onbeing.org/program/stem-cells-untold-stories/178 Doris Taylor — Stem Cells, Untold Stories] {{Webarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; an kira aikin &quot;ma'auni&quot;. Lab din ya fara cire sel daga zuciyar bera (aikin da ake kira &quot;decellularization&quot;) sannan ya yi allurar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zuciyar bera.

Taylor kuma tana gudanar da bincike wanda ya gano bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin zuciyar namiji da mace da sauran muhimman gabobin.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>akh0vibi1uxm4xt1odm6jzkiuopo4n6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>B. Chance Saltzman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963486</id>
      <parentid>777623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:39:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nura Bello</username>
        <id>24854</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>963486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4972" sha1="8nkapzz23w54pbacg3gsx6z3xjchtw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Army&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saltzman ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSergeant2020&quot;&gt;Sergeant, Don (24 September 2020). [https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html &quot;BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force&quot;]. ''[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html Archived] from the original on 31 August 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School.

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama ===
[[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]]
An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
      <sha1>8nkapzz23w54pbacg3gsx6z3xjchtw7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963488</id>
      <parentid>963486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nura Bello</username>
        <id>24854</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>963488</origin>
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      <text bytes="4983" sha1="fkof8evrrew80miet3bux4dekl5vs1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Army&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saltzman ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSergeant2020&quot;&gt;Sergeant, Don (24 September 2020). [https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html &quot;BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force&quot;]. ''[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html Archived] from the original on 31 August 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School.

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama ===
[[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]]
An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
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'''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta kasar Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Army&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saltzman ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSergeant2020&quot;&gt;Sergeant, Don (24 September 2020). [https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html &quot;BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force&quot;]. ''[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html Archived] from the original on 31 August 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School.

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama ===
[[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]]
An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
      <sha1>b96aa6y2vd3xvftvjln2j8b0wbc70ya</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="4998" sha1="r0ffwx45bzuwyfzs2grkj5h9mdm52ht" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta kasar Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa shekarar 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Army&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saltzman ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSergeant2020&quot;&gt;Sergeant, Don (24 September 2020). [https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html &quot;BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force&quot;]. ''[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html Archived] from the original on 31 August 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School.

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama ===
[[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]]
An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
      <sha1>r0ffwx45bzuwyfzs2grkj5h9mdm52ht</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963493</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>24854</id>
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      <text bytes="5001" sha1="5smsbhx36gzf4g4fhx4axitajttcm3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta kasar Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa shekarar 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Army&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saltzman ta yi karatu ne a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;leaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSergeant2020&quot;&gt;Sergeant, Don (24 September 2020). [https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html &quot;BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force&quot;]. ''[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html Archived] from the original on 31 August 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School.

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama ===
[[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]]
An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alex Beard (mai zane)</title>
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'''Alex Beard''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aka haife shi ne a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] wanda yanzu yake zaune daga [[New Orleans]] . Ayyukansa sun kasance daga sauƙi da wakilci zuwa abstract. Sau da yawa yakan zana kuma ya zana dabbobin daji na Afirka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An kuma haifi Alex Beard a shekara ta 1970 a Birnin New York . Mahaifinsa mai ba da agaji ne Sam Beard wanda ya kafa Jefferson Awards for Public Service . Mahaifiyarsa, Patricia Beard, marubuciya ce kuma tsohuwar edita ce ta mujallar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi dan dan mai daukar hoto ne Peter Beard . Yayinda yake matashi, ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Afirka]], [[Sin|China]], [[Indiya]], da [[Belize]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beard ya halarci Jami'ar Tufts kuma ya sami digiri a fannin tarihi da adabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi karatun zane da zane na gargajiya a Makarantar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Boston kuma ya kasance memba a gasar tseren marathon na Makarantar Studio ta New York . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, Beard ya koma New Orleans don yin karatun zane mai zurfi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta New Orleans . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yaba wa tafiye-tafiyensa na duniya saboda taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da faɗaɗa hangen nesa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci, mai zane, da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ga Mujallar Tribe, wata ƙaramar mujallar New Orleans a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A New Orleans, ya buɗe gallery na farko da ɗakin studio a cikin French Quarter. Ya kuma yi aure kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kori shi daga New Orleans saboda Guguwar Katrina, Beard da iyalinsa sun koma Birnin New York. Ya gudanar da wani ɗakin karatu a SoHo wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin wurin baje kolin daga 2006 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, Beard ya koma New Orleans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beard tana cikin Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Jefferson Awards don Ayyukan Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasaha ==
Ayyukan zane-zane na Beard sun ƙunshi mafi yawan zane-zanen tawada da zane-zanensa na mai. Kakansa Peter Beard ya fara koya masa yadda za a yi amfani da tawada lokacin da yake yaro, tare da ƙarfafa shi tun yana ƙarami ya zama mai zane da ɗan kasuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batun mafi yawan zane-zanen Beard shine namun daji ta amfani da salon zane da ya kira Abstract Naturalism . Wannan haɗuwa ce ta abstract expressionism da kuma yanayin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abinda kawai yake aiki tare da shi shine jerin lissafi da ake kira &quot;The Audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Beard shine marubucin Tales from the Watering Hole, jerin littattafan da Beard ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta kuma Abrams Books ya buga su. An buga Jungle Grapevine a cikin shekara ta 2009,  An buga Monkey See, Monkey Draw a cikin shekara de 2011,  kuma an buga Crocodile's Tears a cikin shekara.  &quot;Crocodile's Tears&quot; an sake dubawa ta The New York Times a watan Fabrairun 2012 ta marubucin Pamela Paul .  Littafin Beard na huɗu a cikin jerin The Lying King an buga shi ne a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2018 ta Greenleaf Book Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David Carradine (/ˈkærədiːn/ KARR-ə-deen; an haife shi John Arthur Carradine Jr.; Disamba 8, 1936 - Yuni 3, 2009) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka, darakta, kuma furodusa, wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da manyan ayyuka sama da 200 a fina-finai, talabijin da kuma kan dandamali. Masu kallon talabijin sun san shi sosai a matsayin tauraron shirin Kung Fu (1972–1975), yana taka rawar Kwai Chang Caine, wani malamin Shaolin mai son zaman lafiya wanda ke tafiya ta cikin Tsohon Yammacin Amurka.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Alex Beard''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aka haife shi ne a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] wanda yanzu yake zaune daga [[New Orleans]] . Ayyukansa sun kasance daga sauƙi da wakilci zuwa abstract. Sau da yawa yakan zana kuma ya zana dabbobin daji na Afirka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An kuma haifi Alex Beard a shekara ta 1970 a Birnin New York . Mahaifinsa mai ba da agaji ne Sam Beard wanda ya kafa Jefferson Awards for Public Service . Mahaifiyarsa, Patricia Beard, marubuciya ce kuma tsohuwar edita ce ta mujallar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi dan dan mai daukar hoto ne Peter Beard . Yayinda yake matashi, ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Afirka]], [[Sin|China]], [[Indiya]], da [[Belize]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beard ya halarci Jami'ar Tufts kuma ya sami digiri a fannin tarihi da adabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi karatun zane da zane na gargajiya a Makarantar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Boston kuma ya kasance memba a gasar tseren marathon na Makarantar Studio ta New York . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, Beard ya koma New Orleans don yin karatun zane mai zurfi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta New Orleans . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yaba wa tafiye-tafiyensa na duniya saboda taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da faɗaɗa hangen nesa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beard ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci, mai zane, da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ga Mujallar Tribe, wata ƙaramar mujallar New Orleans a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A New Orleans, ya buɗe gallery na farko da ɗakin studio a cikin French Quarter. Ya kuma yi aure kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma kori shi daga New Orleans saboda Guguwar Katrina, Beard da iyalinsa sun koma Birnin New York. Ya gudanar da wani ɗakin karatu a SoHo wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin wurin baje kolin daga 2006 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, Beard ya koma New Orleans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beard tana cikin Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Jefferson Awards don Ayyukan Jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasaha ==
Ayyukan zane-zane na Beard sun ƙunshi mafi yawan zane-zanen tawada da zane-zanensa na mai. Kakansa Peter Beard ya fara koya masa yadda za a yi amfani da tawada lokacin da yake yaro, tare da ƙarfafa shi tun yana ƙarami ya zama mai zane da ɗan kasuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batun mafi yawan zane-zanen Beard shine namun daji ta amfani da salon zane da ya kira Abstract Naturalism . Wannan haɗuwa ce ta abstract expressionism da kuma yanayin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abinda kawai yake aiki tare da shi shine jerin lissafi da ake kira &quot;The Audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Alex {{!}} Alex Beard, New Orleans Painter - Alex Beard Studio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/bio |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=www.alexbeardstudio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Beard shine marubucin Tales from the Watering Hole, jerin littattafan da Beard ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta kuma Abrams Books ya buga su. An buga Jungle Grapevine a cikin shekara ta 2009,  An buga Monkey See, Monkey Draw a cikin shekara de 2011,  kuma an buga Crocodile's Tears a cikin shekara.  &quot;Crocodile's Tears&quot; an sake dubawa ta The New York Times a watan Fabrairun 2012 ta marubucin Pamela Paul .  Littafin Beard na huɗu a cikin jerin The Lying King an buga shi ne a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2018 ta Greenleaf Book Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Alex |title=Alex Beard Bio |url=http://www.alexbeardstudio.com/about |access-date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Alex Beard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David Carradine (/ˈkærədiːn/ KARR-ə-deen; an haife shi John Arthur Carradine Jr.; Disamba 8, 1936 - Yuni 3, 2009) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka, darakta, kuma furodusa, wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da manyan ayyuka sama da 200 a fina-finai, talabijin da kuma kan dandamali. Masu kallon talabijin sun san shi sosai a matsayin tauraron shirin Kung Fu (1972–1975), yana taka rawar Kwai Chang Caine, wani malamin Shaolin mai son zaman lafiya wanda ke tafiya ta cikin Tsohon Yammacin Amurka.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Micheal Ray Richardson</title>
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'''Michael Ray Richardson''' (Afrilu 11, 1955 - Nuwamba 11. 2025), sunan farko da aka fi sani da Micheal wanda aka fi sani da lakabin &quot;Sugar&quot;, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne kuma babban koci. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Montana Grizzlies. Zaɓi na huɗu gabaɗaya a cikin daftarin 1978 NBA, Richardson ya taka leda a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA) tsawon shekaru takwas tare da New York Knicks, Golden State Warriors, da New Jersey Nets. Ya kasance NBA All-Star sau hudu kuma sau biyu NBA All-Defensive First Team zaɓi wanda ya jagoranci gasar cikin sata a cikin yanayi uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/46928693/former-nba-star-micheal-ray-richardson-dies-age-70&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1986, kwamishinan NBA David Stern ya dakatar da Richardson har tsawon rayuwarsa bayan ya gwada ingancin hodar iblis a karo na uku a cikin yanayi uku. Shi ne dan wasan NBA na farko da kungiyar ta dakatar da shi. NBA ta mayar da shi aiki a 1988, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikinsa a Turai kuma bai sake buga NBA ba. Richardson daga baya ya zama babban koci a kungiyar Kwando ta Continental (CBA) da [[National Basketball League of Canada]] (NBL Canada).
==Rayuwar farko==
An haifi Richardson a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1955, a [[Lübeck|Lubbock]], Texas, &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/sports/basketball/michael-ray-richardson-dead.html&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan Billy Jack Richardson da Luddie Hicks.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/01/sports/sports-of-the-times-road-for-richardson-leads-back-home.html&lt;/ref&gt;Richardson ya kasance 1974 wanda ya kammala karatun sakandare na Manual High School a Denver, Colorado. Ya samu maki 10 a wata kungiya mai hazaka kuma bai fara bugawa kungiyar ba har sai da ya zama babba. Richardson ya taka leda a kungiyar gasar zakarun jihar ta 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180829033525/https://bacmagazine.com/buzznews/all-time-colorado-top-50-high-school-basketball-players/&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa==
Richardson ya zauna a Lawton, Oklahoma. Yana da jikoki 11. Richardson ya saka dakunan shan kwando na matasa tare da Otis Birdsong, abokinsa na dadewa kuma tsohon abokin wasansa. Ya yi aiki da wani kamfani na kuɗi, kuma shi da matarsa, Kimberly, sun mallaki salon gyaran fuska.&lt;ref&gt;https://missoulian.com/news/local/ex-griz-micheal-ray-richardson-returns-for-youth-basketball-clinic/article_b04913ed-869b-51b8-b19d-1bedf6d840e7.html {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗansa, Amir Richardson, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke wakiltar ACF Fiorentina na Seria A da kuma tawagar ƙasar Maroko.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.paris-normandie.fr/id211262/article/2021-07-09/football-amical-richardson-un-grand-parmi-les-grands&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya canza harafin sunansa na farko daga “Michael” zuwa “Micheal” a cikin 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Richardson shine batun fim ɗin TNT Network 2000 Duk abin da ya faru da Micheal Ray?, Chris Rock ya ruwaito.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0236867/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.slamonline.com/nba/micheal-ray-richardson/&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin tarihinsa, An dakatar da shi: Yadda Na Batar da Aikin NBA na Duk Taurari Kafin Neman Fansa Na, an buga shi a cikin 2024.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/sports/basketball/michael-ray-richardson-dead.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mutuwa==
Richardson ya mutu a Lawton a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 70, bayan gano ciwon daji na prostate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Preciado Martin</title>
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'''Patricia Preciado Martin''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1939) marubuciya ce kuma mai bincike wacce ta ƙware a [[Tarihin baki]] da Tarihin Arizona . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya rubuta, rubuta da kuma raba labarun Amirkawa na Mexico a Tucson, Arizona.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Preciado Martin a Prescott, Arizona  a cikin 1939.  A lokacin da take da shekaru uku, ita da iyalinta suka koma Tucson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Aengus |title=Patricia Preciado Martin |url=http://www.tucsonense.com/podcast/2016/10/30/patricia-preciado-martin |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Tucsonense |publisher=Podcast |id=Recorded Oct 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1960, Preciado Martin ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Arizona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia Preciado Martin papers, 1959-2015 Patricia Preciado Martin papers |url=http://azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/uoa/UAMS697.xml |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=azarchivesonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon shekarun 1960, ta kasance mai sa kai a cikin Peace Corps,  inda ta yi aiki a British Honduras (wanda yanzu ake kira Belize).  Daga 1979 zuwa 1983, Preciado Martin ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike da ta tattara hotuna da tarihin baki kai tsaye daga al'ummar Mexico ta Tucson; wannan aikin, Mexican Heritage Project, haɗin gwiwa ne da aka yi aiki tare da Arizona Historical Society don adana labaru game da al'ummar Amurka ta Tucson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Aengus |title=Patricia Preciado Martin |url=http://www.tucsonense.com/podcast/2016/10/30/patricia-preciado-martin |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Tucsonense |publisher=Podcast |id=Recorded Oct 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NMpaper&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka da rubuce-rubuce ==
An san Preciado Martin da aikinta na tattara tarihin baki daga tsofaffin 'yan Mexico-Amurka.  Ta yi magana game da nuna bambanci ga matan Mexican-Amurka,  kuma tana aiki don raba labarun al'adun ta don hana ta zama &quot;homogenized&quot;.  Preciado Martin ya yi aiki tare da masu daukar hoto don hada tarihin baki tare da hotuna na mazaunan Arizona  da iyalan Amurkawa na Mexico.  A cikin littafinta na 1992, Songs My Mother Sang to Me: An Oral History of Mexican American Women, ta raba tambayoyin mata na Mexican-Amurka na yankin Arizona waɗanda suka gabatar da abubuwan da suka gabata daban-daban. A shekara ta 2000, littafinta, Amor Eterno: Eleven Lessons in Love, ya ba da labarin wata mace da ta yi addu'a don dawowar ɗanta daga yaƙi. Littafinta na 2016, ''El Milagro da Sauran Labarai,'' an daidaita shi a cikin wasan inuwa da aka gabatar a Tucson a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Kathleen |date=September 28, 2016 |title=The arts season goes into full swing in October |url=https://tucson.com/entertainment/the-arts-season-goes-into-full-swing-in-october/article_9534ae2f-b220-5d55-8b0c-90f2db7cbe3f.html |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=Arizona Daily Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218134538/https://tucson.com/entertainment/the-arts-season-goes-into-full-swing-in-october/article_9534ae2f-b220-5d55-8b0c-90f2db7cbe3f.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
A shekara ta 1997, Preciado Martin ta sami suna daga kungiyar Arizona Library Association a matsayin Mawallafin Shekara a shekara ta 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia Preciado Martin papers, 1959-2015 Patricia Preciado Martin papers |url=http://azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/uoa/UAMS697.xml |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=azarchivesonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019 |title=Martin, Patricia Preciado ProQuest Biographies |id={{ProQuest|&lt;!-- insert ProQuest data here --&gt;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta Masanin Jama'a na Arizona a cikin shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reel |first=James |date=November 27, 2003 |title=Family Values |url=https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/family-values/Content?oid=1074701 |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=Tucson Weekly |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma sami lambar yabo daga kwamitin Mujer 2000 da Jami'ar Arizona Hispanic Alumni Association . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2001, ta sami lambar yabo ta Kudu maso Yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NMpaper2&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da lacca na [[Lawrence Clark Powell]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; kuma a shekara ta 2005 ta sami lambar yabo ta Sharlot Hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Aengus |title=Patricia Preciado Martin |url=http://www.tucsonense.com/podcast/2016/10/30/patricia-preciado-martin |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Tucsonense |publisher=Podcast |id=Recorded Oct 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>47pejkx9sc2a4821j9wffscpf6j5s74</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Kayan Kudancin Bedford</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|44|40|58|N|63|36|43|W}}
The '''Bedford Institute of Oceanography''' ('''BIO''') is a major [[Government of Canada]] [[Oceanography|ocean research]] facility located in [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia|Dartmouth]], [[Nova Scotia]].  BIO is the largest ocean research station in Canada. Established in 1962 as Canada's first, and currently largest, federal centre for [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] research, BIO derives its name from the [[Bedford Basin]], an inland bay comprising the northern part of Halifax Harbour, upon which it is located.

Katafaren fili mai fadin eka 40 (mita &lt;sup&gt;160,000&lt;/sup&gt; ) na tsohon kadara na Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) kusa da Shannon Park a Dartmouth, BIO ya ƙunshi jerin gine-gine masu haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ofisoshi, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada da jiragen ruwa na RCN.

Yayin da gwamnatin tarayya ke ƙoƙarin mayar da hankali kan ayyukanta a Karamar Hukumar Halifax, ana tunanin BIO don ƙarin gine-ginen ofisoshi don ɗaukar sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba na teku da na bincike ba da kuma ma'aikatansu. Saboda haka, an gina sabbin gine-gine don Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada da kuma [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli na Kanada]] a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:CCGS_Hudson2.gif|thumb|Jirgin binciken CCGS ''Hudson'']]
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, babban cibiyar binciken ruwa ta Gwamnatin Kanada ita ce [[St. Andrews Biological Station|Tashar Halittu ta St. Andrews]] . Dr. WE van Steenburgh, Darakta Janar na Ayyukan Kimiyya na [[Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys|Ma'aikatar Ma'adanai da Binciken Fasaha]], ya yi fafutukar kafa cibiyar nazarin teku ta zamani a [[Bedford Basin|Basin Bedford]] . An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Bedford da kuma tashar bincikenta, [[CCGS Hudson|CCGS ''Hudson'']], a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma samu malalar sinadarai a wurin a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2025. An bukaci mazauna yankin da ke da nisan mita 250 su fice daga wurin. Wannan kuma ya rufe gadar MacKay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu ==
BIO tana da ƙungiyoyi da dama daga sassa daban-daban na tarayya waɗanda ke gudanar da [[bincike]] mai zurfi wanda gwamnati ko haɗin gwiwa suka umarta, suna ba da shawara kan muhallin ruwa, suna ba da jadawalin hanyoyin tafiya da ke rufe Bankin Georges zuwa yankin Arctic na Kanada, da kuma magance matsalolin gaggawa na muhalli.

Wata tawaga karkashin jagorancin Dr. John Smith a BIO ta buga takarda ta farko kan yaduwar tasirin rediyo a fadin Tekun Pacific bayan bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi . Masana kimiyya sun tattara samfuran ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|1500|km|miles}} a gabar tekun British Columbia don tantance tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka na gano cesium 137 da cesium 134 kafin su isa gabar tekun yammacin Arewacin Amurka.    

A shekarar 2015, cibiyar ta sami tallafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 3.5 na gwamnatin tarayya don haɓaka gine-gine. Yawancin kuɗin za a yi amfani da su ne don haɓaka dakin gwajin kifi, don haɓaka kayan aikin Binciken Ƙasa na Kanada, da kuma gyaran gine-gine gabaɗaya. 

== Ma'aikatu da hukumomin tarayya ==
Sassan da hukumomin gwamnatin Kanada masu zuwa suna kula da cibiyoyin BIO: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kamun Kifi da Tekuna a Kanada (Yankin Ruwa)
** Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada (Yankin Ruwa)
** Sabis na Binciken Ruwa na Kanada (Atlantic)
* Albarkatun Ƙasa na Kanada (Yankin Atlantika)
** Binciken Ƙasa na Kanada (Atlantic)
* [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli Kanada]]
* Tsaron Ƙasa
** Aiki tare da CHS Atlantic.
* Noma da Agri-Abincin Kanada
** Hukumar Duba Abinci ta Kanada

== Kayan aiki ==
Baya ga ofis da sararin bincike, BIO tana da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu yawa, musamman don yin bincike kan nau'ikan halittu na ruwa. Ana ba da rangadin BIO ga baƙi a lokacin bazara kuma sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido shine wasu daga cikin manyan kifaye da tankunan da ake amfani da su don bincike. Akwai kuma &quot;tankunan taɓawa&quot; a cikin wani wuri da ake kira Tekun Pavilion inda baƙi ke da izinin shan lobster na Arewacin Atlantika, kaguwa mai dusar ƙanƙara, kaguwa mai duwatsu, clams (wanda kuma aka sani da pea clams), urchins na teku, kokwamba na teku, da sauran nau'ikan. Wasu tankuna suna da haske kuma suna ba baƙi damar kallon manyan mackerel da sturgeon da kuma wasu samfuran da ba a saba gani ba kamar lobster wanda yake rabin namiji da rabi mace. Tekun Pavilion ya ƙunshi bayanai game da kunkuru na teku na leatherback, farin kifi na Atlantic, kifin whales na arewa, sharks, farin kifi na lake, babban kifi mai laushi, kifi na brook, kifin wolf na Atlantic, da pickerel na Atlantic. Akwai kuma nunin da ke nuna wuraren da aka kare kamar Sable Island da The Gully da wuraren da ke da sha'awa na musamman kamar Halifax Harbour da Bay of Fundy .

== Sufuri ==
Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Bedford tana da hanyar bas ta jama'a, hanyar Halifax Transit 51. Tana haɗa BIO zuwa Tashar Bridge da Burnside, ta hanyar Windmill Road, a lokacin da babu hayaniya ke tashi kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;halifaxtransit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Routes &amp; Schedules |url=https://www.halifax.ca/transportation/halifax-transit/routes-schedules |access-date=19 December 2019 |publisher=Halifax Transit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|44|40|58|N|63|36|43|W}}
The '''Bedford Institute of Oceanography''' ('''BIO''') is a major [[Government of Canada]] [[Oceanography|ocean research]] facility located in [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia|Dartmouth]], [[Nova Scotia]].  BIO is the largest ocean research station in Canada. Established in 1962 as Canada's first, and currently largest, federal centre for [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] research, BIO derives its name from the [[Bedford Basin]], an inland bay comprising the northern part of Halifax Harbour, upon which it is located.

Katafaren fili mai fadin eka 40 (mita &lt;sup&gt;160,000&lt;/sup&gt; ) na tsohon kadara na Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) kusa da Shannon Park a Dartmouth, BIO ya ƙunshi jerin gine-gine masu haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ofisoshi, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada da jiragen ruwa na RCN.

Yayin da gwamnatin tarayya ke ƙoƙarin mayar da hankali kan ayyukanta a Karamar Hukumar Halifax, ana tunanin BIO don ƙarin gine-ginen ofisoshi don ɗaukar sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba na teku da na bincike ba da kuma ma'aikatansu. Saboda haka, an gina sabbin gine-gine don Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada da kuma [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli na Kanada]] a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:CCGS_Hudson2.gif|thumb|Jirgin binciken CCGS ''Hudson'']]
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, babban cibiyar binciken ruwa ta Gwamnatin Kanada ita ce [[St. Andrews Biological Station|Tashar Halittu ta St. Andrews]] . Dr. WE van Steenburgh, Darakta Janar na Ayyukan Kimiyya na [[Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys|Ma'aikatar Ma'adanai da Binciken Fasaha]], ya yi fafutukar kafa cibiyar nazarin teku ta zamani a [[Bedford Basin|Basin Bedford]] . An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Bedford da kuma tashar bincikenta, [[CCGS Hudson|CCGS ''Hudson'']], a shekarar 1962. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma samu malalar sinadarai a wurin a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2025. An bukaci mazauna yankin da ke da nisan mita 250 su fice daga wurin. Wannan kuma ya rufe gadar MacKay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu ==
BIO tana da ƙungiyoyi da dama daga sassa daban-daban na tarayya waɗanda ke gudanar da [[bincike]] mai zurfi wanda gwamnati ko haɗin gwiwa suka umarta, suna ba da shawara kan muhallin ruwa, suna ba da jadawalin hanyoyin tafiya da ke rufe Bankin Georges zuwa yankin Arctic na Kanada, da kuma magance matsalolin gaggawa na muhalli.

Wata tawaga karkashin jagorancin Dr. John Smith a BIO ta buga takarda ta farko kan yaduwar tasirin rediyo a fadin Tekun Pacific bayan bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi . Masana kimiyya sun tattara samfuran ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|1500|km|miles}} a gabar tekun British Columbia don tantance tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka na gano cesium 137 da cesium 134 kafin su isa gabar tekun yammacin Arewacin Amurka.    

A shekarar 2015, cibiyar ta sami tallafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 3.5 na gwamnatin tarayya don haɓaka gine-gine. Yawancin kuɗin za a yi amfani da su ne don haɓaka dakin gwajin kifi, don haɓaka kayan aikin Binciken Ƙasa na Kanada, da kuma gyaran gine-gine gabaɗaya. 

== Ma'aikatu da hukumomin tarayya ==
Sassan da hukumomin gwamnatin Kanada masu zuwa suna kula da cibiyoyin BIO: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BIO |url=http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201071807/http://www.bio.gc.ca/general-generales/history-historique-en.php |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Bedford Institute of Oceanography}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kamun Kifi da Tekuna a Kanada (Yankin Ruwa)
** Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Kanada (Yankin Ruwa)
** Sabis na Binciken Ruwa na Kanada (Atlantic)
* Albarkatun Ƙasa na Kanada (Yankin Atlantika)
** Binciken Ƙasa na Kanada (Atlantic)
* [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli Kanada]]
* Tsaron Ƙasa
** Aiki tare da CHS Atlantic.
* Noma da Agri-Abincin Kanada
** Hukumar Duba Abinci ta Kanada

== Kayan aiki ==
Baya ga ofis da sararin bincike, BIO tana da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu yawa, musamman don yin bincike kan nau'ikan halittu na ruwa. Ana ba da rangadin BIO ga baƙi a lokacin bazara kuma sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido shine wasu daga cikin manyan kifaye da tankunan da ake amfani da su don bincike. Akwai kuma &quot;tankunan taɓawa&quot; a cikin wani wuri da ake kira Tekun Pavilion inda baƙi ke da izinin shan lobster na Arewacin Atlantika, kaguwa mai dusar ƙanƙara, kaguwa mai duwatsu, clams (wanda kuma aka sani da pea clams), urchins na teku, kokwamba na teku, da sauran nau'ikan. Wasu tankuna suna da haske kuma suna ba baƙi damar kallon manyan mackerel da sturgeon da kuma wasu samfuran da ba a saba gani ba kamar lobster wanda yake rabin namiji da rabi mace. Tekun Pavilion ya kuma ƙunshi bayanai game da kunkuru na teku na leatherback, farin kifi na Atlantic, kifin whales na arewa, sharks, farin kifi na lake, babban kifi mai laushi, kifi na brook, kifin wolf na Atlantic, da pickerel na Atlantic. Akwai kuma nunin da ke nuna wuraren da aka kare kamar Sable Island da The Gully da wuraren da ke da sha'awa na musamman kamar Halifax Harbour da Bay of Fundy .

== Sufuri ==
Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Bedford tana da hanyar bas ta jama'a, hanyar Halifax Transit 51. Tana haɗa BIO zuwa Tashar Bridge da Burnside, ta hanyar Windmill Road, a lokacin da babu hayaniya ke tashi kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;halifaxtransit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Routes &amp; Schedules |url=https://www.halifax.ca/transportation/halifax-transit/routes-schedules |access-date=19 December 2019 |publisher=Halifax Transit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>k2v63n0i4n043vvak6r28if8vjectpa</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Andrea Gibson</title>
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      <id>963446</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T14:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */</comment>
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'''Andrea Faye Gibson''' (13 ga Agusta, 1975 - 14 ga Yuli, 2025) mawaki ne kuma mai fafutuka na Amurka. Waƙoƙinsu sun mayar da hankali kan ka'idojin jinsi, siyasa, adalci na zamantakewa, batutuwan LGBTQ, rayuwa, da mutuwa.{{Efn|Gibson used ''they/them'' pronouns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Andrea |title=I just found out today is International Non-Binary Day... |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCpQ6zvgD7C/ |access-date=November 11, 2024 |publisher=Instagram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004223924/https://www.instagram.com/p/CCpQ6zvgD7C/ |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} An nada Gibson a matsayin Mawallafin Laureate na Colorado a Shekaran 2023.

== Tarihin Rayuwar sa. ==
An haifi Andrea Faye Gibson a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1975, a Calais, Maine, inda suka girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifin su, Mark, ya yi aiki a ofishin gidan waya kuma mahaifiyarsu, Shirley, sakatariya ce a kwalejin fasaha. Suna da 'yar'uwa guda ɗaya, Laura. Iyayen Gibson sun kasance masu bin Baptists, kuma girma na Gibson ya kasance mai tsananin addini da kuma zamantakewar al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Gibson ta halarci Kwalejin Saint Joseph ta Maine, makarantar Katolika mai zaman kanta a Standish, Maine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gibson ta halarci tallafin kwallon kwando, kuma ta kammala a Shekaran 1997 tare da digiri na [[Nazarin Ingilishi|Turanci]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Gibson ya zauna na ɗan lokaci tare da budurwa a [[New Orleans]], kuma biyun sun koma Boulder, Colorado a Shekaran 1999 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gibson ya tafi taron bude mic na farko a Mercury Cafe a Denver, inda aka yi musu wahayi don zama mai zane-zane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, Gibson ya bar aikinsu a matsayin malamin Montessori kuma ya zama mawaki na cikakken lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Parker |date=September 14, 2023 |title=Colorado's new poet laureate is easy to understand — but hard to hear |url=http://coloradosun.com/2023/09/14/colorado-poet-laureate-andrea-gibson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623161144/https://coloradosun.com/2023/09/14/colorado-poet-laureate-andrea-gibson/ |archive-date=June 23, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Colorado Sun]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga amfani da shayari don samar da sharhin zamantakewa da siyasa game da jinsi da batutuwan LGBTQ, Gibson ta shiga cikin kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da yawa, kuma ta yi a abubuwan da suka faru na Take Back the Night . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin shekaru goma, Gibson ta yi tare da Vox Feminista, &quot;ƙabilar wasan kwaikwayon mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke son canjin zamantakewa ta hanyar juyin juya halin al'adu&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Natalie |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Andrea Gibson's Truce never surrenders |url=https://www.thepitchkc.com/andrea-gibsons-truce-never-surrenders/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.thepitchkc.com/andrea-gibsons-truce-never-surrenders/ |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Pitch (newspaper)|The Pitch]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Shekaran 2019, Gibson ta haɗu da furodusa Sarah Megyesy da mawaƙa Ani DiFranco don samar da bidiyo don waka &quot;Amurka, Reloading&quot;, wanda ke tattauna tashin hankali na bindiga a Amurka. [1] &quot;Na fatan cewa zai haifar da aiki kai tsaye, tsarawa mai hankali, da tattaunawa mai zurfi tsakanin mutane da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da hanyar da ta fi dacewa a gaba&quot;, in ji Gibson.[2]

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Aure da dangantaka ===
Bayan shekaru bakwai na soyayya, Gibson da ɗan'uwansa mawaki Megan Falley sun sanar da alkawarinsu a watan Agustan 2022, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga baya suka yi aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Melina |date=July 15, 2025 |title=Andrea Gibson, featured in award-winning documentary, dies at 49 after cancer battle |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/07/15/andrea-gibson-poet-dies-cancer/85204128007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715212618/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/07/15/andrea-gibson-poet-dies-cancer/85204128007/ |archive-date=July 15, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Shekaran 2016, Gibson ya bayyana cewa suna da Cutar Lyme mai tsanani tun aƙalla 2010, kuma sun yi magana game da kwarewarsu tare da wahala ta jiki da wahalar samun kulawa da magani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano Gibson da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|Ciwon daji na ovarian]] a watan Agusta 2021. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2022, sun soke wani yawon shakatawa da aka shirya saboda sake dawowar cutar kansa. Sun sanar da sake dawowa a watan Mayu 2023 a kan We Can Do Hard Things podcast tare da Glennon Doyle.

Gibson da matarsu sune batutuwan shirin Come See Me in the Good Light, wanda ya rubuta aurensu da kuma yadda suka magance cutar kansa ta Gibson. Ryan White ne ya ba da umarni kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Tig Notaro ne ya samar da fim din, fim din ya lashe kyautar Fim din da aka fi so a Bikin Fim na Sundance na 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yamasaki |first=Parker |date=July 14, 2025 |title=Andrea Gibson, Colorado's poet laureate and a national voice on LGBTQ issues, has died |url=http://coloradosun.com/2025/07/14/andrea-gibson-death-colorado-poet-laureate/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Colorado Sun]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gibson ya rubuta waƙar da ake kira &quot;Salt Then Sour Then Sweet&quot; don shirin, tare da masu samar da zartarwa Sara Bareilles da Brandi Carlile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Groat |first=Kylie |date=April 26, 2018 |title=Andrea Gibson reflects on growing up in Maine, waking up to classism, and the politics of beauty |url=https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231216/https://www.conwaydailysun.com/portland_phoenix/news/features/andrea-gibson-reflects-on-growing-up-in-maine-waking-up-to-classism-and-the-politics/article_063d0404-4715-11e8-aa23-e39ea89707de.html |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=[[The Conway Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]
====MANAZARTA====</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pulok Chatterji</title>
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'''Pulok Chatterji''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) Ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Indiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare ga Firayim Minista na Indiya, Manmohan Singh, daga 2011 zuwa 2014.  Ya taba aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Bankin Duniya da Sakatare na hadin gwiwa a Ofishin Firayim Minista daga 2004 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2011 |title=Pulok Chatterjee, close Sonia associate, joins PMO as Principal Secy |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pulok-chatterjee-close-sonia-associate-joins-pmo-as-principal-secy/855048/ |access-date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance jami'in gudanarwa na Indiya na 1974 daga [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Mahaifinsa marigayi ya kasance Shugaban Bankin Kasuwanci na United. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Kwalejin St. Stephen, Delhi . &lt;ref name=&quot;today&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=India Today High and Mighty power list 2013: Top 10 officials - |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/india-today-high-and-mighty-power-list-2013-the-official-top-369602-2013-04-20 |access-date=2014-05-14 |publisher=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1980, an sanya shi mai karba na Gundumar Sultanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]] yana da shekaru 32. Ya rike mukamin har zuwa 22 ga Yuli 1982. Ya koma PMO a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare lokacin da Rajiv Gandhi ya zama Firayim Minista a shekarar 1985. Ya yi aiki a Gidauniyar Rajiv Gandhi kuma a matsayin Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman ga Sonia Gandhi . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 July 2011 |title=Pulok Chatterji is principal secretary to PM, Nair adviser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pulok-Chatterji-is-principal-secretary-to-PM-Nair-adviser/articleshow/9402317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101055332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-29/india/29829000_1_pmo-ias-officer-joint-secretary |archive-date=1 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, lokacin da United Progressive Alliance ta zo mulki, ya koma PMO yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren hadin gwiwa ga Gwamnatin Indiya kafin a kara shi a matsayin Saraken Gwamnatin Indiya.

A shekara ta 2012, an ba shi lambar yabo ta C.F. Andrews Distinguished Alumni Award ta Kwalejin St. Stephen, Delhi . &lt;ref name=&quot;today&quot;/&gt;

== Rashin jituwa da zarge-zarge ==
Bayanan fayil da ke akwai tare da ''Indiya A Yau'' sun nuna cewa Pulok Chatterji, babban jami'in PMO a cikin 2007-08, ya san yadda A. Raja ya yanke shawara a cikin shari'ar bakan 2G. A cikin wannan bayanin, Chatterji ya yarda da cewa za'a iya rarraba bakan akan biyan kuɗin al'ada - kuɗin da aka saba da shi na Rs 1,658 crore - wanda shine abin da masu lasisi tara suka raba don sawun Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pilokscam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sandeep Bamzai |date=19 August 2011 |title=Family Choice: Pulok Chatterji tainted by scams before taking over as principal secretary to PM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20110829-pulok-chatterji-tainted-by-scams-747288-2011-08-19 |access-date=15 October 2011 |website=[[India Today]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na Sakatare na hadin gwiwa a cikin PMO, Chatterji ya rubuta bayanin kula a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, yana goyon bayan nadin Kalmadi yana mai ambaton kwangilar birni mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma abin da ya faru a Wasannin Asiya na 1982. Bayanan Chatterji ya ce ya kamata Kalmadi ya jagoranci OC, amma ya ba da shawarar gargadi don magance damuwar da ministan wasanni na lokacin Sunil Dutt ya gabatar.[1][2]

A cikin 2013, rahotanni da yawa sun bayyana cewa shi ne ke da alhakin lalata rahoton CBI coalgate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 July 2011 |title=Nair appointed advisor to PM, Pulok Chatterji as Principal Secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2302287.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514213632/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2302287.ece |archive-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 July 2011 |title=Pulok Chatterji is principal secretary to PM, Nair adviser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pulok-Chatterji-is-principal-secretary-to-PM-Nair-adviser/articleshow/9402317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101055332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-29/india/29829000_1_pmo-ias-officer-joint-secretary |archive-date=1 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* ''Firayim Minista na hadari''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Danielle Allen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11986" sha1="hb4d9w7qqlmav1iczu2ler9ab6dr6ne" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .

Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . 

Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Takoma Park, Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Zongker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation &amp; Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike  kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta 'yar ƙasa ce . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] &lt;ref name=&quot;allenforma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci&quot; a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks.  A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . 

Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi.  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian&quot;.  Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.harvard.edu&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken &quot;Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007.  Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich .

Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jami'ar Princeton,  kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. 
[[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]]
An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa &quot;kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna&quot;. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . 

''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna &quot;The Life of a South Central Statistic&quot; a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. 

Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi &quot;don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21&quot;, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi &quot;don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan &quot;lissafi mai tsabta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;/&gt;
* Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Quantrell &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993 Marshall Scholar

== Ayyuka ==

* {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .

Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . 

Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Takoma Park, Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Zongker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation &amp; Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike  kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta 'yar ƙasa ce . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] &lt;ref name=&quot;allenforma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci&quot; a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks.  A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . 

Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi.  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian&quot;.  Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.harvard.edu&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken &quot;Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007.  Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich .

Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jami'ar Princeton,  kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. 
[[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]]
An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa &quot;kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna&quot;. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . 

''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna &quot;The Life of a South Central Statistic&quot; a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. 

Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi &quot;don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21&quot;, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi &quot;don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan &quot;lissafi mai tsabta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;/&gt;
* Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Quantrell &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993 Marshall Scholar

== Ayyuka ==

* {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>963725</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
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      <text bytes="12004" sha1="l8d6vrlxy6vqk3r6vwx5q8opk6ymq8m" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .

Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . 

Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a shekarar watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Takoma Park, Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Zongker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation &amp; Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike  kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta 'yar ƙasa ce . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] &lt;ref name=&quot;allenforma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci&quot; a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks.  A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . 

Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi.  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian&quot;.  Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.harvard.edu&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken &quot;Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007.  Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich .

Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jami'ar Princeton,  kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. 
[[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]]
An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa &quot;kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna&quot;. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . 

''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna &quot;The Life of a South Central Statistic&quot; a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. 

Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi &quot;don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21&quot;, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi &quot;don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan &quot;lissafi mai tsabta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;/&gt;
* Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Quantrell &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993 Marshall Scholar

== Ayyuka ==

* {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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'''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .

Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . 

Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a shekarar watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Takoma Park, Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Zongker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation &amp; Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike  kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta ƴar ƙasa ce . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] &lt;ref name=&quot;allenforma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci&quot; a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks.  A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . 

Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi.  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian&quot;.  Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.harvard.edu&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken &quot;Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007.  Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich .

Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jami'ar Princeton,  kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. 
[[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]]
An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa &quot;kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna&quot;. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . 

''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna &quot;The Life of a South Central Statistic&quot; a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. 

Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi &quot;don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21&quot;, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi &quot;don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan &quot;lissafi mai tsabta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;/&gt;
* Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Quantrell &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993 Marshall Scholar

== Ayyuka ==

* {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .

Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . 

Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a shekarar watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Takoma Park, Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Zongker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation &amp; Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike  kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta ƴar ƙasa ce . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] &lt;ref name=&quot;allenforma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci&quot; a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks.  A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . 

Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi.  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken &quot;Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian&quot;.  Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.harvard.edu&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken &quot;Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007.  Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich .

Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Jami'ar Princeton,  kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. 
[[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]]
An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa &quot;kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna&quot;. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . 

''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna &quot;The Life of a South Central Statistic&quot; a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. 

Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi &quot;don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21&quot;, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi &quot;don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan &quot;lissafi mai tsabta.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard2016&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;/&gt;
* Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Quantrell &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1993 Marshall Scholar

== Ayyuka ==

* {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ns3xbu9i05k1wzm5e1xjifmk64on0ep</sha1>
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    <title>Umurni na 2003/30/EC</title>
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'''Umarnin 2003/30/EC''' [[European Union directive|umarni ne na Tarayyar Turai]] da ke haɓaka amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur na bio]] don sufuri na EU. Umarnin ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2003, kuma ya tanadi cewa dole ne ƙasashe a faɗin EU su ɗauki matakan ƙasa da nufin maye gurbin kashi 5.75% na dukkan man fetur na sufuri (man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|dizal]] ) da man fetur na bio nan da shekarar 2010. Umarnin ya kuma yi kira da a sami matsakaicin manufa ta 2% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na 2005. Za a cimma burin kashi 5.75% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na 2010. Za a ƙididdige waɗannan kaso bisa ga yawan makamashin da ke cikin man fetur kuma za a yi amfani da shi ga man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|man fetur]] don manufofin sufuri da aka sanya a kasuwannin ƙasashe membobin. An ƙarfafa ƙasashe membobin su ɗauki manufofin &quot;nuna&quot; na ƙasa daidai da burin gaba ɗaya.

An soke umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC .

== Sakamako ==
Wani rahoton ci gaba na 2007 ya gano cewa man fetur na halitta yana da kaso 1% kawai, bai kai ga burin 2% ko kuma burin da aka cimma na ƙasashen membobin ba, wanda ya kasance 1.4%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232739/http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An maye gurbin burin 2010 a hukumance lokacin da aka soke Umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC wanda ya ƙunshi burin 10% nan da 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ana zargin masana'antar man fetur da yin zagon kasa ==
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2008, Abokan Duniya Turai (FoEE) sun fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa kamfanonin mai suna da'awar karya cewa manufar da Hukumar Turai ta gabatar a gyare-gyare ga Umarnin Ingancin Man Fetur ba za a iya cimma ta ba.  Rahoton ya ambaci musamman cewa yana da kyau ga waɗannan kamfanonin su rage hayakin iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli da akalla kashi 10.5% zuwa matsakaicin kashi 15.5% ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas da fitar da iskar gas da kuma inganta ingancin makamashi da kuma inganta matatun mai.  Dangane da batun karancin kudi, rahoton ya ambaci dala $125&amp;nbsp;Ribar biliyan da kamfanonin mai suka samu a shekarar 2007. &quot;Duk da cewa kamfanonin mai suna da riba mai yawa, ba sa son ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Da alama tunda waɗannan jarin ba su da riba, kamfanoni ba za su yi hakan ba sai dai idan hukumar da ke kula da harkokin mai ta tilasta musu,&quot; in ji rahoton.

== Suka ==
A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamishinan Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai , Stavros Dimas, ya sanar da cewa Tarayyar Turai na sake duba shirinta na man fetur saboda damuwar muhalli da zamantakewa  kuma sabbin jagororin dole ne su tabbatar da cewa manufofin Tarayyar Turai ba su yi illa ba. Jami'in na Tarayyar Turai ya damu musamman game da tasirin man fetur na bio akan hauhawar farashin abinci, lalata dazuzzukan daji, musamman daga samar da [[Manja|man dabino]] da kuma damuwar kamfanonin arziki da ke korar talakawa daga filayensu don mayar da shi amfanin gona mai. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamitin Binciken Muhalli na Majalisar Wakilai ta Burtaniya ya gabatar da irin wannan damuwa, kuma ya yi kira da a dakatar da manufofin man fetur na bio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsayin ya yi daidai da matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu kare muhalli da yawa. 

Ɗaya daga cikin martanin da EU ta mayar ya ƙunshi gabatar da sharuɗɗan dorewa a cikin shirin man fetur na bio. Wannan ya haɗa da muhimman tanade-tanaden da ke magance matsalar lalata dazuzzukan ruwa da kuma sauya ƙasa mara dorewa. Waɗannan sun wajabta cewa man fetur na bio da bioliquid:

* ba za a iya samar da shi a yankunan da ke da yawan bambancin halittu ba;
* ba za a iya samar da shi a cikin dazuzzukan da ba a taɓa yin su ba, wuraren da aka kare da kuma wuraren da ke da nau'ikan halittu masu yawa (ciyawa); da kuma
* ba za a iya samo shi daga yankunan da ke da yawan sinadarin carbon ba, gami da dazuzzuka masu ci gaba. 

Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma amince da wata manufa mai sassauci da ta sake duba manufarta ta 2015. Duk da cewa an ci gaba da riƙe burin kashi 10% na 2020, umarnin ya kafa wani maƙasudi na wucin gadi na kashi 5% na 2015. 

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'''Umarnin 2003/30/EC''' [[European Union directive|umarni ne na Tarayyar Turai]] da ke haɓaka amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur na bio]] don sufuri na EU. Umarnin ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2003, kuma ya tanadi cewa dole ne ƙasashe a faɗin EU su ɗauki matakan ƙasa da nufin maye gurbin kashi 5.75% na dukkan man fetur na sufuri (man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|dizal]] ) da man fetur na bio nan da shekarar 2010. Umarnin ya kuma yi kira da a sami matsakaicin manufa ta 2% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na 2005. Za a cimma burin kashi 5.75% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na shekarar 2010. Za a ƙididdige waɗannan kaso bisa ga yawan makamashin da ke cikin man fetur kuma za a yi amfani da shi ga man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|man fetur]] don manufofin sufuri da aka sanya a kasuwannin ƙasashe membobin. An ƙarfafa ƙasashe membobin su ɗauki manufofin &quot;nuna&quot; na ƙasa daidai da burin gaba ɗaya.

An soke umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC .

== Sakamako ==
Wani rahoton ci gaba na 2007 ya gano cewa man fetur na halitta yana da kaso 1% kawai, bai kai ga burin 2% ko kuma burin da aka cimma na ƙasashen membobin ba, wanda ya kasance 1.4%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232739/http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An maye gurbin burin 2010 a hukumance lokacin da aka soke Umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC wanda ya ƙunshi burin 10% nan da 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ana zargin masana'antar man fetur da yin zagon kasa ==
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2008, Abokan Duniya Turai (FoEE) sun fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa kamfanonin mai suna da'awar karya cewa manufar da Hukumar Turai ta gabatar a gyare-gyare ga Umarnin Ingancin Man Fetur ba za a iya cimma ta ba.  Rahoton ya ambaci musamman cewa yana da kyau ga waɗannan kamfanonin su rage hayakin iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli da akalla kashi 10.5% zuwa matsakaicin kashi 15.5% ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas da fitar da iskar gas da kuma inganta ingancin makamashi da kuma inganta matatun mai.  Dangane da batun karancin kudi, rahoton ya ambaci dala $125&amp;nbsp;Ribar biliyan da kamfanonin mai suka samu a shekarar 2007. &quot;Duk da cewa kamfanonin mai suna da riba mai yawa, ba sa son ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Da alama tunda waɗannan jarin ba su da riba, kamfanoni ba za su yi hakan ba sai dai idan hukumar da ke kula da harkokin mai ta tilasta musu,&quot; in ji rahoton.

== Suka ==
A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamishinan Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai , Stavros Dimas, ya sanar da cewa Tarayyar Turai na sake duba shirinta na man fetur saboda damuwar muhalli da zamantakewa  kuma sabbin jagororin dole ne su tabbatar da cewa manufofin Tarayyar Turai ba su yi illa ba. Jami'in na Tarayyar Turai ya damu musamman game da tasirin man fetur na bio akan hauhawar farashin abinci, lalata dazuzzukan daji, musamman daga samar da [[Manja|man dabino]] da kuma damuwar kamfanonin arziki da ke korar talakawa daga filayensu don mayar da shi amfanin gona mai. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamitin Binciken Muhalli na Majalisar Wakilai ta Burtaniya ya gabatar da irin wannan damuwa, kuma ya yi kira da a dakatar da manufofin man fetur na bio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsayin ya yi daidai da matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu kare muhalli da yawa. 

Ɗaya daga cikin martanin da EU ta mayar ya ƙunshi gabatar da sharuɗɗan dorewa a cikin shirin man fetur na bio. Wannan ya haɗa da muhimman tanade-tanaden da ke magance matsalar lalata dazuzzukan ruwa da kuma sauya ƙasa mara dorewa. Waɗannan sun wajabta cewa man fetur na bio da bioliquid:

* ba za a iya samar da shi a yankunan da ke da yawan bambancin halittu ba;
* ba za a iya samar da shi a cikin dazuzzukan da ba a taɓa yin su ba, wuraren da aka kare da kuma wuraren da ke da nau'ikan halittu masu yawa (ciyawa); da kuma
* ba za a iya samo shi daga yankunan da ke da yawan sinadarin carbon ba, gami da dazuzzuka masu ci gaba. 

Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma amince da wata manufa mai sassauci da ta sake duba manufarta ta 2015. Duk da cewa an ci gaba da riƙe burin kashi 10% na 2020, umarnin ya kafa wani maƙasudi na wucin gadi na kashi 5% na 2015. 

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'''Umarnin 2003/30/EC''' [[European Union directive|umarni ne na Tarayyar Turai]] da ke haɓaka amfani da [[Biofuel|man fetur na bio]] don sufuri na EU. Umarnin ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekarar 2003, kuma ya tanadi cewa dole ne ƙasashe a faɗin EU su ɗauki matakan ƙasa da nufin maye gurbin kashi 5.75% na dukkan man fetur na sufuri (man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|dizal]] ) da man fetur na bio nan da shekarar 2010. Umarnin ya kuma yi kira da a sami matsakaicin manufa ta 2% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na 2005. Za a cimma burin kashi 5.75% nan da ranar 31 ga Disamba na shekarar 2010. Za a ƙididdige waɗannan kaso bisa ga yawan makamashin da ke cikin man fetur kuma za a yi amfani da shi ga man fetur da [[Diesel fuel|man fetur]] don manufofin sufuri da aka sanya a kasuwannin ƙasashe membobin. An ƙarfafa ƙasashe membobin su ɗauki manufofin &quot;nuna&quot; na ƙasa daidai da burin gaba ɗaya.

An soke umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC .

== Sakamako ==
Wani rahoton ci gaba na shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa man fetur na halitta yana da kaso 1% kawai, bai kai ga burin 2% ko kuma burin da aka cimma na ƙasashen membobin ba, wanda ya kasance 1.4%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232739/http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/biofuels%20progress%20report%20100107%20provisional%20version.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An maye gurbin burin 2010 a hukumance lokacin da aka soke Umarnin 2003/30/EC ta hanyar Umarnin 2009/28/EC wanda ya ƙunshi burin 10% nan da 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ana zargin masana'antar man fetur da yin zagon kasa ==
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2008, Abokan Duniya Turai (FoEE) sun fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa kamfanonin mai suna da'awar karya cewa manufar da Hukumar Turai ta gabatar a gyare-gyare ga Umarnin Ingancin Man Fetur ba za a iya cimma ta ba.  Rahoton ya ambaci musamman cewa yana da kyau ga waɗannan kamfanonin su rage hayakin iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli da akalla kashi 10.5% zuwa matsakaicin kashi 15.5% ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas da fitar da iskar gas da kuma inganta ingancin makamashi da kuma inganta matatun mai.  Dangane da batun karancin kudi, rahoton ya ambaci dala $125&amp;nbsp;Ribar biliyan da kamfanonin mai suka samu a shekarar 2007. &quot;Duk da cewa kamfanonin mai suna da riba mai yawa, ba sa son ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Da alama tunda waɗannan jarin ba su da riba, kamfanoni ba za su yi hakan ba sai dai idan hukumar da ke kula da harkokin mai ta tilasta musu,&quot; in ji rahoton.

== Suka ==
A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamishinan Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai , Stavros Dimas, ya sanar da cewa Tarayyar Turai na sake duba shirinta na man fetur saboda damuwar muhalli da zamantakewa  kuma sabbin jagororin dole ne su tabbatar da cewa manufofin Tarayyar Turai ba su yi illa ba. Jami'in na Tarayyar Turai ya damu musamman game da tasirin man fetur na bio akan hauhawar farashin abinci, lalata dazuzzukan daji, musamman daga samar da [[Manja|man dabino]] da kuma damuwar kamfanonin arziki da ke korar talakawa daga filayensu don mayar da shi amfanin gona mai. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2008, Kwamitin Binciken Muhalli na Majalisar Wakilai ta Burtaniya ya gabatar da irin wannan damuwa, kuma ya yi kira da a dakatar da manufofin man fetur na bio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1405390611862&amp;uri=CELEX:02009L0028-20130701}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsayin ya yi daidai da matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu kare muhalli da yawa. 

Ɗaya daga cikin martanin da EU ta mayar ya ƙunshi gabatar da sharuɗɗan dorewa a cikin shirin man fetur na bio. Wannan ya haɗa da muhimman tanade-tanaden da ke magance matsalar lalata dazuzzukan ruwa da kuma sauya ƙasa mara dorewa. Waɗannan sun wajabta cewa man fetur na bio da bioliquid:

* ba za a iya samar da shi a yankunan da ke da yawan bambancin halittu ba;
* ba za a iya samar da shi a cikin dazuzzukan da ba a taɓa yin su ba, wuraren da aka kare da kuma wuraren da ke da nau'ikan halittu masu yawa (ciyawa); da kuma
* ba za a iya samo shi daga yankunan da ke da yawan sinadarin carbon ba, gami da dazuzzuka masu ci gaba. 

Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma amince da wata manufa mai sassauci da ta sake duba manufarta ta 2015. Duk da cewa an ci gaba da riƙe burin kashi 10% na 2020, umarnin ya kafa wani maƙasudi na wucin gadi na kashi 5% na 2015. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mel Hurtig</title>
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'''Mel Hurtig''' OC (24 ga Yuni, 1932 - 3 ga Agusta, 2016) ya kasance mai wallafa Kanada, marubuci, mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma dan takarar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban Edmonton Art Gallery . Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin dan kasar Kanada, yayin da ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa da ke sukar manufofin gwamnatin Kanada.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Hurtig a [[Edmonton]], Alberta,  a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1932. Iyayensa baƙi ne Yahudawa: mahaifinsa daga Romania kuma mahaifiyarsa daga Rasha. Tsohon jami'in Edmonton Talmud Torah,  ya girma a Edmonton kuma ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a can. 

== Kasuwanci, mai bugawa da marubuci ==
A shekara ta 1956 yana da shekaru 24 ya buɗe kantin sayar da littattafai, Hurtig Books, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Tracey L. |date=2017-04-07 |title=Mel Hurtig: A Legacy at the Intersection of Publishing and Politics |url=https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2017/04/07/mel-hurtig-a-legacy-at-the-intersection-of-publishing-and-politics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810022926/https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2017/04/07/mel-hurtig-a-legacy-at-the-intersection-of-publishing-and-politics/ |archive-date=2020-08-10 |access-date=2020-06-02 |website=Edmonton City as Museum Project ECAMP |language=en-US |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  a kan Jasper Avenue da 103rd Street, wanda daga baya ya girma ya zama babban aikin sayar da littattafan tare da wurare uku.  Shaguna sun nuna wasan kwaikwayo, karatun shayari, ƙarfafa hulɗar jama'a, kuma ba a saba da shi ba, an ba da izinin shan kofi.

Bayan sayar da shagunansa a shekarar 1972, ya kafa Hurtig Publishers Ltd. tare da $ 30,000 a cikin kuɗin aro. Ya zama &quot;ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin wallafe-wallafen littattafai masu rai a Kanada&quot;.  A cikin 1980, ya fara aiki a kan The Canadian Encyclopedia, ya kashe dala miliyan 12 a kan cikakkiyar kundin encyclopedia na kasa guda uku da aka fara bugawa a cikin 1985.  Wani bugu na biyu, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu don kammalawa kuma ya kashe dala miliyan 8.5 don samarwa, ya bayyana a cikin kundi huɗu a cikin 1988. Abin mamaki ga mai bugawa, an sayar da bugu na biyu ba zato ba tsammani har zuwa kashi 55 cikin dari na ragi ta kamfanonin ƙasa, suna tayar da kasuwa.

A watan Satumbar 1990, Hurtig ya buga kundin ''Junior Encyclopedia na Kanada'' guda biyar, encyclopedia na farko ga matasa 'yan Kanada. Ya sayar da kamfanin ga McClelland &amp;amp;amp; Stewart a watan Mayu 1991.

Hurtig ya kasance Jami'in Order of Canada, an ba shi digiri na Doctor of Laws daga jami'o'i shida na Kanada, kuma ya karbi kyautar Lester B. Pearson Man of the Year Peace Award . &lt;ref&gt;Rebeca Kuropatka, &quot;Talmud Torah in Edmonton celebrating 100th anniversary,&quot; ''[[The Jewish Tribune (Canada)|The Jewish Tribune]]'', May 10, 2012, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A shekara ta 1967 Hurtig ya zama mai sha'awar siyasa lokacin da Jam'iyyar Liberal ke neman sabon shugaba saboda ritaya na Firayim Minista Pearson. Ya ƙare yana goyon bayan nasarar Ministan Shari'a Pierre Trudeau na neman jagorancin Liberal.[1] A shekara ta 1972 ya gudu a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin tarayya na Edmonton West . Ya kammala na biyu ga mai rike da mukamin Progressive Conservative Marcel Lambert.[2]

== Mutuwa ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Steven Montgomery</title>
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'''Steven Montgomery''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1954 a [[Detroit]] ) wani ɗan fasaha ne ɗan Amurka wanda galibi ake danganta shi da sassaka na yumbu mai girma wanda ke nuna abubuwa na masana'antu ko abubuwan da suka lalace na injiniya. Ya kuma sami digirin farko na Falsafa daga Jami'ar Jihar Grand Valley da ke Allendale, Michigan, da kuma digiri na biyu na Fasaha daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tyler ta Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Montgomery ya haɗa da guntun yumbu a cikin salon ''trompe-l'œil'', yana ƙirƙirar &quot;yaudarar gani wacce ke haifar da imani na ƙarya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An ba shi kyaututtukan tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York (1990, 2006, 2009), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner (2004), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kyaututtukan sassaka na yumbu a baje kolin kasa da kasa a Koriya da Taiwan (2003, 2004). Shi ne mai sassaka na yumbu na farko da ya sami tallafin bincike na Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=December 6, 1998 |title=Fantasy Machines From Technology's Dark Side |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/arts/art-architecture-fantasy-machines-from-technology-s-dark-side.html?src=pm |url-access=registration |access-date=June 6, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai fasaha a gidan adana kayan tarihi na sararin samaniya na kasa da ke Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Steven Montgomery receives fellowship,&quot; EyesIn.com April 27, 2012 |url=http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002528/http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane a New York, [undefined] Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Corcoran da ke Washington, DC, [undefined] [1] da sauran tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Ya yi manyan nune-nunen shi kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Everson da ke Syracuse, New York (1998) da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Daum da ke Sedalia, Missouri (2006). [2]

Ya zauna kuma yana aiki a birnin New York tun daga shekarar 1980.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''Steven Montgomery''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1954 a [[Detroit]] ) wani ɗan fasaha ne ɗan Amurka wanda galibi ake danganta shi da sassaka na yumbu mai girma wanda ke nuna abubuwa na masana'antu ko abubuwan da suka lalace na injiniya. Ya kuma sami digirin farko na Falsafa daga Jami'ar Jihar Grand Valley da ke Allendale, Michigan, da kuma digiri na biyu na Fasaha daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tyler ta Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Montgomery ya haɗa da guntun yumbu a cikin salon ''trompe-l'œil'', yana ƙirƙirar &quot;yaudarar gani wacce ke haifar da imani na ƙarya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An kuma ba shi kyaututtukan tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York (1990, 2006, 2009), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner (2004), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kyaututtukan sassaka na yumbu a baje kolin kasa da kasa a Koriya da Taiwan (2003, 2004). Shi ne mai sassaka na yumbu na farko da ya sami tallafin bincike na Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=December 6, 1998 |title=Fantasy Machines From Technology's Dark Side |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/arts/art-architecture-fantasy-machines-from-technology-s-dark-side.html?src=pm |url-access=registration |access-date=June 6, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai fasaha a gidan adana kayan tarihi na sararin samaniya na kasa da ke Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Steven Montgomery receives fellowship,&quot; EyesIn.com April 27, 2012 |url=http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002528/http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane a New York, [undefined] Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Corcoran da ke Washington, DC, [undefined] [1] da sauran tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Ya yi manyan nune-nunen shi kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Everson da ke Syracuse, New York (1998) da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Daum da ke Sedalia, Missouri (2006). [2]

Ya zauna kuma yana aiki a birnin New York tun daga shekarar 1980.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''Steven Montgomery''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1954 a [[Detroit]] ) wani ɗan fasaha ne ɗan Amurka wanda galibi ake danganta shi da sassaka na yumbu mai girma wanda ke nuna abubuwa na masana'antu ko abubuwan da suka lalace na injiniya. Ya kuma sami digirin farko na Falsafa daga Jami'ar Jihar Grand Valley da ke Allendale, Michigan, da kuma digiri na biyu na Fasaha daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tyler ta Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Montgomery ya haɗa da guntun yumbu a cikin salon ''trompe-l'œil'', yana ƙirƙirar &quot;yaudarar gani wacce ke haifar da imani na ƙarya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An kuma ba shi kyaututtukan tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York (1990, 2006, 2009), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner (2004), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Foundation for the Arts, artist bio |url=http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002527/http://www.nyfa.org/nyfa_artists_detail.asp?pid=4902 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kyaututtukan sassaka na yumbu a baje kolin kasa da kasa a Koriya da Taiwan (2003, 2004). Shi ne mai sassaka na yumbu na farko da ya sami tallafin bincike na Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Reif |first=Rita |date=December 6, 1998 |title=Fantasy Machines From Technology's Dark Side |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/arts/art-architecture-fantasy-machines-from-technology-s-dark-side.html?src=pm |url-access=registration |access-date=June 6, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai fasaha a gidan adana kayan tarihi na sararin samaniya na ƙasa da ke Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Steven Montgomery receives fellowship,&quot; EyesIn.com April 27, 2012 |url=http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002528/http://www.eyesin.com/artists/2012/steven-montgomery-receives-smithsonian-award/ |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane a New York, [undefined] Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian [undefined] da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Corcoran da ke Washington, DC, [undefined] [1] da sauran tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Ya yi manyan nune-nunen shi kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Everson da ke Syracuse, New York (1998) da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Daum da ke Sedalia, Missouri (2006). [2]

Ya zauna kuma yana aiki a birnin New York tun daga shekarar 1980.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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    <title>Natália Pedro da Costa Umbelina Neto</title>
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'''Natália Pedro da Costa Umbelina Neto''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1951) jami'iyar diflomasiya ce [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|ta São Toméan]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar harkokin waje, haɗin kai da al'ummomin ƙasar daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki ==
[[Fayil:Natália_Pedro_da_Costa_Umbelina_Neto_and_Ma_Ying-jeou.jpg|left|thumb|Umbelina Neto ta gana da shugaban Taiwan Ma Ying-jeou, 15 Afrilu 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;]]
Umbelina Neto ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na hukumar UNESCO a Sao Tomé da Principe daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1999.

A shekarar 2007, ta sami digirin PhD a tarihi daga Jami'ar Aix-Marseille &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natália Pedro da Costa Umbelina Neto |url=http://www.degois.pt/visualizador/curriculum.jsp?key=4549831550097569 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Portal DeGóis |publisher=Plataforma Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na São Tomé da Príncipe daga shekarun 1853 zuwa 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les îles São Tomé et Príncipe (1853-1903) : de l'abolition de l'esclavage à la généralisation des travailleurs sous contrat, les Serviçaes / Natália Pedro da Costa Umbelina Neto; sous la direction de Colette Dubois |url=http://www.sudoc.fr/124520006 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Sudoc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910134322/https://www.sudoc.fr/124520006 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance sakatariyar yankin kula da harkokin zamantakewa da cibiyoyi a gwamnatin yankin tsibirin Príncipe daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2012.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar harkokin waje, haɗin gwiwa da al'umma na São Tomé da Príncipe daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=New Government for STP |url=https://www.petroleumafrica.com/new-government-for-stp/ |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Petroleum Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Missy BK</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Constance Bih Kimal (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1986, wanda aka fi sani da sunanta na Missy BK) mawaƙiya ce ta Kamaru / Kanada, mai magana, mai ba da shawara kan aiki &amp; kasuwanci. An fi saninta da aikin jin kai da kuma waƙarta ta farko mai suna My baby [1] wanda ya lashe manyan kyaututtuka 5 na kasa da kasa a Amurka, Kanada da Burtaniya. Missy BK an lasafta ta a cikin mafi kyawun muryoyin Afro pop daga Kamaru.

Har ma ta sauka da gabatarwa a babbar lambar yabo ta Afirka Afrima a [[Najeriya]] don [[Best female Artist in Central Africa|Mafi kyawun mata mai zane a Afirka ta Tsakiya]] a shekarar 2016. Missy kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zane daga Kamaru da ta sanya hannu kan ''[[Golden book of Montreal|Littafin zinariya na Montreal]]'', Kanada a cikin 2017. An kuma buga aikinta na jin kai da fasaha a gidan girmamawa a [[Montréal|Montreal Quebec Kanada]] a cikin 2017. A cikin 2017, Missy ta sanya jerin manyan mata baƙi 100 da za a kalli a Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorly - Top 100 Black Canadian Women To Watch - CIBWE 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHrnw-HFu9I |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, Missy ta fitar da kundi na farko mai suna Confessions . A cikin 2017, ta sami takardar shaidar amincewa daga Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a [[New Jersey]] don nuna godiya ga canje-canje masu kyau da aka yi da tasirin da ta kirkira a cikin al'ummarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confessions album by Missy BK is here &amp;#124; Music 2016-07-17 |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/.../Confessions-album-by-Missy-BK-is-here-381229 |access-date=12 March 2018}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Missy ta girma ne a Bamenda, Kamaru a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi. Ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Yaoundé]] . A lokacin karatun sakandare da jami'a, Missy ta fara jefawa a yawancin ayyukan kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na Kamara. Ta yi rikodin jingles don rediyo kamar Abakwa Fm, CRTV Radio da Afrique Nouvelle . Missy ta bude kide-kide ga ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da masu fasaha da yawa kamar [[Davido]], Bracket, Meiway, Nkotti Francoise da sauransu. Waƙarta Mama I Love You daga kundin Women for Women kuma ta ƙunshi wasu 'yan wasan mata kamar Flora, Lady B, Danielle Eog, Meduza, Rosen da Mafe . KVN Productions ne suka samar da kundin kuma aka saki shi a ranar 8 ga Maris 2013 a [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kvn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mama I Love You by Constance BK (Prod by Swurvz) |url=http://veebyartist.bandcamp.com/track/mama-i-love-you-by-constance-bk-prod-by-swurvz |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Veeby Artist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=William T. |date=4 March 2013 |title=Exceptional women to celebrate women |url=http://atelier.rfi.fr/profiles/blogs/des-femmes-exceptionnelles-pour-c-l-brer-la-femme?xg_source=activity |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Atelier Des Medias}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaronta ==
Yarinya mai shekaru 80 da aka haifa a garin Bamenda, Kamaru, Missy ta sanar da iyayenta tana da shekaru 6 cewa za ta zama mawaƙa lokacin da ta girma. Rediyo na kiɗa na 90s sun ɗauki nauyin rnb, kiɗa na pop da rai kuma Missy ta jawo hankalin wannan sauti. Kodayake an sanya tushenta a cikin manyan waƙoƙin Bishara, Ta samo wahayi daga mawaƙa kamar su [[Whitney Houston]], Zahra, Tony Braxton, Annie Anzouer, Charlotte Depanda da kuma tasirin waƙoƙi daban-daban.

== Ayyuka ==
Missy ta fara aikinta tana da shekaru 16 a matsayin mai rediyo. Ta shirya gajerun shirye-shiryen rediyo kamar su Bed Time Stories don Abakwa FM da Afrique Nouvelle FM . A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, Missy ta fara yin rikodin jingles don [[CRTV Bamenda]], Abakwa FM da Afrique Nouvelle FM . A wannan shekarar Missy ta shiga ƙungiyar yarinya mai suna The Cherubic Queens a matsayin jagorar mawaƙa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR STORY |url=http://www.missybkmusic.com/bio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310042446/http://www.missybkmusic.com/bio |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Missy BK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Missy ta fitar da wakar ta farko Set Me Free a matsayin mai ''Ɗana''-zane a shekarar 2012 da My Baby tare da Annie Anzouer a shekarar 2014. Don sautin sa na Set Me Free Missy ta lashe kyautar Best Female Artist a HNSS Excellence award a Kanada, Montreal . Missy ta bayyana a kan murfin mujallu irin su Le Montréal Africaine, 100% jeune, La Tribune St Laurent kuma an yi hira da ita a shirin kiɗa na Afirka na BBC C&quot;est le Moment . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takang Bate, Larry |date=5 February 2014 |title=Canada: Award Winning Female African Singer Releases New Music Single |url=http://www.african-celebrities.com/canada-african-female-award-winning-singer-releases-new-music-single/ |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=African Celebrities |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053539/http://www.african-celebrities.com/canada-african-female-award-winning-singer-releases-new-music-single/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title=Constance BK: A pop artist, unlished worldwide; Cameroon born Canadian |url=https://empowersuccessainafrica.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/constance-bk-a-pop-artist-unlished-worldwide-cameroon-born-canadian/ |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Empower Success in Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimako ==
A cikin 2014, Missy ta kafa Gidauniyar Missy BK don taimakawa yara matasa na Kamaru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanjo, Ernest |date=20 December 2014 |title=Missy BK goes philanthropic, creates foundation |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/entertainment/903-movies/921-missy-bk-goes-philanthropic-creates-foundation.html |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Tip Top Stars |archive-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116064315/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/entertainment/903-movies/921-missy-bk-goes-philanthropic-creates-foundation.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar tana haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin, marayu da malamai a Kamaru don gano yara masu fama da matsalar kudi waɗanda ke da sha'awar koyo da taimaka musu. Wannan tushe yana ba da tallafin ilimi ga waɗannan yara ta hanyar tallafin karatu, kudaden karatun, abinci da kayan ilmantarwa.

Mahaifiyar Missy BK muhimmiyar wahayi ce ga aikinta na jin kai. A cewar Missy, &quot;Mahaifiyata ta koya mini, ba lallai bane in jira har sai ina da miliyoyin mutane su fara taimaka wa mutane, ta gaya mini ba yadda nake bayarwa ba amma ƙaunar da na sanya cikin abin da na ba da waɗannan abubuwa kuma wani abu da aka ba wani zai iya yin babban canji a rayuwarsu&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2014 |title=Giving back: The Missy BK Foundation launches in Cameroon with the gift of education to five orphans |url=http://irepcamer.blogspot.in/2014/12/i-this-is-best-gift-you-can-gift-giving.html |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=I Rep Camer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidauniyar tana hidimtawa yara na Kamaru ta hanyar tallafawa ilimi, kayan aiki ga makarantu da shirin Make-A-Wish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missy BK Foundation |url=http://missybkfoundation.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225232421/http://missybkfoundation.org/ |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Missy BK Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Sakamakon
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2013
|Kyautar Kyautar HNSS Kanada
|Mafi kyawun Mata na Shekara| {{Won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://toukimontreal.com/actualites/2013/10/10/plusieurs-prix-remis-au-gala-interculturel-dexcellence-horizons-nord-sud/ | title=Plusieurs prix remis au Gala Interculturel d'Excellence Horizons Nord-Sud | publisher=Touki Montreal | date=10 October 2013 | accessdate=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyautar Kwalejin Kamaru
|Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Mata| {{Nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CameroonAward&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.horizonsinterculturels.org/gala-d-excellence/laur%C3%A9ats/ | title=Intercultural Excellence Award 2013 winners | publisher=Horizon Interculturales | accessdate=15 March 2015 | archive-date=7 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107201250/http://www.horizonsinterculturels.org/gala-d-excellence/laur%C3%A9ats | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bidiyo mafi kyau| {{Nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CameroonAward&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Afirka Kanada
|Mafi kyawun Mata na Shekara| {{Nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://missgo2girl.com/official-nominees-list-for-the-2013-african-entertainment-awards-aea/ | title=OFFICIAL NOMINEES LIST FOR THE 2013 AFRICAN ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS #AEA | publisher=missgo2girl | date=1 August 2013 | accessdate=15 March 2015 | archive-date=18 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218095643/http://missgo2girl.com/official-nominees-list-for-the-2013-african-entertainment-awards-aea/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2015
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kyautar Zamani na gaba ta Amurka
|Mafi kyawun Mata Mai Fasaha| {{Nom}}
|-
|Bidiyo Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ayyukan jin kai| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyautar Mata ta Kamaru ta Burtaniya
|Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Mata| {{Nom}}
|-
|Dokar Taimako| {{Won}}
|-
|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Afirka Kanada
|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Afirka| {{Won}}
|-
|Nomination na Afrima
|Mafi kyawun mace mai zane
|[http://mixerpot.com/home-spot/2015/9/11/afrima-2015-all-africa-music-awards-nominees An zabi shi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127021805/http://mixerpot.com/home-spot/2015/9/11/afrima-2015-all-africa-music-awards-nominees |date=2025-01-27 }}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Alamar littafin zinariya na Montreal
|[https://www.theafronews.com/art-music/missy-bk-signs-the-golden-book-of-montreal/ Littafin Zinariya na Montreal]
|An sanya hannu
|-
|Zaɓaɓɓen mace baƙar fata 100 don kallo
|Manyan mata 100 da za a kalli
|[http://kinnakasblog.com/2017/06/cameroons-missy-bk-selected-as-one-of-canadas-top-100-black-women-to-watch/ Zaɓaɓɓu]
|}

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Ma'aurata ===

* ''Ka 'Yantar da Ni'', 2012
* ''Mama Ina son ka'', 2013
* Ɗan ta, 2014
* ''Ɗan ta (remix) '' aikin Annie Anzouer, 2014
* ''Ndolo'' feat iSH, 2015

=== Albums ===

* ''Furci''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missy Bk |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/78bf6AbqY5orgbbgjCPzrx |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=open.spotify.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Mata ga Mata (mata masu ban sha'awa) '', 2013

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radin Mas Ayu</title>
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'''Radin da Ayu''' (Jawi; Javanese; &lt;small&gt;a zahiri&lt;/small&gt; &quot;Princess of Golden&quot;) yarima ce ta Javanese, wacce take da sunan yankin [[Singapore]]&quot; id=&quot;mwCQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Radin Mas, Singapore&quot;&gt;Radin Mas a Bukit Merah . An yi imanin cewa an binne ta a Dutsen Faber a Singapore, wanda aka ruwaito shi ne wurin mutuwarta. Ta kuma bayyana a cikin al'adun gargajiya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Malaysia [[Latifah Omar]] ce ta nuna ta a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwarta na 1959.

== Tarihi ==
A cewar labarin, Radin Mas Ayu sarauniya ce daga [[Java]], an haife ta ne daga auren sirri tsakanin yarima mai suna Pangerang da mai rawa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Legend of Radin Mas Ayu |url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/stories-landing/stories/the-legend-of-radin-mas-ayu/story |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.roots.gov.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Sultan mai mulki ya gano game da auren sirri, sai ya ba da umarnin a kashe Pangerang don auren wani talakawa, wanda ya haifar da gwauruwar Pangerang da 'yarsa suka tsere zuwa Temasek kuma suka fara sabuwar rayuwa a can. An ce daga baya ya ɗauki sabuwar matar sarauta, wacce ta raina Radin Mas Ayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mahaifiyar da dan uwanta, Tengku Bagus, sun shirya su kashe Pangerang, wanda wani yarima mai suna Tengku Cik ya rushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A lokacin gwagwarmaya a Dutsen Faber, Tengku Bagus ya jefa wuka a Pangerang, amma Radin Mas Ayu ya tsalle tsakanin su kuma ya kare mahaifinta daga takobi, wanda ya haifar da mutuwarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Wani sashi na labarin, wanda The Straits Times ya buga, ya ba da labarin cewa Pangerang ya auri 'yar daya daga cikin Temenggongs na Johor, saboda haka ya kafa wannan labarin a karni na 19 AZ, wanda shine lokacin mulkin Temenggong.  An ci gaba da bincika alaƙar Temenggong a cikin wani labari na baya, wanda ya bayyana cewa Radin Mas mace ce ta [[Shi'a]] wacce ta tuba zuwa addinin Sunni don auren Temenggong Abdul Rahman, amma ba a yarda a binne ta a cikin kabarinsa na sarauta ba bayan mutuwarta saboda gaskiyar cewa tana da asalin Shi'a.

== Kabari ==
Mausoleum na Radin Mas Ayu yana zaune a gindin Dutsen Faber kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin keramat. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=William |date=2022 |title=A complete catalog of keramat in Singapore |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/book-detail?cmsuuid=67da757c-ef09-4a4a-ae7a-05ca7afa8185 |journal=Lee Kong Chian Research Fellowship Submission |edition=Digitised |pages=152–219 |via=National Library Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vol. 76, No. 2 (285), 2003 of Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40072957 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.jstor.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fentin shi da rawaya don nuna sarautar da aka binne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ba a san ranar da aka gina shi ba kuma mausoleum ya fara bayyana a cikin hotuna da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 1880.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, wani bangare ne na makabartar da ba ta wanzu ba. An sake gina ginin gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 2002 bisa umarnin Pak Daeng, mai kula da wurin na yanzu.

Saboda karuwar ayyukan da aka yi a shafin da mai kula da shi ya ɗauka ba Musulunci ba, majalisa Ugama Islam Singapura ce ke gudanar da mausoleum wanda ya buga alamomi a kabarin yana neman baƙi su kula da ayyukan addinin Musulunci a kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; An kuma shigar da kyamarori na tsaro a ƙofofin don hana 'yan fashi da masu binciken paranormal daga shiga da rushe tsarkakar shafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kyauta ==
Radin Mas Ayu shine sunan unguwar Radin Mas, da kuma mazabar Radin Mas.  An sanya wa masallaci a Telok Blangah suna, Masjid Radin Mas, har sai an rushe shi a shekara ta 2001 kuma an maye gurbinsa da masallaci mafi girma, Masjid Al-Amin, wanda yake a wannan yankin. A cikin 1926, an kafa Makarantar Yara ta Radin Mas, wanda daga baya ya zama Makarantar Firamare ta Radin Mas a cikin 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School Histories: Radin Mas Primary School |url=https://moehc.moe.edu.sg/school-histories/radin-mas-pri/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=MOE Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116100816/https://moehc.moe.edu.sg/school-histories/radin-mas-pri/ |archive-date=2026-01-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A shekara ta 1959, Cathay-Keris Films ta samar da [[Black-and-white film|fim din baki da fari]], ''Radin Mas'', wanda ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa game da labarin. L. Krishnan ne ya ba da umarnin, fim din ya fito da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Malaysia Latifah Omar a matsayin Radin Mas Ayu, yayin da M. Amin ya nuna mahaifinta Pangerang. Fim din yana canzawa tsakanin al'amuran da ke nuna labarin da al'amarin da ke nuna halin yanzu, tare da ƙarshen yana nuna shimfidar wuri da harbe-harbe na mausoleum na Radin Mas, kodayake wasu daga cikin harbe-tarbe sun kasance na kabarin karya da aka kirkira don fim din.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=William |date=2022 |title=A complete catalog of keramat in Singapore |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/book-detail?cmsuuid=67da757c-ef09-4a4a-ae7a-05ca7afa8185 |journal=Lee Kong Chian Research Fellowship Submission |edition=Digitised |pages=152–219 |via=National Library Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Přemysl Pitter</title>
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'''Přemysl Pitter''' (21 Yuni 1895 - 15 Fabrairu 1976) ɗan asalin Czech ne, mai zaman lafiya, malami, ma'aikacin zamantakewa kuma mai wa'azin bishara. Ya kafa gidan Milíč a [[Prag|Prague]], a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya goyi bayan iyalai na Yahudawa kuma bayan karshen yakin ya shirya &quot;Operation Castles&quot; inda shi da abokan aikinsa suka ba da kiwon lafiya da kula da jama'a ga yara daga sansanonin [[Jamus]] da kuma wadanda ke sansanonin Czech. Bayan farawar mulkin kwaminisanci an tilasta masa ya yi hijira. Da farko ya yi aiki a Jamus, inda ya ba da tallafi da zamantakewa ga 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Valka kusa da [[Nuremberg]], daga baya ya zauna a [[Switzerland]]. Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ba da sunan Přemysl Pitter mai adalci a tsakanin al'ummai, a cikin 1973 an ba shi lambar yabo ta The Order of Merit Ist Class na Tarayyar Jamus kuma a cikin 1991 Shugaba Václav Havel ya ba Přemysl pitter lambar yabo ta Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a cikin abin tunawa.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Přemysl Pitter a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1895 a [[Prag|Prague]] - Smíchov ga Karel Pitter, mai kamfanin bugawa, da matarsa Žofie Pitter (née Hořejší). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Record of birth in the parish register |url=http://katalog.ahmp.cz/pragapublica/permalink?xid=2F1F3A0190A64C8B94EE4F1AD0997955&amp;scan=392 |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan uwansa shida sun mutu tun suna jariri, don haka ya girma a matsayin yaro daya. Ya yi karatu a makarantar buga takardu da kwalejin kasuwanci a Prague; tsakanin 1911 da 1912 ya halarci makarantar bugawa a [[Leipzig]].

Mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1911 da mahaifinsa a 1913 sun shafe shi sosai; kamfanin bugawa da ya gaji yana cikin matsalar kudi. A cikin ƙoƙari na warware matsalolinsa, Pitter ya shiga aikin sa kai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;diaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diaries of P. Pitter Z mého života |url=http://pitter.eu/sites/pitter.npmk.cz/files/soubory/archivalie-1sv/340-Z-meho-zivota.pdf |publisher=[[National Pedagogical Museum and Library of J. A. Comenius in Prague|The National Pedagogical Museum and Library of J. A. Comenius]] (NPMK) |page=10 |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan kwarewarsa ta yaki ta shafe shi har tsawon rayuwarsa; ya dawo Kirista mai ibada da mai zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-06-21 |title=Radio Prague International |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/section/special/premysl-pitter-a-forgotten-czech-schindler}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da rayuwarsa don taimakawa wasu.&lt;ref&gt;Kosatík, Pavel, Sám proti zlu, Paseka, Praha 2009, {{ISBN|978-80-7185-971-0}}, p. 23–27&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jama'a 1920-1938 ==
Bayan yakin ya fara sadaukar da kansa ga ayyukan jama'a da na ilimi. Ya ba da lacca a wurare daban-daban &lt;ref name=&quot;diaries&quot;/&gt; kuma ya fara shirya ayyukan yara masu haɗari a Prague Žižkov . Ya kuma zama memba na ƙungiyoyi da yawa kamar The Academic YMCA, The War Resisters' International, International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR), Czechoslovak Vegetarian Club, League Against Anti-Semitism ko The League for Human Rights . Tsakanin shekarun 1924 da 1941 ya buga kuma ya shirya mujallar Sbrat dro (Fraternisation). Ya halarci taron kasa da kasa na International Fellowship of Reconciliation a Oberammergau a 1926, inda ya sadu da malamin Olga Fierz: a sauran rayuwarsa Fierz shine abokin tarayya mafi kusa.

== Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma bayan yaƙin &quot;Operation Castles&quot; ==
A lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye, Gidan Milíč ya zama cibiyar tallafin sirri ga [[Persecution of Jews|Iyalan Yahudawa]] da aka tsananta (Pitter ya ziyarci iyalin [[Petr Ginz]], alal misali ). [[Gestapo]] ta yi wa Pitter tambayoyi, da sa'a an sake shi. Nan da nan bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Pitter ya fara &quot;Operation Castles&quot; (1945 - 1947), mataki don taimakawa yara da ke dawowa daga sansanonin,  da sauransu [[Yehuda Bacon]]. &lt;ref&gt;Lajsková, Lenka and collective: Jsem Jehuda Bacon. Holocaust a poválečná doba očima izraelského malíře českého původu, NPMK, Praha 2017, {{ISBN|978-80-86935-36-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidajen Štiřín, Olešovice, Kamenice da Lojovice (kusa da Prague) an canza su zuwa asibitoci. Ba da daɗewa ba aka fadada &quot;Operation Castles&quot; don taimakawa yara na Jamus daga [[Nazi concentration camps|sansanonin fursunoni]], ma. A lokacin korar Jamusawa, Pitter ya yi ƙoƙari ya shirya sake haɗuwa da yara tare da iyayensu ko dangi. Binciken yaran da suka ɓace ya dogara ne a ofishin gidan Milíč, wanda ya haɗa kai da ayyukan bincike na Jamus har zuwa 1950. Kimanin yara 810 sun shiga cikin &quot;Operation Castles&quot;  tsakanin 1945 - 1947.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]]</text>
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    <title>Michelle Simmons</title>
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'''Michelle Yvonne Simmons''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1967) [[Kimiyyar kwantom|masanin kimiyyar lissafi]] ne na Australiya, an san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar  ga fannin lantarki na atomatik. 

Ita ce darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewa ta Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya don Kwarewar Kwarewa da Fasahar Sadarwa, kuma tun daga 2023 ita ce Farfesa ta Kimiyya a Kwalejin Kimiyya a Jami'ar New South Wales.

Ta kasance sau biyu Fellow na Hukumar Bincike ta Australiya, kuma memba ne na Laureate Fellow na Majalisar Bincike na Australiya. A watan Janairun 2018, an ba Simmons suna Australiya na Shekara saboda aikinta da sadaukarwa ga kimiyyar bayanai, kuma a watan Yunin 2019, an nada ta Jami'in Order of Australia a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya don nuna godiya ga &quot;babban hidima ga ilimin kimiyya a matsayin jagora a cikin kayan lantarki na atomatik, kuma a matsayin abin koyi&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Michelle Yvonne Simmons a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1967 a [[Landan]], ga mahaifiyar da ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan banki &lt;ref name=&quot;qce20/michelle-simmons&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2020 |title=Biography of Michelle Simmons |url=https://qce20.quantum.ieee.org/keynotes/michelle-simmons/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=IEEE Quantum Week 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mahaifin da ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na ɗan sanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt; Simmons ya girma a kudu maso gabashin London tare da babban ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;britishcouncil/simmons-ao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Michelle |title=Quantum Revolution |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.au/michelle-simmons-ao-quantum-revolution |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[British Council]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721005242/https://www.britishcouncil.org.au/michelle-simmons-ao-quantum-revolution |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 1985 da 1988 ta sami digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trevelyan, Jami'ar Durham, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] na kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;dunelm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Class Notes |journal=Dunelm |issue=5 |page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na digiri na biyu a Kwalejin St Aidan, Durham an ba ta PhD a shekarar 1992 don rubutunta &quot;The characterisation of CdTe-based epitaxial solar cell structures created by MOVPE&quot;, tare da bincike wanda Andrew W. Brinkman ke kula da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dunelm&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka da bincike ==
Daga 1992 zuwa 1998 &lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt; Simmons ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a cikin lantarki mai yawa tare da Michael Pepper a Laboratory na Cavendish a Burtaniya, inda ta sami suna na duniya saboda aikinta a gano fasalin 0.7 da ci gaban 'rami'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=K. J. |last2=Nicholls |first2=J. T. |last3=Simmons |first3=M. Y. |last4=Pepper |first4=M. |last5=Mace |first5=D. R. |last6=Ritchie |first6=D. A. |date=1996-07-01 |title=Possible Spin Polarization in a One-Dimensional Electron Gas |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |publisher=[[American Physical Society]] (APS) |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=135–138 |arxiv=cond-mat/9606004 |bibcode=1996PhRvL..77..135T |doi=10.1103/physrevlett.77.135 |issn=0031-9007 |pmid=10061790 |s2cid=8903637}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1999, she was awarded an Australian Research Council (ARC) QEII Fellowship and went to Australia, conducting research for four years under this fellowship.&lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Simmons, Michelle Yvonne (1967–) |url=https://www.eoas.info/biogs/P006232b.htm |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Encyclopedia of Australian Science and Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a founding member of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, and {{As of|2023}} remains director of the centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;arcprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quantum Computing |url=https://www.cqc2t.org/prof-michelle-y-simmons-ac/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Centre for Quantum Computation &amp; Communication Technology |publisher=[[Australian Research Council]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107041945/https://www.cqc2t.org/prof-michelle-y-simmons-ac/ |archive-date=7 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Simmons ya kafa Silicon Quantum Computing, kamfanin lissafin lissafi na [[Sydney]], a cikin 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australia gets quantum computing company |url=https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2017/australia-gets-quantum-computing-company.html |archive-date= |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Information Age, Australian Computer Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shine Shugaba na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientia Professor Michelle Simmons |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/michelle-simmons |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rike wasu mukamai da yawa a cikin aikinta, ciki har da:&lt;ref name=&quot;eoas&quot;/&gt;

* 2000: Darakta, Cibiyar Samar da Atomic, UNSW
* 2000: Manajan, Shirin Samar da Atom da Shirin Girma na Crystal, Cibiyar Fasahar Kwamfuta, Makarantar Physics, UNSW
* 2003: Shugaban, reshen New South Wales, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Australiya
* 2003: memba, Hukumar C8, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Physics Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace
* 2003: Wakilin Australiya na Nanotechnology, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kimiyya, Fasaha da Aikace-aikaceƘungiyar Duniya don Kimiyya, Fasaha da Aikace-aikacen Vacuum
* 2005: memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kwararru na Physics, Chemistry da Geosciences, Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya
* 2007: Mataimakin edita, IEEE Journal of Nanotechnology''Jaridar IEEE ta Nanotechnology''
* 2007: Shugaban, Kwamitin Kasa na Physics, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australia

Ya zuwa 2023 Simmons shine Farfesa na Kimiyya na Kimiyya a [[UNSW Faculty of Science|Kwalejin Kimiyya]] a [[University of New South Wales|Jami'ar New South Wales]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;UNSW Research l136&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientia Professor Michelle Yvonne Simmons |url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/scientia-professor-michelle-yvonne-simmons |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=UNSW Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2025 an zabi Simmons a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Majalisar Fasaha ta Ostiraliya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Kobe |date=2025-06-04 |title=TCA strengthens Board with appointment of Professor Simmons |url=https://techcouncil.com.au/newsroom/tca-strengthens-board-with-appointment-of-professor-simmons/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Tech Council of Australia |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nasarorin da aka samu ===
Simmons sananne ne a duniya don ƙirƙirar filin lantarki na atomatik, &lt;ref name=&quot;abc2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=Quantum physicist - Michelle Simmons |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/02/28/3441521.htm |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=[[ABC Science]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato, gina na'urorin lantarki a sikelin atomatik. Kungiyar bincikenta a ARC ta kirkiro na farko mai daidaito atomatik mai sauƙi da kuma mafi ƙanƙantaccen waya a cikin silicon, a tsakanin sauran nasarorin.&lt;ref name=&quot;arcprofile&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2000 ta kafa babban rukuni na bincike wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga kirkirar na'urorin sikelin atom a cikin silicon da germanium ta amfani da daidaitattun atom na binciken microscopy. Kungiyar bincikenta ita ce kawai rukuni a duk duniya da za ta iya ƙirƙirar na'urori masu inganci a cikin silicon - su ma ƙungiya ce ta farko a duniya don haɓaka &quot;cikakken&quot; Transistor guda ɗaya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fuechsle |first=Martin |last2=Miwa |first2=Jill A. |last3=Mahapatra |first3=Suddhasatta |last4=Ryu |first4=Hoon |last5=Lee |first5=Sunhee |last6=Warschkow |first6=Oliver |last7=Hollenberg |first7=Lloyd C. L. |last8=Klimeck |first8=Gerhard |last9=Simmons |first9=Michelle Y. |date=2012-02-19 |title=A single-atom transistor |journal=[[Nature Nanotechnology]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=242–246 |bibcode=2012NatNa...7..242F |doi=10.1038/nnano.2012.21 |issn=1748-3387 |pmid=22343383 |s2cid=14952278}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mafi ƙanƙanta da ke gudanar da wayoyin doped a cikin silicone. 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>María Esther Biscayart de Tello</title>
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'''María Esther Biscayart de Tello''' (31 ga Agusta 1930 - 1 Afrilu 2015) yar [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|wasan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta Argentina ce kuma memba na {{Interlanguage link|Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora|es}} . Asalinta malamar makaranta ce ta hanyar aiki, a shekarun 1950 ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan adawa kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. A lokacin [[Ƙazamin yaƙi|Yaƙin Datti]], iyalin suna da alaƙa da Resistencia Libertaria kuma 'ya'yan Biscayart sun [[Rashin da aka tilasta|ɓace da ƙarfi]] ta hanyar mulkin kama-karya na soja na Tsarin Sake Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa . Daga nan Biscayart ya shiga ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasar kuma ya yi kira da a gurfanar da waɗanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Biscayart a La Plata a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hessel |first=Luis |date=7 April 2015 |title=El último vuelo libertario |url=https://marcha.org.ar/el-ultimo-vuelo-libertario/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Marcha |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109220625/https://marcha.org.ar/el-ultimo-vuelo-libertario/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantun karkara da kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Sashen Fadada Jami'a kafin ta koma koyarwa a garinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2015 |title=&quot;Fue una militante con sus hijos en los '70, era una revolucionaria en serio&quot; |url=http://www.archivoinfojus.gob.ar/nacionales/fue-una-militante-con-sus-hijos-en-los-70-era-una-revolucionaria-en-serio-8133.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Infojus Noticias |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1950, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ''ta Voluntad'' tare da Pablo Tello, wanda daga baya ya zama abokin tarayya kuma uban 'ya'yanta uku: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biblioteca Popular José Ingenieros |date=9 April 2015 |title=María Esther Biscayard de Tello, nuestro homenaje |url=https://www.anarkismo.net/article/28056 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Anarkismo |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pablo Daniel (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1949), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tello, Pablo Daniel |url=https://basededatos.parquedelamemoria.org.ar/registros/8314/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Parque de la Memoria]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marcelo Rodolfo (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1950), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tello, Marcelo Rodolfo |url=https://basededatos.parquedelamemoria.org.ar/registros/8315/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Parque de la Memoria]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Rafael Arnaldo (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1953). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tello, Rafael Arnaldo |url=https://basededatos.parquedelamemoria.org.ar/registros/8316/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Parque de la Memoria]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan'uwan Tello Biscayart sun yi aiki a matsayin kafintoci kuma, bayan fara Yaƙin Datti, dangin sun shiga Resistencia Libertaria (RL). &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;/&gt;

Marcelo shi ne mutum na farko da ya ɓace, an sace shi daga gidansa da ke Córdoba a safiyar ranar 9 ga Maris 1976. Daga baya an sace Pablo da Daniel daga wurin aikinsu da ke Tigre a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1978. An ruwaito cewa an gan su a cikin &quot; El Banco [es] &quot;da kuma&quot; La Cacha [es] &quot;kafin ya ɓace daga rikodin. [1] Ɗan'uwan Biscayart, Eduardo Daniel Pereyra Rossi [es], an kuma sace shi tare da Osvaldo Agustín Cambiaso [es] a Rosario . Wata ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Luis Patti ce ta kashe su. [2]

Bayan sace-sacen, Biscayart da kanta ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa kuma ta fara kamfen na yin Allah wadai da zaluncin siyasa da laifukan mulkin kama-karya a Argentina. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;/&gt; A [[Faris|birnin Paris]], ta kan je ofishin jakadancin Argentina kowace Alhamis don gabatar da ikirarinta. Ta shigar da koke ga [[Amnesty International]] da kuma bangaren shari'a na Faransa, sannan ta nemi taimako daga masana harkar fina-finai da fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=El adiós a la Madre de Plaza de Mayo Esther Biscayart de Tello |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/madre-plaza-esther-biscayart-tello_0_rkXPmbqD7e.html |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Clarín |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Abuelas_de_Plaza_de_Mayo,_Derechos_Humanos,_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo,_Marchas.jpg|right|thumb|Zanga-zangar da Uwayen Plaza de Mayo suka yi]]
Bayan dawowarta Argentina bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya a shekarar 1984, Biscayart ta shiga ƙungiyar {{Interlanguage link|Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora|es}} ( English:   ), wanda da farko ya yi aiki don haɓaka Shari'ar Juntas . Ta koma Faransa bayan zartar da dokokin rashin hukunta masu laifi, waɗanda suka hana gurfanarwa ko yanke hukunci ga masu aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2009, Biscayart ta sake zama a La Plata har abada, inda ta bayar da shaida a shari'ar da aka yi game da bacewar ɗanta Marcelo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Red&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Libertades Democráticas. Falleció María Esther Biscayart de Tello, madre de Plaza de Mayo |url=https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Fallecio-Maria-Esther-Biscayart-de-Tello-madre-de-Plaza-de-Mayo |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[La Izquierda Diario]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na 2014, ta halarci [[First National Meeting against Impunity and Repression|taron ƙasa na farko kan rashin da'a da danniya]], wanda ƙungiyoyi da dama daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka gabatar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;/&gt; Tare da tawagar Majalisar Meksiko a Argentina, ta nemi a gabatar da ɗaliban 43 da suka ɓace daga Iguala . &lt;ref name=&quot;Red&quot; /&gt;

Ta rasu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2015, a garinsu na La Plata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcha&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nancy Reagan</title>
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{{Databox}}

Nancy Davis Reagan (an haife ta Anne Frances Robbins; 6 ga Yuli, 1921 - 6 ga Maris, 2016) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance Uwargidan shugaban Amurka daga 1981 zuwa 1989.[lower-alpha 1] Ita ce matar ta biyu ta Ronald Reagan, shugaban Amurka na 40.

An haifi Reagan a Birnin New York. Bayan iyayenta sun rabu, ta zauna a Maryland tare da kawunta da kawunta na tsawon shekaru shida. Lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure a 1929, sai ta koma Chicago kuma mijinta na biyu ya karbe ta. A matsayinta na Nancy Davis, ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Hollywood a cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, tana fitowa a fina-finai kamar The Next Voice You Hear... , Dare zuwa Safiya, da kuma kwakwalwar Donovan. A shekara ta 1952, ta auri Ronald Reagan, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kungiyar Screen Actors Guild. Yana da 'ya'ya biyu daga aurensa na baya ga Jane Wyman, [1] kuma shi da Nancy suna da' ya'ya biyu tare. Nancy Reagan ita ce uwargidan California lokacin da mijinta ya kasance gwamna daga 1967 zuwa 1975, kuma ta fara aiki tare da Shirin Tsofaffi na Foster .

Reagan ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka a watan Janairun 1981, bayan nasarar mijinta a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1980. Da farko a cikin wa'adinsa na farko, an soki ta musamman saboda yanke shawara don maye gurbin Fadar White House, wanda aka biya ta hanyar gudummawa masu zaman kansu, da kuma karɓar tufafi kyauta daga masu zanen kayan ado. Ta goyi bayan adawa da Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi lokacin da ta kafa kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da miyagun kwayoyi &quot;Just Say No&quot;, an yi la'akari da babban aikinta a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, kodayake ta sami zargi mai yawa don nuna rashin amincewa da al'ummomin matalauta da cutar crack ta shafa. Ƙarin tattaunawa game da rawar da ta taka ya biyo baya bayan wahayi na 1988 cewa ta tuntubi wani masanin taurari don taimakawa wajen tsara jadawalin shugaban bayan yunkurin kisan mijinta a 1981. Gabaɗaya tana da tasiri mai ƙarfi ga mijinta kuma ta taka rawa a cikin wasu ma'aikatansa da yanke shawara na diflomasiyya.

Ma'auratan sun koma gidansu a Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, bayan sun bar Fadar White House. Reagan ta ba da mafi yawan lokacinta don kula da mijinta, wanda aka gano yana da [[Cutar Alzheimer]] a shekarar 1994, har zuwa mutuwarsa yana da shekaru 93 a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2004. Reagan ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin Reagan Library da kuma siyasa, musamman don tallafawa binciken ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa, har zuwa mutuwarta daga gazawar zuciya a shekara 94 a cikin 2016. Ta sami babban amincewa a rayuwarta ta baya saboda sadaukarwarta ga mijinta a cikin rashin lafiyarsa ta ƙarshe.

 
== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Anne Frances Robbins a Manhattan a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1921, amma a duk rayuwarta ta gaya wa wasu cewa an haife ta a 1923.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}} Iyayenta sun yi amfani da mai sayar da mota Kenneth Robbins da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Edith Luckett.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}}{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} Yar wasan kwaikwayo Alla Nazimova ita ce mahaifiyarta.{{Sfn|Hendricks|2015}} An ba ta suna Anne bayan kakarta, amma mahaifiyarta ta kira ta &quot;Nancy&quot; har sai wannan ya zama sunan da aka san ta da shi.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}}{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} Robbins ta rayu shekaru biyu na farko a Flushing, wani unguwa a Queens, a cikin wani gida mai hawa biyu a kan Roosevelt Avenue tsakanin tituna 149 da 150. 

Iyayen Robbins sun rabu a 1923 lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta yanke shawarar komawa wasan kwaikwayo kuma ma'auratan ba su iya yarda da inda za su zauna ba.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}} Mahaifinta ya cire kansa daga rayuwarta, kuma mahaifiyarta ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} An sanya Robbins tare da 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta, Virginia Galbraith, a Bethesda, Maryland, tare da kawunta da dan uwanta.{{Sfn|Schneider|Schneider|2010}} Ta halarci Sidwell Friends School a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].{{Sfn|Hendricks|2015}} Robbins ta rasa mahaifiyarta yayin da take zaune tare da kawunta, kuma sun yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa New York don ta ga mahaifiyarta ta yi a kan mataki.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}} Ta yi koyi da mahaifiyarta ta hanyar sanya kayan shafawa da kuma yin kamar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce.{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} Iyayen Robbins sun kammala saki a shekarar 1928.{{Sfn|Schneider|Schneider|2010}} Binciken rayuwarta daga baya ya mayar da hankali kan wannan yanayin iyali mara daidaituwa a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ta gudanar da aure a matsayin burin rayuwa.  {{Sfn|Caroli|2010}}{{Sfn|Roberts|2016}}{{Sfn|Benze|1996}}

Mahaifiyar Robbins ta sake yin aure a 1929, ta ba ta mahaifinta yana da shekaru bakwai. Loyal Davis likita ce ta kwakwalwa, kuma iyalin suka koma Chicago tare inda ta kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinta.  {{Sfn|Boller|1988}}{{Sfn|Schneider|Schneider|2010}} Kullum za ta kira shi mahaifinta. Har ila yau, tana da ɗan'uwa amma ba ta haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka da shi ba.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}} Ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Latin a Birnin Chicago, inda ta shiga cikin Drama Club,  wasan hockey, da gwamnatin dalibai.{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} A cikin babban shekarunta, tana da rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar First Lady . {{Sfn|Benze|1996}}

Kasancewa da likitan kwakwalwa mai arziki a matsayin uba yana nufin ƙuruciya mai kyau inda Robbins ya rayu fiye da yadda yawancin Amurkawa ke rayuwa, kuma iyalin suka taru a cikin manyan al'umma.{{Sfn|Boller|1988}} Ayyukan mahaifiyarta sun kuma nuna cewa Robbins yana da hulɗa na yau da kullun tare da sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullum, musamman tare da abokan danginsu Katharine Hepburn, Walter Huston, da Spencer Tracy.{{Sfn|Roberts|2016}}{{Sfn|Benze|1996}} Bangaskiyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta mahaifinta ta kasance mai tasiri sosai a kan siyasarta.{{Sfn|Benze|1996}}

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
 
A matsayinta na Nancy Davis, ta kuma fito da talabijin da yawa daga 1953 zuwa 1962, a matsayin baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko sassan jerin tarihin. Wadannan sun hada da ''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ford'' Television (bayyanar farko tare da Ronald Reagan ya zo ne a lokacin wani labari na 1953 mai taken &quot;An haife shi na farko&quot;), Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Zane Grey na Dick Powell (ya bayyana tare da Ronald Reich a cikin shirin 1961 &quot;The Long Shadow&quot;), Wagon Train, The Tall Man, da Janar Electric Theater (wanda Ronald Reagan ya shirya).

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bayanan littattafai ==

*  
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* {{Cite book|last3=H. W. Brands}}
* {{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}
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== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
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* {{Cite book|last3=Michael Beschloss}}
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* {{Cite book|last3=Lou Cannon}}
* {{Cite book|last3=Michael Deaver}}
* Littattafan Gale. &quot;Nancy Reagan&quot; a cikin Gale Literature: Mawallafa na zamani (Gale, 2016) [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000081481/GPS?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=GPS&amp;xid=83770ddb kan layi]
*  
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* Ɗan ƙaramin bayani, Laurence ''Make-Believe: Labarin Nancy da Ronald Reagan'' (Harper, 1983).
*  
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* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;Nancy Reagan a cikin ghetto. A sararin samaniya a matsayin matsakanci tsakanin tsari da taron. &quot; InterDisciplines. Jaridar Tarihi da Ilimin Jama'a 7.2 (2016). [https://www.inter-disciplines.org/index.php/indi/article/download/1030/1138 kan layi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604094015/https://www.inter-disciplines.org/index.php/indi/article/download/1030/1138 |date=2020-06-04 }} An adana shi  
*  
* H. W. Brands Reagan: The Life (2015) shafi na 743 ya ce &quot;ta rubuta daya daga cikin mafi gaskiya kuma a wasu lokuta masu sukar kansa a tarihin siyasar Amurka na baya-bayan nan&quot;. &amp;nbsp;
*  
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* {{Cite book|last3=Garry Wills}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Bayanan [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/ Uwargidan Shugaban kasa] a WhiteHouse.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217032856/http://www.reaganlibrary.com/nancy-reagan-life-and-times.aspx Bayani] a ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa na Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan Presidential Library
* Appearancesa kanC-SPAN 
** [[C-SPAN]].org/FirstLady/42/Nancy-Reagan.aspx&quot; id=&quot;mwEuc&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Nancy Reagan An adana shi a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, a  a C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence &amp; Image''Mata na farko: Tasiri &amp;amp;amp; Hoto''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160321222536/http://governors.library.ca.gov/firstladies/31-Reagan.html Mata na farko na California] An adana shi a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2016, a 
* Nancy DavisaIMDb 
* Nancy Davisa cikinCibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta Broadway 
* Nancy ReaganaNeman Kabari 
* {{New York Times topic}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Bernice Layne Brown|Bernice Brown]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Ladies and Partners of California|First Lady of California]]|years=1967–1975}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Gloria Deukmejian]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Rosalynn Carter]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]|years=1981–1989}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Barbara Bush]]}}
{{S-end}}{{Nancy Reagan}}{{Ronald Reagan}}{{US First Ladies}}{{Spouses of California Governors}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Pannel Egboh</title>
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'''Pannel Egboh''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1986) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). San Francisco 49ers ne suka sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a shekarar 2009. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Stanford Cardinal, a ƙarƙashin kocin Jami'ar Michigan na yanzu Jim Harbaugh . A halin yanzu yana halartar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta McGovern.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Egboh ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Ya gama kwaleji tare da 141 tackles, 10 sacks, 3 pass deflections da 3 tilasta fumbles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pannel Egboh College Statistics |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/pannel-egboh-1.html |website=sports-reference.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta farko, ya gama kakar wasa tare da 15 tackles, sack da 2 pass deflections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col&quot;/&gt; A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2005, yana da 6 tackles tare da jakar da ya yi da Navy wanda Stanford ya lashe 41-38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stanford 41, Navy 38 Box score |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2005-09-10-navy.html |website=sports-reference.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta Sophomore, ya gama kakar wasa tare da 45 tackles, 1.5 sacks da kuma wucewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col&quot;/&gt; A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2006, ya yi rikodin 3 tackles tare da jaka a kan Jihar Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stanford 3, Arizona State 38 Box score |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2006-10-21-arizona-state.html |website=sports-reference.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarunsa na Junior, ya gama kakar wasa tare da 49 tackles, 6 sacks da 3 tilasta fumbles. Har ila yau a matsayin ƙarami (2007), Egboh ya jagoranci dukkan masu tsaron gida na Cardinal na karo na biyu a jere tare da manyan 49 tackles, wanda shine na biyar mafi girma a cikin tawagar. Ya gama da 13.5 tackles don asarar yadudduka 75, wanda ya kasance na uku a cikin tawagar. An buga shi a matsayi na biyu a cikin tawagar tare da jaka shida. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Week bayan ya yi rikodin mafi kyawun 10 tackles, 2.5 tackles masu tsayi don asarar, 1.5 sacks da kuma bugawa ta farko a kan karin maki a cikin nasarar da Stanford ta samu a kan # 1 ranked USC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col&quot;/&gt; A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2007, yana da 4 tackles, 2 sacks da kuma tilasta fumble a kan Notre Dame.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notre Dame 21, Stanford 14 Box score |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2007-11-24-stanford.html |website=sports-reference.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Babban shekarunsa, ya gama kakar wasa tare da 32 tackles, 1.5 sacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== San Francisco 49ers ===
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2009, ya sanya hannu tare da San Francisco 49ers a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot;/&gt; An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot; /&gt;

=== 'Yan kasar Houston ===
A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, ya sanya hannu tare da Houston Texans zuwa kwangilar ajiya / gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot;/&gt; An sake shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot; /&gt;

=== Philadelphia Eagles ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2010, Philadelphia Eagles ta yi ikirarin cewa ya yi watsi da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pannel Egboh |url=http://www.kffl.com/player/20895/nfl/news/pannel-egboh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204171725/http://www.kffl.com/player/20895/nfl/news/pannel-egboh |archive-date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=December 4, 2014 |publisher=kffl.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2010, an sake shi bayan 'yan kwanaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot; /&gt; A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2010, an sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot; /&gt;

=== Tennessee Titans ===
A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, ya sanya hannu tare da Tennessee Titans zuwa kwangilar ajiya / gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Titans sign seven to futures contracts |url=http://blogs.tennessean.com/titans/2011/01/04/titans-sign-7-to-futures-contracts/ |access-date=January 4, 2011 |website=tennessean.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011, an sake shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot;/&gt; A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2011, an sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Titans Sign Seven Players to Practice Squad |url=http://www.titansonline.com/news/article-1/Titans-Sign-Seven-Players-to-Practice-Squad/94d59de2-02ed-41e3-8c68-b23204745d80 |access-date=September 5, 2011 |website=titansonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Titans reach deals with eight players |url=http://blogs.tennessean.com/titans/2012/01/02/titans-reach-deals-with-eight-players/ |access-date=January 2, 2012 |website=tennessean.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2012, an sake shi tare da mai tsere mai suna Troy Kropog bayan kungiyar ta sanya hannu kan Deuce Lutui kuma ta sake dawo da Kenny Britt bayan ya yi dakatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;KFFL&quot; /&gt; A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012, ya sake sanya hannu tare da tawagar bayan an sanya Keyunta Dawson a cikin Injured Reserve saboda raunin Hamstring.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Titans place DE Dawson on IR, sign DE Pannel Egboh |url=http://pro32.ap.org/content/titans-place-de-dawson-ir-sign-de-pannel-egboh |access-date=September 26, 2012 |website=pro32.ap.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023201251/http://pro32.ap.org/content/titans-place-de-dawson-ir-sign-de-pannel-egboh |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jaguars na Jacksonville ===
A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, Egboh ya sanya hannu tare da Jacksonville Jaguars biyo bayan gwajin minicamp.  An sake shi a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2013.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121013080220/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/egboh_pannel00.html Stanford Cardinals bio]
* [http://www.titansonline.com/team/roster/Pannel-Egboh/410a4309-2a8d-47b5-b416-cb445c01c65c Tarihin Tennessee Titans]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
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  <page>
    <title>Netsanet Workneh</title>
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'''Netsanet Workneh''' (Amharic; 11 ga Afrilu 1983 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |date=2026-01-16 |title=Netsanet Workneh Biography: Age, Wife, Movies, Career, Personal Life And Cause Of Death |url=https://smuosch.com/netsanet-workneh-biography/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; - 16 ga Janairu 2026) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma ɗan talabijin. Ya yi aiki a manyan fina-finai na Habasha da yawa, da farko a cikin nau'Irin wasan kwaikwayo. 

Netsanet ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo a wasan ''Ye Dawit Enzira'' . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a Fresh Man yayin da yake aiki a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hager Fikir . A lokacin da ya fara aiki, ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai.

Ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai da yawa na Habasha, ciki har da City Boys, ''Salnegirat'', ''Yanchaw Leba 2'', Mr. X, da ''Chombe'', ya kafa kansa a matsayin fitaccen mutum a cikin fina-fallafin Habasha na zamani.

Daga 2017, Netsanet ta samar da kuma karbar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Yebeteseb Chewata'', wanda aka watsa a EBS TV.

Netsanet ya mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026 biyo bayan rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba. An ruwaito cewa ya fuskanci matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci wanda ya buƙaci asibiti kafin mutuwarsa. Labarin mutuwarsa ya bazu ko'ina a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya sadu da firgici da girmamawa daga magoya baya, abokan aiki, da membobin al'ummar nishaɗin Habasha. An binne shi a [[Addis Ababa]]&quot;&gt;Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026.

Ya sami 'ya'ya uku.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Netsanet a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1983 a [[Addis Ababa]] . Ya ci gaba da sha'awar zane-zane a lokacin makarantar sakandare, inda ya zama sananne don nuna halayen mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa]] . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai, musamman ga yadda ya nuna halin Fresh Man.

Daga baya ya gina aiki a cikin fina-finai na Habasha, yana aiki da farko a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana ba da gudummawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mataimakin samar da fim. Babban aikin fim dinsa sun hada da City Boys, Salnegirat, Yanchaw Leba 2, Mr. X, da Chombe .

A cikin 2017, ya samar kuma ya dauki bakuncin ''Yebeteseb Chewata'' (Turanci: Yakin Iyali na Habasha), wasan kwaikwayo na iyali wanda ya haɗu da nishaɗi tare da salon wasan kwaikwayo na musamman. Shirin ya fito ne a gidan talabijin na EBS.

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2026, Netsanet ya mutu bayan rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Kafofin yada labarai na Habasha sun ba da rahoton cewa yana karɓar magani na musamman kafin mutuwarsa. Ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya uku.

An raba haraji a ko'ina cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Habasha da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta. Firayim Minista [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya nuna ta'aziyya, yana tunawa da aikin Netsanet a shirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Babban Dam din Renaissance na Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Abiy Ahmed, Abdel Fattah al Burhan discuss bilateral, regional issues |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/amp/pm-abiy-ahmed-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-discuss-bilateral-regional-issues/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalinsa da abokan aikinsa ne suka shirya shirye-shiryen jana'izar a EBS TV, kuma a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026, an kwantar da shi a [[Addis Ababa]]&quot;&gt;Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa. 'Yan uwa, abokan aiki, magoya baya, da jami'an gwamnati ne suka halarci jana'izar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=Renowned Ethiopian Artist Netsanet Workneh Laid to Rest in Addis Ababa |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/renowned-ethiopian-artist-netsanet-workneh-laid-to-rest-in-addis-ababa/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tushen: [https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 Yageru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315075832/https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 |date=2026-03-15 }}
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''FBI''
|2010
|-
|''Yanchiw Leba''
|2011
|-
|''Mista X''
|2011
|-
|''FBI 2''
|2012
|-
|''YaKen''
|2012
|-
|''Balekelem Hilmoch''
|2012
|-
|''City Boyz''
|2012
|-
|''Taschershignalesh''
|2013
|-
|''Sostegna Wegen''
|2015
|-
|''Salnegrat''
|2015
|-
|''Chombe''
|2015
|-
|''Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita''
|2015
|-
|''Yanchiw Leba 2''
|2017
|-
|''FBI 3''
|2017
|-
|''Fikir Min Agebaw''
|2018
|-
|''Abokiyar aji''
|2020
|}

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>853r9kysob6mwpwx4vk56cmtt2jq01s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963657</id>
      <parentid>963656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T23:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KiranBOT</username>
        <id>35988</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v3.1.1s</comment>
      <origin>963657</origin>
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      <text bytes="4852" sha1="2aweh7vi2q3dsluxsfw31l44f38sb7n" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Netsanet Workneh''' (Amharic; 11 ga Afrilu 1983 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |date=2026-01-16 |title=Netsanet Workneh Biography: Age, Wife, Movies, Career, Personal Life And Cause Of Death |url=https://smuosch.com/netsanet-workneh-biography/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; - 16 ga Janairu 2026) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma ɗan talabijin. Ya yi aiki a manyan fina-finai na Habasha da yawa, da farko a cikin nau'Irin wasan kwaikwayo. 

Netsanet ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo a wasan ''Ye Dawit Enzira'' . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a Fresh Man yayin da yake aiki a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hager Fikir . A lokacin da ya fara aiki, ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai.

Ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai da yawa na Habasha, ciki har da City Boys, ''Salnegirat'', ''Yanchaw Leba 2'', Mr. X, da ''Chombe'', ya kafa kansa a matsayin fitaccen mutum a cikin fina-fallafin Habasha na zamani.

Daga 2017, Netsanet ta samar da kuma karbar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Yebeteseb Chewata'', wanda aka watsa a EBS TV.

Netsanet ya mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026 biyo bayan rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba. An ruwaito cewa ya fuskanci matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci wanda ya buƙaci asibiti kafin mutuwarsa. Labarin mutuwarsa ya bazu ko'ina a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya sadu da firgici da girmamawa daga magoya baya, abokan aiki, da membobin al'ummar nishaɗin Habasha. An binne shi a [[Addis Ababa]]&quot;&gt;Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026.

Ya sami 'ya'ya uku.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Netsanet a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1983 a [[Addis Ababa]] . Ya ci gaba da sha'awar zane-zane a lokacin makarantar sakandare, inda ya zama sananne don nuna halayen mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa]] . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai, musamman ga yadda ya nuna halin Fresh Man.

Daga baya ya gina aiki a cikin fina-finai na Habasha, yana aiki da farko a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana ba da gudummawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mataimakin samar da fim. Babban aikin fim dinsa sun hada da City Boys, Salnegirat, Yanchaw Leba 2, Mr. X, da Chombe .

A cikin 2017, ya samar kuma ya dauki bakuncin ''Yebeteseb Chewata'' (Turanci: Yakin Iyali na Habasha), wasan kwaikwayo na iyali wanda ya haɗu da nishaɗi tare da salon wasan kwaikwayo na musamman. Shirin ya fito ne a gidan talabijin na EBS.

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2026, Netsanet ya mutu bayan rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Kafofin yada labarai na Habasha sun ba da rahoton cewa yana karɓar magani na musamman kafin mutuwarsa. Ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya uku.

An raba haraji a ko'ina cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Habasha da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta. Firayim Minista [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya nuna ta'aziyya, yana tunawa da aikin Netsanet a shirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Babban Dam din Renaissance na Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Abiy Ahmed, Abdel Fattah al Burhan discuss bilateral, regional issues |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/pm-abiy-ahmed-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-discuss-bilateral-regional-issues/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalinsa da abokan aikinsa ne suka shirya shirye-shiryen jana'izar a EBS TV, kuma a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026, an kwantar da shi a [[Addis Ababa]]&quot;&gt;Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa. 'Yan uwa, abokan aiki, magoya baya, da jami'an gwamnati ne suka halarci jana'izar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=Renowned Ethiopian Artist Netsanet Workneh Laid to Rest in Addis Ababa |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/renowned-ethiopian-artist-netsanet-workneh-laid-to-rest-in-addis-ababa/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tushen: [https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 Yageru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315075832/https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 |date=2026-03-15 }}
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''FBI''
|2010
|-
|''Yanchiw Leba''
|2011
|-
|''Mista X''
|2011
|-
|''FBI 2''
|2012
|-
|''YaKen''
|2012
|-
|''Balekelem Hilmoch''
|2012
|-
|''City Boyz''
|2012
|-
|''Taschershignalesh''
|2013
|-
|''Sostegna Wegen''
|2015
|-
|''Salnegrat''
|2015
|-
|''Chombe''
|2015
|-
|''Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita''
|2015
|-
|''Yanchiw Leba 2''
|2017
|-
|''FBI 3''
|2017
|-
|''Fikir Min Agebaw''
|2018
|-
|''Abokiyar aji''
|2020
|}

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>2aweh7vi2q3dsluxsfw31l44f38sb7n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mo Abualnadi</title>
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    <id>150077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963730</id>
      <parentid>842767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4650" sha1="22b6qtv5n6kh0t1nn6akdjwqdpy9sc8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mohammad Abu Al-Nadi''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Selangor ta Malaysia Super League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Mo Abualnadi |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/players/mo-abualnadi/ |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Swope Park Rangers sign Sporting KC Academy trio Mo Abualnadi, Jake Davis and Sean Karani to Academy contracts |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/news/swope-park-rangers-sign-sporting-kc-academy-trio-mo-abualnadi-jake-davis-and-sea |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi |url=https://und.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |website=Notre Dame Fighting Irish - Official Athletics Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a Amurka, yana taka leda a tawagar kasar Jordan.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An kuma haifi Abu Al-Nadi a Overland Park, [[Kansas]], Amurka, inda ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Blue Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga futsal tun yana saurayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scavuzzo |first=Diane |date=23 July 2015 |title=U.S. YOUTH FUTSAL 2015 NATIONAL TEAMS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccertoday.com |publisher=SoccerToday |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901143056/https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wa kulob din shekara guda, Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai (ESI), na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya shiga makarantar Sporting Kansas City na tsawon shekaru abụọ yayin da yake makarantar sakandare. Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tawagar U19 ta Sporting KC zuwa iri na huɗu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar USSDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jami'a ==
Abu Al-Nadi ya buga shekaru biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, da kuma shekara guda a Pittsburgh Panthers.

A lokacin da ya fara zama a shekarar 2019, Abu Al-Nadi ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 19, inda ya fara 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko. Ya sami farawa na farko a karon farko na Notre Dame a nasarar bude kakar a Saint Louis . Ya gama kakar wasa tare da burin da taimako. Ya zira kwallaye na farko na aikinsa a 1:12 na farkon kakar, wanda aka daura don burin na biyu mafi sauri don buɗe wasan tun kakar 1995. Ya ba da taimako ga burin da ya ci nasara a wasan a nasarar 1-0 a kan Duke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 2020, ya buga wasanni 16, inda ya fara wasanni 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin yakin neman zabe na biyu. Ya kuma sami farawa a cikin biyar na Notre Dame mai tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 2021, Abu Al-Nadi ya koma Pittsburgh Panthers a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Pitt men's soccer signs eight newcomers, including five freshmen |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/pitt-mens-soccer-signs-eight-newcomers-including-five-freshmen/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccerwire.com |publisher=Soccer Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana a wasanni 15, ya fara a 14 daga cikinsu. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin All-ACC Academic Team a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya buga GPA na 3.48 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
      <sha1>22b6qtv5n6kh0t1nn6akdjwqdpy9sc8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963731</id>
      <parentid>963730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4655" sha1="0fh20kujzkk70q8djbv9mastzuh8853" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mohammad Abu Al-Nadi''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Selangor ta Malaysia Super League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Mo Abualnadi |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/players/mo-abualnadi/ |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Swope Park Rangers sign Sporting KC Academy trio Mo Abualnadi, Jake Davis and Sean Karani to Academy contracts |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/news/swope-park-rangers-sign-sporting-kc-academy-trio-mo-abualnadi-jake-davis-and-sea |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi |url=https://und.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |website=Notre Dame Fighting Irish - Official Athletics Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a Amurka, yana taka leda a tawagar kasar Jordan.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An kuma haifi Abu Al-Nadi a Overland Park, [[Kansas]], Amurka, inda ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Blue Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga futsal tun yana saurayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scavuzzo |first=Diane |date=23 July 2015 |title=U.S. YOUTH FUTSAL 2015 NATIONAL TEAMS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccertoday.com |publisher=SoccerToday |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901143056/https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wa kulob din shekara guda, Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai (ESI), na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya shiga makarantar Sporting Kansas City na tsawon shekaru abụọ yayin da yake makarantar sakandare. Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tawagar U19 ta Sporting KC zuwa iri na huɗu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar USSDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jami'a ==
Abu Al-Nadi ya buga shekaru biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, da kuma shekara guda a Pittsburgh Panthers.

A lokacin da ya fara zama a shekarar 2019, Abu Al-Nadi ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 19, inda kuma ya fara 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko. Ya sami farawa na farko a karon farko na Notre Dame a nasarar bude kakar a Saint Louis . Ya gama kakar wasa tare da burin da taimako. Ya zira kwallaye na farko na aikinsa a 1:12 na farkon kakar, wanda aka daura don burin na biyu mafi sauri don buɗe wasan tun kakar 1995. Ya ba da taimako ga burin da ya ci nasara a wasan a nasarar 1-0 a kan Duke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 2020, ya buga wasanni 16, inda ya fara wasanni 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin yakin neman zabe na biyu. Ya kuma sami farawa a cikin biyar na Notre Dame mai tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 2021, Abu Al-Nadi ya koma Pittsburgh Panthers a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Pitt men's soccer signs eight newcomers, including five freshmen |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/pitt-mens-soccer-signs-eight-newcomers-including-five-freshmen/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccerwire.com |publisher=Soccer Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana a wasanni 15, ya fara a 14 daga cikinsu. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin All-ACC Academic Team a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya buga GPA na 3.48 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
      <sha1>0fh20kujzkk70q8djbv9mastzuh8853</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963732</id>
      <parentid>963731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:47:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4664" sha1="tgx1ge1nnh4dpj0xdywqowjqw54ecv7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mohammad Abu Al-Nadi''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Selangor ta Malaysia Super League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Mo Abualnadi |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/players/mo-abualnadi/ |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=City |first=Sporting Kansas |title=Swope Park Rangers sign Sporting KC Academy trio Mo Abualnadi, Jake Davis and Sean Karani to Academy contracts |url=https://www.sportingkc.com/news/swope-park-rangers-sign-sporting-kc-academy-trio-mo-abualnadi-jake-davis-and-sea |website=Sporting Kansas City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi |url=https://und.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |website=Notre Dame Fighting Irish - Official Athletics Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a Amurka, yana taka leda a tawagar kasar Jordan.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An kuma haifi Abu Al-Nadi a Overland Park, [[Kansas]], Amurka, inda ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Blue Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga futsal tun yana saurayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scavuzzo |first=Diane |date=23 July 2015 |title=U.S. YOUTH FUTSAL 2015 NATIONAL TEAMS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccertoday.com |publisher=SoccerToday |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901143056/https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-youth-futsal-2015-national-teams-announced/?cn-reloaded=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wa kulob din shekara guda, Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai (ESI), na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya shiga makarantar Sporting Kansas City na tsawon shekaru abụọ yayin da yake makarantar sakandare. Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tawagar U19 ta Sporting KC zuwa iri na huɗu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar USSDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jami'a ==
Abu Al-Nadi ya buga shekaru biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, da kuma shekara guda a Pittsburgh Panthers.

A lokacin da ya fara zama a shekarar 2019, Abu Al-Nadi ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 19, inda kuma ya fara 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko. Ya sami farawa na farko a karon farko na Notre Dame a nasarar bude kakar a Saint Louis . Ya gama kakar wasa tare da burin da taimako. Ya zira kwallaye na farko na aikinsa a 1:12 na farkon kakar, wanda aka daura don burin na biyu mafi sauri don buɗe wasan tun kakar 1995. Ya ba da taimako ga burin da ya ci nasara a wasan a nasarar 1-0 a kan Duke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 2020, ya buga wasanni 16, inda ya fara wasanni 15 a matsayin mai tsaron gida a lokacin yakin neman zabe na biyu. Ya kuma sami farawa a cikin biyar na Notre Dame mai tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=fightingirish.com |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2021, Abu Al-Nadi ya koma Pittsburgh Panthers a matsayin ƙarami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Pitt men's soccer signs eight newcomers, including five freshmen |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/pitt-mens-soccer-signs-eight-newcomers-including-five-freshmen/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=soccerwire.com |publisher=Soccer Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana a wasanni 15, ya fara a 14 daga cikinsu. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin All-ACC Academic Team a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa, inda ya buga GPA na 3.48 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abualnadi - Bio |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/mohammad-abualnadi/12126 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=pittsburghpanthers.com |publisher=Pittsburgh Panthers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Fitri</title>
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      <comment>/* Yanayin ƙasa */</comment>
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'''Tafkin Fitri''' tafki ne mai zurfi a tsakiyar kasar [[Cadi|Chadi]], wanda ke cikin yankin [[Sahel]] kimanin kilomita 300 a gabashin [[Ndjamena|N&quot;Djamena]] . An sanya shi a matsayin Wetland na Muhimmancin Duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Girman tafkin na yau da kullun kusan {{Convert|50,000|ha}}, kodayake wannan zai iya ninka sau uku a cikin shekarun da suka fi danshi. Ruwan sama na yanayi da kwararar ruwa daga yankin magudanar ruwa da aka kiyasta ya kai {{Convert|70000|km2}} ke ciyar da shi.   . Babban abincin kogi shine Kogin Batha na yanayi wanda ke ɗaukar ruwa daga babban tafkin Ouaddai zuwa yamma. Kamar sauran tafkin Chadi, [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chad]], bai kai girman da yake da shi a da ba. Tafkin da aka saba da shi na dindindin na iya bushewa a lokacin fari mai tsanani, kamar wanda ya faru a farkon ƙarni na ashirin da kuma a Shekaran 1984-1985.

=== Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye ===
An sanya tafkin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan mutanen da ke da farin fuska da kuma murmushi, ducks, [[Kakira|garganeys]], Pintails na arewa, cranes masu baƙar fata, spoonbills na Afirka da squacco herons.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |title=Lake Fitri |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-fitri-iba-chad |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Lakefitrinasa.jpg|none|thumb|600x600px|Tafkin Fitri]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Micheal Faborode</title>
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'''Micheal Oladimeji Faborode''' (an haife shi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1956) shi dan Nigeriya ne Mai Kula da illimi kuma farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Noma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://m.dailytimes.com.ng/article/educationists-advocate-ppp-universities-infrastructural-financing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123921/http://m.dailytimes.com.ng/article/educationists-advocate-ppp-universities-infrastructural-financing |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2014-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University graduates not likely to be suicide bombers –Faborode |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114257/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Telegraph – Ex-VC seeks intervention for varsities' funding |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/ex-vc-seeks-intervention-for-varsities-funding/ |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131517/http://newtelegraphonline.com/ex-vc-seeks-intervention-for-varsities-funding/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISSUU - Dnw wednesday 01 01 2014 e version by Daily Newswatch |url=http://issuu.com/dailynwatch/docs/dnw_wednesday_01-01-2014-e-version/55 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Issuu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Faborode a Supare, wani gari a jihar Akoko Ondo, [[Najeriya]] ga zuri'ar marigayi Pa. S.O Faborode . Ya halarci makarantar firamare a St. John's, Oka-Akoko Ondo jihar Najeriya da kuma makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Victory, Ikare Akoko . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.sc) da Master of Science (M.sc) a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], sannan Jami'ar Ife. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) a [[Injinia.|Injiniya]] a Jami'ar Newcastle, [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Nigeria Academy of Engineering :: promoting excellence in technology and engineering training and practice to ensure the technological growth and economic development of Nigeria |url=http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=134 |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092807/http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=134 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
An nada Faborode a matsayin  mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo na 9, a watan Yulin shekarar 2006, bayan mulkin farfesa Rogers Makanjuola (VC, tsakanin shekarar 1999 da 2006).  Kafin a nada Faborode a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyoyi masu sana'a da yawa. Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin shugaban COREN, ƙungiyar injiniya a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.niaeuyo2013.com/index.php/79-featured-speaker?start=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121627/http://www.niaeuyo2013.com/index.php/79-featured-speaker?start=12 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2014-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faborode Oladimeji Michael |url=http://mepinetwork.org/2013speakers/item/1280-faborode-oladimeji-michael.html |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130355/http://mepinetwork.org/2013speakers/item/1280-faborode-oladimeji-michael.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi memba ne kuma ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwararru da yawa. Shi memba ne, Ƙungiyar Commonwealth Association of Nigeria, Ƙungiyar Kayan Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Biomathematics ta Najeriya da Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Aikin Gona ta Amirka. Shi ɗan  Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya ne, Ƙungiyar injiniyoyin aikin gona ta Najeriya (yanzu [https://niae.net/ Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Aikin Gona ta Najeriya]), [[Kwalejin Injiniya ta Najeriya]] kuma ɗan kungiyan ne wanda ake girmamawa, [[Nigerian Institute of Building|Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya]] (NIOB).

== Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka ==

* An ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta [http://niobnat.org.ng/ Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya] (NIOB) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awardee- Professor Faborode |url=http://www.atlgreatifealumni.org/proffaborode |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717153115/http://www.atlgreatifealumni.org/proffaborode |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE) a shekarar 1989
* [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/ Hukumar Jami'ar Kasa] (NUC) 40th Anniversary OAU distinguished Alumni Award
* [[Association of Professional Bodies of Nigeria|Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Najeriya]] Kyautar Kwararrun

== Zaɓuɓɓukan ayyukan da aka buga ==

* Aregbesola, O. A., Faborode, M. O., &amp; Ezeokoli, O. I. (2016). Kayan aikin injiniya na Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyxes. ''Injiniyan Noma na Duniya: CIGR Journal'', ''18'' (3), 225-232.
* Faborode, M. O. (1986). ''Halin matsawa da shakatawa na kayan aikin gona masu laushi'' (Rubuce-rubucen Dokta, Jami'ar Newcastle a kan Tyne).
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin sigogi na bushewa akan halaye na bushewa da ingancin garin cassava. ''Jaridar Afirka ta Kimiyya da Fasaha'', ''6'' (7), 185-193.
* Elime, A., Mpele, M., Ohandja, A., Jeremie, M., Rehman, A., Sarviya, R. M., ... &amp; Mandal, S. Biodegradation na Wasu Bioplastic Materials a karkashin Bambancin Nau'ikan Kasa don Amfani da Biodegradable Drip Tubes Abstract PDF.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Adefarasin</title>
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| name = Paul Adefarasin
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|1|25}}
| birth_place = Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai wa'azi
| spouse = Ifeanyi Adefarasin
| children = 3
| known_for = Wanda ya kafa House on the Rock Church da kuma shirya taron The Experience
}}

'''Paul Adeolu Adefarasin''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1963) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, mai wa'azi kuma wanda ya kafa cocin '''House on the Rock''', wata babbar coci mai rassa a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe na Afirka da Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Adefarasin at 60 – Encomiums for the ‘builder of nation builders’ |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/adefarasin-at-60-encomiums-for-the-builder-of-nation-builders/ |work=BusinessDay |date=2023-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mai shirya taron waƙoƙin bishara na shekara-shekara mai suna '''The Experience''', wanda ke haɗa mawakan bishara daga Najeriya da sauran sassan duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Convener – Paul Adefarasin |url=https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |website=The Experience Lagos |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602182407/https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |archive-date=2026-06-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Paul Adefarasin a Najeriya a shekarar 1963. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a St. Saviour's School da Igbobi College kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a ƙasashen waje. Daga baya ya yi karatun gine-gine (Architecture) a Jami'ar Miami da ke Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paul Adefarasin – Founder and Metropolitan Senior Pastor |url=https://theorg.com/org/house-on-the-rock/org-chart/paul-adefarasin |website=The Org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin addini ==
Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Adefarasin ya kafa cocin '''House on the Rock''' a shekarar 1994 a Legas. Cocin ta bunƙasa daga ƙaramin taro zuwa babbar ƙungiyar addini mai rassa da dama a Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=House on the Rock History |url=https://houseontherock.org.ng/home-for-all/about-us/ |website=House on the Rock |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420195111/https://houseontherock.org.ng/home-for-all/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na babban faston cocin, ya mayar da hankali kan koyarwar Kiristanci, jagoranci da ci gaban al'umma. Haka kuma ya kafa '''The Rock Foundation''', wata gidauniyar agaji da ke tallafawa harkokin lafiya, ilimi da taimakon al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why our education sector continues to nosedive – Adefarasin |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/04/why-our-education-sector-continues-to-nosedive-adefarasin/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2013-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Experience ==
A shekarar 2006, Adefarasin ya ƙaddamar da taron bishara na '''The Experience''', wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarukan waƙoƙin bishara mafi girma a duniya. Taron yana gudana a Legas kuma yana jawo dubban masu halarta daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Convener – Paul Adefarasin |url=https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |website=The Experience Lagos |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602182407/https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |archive-date=2026-06-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Paul Adefarasin ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan jagoranci, bangaskiya da ci gaban mutum. Daga cikin littattafansa akwai:
* ''Something Is About to Happen''
* ''Change Your World''
* ''The Call for a Performing Generation''
* ''Hope on the Go''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Convener – Paul Adefarasin |url=https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |website=The Experience Lagos |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602182407/https://theexperiencelagos.com/theexperience/theconvener/ |archive-date=2026-06-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Paul Adefarasin ya auri '''Ifeanyi Adefarasin''' a shekarar 1995. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku kuma suna aiki tare wajen jagorantar House on the Rock da ayyukan jinƙai na cocin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – House on the Rock |url=https://houseontherock.org.ng/home-for-all/about-us/ |website=House on the Rock |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420195111/https://houseontherock.org.ng/home-for-all/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://houseontherock.org.ng/ House on the Rock]
* [https://theexperiencelagos.com/ The Experience Lagos]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adefarasin, Paul}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian Pentecostal pastors]]
[[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:People from Lagos]]</text>
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    <title>Oxana Vouillamoz</title>
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'''Oxana Vouillamoz''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2004) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Switzerland wacce a halin yanzu ke gasa da Tom Bouvart . Tare, sun kasance zakarun kasa na Switzerland sau biyu (2025-26), masu lambar tagulla ta CS Golden Spin na Zagreb na 2025, da kuma masu lambar zinare na NRW Trophy na 2024.

Tare da tsohon abokin aikinta, Flavien Giniaux, ta yi gasa don [[Faransa]]. Tare, sun kasance zakarun kasa na Faransa sau biyu (2023-24) kuma sun kasance na biyar a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi Oxana Vouillamoz a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2004 a Sion, Switzerland,  ga Doris da Stéphane Vouillamuz.  Ta yi karatu a Collège des Creusets a Sion . 

== Ayyuka ==
Yayinda yake yaro, Vouillamoz ya horar da shi a Martigny. Bayan kakar 2015-16, ta zama memba na CP Sion .  A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, ta fara horo a Champéry, wanda Stéphane Lambiel, Robert Dierking, da Anna Dierking suka horar da shi.

A ƙarshen 2019, Bruno Massot ya ba da shawarar cewa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da Flavien Giniaux na Faransa; ta yarda kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Massot a Tissot Arena a Bienne a watan Agusta 2020.  Vouillamoz / Giniaux sun horar amma ba su yi gasa a kakar wasa ta farko tare ba.

=== Haɗin gwiwa tare da Flavien Giniaux ===

==== Lokacin 2021-22: Farko na Vouillamox / Giniaux don Faransa ====
A kakar 2021-22, Vouillamoz / Giniaux ya koma tare da Massot zuwa [[Caen]] kuma ya yanke shawarar yin tsere don Faransa. Su biyu sun fara gasar farko a farkon watan Satumba, inda suka kasance na goma a taron ISU Junior Grand Prix na 2021-22 a Košice, Slovakia. Bayan sun lashe lambobin yabo a wasu ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa, sun lashe lambar yabo ta kasa ta Faransa.

A watan Afrilu, Vouillamoz / Giniaux sun kammala na goma a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022 a [[Tallinn]], Estonia. 

==== Shekarar 2022-23: Babban na farko na kasa da kasa ====
Tun daga kakar wasansu a gasar tseren manyan 'yan wasa ta ISU ta 2022–23, Vouillamoz/Giniaux ta zo ta biyar a Jamhuriyar Czech kuma ta huɗu a Poland. Sun fara buga gasar manyan 'yan wasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a watan Oktoba, inda suka lashe tagulla a gasar Trophée Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur. Daga nan suka fara shiga gasar Challenger, inda suka kare a matsayi na takwas a gasar cin kofin CS Warsaw ta 2022. Vouillamoz/Giniaux ta lashe gasar ƙananan 'yan wasa ta Faransa ta biyu a jere, sannan ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar manyan 'yan wasa ta ƙasa.

A taron ƙarami na karshe, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a [[Calgary]], Vouillamoz / Giniaux sun kammala na biyu a cikin gajeren shirin, sun kafa sabon mafi kyawun mutum kuma sun lashe ƙaramin lambar azurfa. Giniaux ya kira sakamakon &quot;mai ban mamaki. Mun yi aiki tuƙuru. Muna da babbar ƙungiya a Caen, tare da kocinmu, Oxana, ma'aikatanmu muka yi aiki tare, kuma muna jin daɗin kowace rana koda kuwa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta. &quot;  Sun yi gwagwarmaya a cikin kyauta kyauta, na shida a wannan ɓangaren kuma sun sauka zuwa na biyar gaba ɗaya, sun gama maki 5.80 a bayan masu lambar tagulla Sierova / Khobta na Ukraine. 

Vouillamoz / Giniaux sun fara buga gasar zakarun duniya a 2023 a Saitama. Sun cancanci tseren kyauta kuma sun kasance na goma sha biyar gabaɗaya.

==== 2023-24 kakar: Ƙarshen Vouillamox / Giniaux ====
Vouillamoz / Giniaux sun lashe zinare a Trophée Métropole Nice, kafin a gayyace su don yin Grand Prix na farko a 2023 Grand Prix de France . Sun zo na bakwai.

A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, Giniaux ta ba da sanarwar cewa Vouillamoz ta kawo karshen haɗin gwiwar su.

=== Haɗin gwiwa tare da Tom Bouvart ===

==== Shekarar 2024-25: Farkon Vouillamoz / Bouvart na Switzerland ====
[[Fayil:Oxana_Vouillamoz_&amp;_Tom_Bouvart_2025_Worlds_Short_Program_00.jpg|left|thumb|Vouillamoz da Bouvart a cikin matsayi na farko don gajeren shirin su a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025]]
A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2024, Swiss Ice Skating ta buga jerin manyan 'yan wasanta na ƙasashen duniya a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ta lissafa Vouillamoz tare da Tom Bouvart, ɗan ƙasar Faransa, wanda ke nuna cewa za su yi wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara don Switzerland. Daga baya aka sanar da cewa za su yi horo a Paris a ƙarƙashin koci Claude Péri da Lola Esbrat.&lt;ref name=&quot;vou-bou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2024 |title=Cadre International 2024-25 |url=https://www.swissiceskating.ch/_default_upload_bucket/cadre-national-2024-25_1.pdf |publisher=Swiss Ice Skating |access-date=June 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424171301/https://www.swissiceskating.ch/_default_upload_bucket/cadre-national-2024-25_1.pdf |archive-date=April 24, 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ma'aurata sun fara fitowa a ƙarshen Nuwamba a Gasar NRW ta 2024, inda suka lashe lambar zinare. A taron, sun sami mafi ƙarancin ƙididdigar fasaha da ake buƙata don yin gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minimum Technical Scores for 2025 ISU Championships |url=https://www.soyouwanttowatchfs.com/blog/minimum-technical-scores-for-2025-isu-championships |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=So You Want To Watch Figure Skating}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za su bi wannan ta hanyar kammala ta huɗu a gasar cin kofin CS Warsaw ta 2024. 

A watan Disamba, ma'aurata za su lashe zinare a Gasar Zakarun Switzerland ta 2025.  A watan da ya biyo baya, Vouillamoz / Bouvart sun yi gasa a matakin ƙarami a 2025 Bavarian Open, inda suka lashe lambar azurfa. Bayan mako guda, ma'aurata sun fafata a Gasar Turai ta 2025 a [[Tallinn]], Estonia, inda suka kasance na goma sha uku.

Zuwa karshen watan Fabrairu, Vouillamoz / Bouvart sun fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 a Debrecen, Hungary . Sun sanya na shida a cikin gajeren shirin kuma na huɗu a cikin kyauta kyauta, sun gama a matsayi na huɗu gaba ɗaya. Ma'aurata sun kasance kasa da maki biyu daga filin wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 World Jr Championships - Pairs Final Result |url=https://skatingscores.com/2425/wjc/jr/pairs/results/ |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Skating Scores |publisher=Skating Scores |archive-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405195111/https://skatingscores.com/2425/wjc/jr/pairs/results/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan taron, Vouillamoz ya ce, &quot;Muna farin ciki sosai da wannan aikin [free skate]. Har yanzu muna da sabuwar ƙungiya, don haka a gare mu, kowane gasa game da samun ƙwarewa ne. Tabbas, da fatan za mu iya yin mafi kyau, koyaushe akwai damar girma, amma gabaɗaya, mun gamsu da abin da muka yi a yau. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oxana Vouillamoz / Tom Bouvart 🇨🇭 98.43 / 153.25 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGqqmmmuj3a/ |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Instagram |publisher=Golden Skate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaba da yin gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], Amurka, ma'aurata sun zo a matsayi na ashirin.

==== Lokacin 2025-26 ====
[[Fayil:Compete_in_the_pairs_short_program_at_the_2025_Skate_Canada_International_at_the_SaskTel_Center_in_Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan,_Canada.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Vouillamoz da Bouvart suna yin mutuwar mutuwa a lokacin gajeren shirin su a 2025 Skate Canada International]]
Vouillamoz / Bouvart sun bude kakar ta hanyar kammala ta tara a 2025 CS Nebelhorn Trophy kuma sun lashe zinare a 2025 Swiss Open . Daga nan sai suka ci gaba da yin Grand Prix na farko a 2025 Skate Canada International, inda suka gama a matsayi na bakwai.

A watan Disamba, 'yan wasan biyu sun lashe lambar tagulla a gasar CS Golden Spin ta Zagreb ta 2025 kafin su lashe gasar kasa ta biyu a gasar Swiss Championships ta 2026. A watan da ya biyo baya, Vouillamoz/Bouvart sun fafata a gasar Turai ta 2026 a Sheffield, Ingila, United Kingdom, inda suka zira kwallaye mafi kyau a gasar free skate da kuma jimillar maki, inda suka kare a matsayi na biyar. &quot;Muna jin dadi kwarai da gaske,&quot; in ji Bouvart bayan sun yi free skate. &quot;Mun yi abin da muke so mu yi kuma ina matukar farin cikin yin hakan a nan a gasar Turai. Babban abin kwarin gwiwa ne ga makomar.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oxana VOUILLAMOZ / Tom BOUVART 🇨🇭 120.53 / 183.31 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DTjEEQyjFwp/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=Instagram |publisher=Golden Skate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da Tom Bouvart (don Switzerland) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Lokacin
!Gajeren shirin
!Gudun daji kyauta
|-
!2025–2026  &lt;br /&gt;
|
* Yarinyar Laberiya
* Ka tuna lokacin
* Mai aikata laifuka mai laushi na Michael Jackson. Mahil Chantelauze ne ya rubuta&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[Michael Jackson]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Mahil Chantelauze}}
|
* Clubbed to Death (Epic Version) (daga The Matrix) na Rob Dougan choreo. John Zimmerman da Silvia Fontana suka rubuta&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|(from ''[[The Matrix]]'')&lt;br /&gt;by [[Rob Dougan]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by [[John Zimmerman (figure skater)|John Zimmerman]], [[Silvia Fontana]]}}
|-
!2024–2025  &lt;br /&gt;
|
* ''Abin rufe fuska''
** Wannan Kasuwancin Ƙauna {{Small|by [[Domino (rapper)|Domino]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
** Hey Pachuco ta Royal Crown Revue choreo. by Mérovée Ephrem, Laurent Porteret&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[Royal Crown Revue]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Mérovée Ephrem, Laurent Porteret}}
|
* ''Diamond na jini''
** Tsallaka gadar
** Harin Ƙauyen
** Solomon Vandy na James Newton Howard choreo . by Mérovée Ephrem, Laurent Porteret&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[James Newton Howard]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Mérovée Ephrem, Laurent Porteret}}
|}

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da Flavien Giniaux (don Faransa) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Lokacin
!Gajeren shirin
!Gudun daji kyauta
|-
!2023–2024  &lt;br /&gt;
|
* Ƙarfin Haevn choreo. Karine Arribert, Pierre-Loup Bouquet&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[Haevn]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Karine Arribert, [[Pierre-Loup Bouquet]]}}
|
* Valhalla Kira ta hanyar Mu'ujiza ta Sauti. Karine Arribert, Pierre-Loup Bouquet&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[Miracle of Sound]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Karine Arribert, [[Pierre-Loup Bouquet]]}}
|-
!2022–2023  &lt;br /&gt;
|
* A ciki ta Chris Avantgarde, Red Rosamond wanda Maxime Rodriguez ya shirya. na Bruno Massot, Pierre-Loup Bouquet&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by Chris Avantgarde, Red Rosamond &lt;br&gt; arranged by [[Maxime Rodriguez]] &lt;br&gt; choreo. by [[Bruno Massot]], [[Pierre-Loup Bouquet]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
* Tsakanin Wadannan Hannun Asaf Avidan wanda Maxime Rodriguez ya shirya. na Bruno Massot, Pierre-Loup Bouquet&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by [[Asaf Avidan]] &lt;br&gt; arranged by Maxime Rodriguez &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Bruno Massot, Pierre-Loup Bouquet}}
|-
!2021–2022  &lt;br /&gt;
|
* Maza Ya Kamata Ba su taɓa Faɗuwa cikin Soyayya ta Grandgeorge wanda Maxime Rodriguez ya shirya. na Bruno Massot, Pierre-Loup Bouquet&lt;br /&gt;{{Small|by Grandgeorge &lt;br&gt; arranged by Maxime Rodriguez &lt;br&gt; choreo. by Bruno Massot, Pierre-Loup Bouquet}}
|}

== Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a gasar ==
{{smalldiv|*GP – Event of the [[ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating|ISU Grand Prix Series]]
*JGP – Event of the [[ISU Junior Grand Prix|ISU Junior Grand Prix Series]]
*CS – Event of the [[ISU Challenger Series]]
*TBD – Assigned
*WD – Withdrew from competition}}

=== Yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da Tom Bouvart (don Switzerland) ===
{{Figure skating competitive highlights|{{FS placements|2|[[World Figure Skating Championships|World Championships]]|p1=20th|p2=10th}}|{{FS placements|2|{{nowrap|[[European Figure Skating Championships|European Championships]]}}|p1=13th|p2=5th}}|{{FS placements|2|[[Swiss Figure Skating Championships|Swiss Championships]]|p1=1st|p2=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|GP}} [[Skate Canada International|Skate Canada]]|p2=7th}}|{{FS placements|2|{{nowrap|{{small|CS}} [[Golden Spin of Zagreb]]}}|p2=3rd}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|CS}} [[Nebelhorn Trophy]]|p2=9th}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|CS}} [[Warsaw Cup]]|p1=4th}}|{{FS placements|2|[[NRW Trophy]]|p1=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|Swiss Open|p2=1st}}|level=senior|ref={{r|SS-OVTB}}|season1=2024–25|season2=2025–26}}{{Figure skating competitive highlights|{{FS placements|1|{{nowrap|[[World Junior Figure Skating Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}|p1=4th}}|{{FS placements|1|[[Bavarian Open]]|p1=2nd}}|level=junior|ref={{r|SS-OVTB}}|season1=2024–25}}{{Figure skating competitive highlights|{{FS placements|2|{{nowrap|[[World Junior Figure Skating Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}|p1=10th|p2=5th}}|{{FS placements|2|[[French Figure Skating Championships|French Championships]]|p1=1st|p2=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]|p2=5th}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland|Poland]]|p2=4th}}|{{FS placements|2|{{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Slovakia|Slovakia]]|p1=10th}}|{{FS placements|2|[[Ice Challenge]]|p1=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|[[Master's de Patinage]]|p1=1st|p2=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|[[Trophée Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur|Trophée Métropole Nice]]|p1=1st}}|{{FS placements|2|[[Winter Star]]|p1=3rd}}|level=junior|ref={{r|SS-OVFG}}{{r|ISU-OVFG}}|season1=2022–23|season2=2023–24}}

==== Babban matakin ====
{{Figure skating detailed results|Nov 11–17, 2024|{{flagicon|GER}} [[NRW Trophy|2024 NRW Trophy]]|1|60.96|1|109.35|1|170.31|Nov 20–24, 2024|{{flagicon|POL}} [[2024 CS Warsaw Cup]]|3|58.60|5|111.49|4|170.51|Dec 13–15, 2024|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Swiss Figure Skating Championships|2025 Swiss Championships]]|1|54.21|1|96.55|1|150.76|Jan 28 – Feb 2, 2025|{{flagicon|EST}} [[2025 European Figure Skating Championships|2025 European Championships]]|13|54.62|12|102.99|13|157.61|Mar 25–30, 2025|{{flagicon|USA}} [[2025 World Figure Skating Championships|2025 World Championships]]|18|56.57|19|99.17|20|155.74|season=2024–25|ref={{r|SS-OVTB}}}}{{Figure skating detailed results|Sep 25–27, 2025|{{flagicon|GER}} [[2025 CS Nebelhorn Trophy]]|5|'''65.85'''|9|113.95|9|179.80|Oct 23–26, 2025|{{flagicon|SUI}} 2025 Swiss Open|2|60.50|1|111.85|1|172.35|Oct 31 – Nov 2, 2025|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2025 Skate Canada International]]|5|61.54|7|104.40|7|165.94|Dec 3–6, 2025|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[2025 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb]]|2|64.36|4|113.25|3|177.61|Dec 19–21, 2025|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Swiss Figure Skating Championships|2026 Swiss Championships]]|1|58.42|1|120.61|1|179.03|Jan 13–18, 2026|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[2026 European Figure Skating Championships|2026 European Championships]]|6|62.78|5|120.53|5|183.31|Mar 24–29, 2026|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[2026 World Figure Skating Championships|2026 World Championships]]|16|60.12|8|'''124.44'''|10|'''184.56'''|season=2025–26|ref={{r|SS-OVTB}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
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[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Patrick Ouotro</title>
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'''Vignon Mathieu Patrick Ouotro''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2005), wanda aka fi sani da '''Patrick Ouotro''', ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa Ligue 2 Nancy .

Ouotro ya fara buga wa Ivory Coast Ligue 1 wasa tare da LYS Sassandra a kakar wasa ta 2022–23 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-27 |title=Football : Ouotro Patrick, le garçon de 17 ans qui illumine la Ligue 1 – ami-sportif.com |url=https://www.ami-sportif.com/2023/02/27/football-ouotro-patrick-le-garcon-de-17-ans-qui-illumine-la-ligue-1/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da shekaru 17, ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a raga da kwallaye tara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Meilleurs buteurs : Béranger Diby finit en tête |url=https://www.sport-ivoire.ci/football-ligue-1/meilleurs-buteurs-b%C3%A9ranger-diby-finit-en-t%C3%AAte |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Sport-ivoire.ci |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;bayyanuwar&quot; gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a matsayin Dan Wasan Wata a watan Nuwamba na 2022 kuma Matashin Dan Wasan Kakar a karshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Patrick Ouotro est strasbourgeois |url=https://www.sport-ivoire.ci/football-transferts/patrick-ouotro-est-strasbourgeois |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Sport-ivoire.ci |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101224120/https://www.sport-ivoire.ci/football-transferts/patrick-ouotro-est-strasbourgeois |archive-date=2025-01-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Janairu 2024, Ouotro ya rattaba hannu a kulob din [[Ligue 1]] na Faransa Strasbourg har zuwa Yuni 2028, da farko ya shiga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan kungiyar .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transferts : L'attaquant ivoirien Patrick Ouotro signe à Strasbourg jusqu'en juin 2028 |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-attaquant-ivoirien-patrick-ouotro-signe-a-strasbourg-jusqu-en-juin-2028/1441752 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Ligue 1. Racing : l’attaquant ivoirien Patrick Ouotro s’engage comme prévu jusqu’en 2028 |url=https://www.dna.fr/sport/2024/01/12/racing-l-attaquant-ivoirien-patrick-ouotro-s-engage-comme-prevu-jusqu-en-2028 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.dna.fr |language=FR-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya buga wa kulob din wasa, an kira shi don yin atisaye a karon farko a watan Maris na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Racing : grande première pour Patrick Ouotro (18 ans) avec les pros à l&amp;rsquo;entraînement |url=https://www.alsasports.fr/football/rc-strasbourg/actualites/racing-le-jeune-patrick-ouotro-18-ans-avec-les-pros-a-lentrainement/66574/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Alsa'Sports |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2024, Ouotro ya fara buga wasa a Ligue 1 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka yi da Lyon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Patrick Ouotro on loan to Martigues |url=https://www.rcstrasbourgalsace.fr/en/patrick-ouotro-on-loan-to-martigues/ |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=RC Strasbourg Alsace}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2024, an ba shi aro ga kulob din Ligue 2 Martigues na kakar wasa ta 2024–25 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transferts : Patrick Ouotro quitte Strasbourg pour partir en prêt à Martigues |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Patrick-ouotro-quitte-strasbourg-pour-partir-en-pret-a-martigues/1501273 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Le RC Strasbourg s'apprête à rappeler Patrick Ouotro |url=https://www.sport-ivoire.ci/football-transferts/le-rc-strasbourg-sappr%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-rappeler-patrick-ouotro |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Sport-ivoire.ci |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231074752/http://www.sport-ivoire.ci/football-transferts/le-rc-strasbourg-sappr%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-rappeler-patrick-ouotro |archive-date=2024-12-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da rancen a farkon Janairu 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transfer News: RC Strasbourg Considering Terminating Patrick Ouotro's Loan - Foot Sur 7 |url=https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/football/2181316-transfer-news-rc-strasbourg-considering-terminating-patrick-ouotro-s-loan-foot-sur-7 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.footboom1.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101224121/https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/football/2181316-transfer-news-rc-strasbourg-considering-terminating-patrick-ouotro-s-loan-foot-sur-7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ali Abdallah est de retour à Strasbourg, Delpech est jugé au Mans |url=https://news.dayfr.com/article |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=news.dayfr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Ouotro ya koma Seraing a gasar Challenger Pro League ta biyu a Belgium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Patrick Ouotro arrive en prêt du Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace |trans-title=Patrick Ouotro arrives on loan from Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace |url=https://www.rfc-seraing.be/patrick-ouotro-arrive-en-pret-du-racing-club-de-strasbourg-alsace/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=R.F.C. Seraing |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2025, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar ƙungiyar Ligue 2 Nancy, wacce ta samu ci gaba, a kan kwangilar shekaru huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Patrick Ouotro est nancéien |url=https://www.asnl.net/58/actualites/actualites/fiche/30298 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.asnl.net |language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ouotro ya shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2022, inda ya zira kwallo daya a wasanni hudu yayin da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] ta sha kashi a wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{NFT player|89952}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gasar Maurice Revello ta 2024, Ouotro ya jagoranci 'yan wasan Ivory Coast 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 zuwa matsayi na biyu, inda ya ba da kwallaye hudu ciki har da biyu a wasan karshe da Ukraine 'yan kasa da shekaru 23. Ya sami matsayi na MVP na karshe, dan wasa na uku mafi kyau a gasar, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; da kuma matsayi a cikin kungiyar gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=L'équipe type du tournoi Maurice Revello 2024 |url=https://www.tournoimauricerevello.com/en/festival/detail_actualite.php?id=6115 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.festival-foot-espoirs.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|1 July 2025}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin ƙasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| Strasbourg B
| 2023–24
| Championnat National 3
| 10
| 2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 10
| 2
|-
| Strasbourg
| 2023–24
| [[Ligue 1|Gasar Lig 1]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 1
| 0
|-
| Lamuni ( Martigues )
| 2024–25
| Ligue 2
| 13
| 0
| 2
| 1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 15
| 1
|-
| Lamuni (rance)
| 2024–25
| Gasar Challenger Pro
| 8
| 2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 8
| 2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 32
! 4
! 2
! 1
! 0
! 0
! 34
! 5
|}

== Daraja ==
'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan ƙasa da shekara 20 na ƙasar Ivory Coast'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar Maurice Revello : 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|id=patrick-mathieu-vignon-ouotro/887546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Ɗan wasan wata na Ligue 1 (Ivory Coast) : Nuwamba 2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Matashin Ɗan Wasan Kakar Ligue 1 (Ivory Coast): 2022–23 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* Gasar Maurice Revello: Ɗan wasa na uku mafi kyau: 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
* Gasar Maurice Revello Ƙungiyar Gasar: 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charles Boli</title>
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'''Charles Boli''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kungiyar Araz-Naxçıvan ta Azerbaijan Premier League .

==Sana'a==
A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2019, Boli ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko da Lens.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/article/lens-premier-contrat-pro-pour-charles-boli.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a Lens a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2019, a wasan Coupe de la Ligue, inda Lens ta doke Troyes da ci 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/13/france/coupe-de-la-ligue/esperance-sportive-troyes-aube-champagne/racing-club-de-lens/3082714/&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairu 2020, ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi na shekaru huɗu da Lens.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/scottish-premiership/latest-premiership-news/meet-dundee-born-footballer-who-tearing-ligue-2-france-and-has-just-been-handed-bumper-new-deal-lens-1397310&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairu 2021, ya koma Paris FC a matsayin aro.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-charles-boli-prete-par-lens-au-paris-fc-l2/1211402&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2022, ya koma Vicenza ta Italiya a matsayin aro, domin buga gasar Serie B.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lrvicenza.net/ufficiale-dal-rc-lens-arriva-in-biancorosso-charles-boli/&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta 2022, Boli ya koma ƙungiyar Pau, wadda ke buga Ligue 2, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.larepubliquedespyrenees.fr/sport/football/football-pau-fc-charles-boli-nouvelle-recrue-11853257.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwar mutum==
Boli ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire, Roger Boli, ne. Shi kuma ɗan ƙanin fitaccen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa, Basile Boli, ne, sannan ɗan uwansa shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Côte d’Ivoire Yannick Boli.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/464896/article/2018-10-08/charles-boli-aimerait-tant-que-son-pere-le-voit-jouer-bollaert&lt;/ref&gt; ’Yan’uwan Boli, Kévin Boli da Yohan Boli, su ma ƙwararrun ’yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, kuma sun taɓa wakiltar ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://footdavant.fr/roger-boli-je-noublierai-jamais-les-supporters-de-lens/&lt;/ref&gt; An haifi Boli a Dundee, a lokacin da mahaifinsa ke buga wa ƙungiyar Dundee United wasa.

==Kididdigar sana'ar wasansa==
===Club===
{{updated|10 August 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/charles-boli/480351/ |title=France - C. Boli - Profile with news, career statistics and history |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=October 2024|reason=These stats don't seem to match what's published at soccerway}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|National cup
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League cup
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Europe
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Other
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[RC Lens|Lens]]
|[[2018–19 RC Lens season|2018–19]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ligue 2]]
|0||0||1||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1||0
|-
|[[2019–20 RC Lens season|2019–20]]
|10||0||1||0||3||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||14||0
|-
|[[2021–22 RC Lens season|2021–22]]
|[[Ligue 1]]
|4||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||4||0
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!14!!0!!2!!0!!3!!0!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!19!!0
|-
|[[Paris FC]] (loan)
|[[2020–21 Ligue 2|2020–21]]
|Ligue 2
|11||2||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||13||2
|-
|[[L.R. Vicenza|Vicenza]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 Serie B|2021–22]]
|[[Serie B]]
|12||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12||0
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Pau FC|Pau]]
|[[2022–23 Ligue 2|2022–23]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ligue 2
|28||1||4||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||32||1
|-
|[[2023–24 Ligue 2|2023–24]]
|26||3||3||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||29||3
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!54!!4!!7!!0!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—!!61!!4
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career total
!91!!6!!11!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!105!!6
|}

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="1665" sha1="92th8odspl4r632ntmv5iqdonz15ygn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A cikin aikin noma, monoculture shine aikin shuka nau'in amfanin gona guda ɗaya a filin a lokaci guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/57201/1/IJTK%2020%282%29%20479-485.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317100754/https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/57201/1/IJTK%2020%282%29%20479-485.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monocultures suna kara sauƙi da inganci a shuka, sarrafawa, da girbi amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sau da yawa tare da taimakon injuna. Koyaya, monocultures sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka ko barkewar annoba na dogon lokaci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1747 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2024-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204122810/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1747/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda raguwar halittu da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki.&lt;ref&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoac.12402&lt;/ref&gt; Za'a iya ƙara bambancin amfanin gona a lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da juyawa ko jerin amfanin gona, ko a sararin samaniya, tare da polyculture ko intercropping. An haɗa ayyukan monoculture ta hanyoyi da yawa don yin mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam daga hangen nesa na Lafiya ɗaya. Wadannan alaƙa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga lalacewar muhalli ba, karuwar annoba da barkewar cututtuka, mafi yawan amfani da magunguna / herbicide, da raguwa a cikin bambancin abinci (wanda ke da alaƙa da nauyin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci ciki har da cututtukani na zuciya da ciwon sukari).
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Michael Teye Nyuanu</title>
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'''Michael Nyuanu Teye''' (An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Watan Yuni, 1955) ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki ta biyu, ta uku da ta huɗu ta Jamhuriyar ta huɗu don mazabar Lower Manya a Yankin Gabashin Ghana, An kuma san shi a MTN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adjorlolo |first=Ruth Abla |title=Teye Nyaunu seeks a return into NDC |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.6599643 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Gbc Ghana. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Teye Nyaunu Was Taught A Bitter Electoral Lesson By Delegates, Gen Mosquito |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90839.php |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Peace FM Online |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216131206/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90839.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=Demo hits Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/demo-hits-michael-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=MyJoyOnline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Teye Nyaunu stages comeback for Lower Manya Krobo seat |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/teye-nyaunu-stages-comeback-for-lower-manya-krobo-seat/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Starrfmonline |date=2017-08-09 |title=Sawyerr's attacks on Amidu disappointing – Teye Nyaunu |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/08/sawyerrs-attacks-on-amidu-disappointing-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Starr Fm |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127045525/https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/08/sawyerrs-attacks-on-amidu-disappointing-teye-nyaunu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwarsa==
Nyuanu Teye yayi aure tare da 'ya'ya huɗu. Shi [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] ne mai kwazo kuma yana da zumunci a matsayin Baptist.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Ghana Members of Parliament Website |url=http://ghanamps.com/home/ |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Ghana MPs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Nyaunu Teye a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1955 a Manya Kpogunor a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] Ghana .

Ya halarci [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana]] (GIMPA) kuma yana da takardar shaidar digiri a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2001. Ya kuma sami Babban Jagora a Gudanarwa da Jagora daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana|GIMPA]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ghana&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shi jami'in lissafi ne ta hanyar sana'a [yana buƙatar bayani] kuma yana da kasuwancin sufuri (mai aiki da kansa). &lt;ref name=&quot;ghana&quot;/&gt;  Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] . 

== Siyasa ==
A shekarar 1996, an fara zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisa, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 24,763 daga cikin ƙuri’u 30,963 da aka kaɗa kuma aka inganta, wanda ya kai kashi 59.50% na ƙuri’un da aka samu. Ya kayar da abokan hamayyarsa, wato Kodjiku Lawerence Kpabitey, ɗan jam’iyyar NPP; Robert Kwesi Nartey, ɗan jam’iyyar PNC; Samuel Terlabie, ɗan jam’iyyar CPP; da John Tetteh Akuerter, ɗan jam’iyyar EGLE, waɗanda suka samu ƙuri’u 5,718, 482, 0, da 0, bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Lower Manya Krobo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/eastern/99/index.php |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609065455/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/eastern/99/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabe shi a kan tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya lashe mafi rinjaye na kuri'u 4,697 fiye da dan takarar da ya fi kusa a cikin tseren, don lashe zaben mazabar don zama dan majalisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Results Parliamentary Elections |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=GhanaWeb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033152/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php |archive-date=2020-10-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci nasara ta hanyar samun 53.00%. Ya yi takara tare da wasu 'yan takara hudu daga New Patriotic Party (NPP), Convention People's Party (CPP), National Reform Party (NRP), da People's National Convention (PNC). Henry Derma Narh na NPP ya samu kuri'u 9,291. Wakilin CPP Mista Accam ya fito na uku tare da jimlar kuri'u 1,600. Thomas Narh Batsa na NRP ya kai 1,062 kuma Robert Nartey na PNC yana da kuri'u 361. Zaɓuɓɓukan su sun yi daidai da 35.50%, 6.10%, 4.10% da 1.40% bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Parliament: Eastern Region |url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/eastern/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101004626/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/eastern/ |archive-date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Peace FM Online |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na majalisa ta 2 ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 (1997). &lt;ref name=&quot;ghana&quot;/&gt;

A cikin Zaben 2004, Ya samu kuri'u 18,571 daga cikin kuri'u 35,248 da aka jefa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 52.70% a kan abokan hamayyarsa Mrs Difie Agyarko Kusi memba na NPP, Anim Amartey Francis Cecil memba na IND, Emmanuel Kwame Adjei Okrah memba na CPP, Robert Nartey Kwesi memba na PNC da Cecilia Kosi Akuerter memba na EGLE wanda ya samu kuri'a 15,228, kuri'u 704, kuri'u 286, kuri'u 238 da kuri'u 221 bi da bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Lower Manya Krobo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/99/index.php |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217143951/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/99/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tsohuwar ƙungiyar kamfen din mataimakin shugaban kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-26 |title=Krobos cannot trust NPP - Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Krobos-cannot-trust-NPP-Michael-Teye-Nyaunu-472522 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NDC ta dakatar da shi a mazabar Lower Manya Krobo saboda rashin adalci tare da wasu mambobi uku na jam'iyya a mazabar. Ya kuma yi takara a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kansa a zaben 2012 bayan ya rasa memba na NDC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=Lower Manya NDC suspends Teye Nyaunu |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/lower-manya-ndc-suspends-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218051318/https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/lower-manya-ndc-suspends-teye-nyaunu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Demo hits Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/331375/demo-hits-michael-teye-nyaunu.html |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=NDC Sacks Teye Nyaunu |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ndc-sacks-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]</text>
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    <title>Operation Unified Assistance</title>
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[[Fayil:Meulaboh_Hovercraft_050110-N-7586B-120.jpg|thumb|LCAC daga Bonhomme Richard yana isar da kayayyaki zuwa Meulaboh, Indonesia]]
'''Operation Unified Assistance''' shi ne martanin agajin jin ƙai na sojojin Amurka ga girgizar ƙasa da tsunami da suka afku a Tekun Indiya a shekarar 2004. A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2004, an tura wasu daga cikin rundunar Combined Support Force zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na U-Tapao da ke [[Tailan|Thailand]]. Sama da ma’aikatan Ma’aikatar Tsaron Amurka 12,600 ne suka shiga cikin aikin agajin.

== Tarihi ==
Amurka ta tura jiragen dakon kaya masu nisan zango na C-5 da C-17 da dama, da kuma jiragen dakon kaya na ayyukan cikin gida na C-130 Hercules guda 10, ɗauke da kayayyakin agaji na bala’i. Haka kuma, ta tura jiragen sintiri na teku na P-3C Orion guda 9 domin tallafa wa ayyukan bincike da ceto, tare da ƙungiyoyi da dama daga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka domin daidaita ƙarin tallafi daga U-Tapao Naval Air Base da ke Thailand.

An tura Carrier Strike Group 9 zuwa gabar tekun Sumatra domin ba da tallafi ga lardin Aceh na Indonesia. Jirgin USS Abraham Lincoln ne ya jagoranci rundunar, tare da tallafin USS Shiloh, USS Shoup, USS Benfold, da USNS Rainier.

An tura wani Expeditionary Strike Group, wanda jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi USS Bonhomme Richard ya jagoranta, domin bayar da agaji. An shirya wannan runduna ne tun da farko domin tsayawa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Guam, amma aka karkatar da ita zuwa aikin agajin. Jimillar jirage masu saukar ungulu 48 na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa da na Marines ne suka shiga aikin. Kowanne daga cikin jiragen ruwan rundunar yana iya samar da kusan galan 90,000 na Amurka na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace rana.

Sauran jiragen ruwan da ke cikin rundunar sun haɗa da jirgin dakon sojoji mai saukar da jiragen ruwa USS Duluth, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Milius, jirgin saukar da kayan aiki da sojoji USS Rushmore, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Thach, jirgin ruwa mai amfani da makamashin nukiliya USS Pasadena, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Bunker Hill, da kuma jirgin tsaron gabar teku Douglas Munro.
[[Fayil:Kadena_HH-60G_at_Sri_Lanka.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan agaji na Sri Lanka suna sauke kayan lambu]]
Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Amurka ta kuma tura Mercy, wani babban jirgin asibiti mai gadaje 1,000, wanda da farko aka tanade ma’aikatansa domin kula da marasa lafiya 250. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da wasu jiragen ruwa na kayan aiki, kamar jiragen dakon kayan yaƙi San Jose da Niagara Falls..

A watan Janairun 2005, jiragen ruwa 24 na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Amurka da kuma jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya na Rundunar Tsaron Gabar Tekun Amurka (Coast Guard) suna yankin. Daga cikin jiragen akwai jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43), da USS Essex (LHD-2), wanda ya maye gurbin Bonhomme Richard kuma ya ɗauki nauyin zama babban jirgin da ake amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu daga gare shi a wannan aikin. USS Essex (LHD-2) ya kuma zo da ƙungiyoyin jirage masu saukar ungulu. Jirgin ƙarshe, USS Mercy, ya bar yankin a watan Afrilun 2005.

Ra’ayin jama’ar Indonesia game da Amurka ya inganta sosai a shekarar da ta biyo bayan tsunami, inda ya tashi daga kashi 15% a shekarar 2003 zuwa kashi 38% a shekarar 2005, sabanin yadda ra’ayoyin jama’a game da Amurka suka ragu a wannan lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/252.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201022704/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/252.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-01 |access-date=2008-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da dama daga Indonesia da aka yi wa bincike sun bayyana cewa ayyukan agajin da Amurka ta gudanar sun inganta ra’ayinsu game da Amurka gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2006 Poll: Humanitarian Relief Sustains Change in Muslim Public Opinion |url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/articlenav.php?id=82 |access-date=2008-01-02 |publisher=Terror Free Tomorrow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122401/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/articlenav.php?id=82 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan agaji a Thailand ==
An tsara ayyukan agajin sojojin Amurka a Thailand ne musamman ta Filin Jirgin Sama na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Thailand na U-Tapao, wanda ya kasance cibiyar yanki ta Operation Unified Assistance. A yankunan lardin Phang Nga da suka fi fama da barnar tsunami, ciki har da Khao Lak, Takua Pa da Ban Nam Khem, ma’aikatan Rundunar Sojin Ruwa da Marines na Amurka sun tallafa wa hukumomin Thailand wajen binciken yankin daga sama, dabarun jigilar kayayyaki, bincike da ceto, da agajin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya.

Ƙungiyoyin jirage masu saukar ungulu daga jiragen yaƙi masu ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi, kamar USS Bonhomme Richard da USS Essex, sun kai kayayyakin agaji zuwa wurare masu nisa tare da taimakawa wajen kwashe waɗanda suka jikkata. Sojojin Amurka sun kuma taimaka a matakan farko na gano waɗanda suka mutu a bala’in (DVI), tare da hukumomin Thailand da ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyyar binciken gawawwaki na ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-01-15 |title=Tsunami Wrap Up 6-US military sees its tsunami work winding down - Thailand {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/tsunami-wrap-6-us-military-sees-its-tsunami-work-winding-down |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gittler |first=Juliana |date=January 24, 2005 |title=U.S. military begins to leave tsunami-stricken region |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/2005-01-24/us-military-begins-to-leave-tsunami-stricken-region-1962111.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Operation Unified Response, don girgizar ƙasa ta Haiti ta 2010Girgizar ƙasa ta 2010 a Haiti
* Operation United Assistance, don annobar kwayar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Yammacin AfirkaYaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Yammacin Afirka

== Manazarat ==</text>
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    <title>Hibiscus</title>
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      <text bytes="19984" sha1="eoyy8lke0qk04lop7b0bz79x8trvry9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}{{Automatic taxobox|image=Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg|taxon=Hibiscus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Bombix'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Bombycella'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''Bombyx'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Brockmania'' {{small|W.Fitzg.}}
* ''Canhamo'' {{small|Perini}}
* ''Cotyloplecta'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Erebennus'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Fioria'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Furcaria'' {{small|Kostel.}}
* ''Gourmania'' {{small|A.Chev.}}
* ''Humbertianthus'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Ketmia'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''Laguna'' {{small|Cav.}}
* ''Macrostelia'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Marconia'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Muenchhusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Fabr.}}
* ''Munchusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Raf.}}
* ''Petitia'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
* ''Solandra'' {{small|Murray}}, nom. illeg.
* ''Symphyochlamys'' {{small|Gürke}}
* ''Talipariti'' {{small|Fryxell}}
* ''Triguera'' {{small|Cav.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Trionaea'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Trionum'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Triplochiton'' {{small|Alef.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Wilhelminia'' {{small|Hochr.}}|subdivision=See [[List of Hibiscus species|list of ''Hibiscus'' species]]}}

Hibiscus [1] wani nau'in tsire-tsire masu fure a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae .[2] Halitta tana da girma sosai, ta ƙunshi nau'o'in ɗaruruwan da ke cikin yanayin zafi, yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi a duk duniya. An san nau'in mambobi da manyan furanni masu ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan nau'in an san su da &quot;hibiscus&quot;, ko kuma ba a san su da yawa kamar rose mallow. Halitta ta haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke na shekara-shekara da na tsire-tire, da kuma bishiyoyi masu katako da ƙananan bishiyoyi.

Ana noma nau'o'i da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, musamman ''Hibiscus syriacus'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Magana ==
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci (''hibískos'') wanda masanin tsire-tsire na Girka Pedanius Dioscorides ya ba da ita ga shuka da ake kira ''Althaea officinalis'' . 

== Bayyanawa ==
Shafuka suna canzawa, ovate zuwa lanceolate, sau da yawa tare da gefen hakora ko lobed (dentate). Furen suna da girma kuma suna bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus: Classification, Characteristics and Uses |url=https://byjus.com/neet/hibiscus/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da siffar ƙaho, tare da petals biyar ko fiye, launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, ja, shuɗi, orange, peach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus (National Gardening Association) |url=http://www.garden.org/plantguide/?q=show&amp;id=2133 |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rawaya ko purple, &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fouda |first=A.M. |last2=Daba |first2=M.Y. |last3=Dahab |first3=G.M. |date=2007 |title=Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physiology-and-pharmacology_2007-10_85_10/page/1020 |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=1020–31 |doi=10.1139/y07-093 |pmid=18066103}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga 4-18 cm fadi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Lesser_grass_blue_(Zizina_otis)_on_Hibiscus_flower_Koror.jpg|thumb|malam buɗe ido a kan furen ''Hibiscus'']]
Launi na fure a wasu nau'o'in, kamar ''H. mutabilis'' da ''H. tiliaceus'', suna canzawa tare da shekaru. [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] busassun capsule guda biyar ne, wanda ke dauke da tsaba da yawa a kowane lobe, wanda aka saki lokacin da capsule ya rabu (ya rabu) a lokacin da ya girma. Yana da launin ja da fari. Misali ne na cikakken fure. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis_in_sunset.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis a cikin cikakken fure]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Flower's_Life_Cycle_Stages.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Matakai a cikin rayuwar furen]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Blooming_Time_Lapse.webm|thumb|Lokacin fure na Hibiscus ya ɓace]]
 
[./Hawaiian_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Hibiscus&quot; id=&quot;mwlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hawaiian hibiscus&quot;&gt;Hibiscus mai launin rawaya] shine furen jihar Hawaii, kodayake mafi yawan ganin hibiscus a cikin jihar shine Hibiscus × ''Rosa-sinensis'' .

A cikin yankuna masu matsakaici, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan nau'ikan kayan ado shine ''Hibiscus syriacus'', hibiscus na lambu na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;rose na Althea&quot; ko &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; (amma kada a rikita shi da ''Hypericum calycinum'' mara alaƙa, wanda ake kira &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; ). A cikin wurare masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi, hibiscus na kasar Sin (''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis''), tare da yawancin haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa, shine mafi mashahuri hibiscus.

An yarda da nau'o'i ɗari da yawa (433 a cikin 2026) ciki har da:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Ana shuka nau'o'i da yawa don furanni masu ban sha'awa ko amfani da su azaman shrubs, kuma ana amfani da su don jawo hankalin malam buɗe ido, ƙudan zuma, da tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floridata Master Plant List |url=http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being versatile it   adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It   is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.

Abinda kawai masu lambu ke buƙatar yin hankali shine mealybugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin cututtukan Mealybug a bayyane kamar yadda ake ganin su a bayyane a matsayin cututtuken fari a kan buds, ganye ko ma tsokoki.

=== Takarda ===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as kenaf (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[Takarda|paper]]-making.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

=== Rarraba da gini ===
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} The ropes on the missionary ship ''Messenger of Peace'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipping Wonders of the World (1937)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=26 January 1937 |title=Missionary Ships |url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html |journal=Shipping Wonders of the World |issue=Part 51 |access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Shafin da aka yi da calyces na ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' an san shi da sunaye da yawa a kasashe da yawa a duniya kuma ana ba da shi da zafi da sanyi. An san abin sha sosai saboda jan launi, ƙishirwa da dandano na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da abinci mai gina jiki sosai saboda abubuwan da ke ciki na bitamin C.

An san shi da ''Bissap'' a Yammacin Afirka, &quot;Gul e Khatmi&quot; a cikin Urdu &amp; Farisa, agua de jamaica a Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya (fure ita ce flor de jamaica) da ''Orhul'' a Indiya. Wasu suna magana da shi a matsayin ''roselle'', sunan gama gari ga fure na hibiscus. A [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]] da sauran tsibirai da yawa a cikin Caribbean, an san abin sha da ''Sorrel'' (''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; kada a rikita shi da ''Rumex acetosa'', jinsin da ke da sunan ''Sorrel''). A Ghana, an san abin sha da sobolo .

A Misira da Sudan, an san shayi na hibiscus da ''[[Karkadeh|karkadé]]'' (Arabic), kuma ana ba da shi azaman abin sha mai zafi da sanyi.

Ana iya cin hibiscus da aka bushe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokoh |first=Ozoz |date=2021-05-14 |title=What is Hibiscus? For Starters, It's Not a Flower |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-hibiscus?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sYkedaS5zjjKeJKMfsLbdgqWhY5M9z-OeS9Bz36Vj8GtVhWS |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sau da yawa kayan lambu ne a Mexico. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan ado, yawanci don kayan zaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pamela Parseghian |date=November 15, 2009 |title=Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient |url=https://www.nrn.com/beverage-trends/hibiscus-blossoms-as-a-food-drink-ingredient |website=NRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani da cewa furanni ko petals sune abin da ake ci, shine calyces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levinson |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Health Benefits of Hibiscus Tea, According to a Dietitian |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620043904/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=EatingWell.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da [[Zobo|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') azaman [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]]. Nau'in ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn daidai da ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. An lura da shi a Visayas a cikin Philippines a matsayin sinadarin mai zaki ga kusan dukkanin kayan lambu da menus na gida. An san shi da labog a yankin Visayan (ko labuag / sapinit a cikin Tagalog), jinsin wani sinadarin ne na dafa abincin kaza na asali.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' a matsayin tsire-tsire na abinci ta hanyar tsutsotsi na wasu nau'ikan lepidopteran, gami da ''Chionodes hibiscella'', ''Hypercompe hambletoni'', asu nutmeg, da asu turnip.

=== Magungunan gargajiya ===
''Hibiscus'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' an bayyana shi azaman amfani da kiwon lafiya da yawa a cikin Ayurveda na Indiya.

=== Tasirin da ake da shi akan hawan jini ===
An yi iƙirarin cewa shayi mai zaki da aka samo daga ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' na iya rage hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haji Faraji |first=M. |last2=Haji Tarkhani |first2=A.H |year=1999 |title=The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1999-06_65_3/page/231 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3 |pmid=10404421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Da-Costa-Rocha |first=Inês |last2=Bonnlaender |first2=Bernd |last3=Sievers |first3=Hartwig |last4=Pischel |first4=Ivo |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |year=2014 |title=Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=165 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002 |pmid=25038696 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kariya da hanawa ===

==== Ciki da shayarwa ====
Duk da yake ba a fahimci tsarin sosai ba, binciken dabbobi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna tasirin hana ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' akan sautin tsoka da tasirin hana haihuwa na H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'', bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vasudeva |first=N. |last2=Sharma |first2=S.K. |date=2008 |title=Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. roots |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1093/ecam/nem003 |pmc=2249740 |pmid=18317554}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa kwayar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' tana motsa raguwar kwayar cutar da mahaifa; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; kwayar H . × ''Rosa-sinensis'' ta nuna tasirin hana daukar ciki ta hanyar aikin Estrogen a cikin beraye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot; /&gt; Ba a lura da waɗannan binciken a cikin mutane ba. Hakanan ana zaton ''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' yana da tasirin emmenagogue wanda zai iya haifar da [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma, a wasu mata, yana haifar da [[zubar da ciki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Boer |first=H.J. |last2=Cotingting |first2=C. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030 |pmid=24269772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=B.H. |last2=Al Wabel |first2=N. |last3=Blunden |first3=G. |date=2005 |title=Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' L.: a review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1628 |pmid=16106391 |s2cid=26797889}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=E. |date=2002 |title=Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x |pmid=11950176 |s2cid=34775253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tasirin da aka rubuta a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] nazarin dabbobi da kuma abubuwan da aka ruwaito na magunguna, ba a ba da shawarar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' da H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'' don amfani yayin daukar ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot; /&gt;

==== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ====
An yi la'akari da cewa ''H. sabdariffa'' yana hulɗa tare da diclofenac, [[chloroquine]] da [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] ta hanyar canza magunguna magunguna. A cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya, an gano kwayar ''H. sabdariffa'' don rage fitar da diclofenac a kan hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakeye |first=T.O. |last2=Adegoke |first2=A.O. |last3=Omoyeni |first3=O.C. |last4=Famakinde |first4=A.A. |date=2007 |title=Effects of Water Extract of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Linn (Malvaceae) 'Roselle' on Excretion of a Diclofenac Formulation |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2019 |pmid=17094172 |s2cid=38874247 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), abin sha na Sudan na yau da kullun, an gano shi don rage yawan chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahmoud |first=B.M. |last2=Ali |first2=H.M. |last3=Homeida |first3=M.M. |last4=Bennett |first4=J.L. |date=1994 |title=Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1005–9 |doi=10.1093/jac/33.5.1005 |pmid=8089046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin magungunan magunguna na acetaminophen ba lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da abin sha na Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolawole |first=J.A. |last2=Maduenyi |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers |journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03190570 |pmid=15151167 |s2cid=10501505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don nuna muhimmancin asibiti.

== Alamomi da al'adu ==
The red hibiscus  is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Kali Puja 2018: Date, Puja time, Significance And Foods to Celebrate the Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/kali-puja-2018-date-puja-time-significance-and-foods-to-celebrate-the-festival-1943115 |access-date=2020-08-28 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Quotes, wishes and messages which you can send to your family and friends on Vinayaka Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-quotes-wishes-and-messages-which-you-can-send-to-your-family-and-friends-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/articleshow/77677233.cms |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Philippines, yara suna amfani da ''gumamela'' (sunan gida don hibiscus) a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na yin kumfa. Ana murkushe furanni da ganye har sai ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fito. Ana tsoma tsokoki na [[Gwanda|papaya]] a cikin wannan kuma ana amfani da su azaman kara don busa kumfa. Tare da sabulu, ruwan hibiscus yana samar da karin kumfa. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Tarukanga&quot; a cikin Yara, musamman a lardin Samar na Gabas.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Josh Foliage |date=2023-05-19 |title=Pink Hibiscus Flower Meaning, Symbolism &amp; Spiritual Significance - Foliage Friend - Learn About Different Types of Plants |url=https://foliagefriend.com/pink-hibiscus-flower-meaning/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da hoton fure na hibiscus a matsayin tambarin Air Polynesia.

Marubucin Najeriya [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya ba da sunan littafinta na farko Purple Hibiscus bayan furen mai laushi.

Yankin hibiscus yana dauke da fibres masu ƙarfi waɗanda za a iya samun su ta hanyar barin yumbu da aka cire a cikin teku don barin kayan kwayoyin ya ruɓe. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

Yankin bakin teku a [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] an san shi da Hibiscus Coast, mai suna bayan furen da ba na asali ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da rairayin bakin teku da yanayin hutu.

=== A matsayin alama ta kasa da ta jihar ===
Hibiscus alama ce ta ƙasa ta [[Haiti]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-symbols/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma furen ƙasa na ƙasashe ciki har da Solomon Islands da Niue.  ''Hibiscus syriacus'' ita ce furen ƙasa na [[Koriya ta Kudu]],  kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAf8&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ita ce furon ƙasa na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) |title=What you didn't know about Korea's national flower |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |publisher=Korea.net |access-date=2026-09-02 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301014156/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' ita ce furen jihar [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Hawaii State Flower - Yellow Hibiscus |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/pua-aloalo |publisher=statesymbolsusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19978" sha1="ouqdeyfgf1d803x5n7asfq5yeapn0os" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}{{Automatic taxobox|image=Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg|taxon=Hibiscus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Bombix'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Bombycella'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''Bombyx'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Brockmania'' {{small|W.Fitzg.}}
* ''Canhamo'' {{small|Perini}}
* ''Cotyloplecta'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Erebennus'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Fioria'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Furcaria'' {{small|Kostel.}}
* ''Gourmania'' {{small|A.Chev.}}
* ''Humbertianthus'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Ketmia'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''Laguna'' {{small|Cav.}}
* ''Macrostelia'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Marconia'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Muenchhusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Fabr.}}
* ''Munchusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Raf.}}
* ''Petitia'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
* ''Solandra'' {{small|Murray}}, nom. illeg.
* ''Symphyochlamys'' {{small|Gürke}}
* ''Talipariti'' {{small|Fryxell}}
* ''Triguera'' {{small|Cav.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Trionaea'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Trionum'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Triplochiton'' {{small|Alef.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Wilhelminia'' {{small|Hochr.}}|subdivision=See [[List of Hibiscus species|list of ''Hibiscus'' species]]}}

Hibiscus [1] wani nau'in tsire masu fure a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae .[2] Halitta tana da girma sosai, ta ƙunshi nau'o'in ɗaruruwan da ke cikin yanayin zafi, yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi a duk duniya. An san nau'in mambobi da manyan furanni masu ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan nau'in an san su da &quot;hibiscus&quot;, ko kuma ba a san su da yawa kamar rose mallow. Halitta ta haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke na shekara-shekara da na tsire-tire, da kuma bishiyoyi masu katako da ƙananan bishiyoyi.

Ana noma nau'o'i da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, musamman ''Hibiscus syriacus'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Magana ==
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci (''hibískos'') wanda masanin tsire-tsire na Girka Pedanius Dioscorides ya ba da ita ga shuka da ake kira ''Althaea officinalis'' . 

== Bayyanawa ==
Shafuka suna canzawa, ovate zuwa lanceolate, sau da yawa tare da gefen hakora ko lobed (dentate). Furen suna da girma kuma suna bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus: Classification, Characteristics and Uses |url=https://byjus.com/neet/hibiscus/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da siffar ƙaho, tare da petals biyar ko fiye, launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, ja, shuɗi, orange, peach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus (National Gardening Association) |url=http://www.garden.org/plantguide/?q=show&amp;id=2133 |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rawaya ko purple, &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fouda |first=A.M. |last2=Daba |first2=M.Y. |last3=Dahab |first3=G.M. |date=2007 |title=Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physiology-and-pharmacology_2007-10_85_10/page/1020 |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=1020–31 |doi=10.1139/y07-093 |pmid=18066103}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga 4-18 cm fadi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Lesser_grass_blue_(Zizina_otis)_on_Hibiscus_flower_Koror.jpg|thumb|malam buɗe ido a kan furen ''Hibiscus'']]
Launi na fure a wasu nau'o'in, kamar ''H. mutabilis'' da ''H. tiliaceus'', suna canzawa tare da shekaru. [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] busassun capsule guda biyar ne, wanda ke dauke da tsaba da yawa a kowane lobe, wanda aka saki lokacin da capsule ya rabu (ya rabu) a lokacin da ya girma. Yana da launin ja da fari. Misali ne na cikakken fure. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis_in_sunset.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis a cikin cikakken fure]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Flower's_Life_Cycle_Stages.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Matakai a cikin rayuwar furen]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Blooming_Time_Lapse.webm|thumb|Lokacin fure na Hibiscus ya ɓace]]
 
[./Hawaiian_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Hibiscus&quot; id=&quot;mwlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hawaiian hibiscus&quot;&gt;Hibiscus mai launin rawaya] shine furen jihar Hawaii, kodayake mafi yawan ganin hibiscus a cikin jihar shine Hibiscus × ''Rosa-sinensis'' .

A cikin yankuna masu matsakaici, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan nau'ikan kayan ado shine ''Hibiscus syriacus'', hibiscus na lambu na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;rose na Althea&quot; ko &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; (amma kada a rikita shi da ''Hypericum calycinum'' mara alaƙa, wanda ake kira &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; ). A cikin wurare masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi, hibiscus na kasar Sin (''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis''), tare da yawancin haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa, shine mafi mashahuri hibiscus.

An yarda da nau'o'i ɗari da yawa (433 a cikin 2026) ciki har da:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Ana shuka nau'o'i da yawa don furanni masu ban sha'awa ko amfani da su azaman shrubs, kuma ana amfani da su don jawo hankalin malam buɗe ido, ƙudan zuma, da tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floridata Master Plant List |url=http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being versatile it   adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It   is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.

Abinda kawai masu lambu ke buƙatar yin hankali shine mealybugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin cututtukan Mealybug a bayyane kamar yadda ake ganin su a bayyane a matsayin cututtuken fari a kan buds, ganye ko ma tsokoki.

=== Takarda ===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as kenaf (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[Takarda|paper]]-making.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

=== Rarraba da gini ===
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} The ropes on the missionary ship ''Messenger of Peace'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipping Wonders of the World (1937)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=26 January 1937 |title=Missionary Ships |url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html |journal=Shipping Wonders of the World |issue=Part 51 |access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Shafin da aka yi da calyces na ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' an san shi da sunaye da yawa a kasashe da yawa a duniya kuma ana ba da shi da zafi da sanyi. An san abin sha sosai saboda jan launi, ƙishirwa da dandano na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da abinci mai gina jiki sosai saboda abubuwan da ke ciki na bitamin C.

An san shi da ''Bissap'' a Yammacin Afirka, &quot;Gul e Khatmi&quot; a cikin Urdu &amp; Farisa, agua de jamaica a Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya (fure ita ce flor de jamaica) da ''Orhul'' a Indiya. Wasu suna magana da shi a matsayin ''roselle'', sunan gama gari ga fure na hibiscus. A [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]] da sauran tsibirai da yawa a cikin Caribbean, an san abin sha da ''Sorrel'' (''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; kada a rikita shi da ''Rumex acetosa'', jinsin da ke da sunan ''Sorrel''). A Ghana, an san abin sha da sobolo .

A Misira da Sudan, an san shayi na hibiscus da ''[[Karkadeh|karkadé]]'' (Arabic), kuma ana ba da shi azaman abin sha mai zafi da sanyi.

Ana iya cin hibiscus da aka bushe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokoh |first=Ozoz |date=2021-05-14 |title=What is Hibiscus? For Starters, It's Not a Flower |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-hibiscus?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sYkedaS5zjjKeJKMfsLbdgqWhY5M9z-OeS9Bz36Vj8GtVhWS |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sau da yawa kayan lambu ne a Mexico. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan ado, yawanci don kayan zaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pamela Parseghian |date=November 15, 2009 |title=Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient |url=https://www.nrn.com/beverage-trends/hibiscus-blossoms-as-a-food-drink-ingredient |website=NRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani da cewa furanni ko petals sune abin da ake ci, shine calyces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levinson |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Health Benefits of Hibiscus Tea, According to a Dietitian |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620043904/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=EatingWell.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da [[Zobo|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') azaman [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]]. Nau'in ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn daidai da ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. An lura da shi a Visayas a cikin Philippines a matsayin sinadarin mai zaki ga kusan dukkanin kayan lambu da menus na gida. An san shi da labog a yankin Visayan (ko labuag / sapinit a cikin Tagalog), jinsin wani sinadarin ne na dafa abincin kaza na asali.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' a matsayin tsire-tsire na abinci ta hanyar tsutsotsi na wasu nau'ikan lepidopteran, gami da ''Chionodes hibiscella'', ''Hypercompe hambletoni'', asu nutmeg, da asu turnip.

=== Magungunan gargajiya ===
''Hibiscus'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' an bayyana shi azaman amfani da kiwon lafiya da yawa a cikin Ayurveda na Indiya.

=== Tasirin da ake da shi akan hawan jini ===
An yi iƙirarin cewa shayi mai zaki da aka samo daga ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' na iya rage hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haji Faraji |first=M. |last2=Haji Tarkhani |first2=A.H |year=1999 |title=The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1999-06_65_3/page/231 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3 |pmid=10404421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Da-Costa-Rocha |first=Inês |last2=Bonnlaender |first2=Bernd |last3=Sievers |first3=Hartwig |last4=Pischel |first4=Ivo |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |year=2014 |title=Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=165 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002 |pmid=25038696 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kariya da hanawa ===

==== Ciki da shayarwa ====
Duk da yake ba a fahimci tsarin sosai ba, binciken dabbobi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna tasirin hana ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' akan sautin tsoka da tasirin hana haihuwa na H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'', bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vasudeva |first=N. |last2=Sharma |first2=S.K. |date=2008 |title=Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. roots |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1093/ecam/nem003 |pmc=2249740 |pmid=18317554}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa kwayar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' tana motsa raguwar kwayar cutar da mahaifa; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; kwayar H . × ''Rosa-sinensis'' ta nuna tasirin hana daukar ciki ta hanyar aikin Estrogen a cikin beraye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot; /&gt; Ba a lura da waɗannan binciken a cikin mutane ba. Hakanan ana zaton ''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' yana da tasirin emmenagogue wanda zai iya haifar da [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma, a wasu mata, yana haifar da [[zubar da ciki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Boer |first=H.J. |last2=Cotingting |first2=C. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030 |pmid=24269772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=B.H. |last2=Al Wabel |first2=N. |last3=Blunden |first3=G. |date=2005 |title=Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' L.: a review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1628 |pmid=16106391 |s2cid=26797889}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=E. |date=2002 |title=Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x |pmid=11950176 |s2cid=34775253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tasirin da aka rubuta a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] nazarin dabbobi da kuma abubuwan da aka ruwaito na magunguna, ba a ba da shawarar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' da H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'' don amfani yayin daukar ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot; /&gt;

==== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ====
An yi la'akari da cewa ''H. sabdariffa'' yana hulɗa tare da diclofenac, [[chloroquine]] da [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] ta hanyar canza magunguna magunguna. A cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya, an gano kwayar ''H. sabdariffa'' don rage fitar da diclofenac a kan hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakeye |first=T.O. |last2=Adegoke |first2=A.O. |last3=Omoyeni |first3=O.C. |last4=Famakinde |first4=A.A. |date=2007 |title=Effects of Water Extract of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Linn (Malvaceae) 'Roselle' on Excretion of a Diclofenac Formulation |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2019 |pmid=17094172 |s2cid=38874247 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), abin sha na Sudan na yau da kullun, an gano shi don rage yawan chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahmoud |first=B.M. |last2=Ali |first2=H.M. |last3=Homeida |first3=M.M. |last4=Bennett |first4=J.L. |date=1994 |title=Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1005–9 |doi=10.1093/jac/33.5.1005 |pmid=8089046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin magungunan magunguna na acetaminophen ba lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da abin sha na Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolawole |first=J.A. |last2=Maduenyi |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers |journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03190570 |pmid=15151167 |s2cid=10501505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don nuna muhimmancin asibiti.

== Alamomi da al'adu ==
The red hibiscus  is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Kali Puja 2018: Date, Puja time, Significance And Foods to Celebrate the Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/kali-puja-2018-date-puja-time-significance-and-foods-to-celebrate-the-festival-1943115 |access-date=2020-08-28 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Quotes, wishes and messages which you can send to your family and friends on Vinayaka Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-quotes-wishes-and-messages-which-you-can-send-to-your-family-and-friends-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/articleshow/77677233.cms |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Philippines, yara suna amfani da ''gumamela'' (sunan gida don hibiscus) a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na yin kumfa. Ana murkushe furanni da ganye har sai ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fito. Ana tsoma tsokoki na [[Gwanda|papaya]] a cikin wannan kuma ana amfani da su azaman kara don busa kumfa. Tare da sabulu, ruwan hibiscus yana samar da karin kumfa. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Tarukanga&quot; a cikin Yara, musamman a lardin Samar na Gabas.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Josh Foliage |date=2023-05-19 |title=Pink Hibiscus Flower Meaning, Symbolism &amp; Spiritual Significance - Foliage Friend - Learn About Different Types of Plants |url=https://foliagefriend.com/pink-hibiscus-flower-meaning/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da hoton fure na hibiscus a matsayin tambarin Air Polynesia.

Marubucin Najeriya [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya ba da sunan littafinta na farko Purple Hibiscus bayan furen mai laushi.

Yankin hibiscus yana dauke da fibres masu ƙarfi waɗanda za a iya samun su ta hanyar barin yumbu da aka cire a cikin teku don barin kayan kwayoyin ya ruɓe. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

Yankin bakin teku a [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] an san shi da Hibiscus Coast, mai suna bayan furen da ba na asali ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da rairayin bakin teku da yanayin hutu.

=== A matsayin alama ta kasa da ta jihar ===
Hibiscus alama ce ta ƙasa ta [[Haiti]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-symbols/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma furen ƙasa na ƙasashe ciki har da Solomon Islands da Niue.  ''Hibiscus syriacus'' ita ce furen ƙasa na [[Koriya ta Kudu]],  kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAf8&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ita ce furon ƙasa na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) |title=What you didn't know about Korea's national flower |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |publisher=Korea.net |access-date=2026-09-02 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301014156/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' ita ce furen jihar [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Hawaii State Flower - Yellow Hibiscus |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/pua-aloalo |publisher=statesymbolsusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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      <text bytes="19981" sha1="ejafq8idpifxf1hsbyzxhkq8qomqowv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}{{Automatic taxobox|image=Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg|taxon=Hibiscus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Bombix'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Bombycella'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''Bombyx'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Brockmania'' {{small|W.Fitzg.}}
* ''Canhamo'' {{small|Perini}}
* ''Cotyloplecta'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Erebennus'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Fioria'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Furcaria'' {{small|Kostel.}}
* ''Gourmania'' {{small|A.Chev.}}
* ''Humbertianthus'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Ketmia'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''Laguna'' {{small|Cav.}}
* ''Macrostelia'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Marconia'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Muenchhusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Fabr.}}
* ''Munchusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Raf.}}
* ''Petitia'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
* ''Solandra'' {{small|Murray}}, nom. illeg.
* ''Symphyochlamys'' {{small|Gürke}}
* ''Talipariti'' {{small|Fryxell}}
* ''Triguera'' {{small|Cav.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Trionaea'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Trionum'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Triplochiton'' {{small|Alef.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Wilhelminia'' {{small|Hochr.}}|subdivision=See [[List of Hibiscus species|list of ''Hibiscus'' species]]}}

Hibiscus [1] wani nau'in tsire ne masu fure a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae .[2] Halitta tana da girma sosai, ta ƙunshi nau'o'in ɗaruruwan da ke cikin yanayin zafi, yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi a duk duniya. An san nau'in mambobi da manyan furanni masu ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan nau'in an san su da &quot;hibiscus&quot;, ko kuma ba a san su da yawa kamar rose mallow. Halitta ta haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke na shekara-shekara da na tsire-tire, da kuma bishiyoyi masu katako da ƙananan bishiyoyi.

Ana noma nau'o'i da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, musamman ''Hibiscus syriacus'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Magana ==
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci (''hibískos'') wanda masanin tsire-tsire na Girka Pedanius Dioscorides ya ba da ita ga shuka da ake kira ''Althaea officinalis'' . 

== Bayyanawa ==
Shafuka suna canzawa, ovate zuwa lanceolate, sau da yawa tare da gefen hakora ko lobed (dentate). Furen suna da girma kuma suna bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus: Classification, Characteristics and Uses |url=https://byjus.com/neet/hibiscus/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da siffar ƙaho, tare da petals biyar ko fiye, launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, ja, shuɗi, orange, peach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus (National Gardening Association) |url=http://www.garden.org/plantguide/?q=show&amp;id=2133 |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rawaya ko purple, &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fouda |first=A.M. |last2=Daba |first2=M.Y. |last3=Dahab |first3=G.M. |date=2007 |title=Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physiology-and-pharmacology_2007-10_85_10/page/1020 |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=1020–31 |doi=10.1139/y07-093 |pmid=18066103}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga 4-18 cm fadi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Lesser_grass_blue_(Zizina_otis)_on_Hibiscus_flower_Koror.jpg|thumb|malam buɗe ido a kan furen ''Hibiscus'']]
Launi na fure a wasu nau'o'in, kamar ''H. mutabilis'' da ''H. tiliaceus'', suna canzawa tare da shekaru. [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] busassun capsule guda biyar ne, wanda ke dauke da tsaba da yawa a kowane lobe, wanda aka saki lokacin da capsule ya rabu (ya rabu) a lokacin da ya girma. Yana da launin ja da fari. Misali ne na cikakken fure. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis_in_sunset.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis a cikin cikakken fure]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Flower's_Life_Cycle_Stages.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Matakai a cikin rayuwar furen]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Blooming_Time_Lapse.webm|thumb|Lokacin fure na Hibiscus ya ɓace]]
 
[./Hawaiian_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Hibiscus&quot; id=&quot;mwlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hawaiian hibiscus&quot;&gt;Hibiscus mai launin rawaya] shine furen jihar Hawaii, kodayake mafi yawan ganin hibiscus a cikin jihar shine Hibiscus × ''Rosa-sinensis'' .

A cikin yankuna masu matsakaici, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan nau'ikan kayan ado shine ''Hibiscus syriacus'', hibiscus na lambu na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;rose na Althea&quot; ko &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; (amma kada a rikita shi da ''Hypericum calycinum'' mara alaƙa, wanda ake kira &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; ). A cikin wurare masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi, hibiscus na kasar Sin (''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis''), tare da yawancin haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa, shine mafi mashahuri hibiscus.

An yarda da nau'o'i ɗari da yawa (433 a cikin 2026) ciki har da:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Ana shuka nau'o'i da yawa don furanni masu ban sha'awa ko amfani da su azaman shrubs, kuma ana amfani da su don jawo hankalin malam buɗe ido, ƙudan zuma, da tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floridata Master Plant List |url=http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being versatile it   adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It   is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.

Abinda kawai masu lambu ke buƙatar yin hankali shine mealybugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin cututtukan Mealybug a bayyane kamar yadda ake ganin su a bayyane a matsayin cututtuken fari a kan buds, ganye ko ma tsokoki.

=== Takarda ===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as kenaf (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[Takarda|paper]]-making.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

=== Rarraba da gini ===
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} The ropes on the missionary ship ''Messenger of Peace'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipping Wonders of the World (1937)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=26 January 1937 |title=Missionary Ships |url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html |journal=Shipping Wonders of the World |issue=Part 51 |access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Shafin da aka yi da calyces na ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' an san shi da sunaye da yawa a kasashe da yawa a duniya kuma ana ba da shi da zafi da sanyi. An san abin sha sosai saboda jan launi, ƙishirwa da dandano na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da abinci mai gina jiki sosai saboda abubuwan da ke ciki na bitamin C.

An san shi da ''Bissap'' a Yammacin Afirka, &quot;Gul e Khatmi&quot; a cikin Urdu &amp; Farisa, agua de jamaica a Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya (fure ita ce flor de jamaica) da ''Orhul'' a Indiya. Wasu suna magana da shi a matsayin ''roselle'', sunan gama gari ga fure na hibiscus. A [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]] da sauran tsibirai da yawa a cikin Caribbean, an san abin sha da ''Sorrel'' (''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; kada a rikita shi da ''Rumex acetosa'', jinsin da ke da sunan ''Sorrel''). A Ghana, an san abin sha da sobolo .

A Misira da Sudan, an san shayi na hibiscus da ''[[Karkadeh|karkadé]]'' (Arabic), kuma ana ba da shi azaman abin sha mai zafi da sanyi.

Ana iya cin hibiscus da aka bushe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokoh |first=Ozoz |date=2021-05-14 |title=What is Hibiscus? For Starters, It's Not a Flower |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-hibiscus?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sYkedaS5zjjKeJKMfsLbdgqWhY5M9z-OeS9Bz36Vj8GtVhWS |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sau da yawa kayan lambu ne a Mexico. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan ado, yawanci don kayan zaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pamela Parseghian |date=November 15, 2009 |title=Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient |url=https://www.nrn.com/beverage-trends/hibiscus-blossoms-as-a-food-drink-ingredient |website=NRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani da cewa furanni ko petals sune abin da ake ci, shine calyces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levinson |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Health Benefits of Hibiscus Tea, According to a Dietitian |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620043904/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=EatingWell.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da [[Zobo|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') azaman [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]]. Nau'in ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn daidai da ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. An lura da shi a Visayas a cikin Philippines a matsayin sinadarin mai zaki ga kusan dukkanin kayan lambu da menus na gida. An san shi da labog a yankin Visayan (ko labuag / sapinit a cikin Tagalog), jinsin wani sinadarin ne na dafa abincin kaza na asali.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' a matsayin tsire-tsire na abinci ta hanyar tsutsotsi na wasu nau'ikan lepidopteran, gami da ''Chionodes hibiscella'', ''Hypercompe hambletoni'', asu nutmeg, da asu turnip.

=== Magungunan gargajiya ===
''Hibiscus'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' an bayyana shi azaman amfani da kiwon lafiya da yawa a cikin Ayurveda na Indiya.

=== Tasirin da ake da shi akan hawan jini ===
An yi iƙirarin cewa shayi mai zaki da aka samo daga ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' na iya rage hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haji Faraji |first=M. |last2=Haji Tarkhani |first2=A.H |year=1999 |title=The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1999-06_65_3/page/231 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3 |pmid=10404421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Da-Costa-Rocha |first=Inês |last2=Bonnlaender |first2=Bernd |last3=Sievers |first3=Hartwig |last4=Pischel |first4=Ivo |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |year=2014 |title=Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=165 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002 |pmid=25038696 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kariya da hanawa ===

==== Ciki da shayarwa ====
Duk da yake ba a fahimci tsarin sosai ba, binciken dabbobi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna tasirin hana ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' akan sautin tsoka da tasirin hana haihuwa na H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'', bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vasudeva |first=N. |last2=Sharma |first2=S.K. |date=2008 |title=Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. roots |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1093/ecam/nem003 |pmc=2249740 |pmid=18317554}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa kwayar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' tana motsa raguwar kwayar cutar da mahaifa; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; kwayar H . × ''Rosa-sinensis'' ta nuna tasirin hana daukar ciki ta hanyar aikin Estrogen a cikin beraye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot; /&gt; Ba a lura da waɗannan binciken a cikin mutane ba. Hakanan ana zaton ''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' yana da tasirin emmenagogue wanda zai iya haifar da [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma, a wasu mata, yana haifar da [[zubar da ciki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Boer |first=H.J. |last2=Cotingting |first2=C. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030 |pmid=24269772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=B.H. |last2=Al Wabel |first2=N. |last3=Blunden |first3=G. |date=2005 |title=Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' L.: a review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1628 |pmid=16106391 |s2cid=26797889}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=E. |date=2002 |title=Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x |pmid=11950176 |s2cid=34775253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tasirin da aka rubuta a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] nazarin dabbobi da kuma abubuwan da aka ruwaito na magunguna, ba a ba da shawarar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' da H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'' don amfani yayin daukar ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot; /&gt;

==== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ====
An yi la'akari da cewa ''H. sabdariffa'' yana hulɗa tare da diclofenac, [[chloroquine]] da [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] ta hanyar canza magunguna magunguna. A cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya, an gano kwayar ''H. sabdariffa'' don rage fitar da diclofenac a kan hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakeye |first=T.O. |last2=Adegoke |first2=A.O. |last3=Omoyeni |first3=O.C. |last4=Famakinde |first4=A.A. |date=2007 |title=Effects of Water Extract of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Linn (Malvaceae) 'Roselle' on Excretion of a Diclofenac Formulation |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2019 |pmid=17094172 |s2cid=38874247 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), abin sha na Sudan na yau da kullun, an gano shi don rage yawan chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahmoud |first=B.M. |last2=Ali |first2=H.M. |last3=Homeida |first3=M.M. |last4=Bennett |first4=J.L. |date=1994 |title=Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1005–9 |doi=10.1093/jac/33.5.1005 |pmid=8089046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin magungunan magunguna na acetaminophen ba lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da abin sha na Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolawole |first=J.A. |last2=Maduenyi |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers |journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03190570 |pmid=15151167 |s2cid=10501505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don nuna muhimmancin asibiti.

== Alamomi da al'adu ==
The red hibiscus  is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Kali Puja 2018: Date, Puja time, Significance And Foods to Celebrate the Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/kali-puja-2018-date-puja-time-significance-and-foods-to-celebrate-the-festival-1943115 |access-date=2020-08-28 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Quotes, wishes and messages which you can send to your family and friends on Vinayaka Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-quotes-wishes-and-messages-which-you-can-send-to-your-family-and-friends-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/articleshow/77677233.cms |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Philippines, yara suna amfani da ''gumamela'' (sunan gida don hibiscus) a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na yin kumfa. Ana murkushe furanni da ganye har sai ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fito. Ana tsoma tsokoki na [[Gwanda|papaya]] a cikin wannan kuma ana amfani da su azaman kara don busa kumfa. Tare da sabulu, ruwan hibiscus yana samar da karin kumfa. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Tarukanga&quot; a cikin Yara, musamman a lardin Samar na Gabas.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Josh Foliage |date=2023-05-19 |title=Pink Hibiscus Flower Meaning, Symbolism &amp; Spiritual Significance - Foliage Friend - Learn About Different Types of Plants |url=https://foliagefriend.com/pink-hibiscus-flower-meaning/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da hoton fure na hibiscus a matsayin tambarin Air Polynesia.

Marubucin Najeriya [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya ba da sunan littafinta na farko Purple Hibiscus bayan furen mai laushi.

Yankin hibiscus yana dauke da fibres masu ƙarfi waɗanda za a iya samun su ta hanyar barin yumbu da aka cire a cikin teku don barin kayan kwayoyin ya ruɓe. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

Yankin bakin teku a [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] an san shi da Hibiscus Coast, mai suna bayan furen da ba na asali ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da rairayin bakin teku da yanayin hutu.

=== A matsayin alama ta kasa da ta jihar ===
Hibiscus alama ce ta ƙasa ta [[Haiti]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-symbols/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma furen ƙasa na ƙasashe ciki har da Solomon Islands da Niue.  ''Hibiscus syriacus'' ita ce furen ƙasa na [[Koriya ta Kudu]],  kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAf8&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ita ce furon ƙasa na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) |title=What you didn't know about Korea's national flower |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |publisher=Korea.net |access-date=2026-09-02 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301014156/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' ita ce furen jihar [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Hawaii State Flower - Yellow Hibiscus |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/pua-aloalo |publisher=statesymbolsusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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      <text bytes="19982" sha1="518rgkoo6h5cfm5faixmmp0z4zzecyv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}{{Automatic taxobox|image=Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg|taxon=Hibiscus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Bombix'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Bombycella'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''Bombyx'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Brockmania'' {{small|W.Fitzg.}}
* ''Canhamo'' {{small|Perini}}
* ''Cotyloplecta'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Erebennus'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Fioria'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Furcaria'' {{small|Kostel.}}
* ''Gourmania'' {{small|A.Chev.}}
* ''Humbertianthus'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Ketmia'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''Laguna'' {{small|Cav.}}
* ''Macrostelia'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Marconia'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Muenchhusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Fabr.}}
* ''Munchusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Raf.}}
* ''Petitia'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
* ''Solandra'' {{small|Murray}}, nom. illeg.
* ''Symphyochlamys'' {{small|Gürke}}
* ''Talipariti'' {{small|Fryxell}}
* ''Triguera'' {{small|Cav.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Trionaea'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Trionum'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Triplochiton'' {{small|Alef.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Wilhelminia'' {{small|Hochr.}}|subdivision=See [[List of Hibiscus species|list of ''Hibiscus'' species]]}}

Hibiscus [1] wani nau'in tsire ne masu fure a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae .[2] Halittar tana da girma sosai, ta ƙunshi nau'o'in ɗaruruwan da ke cikin yanayin zafi, yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi a duk duniya. An san nau'in mambobi da manyan furanni masu ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan nau'in an san su da &quot;hibiscus&quot;, ko kuma ba a san su da yawa kamar rose mallow. Halitta ta haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke na shekara-shekara da na tsire-tire, da kuma bishiyoyi masu katako da ƙananan bishiyoyi.

Ana noma nau'o'i da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, musamman ''Hibiscus syriacus'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Magana ==
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci (''hibískos'') wanda masanin tsire-tsire na Girka Pedanius Dioscorides ya ba da ita ga shuka da ake kira ''Althaea officinalis'' . 

== Bayyanawa ==
Shafuka suna canzawa, ovate zuwa lanceolate, sau da yawa tare da gefen hakora ko lobed (dentate). Furen suna da girma kuma suna bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus: Classification, Characteristics and Uses |url=https://byjus.com/neet/hibiscus/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da siffar ƙaho, tare da petals biyar ko fiye, launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, ja, shuɗi, orange, peach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus (National Gardening Association) |url=http://www.garden.org/plantguide/?q=show&amp;id=2133 |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rawaya ko purple, &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fouda |first=A.M. |last2=Daba |first2=M.Y. |last3=Dahab |first3=G.M. |date=2007 |title=Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physiology-and-pharmacology_2007-10_85_10/page/1020 |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=1020–31 |doi=10.1139/y07-093 |pmid=18066103}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga 4-18 cm fadi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Lesser_grass_blue_(Zizina_otis)_on_Hibiscus_flower_Koror.jpg|thumb|malam buɗe ido a kan furen ''Hibiscus'']]
Launi na fure a wasu nau'o'in, kamar ''H. mutabilis'' da ''H. tiliaceus'', suna canzawa tare da shekaru. [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] busassun capsule guda biyar ne, wanda ke dauke da tsaba da yawa a kowane lobe, wanda aka saki lokacin da capsule ya rabu (ya rabu) a lokacin da ya girma. Yana da launin ja da fari. Misali ne na cikakken fure. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis_in_sunset.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis a cikin cikakken fure]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Flower's_Life_Cycle_Stages.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Matakai a cikin rayuwar furen]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Blooming_Time_Lapse.webm|thumb|Lokacin fure na Hibiscus ya ɓace]]
 
[./Hawaiian_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Hibiscus&quot; id=&quot;mwlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hawaiian hibiscus&quot;&gt;Hibiscus mai launin rawaya] shine furen jihar Hawaii, kodayake mafi yawan ganin hibiscus a cikin jihar shine Hibiscus × ''Rosa-sinensis'' .

A cikin yankuna masu matsakaici, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan nau'ikan kayan ado shine ''Hibiscus syriacus'', hibiscus na lambu na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;rose na Althea&quot; ko &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; (amma kada a rikita shi da ''Hypericum calycinum'' mara alaƙa, wanda ake kira &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; ). A cikin wurare masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi, hibiscus na kasar Sin (''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis''), tare da yawancin haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa, shine mafi mashahuri hibiscus.

An yarda da nau'o'i ɗari da yawa (433 a cikin 2026) ciki har da:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Ana shuka nau'o'i da yawa don furanni masu ban sha'awa ko amfani da su azaman shrubs, kuma ana amfani da su don jawo hankalin malam buɗe ido, ƙudan zuma, da tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floridata Master Plant List |url=http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being versatile it   adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It   is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.

Abinda kawai masu lambu ke buƙatar yin hankali shine mealybugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin cututtukan Mealybug a bayyane kamar yadda ake ganin su a bayyane a matsayin cututtuken fari a kan buds, ganye ko ma tsokoki.

=== Takarda ===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as kenaf (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[Takarda|paper]]-making.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

=== Rarraba da gini ===
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} The ropes on the missionary ship ''Messenger of Peace'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipping Wonders of the World (1937)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=26 January 1937 |title=Missionary Ships |url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html |journal=Shipping Wonders of the World |issue=Part 51 |access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Shafin da aka yi da calyces na ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' an san shi da sunaye da yawa a kasashe da yawa a duniya kuma ana ba da shi da zafi da sanyi. An san abin sha sosai saboda jan launi, ƙishirwa da dandano na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da abinci mai gina jiki sosai saboda abubuwan da ke ciki na bitamin C.

An san shi da ''Bissap'' a Yammacin Afirka, &quot;Gul e Khatmi&quot; a cikin Urdu &amp; Farisa, agua de jamaica a Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya (fure ita ce flor de jamaica) da ''Orhul'' a Indiya. Wasu suna magana da shi a matsayin ''roselle'', sunan gama gari ga fure na hibiscus. A [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]] da sauran tsibirai da yawa a cikin Caribbean, an san abin sha da ''Sorrel'' (''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; kada a rikita shi da ''Rumex acetosa'', jinsin da ke da sunan ''Sorrel''). A Ghana, an san abin sha da sobolo .

A Misira da Sudan, an san shayi na hibiscus da ''[[Karkadeh|karkadé]]'' (Arabic), kuma ana ba da shi azaman abin sha mai zafi da sanyi.

Ana iya cin hibiscus da aka bushe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokoh |first=Ozoz |date=2021-05-14 |title=What is Hibiscus? For Starters, It's Not a Flower |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-hibiscus?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sYkedaS5zjjKeJKMfsLbdgqWhY5M9z-OeS9Bz36Vj8GtVhWS |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sau da yawa kayan lambu ne a Mexico. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan ado, yawanci don kayan zaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pamela Parseghian |date=November 15, 2009 |title=Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient |url=https://www.nrn.com/beverage-trends/hibiscus-blossoms-as-a-food-drink-ingredient |website=NRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani da cewa furanni ko petals sune abin da ake ci, shine calyces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levinson |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Health Benefits of Hibiscus Tea, According to a Dietitian |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620043904/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=EatingWell.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da [[Zobo|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') azaman [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]]. Nau'in ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn daidai da ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. An lura da shi a Visayas a cikin Philippines a matsayin sinadarin mai zaki ga kusan dukkanin kayan lambu da menus na gida. An san shi da labog a yankin Visayan (ko labuag / sapinit a cikin Tagalog), jinsin wani sinadarin ne na dafa abincin kaza na asali.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' a matsayin tsire-tsire na abinci ta hanyar tsutsotsi na wasu nau'ikan lepidopteran, gami da ''Chionodes hibiscella'', ''Hypercompe hambletoni'', asu nutmeg, da asu turnip.

=== Magungunan gargajiya ===
''Hibiscus'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' an bayyana shi azaman amfani da kiwon lafiya da yawa a cikin Ayurveda na Indiya.

=== Tasirin da ake da shi akan hawan jini ===
An yi iƙirarin cewa shayi mai zaki da aka samo daga ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' na iya rage hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haji Faraji |first=M. |last2=Haji Tarkhani |first2=A.H |year=1999 |title=The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1999-06_65_3/page/231 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3 |pmid=10404421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Da-Costa-Rocha |first=Inês |last2=Bonnlaender |first2=Bernd |last3=Sievers |first3=Hartwig |last4=Pischel |first4=Ivo |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |year=2014 |title=Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=165 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002 |pmid=25038696 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kariya da hanawa ===

==== Ciki da shayarwa ====
Duk da yake ba a fahimci tsarin sosai ba, binciken dabbobi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna tasirin hana ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' akan sautin tsoka da tasirin hana haihuwa na H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'', bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vasudeva |first=N. |last2=Sharma |first2=S.K. |date=2008 |title=Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. roots |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1093/ecam/nem003 |pmc=2249740 |pmid=18317554}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa kwayar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' tana motsa raguwar kwayar cutar da mahaifa; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; kwayar H . × ''Rosa-sinensis'' ta nuna tasirin hana daukar ciki ta hanyar aikin Estrogen a cikin beraye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot; /&gt; Ba a lura da waɗannan binciken a cikin mutane ba. Hakanan ana zaton ''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' yana da tasirin emmenagogue wanda zai iya haifar da [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma, a wasu mata, yana haifar da [[zubar da ciki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Boer |first=H.J. |last2=Cotingting |first2=C. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030 |pmid=24269772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=B.H. |last2=Al Wabel |first2=N. |last3=Blunden |first3=G. |date=2005 |title=Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' L.: a review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1628 |pmid=16106391 |s2cid=26797889}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=E. |date=2002 |title=Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x |pmid=11950176 |s2cid=34775253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tasirin da aka rubuta a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] nazarin dabbobi da kuma abubuwan da aka ruwaito na magunguna, ba a ba da shawarar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' da H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'' don amfani yayin daukar ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot; /&gt;

==== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ====
An yi la'akari da cewa ''H. sabdariffa'' yana hulɗa tare da diclofenac, [[chloroquine]] da [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] ta hanyar canza magunguna magunguna. A cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya, an gano kwayar ''H. sabdariffa'' don rage fitar da diclofenac a kan hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakeye |first=T.O. |last2=Adegoke |first2=A.O. |last3=Omoyeni |first3=O.C. |last4=Famakinde |first4=A.A. |date=2007 |title=Effects of Water Extract of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Linn (Malvaceae) 'Roselle' on Excretion of a Diclofenac Formulation |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2019 |pmid=17094172 |s2cid=38874247 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), abin sha na Sudan na yau da kullun, an gano shi don rage yawan chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahmoud |first=B.M. |last2=Ali |first2=H.M. |last3=Homeida |first3=M.M. |last4=Bennett |first4=J.L. |date=1994 |title=Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1005–9 |doi=10.1093/jac/33.5.1005 |pmid=8089046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin magungunan magunguna na acetaminophen ba lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da abin sha na Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolawole |first=J.A. |last2=Maduenyi |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers |journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03190570 |pmid=15151167 |s2cid=10501505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don nuna muhimmancin asibiti.

== Alamomi da al'adu ==
The red hibiscus  is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Kali Puja 2018: Date, Puja time, Significance And Foods to Celebrate the Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/kali-puja-2018-date-puja-time-significance-and-foods-to-celebrate-the-festival-1943115 |access-date=2020-08-28 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Quotes, wishes and messages which you can send to your family and friends on Vinayaka Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-quotes-wishes-and-messages-which-you-can-send-to-your-family-and-friends-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/articleshow/77677233.cms |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Philippines, yara suna amfani da ''gumamela'' (sunan gida don hibiscus) a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na yin kumfa. Ana murkushe furanni da ganye har sai ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fito. Ana tsoma tsokoki na [[Gwanda|papaya]] a cikin wannan kuma ana amfani da su azaman kara don busa kumfa. Tare da sabulu, ruwan hibiscus yana samar da karin kumfa. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Tarukanga&quot; a cikin Yara, musamman a lardin Samar na Gabas.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Josh Foliage |date=2023-05-19 |title=Pink Hibiscus Flower Meaning, Symbolism &amp; Spiritual Significance - Foliage Friend - Learn About Different Types of Plants |url=https://foliagefriend.com/pink-hibiscus-flower-meaning/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da hoton fure na hibiscus a matsayin tambarin Air Polynesia.

Marubucin Najeriya [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya ba da sunan littafinta na farko Purple Hibiscus bayan furen mai laushi.

Yankin hibiscus yana dauke da fibres masu ƙarfi waɗanda za a iya samun su ta hanyar barin yumbu da aka cire a cikin teku don barin kayan kwayoyin ya ruɓe. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

Yankin bakin teku a [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] an san shi da Hibiscus Coast, mai suna bayan furen da ba na asali ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da rairayin bakin teku da yanayin hutu.

=== A matsayin alama ta kasa da ta jihar ===
Hibiscus alama ce ta ƙasa ta [[Haiti]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-symbols/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma furen ƙasa na ƙasashe ciki har da Solomon Islands da Niue.  ''Hibiscus syriacus'' ita ce furen ƙasa na [[Koriya ta Kudu]],  kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAf8&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ita ce furon ƙasa na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) |title=What you didn't know about Korea's national flower |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |publisher=Korea.net |access-date=2026-09-02 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301014156/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' ita ce furen jihar [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Hawaii State Flower - Yellow Hibiscus |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/pua-aloalo |publisher=statesymbolsusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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      <text bytes="19985" sha1="6s7a7sn98uuwyin21qpho59nfl96out" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}{{Automatic taxobox|image=Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg|taxon=Hibiscus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Bombix'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Bombycella'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''Bombyx'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Brockmania'' {{small|W.Fitzg.}}
* ''Canhamo'' {{small|Perini}}
* ''Cotyloplecta'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Erebennus'' {{small|Alef.}}
* ''Fioria'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Furcaria'' {{small|Kostel.}}
* ''Gourmania'' {{small|A.Chev.}}
* ''Humbertianthus'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Ketmia'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''Laguna'' {{small|Cav.}}
* ''Macrostelia'' {{small|Hochr.}}
* ''Marconia'' {{small|Mattei}}
* ''Muenchhusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Fabr.}}
* ''Munchusia'' {{small|Heist. ex Raf.}}
* ''Petitia'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
* ''Solandra'' {{small|Murray}}, nom. illeg.
* ''Symphyochlamys'' {{small|Gürke}}
* ''Talipariti'' {{small|Fryxell}}
* ''Triguera'' {{small|Cav.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Trionaea'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''Trionum'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Triplochiton'' {{small|Alef.}}, nom. rej.
* ''Wilhelminia'' {{small|Hochr.}}|subdivision=See [[List of Hibiscus species|list of ''Hibiscus'' species]]}}

Hibiscus [1] wani nau'in tsire ne masu fure a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae .[2] Halittar sa tana da girma sosai, ta ƙunshi nau'o'in ɗaruruwan da ke cikin yanayin zafi, yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi a duk duniya. An san nau'in mambobi da manyan furanni masu ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan nau'in an san su da &quot;hibiscus&quot;, ko kuma ba a san su da yawa kamar rose mallow. Halitta ta haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke na shekara-shekara da na tsire-tire, da kuma bishiyoyi masu katako da ƙananan bishiyoyi.

Ana noma nau'o'i da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, musamman ''Hibiscus syriacus'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Magana ==
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci (''hibískos'') wanda masanin tsire-tsire na Girka Pedanius Dioscorides ya ba da ita ga shuka da ake kira ''Althaea officinalis'' . 

== Bayyanawa ==
Shafuka suna canzawa, ovate zuwa lanceolate, sau da yawa tare da gefen hakora ko lobed (dentate). Furen suna da girma kuma suna bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus: Classification, Characteristics and Uses |url=https://byjus.com/neet/hibiscus/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=BYJUS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da siffar ƙaho, tare da petals biyar ko fiye, launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda, ja, shuɗi, orange, peach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus (National Gardening Association) |url=http://www.garden.org/plantguide/?q=show&amp;id=2133 |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rawaya ko purple, &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fouda |first=A.M. |last2=Daba |first2=M.Y. |last3=Dahab |first3=G.M. |date=2007 |title=Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physiology-and-pharmacology_2007-10_85_10/page/1020 |journal=Can J Physiol Pharmacol |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=1020–31 |doi=10.1139/y07-093 |pmid=18066103}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga 4-18 cm fadi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Lesser_grass_blue_(Zizina_otis)_on_Hibiscus_flower_Koror.jpg|thumb|malam buɗe ido a kan furen ''Hibiscus'']]
Launi na fure a wasu nau'o'in, kamar ''H. mutabilis'' da ''H. tiliaceus'', suna canzawa tare da shekaru. [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] busassun capsule guda biyar ne, wanda ke dauke da tsaba da yawa a kowane lobe, wanda aka saki lokacin da capsule ya rabu (ya rabu) a lokacin da ya girma. Yana da launin ja da fari. Misali ne na cikakken fure. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}}
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis_in_sunset.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis a cikin cikakken fure]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Flower's_Life_Cycle_Stages.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Matakai a cikin rayuwar furen]]
[[Fayil:Hibiscus_Blooming_Time_Lapse.webm|thumb|Lokacin fure na Hibiscus ya ɓace]]
 
[./Hawaiian_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Hibiscus&quot; id=&quot;mwlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hawaiian hibiscus&quot;&gt;Hibiscus mai launin rawaya] shine furen jihar Hawaii, kodayake mafi yawan ganin hibiscus a cikin jihar shine Hibiscus × ''Rosa-sinensis'' .

A cikin yankuna masu matsakaici, mai yiwuwa mafi yawan nau'ikan kayan ado shine ''Hibiscus syriacus'', hibiscus na lambu na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;rose na Althea&quot; ko &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; (amma kada a rikita shi da ''Hypericum calycinum'' mara alaƙa, wanda ake kira &quot;rose na Sharon&quot; ). A cikin wurare masu zafi da yankuna masu zafi, hibiscus na kasar Sin (''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis''), tare da yawancin haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa, shine mafi mashahuri hibiscus.

An yarda da nau'o'i ɗari da yawa (433 a cikin 2026) ciki har da:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Ana shuka nau'o'i da yawa don furanni masu ban sha'awa ko amfani da su azaman shrubs, kuma ana amfani da su don jawo hankalin malam buɗe ido, ƙudan zuma, da tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floridata Master Plant List |url=http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm |access-date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being versatile it   adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It   is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.

Abinda kawai masu lambu ke buƙatar yin hankali shine mealybugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus moscheutos (Hardy Hibiscus) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/hibiscus-moscheutos#:~:text=Hibiscus%20moscheutos,%20commonly%20known%20as%20Hardy%20Hibiscus,vibrant%20flowers,%20lush%20foliage,%20and%20low-maintenance%20nature. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Gardenia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin cututtukan Mealybug a bayyane kamar yadda ake ganin su a bayyane a matsayin cututtuken fari a kan buds, ganye ko ma tsokoki.

=== Takarda ===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as kenaf (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[Takarda|paper]]-making.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

=== Rarraba da gini ===
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2018}} The ropes on the missionary ship ''Messenger of Peace'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipping Wonders of the World (1937)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=26 January 1937 |title=Missionary Ships |url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html |journal=Shipping Wonders of the World |issue=Part 51 |access-date=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Shafin da aka yi da calyces na ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' an san shi da sunaye da yawa a kasashe da yawa a duniya kuma ana ba da shi da zafi da sanyi. An san abin sha sosai saboda jan launi, ƙishirwa da dandano na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da abinci mai gina jiki sosai saboda abubuwan da ke ciki na bitamin C.

An san shi da ''Bissap'' a Yammacin Afirka, &quot;Gul e Khatmi&quot; a cikin Urdu &amp; Farisa, agua de jamaica a Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya (fure ita ce flor de jamaica) da ''Orhul'' a Indiya. Wasu suna magana da shi a matsayin ''roselle'', sunan gama gari ga fure na hibiscus. A [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]] da sauran tsibirai da yawa a cikin Caribbean, an san abin sha da ''Sorrel'' (''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; kada a rikita shi da ''Rumex acetosa'', jinsin da ke da sunan ''Sorrel''). A Ghana, an san abin sha da sobolo .

A Misira da Sudan, an san shayi na hibiscus da ''[[Karkadeh|karkadé]]'' (Arabic), kuma ana ba da shi azaman abin sha mai zafi da sanyi.

Ana iya cin hibiscus da aka bushe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sokoh |first=Ozoz |date=2021-05-14 |title=What is Hibiscus? For Starters, It's Not a Flower |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-hibiscus?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sYkedaS5zjjKeJKMfsLbdgqWhY5M9z-OeS9Bz36Vj8GtVhWS |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sau da yawa kayan lambu ne a Mexico. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan ado, yawanci don kayan zaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pamela Parseghian |date=November 15, 2009 |title=Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient |url=https://www.nrn.com/beverage-trends/hibiscus-blossoms-as-a-food-drink-ingredient |website=NRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani da cewa furanni ko petals sune abin da ake ci, shine calyces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levinson |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Health Benefits of Hibiscus Tea, According to a Dietitian |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620043904/https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7989695/health-benefits-of-hibiscus-tea-according-to-a-dietitian/ |archive-date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=EatingWell.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da [[Zobo|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') azaman [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]]. Nau'in ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn daidai da ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. An lura da shi a Visayas a cikin Philippines a matsayin sinadarin mai zaki ga kusan dukkanin kayan lambu da menus na gida. An san shi da labog a yankin Visayan (ko labuag / sapinit a cikin Tagalog), jinsin wani sinadarin ne na dafa abincin kaza na asali.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' a matsayin tsire-tsire na abinci ta hanyar tsutsotsi na wasu nau'ikan lepidopteran, gami da ''Chionodes hibiscella'', ''Hypercompe hambletoni'', asu nutmeg, da asu turnip.

=== Magungunan gargajiya ===
''Hibiscus'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' an bayyana shi azaman amfani da kiwon lafiya da yawa a cikin Ayurveda na Indiya.

=== Tasirin da ake da shi akan hawan jini ===
An yi iƙirarin cewa shayi mai zaki da aka samo daga ''[[Zobo|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' na iya rage hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haji Faraji |first=M. |last2=Haji Tarkhani |first2=A.H |year=1999 |title=The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1999-06_65_3/page/231 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=231–236 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3 |pmid=10404421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hsab2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Da-Costa-Rocha |first=Inês |last2=Bonnlaender |first2=Bernd |last3=Sievers |first3=Hartwig |last4=Pischel |first4=Ivo |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |year=2014 |title=Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=165 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002 |pmid=25038696 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kariya da hanawa ===

==== Ciki da shayarwa ====
Duk da yake ba a fahimci tsarin sosai ba, binciken dabbobi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna tasirin hana ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' akan sautin tsoka da tasirin hana haihuwa na H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'', bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vasudeva |first=N. |last2=Sharma |first2=S.K. |date=2008 |title=Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. roots |journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1093/ecam/nem003 |pmc=2249740 |pmid=18317554}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa kwayar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' tana motsa raguwar kwayar cutar da mahaifa; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; kwayar H . × ''Rosa-sinensis'' ta nuna tasirin hana daukar ciki ta hanyar aikin Estrogen a cikin beraye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vasudeva08&quot; /&gt; Ba a lura da waɗannan binciken a cikin mutane ba. Hakanan ana zaton ''H.'' × ''Rosa-sinensis'' yana da tasirin emmenagogue wanda zai iya haifar da [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma, a wasu mata, yana haifar da [[zubar da ciki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Boer |first=H.J. |last2=Cotingting |first2=C. |date=2014 |title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030 |pmid=24269772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=B.H. |last2=Al Wabel |first2=N. |last3=Blunden |first3=G. |date=2005 |title=Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' L.: a review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1628 |pmid=16106391 |s2cid=26797889}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=E. |date=2002 |title=Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? |journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x |pmid=11950176 |s2cid=34775253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tasirin da aka rubuta a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] nazarin dabbobi da kuma abubuwan da aka ruwaito na magunguna, ba a ba da shawarar ''''H.'' sabdariffa'' da H. × ''Rosa-sinensis'' don amfani yayin daukar ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot; /&gt;

==== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ====
An yi la'akari da cewa ''H. sabdariffa'' yana hulɗa tare da diclofenac, [[chloroquine]] da [[Paracetamol|acetaminophen]] ta hanyar canza magunguna magunguna. A cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya, an gano kwayar ''H. sabdariffa'' don rage fitar da diclofenac a kan hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fakeye |first=T.O. |last2=Adegoke |first2=A.O. |last3=Omoyeni |first3=O.C. |last4=Famakinde |first4=A.A. |date=2007 |title=Effects of Water Extract of ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'', Linn (Malvaceae) 'Roselle' on Excretion of a Diclofenac Formulation |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2019 |pmid=17094172 |s2cid=38874247 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), abin sha na Sudan na yau da kullun, an gano shi don rage yawan chloroquine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahmoud |first=B.M. |last2=Ali |first2=H.M. |last3=Homeida |first3=M.M. |last4=Bennett |first4=J.L. |date=1994 |title=Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1005–9 |doi=10.1093/jac/33.5.1005 |pmid=8089046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin magungunan magunguna na acetaminophen ba lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da abin sha na Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolawole |first=J.A. |last2=Maduenyi |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers |journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.1007/BF03190570 |pmid=15151167 |s2cid=10501505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don nuna muhimmancin asibiti.

== Alamomi da al'adu ==
The red hibiscus  is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Kali Puja 2018: Date, Puja time, Significance And Foods to Celebrate the Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/kali-puja-2018-date-puja-time-significance-and-foods-to-celebrate-the-festival-1943115 |access-date=2020-08-28 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Quotes, wishes and messages which you can send to your family and friends on Vinayaka Chaturthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-quotes-wishes-and-messages-which-you-can-send-to-your-family-and-friends-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/articleshow/77677233.cms |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Philippines, yara suna amfani da ''gumamela'' (sunan gida don hibiscus) a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na yin kumfa. Ana murkushe furanni da ganye har sai ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fito. Ana tsoma tsokoki na [[Gwanda|papaya]] a cikin wannan kuma ana amfani da su azaman kara don busa kumfa. Tare da sabulu, ruwan hibiscus yana samar da karin kumfa. Har ila yau ana kiranta &quot;Tarukanga&quot; a cikin Yara, musamman a lardin Samar na Gabas.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Friend |first=Josh Foliage |date=2023-05-19 |title=Pink Hibiscus Flower Meaning, Symbolism &amp; Spiritual Significance - Foliage Friend - Learn About Different Types of Plants |url=https://foliagefriend.com/pink-hibiscus-flower-meaning/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da hoton fure na hibiscus a matsayin tambarin Air Polynesia.

Marubucin Najeriya [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya ba da sunan littafinta na farko Purple Hibiscus bayan furen mai laushi.

Yankin hibiscus yana dauke da fibres masu ƙarfi waɗanda za a iya samun su ta hanyar barin yumbu da aka cire a cikin teku don barin kayan kwayoyin ya ruɓe. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

Yankin bakin teku a [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] an san shi da Hibiscus Coast, mai suna bayan furen da ba na asali ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da rairayin bakin teku da yanayin hutu.

=== A matsayin alama ta kasa da ta jihar ===
Hibiscus alama ce ta ƙasa ta [[Haiti]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-symbols/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma furen ƙasa na ƙasashe ciki har da Solomon Islands da Niue.  ''Hibiscus syriacus'' ita ce furen ƙasa na [[Koriya ta Kudu]],  kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAf8&quot;&gt;Hibiscus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgA&quot;&gt;Rosa-sinensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ita ce furon ƙasa na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS) |title=What you didn't know about Korea's national flower |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |publisher=Korea.net |access-date=2026-09-02 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301014156/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=75126 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hibiscus brackenridgei'' ita ce furen jihar [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=Hawaii State Flower - Yellow Hibiscus |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/pua-aloalo |publisher=statesymbolsusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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Masu kula da gandun daji na [[Kerala]] ƙungiya ce ta mata ashirin zuwa arba'in waɗanda ke kula da tsire-tsire a Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary a Kerala, Kudu maso Yammacin Indiya. Tare suna neman, adanawa da kuma noma nau'ikan Tsire-tsire masu haɗari a yankin Yammacin Ghats na Kudancin Indiya. Har ila yau, suna aiki don dawo da mazaunin da ke kusa da su da kuma gudanar da [[Shirin Ilimi|shirye-shiryen ilimi]]. Yawancin mata ba su da horo ko cancanta a [[Botany]] ko ilmin kiyayewa. Duk da haka, wasu sun gano sababbin nau'o'in, rubuce-rubuce na haɗin gwiwa game da sababbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke a cikin mujallu na kimiyya, an gabatar da su a tarurruka botanical kuma yanzu suna horar da jagorantar sabbin masu lambu.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa shi a cikin 1981 da Wolfgang Dieter Theuerkauf, mai kula [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|mai kiyayewa]] na Jamus, yanzu mallakar hekta 32, mai zaman kansa Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, yana kusa da gandun daji na Periya a arewacin Kerala. Wuri mai tsarki ya ƙunshi gadaje masu buɗewa, ɗakunan kula da yara, gandun daji, wuraren zama na al'umma da lambun tsire-tsire na acre biyu wanda ke buɗewa ga jama'a kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi. Wuri mai tsarki yana da niyyar dawo da mazaunin da kuma kiyaye wasu nau'ikan shuke-shuke 2,000. Wani lokaci ana kiranta da &quot;Akwatin Nuhu don Shuke-shuke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=These Women are Reviving Kerala's Rainforest |url=https://www.goodnet.org/articles/these-women-are-reviving-keralas-rainforest |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Goodnet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainforest Concern - Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary |url=https://www.rainforestconcern.org/projects/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Rainforest Concern |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In a nutshell {{!}} gbsanctuary.org |url=https://www.gbsanctuary.org/inanutshell.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.gbsanctuary.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120185747/https://www.gbsanctuary.org/inanutshell.html |archive-date=2026-01-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stallsmith |first=Audrey |date=2025-07-14 |title=Kerala's Green Revolution: Protecting Rare Plants Before They're Gone |url=https://www.backyardboss.net/noahs-ark-of-endangered-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=BackyardBoss |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya mutu a shekara ta 2014, Theuerkauf ya horar da kuma [[Jagora]] mata ashirin na yankin don kula da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, gami da orchid, ferns, da succulents, waɗanda ya tattara daga ƙasar da ke kusa da ita da ake sharewa. Kodayake tsaunukan Yammacin Ghats an jera su a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]], [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a|yawan jama'a]] masu yawa, Yaduwar birane, [[Canjin yanayi]] da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] sun sanya [[bambancin halittu]] da yalwar halittu a yankin a cikin babbar barazana. Godiya ga aikin wanda ya kafa da masu lambu na gandun daji, wurin tsarkakewa yanzu mafaka ne ga kashi 40% na nau'ikan shuke-shuke da aka samu a Yammacin Ghats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2021-11-03 |title=Women guard India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1109107/features/photography---flora-and-fauna/women-guard-indias-rainforest-refugees |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Oman Observer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;roundglasssustain.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Growing with Nature {{!}} Roundglass Sustain {{!}} Roundglass {{!}} Sustain |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=roundglasssustain.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: The women guarding India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/4/india-women-guarding-rainforest-western-ghats-climate-crisis |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=The women guarding India's rainforest 'refugees' - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/11/04/2003767271 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary na al'umma ya sami goyon baya daga Rainforest Concern tun shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Community-Led Rainforest Restoration in Kerala: A Model for Global Conservation |url=https://www.rainforestconcern.org/news/community-led-rainforest-restoration-in-kerala-a-model-for-global-conservation |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Rainforest Concern |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu aikin lambu ==
Yawancin matan da ke zaune da aiki a wurin ibada sun bar makaranta tun suna da shekaru 15 ko 16 kuma ba su da horo na yau da kullun a [[Botany]] ko [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyaye shuka]]-shuke. Duk da haka suna lura da tsire-tsire a hankali a cikin kulawarsu tsawon shekaru kuma sun yi gwaji tare da yanayi daban-daban don gano abin da ke taimaka wa tsire-shuke su bunƙasa. Yawancin mata sun yi aiki a cikin al'ummar tsarkakewa shekaru da yawa kuma yanzu an san su a matsayin masana [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]] na gandun daji. Suna sa takalma don karewa daga macizai da lechers kuma suna aiki na dogon lokaci. Wani babban mai lambu a wurin ibada shine Sheena Mol . Ta shiga cikin al'umma lokacin da take da shekaru 15. Wannan ita ce aikinta na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Gardeners Work to Protect 'Rainforest Gardens' Made to Be Noah's Ark for Endangered Plants |url=https://www.greenmatters.com/pn/gardeners-work-to-protect-rainforest-gardens-made-to-be-noahs-ark-for-endangered-plants |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.greenmatters.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laly Joseph da farko tana horo ne a matsayin mai horar da X-ray amma, tana buƙatar aiki cikin gaggawa kuma tana son tsire-tsire, ta shiga cikin al'ummar masu sa kai a wurin ibada kimanin shekaru 35 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Joseph yanzu yana neman tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa a cikin barazana a yankin, kuma tare da sauran ƙungiyar ya mayar da su lafiya, yana gwaji tare da hanya mafi kyau don kiyayewa da noma waɗannan 'masu tsire-shuke' a cikin wuri mai tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caring For A Rainforest {{!}} Nature inFocus |url=https://www.natureinfocus.in/the-restoration-notebook/caring-for-a-rainforest |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.natureinfocus.in |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120175033/https://www.natureinfocus.in/the-restoration-notebook/caring-for-a-rainforest |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=The Western Ghats' amazing biodiversity is being brought back to life |url=http://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/30/india-s-all-female-rainforest-team-take-on-cobras-to-protect-biodiversity |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2021-11-03 |title=Women guard India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1109107/features/photography---flora-and-fauna/women-guard-indias-rainforest-refugees |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Oman Observer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=God's Own Gardeners {{!}} Tehelka |url=https://tehelka.com/gods-own-gardeners/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=tehelka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta gano sababbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke  da kuma marubuta tare da gabatar da tarurruka kan sababbin nau'o'in a cikin mujallu da tarurrukan kimiyya.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India Flora Online |url=https://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/herbsheet.php?id=6315&amp;cat=13#:~:text=Collector(s)%20Name%20:%20Laly%20Joseph,,Collection%20Date%20:%2008/11/2002 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shajitha |first=P. P. |last2=Dhanesh |first2=N. R. |last3=Ebin |first3=P. J. |last4=Joseph |first4=Laly |last5=Devassy |first5=Aneesha |last6=John |first6=Reshma |last7=Augustine |first7=Jomy |last8=Mathew |first8=Linu |date=2016-11-05 |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Balsams (Genus Impatiens) Based on ITS Regions of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Implies Two Colonization Events in South India |url=https://jabonline.in/abstract.php?article_id=162&amp;sts=2 |journal=Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=001–009 |doi=10.7324/JABB.2016.40601 |issn=2347-212X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Raajwrita |date=2025-11-23 |title=Kerala Women Restore Forest &amp; Protect 2000 Native Plant Species |url=https://thebetterindia.com/472446/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary-kerala-women-restore-forest-2000-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;roundglasssustain.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gillott |first=Gabi |date=2020-02-27 |title=Siân Bowen's Leverhulme Research Fellowship Exhibition: After Hortus Malabaricus: Sensing and Presencing Rare Plants |url=https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/32799 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Botanics Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haɗa Joseph a cikin sashin '2025 World Everyday Heroes' na ''The Guardian Weekly'' a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025.

Kazalika da [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyaye]] shuka-shuke, mata suna aiki a kan maido da ƙasar da ta lalace, alal misali, shuke-huke na shayi da kofi da ke kusa da wuri mai tsarki wanda a hankali aka samo shi yanki-ƙasa. Suprabha Seshan, asalinsa daga Delhi, yana zaune kuma yana aiki a wuri mai tsarki. Ta shiga Gurukula a shekarar 1991 a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, ta zauna kuma yanzu sananniya ce, mai bugawa kuma mai lashe kyautar kiyayewa da ke ciki ayyukan ilimi da sake gina gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Re-growing a Forest: The Remarkable Life of Suprabha Seshan and Her Rewilder Friends {{!}} The Kodai Chronicle |url=https://www.thekodaichronicle.com/environment/re-growing-a-forest-the-remarkable-life-of-suprabha-seshan/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu aikin lambu na gandun daji suna amfani da hanyoyin shiga tsakani, kamar wasu yanka, sharewa, dasa da kuma watsar da itace, don sake dasa bishiyoyi ko sake ginawa ya faru ta hanyar halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=In the Western Ghats, 20 Kerala Women Are Protecting a Forest Home to 2000 Native Plants |url=https://thebetterindia.com/472446/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary-kerala-women-restore-forest-2000-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Vikalp Sangam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Dennis Man''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Agusta 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan [[Romainiya|ƙasar Romania]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] ta Eredivisie da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasar Romania .

Man ya fara babban aikinsa a UTA Arad a shekarar 2015, sannan ya koma FCSB a shekarar 2016. An sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar shekara ta Liga ta 1 a kakar wasa ta 2018–19, kuma ya lashe gasar Cupa României a kakar wasa mai zuwa . Daga baya a shekarar 2020, an zabi Man a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na ''Gazeta Sporturilor'', kafin ya koma [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] daga ƙasar waje kan Yuro miliyan 11 - mafi girman kuɗin da aka taɓa biya ga ɗan wasa da aka sayar daga gasar cin kofin Romania. A shekarar 2025, bayan wasanni sama da 130 a gasar [[Serie A]] da Serie B, ya sanya hannu a kulob din PSV na kasar Holland.

A duk duniya, Man ya fara buga wa Romania wasa a watan Maris na 2018, inda a baya ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 wasa . Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar UEFA Euro 2024, inda suka kai matsayi na farko a rukuninsu kuma suka kai zagaye na 16 .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
A lokacin da yake ƙarami a Atletico Arad, Man ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] don gwaje-gwaje da dama, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2010 |title=&quot;Vreau să ajung mai tare ca Mutu&quot; Un puşti minune român e aproape de Man City |trans-title=&quot;I want to be better than Mutu&quot; A Romanian wonderkid nears Man City move |url=http://www.prosport.ro/sport-life/special/vreau-sa-ajung-mai-tare-ca-mutu-un-pusti-minune-roman-e-aproape-de-man-city-7436174?cp=1 |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=[[ProSport]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma babu abin da ya faru daga baya kuma ya koma UTA Arad . An ɗaga darajar Man daga makarantar koyon aikin UTA a lokacin bazara na 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Utiştii au renunţat şi la Ionuţ Radu. Arădenii pleacă sâmbătă în Austria |trans-title=&quot;Utiştii&quot; gave up on Ionuţ Radu. The Arad people will leave to Austria on Saturday |url=http://liga2.prosport.ro/seria-2/bursa-transferurilor/utistii-au-renuntat-si-la-ionut-radu-aradenii-pleaca-sambata-in-austria-14658452 |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da shekaru 17, kuma ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Gaz Metan Mediaș don gasar La Liga II . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=Na, ce spuneam? UTA are viață foarte grea în Liga 2: 1–2 cu Gaz Metan |trans-title=Look what we were just saying. UTA have a hard time in the Liga 2: 1–2 against Gaz Metan |url=http://specialarad.ro/na-ce-spuneam-uta-are-viata-foarte-grea-in-liga-2-1-2-cu-gaz-metan-foto/ |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=Special Arad |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Bihor Oradea da ci 4-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2015 |title=FOTBAL. FC Bihor a pierdut cu 0–4 meciul cu UTA, dar jucătorii orădeni au fost aplaudaţi de suporteri |trans-title=FOOTBALL. FC Bihor lost 0–4 against UTA, but the Oradea players were acclaimed by fans |url=http://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-oradea/fotbal-fc-bihor-a-pierdut-cu-0-4-meciul-cu-uta-dar-jucatorii-oradeni-au-fost-aplaudati-de-suporteri-451155?__grsc=cookieIsUndef0&amp;__grts=50063040&amp;__grua=59c6e64c5bda4eebadb7236a9f42a5cd&amp;__grrn=1 |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=[[Digi24]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== FCSB ===
A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2016, FC Steaua București ta canja wurin Man akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, inda ɗan wasan ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya tare da zaɓin wasu shekaru biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Dennis Man, transferat la Steaua București |trans-title=Dennis Man, transferred to Steaua București |url=http://www.uta-arad.ro/stiri/dennis-man-transferat-la-steaua-bucuresti/3333 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143729/http://www.uta-arad.ro/stiri/dennis-man-transferat-la-steaua-bucuresti/3333 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=7 September 2016 |publisher=UTA Arad |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Bine ai venit, Dennis Man! |trans-title=Welcome, Dennis Man! |url=http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/transfer_dennisman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726194320/http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/transfer_dennisman/ |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=Steaua București |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Dennis Man a semnat cu Steaua un contract pe un an, cu prelungire automată. |trans-title=Dennis Man signed a one-year contract with Steaua, with the option of extension |url=https://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-intern/update-dennis-man-semnat-cu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807235346/https://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-intern/update-dennis-man-semnat-cu.html |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=9 July 2017 |publisher=[[Telekom Sport|DolceSport]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man ya fara buga wa ''Roș-albaștrii'' wasa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2016 a wasan da suka yi da Universitatea Craiova, inda ya maye gurbin Florin Tănase da ya ji rauni a rabin farko na wasan; shi da kansa an maye gurbinsa a minti na 66 da Ovidiu Popescu, yayin da tawagarsa ta yi nasara da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=Ce a fost asta? Reghecampf, decizie BIZARĂ în privința lui Dennis Man. Cum a răspuns Mulțescu |trans-title=What was that? Reghecampf, odd decision regarding Dennis Man. How Mulțescu responded |url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/ce-a-fost-asta-reghecampf-decizie-bizara-in-privinta-lui-dennis-man-cum-a-raspuns-multescu-490175.html |access-date=27 October 2017 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Steaua—da kuma Liga I —a wasan da suka doke Politehnica Iași da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=Dennis Man a &quot;spart gheața&quot;! Primul gol la Steaua e și primul pe care-l marchează în Liga 1 |trans-title=Denis Man &quot;broke the ice&quot;! His first goal at Steaua is also the first in Liga 1 |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Liga+1/VIDEO-Dennis-Man-a-spart-gheata-Primul-gol-la-Steaua-si-Liga-1 |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=DigiSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Yuli 2017, Man ya zira kwallo mai nasara a lokacin rauni a wasan da suka yi da Voluntari a wasan farko na kamfen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2017 |title=FCSB – FC Voluntari 2–1 |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Liga+1/live-text/live-video-FCSB+-+FC+Voluntari-21-00-Digi+Sport+1-Dica-mizeaza |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=DigiSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasansa na farko [[UEFA|a Turai]] a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a zagaye na uku na neman gurbin shiga gasar da ci 4-1 a waje da Viktoria Plzeň, a ranar 2 ga Agusta.  A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, ya bayar da gudummawa da kwallaye biyu da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Sănătatea Cluj da ci 6-1 a gasar Cupa României, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=Sănătatea Cluj – FCSB 1–6. Calificare fără emoţii pentru roş-albaştri, care au avut patru debutanţi. Man, omul meciului |trans-title=Sănătatea Cluj – FCSB 1–6. Easy qualification for the red-and-blue, who had four newcomers. Man, man of the match |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Cupa+Romaniei/Sanatatea+Cluj+-+FCSB+ora+20+30+Dica+mizeaza+pe+o+formula+experi |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=DigiSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 17 ga Disamba ne ya fara zura kwallaye a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan zakarun da ke kare Viitorul Constanța . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=FCSB a învins FC Viitorul, scor 2-0, în Liga 1 |trans-title=FCSB defeated FC Viitorul, score 2–0, in the Liga 1 |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/sport/fcsb-a-invins-fc-viitorul-scor-2-0-in-liga-1-16869243 |access-date=18 December 2017 |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2018, ''UEFA.com'' ta saka Man a cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 50 mafi kyau da za a kalla a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=50 for the future: UEFA.com's ones to watch for 2018 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0252-0cda3ac84c49-97fa0ffd6cd1-1000--50-for-the-future-uefa-com-s-ones-to-watch-for-2018-19/ |access-date=3 February 2018 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo ta farko a cikin tawagarsa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Dinamo București bayan ya buga wasa a hutun rabin lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2018 |title=Dinamo - FCSB 2-2: Puşi cu botul pe labe de Teixeira! Derby fabulos cu un final fantastic pe &quot;Arena Naţională&quot; |trans-title=Dinamo - FCSB 2-2: Teixeira knocks them down! Fabulous derby with a fantastic finish on the &quot;National Arena&quot; |url=http://adevarul.ro/news/sport/dinamo-fcsb-2-2-pusi-botul-labe-teixeira-derby-fabulos-final-fantastic-arena-nationala-1_5a89e44edf52022f75b32bc4/index.html |access-date=19 February 2018 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuli, an zabi Man tare da dan kasarsa Ianis Hagi domin lashe kyautar Golden Boy ta 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=FOTO Doi români pe lista celor 100 de candidați pentru trofeul Golden Boy 2018 » Ianis Hagi: &quot;Avem o generație tare, care vine puternic din spate&quot; » Marele favorit face senzație la Mondiale |trans-title=PHOTO Two Romanians on the list of 100 candidates for the 2018 Golden Boy trophy » Ianis Hagi: &quot;We have a strong generation, that is pushing hard&quot; » The big favourite to is making a splash at the World Cup |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/foto-doi-romani-pe-lista-celor-100-de-candidati-pentru-trofeul-golden-boy-2018-ianis-hagi-avem-o-generatie-tare-care-vine-puternic-din-spate-marele-favorit-face-senzatie-la-mondiale-543133.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga wannan watan, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Turai a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League da suka doke Rudar Velenje da ci 2-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2018 |title=Rudar – FCSB 0-2. Calificarea e o formalitate pentru roş-albaştri. Man şi Teixeira au marcat. Tănase, cu ratările |trans-title=Rudar – FCSB 0-2. The qualification is a formality for the ''Roș-albaștrii''. Man and Teixeira scored. Tănase, with the misses |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/europa-league/video-rudar-fcsb-europa-league-1830-490072 |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Man ya lashe kofinsa na farko a rayuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Yulin 2020, bayan ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan karshe na Cupa României da suka fafata da Sepsi OSK . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Dennis Man aduce Cupa României în București! Finala a fost decisă de o gafă uriașă! |trans-title=Dennis Man brings the Romanian Cup to Bucharest! The final was decided by a huge blunder! |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/cupa-romaniei/live-video-sepsi-fcsb-ora-2000-pe-digi-sport-1-finala-cupei-romaniei-debutul-lui-toni-petrea-pe-banca-ros-albastrilor-875687 |access-date=25 July 2020 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Satumba a wannan shekarar, ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan share fage na biyu na gasar Europa League da kungiyar TSC Bačka Topola ta Serbia. Wasan ya ƙare da ci 6-6 bayan ƙarin lokaci, kuma Man ya ci bugun fenariti mai nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Backa Topola - FCSB. Cum a reacționat presa din Serbia după o nebunie de meci |trans-title=Bačka Topola - FCSB. How did Serbian press react after a crazy match |url=https://www.eurosport.ro/fotbal/europa-league/2019-2020/backa-topola-fcsb.-cum-a-reactionat-presa-din-serbia-dupa-o-nebunie-de-meci_sto7892696/story.shtml |access-date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport România]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwana uku bayan haka, a wasansa na 100 a gasar La Liga, ya sake zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Argeș Pitești da ci 3-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2020 |title=Dennis Man, pe modul Terminator. Ce a spus vedeta FCSB-ului după ce a marcat 6 goluri în 4 zile |trans-title=Dennis Man, on Terminator mode. What did the FCSB star said after scoring 6 goals in 4 days |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dennis-man-pe-modul-terminator-ce-a-spus-vedeta-fcsb-ului-dupa-ce-a-marcat-6-goluri-in-7-zile-912151 |publisher=DigiSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Man ya zura kwallon farko kuma ya ƙi yin biki a wasan da suka doke tsohuwar ƙungiyar UTA Arad da ci 3-0 a gida a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2020, wanda ya kai jimillar kwallayensa zuwa goma. Bayan wasanni biyu a ranar 18 ga wata, ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Universitatea Craiova da ci 2-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2020 |title=U Craiova - FCSB 0-2. Dubla lui Man a adus toate punctele echipei roş-albastre! Olaru a lovit bara, Coman a ratat incredibil |trans-title=U Craiova - FCSB 0-2. Man's double brought all the points for &quot;the Red and Blues&quot;! Olaru hit the post, Coman missed an incredible chance to score |url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/universitatea-craiova-fcsb-live-video-astazi-de-la-ora-20-30-in-direct-la-telekom-sport-1-19737214 |access-date=24 December 2020 |publisher=[[Telekom TV|TelekomSport]] |language=ro}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba, jaridar ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Romania ta 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;RFY_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=GALA GSP 2020. Dennis Man - &quot;Fotbalistul anului&quot; în Ancheta Gazetei Sporturilor: &quot;Știu că acest premiu vine cu obligații, sunt conștient&quot; |trans-title=GSP GALA 2020. Dennis Man – Footballer of the Year in the ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' superlatives: &quot;I know this prize comes with responsibilities, I am aware of that&quot; |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gala-gsp-2020-dennis-man-fotbalistul-anului-in-ancheta-gazetei-sporturilor-stiu-ca-acest-premiu-vine-cu-obligatii-sunt-constient-619241.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parma ===
A ranar 26 ga Janairu 2021, mamallakin FCSB Gigi Becali ya sanar da cewa kulob din [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] [[Serie A|na Serie A]] ya gabatar da tayin sayen Man, wanda darajarsa ta kai Yuro miliyan 11 tare da ƙarin Yuro miliyan 2; ya karɓi tayin washegari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=EXCLUSIV Anunț de ultimă oră în Italia: &quot;Parma l-a luat pe Man&quot; » Gigi Becali: &quot;Duceți-vă duminică în Italia să-l vedeți!&quot; |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Breaking news from Italy: &quot;Parma brought Man&quot; » Gigi Becali: &quot;Go to Italy on Sunday to see him!&quot; |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fcsb-gigi-becali-misterios-dupa-ce-transferul-lui-man-la-parma-e-aproape-facut-622145.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=Gigi Becali i-a scăzut drastic lui Dennis Man clauza de eliberare înainte să-l vândă la Parma |trans-title=Gigi Becali drastically reduced Dennis Man's release clause before selling him to Parma |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gigi-becali-i-a-scazut-drastic-lui-dennis-man-clauza-de-eliberare-inainte-sa-l-vanda-la-parma-994961 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parma ta amince da ɗaukar matakin a ranar 29 ga wata, bayan da Man ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Dennis Man joins Parma |url=https://parmacalcio1913.com/2021/01/29/dennis-man-joins-parma/?lang=en&amp;fbclid=IwAR2qLpT8T7FzzNaMSlHfirCTkmS2hiz29l2bVJ0bEJJq9je5yICWeBE347E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125141811/https://parmacalcio1913.com/2021/01/29/dennis-man-joins-parma/?lang=en&amp;fbclid=IwAR2qLpT8T7FzzNaMSlHfirCTkmS2hiz29l2bVJ0bEJJq9je5yICWeBE347E |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=Parma Calcio 1913}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin canja wurin ya sanya shi ya zama mafi tsada a cinikin gasar cin kofin Romania, kamar yadda shafin yanar gizon FCSB ya bayyana, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Mulțumim, Dennis Man! |trans-title=Thank you, Dennis Man! |url=https://www.fcsb.ro/ro/stiri/stire-mulumim-dennis-man/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |publisher=FCSB |language=Romanian |quote=Dennis Man is one of our team's most important players and became, once moving to Parma Calcio 1913, the player sold for the largest fee in the history of Liga 1.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya zarce cinikin tsohon mai rike da kambun Nicolae Stanciu na Yuro miliyan 9.8 daga 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ioanițoaia |first=Ovidiu |date=29 January 2021 |title=Afacerea Dennis Man |trans-title=The Dennis Man deal |url=https://blogsport.gsp.ro/ioanitoaia/2021/01/29/afacerea-dennis-man/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Dennis Man la Parma, cel mai scump transfer din istoria Ligii 1 » Spulberă recordul actual! |trans-title=Dennis Man to Parma, the most expensive transfer in Liga 1 history » It crushes the actual record! |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dennis-man-la-parma-cel-mai-scump-transfer-din-istoria-ligii-1-cum-arata-topul-622150.html |access-date=29 January 2021 |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Man ya fara buga wa Parma wasa a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2021, bayan ya yi wasa a minti na 80 bayan rashin nasara 2-0 a hannun Napoli a gasar Serie A a Stadio San Paolo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=Denis Man, debut la Parma in Serie A. Cum a evoluat fotbalistul roman |trans-title=Dennis Man, debut for Parma in the Serie A. How did the Romanian footballer play |url=https://ziare.com/fotbal/jucatori/denis-man-a-jucat-primele-minute-pentru-parma-1659732 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=Ziare.ro |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasanni biyar na farko, manaja Roberto D'Aversa ne ya ba shi damar fara wasa a karon farko a wasan da [[Inter Milan]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 4 ga Maris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Dennis Man, făcut KO în Parma - Inter! Mihăilă l-a schimbat la pauză |trans-title=Dennis Man, knocked out in Parma - Inter! Mihăilă replaced him at the break |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/serie-a/dennis-man-facut-ko-in-parma-inter-mihaila-l-a-schimbat-la-pauza-1019170 |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana goma, ya taimaka wa Valentin Mihăilă ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Roma da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=Finalmente! Il Parma c'è: è vivo per la corsa salvezza, 2-0 alla Roma. Hernani: &quot;Eravamo convinti di farcela: ci crediamo&quot; |trans-title=Finally! Parma is there: it is alive and in the race to save itself, 2–0 over Roma. Hernani: &quot;We were convinced we could do it: we believe in it&quot; |url=https://www.gazzettadiparma.it/il-parma/2021/03/14/news/d_aversa_ha_scelto_pelle_in_campo_dall_inizio_contro_la_roma_al_suo_fianco_miahila_e_man-5403515/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, Man ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Benevento . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2021 |title=Serie A, Benevento-Parma 2-2, le pagelle: gioiello Man, flop Gervinho, eterno Glik |trans-title=Serie A, Benevento-Parma 2–2, the results: jewel Man, flop Gervinho, eternal Glik |url=https://www.eurosport.it/calcio/serie-a/2020-2021/serie-a-benevento-parma-2-2-le-pagelle-gioiello-man-flop-gervinho-eterno-glik_sto8204056/story.shtml |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=[[Eurosport|Eurosport Italia]] |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raunin da ya ji ya kawo ƙarshen kakarsa a Parma da kwallaye biyu a wasanni 14, yayin da ƙungiyar ta koma gasar Serie B. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=Parma, retrogradată matematic în Serie B! Veste grea pentru Dennis Man și Valentin Mihăilă |trans-title=Parma, mathematically relegated to Serie B! Difficult news for Dennis Man and Valentin Mihăilă |url=https://www.eurosport.ro/fotbal/serie-a/2019-2020/parma-retrogradata-matematic-in-serie-b-veste-grea-pentru-dennis-man-si-valentin-mihaila_sto8303226/story.shtml |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=Eurosport România |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Man ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a ranar 20 ga Agusta, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Frosinone . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Dennis Man, gol în Frosinone - Parma! Oaspeții au comis-o imediat după înlocuirea românului |trans-title=Dennis Man, goal in Frosinone - Parma! The hosts took a blow right after the Romanian was subbed off |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/frosinone-parma-serie-b-dennis-man-639902.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Maris 2022, ya sanya rigar kyaftin a karon farko a wasan da suka doke Vicenza da ci 1-0, domin [[Gianluigi Buffon]] da Franco Vázquez ba su samu damar buga wasan ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Dennis Man, căpitan în premieră la Parma! Ce notă a primit românul după victoria cu Vicenza. &quot;Cu banderola pare mai motivat! Se sacrifică foarte mult!&quot; |trans-title=Dennis Man, captain for the first time at Parma! What mark did the Romanian receive after the victory against Vicenza. &quot;He looks more motivated with the armband! He sacrifices a lot!&quot; |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/dennis-man-capitan-la-parma-in-meciul-cu-vicenza-19427028 |access-date=16 March 2022 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kakar wasa ta 2023–24, Man ita ce mafi yawan kwallaye a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 13 a dukkan gasannin da ta fafata, yayin da Parma ta lashe gasar Serie B ta farko kuma ta koma saman teburi bayan shekaru uku da ta yi rashin nasara.

A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2024, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta Serie A, Man ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Fiorentina a gida. Mako guda bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke [[AC Milan]] da ci 2-1 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=Dennis Man a marcat în poarta lui AC Milan: Al doilea gol în două meciuri din Serie A |trans-title=Dennis Man scored in AC Milan's net: His second goal in two Serie A games |url=https://spotmedia.ro/stiri/sport/dennis-man-a-marcat-in-poarta-lui-ac-milan-al-doilea-gol-in-doua-meciuri-din-serie-a |access-date=19 September 2024 |publisher=SpotMedia.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man ya ci kwallaye biyu kafin ƙarshen shekarar kalanda kuma an naɗa shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Romania na ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' a karo na biyu a rayuwarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;RFY_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Dennis Man, &quot;Fotbalistul Anului 2024&quot;, interviu exclusiv: &quot;Le dau impresia oamenilor că sunt arogant, dar nu este deloc așa&quot; |trans-title=Dennis Man, &quot;Footballer of the Year 2024&quot;, exclusive interview: &quot;I give people the impression that I'm arrogant, but I'm not at all&quot; |url=https://www.gsp.ro/gsp-special/ideile-gazetei/dennis-man-fotbalistul-anului-2024-768611.html |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=Gazeta Sporturilor |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, duk da nadin [[Cristian Chivu]] na ɗan ƙasarsa a watan Fabrairun 2025 a matsayin babban koci, ƙarfinsa ya ragu a ƙarshen rabin kakar wasa, inda ya kasa sake zura kwallo yayin da Parma ta kare a matsayi na 16.

=== PSV ===
A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2025, Man ya koma ƙungiyar [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] mai kare kambun Holland ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=PSV presenteert vleugelaanvaller Dennis Man in Philips Stadion |trans-title=PSV presents winger Dennis Man at the Philips Stadium |url=https://www.psv.nl/media/artikel/transfer-psv-presenteert-vleugelaanvaller-dennis-man-in-philips-stadion |access-date=12 August 2025 |publisher=PSV Eindhoven |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa kudin canja wurin ya kasance tsakanin €7.5 miliyan zuwa €9 miliyan, ya danganta da kari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=Dennis Man, transferat la PSV Eindhoven! Primele imagini cu românul în tricoul campioanei Olandei |trans-title=Dennis Man transferred to PSV Eindhoven! First images of the Romanian in the Dutch champions’ shirt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/campionate/dennis-man-roman-psv-eindhoven-gica-popescu-ovidiu-stinga-828579.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |publisher=Gazeta Sporturilor |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man ya fara buga wasa a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, inda ya fara da nasarar da Eredivisie ta samu a kan Groningen da ci 4-2, sannan aka sauya shi a hutun rabin lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2025 |title=Dennis Man a rezistat doar 45 de minute! Ce notă a luat după ce a fost schimbat la pauză, iar înlocuitorul său a marcat pentru PSV la prima fază |trans-title=Dennis Man only lasted 45 minutes! What rating he received after being substituted at half-time, and his replacement scored for PSV on his first touch |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dennis-man-a-rezistat-doar-45-de-minute-ce-nota-a-luat-dupa-ce-a-fost-schimbat-la-pauza-iar-inlocuitorul-sau-a-marcat-pentru-psv-la-prima-faza-20254151 |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Man ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a PSV kuma ya taimaka aka ci kwallo a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2025, a wasan da suka yi da [[PEC Zwolle]] da ci 4-0 a waje. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Napoli da ci 6-2 a gida a gasar zakarun Turai, wanda hakan ya zama kwallayensa na farko a gasar kuma ya lashe kyautar Dan Wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=PSV 6–2 Napoli |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cwy757jgz9vt |access-date=22 October 2025 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi a Netherlands, Man ya buga wasanni 35 a gasa, inda ya zura kwallaye 11 sannan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa kungiyar wajen kare kambunta na Eredivisie.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An zaɓi Man a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta ƙasar Romania kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko da suka yi nasara a kan Bosnia da Herzegovina da ci 3-1 a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2017 |title=Tricolorii mici s-au impus în Bosnia |trans-title=The Little Tricolours won in Bosnia |url=http://www.cvlpress.ro/02.09.2017/tricolorii-mici-s-au-impus-in-bosnia/ |access-date=28 October 2017 |publisher=CVL Press |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2018, babban manaja Cosmin Contra ya kira shi a karon farko a Romania don buga wasannin sada zumunta da Isra'ila da Sweden a wannan watan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=27 de jucători convocați pentru &quot;dubla&quot; cu Israel și Suedia |trans-title=27 players called-up for the &quot;double&quot; with Israel and Sweden |url=http://frf.ro/masculin/echipa-nationala/27-de-jucatori-convocati-pentru-dubla-cu-israel-si-suedia-id23737.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102224/http://frf.ro/masculin/echipa-nationala/27-de-jucatori-convocati-pentru-dubla-cu-israel-si-suedia-id23737.html |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=[[Romanian Football Federation]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man ya fara buga wasa a wasan na ƙarshe, inda ya maye gurbin Nicolae Stanciu a minti na 87 na nasarar 1-0 a Stadionul Ion Oblemenco da ke Craiova . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2018 |title=Man a debutat pentru naţională: &quot;Nu mi-au tremurat genunchii, d-asta m-am apucat de fotbal!&quot; |trans-title=Man made his debut for the national team: &quot;My knees did not shake, that's why I started playing football!&quot; |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/echipa-nationala/man-a-debutat-pentru-nationala-nu-mi-au-tremurat-genunchii-d-asta-m-am-apucat-de-fotbal-417675 |access-date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga Yuni 2019, Man ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babban wasan kasa da kasa a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 4-0 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2019 |title=Dennis Man a închis conturile în Malta, cu primul său gol în tricoul primei reprezentative &quot;tricolore&quot; |trans-title=Man closed the deal in Malta, with his first goal in the &quot;tricolour&quot; shirt |url=http://www.sportarad.ro/2019/06/11/dennis-man-a-inchis-conturile-in-malta-cu-primul-sau-gol-in-tricoul-primei-reprezentative-tricolore/ |access-date=19 June 2019 |publisher=Sport Arad |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, ya shiga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 don gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019, inda ya buga wasanni uku yayin da Jamus ta fitar da Romania a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe . 

A shekarar 2023, Man ta samu jimillar wasanni hudu da kwallo daya yayin da Romania ta jagoranci rukuninta a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024, inda ta rasa wasanni da dama sakamakon rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=VICTORIE cu Elveția și mergem la EURO 2024 de pe primul loc în grupă! |trans-title=WIN against Switzerland and we go to EURO 2024 from first place in the group! |url=https://www.frf.ro/nationale/masculin/echipa-nationala/liveblog-peluza-tricolora-start-spre-meciurile-ce-ne-pot-aduce-calificarea-la-euro/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |publisher=Romanian Football Federation |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Edward Iordănescu ya zaɓe shi a cikin tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ƙarshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Lotul României pentru EURO 2024 |trans-title=Romania's squad for EURO 2024 |url=https://www.frf.ro/nationale/masculin/echipa-nationala/lotul-romaniei-pentru-euro-2024/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=Romanian Football Federation |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki goma bayan haka, Man ya bayar da taimako biyu a wasan da suka doke Ukraine da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya zama nasararsu ta farko a gasar cikin shekaru 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matar |first=Daniella |date=17 June 2024 |title=Romania earns first Euros win in 24 years while Ukraine apologizes for 3-0 loss |url=https://apnews.com/article/romania-ukraine-euro-2024-914f7370473c4f9cc0692aafa65070dc |publisher=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya fara wasan a rashin nasara da Belgium ta yi da ci 0-2, kuma ya shigo a minti na 66 ga Ianis Hagi a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Slovakia, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Romania nasarar rukunin . A ranar 2 ga Yuli, ya buga cikakken wasan yayin da suka sha kashi 0-3 a hannun Netherlands a zagaye na 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=Romania 0–3 Netherlands: Donyell Malen and Cody Gakpo score as Dutch reach quarters |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c7204xy3zg1t |access-date=8 July 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasan ==
A farkon lokacinsa a UTA Arad, Man ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya, amma ya girma ya zama ɗan wasan gefe na dama bayan ya koma FCSB. Duk da haka an san shi da iya wasa, domin yana iya buga kusan kowane matsayi na kai hari idan ana buƙata, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2017 |title=&quot;Dennis Man?… În rest, e un fotbalist complet&quot;. Cuvintele frumoase spuse de selecționerul care-l cunoaște perfect pe jucătorul de la FCSB |trans-title=&quot;Dennis Man...? Apart from that, he is a complete footballer.&quot; The kind words said by the national team coach that knows the FCSB player the best |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/exclusiv-dennis-man-in-rest-e-un-fotbalist-complet-cuvintele-frumoase-spuse-de-selectionerul-care-l-cunoaste-perfect-pe-jucatorul-de-la-fcsb-16912266#live_close |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro |quote=...he can play in the central area, behind the forward, he can even play as a lone striker like he did at UTA, he can play in the right wing, the left wing.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rădoi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2018 |title=Rădoi a găsit cel mai complet jucător din Liga 1. Are sau nu FCSB identitate şi care e marea problemă a roş-albaştrilor? |trans-title=Rădoi named the most complete player in the Liga 1. Does FCSB have an identity and which is the main issue of the Red-Blues? |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/radoi-a-gasit-cel-mai-complet-jucator-din-liga-1-are-sau-nu-fcsb-identitate-si-care-e-marea-problema-a-ros-albastrilor-579199 |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|DigiSport]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani hali da kocinsa na Parma Giuseppe Iachini ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=&quot;Am vorbit mai mult cu el decât cu fiul meu&quot;. Giuseppe Iachini a spus cum l-a făcut pe Dennis Man să &quot;renască&quot; la Parma |trans-title=&quot;I've spoken to him more than I did with my son.&quot; Giuseppe Iachini revealed how he made Dennis Man &quot;be reborn&quot; at Parma |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-international/am-vorbit-mai-mult-cu-el-decat-cu-fiul-meu-giuseppe-iachini-a-spus-cum-l-a-facut-pe-dennis-man-sa-renasca-la-parma-1579545 |access-date=18 March 2022 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2018, Mirel Rădoi, kocin tawagarsa ta ƙasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, ya yaba wa Man a matsayin &quot;ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi cika&quot; a tsakanin matasa 'yan wasa a manyan gasa na Romania, yana mai ambaton &quot; ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha, saurinsa, ƙarfinsa na zahiri, ƙarfin aikinsa, da ƙarfin tunaninsa &quot; a matsayin halaye da ke kusantar da shi ga &quot;cikakkiyar fakitin&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rădoi&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Man, Cristian, kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar Divizia B. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Cristi Man, tatăl lui Dennis: &quot;Doar Roli Nagy e de vină!&quot; |trans-title=Cristi Man, the father of Dennis: „It's only Roli Nagy's fault!” |url=http://specialarad.ro/cristi-man-tatal-lui-dennis-doar-roli-nagy-e-de-vina/ |access-date=27 October 2017 |publisher=Special Arad |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Ianis Hagi și Dennis Man, incluși pe o listă selectă la Campionatul European de tineret |trans-title=Ianis Hagi și Dennis Man, included in an exclusivist list at the youth European Championship |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/euro-2019/euro-2019-ianis-hagi-si-dennis-man-inclusi-pe-o-lista-selecta-la-campionatul-european-de-tineret-676375 |access-date=19 June 2019 |publisher=DigiSport |quote=Cristian Man played at Divizia B (currently Liga II) level.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 23 August 2026}}&lt;ref name=SW&gt;{{Soccerway|dennis-man/417578|accessdate=20 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa României]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[KNVB Beker]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa Ligii]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |UTA Arad
|2015–16
|Liga II
|29
|10
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Liga I]] promotion/relegation play-offs}}
|0
|34
|11
|-
|2016–17
|Liga II
|5
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!34
!15
!3
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!39
!16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |FCSB
|2016–17
|Liga I
|6
|1
|1
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|1
|-
|2017–18
|Liga I
|34
|10
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], eight appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|47
|12
|-
|2018–19
|Liga I
|33
|9
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|39
|10
|-
|2019–20
|Liga I
|23
|7
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3[e]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|31
|9
|-
|2020–21
|Liga I
|18
|14
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2[e]
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|20
|17
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!114
!41
!10
!4
!2
!0
!20
!4
!0
!0
!146
!49
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]
|2020–21
|[[Serie A]]
|14
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|14
|2
|-
|2021–22
|Serie B
|26
|3
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|3
|-
|2022–23
|Serie B
|28
|6
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in Serie A promotion play-offs}}
|0
|32
|6
|-
|2023–24
|Serie B
|32
|11
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|13
|-
|2024–25
|Serie A
|33
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!133
!26
!7
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!142
!28
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]]
|2025–26
|Eredivisie
|25
|7
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8{{Efn|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|11
|-
|[[2026–27 PSV Eindhoven season|2026–27]]
|Eredivisie
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Johan Cruyff Shield]]}}
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!28
!7
!2
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!8
!2
!1
!0
!39
!11
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!309
!89
!22
!9
!2
!0
!28
!6
!5
!0
!366
!104
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 31 March 2026}}&lt;ref name=EU&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=30261|title=Dennis Man|website=EU-Football.info|access-date=27 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | Romania
| 2018
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 2
| 1
|-
| 2020
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 7
| 2
|-
| 2022
| 3
| 2
|-
| 2023
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2024
| 13
| 3
|-
| 2025
| 10
| 2
|-
| 2026
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 45
! 11
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun nuna jimillar kwallayen Romania da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna jimillar kwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallo ta ɗan wasa'' . 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+List of international goals scored by Dennis Man
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |No.
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Opponent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Competition
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|10 June 2019
|National Stadium, Ta' Qali, Malta
|{{Fb|MLT}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|2 September 2021
|Laugardalsvöllur, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]], Iceland
|{{Fb|ISL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|14 November 2021
|Rheinpark Stadion, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
|{{Fb|LIE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|29 March 2022
|Netanya Stadium, Netanya, Israel
|{{Fb|ISR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|Friendly
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|26 September 2022
|Stadionul Rapid-Giulești, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania
|{{Fb|BIH}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|2022–23 UEFA Nations League B
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|25 March 2023
|Estadi Nacional, [[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra
|{{Fb|AND}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|22 March 2024
|Arena Națională, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania
|{{Fb|NIR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Friendly
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|6 September 2024
|Fadil Vokrri Stadium, Pristina, Kosovo
|{{Fb|KOS}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024–25 UEFA Nations League C
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|12 October 2024
|AEK Arena – Georgios Karapatakis, [[Larnaca]], Cyprus
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|CYP}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|10 June 2025
|Arena Națională, Bucharest, Romania
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2026 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
! align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|18 November 2025
|Ilie Oană, Ploiești, Romania
|{{Fb|SMR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7–1
|}

== Daraja ==
'''FCSB''' 

* Kofin României : 2019–20

'''Parma''' 

* Serie B : 2023–24

'''PSV''' 

* Kammalawa : 2025–26
* Johan Cruyff Shield ya zo na biyu: 2026

* ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Romania : 2020, &lt;ref name=&quot;RFY_2020&quot; /&gt; 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;RFY_2024&quot; /&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Gasar La Liga ta Ɗaya: 2018–19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Echipa sezonului 2018/2019 |trans-title=Team of the season 2018/2019 |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/echipa-sezonului-2018-2019/1105 |access-date=24 June 2019 |publisher=[[Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal|LPF.ro]] |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'Yan wasan Eredivisie na Watan : Fabrairu 2026 

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Dennis Man at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* {{NFT player|70935}}
* {{UEFA player|250104534}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nuala Lawlor</title>
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Nuala Lawlor jami'ar diflomasiyya Kanada ce kuma ƙwararren mai ci gaba ta duniya.

== Ayyukan sana'a ==
Lawlor shine mai kula da Asusun Kanada don Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (CFLI) tare da mai da hankali kan gudanarwa da samun dama ga adalci a [[Gabashin Afirka]] ([[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], da [[Somaliya]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ELGIA{{!}}Electoral Law and Governance Institute for Africa - ELGIA hosts Nuala Lawlor, the new Coordinator for the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI) |url=https://elgia.org/index.php/component/content/article/218-elgia-hosts-nuala-lawlor-the-new-coordinator-for-the-canada-fund-for-local-initiatives-cfli?catid=9&amp;Itemid=161 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=elgia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kasar ga masu sa kai na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a [[Turanci]] da yaren Dutch Caribbean, wanda ke zaune a [[Barbados]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team {{!}} United Nations in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean |url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/about/our-team |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=easterncaribbean.un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caribbean youth wanted for UNEP UNV Young Talent Pipeline {{!}} United Nations in the Caribbean |url=https://caribbean.un.org/en/274458-caribbean-youth-wanted-unep-unv-young-talent-pipeline,%20https://caribbean.un.org/en/274458-caribbean-youth-wanted-unep-unv-young-talent-pipeline |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=caribbean.un.org |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Volunteers in the Caribbean joined counterparts around the world to observe International Volunteer Day {{!}} United Nations in the Caribbean |url=https://caribbean.un.org/en/255233-un-volunteers-caribbean-joined-counterparts-around-world-observe-international-volunteer-day,%20https://caribbean.un.org/en/255233-un-volunteers-caribbean-joined-counterparts-around-world-observe-international-volunteer-day |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=caribbean.un.org |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na jami'ar diflomasiyya, ta yi aiki a [[Sudan]] a matsayin mai ba da izini a 2007 kuma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin kwamishinan kasuwanci daga babban kwamishinan Kanada.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ursula |first=Human |date=1 Aug 2016 |title=Pulses bring Canada and South Africa together |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC192428 |journal=Sabinet Africa Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-22 |title=Questions to Nuala Lawlor, Canadian Trade Commissioner |url=https://www.ovecedu.com/questions-nuala-lawlor-canadian-trade-commissioner/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Overseas Education Centre (OVEC) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na diflomasiyya, an tura ta zuwa [[Venezuela]], [[Ghana]], da [[Peru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Nuala Lawlor {{!}} www.centralamerica.com |url=https://www.centralamerica.com/author/nuala-lawlor/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Central America |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici ==
A lokacin aikinta na diflomasiyya a Sudan, an umarci Lawlor da ta bar kasar cikin sa'o'i 72 don tsayawa don kare hakkin dan adam da mulkin doka, matakin da ake zargin ya saba wa aikinta na diplomasiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2007-09-03 |title=Sudan's SPLM denounces expulsion of Canadian diplomat |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/23788 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2007-08-24 |title=Canada seeks explanation from Sudan on diplomat expulsion |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/23632 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, an ayyana ta a matsayin persona non grata bayan an zarge ta da tsoma baki na siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sudan lets expelled EU envoy stay after EU apology |url=http://www.islamweb.net/en/article/140403/sudan-lets-expelled-eu-envoy-stay-after-eu-apology |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Islamweb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai magana da yawun sashen a Ottawa ya magance batun kuma ya ce &quot;ta tsaya don kare hakkin dan adam da mulkin doka a Sudan, a cikin al'adar diflomasiyyar Kanada mafi kyau&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lawlor uwa ce da matar da ke da sha'awar aikin jarida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tana son cin abinci, kayan ado, tafiya, tsara tafiye-tafiye da rubutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Barbados
* Dangantakar Barbados da Najeriya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osman Sagar</title>
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'''Osman Sagar''' wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a birnin [[Hyderabad]] . Tafkin yana da kimanin mita 46&amp;nbsp;kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, kuma wurin ajiyar ruwa yana kusa da 29&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, tare da jimillar matakin mita 545.592 da kuma ƙarfin mita cubic 110,435.702.  Osman Sagar shine babban tafki a Hyderabad, idan aka yi la'akari da yawan ruwan da ke yaɗuwa. Tana da faɗin fili mai girman kilomita &lt;sup&gt;46&lt;/sup&gt; da kuma ƙarfin ajiyar ruwa (kimanin mita cubic 110,435.702).

== Tarihi ==
An ƙirƙiri Osman Sagar ta hanyar [[Madatsar ruwa|yin katangar magudanar]] ruwa a [[Kogin Musi (India)|Kogin Musi]] a shekarar 1920, don samar da ƙarin tushen ruwan sha ga Hyderabad da kuma kare birnin bayan [[Babban Ruwan Musi na 1908|ambaliyar ruwa ta Babban Musi ta 1908]] . An gina shi ne a lokacin mulkin '''Nizam''' na ƙarshe na Jihar Hyderabad, Osman Ali Khan, shi ya sa aka yi masa suna.

An gina wani gidan baƙi mai suna Sagar Mahal, wanda ke kallon tafkin kuma yanzu ginin tarihi ne, a matsayin wurin shakatawa na bazara na Nizam na ƙarshe. Wurin da yake a gefen tafkin yana ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi. Sashen Yawon Bude Ido na Telangana [https://web.archive.org/web/20170709061621/http://www.aptourism.in/hyderabad.html] yana gudanar da wani wurin shakatawa a cikin ginin. Iskar tafkin tana da daɗi sosai kuma ta shahara a tsakanin mazauna yankin tun zamanin Nizam. Lokacin da Nizam ya tuntuɓi Sri Sir M.Visheswaraya game da matsaloli biyu na ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a lokacin damina da ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin bazara, na biyu ya tsara shirin gina [[Madatsar ruwa|Dam]] wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewar injiniya mai zurfi a wancan lokacin. Wannan mafita mai sauƙi amma mai kyau ta magance matsalolin biyu ga Hyderabad.

== Wurin yawon bude ido ==
Wurin yawon bude ido ne mai farin jini, musamman a lokacin damina lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta cika. Wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shakatawa, da wurin shakatawa nata babban abin jan hankali ne. Wannan tafkin ya kasance yana samar da ruwan sha ga birnin Hyderabad amma saboda karuwar yawan jama'a, bai isa ya biya bukatun samar da ruwan sha na birnin ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=sharma |first=amit |date=5 October 2018 |title=Gandipet lake timings, gandipet park, osman sagar, gandipet cheruvu |url=https://www.wiki.meramaal.com/2018/10/05/gandipet-lake-hyderabad-osman-sagar/ |website=meramaal.com |access-date=11 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930104000/https://wiki.meramaal.com/2018/10/05/gandipet-lake-hyderabad-osman-sagar/ |archive-date=30 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Himayat Ali Mirza, jikan Nizam VII, kwanan nan ya shiga yakin &quot;ceton Osmansagar da [[Himayat Sagar|Himayatsagar]] &quot; don ceton tagwayen ma'ajiyar ruwa kuma ya kuma yi kira ga babban jami'in Telangana da ya soke umarnin GO 111. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Syed Akbar |date=Mar 28, 2022 |title=nizam: Nizam's Kin Joinsfight To Save Lakes {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-kin-joinsfight-to-save-lakes/articleshow/90482234.cms |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nizam's relatives have joined the struggle to save Hyderabad's lakes. |url=https://thetimesbureau.com/nizams-relatives-have-joined-the-struggle-to-save-hyderabads-lakes-202203/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=thetimesbureau.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Himayat ya ce yanzu da gwamnati ta janye jirgin GO 111, ambaliyar ruwan na iya shafar sassa daban-daban na birnin. Rushewar jirgin ruwa mai lamba GO 111 ya haifar da ƙaruwar ayyukan gini da narkakken ruwa kusa da tafkunan, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Syed Akbar |date=May 9, 2022 |title=old city: 'repeal Of Go 111 To Spell Old City's Flood Threat' {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/repeal-of-go-111-to-spell-old-citys-flood-threat/articleshow/91425696.cms |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Explained: What is GO 111, the order to protect Hyderabad's Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar, that has now been lifted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/go-111-order-to-protect-hyderabad-osman-sagar-himayat-sagar-lifted-7882177/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matakan ruwa ==
A watan Yunin 2012, matakin ruwan da ke Osman Sagar ya kai ƙafa 1769.8. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2012, matakin ya kai mita 540, karuwar santimita 60 kacal.

Hakazalika, a yankin [[Himayat Sagar]] da ke kusa, matakin ruwan a watan Yunin 2012 ya kai mita 531.35, kuma a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 2012, ya kai mita 532.6, wanda ya kai kusan santimita 120. A watan Oktoban 2011, matakin ruwan da ke Osman Sagar da Himayat Sagar ya kai mita 543.1 da kuma mita 535.19, bi da bi.

== Hotunan tafkin ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gandipet1.jpg
File:Gandipet3.jpg
File:Sunset_on_osman_sagar_lake_hyderabad.JPG
File:Park,_Osman_Sagar.JPG
File:Osman_Sagar_lake_near_Hyderabad.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael E. Caspersen</title>
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Masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Danish '''Michael Edelgaard Caspersen''' (an haife shi a 1960 a Svenborg, [[Denmark]]) ya shafe rayuwarsa ta ilimi yana inganta ilimin kimiyyar komputa, a kowane mataki. Binciken da yake so shine ilimin lissafi, koyarwa da shirye-shirye, tsarin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirya, da shirye-aikacen da aka tsara. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a kan bincike da ci gaba na ilimin lissafi, musamman aikinsa na inganta ilimin lissafi a matsayin horo na asali ga kowa.{{Refn|Michael has been named a &quot;Person of the ACM&quot;, and this interview with him provides a wealth of information:&lt;ref name=&quot;ACMPerson&quot; /&gt;}}

Michael ya haɓaka hanyoyin koyarwa don koyar da shirye-shirye da ci gaban shirye-shiryen, kuma amfani da shi sosai na gwajin ra'ayi yayin bincikensa ya kafa ma'auni ga filin. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da ka'idar nauyin fahimta a cikin wannan binciken. 

== Ilimi ==
An haifi Michael a Svendborg, [[Denmark]] . Ya tafi Nordre Skole don makarantar firamare da ƙananan sakandare da kuma Svendborg Statsgymnasium don makarantar sakandare. Ya sami M.Sc. a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Aarhus . {{Refn|Webpage&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://cs.au.dk/da/uddannelsedatalogi/kandidatuddannelser/uddannede-kandidater-i-datalogi 
|title=Uddannede kandidater i Datalogi (Qualified candidates in Computer Science)
|date=
|publisher=Institut for Datalogi, [[Aarhus University]]
|accessdate=2022-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; lists Masters Students. Caspersen is #285. The title of
his Masters thesis was &quot;Fordelte beregninger: Model og metode&quot; (&quot;Distributed Computations: Model and Method&quot;).}}

A Jami'ar Aarhus, Michael ya fallasa ilimin lissafi na duniya; sabbin ra'ayoyin tsarin shirye-shiryen da Dijkstra ya haɓaka sun sami hanyar shiga cikin shekara ta farko, kamar yadda algebra na dangantaka, tarkon Petri mai launi, da kuma ma'anar shirye-shirye. Wannan kwarewar ilimi tana da tasiri sosai a kan hangen nesa na Michael game da lissafi da sadaukarwa ga ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta, wanda ya haifar da rubutun PhD.[1]

Michael E. Caspersen ya auri Susanne Caspersen; suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Christina da Christopher, da jikoki huɗu, Filippa, Lucca, Asta, da Petra. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}

== Matsayin jagoranci: Ilimi a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta / Informatics ==
Michael ya kasance babban karfi don inganta ilimi a cikin lissafi a kowane mataki a kan sikelin ƙasa da na duniya.

* Wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na kungiyar malamai ta CS ta Denmark (1995-2000).
* Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Scandinavian Pedagogy of Programming Network da aka kafa a shekara ta 2004, &lt;ref name=&quot;SPoP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Scandinavian Pedagogy of Programming Network |url=http://www.spop.dk/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717181610/http://www.spop.dk/index.html |archive-date=2007-07-17 |access-date= |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da bugawa na littafi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani labari da kuma sabon tarin gudummawa wanda ke magance dukkan fannoni na shirye-shiryen koyarwa.
* Shugaban ko co-shugaban kungiyoyin ministocin Danish guda biyar a fannoni daban-daban na lissafi.
* Co-shugaban kwamitin kan Ilimi na Kwamfuta na Turai (CECE),  wanda aka kirkira don inganta ci gaban ilimin kwamfuta a duk matakan a Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CECE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year= |title=The Committee on European Computing Education (CECE) |url=https://cece-map.informatics-europe.org/content/about_cece/members |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shugaban na biyu (shugaban farko shi ne [[Wendy Hall|Dame Wendy Hall]]) na hadin gwiwar Informatics for All,  wanda aka kafa a cikin 2018; membobinta sune Majalisar ACM Turai,  Kwamitin Ilimi na CEPIS,  Informatics Turai, da IFIP.&lt;ref name=&quot;InfoForAll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=The Informatics for All Coalition |url=https://www.informaticsforall.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512013333/https://www.informaticsforall.org/ |archive-date=2023-05-12 |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=ACM Europe Council |url=https://europe.acm.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403144343/https://europe.acm.org/ |archive-date=2023-04-03 |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CEPIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Informatics Education expert group |url=https://cepis.org/informatics-education/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135446/https://cepis.org/informatics-education/ |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=CEPIS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Fasaha ta Danish (ATV),  kuma memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kimiyya da Injiniya a Ilimi. (2018-)
* Mai ba da shawara na musamman kan Ilimi da Kwarewa na Dijital ga Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Margrethe Vestager  (2022-2023) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Michael E. Caspersen appointed special EU-adviser on digital education |url=https://www.it-vest.dk/en/it-vest-networking-universities/michael-e-caspersen-appointed-special-adviser-in-eu |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=It-vest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530173709/https://www.it-vest.dk/en/it-vest-networking-universities/michael-e-caspersen-appointed-special-adviser-in-eu |archive-date=2023-05-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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    <title>Md. Rahmat Ullah</title>
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Md.Rahmat Ullah masanin ilimin shari'a ne na Bangladesh kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=HC scraps DU decision to suspend Prof Rahmat Ullah |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/709087 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Daily Sun |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919145547/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/709087 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=HC scraps suspension of DU professor Rahmat Ullah |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hc-scraps-suspension-du-professor-rahmat-ullah-3406201 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Shi ne tsohon shugaban Sashen Shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ullah ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Baku da ke Azerbaijan a shekarar 1989 da 1990, bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Md. Rahmat Ullah Dhaka University Profile |url=https://www.du.ac.bd/du_post_details |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.du.ac.bd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala Ph.D. a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a karkashin Jami'ar Jihar Kyiv a shekarar 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Rubutun digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin shari'a na kasa da kasa na ayyukan [[Yarjejeniyar Gabaɗaya akan Tariffs da Ciniki|GATT]] / [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|WTO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ullah ya fara tafiyarsa ta sana'a a fannin ilimi a matsayin mai koyar da gida a Shaheed Sergeant Zahurul Huq Hall, Jami'ar Dhaka, matsayin da ya rike daga 1990 har zuwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, an nada shi mai kula da hadin gwiwa na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da ilimin shari'a ta hanyar Dokar Jama'a (ELCOP), kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shi da Darakta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya zama babban darektan kungiyar, ya ci gaba har zuwa 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, an zabi Ullah a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jami'ar Dhaka, ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A wannan lokacin, an kuma zabe shi a kungiyar jami'ar, yana rike da mukamin daga 2004 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tare da ayyukansa na jami'a, ya zama memba na hukumar gudanarwa ta [[Mohammadpur Mahila College|Kwalejin Mohammadpur Mahila]], yana aiki daga 2008 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2009, ya shiga Jami'ar City, Dhaka, a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2011, an nada Ullah a cikin hukumar gudanarwa ta asibitin MH Samorita &amp; Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar, ya ɗauki matsayin Provost of Kabi Jashim Uddin Hall a Jami'ar Dhaka, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya koma zaɓaɓɓen shugabanci a Jami'ar Dhaka a 2016, lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Kungiyar Malaman Jami'ar Dahaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2017, an zabe shi Dean na Faculty of Law, matsayin da ya ci gaba da rikewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar, ya kuma shiga Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Bangladesh a matsayin memba, yana aiki har zuwa 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar Rangpur Ex-Cadets&quot; Association kuma an sake zabarsa a Majalisar Dattijan Jami'ar (2017-2020) da kuma Syndicate (2018-2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ullah ya shiga cikin sake fasalin ingancin ilimi na kasa ta hanyar matsayinsa na Ƙarin Darakta na Cibiyar Tabbatar da Ingancin Cibiyar (IQAC) a Jami'ar Dhaka daga 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma a matsayin Darakta daga 2018 zuwa 2022, a ƙarƙashin aikin HEQEP na [[Bankin Duniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokaci guda, ya yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta [[Alhaz Mockbul Hossain College|Kwalejin Alhaz Mockbul Hossain]] daga 2016 zuwa 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A bangaren banki, Ullah ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta mai zaman kansa na Bankin Mercantile Limited daga 2014 zuwa 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daga 2018 zuwa 2020, ya jagoranci Kwamitin Bincike na bankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2021, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Inshora na Fareast Islami Life Limited, yana aiki har zuwa Fabrairu 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Agustan 2023, Babban Kotun Kotun Kotuna na Alkalai Zafar Ahmed da Kazi Zinat Hoque sun soke shawarar Jami'ar Dhaka ta dakatar da Ullah daga ayyukan ilimi da gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=HC scraps DU decision to suspend professor Rahmat Ullah |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/3f2otu94t5 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HC stays DU Prof Rahmat Ullah`s suspention |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/hc-stays-du-prof-rahmat-ullahs-suspention-1654698445 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022 bayan an fassara maganganun da aka yi a lokacin wani taron Ranar Mujibnagar a matsayin yabo ga Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=DU professor Rahmat Ullah relieved of academic, administrative activities |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/du-professor-rahmat-ullah-relieved-of-academic-administrative-activities |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa kwamitin da Pro-VC ASM Maksud Kamal ke jagoranta don bincika lamarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DUTA President Rahmat Ullah relieved of duties for paying tribute to Khandakar Mushtaq |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/268587/duta-president-rahmat-ullah-relieved-of-duties-for |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukuncin kotun ya dawo da cikakken aikinsa a jami'ar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Jami'ar Dhaka ta shigar da kara a kan hukuncin Babban Kotun tare da Sashen daukaka kara na Kotun Koli ta Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=SC allows DU Prof Rahmat Ullah to conduct academic activities |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/sc-allows-du-prof-rahmat-ullah-conduct-academic-activities-3237021 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cikakken benci na Sashen daukaka kara, wanda Mai Shari'a Borhan Uddin ya jagoranta, ya mayar da hukuncin a madadin Ullah kuma ya tabbatar da hukuncin Babban Kotun Kotun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

An zabi Ullah a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Malaman Jami'ar Dhaka na wa'adi biyu a jere a shekarar 2020 da 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A watan Janairun 2024, an nada shi Shugaban Sashen Shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bayan faduwar [[Sheikh Hasina]] ya jagoranci gwamnatin Awami League, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus a fuskar zanga-zangar da dalibai suka yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DU law faculty dean resigns amidst student protests |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/355733/du-law-faculty-dean-resigns-amidst-student |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DU law faculty dean resigns - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/486424 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Daily Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da shi daga ayyukansa bayan tashin hankali na harabar bayan canjin siyasa a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Why I Left the University Teachers' Network |url=https://en.bddigest.com/why-i-left-the-university-teachers-network/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=BDDiGEST |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinsa ya kasance alama ce ta hanyar haɗin kai na baya tare da membobin malamai da kungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin siyasa, gami da rahoton goyon bayansa ga Chhatra League da haɗin kai tare da Mai ba da shawara kan Shari'a Asif Nazrul . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An kuma tilasta wa dattawan Faculty of Arts da Faculty for Fine Arts a Jami'ar Dhaka, Abdul Bashir da Nisar Hossain su yi murabus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Navin Murshid</title>
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Navine Murshid (Bengali: নাভিন মুরশিদ, an haife ta a shekara ta 1981) &lt;ref name=&quot;LOC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Murshid, Navine |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2013029229.html |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Library of Congress Authorities |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Masanin kimiyyar siyasa]] ce ta Bangladesh-Amurka, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai fafutukar [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam|kare hakkin dan adam]]. Tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa da Ilimin Jama'a a Jami'ar Arewacin Kudu da ke Dhaka, Bangladesh, yayin da take rike da mukamin farfesa a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'an Colgate da ke New York, Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Navine Murshid – Associate Professor of Political Science |url=https://www.colgate.edu/about/directory/nmurshid |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Colgate University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Navine Murshid – Professor |url=https://northsouth.edu/faculty-members/shss/pss/dr.-navine-murshid.html |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=North South University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Navine Murshid – Professor, North South University |url=https://2024-bayofbengalconversation.cgs-bd.com/9/ContentDetails/255 |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Bay of Bengal Conversation |publisher=Center for Governance Studies}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga ilimi, an san Murshid da goyon bayanta na jama'a a lokacin tashin hankali na Yuli 2024 a Bangladesh, inda ta goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar dalibai kuma ta yi Allah wadai da zalunci na jihar.  &lt;ref name=&quot;CurrentHistory2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murshid |first=Navine |year=2025 |title=How Bangladeshi Students Toppled a Government |journal=Current History |volume=124 |issue=861 |pages=123–128 |doi=10.1525/curh.2025.124.861.123}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Murshid a shekara ta 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;LOC&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Lawrence a Amurka, inda ta kammala digiri na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt; Daga nan sai ta koma Jami'ar Rochester don karatun digiri, inda ta sami digiri na biyu na Master of Arts da Doctor of Philosophy a kimiyyar siyasa. Ta kammala digirin digirin ta a shekara ta 2010 tare da rubutun da ake kira &quot;Border Crossings: The Political Impacts of Refugee Movements on Host Countries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Murshid ta fara tafiyarta ta ilimi a Jami'ar Colgate a watan Yulin 2009 a matsayin malami a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa . An nada ta mataimakiyar farfesa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010 kuma ta sami matsayi tare da ci gaba zuwa mataimakiyar furofesara a watan Yunin shekara ta 2016.

Daga watan Agustan 2012 zuwa Mayu 2013, ta kasance abokiyar ziyara a Makarantar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa a [[Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru]] da ke New Delhi, Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;

Murshid tana da farfesa a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa da Ilimin Jama'a a Jami'ar Arewa ta Kudu da ke Dhaka, Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Murshid ya bincika rikitarwa na zama ɗan ƙasa, ƙaura, 'yan gudun hijira, da asalin kabilanci a Kudancin Asiya, tare da mayar da hankali ga yankin Bangladesh da gabashin Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt; Ayyukanta suna tambayar tattalin arzikin siyasa na rikice-rikicen 'yan gudun hijira, gina kabilanci da addinai, da kuma hanyoyin da ikon jihar ke tsara rayuwar al'ummomin da aka ware.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cambridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=India's Bangladesh Problem: The Marginalization of Bengali Muslims in Neoliberal Times |url=https://www.cambridge.org/td/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/south-asian-government-politics-and-policy/indias-bangladesh-problem-marginalization-bengali-muslims-neoliberal-times |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta gudanar da bincike kan yawan 'Yan gudun hijirar Rohingya a Bangladesh &lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;

Binciken Murshid ya bayyana a cikin manyan mujallu na ilimi ciki har da ''Binciken Asiya'', ''Jaridar Nazarin Asiya'', ''Tarihin Yanzu'', da ''Jaridar Rikicin Mutum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Navine Murshid – Professor, North South University |url=https://2024-bayofbengalconversation.cgs-bd.com/4/ContentDetails/135 |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Bay of Bengal Conversation |publisher=Center for Governance Studies}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga jawabin jama'a ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kamar The Washington Post, The ''Hindu'', da The Daily Star . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay2&quot; /&gt;

== Gwagwarmaya da fafutukar jama'a ==
A lokacin tashin hankali na Yuli 2024, Murshid ya tafi kan tituna da kuma dandalin jama'a don tallafawa dalibai masu zanga-zangar kai tsaye, yana Allah wadai da zaluncin 'yan sanda da kuma zalunci na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;CurrentHistory2025&quot; /&gt; Ta rubuta da yawa game da zanga-zangar, tana nazarin rawar da ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke takawa wajen kalubalantar mulkin mallaka da kuma rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na waɗanda suka shiga cikin tashin hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;CurrentHistory2025&quot; /&gt; 

Ta bayyana a dandamali na kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da kasa ciki har da BBC Bengali Service, Deutsche Welle, da Bangladesh Television da sauran tashoshin talabijin na tauraron dan adam a bangladesh don tattauna abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa a Bangladesh da kuma ba da shawara ga haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bay2&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Matsalar Bangladesh ta Indiya: Rashin amincewa da Musulmai na Bengali a cikin Neoliberal Times'' . Cambridge University Press, 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cambridge&quot; /&gt;
* ''Siyasa ta 'Yan Gudun Hijira a Kudancin Asiya: Gaskiya, Tsayayya, Yin amfani''. Routledge, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Politics of Refugees in South Asia: Identity, Resistance, Manipulation |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Politics-of-Refugees-in-South-Asia-Identity-Resistance-Manipulation/Murshid/p/book/9781138948464 |access-date=15 August 2026 |website=Routledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa: Dimokuradiyya da Ci gaba a Bangladesh'' (wanda aka shirya tare da Ahrar A. Ahmed, Akhlaque Haque, da Rahim Quazi). University Press Limited, Dhaka, 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaɓuɓɓukan labaran jarida ===

* &quot;Yadda Dalibai na Bangladesh suka Topp a Gwamnati&quot;.''Tarihin Yanzu'' 124 (861):123-128, 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murshid |first=Navine |date=2025 |title=How Bangladeshi Students Toppled a Government |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/124/861/123/204790/How-Bangladeshi-Students-Toppled-a-Government |journal=Current History |publisher=University of California Press |volume=124 |issue=861 |pages=123–128 |doi=10.1525/curh.2025.124.861.123 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 August 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Bangladesh Copes tare da Rikicin Rohingya da kansa&quot;.''Tarihin Yanzu'' 117 (798):129-134, 2018 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murshid |first=Navine |year=2018 |title=Bangladesh Copes with the Rohingya Crisis by itself |journal=Current History |volume=117 |issue=798 |pages=129–134 |doi=10.1525/curh.2018.117.798.129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Assam da Baƙo A ciki: Baƙon Bangladesh ko Musulmai na Bengali ba bisa ka'ida ba?&quot;''Binciken Asiya'' 56 (3):581-604, 2016 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murshid |first=Navine |year=2016 |title=Assam and the Foreigner Within: Illegal Bangladeshis or Bengali Muslims? |journal=Asian Survey |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=581–604 |doi=10.1525/as.2016.56.3.581}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Refugee-Camp Militarization a Bangladesh da Thailand&quot;.''Tattalin Arziki da Siyasa Weekly'' 47 (47-48):103-108, 2012 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Hadin Indiya a cikin Yakin Independence na Bangladesh, 1971: Humanitarianism ko Self-Self?&quot;''Tattalin Arziki da Siyasa Weekly'' 46 (52):53-60, 2011 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Dynamics of Refugee-related Violence in South Asia&quot;.''Jaridar Nazarin Bangladesh'' 12 (2):6-20, 2010 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Kwarewar mata tare da microfinance a cikin birane na Bangladesh: Sakamakon binciken inganci&quot; (tare da NS Murshid). ''Jaridar Sociology da Jama'a'' 45 (3):113-140, 2018 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Yar da Cin zarafin Aure tsakanin tsararraki: Sakamakon daga Samfurin Wakilin Kasa na Maza&quot; (tare da NS Murshid). ''Jaridar Rikicin Mutum'', 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NSU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colgate&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Murshid ta sami tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Nazarin Indiya ta Amurka da kuma tallafin karatu na Richard Fenno don nazarin digiri a fannin karatu.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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{{Historical populations|11=1977|12=16,108|13=1987|14=51,904|15=1998|16=86,980|17=2008|18=133,968|19=2018|20=221,272}}{{Bar box|title=Ethnic Groups in Mzuzu City (2018 Census)&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2018&quot; /&gt;}} {{Weather box}}'''Mzuzu''' ita ce babban birnin yankin Arewacin [[Malawi]] kuma ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a yawan jama'a a Malawi. Birnin yana da mazauna 221,272 da kuma masu yawon bude ido 20,000 (ɗaliban [[Jami'ar Mzuzu]] ) tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗaya a yankinsa na birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth-of-nations.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Municipal in Malawi, Malawi Municipal, Mzuzu City Assembly welcome, Commonwealth |url=http://www.commonwealth-of-nations.org/Malawi/Municipal/Mzuzu_City_Assembly/welcome |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031431/http://www.commonwealth-of-nations.org/Malawi/Municipal/Mzuzu_City_Assembly/welcome |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana cikin gundumar Mzimba . Mzuzu yana cikin wani rami a tsaunukan Viphya, kuma yankin noma da ke kewaye da birnin ya ƙware a noman shayi, roba da kofi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |title=Malawi |url=http://www.africaguide.com/country/malawi/regions.htm#northern |access-date=18 November 2006 |publisher=africaguide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shuka Viphya da ke kudu da birnin ita ce mafi girma a dajin da aka yi da mutane a [[Afirka]], kuma gandun dajin Lunyangwa da Kaning'ina suna gabashin birnin. &lt;ref name=&quot;TA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2001 |title=Malawi: Fragile Forests |url=http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/149/56/ |url-status=dead |journal=Travel Africa Magazine |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822032058/http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/149/56/ |archive-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin wuraren da aka fi sani da garin sun hada da Chibavi, Luwinga, Area 1B, Chibanja, Katoto, Zolozolo, Masasa, Mchenga-utuba, Chimaliro, Kaning'ina da Katawa .

== Alƙaluma ==

=== Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ===
A bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2018, mutanen Tumbuka su ne mafi yawan kabilu a birnin, wadanda suka kunshi kashi 80.50% na yawan jama'a. Ƙarin kabilu sun ƙunshi kashi 19.50% na yawan jama'a.

== Tarihi ==

=== Asalin Ma'anar ===
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kuskuren furta kalmar 'Vizuzu' daga fararen fata mazauna yankin. Vizuzu tsire-tsire ne da ke girma a gefen Kogin Lunyangwa. An gano waɗannan tsire-tsire kusa da Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati ta Mzuzu ta yanzu, wacce aka fi sani da Area 1A inda masu shuka tung suka zauna.

An gina birnin ne a kusa da Tung Oil Estate na Kamfanin Commonwealth Development Corporation a shekarar 1947 kuma an sanya shi a matsayin birni a shekarar 1985.

== Al'adu ==
Al'adar birnin ta haɗu ne da sauran al'adun yankin arewa. Ana amfani da [[Harshen Tumbuka|Tumbuka]] sosai a cikin Mzuzu amma ana amfani da wasu harsuna kamar [[Yaren Chewa|Chewa]], Tonga, [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Yaren Nyakyusa|da Ngonde]] . Mzuzu kuma gida ne ga wani gidan tarihi, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1986, wanda ke nuna kayan tarihi daga al'adu daban-daban a yankin arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lusaka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lusaka |first=Mwayi |date=4 Jan 2023 |title=Curating the nation: Collections, ethnographic representations and heritage production at Museum of Malawi |journal=Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities |volume=10 |doi=10.1080/23311983.2022.2160577 |s2cid=255631526 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin da aka fi so sun haɗa da {{Lang|tum|sima}} (ko dai an yi shi da [[masara]], wanda ake kira {{Lang|tum|sima ya ngoma}} a yankin., ko kuma an yi shi da [[rogo]], wanda ake kira {{Lang|tum|sima ya mayagho}} a yankin. ), [[shinkafa]], wadda ake kira {{Lang|tum|mpunga}} a yankin, da kuma {{Lang|tum|batala}} kifi (mormyrus mai hancin kwalba, ''Mormyrus longirostris'' ). Batala ya fito ne daga [[Tabkin Malawi|kogin Malawi]] kusa da [[Nkhata Bay]] . Sauran abincin da aka saba ci sun hada da: [[masara]], [[ayaba]], plantain, koko, [[rogo]] da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] .

== Lafiya ==
Birnin Mzuzu gida ne ga Asibitin Tsakiya na Mzuzu, ɗaya daga cikin asibitoci huɗu a ƙasar. [[Mapale Health Center|Cibiyar Lafiya ta Mapale]] da ke tsakiyar birnin tana kuma kula da birnin, kusa da babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki na birnin, Shoprite. Akwai kuma asibitoci da dama na CHAM kamar St. Johns, [[St. John of God Mental Hospital]], da kuma Nkhorongo SDA Clinic. Birnin kuma yana da asibitoci masu zaman kansu kamar Katoto MASM MEDI Clinic da Mumbwe, Kandindindi Evergreen. Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin kera magunguna Kentam Products Limited yana da hedikwata a Mzuzu .

== Yanayi ==
Yanayi yana da yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi (Cwb), tare da isasshen ruwan sama a duk shekara da kuma yanayin zafi mai sanyi da daɗi.

== Tattalin arziki da kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
Cibiyar kasuwanci ta yankin tana da samar da kofi, itace, 'ya'yan itace, madara da zuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth-of-nations.org&quot; /&gt; Masana'antu sun haɗa da magunguna, kayan kwalliya da katako. Ta hanyar [[Jami'ar Mzuzu]], birnin yana da ƙwararrun ma'aikata. &lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth-of-nations.org&quot; /&gt; Mzuzu yana da ƙasar noma amma har yanzu yana haɓaka masana'antar wutar lantarki zuwa ga isasshiyar ƙasa mai aminci. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022 kan Mzuzu wanda Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa ya bayyana fannoni masu ƙarfi da kuma yiwuwar ci gaban tattalin arziki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Delbridge |first=Victoria |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Enhancing the financial position of cities: evidence from Mzuzu |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/11/fsud_report_case_studies_mzuzu.pdf |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=UN-Habitat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan kasuwanci suna ba da ayyukan sadarwa, gidajen cin abinci na intanet, da shaguna masu amfani da yawa. Kamfanonin jiragen ƙasa sun haɗa da Chipiku, Peoples Trading, da AC Opticals. Birnin shine tushen kamfanonin ƙasa [https://web.archive.org/web/20260911125517/https://www.mzuzucoffee.org/ Mzuzu Coffee], Kentam Products Limited, Mzupaso Paints Limited da mujallar Northern Life. Mzuzu yana da manyan kasuwanni guda biyu, ciki har da Kasuwar Taifa, wacce ke sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa, tufafi, wayoyin hannu, takalma da sauran kayayyaki.

== Ilimi ==
Birnin gida ne ga [[Jami'ar Mzuzu]], wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1999. Jami'ar tana da fannoni biyar waɗanda suka haɗa da: Gudanar da Yawon Buɗe Ido da Baƙunci, Ilimi, Kimiyyar Lafiya, Kimiyyar Muhalli da Kimiyyar Bayanai da Laburare. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Mzuzu, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1958 ta hannun White Fathers, tana cikin Mzuzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mzuzu Technical College |url=http://mzuzutech.50webs.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310093006/http://mzuzutech.50webs.com/ |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=9 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana gida ga manyan makarantun sakandare a arewa, ciki har da Makarantar Sakandare ta Marymount, Makarantar Sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Wukani, Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati ta Mzuzu, Makarantar Sakandare ta Katoto, Makarantar Sakandare ta Zolozolo ta Ranar Al'umma ta Viphya da [[Kwalejin Mzuzu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=http://www.mzuzuacademy.org |publisher=mzuzuacademy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin yana da makarantun firamare da dama, ciki har da Wukani, Trust Academy, makarantar firamare mai zaman kanta ta Wongani (wanda MIC Catholic Sisters ke gudanarwa), makarantun Beehive da Hilltop.

== Muhalli ==
Mzuzu yana cikin dazuzzu, tsaunuka. Dajin Miombo ya fi rinjaye a kewayen birnin. A arewa da kudu na birnin, tsaunukan Viphya suna da wuraren ciyayi da dazuzzuka na tsaunuka. Ana ikirarin cewa gonar Viphya da ke tsaunukan da ke kudancin birnin ita ce mafi girma a cikin dazuzzukan da mutane suka yi a Afirka.

Yanayi a Mzuzu yana da sanyi a lokacin sanyi.

=== Noma ===

== Yawon Bude Ido ==
[[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Malawi]], Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, da Nyika National Park - mafi girma wurin shakatawa na Malawi - duk suna kusa da Mzuzu. &lt;ref name=&quot;commonwealth-of-nations.org&quot; /&gt; [[Mzuzu Botanic Gardens|Lambunan Botanic na Mzuzu]] suna cikin Zolozolo. [[Mzuzu Nature Sanctuary|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mzuzu]], [[Mzuzu Wildlife Conservation Park|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mzuzu]], da kuma [[Kaning'ina Forest Reserve|Wurin Tsabtace Dajin Kaning'ina]] suna cikin tsaunukan Kaning'ina. Waɗannan wurare ne masu kyau don yin yawo da kallon namun daji. Madatsar ruwa ta Gulliver, wadda ke samar da ruwa ga birnin Mzuzu da yankunan da ke kewaye, tana kuma bayar da damar yin yawo a kan tsaunuka. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Scout ta 1st Poulner (UK) tana kula da wani sansanin sansanin da ke wajen Mzuzu da ake kira Kavuzi Campsite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kavuzicampsite |url=http://www.campingmalawi.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706065004/http://www.campingmalawi.com/ |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st Poulner Scout Group - Kavuzi Campsite |url=http://www.1stpoulnerscouts.org.uk/malawi/kavuzi-campsite/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703092919/http://1stpoulnerscouts.org.uk/malawi/kavuzi-campsite/ |archive-date=3 July 2016 |access-date=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sufuri ==
[[File:MzuzuMalawi.JPG|thumb| Babbar hanyar M5 a Mzuzu]]
Filin jirgin saman Mzuzu yana aiki a birnin Mzuzu . A watan Yunin 2015, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Sufuri ta Malawi ta sanar da shirin gina sabon filin jirgin sama, amma wani sabon sabuntawa na 2022 ya nuna cewa ginin bai fara ba tukuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2024 |title=Mzuzu Orton Chirwa International Airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/mzuzu-orton-chirwa-international-airport |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mzuzu yana kan babbar hanyar M1 ta Malawi, wacce ke tafiyar da tsawon ƙasar daga arewa zuwa kudu. Ita ce ƙarshen arewa na babbar hanyar M5, wadda ke tafiya gabas ta cikin wani rami a cikin tsaunukan Viphya zuwa [[Nkhata Bay|gaɓar Nkhata]], sannan kuma ta kudu a bakin tafkin Malawi.

== Wasanni ==
[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon kafa wasa]] ne mai farin jini a Mzuzu. Ƙungiyoyi biyu, Moyale Barracks FC da Mzuni ne ke wakiltar birnin a gasar cin kofin Malawi. Filin wasa na Mzuzu (wanda ke iya ɗaukar mutane 15,000) shine filin wasa ɗaya tilo da ke birnin, wanda ma'aikatan gidan yari suka gina a kusan shekarar 1970. Birnin yana da manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando guda biyu, Nkhulande da Pistons.

== Fitattun mazauna ==

* Shepherd Bushiri, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Enlightened Christian Gathering, ɗan Mzuzu ne. Bushiri kuma shine wanda ya kafa PSB Network &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PSB Network &amp;#124; The Mobile Network That Cares |url=http://www.mypsb.co.za/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Mypsb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Prophetic Channel.
* Tusayiwe Mkhondya daga Mzuzu ne. Tana gudanar da makaranta da kuma wani aiki mai suna &quot;Ba kai kaɗai ba ne&quot; a Dunduzu da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manevski |first=Darko |date=2022-05-18 |title=Meet the Woman, 23, Who Runs 3 Schools and Fosters Over 30 Children |url=https://www.newsweek.com/meet-woman-23-who-runs-3-schools-fosters-over-30-children-1707907 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Biranen Malawi]]
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    <title>Masanin ilimin man fetur</title>
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'''Masanin ilimin ƙasa na man fetur''' [[Earth science|masanin kimiyyar ƙasa]] ne wanda ke aiki a fannin ilimin ƙasa na man fetur, wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan fannoni na gano da samar da mai da iskar gas. Masana kimiyyar man fetur galibi suna da alaƙa da ainihin gano mai da iskar gas da kuma gano sabbin ma'ajiyar mai ko filayen iskar gas . &lt;ref name=&quot;GSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Petroleum Geologist Job Description |url=https://careers.geosociety.org/career/petroleum-geologist/job-descriptions |access-date=August 26, 2025 |website=Geological Society of America}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai iya zama aiki mai matuƙar wahala wanda ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da kayan aiki masu inganci. Masana kimiyyar ƙasa na man fetur suna duba tsarin da kuma sassan da ke cikin stratum /strata don gano yiwuwar tarkon mai ko kuma wasan shale mai ƙarfi.

== Bayanan martaba ==
Masana kimiyyar ƙasa na man fetur suna yanke shawara kan inda za su haƙa man fetur . Ana yin hakan ta hanyar gano wuraren da ke cikin wani wuri mai faɗi a cikin wani yanki mai faɗi . Masana kimiyyar man fetur suna tantance dorewar mai idan aka yi la'akari da manyan fannoni bakwai a fannin ilimin man fetur na gargajiya:

* Tushe: kasancewar wani dutse mai wadataccen sinadarai wanda ke iya samar da hydrocarbons yayin binnewa mai zurfi.
* Ma'ajiyar Ruwa: dutse mai ramuka da kuma na'urar da ke ratsawa wanda ke tattara hydrocarbons da aka fitar daga dutsen da ya samo asali sannan ya riƙe su a cikin tarko.
* Hatimi: na'urar dutse da ke hana mai ko iskar gas fitowa daga dutsen da ke ɗauke da sinadarin hydrocarbon.
* Tarko: fasalin tsari ko na stratigraphic wanda ke kama kwararar hydrocarbons zuwa tarin albarkatun ƙasa da za a iya samarwa.
* Lokaci: Abubuwan da suka faru a fannin ilimin ƙasa dole ne su faru a wani tsari, misali tarkon ya samo asali kafin ƙaura maimakon bayan ƙaura.
* Balaga: tsarin canza dutsen tushe a ƙarƙashin zafi da matsin lamba, wanda ke haifar da fashewar abubuwan da ke cikinsa zuwa mai da iskar gas.
* Hijira: motsin mai ko iskar gas (wanda ba shi da kauri) daga dutsen da ya samo asali zuwa dutsen tafki sannan ya shiga tarko.

Waɗannan muhimman fannoni guda bakwai suna buƙatar masanin kimiyyar man fetur ya sami ra'ayi mai girma 4 na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (girman sarari guda uku, da lokaci). Ana iya samun bayanai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ilimin geophysics. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna bayanan ilimin girgizar ƙasa na raƙuman ruwa masu laushi, galibin motsin girgizar ƙasa . Wannan yana nuna siffar 3-dimensional na tarko, da kuma dutsen tushe. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayanai daga mai binciken laka, wanda ke nazarin yanke haƙa ramin da kuma kauri samuwar duwatsu.

A yau, akwai kuma wasannin da ba a saba gani ba. Masana kimiyyar man fetur na waɗannan wasannin suna aiki tare da injiniyoyin man fetur da sauran ƙwararru don yanke shawara kan inda za a haƙa mai. Ana kuma samun bayanai ta hanyar hanyoyin ilimin ƙasa (irin su wasannin gargajiya, da kuma bayanan karyewar ƙasa), amma ana yin nazarin su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin kididdiga daban-daban. Ana yin nazarin ilimin ƙasa ta hanyar duba haɗin ɓangarorin ilimin ƙasa, tare da analogues na kammalawa. Bangarorin ilimin ƙasa sune kamar haka:

* Source: the presence of an organic-rich [[source rock.]] Unlike conventional plays, where the source rock typically underlays the reservoir rock and the oil/gas migrates into the reservoir, tight shale plays can be their own source rock.
* Reservoir: the usually porous rock with lower permeability rock. This rock could have collected hydrocarbons expelled from a source rock, or be its own source rock.
* Seal: often, due to the low permeability, oil/gas is unable to migrate out of this rock, but it is common to also have a sealing rock above the reservoir rock that inhibits further migration of oil or gas.
* Timing: geologic events must occur in a certain order, e.g. a seal to trap gas must be in place before kerogen cracking.
* Maturation: the process of alteration of a source rock under head and pressure, leading to the cracking of its organic matter into oil and gas.
* Migration: the movement of the (less dense) oil or gas from the source rock into a reservoir rock and then into a trap.

Ba a ga ɓangaren 'tarko' ba. Wasan shale mai tsauri, ko wasan kwaikwayo na daban, ba sa buƙatar tarko don ɗauke da hydrocarbons saboda ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke hana ci gaba da ƙaura.

== Duba kuma ==

* Masana'antar mai

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Mendocino County GMO Ban</title>
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Gundumar Mendocino, California, ita ce hukuma ta farko a Amurka don hana noma, samarwa ko rarraba kwayoyin halitta GMOs.  Dokar, mai taken Mataki na H, an zartar da ita ta hanyar raba gardama a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 2004. Kungiyar GMO Free Mendocino&quot; ce ta fara kamfen ɗin, an yi ƙoƙari ne sosai daga manoma da kungiyoyin muhalli waɗanda ke jayayya cewa haɗarin yiwuwar GMOs ga lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin halittu ba a riga an fahimci su ba. Matakin ya sadu da adawa daga kungiyoyi masu sha'awar da ke wakiltar masana'antar kimiyyar halittu, The California Plant Health Association yanzu Western Plant Health Association da CropLife America, ƙungiyar da ke Washington wacce abokan cinikinta ke wakiltar wasu manyan masu rarraba abinci a cikin ƙasar, gami da Monsanto, DuPont da Dow Chemical .  Tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar, an kara Mendocino County a cikin jerin sunayen kasa da kasa na &quot;GMO free zones&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, H. (2007). GMO-free regions manual: Case studies from around the world. IFOAM, 23-29. {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://shop.ifoam.org/bookstore/download_preview/Intro_GMO_free_manual.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135126/http://shop.ifoam.org/bookstore/download_preview/Intro_GMO_free_manual.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |access-date=2011-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dokokin da suka haramta kananan hukumomi daga irin waɗannan dokoki yanzu sun zama gama gari tare da tallafi a jihohi goma sha shida.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, B. (2005, April). Consigning citizens to mere spectators. Rural Vermont Farm Policy Network News, 29. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from Environmental Commons. {{Cite web |title=Environmental Commons: How Preemptive Seed Legislation is Destroying Democracy |url=http://environmentalcommons.org/preemption-undemocratic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510110237/http://www.environmentalcommons.org/preemption-undemocratic.html |archive-date=2011-05-10 |access-date=2011-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
GMOs galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin kowane kwayar halitta wanda aka canza DNA ta hanyar shiga tsakani na mutum. Ayyukan noma, duk da haka, sun daɗe suna amfani da hanyoyin kiwo na zaɓaɓɓu don wannan manufar kamar fasahar zamani. Masu bincike yanzu suna bayyana kwayoyin halitta GEOs kamar waɗanda aka samar daga kewayon fasahar DNA mai haɗuwa, wanda ke gabatar da transgene a cikin kwayar halitta ta tantanin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;snow&quot; /&gt; Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ta haɗa da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin membrane na tantanin halitta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da &quot;gungun kwayar halitta ko tsarin isar da ƙwayoyin halitta&quot;. Fasahar DNA mai haɗuwa tana ba da damar ƙirƙirar kwayoyin halitta na roba tare da takamaiman halaye waɗanda ke da fa'idodin ɗan adam. Za a yi amfani da kalmar GEOs a nan don bayyana kwayoyin da aka samar ta hanyar fasahar DNA da aka saba amfani da ita ta hanyar amfani da kalmar GMOs.

== Damuwa da muhalli ==
Yankin ƙasa da na lokaci na muhawara game da kwayoyin halitta da fasahar DNA mai haɗuwa suna da yawa. Binciken haɗarin muhalli dole ne ya yi la'akari da haɗarin da ba za a iya lissafawa ba na dogon lokaci game da fa'idodi masu yawa da za a iya ƙididdigewa na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Akwai damuwa mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin muhalli, manoma masu shuke-shuke da al'ummomin duniya cewa gabatar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin halittu na gida na iya haifar da [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]] lokacin da sabbin nau'ikan roba suka zama masu rinjaye. Ƙarin damuwa ya zo ne daga membobin al'ummar kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke gargadi game da haɗarin cewa maganin rigakafi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da GEOs da yawa na iya haifar da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya. Duk da yake al'ummar kimiyya gabaɗaya sun yarda da yiwuwar waɗannan haɗarin, abubuwan da ke faruwa suna da wuyar ƙididdigewa, musamman a cikin tsarin Nazarin Amfanin Hadari (RCBA) wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin manufofin jama'a.

Masu goyon bayan fasahar suna jayayya da yawancin waɗannan binciken ko mahimmancin abubuwan haɗari. Gabaɗaya suna jayayya cewa nau'ikan GE ba su da ƙarin fa'idar juyin halitta fiye da kowane sabon nau'in da aka gabatar a cikin tsarin halittu na gida kuma suna nuna halin iri ɗaya. Sun kuma ambaci karancin bukatar magungunan kashe kwari fiye da amfanin gona na al'ada. Masu adawa, akasin haka, suna bin [[Tsarin taka Tsantsan|Ka'idar kariya]], wanda ke ba da shawarar jira har sai an yi ƙarin bincike kuma suna sanya nauyin hujja a kan mai samarwa don tabbatar da cewa ayyukansu masu amfani ba barazana ba ne ga muhalli ko lafiyar ɗan adam kafin ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;roundupproblems&quot; /&gt; Ka'idar kariya ta zama tushen manufofin muhalli ga EU.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Bayyana fasahar kimiyyar noma ta bi hanyar da ta fara ne a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;juyin juya halin kore&quot;. A cikin karni na ashirin, ana amfani da hanyoyin masana'antu sosai ga aikin gona don samar da kayan lambu guda ɗaya, manyan yankuna da aka yi amfani da su don samar da amfanin gona mai girma tare da amfani da taki da magungunan kashe kwari. Ainihin matsalar jiki da GEOs ke neman magance, galibi, shine lalata amfanin gona daga kwari. Canjin sannu a hankali zuwa [[Noma iri Daya|Al'adu guda ɗaya]] ya kara yawanci da tsananin mamayewar annoba da kamuwa da cuta saboda rashin bambancin aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;gore&quot; /&gt; Yawancin kwari da ke barazana ga amfanin gona daban-daban sune masu cin nama ga juna, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage tasirin su. Lokacin da aka dasa mil da yawa na wannan amfanin gona, duk da haka, yana barin mazaunin yankin da ya fi fuskantar barazanar annoba guda ɗaya.

GEOs sun kawo fa'idodi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin kula da kwari ta hanyar samun rigakafin da aka tsara ta hanyar kwayar halitta ga magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samar don amfani da su tare da su, kamar sanannen magungunan herbicide na bayan fitowar Roundup wanda Monsanto ya samar. Babban ƙarfin da ke motsa samar da GEOs, duk da haka, zamantakewa ne da tattalin arziki. GEOs sune sabbin ci gaba a cikin fitarwa don samar da amfanin gona mafi girma tare da ƙananan shigarwa, bisa ga tsarin haɓaka riba. Masu goyon bayan fasahar suna ganin shi a matsayin amsar karuwar karancin abinci a fuskar karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya. Sun kuma ambaci fa'idodi masu yuwuwa, kamar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan kayan da suka fi dacewa, kiwon kifi ko dabbobi, tare da mafi girman abubuwan gina jiki da ƙananan kitse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friis, R. 2007&quot; /&gt; Masu adawa da GEOs, duk da haka, suna jayayya cewa yunwa ta duniya ta samo asali ne daga tattalin arziki da siyasa maimakon karancin don haka ba tare da la'akari da ko an kara yawan amfanin gona ba, kayan ba za su gudana ta hanyar samarwa ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata ba.

== Manufofin ==
Dangane da dokar, &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane mutum, kamfani, ko kamfani don yadawa, nomawa, haɓaka, ko haɓaka kwayoyin halitta a cikin gundumar Mendocino&quot;.Matakin yana da hankali don bayyana kwayoyin halitta kamar yadda ya dogara da biotechnology kamar yadda ya saba da hanyoyin gargajiya na zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Har ila yau, ya cire micro-organisms daga haramcin. Matsakaicin yanayin ƙasa da sararin samaniya na batun an nuna shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa dokar kawai ta shafi yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na gundumar. Birni, jihohi, tarayya da ƙasashen kabilanci ba su da izinin haramtacciyar kuma suna da 'yanci su girma da rarraba GEOs.&lt;ref name=&quot;gmofreemendo.com&quot; /&gt;

Mataki na H yana amfani da tsarin tsari na gargajiya a matsayin kayan aikin manufofi kawai. Manufofin manufofi sune masu samarwa ko masu rarraba kwayoyin halitta. A bayyane yake, masana'antar noma ita ce mai ruwa da tsaki da aka fi niyya, kodayake doka ta shafi kowane mutum ko ƙungiya. Saboda rashin iyawa na iyakance duk yaduwar GEO a cikin kusanci da yankunan da doka ta shafa ba, manufofin manufofi sun fi iyakance fadada masana'antar biotechnology a cikin gundumar da kuma sanya shi da wuya ga kamfanonin iri su sayar da tsaba na GE ga manoma na cikin gida. A cewar Andrew Kimbrall na Cibiyar Tsaro ta Abinci, wanda ya goyi bayan matakin ya bayyana cewa kananan hukumomi ba su da &quot;babu wani zaɓi sai dai su yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da&quot; yaduwar amfanin gona na GE. A cikin wannan mahallin, manufar ba ita ce ta kawar da duk wani GEOs a cikin gundumar ba amma don magance yanayin da ke faruwa a masana'antar noma.

== Tarihi ==
Els Cooperrider ne ya fara kamfen ɗin &quot;GMO Free Mendocino mai binciken ciwon daji da ya yi ritaya kuma memba ne na kafa &quot;The Mendocino Organic Network&quot;.Da farko, hadin gwiwar ta nemi aiwatar da dokokin cikin gida da ke buƙatar lakabin samfuran GEO. Koyaya, tunda ƙoƙarin ƙasa na turawa don lakabi ya kasance mafi yawa bai yi nasara ba an yanke shawarar yin kira ga haramta samar da GEO da yaduwa a cikin iyakokin gundumar a maimakon haka.

Janie Sheppard, lauya ce ta cikin gida da Dokta Ron Epstein, farfesa mai bincike, sun sanya hannu kan masu goyon baya a kan Mataki H, tare da Cooperrider . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biotech giants launch lawsuit against a GM-free Mendocino |url=http://www.lobbywatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=1901 |access-date=2020-10-19 |website=www.lobbywatch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020163341/http://www.lobbywatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=1901 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kashe kudi da yawa a kan Mataki na H fiye da kowane zabe a tarihin Mendocino County. Gabaɗaya, magoya bayan &quot;A'a a kan H&quot; sun kashe sama da $ 700,000, tare da $ 600,000 daga ciki daga Croplife America. Kungiyar &quot;Yes on H&quot; ta tara $ 135,000 a ƙarshen kamfen ɗin. Matakin ya wuce da kashi 57% na kuri'un kuma an nuna shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin yakin &quot;David vs. Goliath&quot; tsakanin ƙaramin hadin gwiwar masu fafutuka na al'umma da ƙungiyar masu fafutukar musamman a Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walsh-Dilley, M. 2008&quot; /&gt;

== Wadanda ke da hannu ==
Matsayin Mendocino County H ya nuna yakin basasa na masu ruwa da tsaki game da muhawara game da manufofin jama'a mai rikitarwa wanda ke da iko a duniya. Masana'antar [[Noman Asali|noma na kwayoyin halitta]] ita ce bangare mafi saurin girma a kasuwar noma ta Amurka. Yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na aikin gona na Mendocino, mafi yawansu sun ƙunshi gidajen giya. Masana'antar noma ta kwayoyin halitta a California ita ce mafi yawan masu fafutuka da aka shirya a kan GMOs saboda damuwa game da ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano nau'ikan &quot;Roundup Ready na kwayar cutar, waɗanda ke tsayayya da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta &quot;Roundop&quot; wanda Monsanto ya samar, don warwatsewa zuwa gonakin makwabta, suna haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a game da haƙƙin mallaka kamar sanannen gwajin gwaji a Kotun Koli ta Kanada, Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser.

Tare da karuwar buƙatun samfuran kwayoyin halitta a kasuwannin Turai da Japan, ana ganin yiwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin babbar barazanar tattalin arziki ga masana'antar kwayoyin halitta. Masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Mendocino ta damu musamman game da rasa kasuwannin Japan kuma tun daga lokacin sun yi amfani da dokar a matsayin kayan aikin talla. Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka USDA ta tabbatar wa manoma na kwayoyin halitta cewa ba za su rasa takardar shaidansu ba idan gurɓata ta faru. Wannan bai shafe ra'ayin cewa amincin masana'antarsu da tsarin halittu da suke dogara da su suna cikin haɗari ta hanyar gabatar da GEOs a hankali.

An dauki wucewar H a matsayin nasara ga kungiyoyin muhalli da masana'antar noma ta gida kuma ta kawo hankalin duniya na Mendocino. Duk da haka, zargi mai tsanani ya fito ne daga masana'antun masana'antu waɗanda suka yarda da karɓar GEOs. A cewar rancher da kuma Daraktan Ofishin Noma na Mendocino County Peter Bradford, an motsa ma'auni ne saboda &quot;tsoron kimiyya da manyan kamfanoni&quot;  A duk faɗin ƙasar, kashi 90% na soya, kashi 73% na masara da kashi 87% na auduga da aka samar a Amurka sun fito ne daga kwayar halitta.  Babban bangaren kudi na masana'antar yana kallon biotechnology a matsayin ci gaban halitta na dabarun kasuwanci, waɗanda suka wuce isasshen ƙa'idodin aminci. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna FDA da USDA sun amince ya zuwa yanzu. FDA ta tsara sabbin jagororin a cikin 1991 da ke nuna cewa GEOs da wadanda ba GEOs ba &quot;sun kasance daidai&quot;.&lt;div class=&quot;thumb floatright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Gundumar
!Haka ne,
!A'a
!An haramta GEOs
|-
|Mendocino
|57%
|43%
|Haka ne,
|-
|Jirgin Ruwa
|61%
|39%
|Haka ne,
|-
|Butte
|39%
|61%
|A'a
|-
|Humboldt
|35%
|65%
|A'a
|-
|San Luis Obispo
|41%
|58%
|A'a
|-
|Sonoma
|44%
|56%
|A'a
|}
'''Kwamitin Masu Kula'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!Haka ne,
!A'a
!An haramta GEOs
|-
|Triniti
|3
|2
|Haka ne,
|-
|Santa Cruz
|5
|0
|Haka ne,
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Tebur-1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Halin da ke tattare da rushewar tsarin mulki na tarayya ya bar kananan hukumomi da ke fuskantar kalubale mai tsanani wajen hana su. Batutuwan shari'a sun kawo tambaya game da matsayin doka na dokokin gundumar da ke tsara GEOs. Dokokin Tarayya na iya mamaye su idan aka kalubalanci su. EPA ce ke tsara amfanin gona na GE a karkashin jagororin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act  bisa ga abin da &quot;...jiha ba za ta sanya wani buƙata don lakabi ko marufi ba tare da ko daban da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin&quot; FIFRA. Wasu masana shari'a suna jayayya cewa duk wani tsari na GEOs dole ne ya faru a matakin tarayya saboda wannan doka.

Tun lokacin da aka wuce ma'auni na H, yankuna a California sun bi misalin Mendocino tare da irin wannan matakai guda takwas da suka sanya shi cikin kuri'un. Daga cikin yankuna takwas da suka kada kuri'a kan shirye-shiryen adawa da GEO, hudu sun wuce kuma an ci hudu. Bugu da kari, yankuna goma sha ɗaya sun zartar da dokoki na pro-GEO da ke hana haramtacciyarsu. Tebur-1 ya lissafa yankuna da kashi na kuri'un su.

A shekara ta 2005, Sanata na jihar Dean Florez ya yi ƙoƙari ya zartar da dokar hana yankuna daga haramta GEOs. Kudin ya wuce a cikin majalisa amma ya tsaya a majalisar dattijai inda ya riga ya wuce. California ta kasance mai ƙalubale ga masu samar da GE da manoma waɗanda ke son amfani da iri. Kotun Gundumar Tarayya ta Arewacin California ta sha wahala daga gwagwarmaya mai tsawo tare da USDA game da amfanin gona guda biyu musamman, GE Alfalfa da GE Sugar Beets. A shekara ta 2005, USDA ta kawar da Roundup Ready Alfalfa RRA. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, don mayar da martani ga karar da Earthjustice da Cibiyar Kula da Abinci suka gabatar, kotun gundumar ta yanke hukuncin cewa deregulation ya saba wa Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa NEPA saboda ba a yi sanarwa game da tasirin muhalli ba EIS. A cikin Geertson Farms Inc., et al. v. Mike Johanns, et al., Alkalin Charles R. Breyer ya sanya umarni kan dasa kowane iri.

A watan Yunin 2010, Kotun Koli ta soke umarnin, ta bayyana cewa ba lallai ba ne saboda dokar USDA, a zahiri, ta saba wa NEPA kuma saboda haka babu matsayin doka don dasa iri a farkon wuri wanda ke kauce wa buƙatar umarni. An ba da umarnin cewa a yi EIS, wanda aka tsara zai cika a cikin 2012. Wani umarni ya ba da umarni daga Alkalin Jeffrey White game da dasa shuka na sukari na GE a watan Agusta 2010. Lokacin da aka gano cewa an dasa shuke-shuke na sukari na GE a watan Satumba, a keta dokar, Alkalin White ya ba da umarnin lalata amfanin gona. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun Amurka ta ba da umarnin lalata amfanin GEO. Manoma a cikin masana'antar sukari sun ba da rahoton cewa babu isasshen iri wanda ba na GE ba. Gwamnati ta yi gargadin cewa Amurka ta fuskanci yiwuwar raguwar kashi 20% a cikin samar da sukari. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2011, bisa buƙatar Monsanto da kamfanin iri na Jamus mai suna KWS, USDA ta ci gaba da &quot;rashin daidaituwa&quot; wanda zai ba da damar ci gaba da shuka har sai EIS ta cika kuma an yanke hukunci na ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;earthjustice.org&quot; /&gt;

Masu fafutukar kare muhalli na cikin gida sun firgita da wannan shawarar kuma sun dauki shi a matsayin cin nasara. Rashin daidaituwa yana buƙatar manoma na iri na GE su ɗauki matakai don hana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba a yarda su shuka a cikin mil uku na amfanin gona marasa GE, alal misali, kuma suna ƙarƙashin binciken gwamnati. Masu adawa da shawarar suna jayayya cewa waɗannan kariya ba za su isa ba. Hukuncin ya zo ne washegari bayan wata kungiya ta manyan masu rarraba abinci na kwayoyin halitta a kasar ciki har da Whole Foods, Organic Valley da Stonyfield Farm, sun amince da kada su sake adawa da yaduwar amfanin RRA da GE gabaɗaya.

== Bincike ==
Har yanzu, akwai karancin bayanai game da sakamakon ma'aunin. Ya kasance a cikin littattafai kuma ya ci gaba da aiwatar da shi a cikin iyakokinsa. Matakan da suka dace na kimantawa sun samo asali ne daga manufofin da aka bayyana na ma'auni &quot;Mutanen Mendocino County suna so su kare aikin gona, muhalli, tattalin arziki, da dukiya mai zaman kanta daga [[Gurbacewar Kwayoyin halitta|Gurɓataccen kwayar halitta]] ta kwayoyin halitta. &quot;Wannan manufar manufofin ba ta da ma'anar kalmar &quot;ƙazantar da kwayar halitta&quot;. An ɗauke shi da darajar fuska, daga ra'ayi na zahiri, ana iya ganin shi kamar yadda ya gaza a cikin cewa GEOs tabbas sun yi ƙaura a fadin iyakokin iko. Yawancin kayayyakin abinci na kasuwanci suna dauke da GEOs, wanda mazauna gundumar ke saya ba tare da saninsu ba tunda har yanzu babu dokokin tarayya da ke buƙatar lakabin su. Kayayyakin masara na GE, musamman, sun zama ko'ina a matsayin kayan karawa a cikin sarrafa abinci. Bugu da ƙari, tunda kalmar &quot;ƙazantar da kwayar halitta&quot; ba a bayyana ta ba, koda kuwa an yi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko ba a dauke shi da gurɓataccen yanayi ba zai bambanta bisa ga mai ruwa da tsaki.

A cikin ma'anar manufar manufofin a matsayin kayan aiki na siyasa don hana ci gaban masana'antar biotechnology da yaduwar &quot;amfanin gona na GE&quot; gabaɗaya, ana iya ganin muhawara ta kasa da kasa game da batutuwan iko tare da irin wannan haramtacciyar gundumar a matsayin nasara. Mendocino yanzu an ambaci shi a duniya a matsayin cibiyar motsi na kwayoyin halitta da kuma mai haɓaka ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da GEO waɗanda, a wasu lokuta sun hana ci gaban su, musamman a California inda alƙali na tarayya ya ba da umarnin lalata amfanin GE.

== Aikin noma na gari ==
Mendocino sananne ne saboda kasancewa ginshiƙi na al'adun karkara inda yawancin masu gwagwarmaya masu sassaucin ra'ayi da membobin ƙarni na hippie na California suka jagoranci [[Back-to-the-land movement|motsi na baya-ƙasa]] a cikin shekarun 1970s. Kamfen ɗin Measure H ya sake tabbatar da waɗannan ƙwarewa kuma an yi nazari a matsayin misali na &quot;aikin noma na gari&quot;.Mataki na tsara ajanda na tsarin manufofi ya kasance mai zurfi. Masana manufofin jama'a da masana tarihi na zamantakewa suna jayayya cewa tasirin motsi na &quot;GMO free Mendocino&quot; sun wuce tushen tushen doka ko babbar muhawara ta siyasa game da GEOs.

Sojojin zamantakewa da ke motsa rikici an saka su a cikin dabi'un karkara na gida na kula da rarraba. Tunanin kai na al'umma a matsayin kira na al'adun da suka saba da al'adu da kuma ma'aikatan karkara sun inganta wani karfi na aikin hadin gwiwa na gida wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kan fahimtar &quot;command da iko&quot; na aikin gona na gida ta hanyar nesa mai nisa na ikon kasa da kasa.

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Al-Sahli</title>
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'''Mohammed Al-Sahli''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] na Al-Batin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MOHAMMED AL-SAHLI |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/mohamed-falah-al-sahli/593379/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Al-Sahli |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=118754 |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210191948/https://www.kooora.com/?player=118754 |archive-date=2024-12-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Al-Sahli ya fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Al-Qaisumah FC|Al-Qaisumah]]. An daga shi zuwa tawagar farko a shekarar 2013. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2019, Al-Sahli ya koma ƙungiyar [[Al-Raed]] ta Saudi Professional League.[1] A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2021, Al-Sahli ya koma [[Damac FC|Damac]].[2] A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2022, ya koma [[Khaleej FC|Al-Khaleej]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.[3] A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2023, Al-Sahli ya koma [[Al-Batin FC|Al-Batin]].[4] A watan Yulin 2024, ya koma [[Al-Adalah FC|Al-Adalah]]. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2025, Al-Sahli ya sake komawa [[Al-Batin FC|Al-Batin]].

.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#السماوي يتعاقد مع اللاعب محمد السهلي |url=https://x.com/albatinclub/status/1885474181862568068}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|mohammed-al-sahli/593379}}
{{Al-Batin F.C. squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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    <title>Nano aquarium</title>
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[[Fayil:Macquarium.jpg|right|thumb|202x202px|Macquarium, wani nau'in nano aquarium da aka gina a cikin harsashi na kwamfutar Apple Macintosh]]
'''Nano aquariums''' sune aquariums tare da jaddadawa ga ƙananan mazauna a cikin ƙananan aquariums. Za su iya zama ko dai aquariums na ruwa mai laushi ko aquariums nano na ruwa mai gishiri. Ana zaɓar nau'in kifi na Nano daga kowane ƙaramin nau'in kifaye na wurare masu zafi. Sauran mazauna masu yiwuwa sune shrimps na ruwa mai laushi da ruwa. Duk wani tsire-tsire don akwatin kifaye na nano dole ne ya kasance daga cikin ƙananan nau'in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of nano fish species |url=http://thefishdoctor.co.uk/nano/nano-fish-nano-aquarium/ |access-date=2015-11-28 |website=thefishdoctor.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303045901/http://thefishdoctor.co.uk/nano/nano-fish-nano-aquarium/ |archive-date=2017-03-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aquarium na nano na ruwa ya fi wuya a kiyaye shi fiye da aquarium na nano mai laushi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=nano marine aquarium |url=http://thefishdoctor.co.uk/aquarium-set-up/nano-marine-aquarium/ |access-date=2015-11-28 |website=thefishdoctor.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052752/http://thefishdoctor.co.uk/aquarium-set-up/nano-marine-aquarium/ |archive-date=2016-06-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2018 |title=Betta fish tank setup |url=https://nippyfish.net/2018/08/15/betta-fish-tank-setup/ |access-date=31 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Nano reefs

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Aquariology}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Clavin</title>
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'''Patricia Meria Clavin''', FRHistS , FBA (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1964) [[masanin tarihi]] ne kuma masani ɗan Birtaniya-Irish, wanda ya ƙware a hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, rikicin tattalin arziki, da tarihin ƙarni na ashirin. Ita [[Farfesa|Farfesa ce]] a fannin Tarihin Zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma Farfesa ce a Kwalejin Worcester . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio - faculty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Patricia Clavin |url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-patricia-clavin-ba-phd |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Faculty of History |publisher=University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Clavin a Ingila ga iyayensa 'yan asalin Ireland kuma yana da 'yan asalin Ireland da Birtaniya biyu. An haifi Clavin a Jamus inda mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Ireland yake aiki a rundunar sojojin Birtaniya. Ta yi karatun Tarihin Zamani a Kwalejin King's da ke Landan, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha (BA) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (PhD). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio - Jesus&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin ilimi ==
Kafin ya koma Oxford, Clavin ya kasance mai karatu a fannin Tarihin Zamani a Jami'ar Keele . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio - Jesus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows: Professor Patricia Clavin |url=https://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/meet-fellows/meet-fellows-professor-patricia-clavin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413053416/https://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/meet-fellows/meet-fellows-professor-patricia-clavin |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Jesus College, Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na 2003, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford kuma an naɗa ta [[Malamin Jami'a|malamar jami'a]] a fannin tarihin zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=15 January 2004 |title=Appointments and Reappointments |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2003-4/weekly/150104/exam.htm |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=135 |issue=4681 |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510172650/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2003-4/weekly/150104/exam.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2011, an ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa a matsayin Farfesa a Tarihin Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2012 |title=Recognition of Distinction 2010–2011: Successful Candidate |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/supplements2011-12/Recognition_of_Distinction_2010-2011_Successful_Candidates_(1)_to_No._4974.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Oxford University Gazette |volume=141 |issue=4974 |page=237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510172614/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/supplements2011-12/Recognition_of_Distinction_2010-2011_Successful_Candidates_(1)_to_No._4974.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=26 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2021, an naɗa Clavin a matsayin Farfesa na Tarihin Zamani a Kwalejin Worcester, inda ya maye gurbin Robert Gildea kuma ya zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa riƙe wannan kujera. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia Clavin appointed as the new Professor of Modern History |url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/article/patricia-clavin-appointed-as-the-new-professor-of-modern-history |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Faculty of History, University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203010958/https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/article/patricia-clavin-appointed-as-the-new-professor-of-modern-history |archive-date=3 December 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce a Hukumar Edita ta ''Tarihin Baya da Yanzu'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2014 |title=About us |url=https://pastandpresent.org.uk/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin kafofin watsa labarai ===
A watan Nuwamba na 2021, Clavin ya yi wata lacca a bainar jama'a a Kwalejin Gresham kan tsaron Turai bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Patricia Clavin |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/speakers/patricia-clavin |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Gresham College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2023, Clavin ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattaunawa a wani shiri na shirin tattaunawa na BBC Radio 4 mai taken &quot; ''In Our Time&quot;'' wanda ya mayar da hankali kan littafin John Maynard Keynes mai suna ''Economic Consequences of the Peace'' (1919). Littafin Keynes ya kasance jigon tarin kasidu da Clavin ya shirya tare, wanda kuma aka buga a shekarar 2023. Abokan tattaunawar Clavin sune Michael Cox da Margaret MacMillan . 

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
A watan Mayun 2016, Clavin yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana tarihi 300, ciki har da Simon Schama da Niall Ferguson, waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan wata wasiƙa ga ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'', wadda ke gaya wa masu zaɓe cewa idan suka zaɓi barin [[Tarayyar Turai]] a ranar 23 ga Yuni, za su yi Allah wadai da Birtaniya da rashin dacewarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historians for Britain IN Europe |url=http://historiansforbritainineurope.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519151249/http://historiansforbritainineurope.org/ |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=2017-01-17 |publisher=Historians for Britain IN Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-18 |title=Fog in Channel, Historians Isolated |url=http://www.historytoday.com/various-authors/fog-channel-historians-isolated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160012/http://www.historytoday.com/various-authors/fog-channel-historians-isolated |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=2017-01-17 |publisher=History Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
A shekarar 2015, an ba Clavin lambar yabo ta British Academy Medal saboda littafinta ''mai suna Securing The World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations 1920-1946'' ; ana ba da lambobin yabo kowace shekara ga mutane uku &quot;saboda gagarumin nasarar ilimi a kowane fanni na ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa wanda Kwalejin ke tallafawa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=British Academy announces 2015 prize and medal winners |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-2015-prize-and-medal-winners |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=The British Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2016, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Burtaniya (FBA), makarantar koyon ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa ta ƙasa ta Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |title=British Academy announces new President and elects 66 new Fellows |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-new-president-and-elects-66-new-fellows |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=The British Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Professor Patricia Clavin elected British Academy Fellow |url=http://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/news/2016/july/professor-patricia-clavin-elected-british-academy-fellow |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=Jesus College |publisher=University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724091836/http://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/news/2016/july/professor-patricia-clavin-elected-british-academy-fellow |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Sarauta (FRHistS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Fellows - C |url=http://5hm1h4aktue2uejbs1hsqt31.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RHS-Fellows-C.pdf |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=Current RHS Fellows and Members |publisher=Royal Historical Society |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044112/http://5hm1h4aktue2uejbs1hsqt31.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RHS-Fellows-C.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma memba ce ta ƙasashen waje ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Norway . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=Kathleen Fitzpatrick Fellowship/STIR |url=http://sydney.edu.au/arts/research/inventing-the-international/women-in-the-international-past/kathleen-fitzpatrick-fellowship.shtml |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences |publisher=University of Sydney}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ==

*

== Duba kuma ==

* Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pertti Alasuutari</title>
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'''Pertti Alasuutari''' kwararre ne a [[Kimiyar al'umma|fannin zamantakewar jama'a]] kuma farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tampere . An san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu, hanyoyin bincike na inganci, da kuma nazarin tsara manufofi, dunkulewar duniya, da kuma shugabancin ilimin kimiyya. Alasuutari shine editan farko na ''Mujallar Nazarin Al'adu ta Turai'' kuma memba ne na Academia Europaea da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Finland .

== Ilimi ==
Alasuutari ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin Fasaha a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a shekarar 1983, License of Social Sciences a shekarar 1986, da kuma Doctor of Social Sciences a shekarar 1990 daga Jami'ar Tampere .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}}

== Sana'a ==
Alasuutari ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin mai bincike a gidauniyar nazarin barasa ta Finland daga 1983 zuwa 1984. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Tampere a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin zamantakewa, mukamin da ya riƙe daga 1985 zuwa 1994. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin farfesa daga 1994 zuwa 1997.

A shekarar 1997, an naɗa Alasuutari farfesa a fannin zamantakewa. A lokacin da yake farfesa, ya riƙe mukamai da dama na shugabanci a lokaci guda a jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pertti Alasuutari |url=https://www.tuni.fi/en/people/pertti-alasuutari |publisher=Tampere University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Bincike kan Kimiyyar Zamantakewa daga 2002 zuwa 2006 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The IASR's 10-year Anniversary Programme {{!}} Tampere University Institute for Advanced Social Research, IASR {{!}} Tampere Universities |url=https://research.tuni.fi/iasr/the-iasrs-10-year-anniversary-programme/ |website=Tampere University Institute for Advanced Social Research, IASR}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Jami'ar Tampere (UTACAS) daga 2003 zuwa 2006. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Duniya daga 2006 zuwa 2008 da kuma shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa daga 2007 zuwa 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2014 |title=Vuoden professori Pertti Alasuutari on kiinnostunut ihmisestä |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-7023901 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alasuutari ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar kimiyya sau biyu wanda Kwalejin Finland ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa: na farko daga 2009 zuwa 2013, sannan kuma daga 2016 zuwa 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alasuutari, Pertti - Finlands Akademi |url=http://www.aka.fi/sv/om-akademin/vilka-ar-det-som-forskar/akademiprofessorer/1.1.2016-aloittavat-akatemiaprofessorit/alasuutari-pertti/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106192837/http://www.aka.fi/sv/om-akademin/vilka-ar-det-som-forskar/akademiprofessorer/1.1.2016-aloittavat-akatemiaprofessorit/alasuutari-pertti/ |archive-date=6 January 2016 |website=Aka.fi |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da aikinsa na farfesa a fannin zamantakewa har zuwa 2024, bayan haka ya koma matsayin farfesa mai ritaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Farewell lecture at the Faculty of Social Sciences: Pertti Alasuutari |url=https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/farewell-lecture-faculty-social-sciences-pertti-alasuutari |website=Tampere Universities |language=en |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121181612/https://www.tuni.fi/en/news/farewell-lecture-faculty-social-sciences-pertti-alasuutari |archive-date=2024-01-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan ƙungiya ===
Alasuutari ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar nazarin al'adu (ACS) daga 2002 zuwa 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF |url=https://cultstud.org/association.html |website=Association for Cultural Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Turai a tsakanin shekarun 2011–2013, 2013–2015, da 2021–2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ESA New President &amp; Executive Committee, Term 2021-2023 |url=https://www.europeansociology.org/esa-new-president-executive-committee-term-2021-2023 |publisher=European Sociological Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ya riƙe muƙaman edita a mujallu da dama na ilimi, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin editan ''Mujallar Ƙarfin Siyasa'' tun daga 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Learn about Journal of Political Power |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rpow21/about-this-journal#journal-metrics |website=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kafa editan ''Mujallar Nazarin Al'adu ta Turai'' daga 1996 zuwa 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board: European Journal of Cultural Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/ecs |website=Sage Journals |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma babban editan ''Sociologia'' daga 1993 zuwa 1995.

== Bincike ==
Babban jigon binciken Alasuutari shine nazarin hanyoyin al'adu a cikin al'ummar zamani. Aikinsa ya ƙunshi nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun, masu sauraron kafofin watsa labarai, shugabanci, dunkulewar duniya, da kuma hanyoyin binciken zamantakewa . An san shi da haɗa nazarin da aka gudanar bisa ga bayanai da kuma hanyoyin nazari da ke neman bayyana ayyukan zamantakewa .  

Alasuutari ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa ga hanyoyin bincike masu inganci . Littafinsa ''[[:fi:Laadullinen tutkimus (Alasuutari)|Laadullinen tutkimus]]'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani aiki mai tasiri a Finland kuma an yaba masa da bayar da gudummawa wajen raguwar rinjayen binciken da aka yi bisa tambayoyi . A cikin nazarinsa na inganci, Alasuutari ya jaddada rawar da ƙa'idodi masu tsari ko ma'ana ke takawa—ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke tsara yadda mutane ke fassara yanayi maimakon ƙa'idodi masu tsauri waɗanda ke ƙayyade ɗabi'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |date=4 May 2018 |title=Authority as epistemic capital |journal=Journal of Political Power |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–190 |doi=10.1080/2158379x.2018.1468151}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon aikinsa, binciken Alasuutari yana da kyakkyawan tsarin zamantakewa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |date=1 January 2009 |title=The Domestication of Worldwide Policy Models |journal=Ethnologia Europaea |volume=39 |issue=1 |doi=10.16995/ee.1046 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da aikin daga baya ya fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin muhawarar jama'a da tattaunawar kafofin watsa labarai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |last2=Rautalin |first2=Marjaana |last3=Tyrkkö |first3=Jukka |date=December 2018 |title=The Rise of the Idea of Model in Policymaking: The case of the British parliament, 1803-2005 |journal=European Journal of Sociology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=341–363 |doi=10.1017/S0003975618000164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarinsa na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan iko da alaƙarsa da al'adun rayuwar zamantakewa, musamman ta hanyar manufar shugabanci na ilimin lissafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |last2=Qadir |first2=Ali |date=2014 |title=Epistemic governance: an approach to the politics of policy-making |url=https://researchportal.tuni.fi/en/publications/epistemic-governance-an-approach-to-the-politics-of-policy-making/ |journal=European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology |language=English |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.1080/23254823.2014.887986 |issn=2325-4823}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |last2=Rautalin |first2=Marjaana |last3=Syväterä |first3=Jukka |date=1 March 2016 |title=Organisations as Epistemic Capital: the Case of Independent Children's Rights Institutions |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-015-9205-3 |journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |doi=10.1007/s10767-015-9205-3 |issn=1573-3416 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake sau da yawa yana gabatar da bincikensa a cikin salon labari mai sauƙin fahimta, yana jaddada cewa tunanin kimiyya da jayayya sun kasance ginshiƙan tsarin aikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alasuutari |first=Pertti |last2=Kangas |first2=Anita |date=1 October 2020 |title=The global spread of the concept of cultural policy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X1930316X |journal=Poetics |volume=82 |doi=10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101445 |issn=0304-422X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Memba na Kwalejin Europaea (2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alasuutari Pertti |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Alasuutari_Pertti |website=Academy of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa na Shekara, [[:fi:Professoriliitto|Ƙungiyar Farfesoshi ta Jami'o'i ta Finland]] (2014) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vuoden professori |url=https://www.professoriliitto.fi/professorina/vuoden-professori/ |website=Professoriliitto |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Knight, Aji na Farko, na Order of the White Rose na Finland (2006)
* Abokin Cibiyar Bincike Kan Ci Gaban Al'umma, Jami'ar Tampere (2005) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pertti Alasuutari |url=https://research.tuni.fi/iasr/fellows-2019-2020/pertti-alasuutari/ |website=Tampere University Institute for Advanced Social Research, IASR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Finland (2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Varsinaiset jäsenet |url=https://acadsci.fi/jasenet/kotimaiset-jasenet/ |website=Tiedeakatemia |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* Alasuutari, Pertti (1992). ''Sha'awa da Sha'awa: Ka'idar Al'adu ta Barasa'' . Jami'ar Jihar New York Press. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergmark |first=Anders |last2=Oscarsson |first2=Lars |date=April 1993 |title=Book Review: Desire and Craving II |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/145507259301000202 |journal=Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=116 |doi=10.1177/145507259301000202 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alasuutari, Pertti (1995). ''Binciken Al'adu: Hanyar Inganci da Nazarin Al'adu'' . Mai hikima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dobscha |first=Susan |date=1 May 1997 |title=Book Review: Researching Culture: Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002224379703400213 |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |language=EN |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=303–305 |doi=10.1177/002224379703400213 |issn=0022-2437 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alasuutari, Pertti (1998). ''Gayyata zuwa Binciken Zamantakewa'' . London; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0761957362&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Alasuutari, Pertti (ed.) (1999). ''Sake Tunani Kan Masu Sauraron Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai'' . Mai hikima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dreher |first=Tanja |date=1 August 2000 |title=Review: Rethinking the Media Audience |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1329878X0009600119 |journal=Media International Australia |language=EN |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=179–181 |doi=10.1177/1329878X0009600119 |issn=1329-878X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alasuutari, Pertti (2004). ''Ka'idar Zamantakewa da Gaskiyar Dan Adam'' . Mai hikima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gronow |first=Antti |date=1 May 2006 |title=Book Review : Social Theory and Human Reality |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1368431006063592 |journal=European Journal of Social Theory |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1177/1368431006063592 |issn=1368-4310 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alasuutari, Pertti; Bickman, Leonard &amp; Brannen, Julia (eds.) (2008). ''Littafin Jagorar SAGE na Hanyoyin Bincike na Zamantakewa'' . Sage.
* Alasuutari, Pertti &amp; Qadir, Ali (eds.) (2014). ''Tsarin Manufofi na Ƙasa: Tsarin Rayuwar Duniya'' . Routledge.
* Alasuutari, Pertti (2016). ''Daidaita Manufofin Ƙasa: Tarihin Ƙabilar Duniya ta Zamani'' . Routledge.
* Alasuutari, Pertti &amp; Qadir, Ali (2019). ''Shugabancin Ilmin Lissafi: Sauyin Zamantakewa a Duniyar Zamani'' . Palgrave Macmillan.
* Alasuutari, Pertti (2025). ''Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a Matsayin Cibiya ta Duniya: Ra'ayin Cibiya'' . Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Jami'ar Oxford.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Mohamed Hassaine</title>
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'''Mohamed Hassaine''' (Arabic) (an haife shi a Beni Amrane a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1945, kuma ya mutu a Larbatache a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara shekara ta 1994) ɗan jaridar Aljeriya ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;alger-republicain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage au journaliste progressiste disparu Hassaine Mohamed. – Alger républicain |url=http://www.alger-republicain.com/Hommage-au-journaliste.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=alger-republicain.com |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614080141/http://www.alger-republicain.com/Hommage-au-journaliste.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Hassaïne a shekara ta 1945 a ƙauyen [[Boumerdès]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Azela, Boumerdès&quot;&gt;Azela a cikin Gundumar Thénia a cikin ƙananan yankin Kabylia na Aljeriya, gabashin Khachna Massif da kudu maso gabashin garin Boumerdès . &lt;ref name=&quot;liberte-algerie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qui se souvient de Mohamed Hassaïne, journaliste assassiné par le GIA ?: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/radar/qui-se-souvient-de-mohamed-hassaine-journaliste-assassine-par-le-gia-221069 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=liberte-algerie.com |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624045821/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/radar/qui-se-souvient-de-mohamed-hassaine-journaliste-assassine-par-le-gia-221069 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan karatun firamare da na tsakiya a Beni Amrane, Hassaïne ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare a [[Aljir|Algiers]], inda ya sami difloma na masanin fasaha a aikin gona, kuma ya fara aikinsa na sana'a ta hanyar aiki a cikin mataimakin darektan aikin gona na Khemis El Khechna a ƙarƙashin darektan noma na Lardin Boumerdès . &lt;ref name=&quot;elwatan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assassiné par les terroristes en 1994 : Vibrant hommage au journaliste Mohamed Hassaïne |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/assassine-par-les-terroristes-en-1994-vibrant-hommage-au-journaliste-mohamed-hassaine-03-03-2015 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=El Watan |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623011052/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/assassine-par-les-terroristes-en-1994-vibrant-hommage-au-journaliste-mohamed-hassaine-03-03-2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jam'iyyar Socialist Vanguard ==
Hassaïne ya shiga a matsayin mai fafutuka a cikin Jam'iyyar Socialist Vanguard Party (PAGS), kuma ya san yadda za a fassara manyan ka'idodin siyasa na hagu na Aljeriya zuwa ayyukan fafutuka masu sauƙi waɗanda ke kula da damuwar yau da kullun na talakawa na mazauninsa da lardinsa a ƙananan Kabylia.&lt;ref name=&quot;liberte-algerie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Larbaâtache au journaliste Mohamed Hassaïne: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/centre/hommage-a-larbaatache-au-journaliste-mohamed-hassaine-221114 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=liberte-algerie.com |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427083657/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/centre/hommage-a-larbaatache-au-journaliste-mohamed-hassaine-221114 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda ra'ayoyin siyasa na [[Kwaminisanci]] da jajircewarsa ga masu aiki da albashi, 'yan [[Salafiyya|Salafists]] sun yi masa barazana tun 1990, amma bai bar Aljeriya ya tafi gudun hijira ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;elwatan2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Mohamed Hassaïne, vingt ans après... |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/contributions-archives/mohamed-hassaine-vingt-ans-apres-2-01-03-2014 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=El Watan |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623010710/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/contributions-archives/mohamed-hassaine-vingt-ans-apres-2-01-03-2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba za a iya raba shi da dangi da abokai ba, yayin da barazanar mutuwa ta karu a cikin watanni na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a ƙarshen 1993, amma ya zaɓi ya zauna tare da matarsa mai ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;depechedekabylie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Hommage au journaliste Mohamed Hassaïne – La Dépêche de Kabylie |url=https://www.depechedekabylie.com/national/hommage-au-journaliste-mohamed-hassaine/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=depechedekabylie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Algiers Republican ==
Hassaïne na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jarida na Alger Républicain na yau da kullun, tare da Mohamed Benchicou, Fodil Mezali da Saïd Mekbel, lokacin da wannan taken jarida, wanda aka kafa a 1938, ya sake bayyana a matsayin labarai na yau da kullum bayan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tashin hankali na Oktoba 1988. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Mohamed Hassaïne |url=http://www.alger-republicain.com/IMG/article_PDF/Hommage-Mohamed-Hassa-ne_a2965.pdf |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=alger-republicain.com |language=fr |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203749/http://www.alger-republicain.com/IMG/article_PDF/Hommage-Mohamed-Hassa-ne_a2965.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don haka, shekaru da yawa, Hassaïne ya kasance wakilin jaridar Alger Républicain, kuma labaransa galibi sun ba da kansu ga matsalolin manoma da gwagwarmayar ma'aikata na ma'aikata da 'yan kungiyar kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;alger-republicain2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Il y a 20 ans, Mohamed Hassaïne était enlevé puis assassiné: perpétuer sa mémoire et celle de tous les martyrs du socialisme et du progrès social en poursuivant leur combat – Alger républicain |url=http://www.alger-republicain.com/Il-y-a-20-ans-Mohamed-Hassaine.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=alger-republicain.com |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116111716/http://www.alger-republicain.com/Il-y-a-20-ans-Mohamed-Hassaine.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, yana da alhakin shirya rahotanni don bin wasu ayyukan ƙungiyar a matakin yankin masana'antu na Rouiba-Reghaïa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankunan ma'aikata a Aljeriya, kuma ya ba da ɗaukar hoto game da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyi da yawa na cikin lardinsa, yayin da yake rufe labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialgerie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boumerdès : Hommage À Mohamed Hassaïne, Journaliste Assassiné Par Les (...) |url=https://www.socialgerie.net/spip.php?article1534 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=socialgerie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Garkuwa da mutane da mutuwa ==
An sace Hassaïne a lokacin watan Ramadan a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1994 da misalin karfe 7:30 na safe, yayin da yake barin gidansa a Larbatache don zuwa aiki, ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda masu dauke da makamai da ke da alaƙa da Ta'addanci na Islama a Aljeriya sun kusance shi. Daga baya, sun tilasta masa ya bi su zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba.[1][2]

An kai shi wani yanki da ke kan iyaka da wurin zama inda aka kashe shi ta hanyar yanke kansa. An gano ragowar jikinsa kwanaki da yawa bayan bacewarsa.

== Iyali ==
Mohamed Hassaïne yana da matarsa da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;algeria-watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Une liberté surveillée – Cinq journalistes toujours &quot; disparus &quot; |url=https://algeria-watch.org/?p=53549 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Algeria-Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
'Yan ta'adda masu tuba wadanda suka amfana daga sulhu na Aljeriya na 2005 sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe Hassaïne a ranar da aka sace shi. Lalle ne, ba a taɓa samun dukan jikinsa ba lokacin da yake da shekaru 49. Ba a taɓa binne shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;liberte-algerie3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Il y a 22 ans, notre confrère Mohamed Hassaïne a été enlevé puis assassiné par le GIA: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/il-y-a-22-ans-notre-confrere-mohamed-hassaine-a-ete-enleve-puis-assassine-par-le-gia-246814 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=liberte-algerie.com |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503113436/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/il-y-a-22-ans-notre-confrere-mohamed-hassaine-a-ete-enleve-puis-assassine-par-le-gia-246814 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shaidu da suka ga satar sun tsoratar da su kuma ba za su iya zargin masu kisansa ba, amma bayan 'yan shekaru, shaidu daga maƙwabta da kuma masu tuba sun ba da rahoton cewa mutane huɗu ne suka sace Hassaïne daga Kungiyar Musulunci ta Aljeriya (GIA) waɗanda ke jiransa a cikin abin hawa a kusurwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;djazairess&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djazairess : Qui se souvient de Mohamed Hassaïne, journaliste assassiné par le GIA ? |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/321069 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=djazairess.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622222751/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/321069 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Minerva Mirabal Reyes</title>
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'''María '''Minerva''' Mirabal Reyes''' (12 ga Maris, 1926 - 25 ga Nuwamba, 1960), ko Minerva, 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce kuma mai juyin juya hali ta [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican]]. Ita ce ta uku daga cikin 'yan uwan Mirabal,  Minerva da' yan uwanta sun fara magana game da mulkin kama-karya na Janarissimo Rafael Leonidas Trujillo kuma sun gudanar da ayyukan sirri game da mulkinsa. Kamar 'yan uwanta mata, Minerva ta kuma sami ilimi a El Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, a kan shawarar mahaifiyarta, Mercedes Mirabal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirabal Sisters {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mirabal-sisters |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyoyin adawa da yawa sun kasance a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominica a cikin shekarun 1950. Minerva da mijinta, Manolo Tavárez Justo, sun kasance majagaba a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da Trujillo . Tare, sun kafa 14th of June Revolutionary Movement . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pruitt |first=Sarah |title=How the Mirabal Sisters Helped Topple a Dictator |url=https://www.history.com/news/mirabal-sisters-trujillo-dictator |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Minerva Mirabal a garin Salcedo, [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]] ga Mercedes Reyes Camilo da Enrique Mirabal . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
Lokacin da take da shekaru 22, Minerva tana da gogewa tare da Trujillo, a wata jam'iyya mai daraja. An gayyaci ita da iyalinta, sun ƙi ci gaban jima'i, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; wanda ya sa aka ɗaure ta kuma ba ta iya yin karatun shari'a ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Violence and discrimination against women, a very serious problem in the Dominican Republic |url=http://noticias.latam.msn.com/co/internacional/articulo_efe.aspx?cp-documentid=30300013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034941/http://noticias.latam.msn.com/co/internacional/articulo_efe.aspx?cp-documentid=30300013 |archive-date=2013-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayen Minerva sun ji tsoron cewa sa hannu a siyasa zai kashe ta don haka ba su yarda ta yi rajista a makarantar lauya ba, musamman bayan kin amincewarta da Trujillo. Wannan ya haifar da kamawa a gida a gidan iyayenta inda ta yi amfani da lokacinta wajen zanen da kuma rubuta waka game da rashin adalci da ta jimre saboda cin zarafi da mulkin kama karya a kasar ta. Shekaru shida bayan haka, duk da haka, sun canza tunaninsu bayan sun fahimci yadda wannan ya sa Minerva, wanda ya haifar da shiga Jami'ar Santo Domingo, inda ta kammala summa cum laude. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatu daga makarantar shari'a a Jamhuriyar Dominica . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==
A cikin mulkin Trujillo, ƙungiyoyin adawa suna tasowa a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominica da kuma tsakanin Dominicans waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Yayinda yawancin mambobin ƙungiyar maza ne, mata da yawa, gami da 'yan'uwa mata Mirabal, sun shiga. Minerva da mijinta, Manolo, sun kasance majagaba a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da Trujillo. Tare, sun kafa 14th of June Movement a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun sanya masa suna bayan tawaye da ya gaza a kan gwamnatin Trujillo wanda Dominicans da ke gudun hijira suka jagoranta.

Bayan kafa wannan motsi na juriya, an kama mutane da yawa na masu adawa da iyalansu a hannun Trujillo da mulkinsa. A ƙarshe an saki matan da aka ɗaure, gami da 'yan'uwa mata Mirabal, a matsayin alamar jinƙai daga Trujillo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mazajensu, duk da haka, sun kasance a kurkuku.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Minerva ta auri Manuel Aurelio Tavárez Justo, ko Manolo, wanda ta halarci makaranta tare da shi kuma ta sadu da shi yayin hutu a Jarabacoa a shekara ta 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Altagracia |date=2017-11-22 |title=Biografía de Minerva Mirabal {{!}} El Día Nacionales |trans-title=Biography of Minerva Mirabal {{!}} National Day |url=https://eldia.com.do/biografia-de-minerva-mirabal-2/ |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=El Día |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Manolo kuma daliba ce ta shari'a wacce ta bi ta a cikin masu juyin juya hali. Sun yi aure kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Minerva Josefina a watan Nuwamba 1955, da Manuel Enrique, a watan Janairun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kashewa ==
A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1960, Minerva da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Patria da Maria Teresa, tare da direbansu, 'yan sanda na sirri na Trujillo ne suka kashe su. An dakatar da su, an yi musu duka kuma an maƙure su har suka mutu.[1] Daga nan sai 'yan sanda suka yi hatsarin mota don rufe kisan. 'Yan uwan Mirabal suna kan hanyarsu ta komawa gida daga ziyartar mazajensu a kurkuku a lokacin mutuwarsu.[2] 'Yar'uwar Mirabal ta huɗu, Dede, ba ta tare da su a lokacin mutuwarsu ba. Kisan gillar 'yan'uwa mata Mirabal, wadanda aka fi sani da The Butterflies, sun kasance abin da ya haifar da faduwar mulkin Trujillo, wanda ya ƙare kusan shekara guda bayan mutuwarsu, saboda shahararsu ta kasa.[3] An dauki mutuwarsu a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin ayyukan da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Trujillo.

== Kyauta ==
Bayan mutuwar 'yan'uwa mata uku na Mirabal, an tuna da gadonsu saboda yawan tashin hankali na jinsi a cikin Latin Amurka. A cikin 1981, ranar mutuwarsu ta zama ranar da aka keɓe don yaki da cin zarafin mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tapalaga |first=Andrei |date=2020-09-04 |title=The Mirabal Sisters: A Global Symbol of Violence Against Women |url=https://historyofyesterday.com/the-mirabal-sisters-a-global-symbol-of-violence-against-women-54176a0f75e5 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kuma sanya ranar 25 ga Nuwamba don a tuna da ita a matsayin Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da tashin hankali ga mata.

Labarin su kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa littafin In the Time of the Butterflies, wanda Julia Álvarez ta rubuta a 1994 kuma daga ƙarshe ya daidaita shi cikin fim a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In the Time of the Butterflies: The Mirabal Sisters |url=https://everythingsoulful.com/time-butterflies-mirabal-sisters/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=everythingsoulful.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422010425/https://everythingsoulful.com/time-butterflies-mirabal-sisters/ |archive-date=2021-04-22 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pedro Alcantara de Souza</title>
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'''Pedro Alcantara de Souza''' (ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2010) ya kasance mai fafutukar sake fasalin ƙasa Brazil wanda ke aiki a jihar Pará.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{citation|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8600353.stm|title=Land activist killed in Brazilian Amazon|publisher= BBC news |date=2009-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was shot dead on April 1, 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; An harbe shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; Souza ta kasance shugaban kungiyar manoma, kuma wakilin birni na Redenção . A shekara ta 2008, an kashe mutane 20 da suka shafi batutuwan ƙasa a cikin Amazon.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa da sakamakonsa ==
De Souza an harbe shi a kai sau biyar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1977697,00.html|title=Brazil's Land-Reform Murders: Dark Side of an Economic Miracle|last=Downie|first=Andrew|date=2010-04-04|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=2019-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206230635/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1977697,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da maza biyu a kan babura yayin da yake hawa keke a gefen garin Belém.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/01/pedro-alcantara-de-souza_n_522079.html|title=Huffington Post- Top Amazon activist shot dead in Brazil |accessdate=2010-04-01|date=2010-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan ya faru ne jim kadan bayan shari'ar wani mutum da ake zargi da shirya kisan wani mai fafutukar gandun daji a shekara ta 2005, Dorothy Stang . Ta kasance 'yar asalin Amurka da aka harbe ta kuma aka kashe ta a shekara ta 2005.[3] Kungiyoyin masu tsaro sun ce rikice-rikice tsakanin masu kula da kiwo da talakawa manoma game da haƙƙin ƙasa sun haifar da kisan kai 1,200 a duk faɗin Brazil a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]</text>
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    <title>Mohammed Al-Saiari</title>
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'''Mohammed Eidah Al-Saiari''' (An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Saudiyya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=محمد الصيعري - Mohammed Al-Saiari |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=44807 |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503072930/https://www.kooora.com/?player=44807 |archive-date=2024-05-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasashen Duniya ==
An An saka shi cikin tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Arabia a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019. Ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasa a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2018, a wasan sada zumunci da , inda ya maye gurbin  a minti na 61.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=South Korea v Saudi Arabia game report |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=528566 |access-date=2 January 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 28 May 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MOHAMMED AL-SAIARI |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-al-saiari/326130/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Sarki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Asiya
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Ittihad
|2013–14
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Saudi Crown Prince Cup|Crown Prince Cup]]}}
|0
|2
|0
|-
|2014–15
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!2
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Haci
|2015–16
|18
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[a]
|2
|20
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Ettifaq
|2016–17
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1[a]
|0
|9
|1
|-
|2017–18
|12
|0
|2
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|3
|-
!Jimillar
!20
!1
!2
!3
!0
!0
!1
!0
!23
!4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Taawoun (an ba da rancen) 
|2016–17
|10
|4
|2
|0
|5
|1
|0
|0
|17
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Hazem (an ba da rancen) 
|2018–19
|25
|10
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2018–19 Saudi Professional League#Relegation play-offs|Relegation play-offs]]}}
|1
|27
|11
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Wehda
|2019–20
|11
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|13
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Faisaly (an ba da rancen) 
|2019–20
|6
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Faisaly
|2020–21
|20
|6
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|8
|-
|2021–22
|12
|1
|1
|0
|4
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}}
|0
|18
|1
|-
!Jimillar
!32
!7
!3
!2
!4
!0
!1
!0
!40
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Ittihad
|2022–23
|10
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|12
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Qadsiah
|2023–24
|21
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|22
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Orobah
|2024–25
|9
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Adadin aikinsa
!163
!32
!13
!5
!9
!1
!7
!3
!192
!41
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Al-Faisaly'''

* Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21

'''Al-Ittihad'''

* Saudi Professional League: 2022-232022–23
* Kofin Saudiyya: 2022

'''Al-Qadsiah'''

* Gasar Division ta farko: 2023-24 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=يلو.. القادسية يضرب بالأربعة ويتوّج بطلا |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/839984}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|mohammed-al-saiari/326130}}
* {{NFT player|72979}}
{{Saudi Arabia squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prilep</title>
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'''Prilep''' ( Macedonian   {{IPA|mk|ˈpriːlɛp||Mk-Prilep.ogg}} ) ita ce birni na huɗu mafi girma a [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]], bayan [[Skopje]], Kumanovo, da Bitola . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Prilep Map - Western Macedonia |url=http://mapcarta.com/Prilep |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bisa kididdigar shekarar 2021, tana da yawan jama'a 63,308, yayin da fadin yankinta na birni ke da yawan jama'a 79,834 jimilla.

== Suna ==
[[File:Prilep_and_Marko's_Towers.jpg|thumb| Ra'ayin Prilep da tsaunukan da ke kewaye da shi]]
Sunan Prilep ya fara bayyana a matsayin ''Πρίλαπος'' a Girkanci ( ''Prilapos'' ) {{Refn|Appearing as ''Πρίλαπον'' in the source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν |trans-title=Synopsis of Histories |last=Scylitzes |first=Ioannes |author-link=John Skylitzes|url=http://users.uoa.gr/~nektar/history/tributes/byzantine_historians/joannes_scylitzes_synopsis_historiarum.htm |language=el |access-date=2025-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} a shekara ta 1014 a matsayin wurin da Samuel na Bulgaria ya mutu bayan Yaƙin Kleidion . Garin yana da alaƙa da dutsen da ke sama, kuma sunansa ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Slavic, kuma yana nufin &quot;maƙale a kan dutse&quot; (pri- + lep = on + slepped). 

* Girkanci : ''Prilapos'', Πρίλαπος
* Albanian   ko ''Përlepi'', ko ''Prilep'' ko ''Prilepi''
* Bulgarian da Serbo-Croatian : Прилеп / ''Prilep''
* [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] : ''Prilapum''
* Aromanian   
* Turkish  , ko ''Perlepe''

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Prilep cibiya ce ta yanki don sigari da [[Sigari|taba]] mai inganci, da kuma sarrafa ƙarfe, kayan lantarki, katako, yadi, da masana'antar [[Masana'antar abinci|abinci]] . Birnin kuma yana samar da adadi mai yawa na marmara mai launin fari na Macedonian Bianco Sivec ( tsarin marmara mai launin fari ).

Taba tana ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona na gargajiya na Prilep kuma tana bunƙasa a yanayin ƙasar Macedonia. Da yawa daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kera sigari a duniya, kamar Marlboro, West da Camel suna amfani da taba Prilep a cikin sigarinsu bayan an sarrafa ta a masana'antun gida kamar Tutunski kombinat Prilep . An kafa ''Cibiyar Taba'' a birnin domin samar da sabbin nau'ikan taba kuma ita ce misali na farko na amfani da kwayoyin halitta a fannin noma a yankin Balkans .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2009}}

Kamfanin Vitaminka JSC, wanda ke da hedikwata a Prilep, ya ƙware a [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|fannin sarrafa abinci]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni mafiya nasara a irinsa a Arewacin Macedonia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Askovic |first=Marija |date=2022-03-25 |title=Vitaminka |url=https://ecatalogue.wb6cif.eu/vitaminka/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=WB6 CIF |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai wani kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Gentherm a gefen kudu na Prilep.

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Kingdom_of_Prilep.png|thumb|256x256px| Masarautar Prilep - Masarautar Yarima Marko]]
[[File:Prilep_-_Postcard.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Katin gaisuwa na Prilep a shekarar 1915]]
[[File:Прилеп_1930.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton wani kyakkyawan ra'ayi na Prilep a shekarar 1930]]
A zamanin da, yankin Prilep wani ɓangare ne na tsohuwar Pelagonia wadda Pelagones, tsohuwar ƙabilar Girka ta Upper Macedonia, ke zaune, waɗanda a cewar [[Strabo]],  Epirote Molossians ne.  An haɗa yankin da masarautar Macedonia a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, an tono kayan tarihi a Bonče, an gano wani kabari na abin da ake kyautata zaton wurin binne wani sarkin Macedoniya ne tun daga ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.  Kusa da Prilep, kusa da ƙauyen Čepigovo, akwai kango na tsohon birnin Macedonia na Styberra ( Ancient Greek   ), da farko gari ne a [[Daular Macedoniya|Makidoniya]] sannan daga baya aka haɗa shi cikin Daular Romawa .   Duk da cewa Goths sun lalata Styberra a shekarar 268, amma har yanzu akwai mutane da yawa a cikinta.

An fara ambaton garin a Girkanci da suna ''Πρίλαπον'' ( ''Prilapon'' ) a shekara ta 1014, a matsayin wurin da ake zargin Sarki Samuel ya kamu da bugun zuciya bayan ya ga dubban sojojinsa waɗanda Byzantine suka makance bayan Yaƙin Kleidion . A shekara ta 1041, sarki Michael na Huɗu na Byzantine ya kayar da tawayen Petar Delyan a yankin Prilep.  Daular Bulgaria ta biyu ta kwace birnin Byzantium, amma daga baya ta kwace shi. Sarki Dušan na ƙasar Serbia ya karɓe Prilep a shekara ta 1334, kuma bayan shekara ta 1365 garin ya kasance na Sarki Vukašin, wanda shi ne shugaban ɗan Dušan, Tzar Stefan Uroš V. Bayan mutuwar Vukašin a shekara ta 1371, ɗansa Marko ya mulki Prilep.  A shekara ta 1395 aka haɗa ta cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], wacce ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare nata har zuwa 1913, lokacin da Masarautar Serbia ta mamaye ta.

A zamanin Daular Usmaniyya, ban da Turkawa 'yan ƙabilar da kuma mafi yawan al'ummar Slavic, Prilep kuma gida ne ga al'ummar Albaniya ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmi 'yan Sunni]] da kuma Kirista 'yan Orthodox, waɗanda ke zaune tare da mafi yawan 'yan Macedoniya 'yan Orthodox. Masanin tarihin Serbia Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević ya rubuta: 

: ''&quot;Tsakanin Turkawa da 'yan Albaniya Musulmi waɗanda suka rayu a birnin (Prilep), yana da matuƙar wahala a bambance, musamman tsakanin tsoffin iyalai na birnin. Iyalan Albaniya 'yan Muhamadu, da zarar sun isa birnin, sun haɗu da Turkawa, kamar yadda iyalan Albaniya Kiristoci suka haɗu da Slavs ko Girkawa&quot;''

Mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Bulgaria, Georgi Traychev, ya rubuta: 

: ''&quot;A birnin Prilep, babu Girkawa tsarkakakku, amma akwai 'yan Girka da dama (da dama) waɗanda ke da goyon bayan Vlachs masu ra'ayin wariya da Kiristocin Albaniya.&quot;''

Jaridar ''Прилеп преди 100 години'' (&quot;Prilep 100 da suka wuce&quot; Sofia, 1938) ta gabatar da bayanai game da kasancewar Albaniyawan Orthodox a Prilep. A can an jaddada cewa bayan isowarsu birnin a kusan ƙarni na 18-19, Kiristocin Vlach da mutanen Albaniya sun haɗu ƙarƙashin tasirin al'ummar Bulgaria, kuma babu wata alama a cikinsu. An kuma bayar da bayanai ga 'yan Albaniya na ƙungiyoyin biyu. An jaddada cewa jimilla akwai Musulmai 'yan Albaniya 2412 a birnin. Daga cikin 'yan Albaniya na Orthodox, wani ɓangare an mayar da shi Bulgarian, yayin da wasu kuma an mayar da shi Hellenen . A cikin jaridar, akwai wani rahoto game da ɗan ƙasar Albaniya mai suna ''Ico Kishari'', wanda iyalinsa, tare da ''Tilevci, Georgimajkovci'' da ''Ladcovci'', 'yan gudun hijira ne 'yan Albaniya masu Orthodox daga Moscopole waɗanda suka zauna a farkon ƙarni na 19. Jaridar ta kuma bayyana wani babban mutum mai addini ɗan ƙasar Albaniya, wanda ya shafe rayuwarsa yana zuwa coci. Saboda girmama aikinsa, cocin ta ba shi fansho. 

Babban gwagwarmaya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta kasance tsakanin Babban Jami'in Buɗe Ido na Bulgaria da Babban Jami'in Hulɗa na Girka. Bayan kafa Babban Majami'ar Bulgaria a shekarar 1870, sakamakon kuri'un da aka kada tsakanin 1872 da 1875, al'ummar Slavic a cikin bishop-bishop na Skopje da Ohrid sun kaɗa ƙuri'a mai yawa don amincewa da shiga sabuwar Cocin Ƙasa ta Bulgaria ( Sanjak na Üsküp - 91%, Sanjak na Ohrid - 97%). &lt;ref&gt;The Politics of Terror: The Macеdonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Duncan M. Perry, Duke University Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0822308134}}, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 1873, mazauna garin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gabaɗaya don shiga jam'iyyar 'yan gurguzu ta Bulgaria.  Ta haka ne al'ummar Slavic a garin suka zama &quot; Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Bulgaria .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Nadine Lange-Akhund (1998) The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources, East European Monographs, {{ISBN|9780880333832}}, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da kashi 97% na 'yan ƙasar da ke yankin Prilep a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta Ottoman ta 1881-82, an lissafa su a matsayin mabiya Cocin Bulgaria.  A cewar [[Hristo Shaldev]], mai juyin juya hali na IMRO, wanda kuma shi ne darektan makarantun Bulgaria a Prilep, garin ya kasance babban cibiyar farfaɗo da ƙasar Bulgaria a Yammacin Macedonia a ƙarni na 19. 

Bisa ga majiyoyin Yugoslavia da Macedonia a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, al'ummar Orthodox ta Macedonia a Prilep ta fara tsayayya da matsin lambar Girka da Bulgaria, suna ƙin ikon Patriarch na Constantinople kuma suna neman coci mai zaman kanta. Sun maye gurbin Girkanci da Macedoniya a ayyukan addini da ilimi kuma sun shirya littattafan karatu a cikin harshensu na asali. A lokacin wannan yunƙurin neman asalin ƙasa, masanan Bulgaria sun yi ƙoƙarin tilasta amfani da harshen Bulgaria, musamman bayan kafa Budewar Bulgaria a shekarar 1870 da kuma Masarautar Bulgaria a shekarar 1878. Cocin Bulgaria ya hana bikin Vidovdan a Prilep.  Duk da wannan matsin lamba, Prilep ya yi adawa da ikon Bulgaria, yana kula da makarantarsa da kuma ayyukan addini. A cewar wata wasika daga Dimitrije Bodi, jakadan Serbia a Bitola ga ministan harkokin waje na Serbia a wancan lokacin, mutanen da ba su gamsu da Exarchate ba sun kafa wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta adawa da Exarchate, wadda ta kai ga gidaje 1,200.  Mutanen yankin, karkashin jagorancin firist Spase Igumenov, sun yi kira ga Sultan Abdul Hamid na Biyu, inda suka bayyana bukatarsu ta neman makarantar kasa ta Macedoniya da kuma kin amincewa da ikon cocin Bulgaria, yayin da suka tabbatar da imaninsu na Orthodox a karkashin kariyar Paparoma. Mutane 25 daga Prilep ne suka sanya hannu a kan takardar a shekarar 1887.   A cikin wasiƙarsu ga Sarkin Musulmi, sun rubuta:  

A shekara ta 1891, wanda ya fara aiwatar da wannan aiki, Spas Igumenov, wanda shi ne tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar Exarchist ta Bulgarian a Prilep, ya buga a cikin jaridar Constantinople ta Bulgarian Exarchate &quot;Novini&quot; a cikin wani martani ga zarge-zargen cewa shi mai hannu a ciki ne kuma mai aikata farfagandar Uniate da Serbia, yana mai cewa &quot; ''Da alfahari, ina furta asalin ƙasar Bulgaria kuma na amince da ikon ruhaniya na Mai Tsarki na Holan a Constantinople.'' &quot; &lt;ref&gt;Мария Полимирова, Цетинските инкунабули в България, В Дългият осемнадесети век, Книгите като събития в Европа и Османската империя (ХVІІ–ХІХ в.), редактор/и: Н. Александрова, Р. Заимова, А. Алексиева, 2020, стр. 130-155, ISSN (online): 2603-4492, {{ISBN|978-619-91614-0-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen shekarar 1893, ƙungiyar 'yan Bulgaria ta mamaye kusan dukkan ƙauyukan da ke yankin Prilep.  A bisa kididdigar sakataren Exarchate na Bulgaria, Dimitar Mishev (&quot;La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne&quot;) a shekarar 1905, yawan Kiristocin Prilep ya kunshi 'yan Bulgaria 17,085, 'yan Slavic Patriarchists 240 (Serbomans da Grecomans), Helenawa 50 da kuma Vlachs 420. 

Kasuwar Prilep ta fara bunƙasa a ƙarni na 18. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan shekara-shekara a Macedonia an gudanar da shi a Prilep a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Nunin jakadun Turai na shekarar 1887 ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Prilep ya kai kimanin mutane 6,500, daga cikinsu 4,000 'yan Bulgaria ne, 2,000 Turkawa ne, sauran kuma 'yan Serbia ne tare da Girkawa da Aromaniya .  A lokacin Babban Rikicin Gabas, an kayar da ƙungiyar 'yan Bulgaria ta wannan lokacin lokacin da ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Prizren, wata ƙungiya 'yan Albaniya da ke adawa da manufofin siyasa na Bulgaria a yankuna kamar Prilep, waɗanda ke ɗauke da al'ummar Albaniya, ta yi watsi da ƙungiyoyin 'yan Bulgaria masu makamai. 

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, Prilep wani ɓangare ne na Manastir Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bulgaria ta mamaye ta tsakanin 17 ga Nuwamba 1915 da 25 ga Satumba 1918 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . A shekarar 1918 Prilep ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Serbia, Croats da Slovenia, kuma daga 1929 zuwa 1941 ta kasance wani ɓangare na Vardar Banovina na Masarautar Yugoslavia . A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1941, kwana biyu kacal bayan fara mamayar 'yan tawayen Yugoslavia, sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Prilep, kuma a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1941 sojojin Bulgaria suka mamaye birnin. Tare da mafi yawan yankunan Vardar Macedonia, Masarautar Bulgaria ta mayar da Prilep saniyar ware daga 1941 zuwa 1944. Kwamitin yanki na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Yugoslavia a shekarar 1941 ya shirya wani yunkuri na adawa da ikon Axis, inda ya kafa wani rukunin jam'iyya a Prilep. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1941, 'yan banga na gida suka kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da sauran abubuwa, wanda hakan ya fara farkon gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta ƙasa .  Bayan haka, Sojojin Jamus sun sake kwace garin. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, kwamandan rundunar sojojin Bulgaria ya ƙi janyewa ya ci gaba da zama a birnin tare da 'yan tawayen Yugoslavia, inda suka yi nasarar riƙe shi na tsawon kwanaki 10, wanda hakan ya hana sojojin Jamus motsi. &lt;ref&gt;Ташев, Ташо. Българската войска 1941 – 1945 – енциклопедичен справочник. „Военно издателство“. {{ISBN|978-954-509-407-1}}, стр. 173-174.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka Sojojin Jamus suka sake kwace garin. Jam'iyyun gurguzu sun sake kwace mulkin Prilep a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1944. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ayyana Prilep a matsayin gwarzon birni . &lt;ref name=&quot;etno&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davorin Trpeski |date=2009 |title=Monuments in the post-socialistic period: Examples from the city-hero in Macedonia |journal=ЕтноАнтропоЗум/EthnoAnthropoZoom |pages=101, 105, 107, 109 |doi=10.37620/EAZ0960097t |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga shekarar 1944 zuwa 1991, garin ya kasance ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus ta Yugoslavia, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Macedonia mai mazauni. Tun daga shekarar 1991, garin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Arewacin Macedonia. A lokacin rikicin shekarar 2001, 'yan ƙabilar Macedonia sun kone Masallacin Charshi wanda aka gina tun ƙarni na 15 bayan an yi wa Masallacin kwanton bauna kusa da Karpalak . &lt;ref name=&quot;etno&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2014 |title=Macedonia Mayor Dismisses Threat of Divine Punishment |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2014/02/20/macedonia-cleric-casts-death-from-allah-against-mayor/ |website=Balkan Insight}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sun kuma lalata shaguna da dama na 'yan asalin Albaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=North Macedonia Marks Karpalak Massacre’s 21st Anniversary |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/08/08/north-macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacres-21st-anniversary/ |website=Balkan Insight}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
[[File:Macedonia2007_PICT4214.JPG|right|thumb|220x220px| Dutsen da ke kan Prilep—Zlatovrv]]
[[File:Црква_“Благовештение“.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px| Cocin Sanarwa a Prilep]]

* Ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi a birnin shine Cibiyar Al'adun Slavic ta Tsohon.
* An shirya wani wurin tarihi na fasaha a tsakiyar garin Prilep a Cibiyar Fasahar Zane-zane ta Zamani. An kafa wannan yankin a shekarar 1957 ta hannun masanin kayan tarihi Farfesa Boško Babikj, wanda Farfesa Babikj da mai zane-zanen ilimi Farfesa Risto Lozanovski suka shirya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin yankunan da ke kudu maso gabashin Turai kuma wataƙila mafi tsufa a yankin Balkans. Tana karbar bakuncin masu zane-zane da sassaka daban-daban (masu aiki a kan marmara, ƙarfe da itace) kowace shekara, kuma lokaci-lokaci, tana karbar bakuncin bita da taron karawa juna sani don zane-zanen gilashi (zanen gilashi), zane-zanen mosaic, daukar hoto, zane-zane da yumbu, daga ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya. Masu suka da masu ra'ayin da suka fi dacewa sun amince da tarin sassaka da aka sassaka a cikin itace a matsayin gadon al'adu.
* Kowace shekara a watan Oktoba, bikin kiɗan yara na duniya &quot;Asterisks&quot; yana haɗa yara daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
* Bikin Ƙwararrun Wasan Kwaikwayo na Macedonia, wanda ke girmama Vojdan Černodrinski, wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Selci kusa da Struga da Debar, yana faruwa kowace shekara.
* Gidan ibada na Zrze da kuma gidan ibada na Mala'ika Mai Tsarki Michael tare da zane-zanensu na ƙarni na 12 da 14 sune wurare masu muhimmanci na al'adun Prilep.
* Bikin giya na Pivofest (bikin giya) biki ne na tsawon kwanaki hudu da ake gudanarwa a tsakiyar watan Yuli wanda ke jan hankalin kusan baƙi 200,000 zuwa birnin. Akwai wasannin kiɗa na duniya da na yanki da ake yi kowace dare a babban dandamali a dandalin garin da kuma a gidajen rawa daban-daban da ke kewaye da garin. Pivo Fest yana da karuwar yawan giyar ƙasashen waje da ta gida, haka kuma wata dama ce ga Prilep ta nuna shahararren abincin barbecue ɗinta wanda ake ɗauka mafi kyau a Arewacin Macedonia.
* Pročka wani biki ne na addini na gafara da biki wanda a shekara ta 2001 ya sami wani tsari a matsayin bikin Prilep kuma ya kasance memba na Tarayyar Biranen Carnival na Turai tun daga shekara ta 2006. Duk da sabon sunan da aka yi a hukumance, har yanzu mazauna yankin suna kiran bikin da Pročka kuma ana kiransa da haka a cikin jagorar yawon buɗe ido ta hukuma. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a bikin shi ne faretin abin rufe fuska wanda ke ratsa tsakiyar garin kuma yana karbar bakuncin mahalarta daga kasashen Turai da dama. Akwai kyautar da ake bayarwa ga mafi kyawun sutura kuma yawancin kayan kwalliyar suna da kyau sosai. Akwai kuma kade-kade, bukukuwa, da abincin gargajiya a lokacin bikin, wanda ake gudanarwa a watan Fabrairu.

== Harshe ==
Yaren Prilep shine tushen harshen Macedonian na Standard . Lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Macedonia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yugoslavia a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an amince da harshen Macedonia a matsayin harshe na musamman. Sai aka zaɓi yarukan Prilep, Veles, Bitola da Ohrid a matsayin tushen sabon harshen hukuma, saboda matsayinsu na tsakiya a yankin Macedonia .

== Fasaha da gine-gine ==
[[File:Clock_Tower_Prilep.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Hasumiyar Agogo a Prilep]]
[[File:Prilep,_razglednica,_Saat_kula.jpg|thumb|299x299px| Hasumiyar Agogo a shekarun 1920]]
[[File:ЖС_Прилеп_20120807_124308.jpg|right|thumb| Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Prilep]]
Babban filin da ke Prilep ana kiransa &quot;Alexandria&quot;, don girmama [[Alakszandira|Alexander Mai Girma]] . An fara sake gina dandalin a shekarar 2005 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2006. An kashe Yuro 700,000 wajen sake gina ginin kuma mai zuba jari a cikinsa shi ne gundumar Prilep. A lokacin sake gina shi, an gina wani abin tunawa ga Alexander Mai Girma, da sauransu.  An gina abin tunawa da Alexander the Great a shekara ta 2006, wanda wani mai sassaka na gida ya gina kuma wani ɗan ƙasar Macedonian da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka ya ba da kuɗin gina shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;etno&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=Поставена информативна табла на споменикот на Александар Македонски во Прилеп, согласно Преспанскиот договор |url=https://infokompas.com.mk/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%BD/ |website=Info Kompas |language=mk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wani allo da ke bayyana cewa Alexander Mai Girma na da tarihin Hellene kuma an sanya shi a kan abin tunawa, bisa ga yarjejeniyar Prespa . &lt;ref name=&quot;ik&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title=Поставена нова табла пред споменикот во Прилеп: Алекcaндар Македонски прогласен за Гpк |url=https://arhiva2.republika.mk/vesti/makedonija/postavena-nova-tabla-pred-spomenikot-vo-prilep-alekcandar-makedonski-proglasen-za-gpk/ |website=Republika |language=mk}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wuraren tarihi da dama na zamanin da da suka gabata sun shahara da Prilep, ciki har da waɗanda ke Markovi Kuli, cocin St. Nicholas da aka gina a ƙarni na 13, da kuma gidan ibada na Treskavec (Hawan Uwar Allah Mai Tsarki), da kuma Sv. Cocin Preobraženie (Holy Annunciation) da kuma Kabarin Wanda Ba a Cika Ba, wani abin tunawa don girmama waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a lokacin mulkin kama karya wanda ke cikin wurin shakatawa na Mogila na Prilep. An san wani babban makabartar Romawa a can kuma an sami sassan bango da yawa; wurin zama wataƙila shine tsohon Ceramiae  da aka ambata a cikin Teburin Peutinger . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olteanu |first=Sorin |title=Tabula Peutingeriana - C - Ceramiae VII 1 m |url=http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/tp/tops/tp_c.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222085512/http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/tp/tops/tp_c.htm |archive-date=22 February 2015 |publisher=Sorin Olteanu's Thracology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun ragowar Romawa kusa da gidan ibada na Varoš, wanda aka gina a kan gangaren tudun, wanda daga baya al'ummar zamanin da suka shude suka zauna a ciki. Yawancin abubuwan tunawa na jana'izar Romawa na farko, wasu suna da sassaka na mamacin ko na Thracian Rider da sauran abubuwan tarihi da aka rubuta na hukuma, suna cikin farfajiyar cocin da ke ƙarƙashin gangaren kudu na Varoš . An gina wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi a bangon cocin.

== Manazarta ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106073624/http://www.oldprilep.com/ Прилеп, Prilep]
* [http://www.prilep.gov.mk/?jazik=2&amp;id=01 Shafin yanar gizo na Pripep Municipality]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050309070213/http://www.b-info.com/places/Macedonia/republic/images/citiesPrilep.shtml Prilep a shafin yanar gizo na Balkan Info Home]
* [http://uklo.edu.mk/ &quot;St. Kliment Ohridski&quot; Jami'ar - Bitola]
* [http://www.f1.net.au/cybermacedonia/prilep.html Prilep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823223733/http://www.f1.net.au/cybermacedonia/prilep.html |date=2013-08-23 }} a shafin yanar gizo na Cyber Macedonia
* [http://zvezdicki.fest.mk/en/ &quot;Asterisks&quot;] : Bikin kiɗan yara na duniya
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106073624/http://www.oldprilep.com/ Стари фотографии од Прилеп]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014624/http://www.oldprilep.com/prilepcani/marko-cepenkov.html Марко Цепенков]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031905/http://www.oldprilep.com/muzika/pece-atanasoski.html Пеце Атанасоски]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024152/http://www.oldprilep.com/prilepcani/blaze-koneski.html Блаже Конески]
* [https://www.gentherm.com Gentherm]
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'''Prabhat Raju Koli''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1999) ɗan Indiya ne mai yin iyo a cikin ruwa wanda ke zaune a Mumbai . A cikin 2018, an ba Koli lambar yabo ta Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News: Tenzing Norgay awardee Prabhat Koli talks to PS |url=https://www.powersportz.tv/ps-exclusive/news-tenzing-norgay-awardee-prabhat-koli-talks-to-ps-6620 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Power Sportz }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda Ramnath Kovind, Shugaban Indiya ya gabatar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award 2018 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1583116 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prabhat Koli Wins Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award |url=https://www.openwaterswimming.com/prabhat-koli-wins-tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=World Open Water Swimming Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Shiv Chhatrapati .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=48 sportspersons to bag Shiv Chhatrapati Award |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/sports/48-sportspersons-bag-shiv-chhatrapati-award-46483 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yin iyo ==
A shekarar 2016, Koli ta shiga gasar ninkaya ta ƙasa ta Indiya a West Bengal. Ya yi iyo na tsawon kilomita 66 (mil 41) a kusa da Isle of Jersey; kilomita 34 (mil 21) a ratsa English Channel; kilomita 8 (mil 5.0) a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, a gasar Langban Swim; kilomita 7.4 (mil 4.6) daga Robben Island zuwa Blouberg, Afirka ta Kudu; kilomita 8 (mil 5.0) daga [[Llandudno|Landudno]] zuwa [[Camps Bay]], Afirka ta Kudu; kilomita 32.3 (mil 20.1) a ratsa Catalina Channel da ke California; da kilomita 42 (mil 26) a Hawaii.

Ya kuma shiga gasar ninkaya ta kilomita 45.9 (mil 28.5), wato 20 Bridges Swim, a New York. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi iyo na kilomita 15.2 (mil 9.4) a ratsa [[Bodenseequerung]], daga [[Lindau]], Jamus, zuwa Rorschach, Switzerland; kilomita 19.5 (mil 12.1) a ratsa [[Hanyan ruwan Tsugaru|Tsugaru Strait]] a [[Japan]]; kilomita 35 (mil 22) a ratsa North Channel; da kilomita 14.4 (mil 8.9) a ratsa Strait of Gibraltar daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]] zuwa Morocco.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Prabhat Koli Getting Closer |url=https://www.openwaterswimming.com/prabhat-koli-getting-closer/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=World Open Water Swimming Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prabhat Koli {{!}} LongSwims Database |url=https://longswims.com/p/prabhat-koli/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=longswims.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marathon Open Water Swimming |url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/marathon-open-water-swimming |access-date=17 March 2021 |website=The Coca-Cola Company |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
Koli ya lashe kyaututtuka saboda kasancewa:

* Ƙaramin mai iyo na Triple Crown of Open Water . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Shail |date=26 April 2019 |title=Prabhat Koli king of six oceans after crossing Strait of Gibraltar |url=https://sportslounge.co.in/prabhat-koli-king-of-six-oceans-after-crossing-strait-of-gibraltar/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Sports Lounge |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mai iyo na Asiya na farko da ya yi iyo daga Jamus zuwa Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Matashi mafi ƙanƙanta da ya yi iyo daga Llandudno zuwa [[Camps Bay]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Mai iyo na Asiya na farko da ya yi iyo daga [[Jersey]] zuwa Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prabhat Koli, 1st Asian Teen to Swim UK-France Channel |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/prabhat-koli-1st-asian-teen-to-swim-uk/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930090655/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/prabhat-koli-1st-asian-teen-to-swim-uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mai iyo na farko da ya yi iyo a bakin tekun Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SwimIndia: India's only platform for the Swimming Community |url=https://swimindia.in/prabhat-koli-emerges-as-the-first-swimmer-to-swim-across-the-cape-town-coast-in-south-africa |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=swimindia.in }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mai iyo na Asiya na farko da ya yi iyo a cikin ƙasar a Anacapa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=मेनलॅन्ड ते अँनाकापा पोहणारा प्रभात ठरला पहिला आशियाई जलतरणपटू |trans-title=Prabhat became the first Asian swimmer to swim from the mainland to Annakapa |url=https://www.lokmat.com/other-sports/prabhat-koli-became-first-asian-swimmer-swim-mainland-anacapa/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Koli
* Jerin jihohin Koli da dangin

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[Twitter]].com/prabhatswims&quot; id=&quot;mw_A&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Prabhat Koli a shafin Twitter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250715122945/http://prabhatkoli.com/ Prabhat Koli] a kan WordPress
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Prabhat}}
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    <title>Nau'o'in dimokuradiyya</title>
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'''Nau'o'in [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]]''' suna nufin tsarin mulki daban-daban waɗanda ke ɗauke da ka'idodin dimokuradiyar (&quot;mulkin mutane&quot;) a wata hanya. Ana amfani da dimokuradiyya akai-akai ga [[Gwamnati|gwamnatoci]] (daga gida zuwa duniya), amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga wasu gine-gine kamar wuraren aiki, iyalai, ƙungiyoyin al'umma, da sauransu.
Nau'o'in dimokuradiyya na iya taruwa a kusa da dabi'u. Wasu irin waɗannan nau'ikan, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye (ko Dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani, ko dimokuradiyar tattaunawa), suna inganta daidaito da shiga kai tsaye a cikin yanke shawara na siyasa ta dukkan jama'a. Sauran, gami da bambance-bambance da yawa na [[Dimokuradiyya ta wakilci|wakilcin dimokuradiyya]] (watau, tsarin mulki), suna son hanyoyin da ba su kai tsaye ko hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su ba tare da izini ba, inda zaɓaɓɓun wakilan ne ke yanke shawara maimakon mutane kai tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;JHUPress&quot;&gt;Diamond, Larry Jay and Plattner, Marc F.  (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4BL5WqHHVrwC&amp;pg=PA168 Electoral systems and democracy]. p. 168. Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|9780801884757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya samun nau'ikan dimokuradiyya a duk lokacin, sarari, da harshe. Misalan da suka gabata sune kawai 'yan dubban gyare-gyare na, da bambance-bambance a kan, babban ra'ayi na &quot;''dimokuradiyya.'' &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;DemocraticTheory&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gagnon |first=Jean-Paul |year=2018 |title=2,234 Descriptions of Democracy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325504277 |journal=Democratic Theory |volume=5 |pages=92–113 |doi=10.3167/dt.2018.050107 |s2cid=149825810}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye ==
Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye, ko dimokuradiyya mai tsabta, wani nau'in dimokuradiya ne inda mutane ke mulki kai tsaye, ta hanyar jefa kuri'a kan dokoki da manufofi. Yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan ƙasa da yawa a siyasa. Dimokuradiyya ta Athens, ko dimokuradiyya na gargajiya, tana nufin dimokuradiya kai tsaye da aka haɓaka a zamanin d ̄ a a cikin birnin Girka na Athens. Wani shahararren dimokuradiyya wani nau'i ne na dimokuradiya kai tsaye wanda ya dogara da raba gardama da sauran na'urorin karfafawa da kuma tabbatar da nufin jama'a.

Dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani ko dimokuradiyya kai tsaye wani nau'i ne na gwamnati wanda 'yan ƙasa ke shiga kai tsaye a cikin yanke shawara da manufofi na siyasa da ke shafar rayuwarsu, maimakon ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun wakilan.

Dimokuradiyya ta masana'antu tsari ne wanda ya shafi ma'aikata yin yanke shawara, raba alhakin da iko a Wurin aiki (duba kuma wurin aiki).

== Dimokuradiyya mai wakilci ==
Dimokuradiyya mai [[Dimokuradiyya ta wakilci|wakilcin dimokuradiyya]] ce ta kai tsaye inda wakilan jama'a ke riƙe da ikon mallaka.

* dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi dimokuradiyya ce mai wakilci tare da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]], kariya ga 'yanci da' yanci na mutum, da kuma iyakancewa akan ikon wakilan da aka zaba.
* Dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi dimokuradiyya ce mai wakilci tare da rauni ko babu iyaka akan ikon wakilan da aka zaba don yin mulki kamar yadda suke so.

Subtypes na wakilci dimokuradiyya sun hada da:

:* [[Tsarin majalisa|Tsarin]] majalisa - tsarin dimokuradiyya na gwamnati inda reshen majalisa (majalisa) ke nada reshen zartarwa (yawanci majalisa), wanda [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] ke jagoranta wanda ake la'akari da shugaban gwamnati. 
:** [[Tsarin Westminster]] - tsarin majalisa na gwamnati wanda aka tsara bayan na Burtaniya, inda Firayim Minista shine shugaban gwamnatin zartarwa duk da haka yana ƙarƙashin shugaban kasa wanda ba shugaban zartarwa ba, yawanci sarki, wanda ke ba da shawara ta ɗabi'a kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban sojoji.
:* Tsarin shugaban kasa - tsarin dimokuradiyya na gwamnati inda shugaban gwamnati shi ne shugaban kasa (yawanci shugaban kasa) kuma yana jagorantar reshe na zartarwa wanda ya bambanta da reshe na majalisa. 
:** Jacksonian dimokuradiyya - wani bambanci na dimokuradiyar shugaban kasa wanda shugaban Amurka Andrew Jackson ya inganta ƙarfin reshen zartarwa da shugabancin a kan kudin ikon Majalisa.

Jam'iyyun dimokuradiyya masu wakilci galibi suna dauke da jam'iyyun siyasa, wadanda kungiyoyin 'yan siyasa ne da ke da irin wannan ra'ayi wadanda ke aiki tare don lashe zabe. Dangane da yawan manyan jam'iyyun da ke akwai, dimokuradiyya mai wakilci na iya samun ɗayan tsarin jam'iyyu masu zuwa:

:* Tsarin jam'iyya mai rinjaye - tsarin da kawai jam'iyyar siyasa daya za ta iya samun isasshen kuri'u don zama gwamnati, da kanta ko a cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa.
:* Tsarin jam'iyyu biyu - tsarin da kawai jam'iyyun biyu ko kawance, yawanci ana sanya su a kowane bangare na tsakiya, suna da damar samun mafi yawan kuri'u. Sauran jam'iyyun suna da ƙananan gaske ko kuma yanki ne kawai.
:* Tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa - tsarin da jam'iyyu da yawa na siyasa ke da ikon samun iko da ofisoshin gwamnati, daban ko a cikin hadin gwiwa.
:* Tsarin da ba na jam'iyya ba - tsarin da zabubbuka na duniya da na lokaci-lokaci (ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ta sirri) ke faruwa ba tare da ambaton jam'iyyun siyasa ba.

Demarchy wani nau'i ne na gwamnati inda ake zabar mutane daga cikin 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar rarrabawa don ko dai yin aiki a matsayin wakilan gwamnati gaba ɗaya ko don yanke shawara a takamaiman fannoni na shugabanci (tsaro, muhalli, da sauransu).

Dimokuradiyya mai iko dimokuradiyya ce inda mai mulki ke da iko mai yawa, amma mulkin su yana amfana da mutane. Masu goyon bayan Bonapartism ne suka fara amfani da kalmar.

== Nau'o'in da suka danganci wuri ==
Dimokuradiyya ta salula, wanda masanin tattalin arziki na Georgist Fred E. Foldvary ya kirkira, 'yanci amfani da tsarin kasa-sama mai yawa wanda ya dogara da ko dai ƙananan gundumomin gwamnati ko al'ummomin kwangila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Category: 2 |url=http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/fest/files/foldvary.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705140147/http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/fest/files/foldvary.htm |archive-date=2008-07-05 |access-date=2011-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dimokuradiyya a wurin aiki tana nufin aikace-aikacen dimokuradiyya ga wurin aiki  (duba kuma dimokuradiyar masana'antu).

== Nau'o'in da suka danganci tasirin kabilanci ==

* Dimokuradiyya ta kabilanci
* Ƙabilar Ƙasa
* Dimokuradiyya ta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwiw&quot;&gt;Herrenvolk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Dimokuradiyya ta addini ==
Dimokuradiyya ta addini wani nau'i ne na gwamnati inda dabi'un wani addini ke da tasiri ga dokoki da manufofi, sau da yawa lokacin da yawancin jama'a membobin addini ne. Misalan sun hada da:

* Dimokuradiyya ta Kirista
* Gaṇasaṅgha
* Dimokuradiyya ta Musulunci
* Jihar Yahudawa da Dimokuradiyya
* Tsarin mulkin mallaka

== Sauran nau'ikan dimokuradiyya ==

* Demokradiyya ta Autocratic - inda jam'iyyar zababben mai mulki za ta mallaki jihar da kansa.
* Dimokuradiyya mai tsinkaye - ya dogara da wani mataki na horo kuma yawanci kasuwar da ke da masaniya game da makomar, don jagorantar manyan yanke shawara.
* Associationalism, ko Associative Democracy - jaddada kan 'yanci ta hanyar Haɗin kai da kuma dimokuradiyya.
* Adversialism, ko Adversial Democracy - tare da jaddada 'yanci bisa ga dangantakar adawa tsakanin mutane da kungiyoyi kamar yadda aka fi bayyana a cikin tsarin shari'a na dimokuradiyya.
* Dimokuradiyya ta Bourgeois - wasu Marxists, [[kwaminisanci]], socialists da anarchists suna magana ne game da dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi a matsayin dimokuradiyar bourgeois, suna zargin cewa a ƙarshe 'yan siyasa suna yaƙi ne kawai don haƙƙin bourgeoisie.
* Dimokuradiyya ta yarjejeniya - mulki bisa yarjejeniya maimakon mulkin mafi rinjaye na gargajiya.
* [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Dimokuradiyya ta Tsarin Mulki]] - wanda [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|kundin tsarin mulki]] ke jagoranta.
* Demokradiyya mai karewa - dimokradiyya da ke iyakance wasu hakkoki da 'yanci don kare wanzuwarsa.
* Dimokuradiyya mai ma'ana - wanda ainihin shawarwari, ba kawai jefa kuri'a ba, yana da mahimmanci ga yanke shawara na halal. Yana karɓar abubuwa na yanke shawara da kuma mulkin mafi rinjaye.
* Tsakiya na Democrat - hanyar tsarawa inda membobin jam'iyyar siyasa ke tattaunawa da muhawara game da batutuwan manufofi da shugabanci kuma bayan an yanke shawara ta hanyar kuri'un mafi rinjaye, ana sa ran duk membobin su bi wannan shawarar a fili.
* Mulkin kama-karya na dimokuradiyya (wanda aka fi sani da dimokuradiya) 
* jamhuriya Dimokuradiyya - jamhuriyar da ke da dimokradiyya ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun wakilan
* [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ta gurguzu - wani nau'i na gurguzu da ke adawa da salon Marxist-Leninist wanda ya zama daidai da gurguzu; 'yan gurguzu na dimokradiyya suna mai da hankali kan shugabanci a cikin dimokradiyyar siyasa tare da mallakar zamantakewa na hanyoyin samarwa da cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tare da gudanar da kansu na ma'aikata.
* Dimokuradiyya ta tattalin arziki - ka'idar dimokuradiyya da ta shafi mutane da ke da damar samun abinci, ko daidaito a cikin yanayin rayuwa.
* Dimokuradiyya ta asali - tana jaddada amincewa da ƙananan raka'a a matakin gwamnati, mai yiwuwa ta amfani da rabuwa da birane don kafa ikon doka na yau da kullun don yin yanke shawara da aka yi a wannan matakin gida.
* Dimokuradiyya mai jagora - wani nau'i na gwamnatin dimokuradiyya tare da karuwar mulkin mallaka inda 'yan ƙasa ke amfani da hakkinsu na siyasa ba tare da shafar manufofi, dalilai, da manufofi ba.
* Dimokuradiyya mai ma'ana - tsarin dimokuradiyya na hagu wanda ya haɗa da dimokuradiya a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli; da farko saboda masanin falsafar Girka Takis Fotopoulos.
* Dimokuradiyya mai ma'amala - wani nau'i na dimokuradiyya da aka tsara ta amfani da fasahar bayanai don ba da damar 'yan ƙasa su gabatar da sabbin manufofi, shawarwari &quot;na biyu&quot; da jefa kuri'a kan dokokin da suka haifar (waɗanda majalisar ta inganta) a cikin raba gardama.
* Demokradiyyar Jeffersonian - mai suna bayan ɗan siyasan Amurka Thomas Jefferson, wanda ya yi imani da daidaito na damar siyasa kuma ya yi adawa da gata, aristocracy da cin hanci da rashawa.
* Dimokuradiyya mai ruwa - wani nau'i na iko na dimokuradiyya inda aka ba da ikon jefa kuri'a ga kowane ɗan ƙasa wanda zai iya zaɓar wakilai na wucin gadi, maimakon zaɓaɓɓun wakilai.
* Dimokuradiyya ta kasuwa - wani suna don jari-hujja ta dimokuradiyya, akidar tattalin arziki da ta dogara da tsari na uku na tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasuwanni masu kyauta, tsarin dimokuradiya da tsarin ɗabi'a mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ke ƙarfafa pluralism.
* Dimokuradiyya ta Soja - dimokuradiyya tare da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban soja wanda za'a iya cirewa, majalisa ta dattawa da kuma taron jama'a.
* Dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa - dimokuradiyya ce ta zaɓe inda mutane ke da 'yanci da adalci kuma suna iya zaɓar tsakanin jam'iyyu na siyasa da yawa, ba kamar mulkin kama-karya wanda yawanci yana da jam'iyya ɗaya da ke mamaye sauran jam'iyyuu ko kuma ita ce kawai jam'iyyar da aka ba da izinin mulki.
* Sabon Dimokuradiyya - Ra'ayin Maoist wanda ya dogara da ka'idar [[Mao Zedong]] ta &quot;Bloc of Four Classes&quot; a cikin China bayan juyin juya hali.
* Dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani - ya haɗa da ƙarin sa hannun ɗan ƙasa a cikin yanke shawara kuma yana ba da wakilci na siyasa mafi girma fiye da dimokuradiyya na wakilci na gargajiya, misali, iko da wakilci da aka ba wakilan waɗanda suka shiga kai tsaye kuma suka shiga cikin gaske.
* Dimokuradiyya ta Jama'a - mulkin aji da yawa wanda proletariat ke mamayewa.
* Dimokuradiyya ta ƙarya - wani nau'in tsarin da zaɓe da zaɓe suka zama na dimokuradiyya amma suna ba da 'yan ƙasa kaɗan ko babu wasu zaɓuɓɓuka sai dai wani shugaba. Ana gabatar da wasu 'yan takara ta hanyar da ba za a ɗauka da muhimmanci ba. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in sau da yawa a cikin ƙasashe masu mulkin mallaka don ba da mafarki na dimokuradiyya.
* Dimokuradiyya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi - nau'in dimokuradiyya wanda ke mai da hankali kan muhimmancin kula da haƙuri da bambanci da rashin amincewa a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara.
* Dimokuradiyya ta juyin juya hali - akidar Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Habasha
* Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye - dimokuradiyya mai wakilci tare da kayan aiki, abubuwa, da / ko siffofin dimokuradiya kai tsaye.
* Dimokuradiyya ta Social Cellular - ta yi amfani da jefa kuri'a a hanyar sadarwar jama'a don gina matsayi mai yawa - don isa ga babban taron mafi aminci, masu hikima, masu alhakin al'umma. [ [https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/democracy-2-0-simple-protocol-israeli-relevancy/ https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/democracy-2-0-simple-protocol-Isra'ila-relevancy/ {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]]
* Sociocracy - tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya wanda ya dogara da yanke shawara na yardar rai, ƙungiyar da'ira, subsidiarity, da wakilci mai alaƙa biyu.
* Demokradiyyar zamantakewa - akidar siyasa da ke ba da shawarar amfani da hanyoyin dimokiradiyya don cimma sauye-sauye zuwa tsarin zamantakewa.
* Demokradiyyar Socialist - tsarin siyasa wanda ke daidaita tsarin Socialism tare da dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya kunshi ra'ayoyi masu yawa na hagu waɗanda suka haɗa da Trotskyism, kwaminisanci na majalisa, Leninism, [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa]], da zamantakewar dimokuradiyya.
* Dimokuradiyya ta cikakken tsari - ra'ayi na siyasa a kasar Sin yana kwatanta sa hannun mutane a, da alaƙa da, shugabanci a karkashin kwaminisanci tare da halaye na kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title=Whole-Process Democracy |url=https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/whole-process-democracy/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=China Media Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Sauran nau'ikan ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Rayayyen Bayanai na Dimokuradiyya tare da Adjectives Gagnon, Jean-Paul . 2020. &quot;Democracy with Adjectives Database, a shigarwa 3539&quot;. Kashi na ƙarshe Afrilu 8. Gidauniyar Falsafar Dimokuradiyya da Jami'ar Canberra ne suka bayar. Cloudstor / Aarnet / Instaclustr ne suka shirya shi.
* Appendix A: Nau'o'in Dimokuradiyya M. Haas, Me ya sa Dimokuradiyar ta Fadu kuma ta gaza, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-319-74070-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Yuni 2018

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Micheal Afuwape</title>
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      <text bytes="10863" sha1="q1jqesc15btuqapd5h1ggmu48cwlutf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Micheal Afuwape
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 17 August 1998
| birth_place = Nigeria
| nationality = Nigerian
| height_cm = 185
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| position = Point guard
| current_team = Rivers Hoopers
| number =
| national_team = Nigeria
}}

'''Micheal Afuwape''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''point guard''. Tsawonsa ya kai santimita 185, wato ƙafa 6 da inci 1. Ya wakilci Najeriya a wasannin ƙwallon kwando na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da gasar [[FIBA AfroCan]], wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar Kofin Duniya ta FIBA da kuma wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[AfroBasket]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwar shi ==

An haifi Afuwape a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1998. FIBA ta bayyana ƙasarsa a matsayin Najeriya, kuma bayanan wasanninsa sun nuna cewa ya fara bayyana a manyan gasannin ƙwallon kwando na Afirka tun shekarar 2017, lokacin da yake cikin tawagar [[Gombe Bulls]] a gasar FIBA Africa Champions Cup. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

Afuwape ya fara bayyana a bayanan gasar FIBA Africa Champions Cup ne a shekarar 2017 tare da Gombe Bulls. A wasanni bakwai da ya buga a gasar, ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.6, rebounds 2.4 da assists 1.9 a kowane wasa, yayin da ƙimar tasirinsa (efficiency) ta kasance 6.9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Afuwape ya taka leda a [[Nigelec Basket Club]] na kasar Nijar a gasar ''Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L.''. A wasanni biyu da ya buga a gasar, ya samu matsakaicin maki 16, rebounds 3 da assists 6 a kowane wasa. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lokutan da ya fi nuna ƙwarewa a gasar kulob ta Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape - Nigelec Basket Club |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/104-africa-champions-clubs-road-to-bal/208511/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, ya koma [[Elan Coton BBC]] na Benin, inda ya buga wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar Basketball Africa League. A wasanni uku, Afuwape ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.3, rebounds 5.3 da assists 4.7 a kowane wasa, tare da ƙimar tasiri 16.3. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan Elan Coton a wannan zagaye na gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape - Elan Coton BBC |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/104-africa-champions-clubs-road-to-bal/208511/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, FIBA ta sanya Afuwape cikin jerin 'yan wasan [[Rivers Hoopers]] na Najeriya da suka shiga matakin ''BAL Playoffs''. Wannan ya nuna ci gaba da kasancewarsa cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon kwando na kulob a Najeriya da kuma gasar Basketball Africa League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tawagar Najeriya ==

Afuwape ya fara wakiltar Najeriya a manyan gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa tun shekarar 2019. A gasar [[FIBA AfroCan]] ta 2019, ya buga wasanni uku, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 10.7, rebounds 4.3 da assists 4 a kowane wasa, tare da ƙimar tasiri 15. Wannan ita ce gasar da ya fara nuna kansa sosai a matakin tawagar ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, Afuwape ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya a wasannin neman gurbin shiga Kofin Duniya na FIBA. Jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya na wannan zagaye ya haɗa da Afuwape tare da Emmanuel Omogbo, Ibe Agu, Uchenna Iroegbu, Michael Gbinijie, Chimezie Metu da wasu 'yan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Qualifiers: Final rosters confirmed for Groups A and B |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/basketballworldcup-2023-african-qualifiers-news-african-qualifiers-final-rosters-confirmed-for-groups-a-and-b |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar [[FIBA AfroCan]] ta Shekaran 2023, Afuwape ya kasance kyaftin ɗin tawagar Najeriya. A wasan farko da Najeriya ta yi da Mali, ya jagoranci tawagar wajen samun nasara da maki 62–56, wadda ta kasance nasarar farko da Najeriya ta taɓa samu a tarihin gasar AfroCan. Afuwape ya zura maki 16 a wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afuwape leads Nigeria in first-ever win at FIBA AfroCan |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/afrocan-2023-news-afuwape-leads-nigeria-in-first-ever-win-at-fiba-afrocan |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Gabon a gasar AfroCan ta 2023, Afuwape ya sake taka muhimmiyar rawa inda ya zura maki 13 wajen nasarar Najeriya da maki 71–55. Tare da shi, Chinedu Martins Chimbuo da Ibe Abuchi Agu sun kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya a wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2023 FIBA AfroCan Quarter-Finals are set |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/afrocan-2023-news-2023-fiba-afrocan-quarter-finals-are-set |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen AfroCan 2023, Afuwape ya samu matsakaicin maki 8.8, rebounds 4.8 da assists 2.4 a kowane wasa. Haka kuma ya jagoranci Najeriya wajen assists da steals, inda ya samu matsakaicin assists 2.4 da steals 1.8 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - FIBA AfroCAN |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208599/teams/nigeria |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasannin neman gurbin AfroBasket 2025 ==

Afuwape ya kasance kyaftin ɗin tawagar Najeriya a wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[AfroBasket 2025]]. A takardar FIBA ta wasan Najeriya da kasar Libya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2024, an rubuta shi a matsayin ''AFUWAPE Micheal'', yana matsayin ''PG'' kuma tsawonsa ya kai 185 cm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA AfroBasket 2025 Qualifiers - Start List |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20AfroBasket%202025%20Qualifiers/Window%201/2024-02-23/B2_NGR_LBA/start-list_B2_NGR_LBA_20240223.pdf |access-date=13 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasannin neman gurbin AfroBasket 2025 guda uku da ya buga, Afuwape ya samu jimillar maki 20, rebounds 8 da assists 8. Matsakaicinsa ya kasance maki 6.7, rebounds 2.7 da assists 2.7 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya buga kusan mintuna 30.8 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape - Nigeria - Player Profile |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers/teams/nigeria/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da kasar Libya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2024, Afuwape ya yi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasanninsa a wannan zagaye, inda ya zura maki 16 daga cikin harbi 5 cikin 9, ya yi assists 4 da steals 6. Ya kuma jefa kwallaye 5 daga bugun ''free throw'' guda 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape - Nigeria - Player Profile |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers/teams/nigeria/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi da salon wasa ==

Afuwape yana taka leda a matsayin ''point guard''. A wannan matsayi, babban aikinsa shi ne tsara hare-haren ƙungiya, rarraba ƙwallo ga abokan wasa da kuma taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar damar zura maki. Kididdigar FIBA ta nuna cewa yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen assists, musamman a gasannin kulob da na tawagar Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape - Elan Coton BBC |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/104-africa-champions-clubs-road-to-bal/208511/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawonsa na santimita 185 yana ba shi damar taka rawar ''guard'' cikin sauri, yayin da kididdigar wasanninsa ta nuna cewa yana iya ba da gudummawa ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da zura maki, assists, rebounds da steals. A gasar AfroCan 2023, alal misali, ya kasance jagora ga Najeriya wajen assists da steals. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - FIBA AfroCAN |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208599/teams/nigeria |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar tawagar ƙasa ==

Bayanan FIBA sun nuna cewa Afuwape ya buga wasanni na manyan tawagar Najeriya a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga 2019. A jimillar waɗannan bayanan, matsakaicin kididdigarsa ya kai maki 6.5, rebounds 3.5 da assists 2.7 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, baya ga AfroCan, Afuwape ya buga wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar Olympics da kuma wasannin neman gurbin shiga Kofin Duniya na FIBA. A wasannin neman gurbin Olympics ya buga wasanni biyu, yayin da a wasannin neman gurbin Kofin Duniya ya buga wasanni uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micheal Afuwape |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229748-micheal-afuwape |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri a ƙwallon kwando na Najeriya ==

Afuwape ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka wakilci Najeriya a zamanin da ƙwallon kwando na ƙasar ke ƙara samun damar shiga manyan gasannin Afirka. Matsayinsa na ''point guard'' da kuma damar da ya samu na zama kyaftin a AfroCan 2023 sun nuna irin muhimmiyar rawar da ya taka a tawagar ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afuwape leads Nigeria in first-ever win at FIBA AfroCan |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/afrocan-2023-news-afuwape-leads-nigeria-in-first-ever-win-at-fiba-afrocan |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, FIBA ta haɗa sunansa cikin 'yan wasan Rivers Hoopers da suka kasance cikin gasar BAL Playoffs. Wannan ya nuna cewa aikinsa bai tsaya ga tawagar ƙasa ba, domin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsarin ƙwallon kwando na manyan kulob a Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |access-date=13 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rage bukatar tafiye-tafiye na sama</title>
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Rage buƙatun tafiye-tafiye na iska ko rage buƙatun jirgin sama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Scott A. |last2=Kantenbacher |first2=Joseph |date=1 February 2020 |title=Flying less: personal health and environmental co-benefits |url=https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/delivery/44SUR_INST/12140175350002346/13140378120002346 |journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=361–376 |bibcode=2020JSusT..28..361C |doi=10.1080/09669582.2019.1585442 |issn=0966-9582 |s2cid=164752571 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2018 |title=Identification of levers and levels of ambition for passenger &amp; freight transport in Europe |url=https://european-calculator.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/EUCalc_D2.2_Identification-of-levers-and-levels-of-ambition-for-passenger-freight-transport-in-Europe.pdf |publisher=EU Calculator: trade-offs and pathways towards sustainable and low-carbon European Societies – EU Calc |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118210308/https://www.european-calculator.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/EUCalc_D2.2_Identification-of-levers-and-levels-of-ambition-for-passenger-freight-transport-in-Europe.pdf |archive-date=2026-01-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Energy |first=Element |date=April 2022 |title=i The Role of Aviation Demand Reduction in UK Decarbonisation |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2434770/the-role-of-aviation-demand-in-decarbonisation-full-report/3456362/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522164605/https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2434770/the-role-of-aviation-demand-in-decarbonisation-full-report/3456362/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko rage buƙatu na tafiye-tarayyar iska&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Büchs |first=Milena |last2=Mattioli |first2=Giulio |date=1 October 2021 |title=Trends in air travel inequality in the UK: From the few to the many? |journal=Travel Behaviour and Society |language=en |volume=25 |pages=92–101 |bibcode=2021TBSoc..25...92B |doi=10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.008 |issn=2214-367X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Nordic measures to promote sustainable aviation fuels |url=https://journals.aau.dk/index.php/td/article/download/6872/5898 |journal=Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University |issn=1603-9696}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alignment2050&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=VISION 2050 ALIGNING AVIATION WITH THE PARIS AGREEMENT |url=https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Aviation-2050-Report-A4-v6.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[International Council on Clean Transportation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;10.17645/up.v6i2.4541&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heinonen |first=Jukka |last2=Czepkiewicz |first2=Michał |date=9 June 2021 |title=Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts |journal=Urban Planning |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=228–231 |doi=10.17645/up.v6i2.4541 |s2cid=236282594 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani ɓangare ne na Gudanar da buƙatun sufuri da [[Rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.038&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morten |first=Alistair |last2=Gatersleben |first2=Birgitta |last3=Jessop |first3=Donna C. |date=1 May 2018 |title=Staying grounded? Applying the theory of planned behaviour to explore motivations to reduce air travel |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/74202/1/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_ellenaj_Desktop_SRO_after%20august_Morten%2C%20Gatersleben%20%26%20Jessop%20accepted%20version%20of%20article.pdf |journal=Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour |language=en |volume=55 |pages=297–305 |bibcode=2018TRPF...55..297M |doi=10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.038 |issn=1369-8478}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hana babban ci gaba ko gaba ɗaya a cikin buƙata ko rage buƙata da buƙata don jirgin sama ana ɗaukarsa wani muhimmin ɓangare na rage canjin yanayi yayin da tafiye-tafiye na iska ke da tasiri sosai ga yanayi. Canje-canje a cikin &quot;ma'aunin [[Tafiya|tafiye-tafiye]] na halayyar na iya tasiri sosai ga tsinkaye don buƙatar tafiye-tashen hankula da amfani da makamashi da ke tattare da hayakin . &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.046&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Girod |first=Bastien |last2=van Vuuren |first2=Detlef P. |last3=de Vries |first3=Bert |date=1 April 2013 |title=Influence of travel behavior on global {{CO2}} emissions |journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |language=en |volume=50 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.046 |issn=0965-8564 |s2cid=154332068 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin rage hayakin tafiye-tafiye na duniya ==
Jirgin sama yana daya daga cikin bangarori uku da aka gano a cikin binciken inda &quot;zaɓuɓɓukan da ake buƙata&quot; zasu iya samun babban tasiri a cikin &quot;haɓaka matakan &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creutzig |first=Felix |last2=Niamir |first2=Leila |last3=Bai |first3=Xuemei |last4=Callaghan |first4=Max |last5=Cullen |first5=Jonathan |last6=Díaz-José |first6=Julio |last7=Figueroa |first7=Maria |last8=Grubler |first8=Arnulf |last9=Lamb |first9=William F. |last10=Leip |first10=Adrian |last11=Masanet |first11=Eric |last12=Mata |first12=Érika |last13=Mattauch |first13=Linus |last14=Minx |first14=Jan C. |last15=Mirasgedis |first15=Sebastian |date=January 2022 |title=Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=36–46 |bibcode=2022NatCC..12...36C |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=234275540 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Tooltip|SDS|IEA's 2050 Sustainable Development Scenario}}Dangane da binciken, cimma burin 1.5-2 °C na zafin jiki na duniya yana buƙatar raguwar buƙata a cikin manyan bangarorin jirgin sama, jigilar kaya, da masana'antu, idan ba a fahimci manyan magungunan iska ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1080/14693062.2020.1831430&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharmina |first=M. |last2=Edelenbosch |first2=O. Y. |last3=Wilson |first3=C. |last4=Freeman |first4=R. |last5=Gernaat |first5=D. E. H. J. |last6=Gilbert |first6=P. |last7=Larkin |first7=A. |last8=Littleton |first8=E. W. |last9=Traut |first9=M. |last10=van Vuuren |first10=D. P. |last11=Vaughan |first11=N. E. |last12=Wood |first12=F. R. |last13=Le Quéré |first13=C. |date=21 April 2021 |title=Decarbonising the critical sectors of aviation, shipping, road freight and industry to limit warming to 1.5–2°C |journal=Climate Policy |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=455–474 |bibcode=2021CliPo..21..455S |doi=10.1080/14693062.2020.1831430 |issn=1469-3062 |s2cid=226330972 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Dangane da samfurin IMAGE da aka yi amfani da shi don tsara abubuwan da ke da niyyar iyakance karuwar zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 1.5 ° C da 2 ° C, an ba da shawarar cewa cimma zurfin decarbonization a cikin sashin jirgin sama a cikin ƙayyadadden lokacin ya dogara ne akan raguwar tafiye-tafiye na iska a wasu kasuwanni.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1080/14693062.2020.1831430&quot; /&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ragewa a cikin ƙarfin carbon na makamashi na jirgin sama a cikin abubuwan da suka faru &quot;sun dogara sosai da canje-canjen da aka tsara a cikin buƙatar jirgin sama da ƙarfin makamashi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergero |first=Candelaria |last2=Gosnell |first2=Greer |last3=Gielen |first3=Dolf |last4=Kang |first4=Seungwoo |last5=Bazilian |first5=Morgan |last6=Davis |first6=Steven J. |date=30 January 2023 |title=Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=404–414 |bibcode=2023NatSu...6..404B |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=256449498 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhimman ƙalubalen fadada man fetur na jirgin sama mai ɗorewa, gami da [[Tsaron abinci|Tsaro na abinci]], tasirin al'umma na gida, da batutuwan amfani da ƙasa, suna jaddada muhimmancin ƙoƙarin rage buƙatun lokaci guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9&quot; /&gt; Misali, a cewar wani rahoto daga Royal Society, don samar da isasshen man fetur don samar da masana'antar jirgin sama ta Burtaniya zai buƙaci amfani da rabin ƙasar noma ta Burtaniya wanda zai sanya manyan matsin lamba a kan kayan abinci.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UK net zero aviation ambitions must resolve resource and research questions around alternatives to jet fuel {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2023/02/net-zero-aviation-fuels-report/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=royalsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yawon bude ido|Tourism]] is projected to generate up to 40% of total global CO2 emissions by 2050.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.100&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Higham |first=James |last2=Cohen |first2=Scott A. |last3=Cavaliere |first3=Christina T. |last4=Reis |first4=Arianne |last5=Finkler |first5=Wiebke |date=16 January 2016 |title=Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction |url=https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/delivery/44SUR_INST/12138857520002346/13140665330002346 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=111 |pages=336–347 |bibcode=2016JCPro.111..336H |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.100 |issn=0959-6526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of climate change mitigation [[Ayyukan mutum game da canjin yanayi|consumption options]] investigated by a review, the consumption options with &quot;the highest mitigation potential advocate reduction in car and air travel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ivanova |first=Diana |last2=Barrett |first2=John |last3=Wiedenhofer |first3=Dominik |last4=Macura |first4=Biljana |last5=Callaghan |first5=Max |last6=Creutzig |first6=Felix |date=1 September 2020 |title=Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options |journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]] |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=093001 |bibcode=2020ERL....15i3001I |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study projected a potential reduction of &quot;transport direct CO2 emissions by around 50% in the end of the century compared to the baseline&quot; via combined behavioral factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.046&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Nedjib Djilali''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1953) farfesa ne a fannin injiniya na Kanada kuma mai bincike wanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin makamashi mai ɗorewa da kimiyyar thermofluid. Yana riƙe da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kanada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Industry Canada |date=2012-11-29 |title=Canada Research Chairs |url=http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=1976 |access-date=2018-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin Tsarin Makamashi na Ci gaba da Tsarin Kwamfuta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-12-01 |title=The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2015 |url=https://ece.nl/wp-content/uploads/Thomson-Reuters-2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308215249/http://ece.nl/wp-content/uploads/Thomson-Reuters-2015.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2018-03-18 |website=ece.nl |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Jami'ar Victoria. Djilali mai bincike ne mai girma,  kuma ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kanada (2010) da Royal Society of Canada (2013). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived Lists - HCR |url=https://clarivate.com/hcr/researchers-list/archived-lists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526092507/https://clarivate.com/hcr/researchers-list/archived-lists/ |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=2018-04-13 |website=Clarivate Analytics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-06 |title=2013 List of New Fellows |url=https://rsc-src.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/2013%20New%20Fellows%20Citations_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916094312/https://rsc-src.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/2013%20New%20Fellows%20Citations_2.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2018-03-18 |website=Royal Society of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Djilali kuma ta girma a Aljeriya kuma ta yi karatu a Burtaniya da Kanada. Bayan kammala BSc (Hon.) a cikin Injiniyan Jirgin Sama a Jami'ar Hertfordshire da MSc a cikin jirgin sama a Kwalejin Imperial, London ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Sama (aikin soja na tilas) sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan jirgin sama kuma a matsayin malami a Ecole Nationale des Techniques de l'Aviation Civile, Aljeriya. Ya koma Kanada a shekara ta 1982, ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a cikin gwaji da lissafin ruwa daga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekara ta 1987, kuma ya shiga Sashen Advanced Aerodynamics na Bombardier Aerospace, Montreal a shekara ta 1989, inda ya yi aiki a kan ƙirar Canadair Regional Jet da kuma ci gaban hanyoyin CFD masu ci gaba. An nada shi a Jami'ar Victoria a shekarar 1991.

== Ayyuka ==
Farfesa Djilali aikin farko ya mayar da hankali kan lissafi da gwaji na injiniyan ruwa da canja wurin zafi, gami da mahimman fannoni na rikitarwa, jigilar thermosolutal a cikin ci gaban crystal epitaxial na semiconductors, da kuma hanyoyin rabuwa na membrane don desalination da tsarkake ruwa. An san shi musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyyar sel da fasaha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=Fall 2016 |title=Ned Djilali: A Fuel Cell Guru |url=http://csme-scgm.ca/sites/default/files/BULLETIN-FALL-2016.pdf |journal=The Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering Bulletin |pages=19–20 |via=csme-scgm.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914040437/http://csme-scgm.ca/sites/default/files/BULLETIN-FALL-2016.pdf |archive-date=2026-09-14 |access-date=2026-09-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikinsa a kan Tsarin makamashi mai ɗorewa. Ayyukansa na asali sun haɗa da ƙirar ƙididdigar Abubuwan sufuri a cikin sel na man fetur, da kuma sababbin gine-ginen sel na man shafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Djilali |first=N. |date=2007-04-01 |title=Computational modelling of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells: Challenges and opportunities |journal=Energy |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.007 |issn=0360-5442}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Research Highlights |journal=Lab on a Chip |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=645 |doi=10.1039/b805061a |issn=1473-0197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-10-08 |title=United States Patent No. US 8,551,637 B2 |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/4d/91/5f/eb8e61b9b71afe/US8551637.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan bincikensa na tsarin makamashi ya mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin amsa buƙatun don cimma babban shiga na [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]] a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki, da kuma ruwa-makamashi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]</text>
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    <title>Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye</title>
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| name = Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1984|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Ibadan]], Nigeria
| nationality = Nigerian
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 11
| weight_lb = 252
| position = Center
| high_school = Montrose Christian School
| college = [[University of Virginia]]
| college_start = 2004
| college_end = 2009
| number = 21
}}

'''Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tunji Soroye''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ''center''. An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1984, kuma tsayinsa ya kai santimita 211 (ƙafa 6 da inci 11). Ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar matasa ta FIBA, sannan daga baya ya taka leda a ƙungiyar [[Virginia Cavaliers]] ta [[University of Virginia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/players/143649-olatunji-muyiwa-soroye |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==

Soroye ya fito ne daga yankin Dugbe da ke [[Ibadan]], Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a [[Montrose Christian School]] da ke Maryland, Amurka, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan ƙungiyar makarantar. A shekarar 2003–04, lokacin yana babban aji, ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.2 da ''rebounds'' 8.9 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake Montrose Christian, ƙungiyar ta samu nasara a wasanni 45 cikin 50 a cikin shekaru biyu da Soroye ya kasance a makarantar. A shekarar karatunsa ta ƙarshe, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu tarihin wasanni 25–4, yayin da aka sanya ta cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin makarantar sakandare a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar National Association of Christian Athletes (NACA), an zaɓi Soroye a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa ƙwazo, wato MVP, sannan aka kuma saka shi cikin NACA All-American. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa suna a matsayin babban ɗan wasan gaba kafin ya koma matakin jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwallon kwando na jami'a ==

A watan Mayu 2004, Soroye ya rattaba hannu kan takardar niyyar shiga [[University of Virginia]], inda ya shiga ƙungiyar Virginia Cavaliers. Jami'ar ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ''center'' mai tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 11, kuma ɗan asalin Dugbe, Ibadan, wanda ya yi karatu a Montrose Christian School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar 2004–05, wato shekararsa ta farko a Virginia, Soroye ya buga wasanni 21, ciki har da fara wasanni biyu. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 0.6, ''rebounds'' 1.3 da ''blocks'' 0.7 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tunji-soroye-1.html |website=Sports-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar 2005–06, ya samu ƙarin muhimmiyar rawa a ƙungiyar Virginia. Ya buga wasanni 30, ya fara 23 daga cikinsu, kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.8, ''rebounds'' 3.5 da ''blocks'' 1.2 a kowane wasa. Jami'ar Virginia ta bayyana cewa ya jagoranci ƙungiyar wajen ''blocks'' a wannan kakar da jimillar 37.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Returns To Virginia Men’s Basketball Team |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2008/08/18/tunji-soroye-returns-to-virginia-men-s-basketball-team |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=18 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar 2006–07, Soroye ya buga wasanni 28, inda ya fara 11. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 2.1 da ''rebounds'' 3.2 da kuma ''blocks'' 0.9 a kowane wasa. A wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ''centers'' na Virginia saboda tsayinsa da iya kare kwando a kusa da kwandon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tunji-soroye-1.html |website=Sports-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rauni da kakar 2007–08 ==

A kakar 2007–08, Soroye ya samu matsala da rauni a gwiwarsa. Ya buga wasanni biyu ne kawai a kakar, bayan da ya yi fama da raunin da ya kai ga yin tiyatar gyara matsalar cartilage a gwiwar hagu. Saboda raunin, ya rasa yawancin kakar wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2007-08 Virginia Men's Basketball |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/virginiasports-com/2020/06/3b2cb442-va_m_baskbl_2007_8_release__release_final.pdf |website=Virginia Cavaliers |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111145419/https://storage.googleapis.com/virginiasports-com/2020/06/3b2cb442-va_m_baskbl_2007_8_release__release_final.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a kakar 2007–08, an amince da buƙatar ''medical hardship waiver'' ɗinsa, wanda ya ba shi damar samun ƙarin shekara guda ta cancantar buga kwallon kwando a jami'a. Jami'ar Virginia ta sanar cewa zai dawo domin kakar 2008–09.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Returns To Virginia Men’s Basketball Team |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2008/08/18/tunji-soroye-returns-to-virginia-men-s-basketball-team |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=18 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kakar 2008–09 ==

A kakar 2008–09, Soroye ya koma ƙungiyar Virginia a matsayin ''redshirt senior''. An kuma sanya shi cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar guda uku, wato ''tri-captain''. A wannan kakar ya buga wasanni 18, ya fara biyar, kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.8, ''rebounds'' 2.2 da ''blocks'' 1.0 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tunji-soroye-1.html |website=Sports-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasansa da Radford a watan Nuwamba 2008, Soroye ya yi fice inda ya ci maki takwas, ya dauki ''rebounds'' biyar, ya yi ''blocks'' biyu da ''steals'' biyu. Takwas ɗin su ne mafi yawan maki da ya samu a kakar 2008–09.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008-09 Virginia Basketball - Tunji Soroye |url=https://sabrearchive.sportswar.com/basketball/gameinfo/2009/xavier.pdf |website=Virginia Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin aikinsa gaba ɗaya a Virginia, Soroye ya buga wasanni 99, ya fara 41 daga cikinsu. Ya samu jimillar matsakaicin maki 1.6, ''rebounds'' 2.7 da ''blocks'' 1.0 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya yi kashi 47.1% wajen jefa kwando daga filin wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tunji-soroye-1.html |website=Sports-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Najeriya ==

Soroye ya wakilci Najeriya tun yana matakin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. A shekarar 2003, ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta fafata a '''World Championship for Junior Men''', gasar da ake dangantawa da FIBA U19 World Championship. A wasanni takwas da ya buga, ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.1 da ''rebounds'' 7.0 a kowane wasa, tare da matsakaicin ''efficiency'' 9.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/players/143649-olatunji-muyiwa-soroye |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar U19 ta shekarar 2003, Soroye ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kare kwando a tawagar Najeriya. FIBA ta nuna cewa ya samu matsakaicin ''blocks'' 2.5 a kowane wasa, wanda ya sanya shi cikin manyan masu yin ''blocks'' a gasar baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Players Leaders - World Championship for Junior Men 2003 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/history/276-fiba-u19-basketball-world-cup/2701/leaders |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2005, Soroye ya sake wakiltar Najeriya a '''FIBA U21 World Championship for Men'''. Ya buga wasanni shida, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.8, ''rebounds'' 1.7 da ''blocks'' 0.7 a kowane wasa. Wannan ya nuna cewa rawar da ya fi taka a tawagar matasan Najeriya ita ce kare kwando a kusa da kwandon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/players/143649-olatunji-muyiwa-soroye |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar U21 ta 2005, Soroye ya kasance jagoran Najeriya wajen ''blocks'', inda ya samu matsakaicin 0.7 a kowane wasa. FIBA ta kuma nuna cewa tawagar Najeriya ta kammala gasar da tarihin nasara da rashin nasara na 2–4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - FIBA U21 World Championship for Men |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/289-fiba-u21-basketball-world-cup/2736/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==

Bayan kammala aikinsa na kwallon kwando a jami'ar Virginia, Soroye ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin ''anthropology'' daga University of Virginia a watan Mayu 2008. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na gaba a Curry School of Education ta wannan jami'a yayin da yake cikin kakar 2008–09.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two Virginia Players Named To All-ACC Academic Team |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2009/03/06/two-virginia-players-named-to-all-acc-academic-team-3 |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=5 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da nasarori ==

* MVP na NACA Tournament a lokacin da yake Montrose Christian School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* NACA All-American.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Signs Letter Of Intent With Virginia |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2004/05/24/tunji-soroye-signs-letter-of-intent-with-virginia |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=24 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ya jagoranci Virginia wajen ''blocks'' a kakar 2005–06 da 37.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye Returns To Virginia Men’s Basketball Team |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2008/08/18/tunji-soroye-returns-to-virginia-men-s-basketball-team |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=18 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An zaɓe shi cikin 2009 All-Atlantic Coast Conference Academic Men's Basketball Team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two Virginia Players Named To All-ACC Academic Team |url=https://virginiasports.com/news/2009/03/06/two-virginia-players-named-to-all-acc-academic-team-3 |website=Virginia Cavaliers Official Athletic Site |date=5 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Gasar
! Wasanni
! Maki a wasa
! Rebounds a wasa
! Blocks a wasa
|-
| 2003 FIBA U19 World Championship
| 8
| 5.1
| 7.0
| 2.5
|-
| 2005 FIBA U21 World Championship
| 6
| 1.8
| 1.7
| 0.7
|-
| Virginia – gaba ɗaya
| 99
| 1.6
| 2.7
| 1.0
|}

Kididdigar FIBA ta nuna cewa Soroye ya buga wasanni takwas a gasar matasan duniya ta 2003 da wasanni shida a gasar U21 ta 2005, yayin da bayanan Virginia suka nuna wasanni 99 a aikinsa na jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olatunji Muyiwa Soroye |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/players/143649-olatunji-muyiwa-soroye |website=FIBA Basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunji Soroye College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tunji-soroye-1.html |website=Sports-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Al-Khabrani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Mohammed Abdoh Al-Khabrani''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 14 ga  watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Saudi Arabiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kungiyar Pro League Al-Khileej da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Saudi Arabia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=محمد عبده خبراني - Mohammed Khubrani |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=95707 |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120193555/https://www.kooora.com/?player=95707 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 30 May 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MOHAMMED AL KHABRANI |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-al-khabrani/280634/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Sarki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Yarima na Sarauta
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Asiya
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Al-Qadsiah
|2013–14
|Sashe na Farko
|25
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Sashe na Farko
|21
|1
|2
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|25
|1
|-
|2015–16
|Pro League
|24
|0
|1
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|0
|-
|2016–17
|Pro League
|24
|1
|1
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|1
|-
|2017–18
|Pro League
|20
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|2018–19
|Pro League
|26
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!140
!2
!7
!0
!8
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!155
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Al-Ahli
|2019–20
|Pro League
|22
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|0
|-
|2020–21
|Pro League
|17
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|2021–22
|Pro League
|24
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|25
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!63
!0
!6
!0
!0
!0
!6
!0
!0
!0
!75
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Khaleej
|2022–23
|Pro League
|26
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Pro League
|27
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!53
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!57
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!256
!2
!17
!0
!8
!0
!6
!0
!0
!0
!287
!2
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===

: ''Kididdigar da ta dace har zuwa wasan da aka buga 15 Yuni 2021.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|accessdate=8 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! width=&quot;120&quot; |Kungiyar
! width=&quot;60&quot; |Shekara
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Aikace-aikacen
! width=&quot;45&quot; |Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |Saudi Arabia
|-
|2017
|5
|0
|-
|2019
|9
|2
|-
|2020
|1
|0
|-
|2021
|2
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!17
!2
|}

=== Manufofin kasa da kasa ===

: ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia na farko.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!A'a.
!Ranar
!Wurin da ake ciki
!Abokin hamayya
!Sakamakon
!Sakamakon
!Gasar
|-
|1.
|25 Maris 2019
|Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Sarki Fahd, [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
|{{Fb|EQG}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|Abokantaka
|-
|2.
|30 Nuwamba 2019
|Filin wasa na Abdullah bin Khalifa, [[Doha]], Qatar
|{{Fb|BHR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Kofin Tekun Larabawa na 24
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Al-Qadsiah'''

* Sashe na Farko: 2014-152014–15

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|mohammed-al-khabrani/280634}}
{{Al-Khaleej FC squad}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nils Kirista Egede Hertzberg</title>
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'''Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg''' (26 Oktoba 1827 - 8 Yuli 1911) masanin tauhidi ne [[Norway|na Norway]], malami kuma ɗan siyasa.

== Bayani ==
An haife shi a Ullensvang a Hordaland, Norway. Ya kasance ɗa ga vicar kuma ɗan siyasa Niels Hertzberg (1759–1841) da Anna Christine Egede Thomsen (1789–1860). 'Yar'uwarsa Maja Elisabeth Weinwich Hertzberg (1824–1881) ita ce matar marubuci Claus Pavels Riis (1826–86). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Claus Pavels Riis |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Claus_Pavels_Riis |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031130627/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Claus_Pavels_Riis |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Bergen]] lokacin da yake ɗan shekara tara. Ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a shekara ta 1841 kuma ya yi jarrabawar artium a nan a shekara ta 1846. Daga baya ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Royal Frederick da cand.theol. digiri a shekarar 1851. 

== Sana'a ==
Malami ne a Kwalejin Soja ta Norway daga 1853, da kuma Asker Seminary daga 1860. Ya kasance mai sha'awar yin wasa a waje, kuma ya ƙara karatu a shekarar 1865 lokacin da ya halarci Makarantar Wasannin motsa jiki ta Tsakiya. Bayan haka ya karɓi ilimin motsa jiki ga malamai na gaba a Asker Seminary, kuma ya shirya wasannin motsa jiki, harbi da hawa dutse. Ya kuma taimaka fara kwasa-kwasan malamai a Centralforeningen na Udbredelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug . An shigar da ilimin motsa jiki a cikin manhajar malamai a hukumance a shekarar 1867. 

A shekarar 1867 Hertzberg ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin Kwalejin Malamai ta Hamar . A Hamar, ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Grundtvigianism da Olaus Arvesen da Herman Anker suka gabatar waɗanda suka kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko ta ƙasar Norway a birnin.  Hertzberg ya yaɗa ra'ayoyinsa a cikin littafin ''Norsk Skoletidende'' da aka buga a shekara ta 1869, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1873, kuma ya gyara shi. 

A shekara ta 1873 aka naɗa shi mataimakin mataimakin sakataren gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Coci . [1] A shekarar 1882 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Minista a wannan ma'aikatar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Christian August Selmer . A ranar 1 ga Maris 1884 ya canza zuwa memba na Majalisar Sashen Jiha da ke Stockholm . A watan Afrilun shekarar 1884 aka rushe majalisar ministocin yayin da aka tsige ta . Ya zama Ministan Harkokin Coci da Ilimi a Majalisar Ministocin da ta gaji Schweigaard, amma a watan Yunin 1884 lamarin ya faɗi saboda an fara aiwatar da tsarin majalisar dokoki a Norway. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar Norway na shekarar 1885, an zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Norway daga mazabar Kristiana, Hønefoss og Kongsvinger . An sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 1888, kuma ya yi wa'adi biyu. [2]

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A watan Disamba na shekarar 1864 ya auri Martha Catharina Marie Clauson (1844–1928). Suna da 'ya'ya maza: marubuci Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg (1866-1941), firist na mishan Arthur Johan Hertzberg (1870-1940), rector Johan Hertzberg (1872-1954) limamin coci Mikael Skjelderup Hertzberg (1874-1927) da Kanar Jens Skjelder (1874-1927). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jon Gunnar Arntzen |title=Hertzberg – vestlandsslekten |url=https://snl.no/Hertzberg_-_vestlandsslekten |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arthur Johan Hertzberg |url=http://www.mhs.no/arkiv/person?185 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=Mission Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050117/http://www.mhs.no/arkiv/person?185 |archive-date=April 30, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mikael Skjelderup Hertzberg |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Mikael_Skjelderup_Hertzberg |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113841/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Mikael_Skjelderup_Hertzberg |archive-date=April 30, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hertzberg ya rubuta littattafai da dama, galibi bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin ministan gwamnati. An buga tarihinsa a cikin littattafai biyu a cikin 1909 da 1910; ''Fra min Barndoms og Ungdoms Tid 1827–1856'' da ''Minder fra min Skolemestertid 1844–1873'' . 

Hertzberg memba ne na Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters daga 1883, kuma memba ne na girmamawa na Centralforeningen da Animal Protection Norway . An yi masa ado a matsayin jarumi, aji na farko na Order of St. Olav a shekarar 1877 kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Kwamanda a shekarar 1893. Ya mutu a watan Yulin 1911 a [[Oslo|Kristiania]] . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1911]]</text>
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    <title>Niels Hertzberg</title>
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[[File:Prost_Niels_Hertzberg.png|thumb| Niels Hertzberg]]
'''Niels Hertzberg''' (13 ga Agusta 1759 &amp;#x2013; 21 Oktoba 1841) firist ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Norway. &lt;ref name=&quot;snl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hallgeir Elstad |title=Niels Hertzberg |url=https://snl.no/Niels_Hertzberg |access-date=June 25, 2016 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a Finnaas a Hordaland, Norway. Shi ne ɗan fari ga vicar Peder Harboe Hertzberg (1728–1802) da Christiane Winding (1737–1801). An fara aurensa, daga Nuwamba 1786, ga Maria Elisabeth Weinwich (1759–1818). Bayan mutuwarta, ya auri Anne Christine Egede Thomsen (1789-1860). Ɗansa, Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg (1827-1911) masanin tauhidi ne, malami kuma ɗan siyasa. 'Yarsa Maja Elisabeth Weinwich Hertzberg (1824–1881) ita ce matar marubuci Claus Pavels Riis (1826–1886). Ya kuma kasance kakan kakan manyan janar-janar na Kanada Charles Hertzberg (1886–1944) da Halfdan Hertzberg .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Claus Pavels Riis |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Claus_Pavels_Riis |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031130627/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Claus_Pavels_Riis |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jon Gunnar Arntzen |title=Hertzberg – vestlandsslekten |url=https://snl.no/Hertzberg%252Fvestlandsslekten |access-date=June 25, 2016 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya halarci Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen daga 1776 zuwa 1778, kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Copenhagen da digirin cand.theol. digiri a shekarar 1783. Ya ci gaba da aikin coci a matsayin firist a Cocin Kvinnherad daga 1786 sannan kuma a matsayin vicar na Cocin Kinsarvik da Cocin Ullensvang daga 1804 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Daga 1810 zuwa 1832 ya kuma ninka matsayin shugaban Hardanger og Voss deanery. An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta farko ta ƙasar Norway a shekara ta 1814 a matsayin wakilin Søndre Bergenhus Amt (wanda yanzu ɓangare ne na Vestland). [1] [2]

Ya kuma kasance marubuci mai nazarin yanayin ƙasa . Ya kasance memba na Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters daga 1806, kuma an yi masa ado a matsayin Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog a 1811. Ya mutu a watan Oktoba na 1841 a Ullensvang. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox spaceflight/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''MetOp-SG A1/Sentinel-5A''' tauraron dan adam ne na Turai da kuma lura da duniya. Ita ce ta farko daga cikin taurari dan adam guda uku a cikin tauraron Sentinel-5, wani ɓangare na shirin Copernicus na [[Tarayyar Turai]] akan lura da Duniya kuma ta farko daga tauraron dan Adam na MetOp-SG guda shida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=METOP-SG-A 1&amp;comma; 2&amp;comma; 3 &amp;lpar;Sentinel 5A&amp;comma; 5B&amp;comma; 5C&amp;rpar; |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/metop-sg-a.htm |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First MetOp-SG satellite and Sentinel-5A launched |url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/First_MetOp-SG_satellite_and_Sentinel-5A_launched |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Copernicus soars into new heights with the launch of Sentinel-5A |url=https://www.copernicus.eu/en/news/news/copernicus-soars-new-heights-launch-sentinel-5a |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Copernicus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MetOp-SG (MetOp-Second Generation Program) |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/metop-sg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601111755/https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/metop-sg |archive-date=2025-06-01 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=eoPortal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joseph-Gabriel |first=Daphné |date=2025-07-28 |title=Arianespace to launch EUMETSAT's Metop-SGA1 satellite on August 12, 2025, with Ariane 6 |url=https://newsroom.arianespace.com/?p=45974 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Newsroom Arianespace}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WMO OSCAR Satellite: Metop-SG-A1 |url=https://space.oscar.wmo.int/satellites/view/metop_sg_a1 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=space.oscar.wmo.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MetOp-SG facts and figures |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Meteorological_missions/MetOp_Second_Generation/MetOp-SG_facts_and_figures |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin lokaci ==

=== Farawa ===
A watan Janairun 2025, ESA ta sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Arianespace don kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a watan Agustan 2025 a kan Ariane 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First MetOp Second Generation satellite to launch in August |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Meteorological_missions/MetOp_Second_Generation/First_MetOp_Second_Generation_satellite_to_launch_in_August |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2025, MetOp-SG A1 tare da Sentinel-5A sun kaddamar cikin sararin samaniya a kan Ariane 62 L6003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MetOp-SG-A1 and Sentinel-5 launch highlights |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2025/08/MetOp-SG-A1_and_Sentinel-5_launch_highlights |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayanai na farko ===
Kasa da makonni uku bayan ƙaddamarwa, EUMETSAT ta karɓi kuma ta aiwatar da bayanan farko daga kayan aiki guda biyu: Microwave Sounder (MWS) da Radio Occultation Sounder (RO).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Revolutionary Metop-SGA1 already transmitting instrument data |url=http://www.eumetsat.int/revolutionary-metop-sga1-already-transmitting-instrument-data |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=EUMETSAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New MetOp Second Generation weather satellite returns first data |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Meteorological_missions/MetOp_Second_Generation/New_MetOp_Second_Generation_weather_satellite_returns_first_data |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2025, EUMETSAT ta fitar da hotuna na farko da aka kama ta hanyar Multiviewing multipolarisation imager (3MI) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a kan [[Bahar Rum]] yana nuna tsarin girgije a kan Italiya da hayakin [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]] kusa da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First view of aerosols from MetOp-SG’s 3MI instrument |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/09/First_view_of_aerosols_from_MetOp-SG_s_3MI_instrument |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 07 ga Oktoba 2025, EUMETSAT ta saki hotunan Duniya na farko daga kayan aikin METimage na tauraron dan adam, gami da hoton Guguwar Humberto .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=METimage delivers spectacular first images |url=http://www.eumetsat.int/metimage-delivers-spectacular-first-images |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=EUMETSAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacklin |first=Ben |date=2025-10-09 |title=EUMETSAT Unveils Stunning Earth Images from New METimage Satellite [PHOTO] |url=https://orbitaltoday.com/2025/10/09/eumetsat-unveils-stunning-earth-images-from-new-metimage-satellite/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Orbital Today |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009025258/https://orbitaltoday.com/2025/10/09/eumetsat-unveils-stunning-earth-images-from-new-metimage-satellite/ |archive-date=2025-10-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, EUMETSAT ta saki bayanai na farko daga Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer-New Generation (IASI-NG) kayan aiki, bakan da ke nuna abun da ke cikin yanayi a kan [[Toulouse]] da kuma taswirar kusa da duniya na yanayin zafi na girgije da farfajiyar Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=IASI-NG instrument on Metop-SGA1 satellite sends back first data |url=http://www.eumetsat.int/iasi-ng-instrument-metop-sga1-satellite-sends-back-first-data |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=EUMETSAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki bayanai na farko daga aikin Sentinel-5A a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2025 a lokacin majalisar ministocin ESA da aka gudanar a Bremen, Jamus. Sun haɗa da taswirar yanayin yanayi na formaldehyde (HCHO) da ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Taswirar formaldehyde ta nuna ƙimar da ta fi girma a bakin tekun [[Angola]], wanda ya haifar da hayakin gobara, da kuma [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] wanda wuta da tushen halittu suka haifar. Taswirar ozone ta nuna raguwar yanayi na ozone na stratospheric a kan [[Antatika|Antarctica]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Copernicus Sentinel-1D and Sentinel-5A provide first images, marking important advances in earth and atmospheric monitoring |url=https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/copernicus-sentinel-1d-and-sentinel-5a-provide-first-images-marking-important-advances-earth-and-2025-11-26_en |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sentinel-5 debuts images of atmospheric gases |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5/Sentinel-5_debuts_images_of_atmospheric_gases |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:MetOp-SG-A_instruments_ESA511184.jpg|MetOp-SG-A instruments
File:MetOp-SG_inside_Airbus_Defence_and_Space_Astrolabe_facilities_04.jpg|Metop-SG A1 inside Airbus Defence and Space Astrolabe facilities
File:Joining_MetOp-SG-A1_satellite_to_launch_adaptor_ESA511594.jpg|Joining MetOp-SG-A1 satellite to Ariane 6 launch adaptor
File:MetOp-SG_coiffe.jpg|Metop-SG A1 being enclosed in the Ariane 6 payload fairing
File:Formaldehyde_over_Africa_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514889.jpg|Formaldehyde over [[Afirka|Africa]] measured by Sentinel-5A
File:Global_ozone_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514892.jpg|Global ozone measured by Sentinel-5A
File:Earth_radiance_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514887.jpg|Earth radiance measured by Sentinel-5A
File:Sulphur_dioxide_over_Klyuchevskaya_Volcano_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514888.jpg|Sulphur dioxide over Klyuchevskaya Volcano measured by Sentinel-5A
File:Nitrogen_dioxide_over_the_Middle_East_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514891.jpg|Nitrogen dioxide over the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]] measured by Sentinel-5A
File:Nitrogen_dioxide_over_South_Africa_measured_by_Sentinel-5A_ESA514890.jpg|Nitrogen dioxide over [[Kudancin Afirka|Southern Africa]] measured by Sentinel-5A 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* 2025 a cikin jirgin sararin samaniya
* Jerin shirye-shiryen Hukumar sararin samaniya ta Turai da manufofi

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Copernicus programme}}{{European Space Agency}}{{Orbital launches in 2025}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orange Bud</title>
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'''Orange Bud''' wiwi nau'in cannabis ne mai laushi 100%. Yana girma tare da tsaunuka masu kauri da kauri, da kuma orange pistils (saboda haka sunansa), yana da matakin THC na 16.5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dutch Passion / Cannabis Seed Bank Since 1987 |url=http://www.dutch-passion.nl/home.php?p=interior&amp;l=fr&amp;detail=10 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Dutch Passion |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914032631/http://www.dutch-passion.nl/home.php?p=interior&amp;l=fr&amp;detail=10 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya shuka shi a cikin gida ko waje; yanayin Kudancin Turai yana da sauƙin noma.{{Sfn|Rosenthal|2002}}An san irin wannan tun aƙalla shekara ta 2001.{{Sfn|Dalzell|Victor|2007}}Yana da dandano na citrus wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don inganta dafa abinci tare da wiwi.{{Sfn|Drummer|2017}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

=== Tushen ===

*  
*  
*  
{{Cannabis strains}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>RECOrd (Cibiyar Rubuce-rubucen Yanayi)</title>
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'''RECOrd''' Cibiyar Rubuce-rubucen Halitta ce (LRC) da ke aiki da Cheshire, Halton, Warrington da Wirral (ciki har da iyakar mataimakin 'pan-handle' a kusa da Stockport) - 'Yankin Cheshire'. Yana samar da kayan aiki na gida don adanawa, tabbatarwa da amfani da bayanan halittu na Cheshire a ƙarƙashin aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity ta Kasa (NBN). Yana daya daga cikin cibiyoyin rikodin halittu da yawa a duk faɗin Burtaniya waɗanda tare suke da niyyar ba da cikakken yanki na Burtaniya.

Kungiyar tana zaune a cikin Oakfield House a Chester Zoo . Yana ba da tallafi ga rikodin halittu da masu rikodin halitte a cikin yankin Cheshire, yana ba da damar samun dama sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu ga jinsuna da bayanan mazaunin yankin daidai da kare waɗannan nau'ikan da mazauna. Wannan damar tana da niyyar bayar da bayanai, ilimantarwa da kuma samar da ainihin bayanai wanda masu kula da muhalli, masu ilimin muhalli، masu tsarawa, da sauran mutane da kungiyoyi zasu iya yanke shawara.

rECOrd yana hulɗa da bayanai don namun daji, [[bambancin halittu]], yanayi, mazauna, wuraren namun daji da [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] da bambancin ƙasa.

rECOrd Online Data Input System (RODIS) kayan aiki ne don shigar da bayanan kallon namun daji ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon rECOrd.

Haɗin ma'aikata na dindindin, 'yan kwangila da masu sa kai suna gudanar da maɓallin bayanai da ayyukan tabbatarwa, bincike da bayanan tarihi na bincike.

rECOrd kamfani ne mai zaman kansa (ba don riba ba), iyakance ta hanyar garanti (Kamfanin No.: 4046886), kuma yana da sadaka (Reg. No.: 1095859). David Bellamy shine mai kula da kungiyar, kuma Gordon McGregor Reid shine shugabanta.
[[File:Cardamine_pratensis.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Cardamine pratensis'' (Cuckoo Flower ko Lady's Smock), shuka mai fure na dangin Brassicaceae, ita ce furen gundumar Cheshire (Gasar Plantlife).]]

== Yankin ƙasa ==
Yankin da aka rufe an sanya shi a matsayin 'yankin Cheshire'.

* gundumar Cheshire (duka zamani da mataimakin gundumar) 
* hukumomin gudanarwa da na hadin kai na Halton da Warrington
* Wirral (wani ɓangare na Cheshire - yanzu wani ɓangare na Merseyside) 
* kogin Mersey da Dee da
* yanayin ruwa da ke kan iyakar Wirral zuwa iyakar mil 12

== Tarihi ==
rECOrd ya fara ci gabanta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, wanda Steve J. McWilliam ya jagoranta, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002 lokacin da Sir Martin Doughty na Ingilishi Nature ya buɗe shi a hukumance.

== Haɗin waje ==
 

* [http://www.record-lrc.co.uk/ RECOrd]
* [http://googlemaps.record-lrc.co.uk/ Gidan taswirar Google na rECOrd]
* [http://www.record-lrc.co.uk/Gallery/ Hoton rECOrd]
* [http://www.record-lrc.co.uk/forum/ RECOrd Tattaunawar Halitta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140307144558/http://www.record-lrc.co.uk/c2.aspx?Mod=Article&amp;ArticleID=28 Jerin masu rikodin yankin Cheshire]
* [http://www.record-lrc.co.uk/SpeciesSearch/Searching.aspx Cibiyar Binciken Bayanai ta rECOrd]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313060239/http://www.cheshirewildlifetrust.co.uk/ Gidauniyar namun daji ta Cheshire]
* [http://www.nbn.org.uk/ Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity ta Kasa]
* [http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ Ingilishi na halitta]
* [http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ Hukumar Kula da Muhalli]
* [http://www.chesterzoo.org/ Gidan namun daji na Chester]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250215010559/http://nbn-nfbr.org.uk/nfbr.php Lissafin Cibiyoyin Rubuce-rubucen Halitta na Gida]
* [http://www.nfbr.org.uk/ Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Rubuce-rubuce na Biological]
* [http://www.alerc.org.uk/ Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Rubuce-rubuce na Ƙasa]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Des Barres</title>
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'''Michael Philip Des Barres, Marquis Des Barres na 26''', &lt;ref name=&quot;desbarreshome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Michael Des Barres |url=http://michaeldesbarres.com/about/ |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=Michaeldesbarres.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830065420/http://michaeldesbarres.com/about/ |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;100percentrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2015 |title=In Conversation With: Michael Des Barres |url=http://magazine.100percentrock.com/interviews/201503/108997 |website=100percentrock.com |access-date=14 September 2026 |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316074333/http://magazine.100percentrock.com/interviews/201503/108997 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 1948) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mawaƙin rock na Ingila. Ya fito a matsayin Murdoc a cikin ''MacGyver'' na asali, Lenny Stoke a cikin ''Lois &amp;amp;amp; Clark: The New Adventures of Superman'', kuma mai ba da shawara ga Murdoc Nicholas Helman a cikin ''MacGyver'' (2016). Ya maye gurbin Robert Palmer a cikin ƙungiyar The Power Station, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar a wasan kwaikwayo na Live Aid na 1985. &lt;ref name=&quot;guitarhoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2013 |title=Michael Des Barres Interview |url=http://www.guitarhoo.com/interviews/michael-des-barres-193 |website=Guitarhoo.com |access-date=14 September 2026 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074231/http://www.guitarhoo.com/interviews/michael-des-barres-193 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ɗaya daga cikin Philip da Irene Des Barres (Marquis da Marquise Des Barres), an haifi Michael Philip Des Barres kuma ya girma a Hove, Sussex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Findmypast.co.uk |url=http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=michael&amp;lastname=barres |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807071721/http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=michael&amp;lastname=barres |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci Makarantar Repton, makarantar kwana a Derbyshire, kuma ya ci gaba da halartar makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Corona Academy a London kuma ya bayyana a wasanni da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;guitarhoo&quot; /&gt; Yana da wasu kakannin Faransanci. An ba da sunansa na Marquis ga kakanninmu na karni na 13 Guillaume II Des Barres, jarumin Faransa, bayan ya ceci Sarki Philip II na Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Bouvines a cikin 1214.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Des Barres, Michael |url=https://www.therocktologist.com/des-barres-michael.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927030222/https://www.therocktologist.com/des-barres-michael.html |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2021 |website=The Rocktologist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Waƙoƙi ===
Des Barres ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa a cikin ƙungiyar glam rock Silverhead a Ingila a shekarar 1972. Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi biyu a kan lakabin rikodin Deep Purple Purple Records kafin ta rabu a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prato |first=Greg |title=Silverhead Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/silverhead-mn0000042485/biography |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=AllMusic |publisher=AllMusic, Netaktion LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan barin Silverhead, Des Barres ya koma Los Angeles, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar Detective. An sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar zuwa lakabin Led Zeppelin na Swan Song Records ta Jimmy Page, wanda Des Barres ya sadu da shi bayan wasan kwaikwayon Silverhead a Birmingham, Ingila, wanda membobin Led Zeppeline suka halarta.

Bayan rabuwar Detective a 1978, Des Barres ya kafa Chequered Past a 1982. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chequered Past on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/chequered-past/275416870 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Apple Music |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1983 ya rubuta tare kuma ya rubuta waƙar &quot;Obsession&quot; tare da Holly Knight . A shekara ta 1985, ƙungiyar Animotion ta sami bugawa ta duniya tare da murfin su.

Des Barres ya sadu da mambobin Duran Duran lokacin da Chequered Past ya buɗe don 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin yawon shakatawa na 1984. A shekara ta 1985, lokacin da Robert Palmer ya janye daga aikin Duran Duran na gefen The Power Station kafin yawon shakatawa na bazara na Amurka, an zaɓi Des Barres don ya ɗauki matsayinsa a matsayin jagora.&lt;ref name=&quot;guitarhoo&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
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  <page>
    <title>Melissa Auf der Maur</title>
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{{Infobox musical artist|website={{URL|xmadmx.com}}}}'''Melissa Gaboriau Auf der Maur''' (/ˌɔːf__ilo____ilo____ilo__; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1972) mawaƙiya ce ta Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;mr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosso |first=Joe |date=February 5, 2010 |title=Melissa Auf der Maur calls Hole an &quot;intense&quot; experience &amp;#124; Guitar News |url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/melissa-auf-der-maur-calls-hole-an-intense-experience-235665 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[MusicRadar]] |publisher=[[Future plc]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Auf der Maur ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a 1993 bayan ta kafa ƙungiyar indie rock Tinker yayin da take daliba a Jami'ar Concordia . &amp;nbsp;An dauke ta a matsayin bassist na American alternative rock band Hole a lokacin Ramin na 1994 kuma an haɗa ta a cikin fitowar Hole da yawa, gami da kundin Celebrity Skin (1998). Bayan tashi daga Hole a 1999, Auf der Maur ta shiga cikin The Smashing Pumpkins a takaice a matsayin memba mai yawon shakatawa don yawon shakata na 2000 kuma ta fara aikinta na solo; an saki kundi na farko na studio Auf der Maur a 2004 a kan Capitol Records da Out of Our Minds, kundi na biyu na studio, an sake shi a 2010 a kan lakabin rikodin kanta mai zaman kanta, PHI-MAdM Music . &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Indochina, Rufus Wainwright, Ric Ocasek, da Neverending White Lights .

Auf der Maur kuma mai daukar hoto ne kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta lokaci-lokaci. An haɗa hotunan ta a cikin National Geographic kuma an nuna su a Sotheby's.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Musician Sally Taylor attends the Cocktail Party to Celebrate Melissa... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/musician-sally-taylor-attends-the-cocktail-party-to-news-photo/166169859 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a cikin How to Make the Cruelest Month (1998), Beyond Borders (2003), da kuma Collaborator (2011). A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta na 2009 Out of Our Minds - wanda ya samar da kundi, guda ɗaya, fim da littafi mai ban dariya - Auf der Maur ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya fim da rikodin, tana aiki tare da mijinta, mai shirya fim Tony Stone . &amp;nbsp;Stone da Auf der Maur sune daraktocin kirkira da masu mallakar Basilica Hudson, cibiyar zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo a Hudson, New York.

VH1 ta sanya Auf der Maur a lamba 68 a cikin jerin 100 Mafi Girma na Rock &amp; Roll a cikin 2007 &lt;ref name=&quot;asm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2007 |title=Interview: Melissa Auf der Maur |url=http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/interview_100/135_melissa_auf_der_maur_interview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719031051/http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/interview_100/135_melissa_auf_der_maur_interview.html |archive-date=July 19, 2013 |access-date=November 20, 2012 |website=[[AskMen]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kundin sa na solo sun sami bita mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;mc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auf der Maur Profile |url=https://www.metacritic.com/person/auf-der-maur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221161054/https://www.metacritic.com/person/auf-der-maur |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Auf der Maur a [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], ga ɗan jarida da ɗan siyasa Nick Auf der Maur da ɗan jarida kuma mai fassara adabi [[Linda Gaboriau]] . Iyalin mahaifin Auf der Maur sun kasance Swiss-Jamusanci kuma mahaifiyarta ta haɗu da Turai-Amurka. An haifi Gaboriau a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], a Amurka. A sakamakon haka, tana da 'yancin Kanada-Amurka biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Jennifer |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Former Hole bassist goes out of her mind |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/12/former_hole_bassist_goes_out_of_her_mind.html |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[Toronto Star]] |publisher=[[Daily News Brands|Star Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan mahaifiyar Auf der Maur an fassara shi zuwa Turanci a matsayin &quot;a kan bango&quot;, kamar yadda &quot;maur&quot; shine Jamusanci don &quot;bango&quot; (mutuwa Mauer). Ta bayyana cewa kakarta, Theresia Schaelin-Auf der Maur, &quot;ko da yaushe tana bugun al'adun ta a cikin makogwaro - tana tunatar da ni cewa ni ne na karshe a Arewacin Amurka don ci gaba da sunan&quot;.

Auf der Maur ba ta sadu da mahaifinta ba har sai da ta kai shekara uku. Gaboriau ta kira Nick Auf der Maur bayan 'yarta ta fara tambayar ta game da asalin mahaifinta. Da yake tunani game da gamuwa, Auf der Maur ya ce &quot;[mahaifinsa] ya fahimci mahaifiyata Linda ita ce ƙaunar rayuwarsa saboda ta ba da kyautar wannan yaro ba tare da wani buƙata ba. Ya ƙaunace ta sosai [kuma] ya bi ta na tsawon shekaru biyu&quot;.[and] Nick Auf der Maur da Gaboriau sun yi aure a 1978 lokacin da Melissa ke da shekaru shida. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekara ta 1979 bayan haka Auf der Maur ta yi tafiya a duk duniya tare da mahaifiyarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Lauren |date=August 8, 2004 |title=This much I know: Melissa Auf der Maur, singer &amp;#124; Music |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/aug/08/popandrock2 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Wani bangare na ƙuruciya na Auf der Maur an yi amfani da shi a cikin &quot;gidan wasan motsa jiki a Wales, motar akwatin gidan waya a Maroko, da kuma hutun a Kenya&quot; tare da mahaifiyarta. A lokacin da take Kenya, ta kamu da cutar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] sau uku kuma ta koma Montreal.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aaron |first=Peter |date=March 1, 2011 |title=Melissa Auf der Maur: Girl from the North Country &amp;#124; Music |url=http://www.chronogram.com/hudsonvalley/girl-from-the-north-country-melissa-auf-der-maur/Content?oid=2130721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405122952/http://www.chronogram.com/hudsonvalley/girl-from-the-north-country-melissa-auf-der-maur/Content?oid=2130721 |archive-date=2013-04-05 |access-date=August 9, 2013 |website=Chronogram |publisher=Luminary Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Montreal, Auf der Maur ya halarci makarantar Fine Arts Core Education (FACE) da Moving in New Directions (MIND) High School - duka biyun makarantun [[Sauran ilimi|madadin ilimi]] ne. A FACE, ta kasance memba na mawaƙa na gargajiya kuma a MIND, ta kasance &quot;wani ɓangare na ƙananan ƙwararrun Ingila&quot;, inda ta kafa abota da 'yar [[Leonard Cohen]] Lorca da Rufus Wainwright . &lt;ref name=&quot;ts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot; /&gt; A makaranta, ta zama mai sha'awar daukar hoto kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Concordia, inda ta fi dacewa da daukar hoto a 1994. A Concordia tana da shekaru 19, Auf der Maur ta fara aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin DJ a Bifteck, sanannen kulob din dutse, inda ta sadu da mawaƙa da yawa ciki har da Steve Durand . &lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kiɗa ==

=== 1993-1994: Tinker ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A lokacin da take DJ a Bifteck, Auf der Maur ta sadu da ɗan'uwanta ɗaliban Jami'ar Concordia Steve Durand, tare da wanda ta kafa Tinker a watan Nuwamba 1993. Durand ta ɗauki ayyukan guitar kuma Auf der Maur ta fara wasa da bass, ta amfani da Fender Precision Bass wanda mahaifinta ya saya don ranar haihuwarta ta 21.&lt;ref name=&quot;ts&quot; /&gt; Duo din sun dauki dan wasan guitar na biyu, Jordon Zadorozny, da kuma mai bugawa kuma sun fara yin wasa a wuraren Montreal.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot; /&gt;

A wasan kwaikwayon Smashing Pumpkins a Les Foufounes Électriques a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1991, Auf der Maur ya zama abokantaka tare da mai ba da murya da guitarist Billy Corgan .  A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, abokin zama na Auf der Maur ya tayar da ƙungiyar tsakanin waƙoƙi kuma ya jefa kwalban giya a kan mataki yayin da ƙungiyar ke yin wasan, wanda ya haifar da &quot;yaƙin ƙugiya&quot; tsakanin shi da Corgan. Auf der Maur ya bayyana cewa:
{{Blockquote|My friend Bruce [Cawdron], who later became the drummer in [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]], was there and he whispered, 'God, this guy has attitude. They're acting like they're playing an arena. And he then threw a bottle at Billy and shouted, 'Drop the fucking attitude!' Bill dived off the stage, put his hands around Bruce's neck, and they started fighting. I thought, 'Great. You just ruined the show.' I went up to Billy afterwards and said, 'I'd like to apologise on behalf of [[Montreal]]. You are my new favourite band.'&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'', August 2004, p. 59&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Auf der Maur da Corgan sun zama abokan rubutu. Bayan watanni ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, Auf der Maur ya aika da wasika ga Corgan yana neman Tinker ya buɗe don The Smashing Pumpkins a lokacin yawon shakatawa na gaba a Montreal. Corgan ta yarda da roƙon ta kuma Tinker ta yi wasan kwaikwayon mafi girma na aikin su, ga mutane 2,500, suna buɗewa ga The Smashing Pumpkins a Métropolis a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1993. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hadadi |first=Roxana |date=June 2, 2010 |title=Into the Twilight Zone: Melissa Auf der Maur |url=http://blurtonline.com/feature/into-the-twilight-zone-melissa-auf-der-maur-2 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[Blurt (magazine)|Blurt]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717014243/http://blurtonline.com/feature/into-the-twilight-zone-melissa-auf-der-maur-2/ |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Corgan, Auf der Maur ya tuna, &quot;ya buge ni a baya. Ya ce, 'Kai dan wasan bass ne mai kyau. Za ku kasance a cikin ƙungiyar ta wata rana.' Ya ji kamar mafarki ya cika - daidai irin amincewar da nake bukata. &quot;

Tinker released two 7-inch singles, &quot;Realalie&quot; and &quot;Green Machine&quot;, on the independent record label Bear Records in 1994. The group continued to release music until 1996.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} In summer 1994, Auf der Maur accepted Courtney Love{{'}}s invitation to become the bassist for the alternative rock band Hole, a job she initially declined:
{{Blockquote|Billy called me and said, 'I'm coming through town on [1994's] [[List of Lollapalooza lineups by year|Lollapalooza]] next week. But the great news is, you're going to join my friend Courtney's band.' And that's when it all started ... Within a week, I had every friend calling me saying, 'Are you crazy?' My father said, 'What do you mean? The big Pumpkin guy offered you a real job in music and you said ''no''?' By that time, Courtney got my phone number and said, 'What do you mean, you don't want to join my band? You're getting on a plane to Seattle tomorrow.' And I did. She and [[Patty Schemel|Patty]] came to pick me up at the airport, and she was very funny, very sweet. And she was very good to me from day one. Very welcoming. She had all these lesbian nannies and assistants. There was a really cool, tight clan of mothering, care-taking lesbians. Everyone was very nice.'&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;}}

=== 1994-1999: Ramin ===
A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1994, Hole yana buƙatar sabon bassist bayan mutuwar Kristen Pfaff. Game da shawarar da ta yanke na ƙin tayin Love don shiga, Auf der Maur ya tuna: &quot;Na ce a'a saboda ya zama kamar mummunan yanayi don shiga ... kawai ya zama kamar wuri mai bakin ciki&quot;, yana mai ambaton mutuwar Pfaff a matsayin &quot;ja flag&quot; da kuma dalilin da ba za a shiga ƙungiyar ba. Bayan saduwa da Love da Patty Schemel, Auf der Maur ta ce ta sami &quot;haskakawar makoma a idanunta&quot; kuma ta yarda da tayin. Ta kammala karatun ta na [[Bachelor na Fine Arts]] (BFA) a Concordia kuma an dauke ta a matsayin bassist na Hole makonni biyu kafin wasan kwaikwayon a Bikin Karatu na 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gumble |first=Daniel |date=November 11, 2012 |title=Interview: Melissa Auf der Maur, Hit So Hard |url=http://www.cine-vue.com/2012/11/interview-melissa-auf-der-maur-hit-so.html |access-date=June 8, 2014 |publisher=CineVue}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bethany |first=Marilyn |date=March 7, 2011 |title=Arts Section: Music – Melissa Auf der Maur, The Rock Goddess in Our Midst, Appearing at Club Helsinki |url=http://www.ruralintelligence.com/index.php/arts_section/arts_articles_music/melissa_auf_der_maur_the_rock_goddess_in_our_midst_appearing_at_club_helsin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701062436/http://www.ruralintelligence.com/index.php/arts_section/arts_articles_music/melissa_auf_der_maur_the_rock_goddess_in_our_midst_appearing_at_club_helsin |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=Rural Intelligence}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;&quot;Lou Barlow da Evan Dando suna kallo daga gefen mataki, &quot;ta tuna. &quot;Wataƙila ban motsa ba. Na yi tunani kawai, 'Dole dai na sami waɗannan sassan daidai, zai zama mai kyau.'&quot;

Daga 1994 zuwa 1995, Auf der Maur ya zagaya duniya tare da Hole don tallafawa kundi na biyu na studio, Live Through This (1994). &amp;nbsp;A kan yawon shakatawa, mai ba da guitar Eric Erlandson ya bayyana Auf der Maur a matsayin &quot;ya kawo hasken rana ga ƙungiyar&quot; a lokacin &quot;duhu da launin toka&quot; yanayin yawon shakata, wanda ya kasance matsala saboda rasuwar ƙungiyar kwanan nan - musamman mutuwar Pfaff da mijin Love Kurt Cobain - da kuma jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Auf der Maur ya yi abota da Patty Schemel kuma ya yi hayar gida tare da ita bayan yawon shakatawa na shekaru biyu. Duo sun fara aikin gefe, Constant Comment, kuma sun saki rabuwa na inci 7 tare da Red Aunts on Sympathy for the Record Industry wanda ke nuna waƙar &quot;Firecrasher&quot;. Auf der Maur tun daga lokacin ta ce abota da jituwa na kiɗa tsakanin ita da Schemel sun dogara ne akan &quot;haɗin ja&quot;; Schemel ta kira Auf der Maur a matsayin &quot;ma'aikaciyarta&quot; a lokacin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Pfaff da Cobain.
[[File:Hole_Live_at_Public_Assembly_NYC_April_2013.jpg|left|thumb|Auf der Maur (''hagu'') yana yin wasan kwaikwayon a taron Hole guda ɗaya a taron jama'a a Brooklyn, New York, a watan Afrilun 2012]]
Auf der Maur an nuna shi a cikin fitowar Hole daban-daban, gami da 1996 wanda ba album ba &quot;Gold Dust Woman&quot; kuma a kan waƙoƙi daban-daban na rayuwa a My Body, the Hand Grenade (1997). &amp;nbsp;An nuna ta a cikin kundi na uku na ƙungiyar, Celebrity Skin (1998), tana yin bass kuma tana hada biyar daga cikin waƙoƙi 12. &amp;nbsp;Celebrity Skin ya kasance babban nasara mai mahimmanci da cinikayya; an tsara shi a lamba 9 a cikin jadawalin kundin [./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Billboard_200&quot; id=&quot;mwAQg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Billboard 200&quot;&gt;''Billboard'' 200] na Amurka da lamba 3 a cikin jadawalwa na Kanada, da kuma jagoranta guda ɗaya da taken waƙa wanda ya kai lamba 1 a kan jadawalin Billboard Modern Rock Tracks . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hole &amp;#124; Awards |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hole-mn0000680476/awards |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Tun daga wannan lokacin an tabbatar da platinum a Amurka da Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gold &amp; Platinum Searchable Database |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Celebrity+Skin%22 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan yawon shakatawa don tallafawa sakin ta, Auf der Maur ta bar Hole a watan Oktoba 1999 yayin da kwangilarta ta shekaru biyar tare da ƙungiyar ta ƙare kuma tana so &quot;ta girma a wurare daban-daban&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 25, 1999 |title=Melissa Auf der Maur Leaves Hole – Music, Celebrity and Artist News |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/519301/melissa-auf-der-maur-leaves-hole |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309120933/http://www.mtv.com/news/519301/melissa-auf-der-maur-leaves-hole/ |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[MTV]] |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A watan Yunin 2009, ''NME'' ta ba da rahoton cewa Hole yana sake fasalin. Love ta yi iƙirarin cewa Auf der Maur ta sake dawowa a matsayin bassist don yin rikodin a cikin kundi mai zuwa Nobody's Daughter - wanda ake sake masa suna a matsayin kundin Hole - kuma yana aiki a kan yawon shakatawa na tallafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Dan |date=June 17, 2009 |title=The Return of Hole – Courtney Love's In-the-Studio Video Diary |url=https://www.nme.com/blog/index.php?blog=10&amp;title=the_return_of_hole_courtney_love_s_in_th&amp;more=1&amp;c=1&amp;tb=1&amp;pb=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012223623/http://www.nme.com/blog/index.php?blog=10&amp;title=the_return_of_hole_courtney_love_s_in_th&amp;more=1&amp;c=1&amp;tb=1&amp;pb=1 |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[NME]] |publisher=[[IPC Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auf der Maur ta bayyana cewa ta &quot;yi mamakin kuma ta yi takaici&quot; da sanarwar kuma ba ta da niyyar shiga cikin ƙungiyar da aka sake fasalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2010 |title=Courtney Love's Hole 'reunion' slammed by Melissa Auf der Maur - News |url=https://www.nme.com/news/hole/49289 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121160918/http://www.nme.com/news/hole/49289 |archive-date=January 21, 2010 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[NME]] |publisher=[[IPC Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da batutuwan shari'a da yawa, an saki Nobody's Daughter a matsayin kundi na huɗu na Hole a watan Afrilu na 2010 tare da Shawn Dailey ya maye gurbin Auf der Maur a matsayin bassist.

Hole ya sake haɗuwa - tare da Celebrity Skin line-up na Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur da Schemel - don wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya a Taron Jama'a a Brooklyn, New York a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2012 a wani biki na fim din Schemel Hit So Hard (2011). &amp;nbsp;Asalin Auf der Maur, Erlandson da Schemel suna yin aiki a matsayin uku har sai Love ta zo don yin wasan kwaikwayo na &quot;Miss World&quot; da &quot;Over the Edge&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Randy |date=April 16, 2012 |title=Hole reunites in New York following film screening |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/04/hole-reunion-new-york.html |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Quietus ya ruwaito a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014 cewa mambobi hudu sun sake haduwa duk da cewa a cikin tambayoyin da suka biyo baya, Love ya rage magana game da sake haduwa mai zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2014 |title=News &amp;#124; Courtney Love Reforms Classic Hole Line-Up |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/14899-hole-courtney-love-wedding-day |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[The Quietus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lapatine |first=Steve |date=April 7, 2014 |title=Courtney Love Downplays Hole Reunion Talk, Vows To Join Foe Dave Grohl Onstage At Nirvana's Rock Hall Induction |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1673827/courtney-love-downplays-hole-reunion-talk-promises-to-join-foe-dave-grohl-onstage-at-nirvanas-rock-hall-induction/video/ |access-date=July 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Auf der Maur ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa ba ta da lokaci ko kuzari don sake haduwa, amma za ta kasance da sha'awar rufe abin da aka bari na Hole tare da faifan baya da ƙananan kwanakin yawon shakatawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bassist Melissa Auf der Maur Offers Conditions for a Hole Reunion – BlastEcho |url=http://blastecho.com/bassist-melissa-auf-der-maur-offers-conditions-for-a-hole-reunion/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1999-2000: The Smashing Pumpkins ===
Original Smashing Pumpkins bassist D'arcy Wretzky ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 1999 yayin rikodin kundi na biyar na ƙungiyar, Machina / The Machines of God (2000).  &amp;nbsp;A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1999, Billy Corgan ya dauki Auf der Maur a matsayin maye gurbinsa, wanda har yanzu tana da abota daga lokacin da take Tinker da Hole. &quot;Courtney ta san ina barin don yin aikin kaina, &quot;in ji ta. &quot;Amma sa'an ''na'', ba zato ba tsammani, makon da na bar Hole shine makon da D'arcy ya bar Pumpkins. Don haka, a cikin mako guda, Billy ya kira ni ya ce, 'Taurari sun daidaita: lokaci ya yi da za ku shiga ƙungiyar ta.' Dole ne in yi hakan. &quot;

Auf der Maur was featured on neither ''Machina/The Machines of God'' nor ''Machina II/The Friends &amp;amp;amp; Enemies of Modern Music'' (2000) as Wretzky's remaining bass duties were assumed by Corgan during recording sessions,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}} but she played with the Pumpkins during the ''Machina'' tour from December 1999 to December 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilonsky |first=Robert |date=July 31, 2011 |title=For Your Excessive Heat Warning Listening Pleasure: Smashing Pumpkins at Bronco Bowl |url=http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2011/07/for_your_sunday_night_listenin.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172623/http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2011/07/for_your_sunday_night_listenin.php |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Dallas Observer]] |publisher=[[Voice Media Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tour covered North America, Japan, Europe and South Africa and was described by Auf der Maur as &quot;very ambitious&quot;. Reflecting on the tour, she said: &quot;they would always be changing arrangements and keys of songs. The work ethic of the Pumpkins is so full-on and so demanding ... joining [the band] was just intense work, much more about work than about emotional experience&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;asm&quot; /&gt; She performed at various shows, including the band's final television performance on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' and the band's final show at the Cabaret Metro in Chicago on December 2, 2000, as well as appearing in the band's music videos. Smashing Pumpkins broke up at the end of the year 2000.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, MTV ta ruwaito cewa Corgan da Jimmy Chamberlin sun sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar gudanarwa tare da Azoff Management, tare da mai magana da yawun da ya tabbatar da cewa sun sanya hannu a karkashin sunan Smashing Pumpkins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Chris |last2=Perez |first2=Rodrigo |date=February 2, 2006 |title=Smashing Pumpkins Reunion is Under Way, According to Sources – Music, Celebrity and Artist News |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1523078/20060202/smashing_pumpkins.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221072654/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1523078/20060202/smashing_pumpkins.jhtml |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |access-date=March 2, 2011 |website=[[MTV]] |publisher=[[Viacom Media Networks]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani, Auf der Maur ya ce a cikin wata hira daban cewa &quot;idan Billy yana da Jimmy, zai iya yin rikodin Pumpkins mai mahimmanci, na tabbata&quot; kuma lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da sa hannu ta ce ba ta shirin shiga cikin haɗuwa amma ta lura cewa &quot;hidimomin ta koyaushe suna nan don kunna waƙoƙin da ta fi so. Idan ba ta samuwa ba, koyaushe ina farin cikin zama na biyu a layi&quot;.[her] Duk da sha'awar da ta yi a baya da kuma rashin Wretzky, The Globe and Mail ta ruwaito a watan Afrilun 2007 cewa Auf der Maur ta tabbatar da cewa ba za ta sake komawa The Smashing Pumpkins ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2007 |title=Movers and shakers in Canadian arts |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/movers-and-shakers-in-canadian-arts/article17995076 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[The Globe and Mail]] |publisher=[[The Woodbridge Company]]/[[Bell Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Auf der Maur ya shiga Billy Corgan a kan mataki a Montreal a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025 don wasan kwaikwayon &quot;The Everlasting Gaze&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DK3p0XGMqw6/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&amp;igsh=MXFvMGQyZzFqcXVn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2002-2003: Chelsea da Hannun Doom ===
[[File:Hotel_Chelsea_2010.jpg|right|thumb|Auf der Maur taƙaitaccen aikin An sanya wa Chelsea suna bayan Otal din Chelsea a New York]]
A shekara ta 2002, Auf der Maur ya kafa wani ɗan gajeren aiki tare da tsohon mawaƙin Hole Samantha Maloney, [[Peaches (mai kiɗa)|Peaches]], Paz Lenchantin da Radio Sloan . Da yake karɓar taken The Chelsea - mai suna bayan Otal din Chelsea a New York inda Auf der Maur ya zauna shekaru da yawa - ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo ɗaya a Spaceland a Los Angeles, California a watan Fabrairu wanda ya haɗa da waƙoƙi na asali da nau'ikan murfin. Da yake nuna wani nau'in murfin Devo's &quot;Gates of Steel&quot; da kuma farkon waƙoƙin Auf der Maur za su nuna a cikin kundi na farko na studio, an karɓi wasan kwaikwayon sosai saboda &quot;kamar rashin shiri&quot; kuma &quot;ya kasance kadan fiye da mai daɗi da Dutsen garage&quot; bisa ga bita na Variety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Augusto |first=Troy J. |date=February 6, 2002 |title=Auf der Maur's Chelsea makes a good covers band – The Chelsea at Spaceland |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[PMC (company)|Penske Media Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Courtney Love daga baya ta ba da sunan ƙungiyar goyon bayanta The Chelsea, kuma ta hayar Maloney da Sloan a cikin tsari, yayin da take yawon shakatawa don kundi na farko na studio, America's Sweetheart (2004). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2004 |title=Courtney Love &amp; The Chelsea Tour |url=http://ie.ign.com/articles/2004/10/07/courtney-love-the-chelsea-tour |access-date=June 9, 2004 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Auf der Maur ta kafa Hand of Doom, ƙungiyar Black Sabbath inda ta yi jagora. Kungiyar ta hada da bassist Molly Stern, drummer Pedro Yanowitz, turntablist Joey Garfield da guitarist Guy Stevens. A watan Maris, ƙungiyar ta fara yin zaɓaɓɓen wasan kwaikwayo a wuraren da aka kafa a Los Angeles ciki har da Whisky a Go Go, The Troubadour da The Viper Room, kuma ta saki kundin rayuwa, Live in Los Angeles (2002), wanda ya ƙunshi rikodin daga wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hand of Doom &amp;#124; Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hand-of-doom-mn0001942746/biography |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin ya sami sake dubawa mai dumi, tare da marubucin AllMusic Bradley Torreano yana bayyana shi a matsayin rikodin &quot;mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'a, da ban mamaki&quot; wanda &quot;ya sami rai a bayan duk shekarun posturing&quot;, yana ƙara cewa &quot;Auf der Maur kanta ce ke da maɓallin kundin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torreano |first=Bradley |title=Live in Los Angeles – Hand of Doom &amp;#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits and Awards |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-in-los-angeles-mw0000228436 |access-date=June 8, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake kiran kanta a matsayin &quot;art-karaoke&quot;, Hand of Doom ya ci gaba da yin karin ranakun a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin rani na 2002 kafin ya rabu a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cantin |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2002 |title=Ex-Hole/Pumpkins bassist covers Sabbath |url=http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/T/Temple_Of_Doom/2002/06/18/pf-751322.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311224816/http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/T/Temple_Of_Doom/2002/06/18/pf-751322.html |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Jam!]] |publisher=[[Quebecor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2004-2010: Aikin kansa ===
Komawa Montreal a shekara ta 2001 bayan rushewar The Smashing Pumpkins, Auf der Maur ba ta da tabbacin ko za ta ci gaba da aikinta na kiɗa ko a'a. &amp;nbsp;A wata hira da ''Jam!'', ta ce &quot;dangantaka da kiɗa ya zama mai da hankali sosai ga sojoji. Ni soja ne, mai aiki tuƙuru wanda bai taɓa samun isasshen gamsuwa daga kiɗa ba. Ban san ko zan yi rikodin kaina ba&quot;. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, bayan gano tsoffin rikodin demo a gidanta, Auf der Maur ta yanke shawarar bin aikin solo bayan ta &quot;hankali  da cikakken kundin kundin kayan da ta zauna a can shekaru da yawa&quot;.[she]

An yi rikodin daga 2001 zuwa 2003 a ɗakunan karatu daban-daban a Amurka da Kanada, an saki kundi na farko na Auf der Maur a watan Fabrairun 2004 a kan Capitol Records . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Auf der Maur |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/auf%20der%20maur/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313185646/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/auf%20der%20maur/ |archive-date=2013-03-13 |website=Official Charts}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;An samar da ita tare da Chris Goss, Auf der Maur ta ba da kuɗin zaman rikodin kanta saboda ba a sanya hannu a kan lakabin rikodin ba a lokacin rikodin kuma a lokacin bayan samarwa, kasafin kuɗin ta ya ƙare kuma ba ta iya haɗa kundin ba. Ta yarda da kwangilar rikodi daga Capitol ba da daɗewa ba kuma ta saki Auf der Maur zuwa &quot;bincike mai kyau gaba ɗaya&quot;, a cewar Metacritic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auf der Maur: Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/auf-der-maur |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin da ke tallafawa - &quot;Followed the Waves&quot;, &quot;Real a Lie&quot; da &quot;Taste You&quot; - sun kasance nasarori masu matsakaici a Ƙasar Ingila, suna cikin Top 40 na UK Single Charts . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auf der Maur &amp;#124; Artist |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/auf%20der%20maur |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kundin ya sayar da kwafin 200,000 a duk duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mr&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
[[File:Melissa_maur.jpg|left|thumb|Auf der Maur a shekara ta 2004]]
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ''Billboard'' a shekara ta 2007, Auf der Maur ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta gama yin rikodin kundi na biyu wanda za a saki a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ya haɗa da fim din ra'ayi, kundi, da kuma littafin hoto da za a saki shi a farkon shekara ta 2009. &amp;nbsp;An ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ke dauke da teasers na aikin, da kuma fim din fim, a watan Agustan 2007 kuma ya ƙunshi shafin yanar gizon yau da kullun wanda Auf der Maur ya sabunta wanda ke rubuta matakai daban-daban na aikin. &amp;nbsp;Bayan rikice-rikice tare da Capitol da kuma &quot;kamawa a cikin wasu jan tef&quot; wanda ya jinkirta sakin aikin, Auf der Maur ya bar lakabin don tabbatar da iko mai kirkira kuma ya saki kiɗanta a kan sharuddan kansa&quot;.[her]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bax |first=Mike |date=June 19, 2009 |title=An Interview with Melissa Auf der Maur – NXNE 2009 |url=http://www.lithiummagazine.com/interview-melissa-auf-der-maur-nxne-2009-june-19th-2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184610/http://www.lithiummagazine.com/interview-melissa-auf-der-maur-nxne-2009-june-19th-2009 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=Lithium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani EP mai taken ''...''An saki ''Wannan Zai zama Aljanna'' a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 a matsayin 7 inci da sauke dijital akan iTunes. &amp;nbsp;An saki EP guda uku a kan Urbanited Music, lakabin rikodin mai zaman kansa wanda ke zaune a Netherlands kuma an sake shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Auf der Maur mai suna MAdM, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2008 |title=Music – This Would Be Paradise – EP by Melissa Auf der Maur |url=https://music.apple.com/ie/album/this-would-be-paradise-single/1439270984 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[iTunes Store]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ta yi amfani da shi don duk sakonnin da suka biyo baya. Wani ɗan gajeren yawon shakatawa na kwanaki shida na Kanada da arewacin Turai ya biyo bayan sakin EP, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko tun lokacin yawon shakata na 151 don tallafawa Auf der Maur a 2004 da 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2008 |title=Auf der Maur branches out |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=1eb330ff-1e49-4066-9379-6b9d17e367b5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130232/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=1eb330ff-1e49-4066-9379-6b9d17e367b5 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=Canada.com |publisher=[[Postmedia Network|Postmedia Network Canada Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, Auf der Maur ya fitar da guda ɗaya, &quot;Out of Our Minds&quot;, da kuma EP, ''OOOM'' . An bayar da ɗayan a matsayin saukewa kyauta a shafin yanar gizon ta; duka ɗayan da EP an sake su ne a kan PHI-MAdM Music Inc., lakabin rikodin kansa, wani ɓangare na Cibiyar PHI ta Montreal. Auf der Maur kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rarraba ta kasa da kasa tare da Roadrunner Records, wanda ya fitar da sakonnin a waje da Arewacin Amurka. An saki kundi na biyu na studio, wanda ake kira Out of Our Minds, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ''OOOM''. &amp;nbsp;Duk da zane-zane a Faransa, Girka, Spain da Burtaniya, kundin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Auf der Maur – Out of Our Minds |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Melissa+auf+der+Maur&amp;titel=Out+Of+Our+Minds&amp;cat=a |access-date=June 9, 2014 |website=[[Swiss Music Charts|Hitparade]] |publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A – Azzido Da Bass |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_A.HTM |access-date=April 23, 2012 |website=Chart Log UK |publisher=zobbel.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, a watan Janairun 2011 ''Daga Zuciyarmu'' ta lashe Kyautar Indie / Alternative / Hard Rock a Kyautar Kiɗa ta Mai Zaman Kanta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Auf der Maur |url=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima/artist/melissa-auf-der-maur |access-date=February 19, 2012 |website=Independent Music Awards |publisher=Music Resource Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420180014/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima/artist/melissa-auf-der-maur |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2011, Auf der Maur ya tafi hutun haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAdM &amp;#124; Melissa Auf der Maur &amp;#124; Official &amp;#124; Occupy the Inside |url=http://xmadmx.com/posts/2011/occupy-the-inside#comments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427213211/http://xmadmx.com/posts/2011/occupy-the-inside#comments |archive-date=2012-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran hadin gwiwa ===
Auf der Maur ya yi tafiya a takaice tare da tsohon dan wasan The Cars Ric Ocasek a cikin 1997, bayan ya ba da gudummawa ga bass da murya na baya ga kundin sa na 1997 Troublizing . Ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar Indochina ta Faransa a kan waƙoƙin su &quot;Le Grand Secret&quot;, suna raira waƙa a Faransanci tare da Nicola Sirkis . Auf der Maur ya shiga ƙungiyar a kan mataki don yin waƙar a lokuta daban-daban kuma ya bayyana a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar. Ta yi wani abu mai ban mamaki, gajeren, saiti na wasu waƙoƙinta na solo a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Indochine a Paris, 22 ga Fabrairu, 2002. Auf der Maur ya ba da gudummawar bass da goyon baya ga aboki na yaro Rufus Wainwright album Poses kuma ya bayyana a cikin bidiyonsa na 1998 na &quot;April Fools&quot;. A shekara ta 2008, ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙin Kanada Daniel Victor a kan aikin haɗin gwiwar kiɗa Neverending White Lights . Sun yi rikodin waƙar &quot;The World is Darker&quot;, wanda aka saki bidiyo a watan Maris na shekara ta 2008. Baya ga wannan, ta ba da gudummawa ga kundin da masu fasaha kamar Ryan Adams, Ben Lee, Idaho, The Stills da Fountains of Wayne suka yi.

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Auf der Maur ya bayyana a cikin Fountains of Wayne album Traffic and Weather yana raira waƙa a kan waƙar &quot;Someone to Love&quot;.

== Hotuna ==
Auf der Maur ta kasance babba mai daukar hoto da ke ƙwarewa a fannin daukar hoto a Jami'ar Concordia lokacin da aka gayyace ta don shiga Hole &lt;ref name=&quot;montral-mirror-woodley&quot; /&gt; a 1994. An buga hotunan ta a cikin ''Nailon'', ''Bust'', Mastermind, National Geographic, American Photo, da Creem, da sauran mujallu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Auf der Maur {{!}} Photography and Biography |url=https://www.famousphotographers.net/melissa-auf-der-maur |access-date=2022-06-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-01 |title=Music on ... Photography: Photos From Melissa Auf der Maur - National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/music-on-photography-melissa-auf-der-maur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625093246/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/music-on-photography-melissa-auf-der-maur |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Photography |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morrissey |first=Dan |title=The Hole Truth {{!}} CREEM {{!}} DECEMBER 2022 |url=https://archive.creem.com/article/2022/12/01/the-hole-truth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180439/https://archive.creem.com/article/2022/12/01/the-hole-truth |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=CREEM {{!}} The Complete Archive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunanta sun kasance a cikin baje kolin The Kids are Alright a Sotheby's a Birnin New York tare da hotuna na Yelena Yemchuk . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Musician Carly Simon and daughter Sally Taylor attend the Cocktail... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/musician-carly-simon-and-daughter-sally-taylor-attend-the-news-photo/166169800 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Getty Images |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She put together a solo exhibition in 2001, under the name of ''Channels'', mostly featuring shots of Auf der Maur's life on the road, with a recurring TV theme and shots of hotel TV screens, hence the name ''Channels.''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2017}} The exhibition opened September 9, 2001, at Brooklyn's Secret Gallery, but was shut down after the September 11 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;montral-mirror-woodley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Woodley |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2006 |title=Archives: Apr 27–May 3, 2006, Vol. 21 No. 44 – Out of the hole |url=http://www.montrealmirror.com/2006/042706/artsweek.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173433/http://www.montrealmirror.com/2006/042706/artsweek.html |archive-date=June 30, 2012 |access-date=March 2, 2011 |website=[[Montreal Mirror]] |publisher=[[Québecor Média]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was shown again at O Patro Vys, Montreal, in May 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;montral-mirror-woodley&quot; /&gt;

An shirya baje kolin hotunan ta na '90s a watan Satumba na 2026 a Art Gallery na Ontario . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melissa Auf der Maur: My '90s Rock Photographs |url=https://ago.ca/exhibitions/melissa-auf-der-maur-my-90s-rock-photographs |access-date=March 25, 2026 |website=ago.ca |publisher=Art Gallery of Ontario}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sliz |first=Teagan |date=3 September 2026 |title=Inside Melissa Auf der Maur’s Grunge Golden Age |url=https://macleans.ca/culture/inside-melissa-auf-der-maurs-grunge-golden-age/ |website=Maclean's}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babban mai ba da shawara na Kanada ==
In 2004, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation produced a television series called ''The Greatest Canadian'' which saw 100 Canadian figures nominated for the title of &quot;the Greatest Canadian&quot;.  The list of 100 was narrowed to a group of 10 finalists and a program dedicated to relating the story of, and case for, each nominee was aired on the network.  Each nominee was promoted by a Canadian celebrity advocate and Auf der Maur appeared as the advocate for environmentalist [[David Suzuki]], who finished fifth.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}

== Sauran Kasuwanci ==
A shekara ta 2010, ta kafa ''Basilica Hudson'' tare da mijinta, mai shirya fina-finai mai zaman kansa Tony Stone, wani tarihi a Hudson, New York wanda ya zama wurin zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026 Auf der Maur ya wallafa wani labari, Har ma da Good Girls Will Cry . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Nina |date=October 30, 2025 |title=Hole Bassist Melissa Auf der Maur Announces New Memoir |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/hole-bassist-melissa-auf-der-maur-announces-new-memoir/ |access-date=October 31, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Auf der Maur ya auri Tony Stone a shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cataldi |first=Sal |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Where Veteran Rockers Go to Reinvent Themselves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/03/nyregion/musicians-hudson-valley-catskills.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216010913/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/03/nyregion/musicians-hudson-valley-catskills.html |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da 'yar daya, an haife ta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2011 |title=Official &amp;#124; Occupy the Inside |url=http://xmadmx.com/posts/2011/occupy-the-inside |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615045715/http://xmadmx.com/posts/2011/occupy-the-inside |archive-date=June 15, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2012 |publisher=Melissa Auf der Maur}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun mallaki Basilica Hudson, cibiyar zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo a Hudson, New York,  inda suke zaune.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot; /&gt;

Ta kuma yi dangantaka da Dave Grohl tsakanin 1999 da 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Melissa Auf der Maur reflects on relationship and split with Dave Grohl |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/melissa-auf-der-maur-reflects-on-relationship-and-split-with-dave-grohl-3454823 |website=[[NME]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

* Auf der Maur (2004) 
* Daga cikin Zuciyarmu (2010) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Cornely</title>
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'''Paul Bertau Cornely''' (9 ga Maris, 1906 - 9 ga Fabrairu, 2002) likita ne na Amurka, mai gabatarwa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. A shekara ta 1934, ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. An zabe shi Shugaban Kungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka a shekarar 1970.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Cornely a Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornely, Paul B. (Paul Bertau), 1906- - Social Networks and Archival Context |url=https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cz491k |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=snaccooperative.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morman |first=Edward T. |year=2013 |title=Cornely, Paul Bertau |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-38312 |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.38312 |isbn=9780195301731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Adrienne Mellon da mahaifinsa Eleodore Cornely .  Lokacin da yake da shekaru uku iyalinsa suka koma [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin matashi, kuma ya girma galibi a Harlem kuma, daga baya, sannan [[Detroit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya sami digiri na farko, likita, da digiri na kiwon lafiya. A lokacin, ƙananan makarantun likitanci sun yarda da ɗaliban baƙar fata, kuma rarrabewa ta iyakance zaɓin ɗaliban likitanci don horarwa da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin karatunsa na likita, Cornely na ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai baƙar fata huɗu kawai a cikin aji na 250.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya kuma kasance dalibi a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] (wanda ya shafi al'ummomin baƙar fata a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]) kuma dole ne ya yi aiki don tallafa wa kansa a duk lokacin karatunsa. Daga baya ya tuna cewa, a lokacin shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta makarantar likita, bai san ko zai iya kammala karatunsa ba saboda rashin ayyukan samar da kudade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, asusun Julius Rosenwald ne ya goyi bayan karatunsa na likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Saboda rarrabewa, an ba da izinin likitocin baƙar fata su yi aiki ne kawai a asibitocin baƙo, waɗanda galibi suna cike da mutane kuma suna da ƙa'idodin aminci marasa kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cornely ya kasance mai ba da horo a Asibitin Lincoln, wanda masu ba da gudummawa masu arziki suka goyi bayan kudi saboda fararen mutane sun yi imanin cewa maganin cututtuka tsakanin al'ummomin baƙar fata &quot;zai hana yaduwar cututtuka ga fararen fata&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Bayan kammala karatunsa, Cornely bai iya samun shirin zama na tiyata wanda zai shigar da likitocin baki ba, don haka ya koma Jami'ar Michigan don kammala digiri na likita na kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Binciken digirinsa ya yi la'akari da ilimin likitanci na digiri a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ya ƙware a cikin tsabta da lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.crech-test.org/2015-09-02-18-19-47/history |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.crech-test.org |archive-date=2020-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702184037/http://www.crech-test.org/2015-09-02-18-19-47/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1934, ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Michigan, John Sundwall, darektan farko na Jami'ar Missouri, da Warren Forsythe, shugaban kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta Amurka ne suka goyi bayan Cornely.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
A shekara ta 1934, Cornely ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Howard .  A [[Jami'ar Howard|Howard]], Cornely ya haɓaka shirin da ya mai da hankali kan samar da kiwon lafiyar jama'a ga al'ummomin da ba su da sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a fannin rigakafi kuma, a cikin 1942, an nada shi Shugaban Sashen Kwayar Kwayar cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A farkon aikinsa, ya ziyarci kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi (HBCUs) a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], inda ya sa ido kan ingancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sauran wuraren harabar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, ya gano mummunan gazawar yawan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya (kimanin ma'aikatan jinya 19 don yin hidima ga ɗalibai 24,000) kuma yanayin tsabta na cafeterias bai burge shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ya gano cewa dakunan kwana sun cika kuma ba su da isasshen kayan aiki don tsabta ko karatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da ya dawo [[Jami'ar Howard]], Cornely ya rubuta jerin shawarwari don inganta yanayin rayuwa na dalibai a HBCUs . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An sanya shi Darakta na Asibitin Jami'ar Howard, inda ya yi nazarin [[tarin fuka]], [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] da [[Scarlet fever|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Theodore M. |last2=Fee |first2=Elizabeth |date=2011 |title=Paul B. Cornely (1906–2002): Civil Rights Leader and Public Health Pioneer |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=101 |issue=S1 |pages=S164 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.300052 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3222469 |pmid=21778476}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Pioneers in Mental Health |url=https://www.mhanational.org/black-pioneers-mental-health |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=Mental Health America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki tare da Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee, likitan mata na Afirka da kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama.

Cornely ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya shirya [[Imhotep National Conference|Taron Kasa na Imhotep]] kan haɗin asibiti. An sanya sunan taron ne bayan [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]], likitan Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Jerin taron Imhotep ya yi fatan karfafa rabuwa da son rai; neman ba wa al'ummomin baƙar fata damar samun kulawa mai inganci a asibitocin fararen fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake jerin taron sun wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin wariyar launin fata a kan kiwon lafiya, asibitoci da makarantun jinya sun kaurace wa shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A cikin 1963, Cornely ya halarci Maris a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Taron Imhotep ya ci gaba har sai Lyndon B. Johnson ya zartar da [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A [[Jami'ar Howard]], Cornely ya ba da shawarar don horar da al'adu ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya. Musamman, Cornely ya yi kira ga likitocin kwakwalwa da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da su fahimci tasirin wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci a kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ya jagoranci matakai da yawa don kara wakilcin mutane masu launi a cikin kiwon lafiya, daga likitoci zuwa masu tsara manufofi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1967, Cornely ya yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka don jagorantar taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan &quot;The Health Status of the Negro .&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cornely |first=Paul B. |date=2011-11-28 |title=The Health Status of the Negro Today and in the Future |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=101 |issue=S1 |pages=S161–S163 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.101S1S161 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3222497 |pmid=22077065}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1968, ya shirya Black Caucus of Health Workers, wanda ke ci gaba da tallafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Afirka har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Caucus of Health Workers |url=https://www.apha.org/apha-communities/caucuses/black-caucus-of-health-workers |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.apha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin aiki tare da Shugaban Kungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] Lester Breslow, Cornely ya yi tafiya a fadin Amurka yana binciken lafiyar jiki da yanayin aiki na mutane masu launin fata. Ya ziyarci [[Houston]], [[California]], da [[Montana]], inda ya lura da sakaci da cin zarafin mutane masu launin fata a hannun jami'an gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Cornely sau da yawa ya kira binciken pseudoscientific, dukansu sun yi watsi da abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a da jin daɗi, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa baƙar fata sun fi fararen fata. A shekara ta 1985, ya rubuta cewa &quot; nuna bambanci da rarrabewa ba su da wani wuri a cikin lafiya&quot;. Baya ga haƙƙin jama'a, Cornely ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga lafiyar jama'a ga kowa kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta samar da kiwon lafiya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa kafin samun &quot;mutum a kan wata&quot;

Cornely ya san Gwajin Tuskegee Syphilis a duk lokacin da yake, kuma ya koyar da shi a matsayin binciken shari'a ga ɗaliban likitancin Afirka a Jami'ar Howard.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot; /&gt; A rayuwarsa ta baya, ya bayyana gazawarsa na fahimtar matsalolin ɗabi'a a matsayin babban kuskure: &quot;Na ɗauki kaina a matsayin mai fafutuka... amma a nan a ƙarƙashin hanci wani abu yana faruwa kuma ni makance ne&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot; /&gt;Ya ji cewa ya tayar da batutuwan wariyar launin fata da rarrabe: &quot;Na gan shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya. Ya nuna maka yadda muka kalli mutane, musamman baƙi waɗanda za a iya kashewa. &quot;

A shekara ta 1973, bayan kusan shekaru arba'in a [[Jami'ar Howard]], Cornely ya yi ritaya a matsayin farfesa mai kula da lafiyar al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
A cikin 1939, Cornely ya kafa Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Dalibai ta Kasa. A shekara ta 1962, Cornely ita ce shugabar da ta kafa kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a ta Gundumar Columbia, wacce ta ci gaba da zama kungiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Washington.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History – MWPHA |url=https://dcmetropha.org/history/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701152308/https://dcmetropha.org/history/ |archive-date=2020-07-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1970, shi ne baƙar fata na farko da aka zaba a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Kyaututtuka da girmamawa sun hada da:

* 1968: Dokta na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Michigan &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* 1969: An zabe shi shugaban kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a ta Amurka 
* 1972: Medal na Tunawa da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka Sedgwick  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous Sedgwick Memorial Medal winners |url=https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/sedgwick-memorial-medal/previous-sedgwick-memorial-medal-winners |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.apha.org |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123161300/https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/sedgwick-memorial-medal/previous-sedgwick-memorial-medal-winners |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1972: An nada shi a cikin Hukumar Rockefeller kan Ci gaban Jama'a da Makomar Amurka 

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==
Littattafansa sun hada da;

* {{Cite journal |last=King |first=Ernest Q. |date=1950-05-06 |title=Clinical Observations on the Use of Terramycin Hydrochloride |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1001/jama.1950.02910360003001 |issn=0002-9955 |pmid=15415221}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Cornely |first=Paul B. |date=1956 |title=Segregation and Discrimination in Medical Care in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1074–1081 |doi=10.2105/ajph.46.9.1074 |issn=0002-9572 |pmc=1624033 |pmid=13354824}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Cornely |first=Paul B. |date=1944-03-25 |title=Distribution of Negro Physicians in the United States in 1942 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |language=en |volume=124 |issue=13 |pages=826 |doi=10.1001/jama.1944.02850130012005 |issn=0002-9955}}

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Cornely ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a 1934, a wannan shekarar ya auri Mae Stewart .  Ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Don girmama Cornely, Jami'ar Michigan ta kafa Shirin Postdoctoral na Cornely , wanda ke ba da tallafi ga malaman kiwon lafiya na jama'a &quot;waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike kan bayyanawa, ragewa, da kawar da bambancin launin fata da kabilanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Description |url=https://www.crech.org/2015-09-02-18-19-47/description |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.crech.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630235045/https://www.crech.org/2015-09-02-18-19-47/description |archive-date=2020-06-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara ta 1984, The Physician Forum ta kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Paul Cornely . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APHA Annual Meeting |url=https://www.aphapeacecaucus.org/apha-annual-meeting |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=Peace Caucus in Affi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Oddworld: Fushin Baƙo</title>
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      <text bytes="13704" sha1="0o2xowiuihfms2f8sqz0mye1te5eqlw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath wasa ne na bidiyo wanda Oddworld Inhabitants suka kirkira kuma Electronic Arts ta buga shi don Xbox. An sake shi a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 2005, kuma shine shigarwa ta huɗu a cikin jerin Oddworld.

Wasan ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru na Baƙo, mai farauta mai ban tsoro. A duk lokacin wasan, Baƙo yana bin kuma yana kama masu laifi don tattara kyaututtuka. Manufar ita ce samun isasshen moolah (kudin wasan) don biyan kuɗi don aikin ceton rai mai ban mamaki. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fasalulluka shine tsarin &quot;harsashi mai rai&quot;, wanda shine harsashi da aka yi da halittu masu rai kamar kwari da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kowannensu yana da amfani da sakamako daban-daban akan abokan gaba.

An saki wasan a kan Steam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Oddboxx'', tarin da ya haɗa da duk wasannin Oddworld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McElroy |first=Griffin |date=April 25, 2010 |title=New Oddworld on hold, old Oddworlds coming to Steam this year |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/04/25/new-oddworld-on-hold-old-oddworlds-coming-to-steam-this-year/ |access-date=March 3, 2012 |publisher=Joystiq}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2010 |title=Oddworld PC games on Steam delayed but still coming in 2010 |url=http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/04/23/oddworld-pc-games-on-steam-delayed-but-still-coming-in-2010/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307172434/http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/04/23/oddworld-pc-games-on-steam-delayed-but-still-coming-in-2010/ |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |publisher=News.bigdownload.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki sigar PlayStation 3 ta hanyar PlayStation Network a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. An saki ginin wayar hannu a cikin 2014 don [[Android]] da iOS. An saki wani ginin Ouya a watan Janairun 2015. An saki tashar Nintendo Switch a watan Janairun 2020, wanda Microids ta buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nintendo |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Nintendo Switch – Indie World Showcase – 12.10.19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67P8PDCV82M |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210190232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67P8PDCV82M |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |website=YouTube }}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki wasan a Xbox One da PlayStation 4 (daga baya aka buga shi a PlayStation 5) a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2022.

== Wasanni ==
Maganar Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath ita ce halin mai kunnawa, wanda ake kira Baƙo, dole ne ya kama masu laifi da ake nema, matattu ko da rai. Wasan yana amfani da ra'ayoyin mutum na uku da na farko. A cikin mutum na uku, mai kunnawa yana sarrafa Baƙo lokacin da yake tafiya mai nisa, tsalle-tsalle na dandamali, hawa igiya, da yaƙi; kuma a cikin mutum na farko, ana amfani da makamai masu yawa. Ana iya kusantar abokan gaba fuska da fuska, ko ta hanyar ɓoyewa daga hangen nesa (kamar yadda aka nuna a allon) da kuma yaudarar abokan gaba daga ko zuwa ga mai kunnawa. Da zarar an haɗu da abokan gaba, ana iya kashe su ko kuma su yi mamakin su; fursunoni masu rai suna samun lada mafi girma. Bayan yunkurin kamawa, Baƙo ba zai iya yin wasu ayyuka ba don haka yana da rauni. Mai kunnawa yana da sanduna biyu: lafiya da ƙarfin zuciya. Lokacin da aka yi lalacewa, bar ɗin kiwon lafiya ya faɗi; idan ya ƙare gaba ɗaya, zai haifar da mutuwar Baƙo. Stamina yana sauka lokacin da mai kunnawa ke yin ayyuka kamar hare-hare ko faɗuwa daga babban tsawo. Duk da yake yana cika kansa a tsawon lokaci, ana iya amfani da shi don girgiza lalacewar bar na kiwon lafiya; don haka warkar da mai kunnawa, amma yana zubar da ƙarfin da sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;page4&quot; /&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasalulluka na wasan shine ƙuƙwalwar baƙo, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hangen nesa na mutum na farko, wanda ke amfani da harsashi mai rai a cikin nau'ikan ƙananan halittu masu ban mamaki a matsayin makamai don sakamako daban-daban. Ana iya siyan harsashi na rayuwa daga masu sayar da wasan ko kuma a same su a duk faɗin duniyar wasan. Lokacin da aka samo shi, ana iya sanya nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyu a cikin giciye a kowane lokaci:  Stunks a matsayin grenades na gas, Thudslugs a matsayin cannonballs, [[Jemage|Boombats]] a matsayin [[Rocket|rokoki]], da Stingbees a matsayin ƙananan harbe-harbe.&lt;ref name=&quot;liveammopages&quot; /&gt;

Wasan ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu yawa masu taka rawa a cikin nau'ikan lada da aka kashe a kan giciye, harsashi, ajiya, da haɓakar makamai da sauran abubuwa kamar binoculars da knuckle dusters.

== Makirci ==
Wasan ya fara ne da mai farauta, wanda aka sani kawai da Baƙo, yana kama wasu 'yan fashi don tara kuɗi don aiki mai ban mamaki. Ya yi tafiya ta cikin garuruwa uku da Clakkerz mai kama da tsuntsu ke zaune; Gizzard Gulch, Buzzarton, kuma a ƙarshe New Yolk City. Tsakanin, ya ji cewa wata kabila ta halittu masu rai da ke zaune a cikin ruwa da ake kira Grubbs aljani ne ke azabtar da su. A baya an kare kabilarsu ta hanyar tseren halittu masu kama da centaur da ake kira Steef, amma waɗannan sun ƙare.

Lokacin da Baƙo ke shirin barin Buzzarton, ya gano cewa kogin da ke kusa da garin ya bushe da madatsar ruwa, wanda wani mutum mai suna Sekto ya gina; kuma an bayyana cewa Sekto ne ke da alhakin halaka Steef, kuma ya ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka tsira na ƙarshe. Sekto ya yi imanin cewa Baƙon ya san inda Steef ke ɓoyewa, kuma ya hayar wani ɗan fashi mai suna D. Caste Raider don yin masa tambayoyi. A lokacin tambayoyin, Raider ya gano cewa Baƙon Steef ne. Bayan wannan wahayi, Baƙon ya tsere zuwa ƙauyen Grubbs.

Lokacin da Baƙon ya sadu da shugaban Grubb, sai ya gano cewa Sekto shi ne aljanin da ya sace ruwa daga Grubbs (don haka ya hana su kifi, babban tushen abincin su), kuma ya aika da sojoji Wolvark don kare kogi da lalata duk wani ƙauyen Grubb da suka samu. Baƙon ya fuskanci Sekto. Lokacin da aka ci Sekto, an lalata madatsar ruwan, inda aka saki ruwa. Yayin da Baƙo ke bincika jikin Sekto, an bayyana Sekto a matsayin halitta mai kama da octopus da ake kira Octigi, wanda ke sarrafa ƙabilar da ta gabata, wanda ya mutu jim kadan bayan binciken. An ga Sekto yana iyo a cikin sabon Kogin Mongo da aka 'yantar.

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Bayan da aka saki, Stranger's Wrath ya sami bita mai kyau sosai tare da matsakaicin ƙimar masu sukar 87% a GameRankings da 88 daga cikin 100 a Metacritic. Daga baya aka zaba shi kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ga kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautattun Ayyuka a cikin Animation da Kyautattun Halin Halin - Maza a AIAS' 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, Best Artistic Graphics a ''GameSpot'' da Best Cinematics da Best Character (Baƙo) a G4, yayin da ya kasance mai cin gaba don Mafi Kyautattun Tsarin akan Xbox a ''IGN'', ya lashe Kyautattun Xbox Exclusive Game daga mujallar Play, an jera shi a cikin Wasanni na Top 50 na Game Informer na 2005 kuma Baƙo an haɗa shi a cikin Top 10 Heroes na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath Awards |url=http://www.oddworld.com/oddworld/company/ow_awards.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514143817/http://www.oddworld.com/oddworld/company/ow_awards.shtml |archive-date=May 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Game Informer's Andrew Reiner ya ba Stranger's Wrath a 9/10, yana kiransa &quot;A mai ban sha'awa da kuma ƙwarewar ƙwarewa wanda ke ba da ƙwarewar caca ba kamar duk abin da muka gani a baya ba (...) kuma yana da hangen nesa sosai a cikin isar da wasan kwaikwayo. &quot;

Xbox version of Stranger's Wrath ya kasance gazawar kasuwanci. Ya sayar da kwafin 600,000 a shekarar 2012, kodayake Lanning ya bayyana cewa &quot;yana buƙatar yin miliyan 1.6 don karya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sales3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin, Matt |date=October 1, 2012 |title=Oddworld: Spending $30m on games, not Ferraris and private jets |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-10-01-oddworld-spending-USD30m-on-games-not-ferraris-and-private-jets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226153516/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-10-01-oddworld-spending-USD30m-on-games-not-ferraris-and-private-jets |archive-date=February 26, 2016 |website=[[Gamesindustry.biz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Stranger's Wrath HD ya sayar da kusan raka'a 600,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. Lorne Lanning ya zargi tallace-tallace mara kyau na sigar Xbox akan tallan EA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matulef |first=Jeffrey |date=March 18, 2014 |title=New 'n' Tasty needs to sell 500K to fund an original new Oddworld game |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-18-New-n-Tasty-needs-to-sell-500K-to-fund-an-original-new-Oddworld-game |access-date=March 18, 2014 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== HD remaster ==
An fara sanar da ingantaccen gini na Stranger's Wrath a cikin 2010 don saki akan PC da PlayStation 3, wanda Just Add Water ya haɓaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Tamoor |date=December 15, 2010 |title=PC News: Oddworld Collection Euro prices confirmed |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=280671 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki wasan ne a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2011, a Turai da Ostiraliya, kuma a ranar 27 ga Disamba a Arewacin Amurka a kan PlayStation Network, kuma ya haɗa da ingantaccen kayan gani na 720p, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=STRANGER'S WRATH HD |url=http://www.oddworld.com/?page_id=778 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |publisher=Just Add Water (Developments) ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙarin cikakkun samfuran halayen, tattaunawar da aka sake sarrafawa, kyaututtuka 37, kayan kyauta da tallafi ga PlayStation Move na waje wanda za a gyara daga baya tare da tallafin 3D. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kietzmann |first=Ludwig |date=September 3, 2010 |title=Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath remake coming to PS3 in 2011 |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/09/03/oddworld-strangers-wrath-ps3-announced/ |access-date=March 3, 2012 |publisher=Joystiq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki PC gina na Stranger's Wrath a kan Steam a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2010, a matsayin wani ɓangare na The ''Oddboxx'', tarin tarin dukkan wasannin Oddworld guda huɗu. Fitarwa ce kai tsaye na asalin wasan Xbox na 2005, tare da ƙarin tallafi ga Ayyukan Steamworks. An shirya wani sashi wanda ke dauke da ingantaccen abun ciki don a saki watanni 2-3 bayan an saki PlayStation 3, kuma an sake shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2012.  A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 kafin a sanar da ranar fitarwa, an saki XMB Dynamic Theme da kayan ado na ''LittleBigPlanet 2'' bisa ga Stranger's Wrath a PlayStation Store.

An sanar da sigar PlayStation Vita a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2011, kuma an sake ta a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2012, a Arewacin Amurka kuma kwana daya daga baya a Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2011 |title=PS Vita Launch Line-up, New Exclusive Games And More Revealed – PlayStation.Blog.Europe |url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/11/22/ps-vita-launch-line-up-new-exclusive-games-and-more-revealed/ |access-date=March 3, 2012 |publisher=Blog.eu.playstation.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da sigar Wii U a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2013, a lokacin E3 2013. Mazaunan Oddworld sun tabbatar da cewa zai yi hanyar zuwa Wii U's Nintendo eShop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wii-U-build-announcement&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madden |first=Orla |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath HD Is Also Coming To Wii U |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/06/oddworld_strangers_wrath_hd_is_also_coming_to_wii_u |access-date=September 10, 2017 |publisher=[[Nintendo Life]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da labarin GoNintendo a watan Agustan 2015 game da matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, Mazauna Oddworld sun bayyana ci gaba a kan ginin Wii U an sanya shi a kan riƙe, amma ba a soke shi a hukumance ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wii-U-on-ice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McFerran |first=Damien |date=August 6, 2015 |title=Oddworld Inhabitants Is No Longer Working On Wii U Stranger's Wrath, But It's Not Canned |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/08/oddworld_inhabitants_is_no_longer_working_on_wii_u_strangers_wrath_but_its_not_cannedn |access-date=September 10, 2017 |publisher=[[Nintendo Life]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a sake wasan don Wii U ba.

An saki ginin wayar hannu a cikin 2014 don [[Android]] da iOS. &lt;ref name=&quot;mobile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stranger's Wrath Mobile |url=http://www.oddworld.com/oddworldgames/strangers-wrath-mobile/ |access-date=July 25, 2014 |website=oddworld.com |publisher=[[Oddworld Inhabitants]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301200909/http://www.oddworld.com/oddworldgames/strangers-wrath-mobile/ |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2018, an sanar da sigar Nintendo Switch a EGX 2018 tare da tabbatar da ranar fitarwa don Janairun 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;strangerswitch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath is Coming to Nintendo Switch |url=http://www.oddworld.com/2018/09/oddworld-strangers-wrath-is-coming-to-nintendo-switch/ |access-date=September 26, 2018 |publisher=Oddworld Inhabitants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503141554/http://www.oddworld.com/2018/09/oddworld-strangers-wrath-is-coming-to-nintendo-switch/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An saki wasan a kan tsarin a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2020. A wannan rana, an ba da sanarwar cewa Microids za su buga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Switch, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar wasanni 3 tare da mazaunan Oddworld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2020 |title=Microids and Oddworld Inhabitants Agree on a Three Title Co-Publishing Deal! |url=https://www.microids.com/microids-and-oddworld-inhabitants-agree-on-a-three-title-co-publishing-deal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Panwali Kantha Bugyal</title>
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      <text bytes="1859" sha1="6pygqg1ko1y4pey9or4z1irmoe9xluw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Panwali Kantha Bugyal''' wani fili ne na Himalayas Alpine field (wanda aka fi sani da [[Bugyals|Bugyal]] ) a gundumar Tehri Garhwal da ke [[Uttarakhand]] . Panwali Kantha Bugyal wuri ne da ake zuwa yawon shakatawa da kuma yin yawo a kan tituna. Bugyal yana da matsakaicin tsayin mita 3368 kuma yana da kusan 90&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga New Tehri . Fili ne mai tsayin tsaunuka wanda ke da faɗin ciyawa. Tana da hanyar tafiya mai kyau. Tafiya zuwa Panwali Kantha Bugyal ta ratsa ta cikin ciyayi masu kyau na dazuzzukan rhododendrons, itacen oak da deodar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panwali Kantha Bugyal |url=https://tehri.nic.in/panwali-kantha/ |publisher=Tehri.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai ciyawa kore a ko'ina a cikin ciyayi a lokacin damina. An yi wa hanyar ado da ja da ruwan hoda, a cikin watannin Afrilu da Mayu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panwali Kantha Trek |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/panwali-kantha.php |publisher=indiahikes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hunturu, dukkan filin ciyawar yana rufe da dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan wuri yana ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na tsaunukan Char Dham. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panwali Kantha Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/panwali-kantha-trek/#gref |publisher=euttaranchal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiya ta fara daga Uttarkashi a gefen Gangotri kuma daga Trijuginarayan a gefen Kedarnath. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panwali Kantha Trek |url=https://www.harkidun.org/panwali-kantha/ |publisher=harkidun.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panwali Kantha Trek |url=https://tehrisatya.com/panwali-kantha-bugyal/ |publisher=tehrisatya.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samunsa daga ƙauyen Ghuttu wanda ke da nisan mil 30.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga Ghansali Ana iya isa gare shi daga ƙauyen Ghuttu wanda ke da nisan mil 30.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga Ghansali.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pat Benatar</title>
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      <text bytes="48235" sha1="mg6zxp1qf0nebl0q6v29bxmfftlt4rl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Patricia Mae Giraldo''' (née '''Andrzejewski'''; sana'a '''Benatar''' /ˈ спонətɑːr/; &lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube|Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo's rock &amp; roll love story}}&lt;/ref&gt; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1953) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Amurka. A Amurka, tana da kundi biyu na platinum, kundi biyar na platinum.  A Kanada tana da kundi takwas na platinum a jere, kuma ta sayar da kundi sama da miliyan 36 a duk duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Katherine Yeske |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo's Invincible Partnership |url=https://americansongwriter.com/pat-benatar-and-neil-giraldos-invincible-partnership/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=American Songwriter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] sau hudu. An shigar da ita cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame a shekarar 2022.

Kundin farko na Benatar, In the Heat of the Night (1979), shine nasararta a Arewacin Amurka, musamman Kanada, inda ta kai No. 3 a kan jadawalin kundin. Waƙoƙi guda biyu daga cikin kundin sune: &quot;Heartbreaker&quot;; da kuma &quot;We Live for Love&quot;, wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar jagorar guitarist kuma mijinta na gaba, Neil Giraldo. Kundin ta na biyu, Crimes of Passion (1980), shine aikin da ya fi cin nasara, ya kai No. 2 a Arewacin Amurka da Faransa, an tabbatar da shi 4× da 5× platinum a Amurka da Kanada, bi da bi. Waƙar &quot;Hit Me with Your Best Shot&quot; ta kai saman 10 a Amurka da Kanada, kuma ita ce waƙarta ta sa hannu. Kundin ta na uku, Precious Time (1981) ya hau kan US Album Chart, kuma ya zama kundi na farko na 10 a Ostiraliya. Ɗaya daga cikin &quot;Wuta da Ice&quot; ya zana sosai a Amurka da Kanada. Kundin Benatar na huɗu, Get Nervous (1982), ya sayar da ƙasa da kundi biyu da suka gabata, amma ya haɗa da &quot;Shadows of the Night&quot; na Arewacin Amurka.

Sautin Benatar ya koma ga karin yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin &quot;Love Is a Battlefield&quot; (1983) ita ce babbar nasara a yawancin ƙasashe, ta kai No. 1 a cikin Netherlands, Ostiraliya, sashin Rock Tracks na Amurka, da No. 5 a kan US Hot 100. Kundin rayuwa da ya fito daga, Live from Earth (1983), shine babban mai sayarwa a Ostiraliya, Jamus, da Netherlands. Kundin ta na biyar shi ne ''Tropical'' (1984), kuma jagoranta &quot;We Belong&quot; ya kai saman 10 a kasashe da yawa, gami da No. 5 a kan US Hot 100. Kundin Benatar na shida, Seven the Hard Way (1985), ya sayar da shi sosai, amma ya samar da mutane biyu da ke komawa ga dutsen dutse: &quot;Invincible&quot;, saman 10 da aka buga a Arewacin Amurka; da kuma &quot;Jima'i a matsayin Makami&quot;. Kundin ta na bakwai, Wide Awake in Dreamland (1988), ya nuna sake farfadowa a tallace-tallace a Kanada da Ostiraliya, kuma ita ce mafi girman kundin zane a Burtaniya. Rocker dinsa, &quot;All Fired Up&quot;, ya kasance babban abin bugawa a Kanada, Ostiraliya da Amurka. Benatar ya fitar da karin kundi hudu tsakanin 1991 da 2003: True Love (1991), Gravity's Rainbow (1993), ''Innamorata'' (1997), da Go (2003).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Patricia Mae Andrzejewski was born on January 10, 1953, in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, [[New York (birni)|New York City]].{{R|Prato}} Her mother, Mildred (née Knapp; 1928–2016), was a beautician, and her father, Andrew ({{Lang|pl|Andrzej}}) Andrzejewski (1926–2009), was a sheet metal worker.&lt;ref name=&quot;benatarfanclub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andrzejewski Wave File |url=http://www.benatarfanclub.com/sound/andrze.wav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006222357/http://www.benatarfanclub.com/sound/andrze.wav |archive-date=October 6, 1999 |access-date=June 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andrew was of Polish descent and Mildred was of German, English, and Irish ancestry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pat Benatar The Italian Site, Piazza Alimonda 14 R, Genova |url=http://www.patbenatar.eu/eng/index.php?fl=2&amp;op=mcs&amp;id_cont=140&amp;eng=Biography&amp;idm=178 |access-date=April 24, 2011 |website=Patbenatar.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her family moved to North Hamilton Avenue in Lindenhurst, New York, a village in the Long Island town of Babylon.

Andrzejewski ya horar da shi a matsayin coloratura tare da shirye-shiryen halartar Makarantar Juilliard, amma ya yanke shawarar neman ilimin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Stony Brook. A shekara 19, bayan shekara guda a Stony Brook, ta fita don auren mijinta na farko, masoyin makarantar sakandare Dennis Benatar, Sojojin Amurka wanda ya horar da shi a Fort Jackson, South Carolina, sannan ya yi aiki tare da Hukumar Tsaro ta Sojoji a Fort Devens, Massachusetts, kafin a ajiye shi a Fort Lee, Virginia, tun daga 1973. Pat ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi a banki kusa da Richmond, Virginia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ollison |first=Rashod |title=Pat Benatar moved from Richmond to stardom |url=https://pilotonline.com/entertainment/music/pat-benatar-moved-from-richmond-to-stardom/article_f5ff4de3-1c62-5c39-8f6d-53ba7a0d1e53.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083203/https://pilotonline.com/entertainment/music/pat-benatar-moved-from-richmond-to-stardom/article_f5ff4de3-1c62-5c39-8f6d-53ba7a0d1e53.html |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |website=pilotonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kappatos |first=Nicole |date=April 11, 2017 |title=From the Archives: Pat Benatar's rise to fame began in Richmond |url=http://www.richmond.com/from-the-archives/from-the-archives-pat-benatar-s-rise-to-fame-began/article_787ffb76-0f16-11e7-a879-1765d24ef157.html |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Benatar ta bar aikinta a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na banki don neman aikin waka bayan an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Liza Minnelli da ta gani a Richmond, Virginia. Benatar tana da rawar gani a wani Holiday Inn kuma an hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a wani kulob din dare mai suna Roaring Twenties . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; A cikin Roaring Twenties, ta sadu kuma ta kafa duo tare da pianist Phil Coxon, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya fadada zuwa ƙungiyar mutane goma da ake kira Coxon's Army, na yau da kullun a kulob din Sam Miller.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Kungiyar ta sami karbuwa kuma ita ce batun [[PBS]] na musamman da ba a taɓa watsawa ba; bassist dinsa Roger Capps daga baya ya zama dan wasan bass na asali na Pat Benatar Band. Wannan lokacin kuma ya samar da na farko na Benatar: &quot;Day Gig&quot; (1974), wanda Coxon ya rubuta kuma ya samar kuma ya ba da iyakantaccen saki na gida. Ayyukanta na karshe a Richmond ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na sa'o'i biyu a makarantar sakandare ta Thomas Jefferson . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

An sallami Dennis daga Sojoji kuma ma'auratan sun koma New York a watan Mayu 1975 don haka Benatar zai iya bin aikin waka.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wani dare mai son a kulob din wasan kwaikwayo na Catch a Rising Star a New York . Bayanan Benatar na Judy Garland na &quot;Rock-a-Bye Your Baby With a Dixie Melody&quot; ya ba ta kira daga mai kulob din Rick Newman, wanda daga nan ya zama manajanta; Benatar ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a Catch a Rising Star na shekaru uku masu zuwa. A ƙarshen 1975, ta sauka da ɓangaren Zephyr a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Harry Chapin, The ''Zinger'', wanda ya gudana na wata ɗaya a 1976 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Performing Arts Foundation (PAF) a Huntington Station, Long Island .

Halloween 1977 ya tabbatar da dare mai mahimmanci a farkon Benatar, mutum mai banƙyama. Ta shiga gasar Halloween a Cafe Figaro a Greenwich Village ta yi ado a matsayin hali daga fim din Cat-Women of the Moon . Daga baya a wannan maraice, Benatar ya tafi kan mataki a Catch a Rising Star har yanzu a cikin tufafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2008 |title=Pat Benatar and Sienna Miller – Rock Star Style Sisters |url=http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/grammys/photos/0,,20163406_20166608_20381787,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212924/http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/grammys/photos/0,,20163406_20166608_20381787,00.html |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |website=InStyle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin bayyanar a Catch a Rising Star, ta yi rikodin jingles na kasuwanci don [[Pepsi]]-Cola da wasu alamun yanki. Benatar ta kasance mai kula da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tramps na Birnin New York a cikin kwanaki hudu a cikin bazara 1978, inda wakilan kamfanoni da yawa suka ji rawar da ta taka. Benatar ya sanya hannu a Chrysalis Records ta hanyar co-kafa Terry Ellis a mako mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiponline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2008 |title=Pat Benatar profile at |url=http://www.hiponline.com/music-artists/pat-benatar |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=Hip Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805183900/http://www.hiponline.com/music-artists/pat-benatar/ |archive-date=August 5, 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da Dennis sun sake aure ba da daɗewa ba, kodayake Benatar ya ci gaba da sunansa.

=== 1979-1981: ''A cikin Zafin Dare'' da Laifukan Passion''Laifukan sha'awa'' ===
An saki kundi na farko na Benatar, In the Heat of the Night, a watan Agustan 1979, amma an fara shi ne kawai a kan jadawalin kundin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwqA&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 200 na Amurka a watan Oktoba, daga ƙarshe ya kai lamba 12 a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1980. Mike Chapman ya samar da waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin, yayin da injiniya Peter Coleman ya kula da sauran. Bugu da kari, Chapman da abokin aikinsa na rubuce-rubuce, Nicky Chinn, sun rubuta waƙoƙi uku da suka bayyana a kan LP: &quot;A cikin Heat of the Night&quot; da &quot;Idan Ka Yi Tunanin Ka San Yadda Za Ka Ka Ka Soyayya Ni&quot; waɗanda Smokie ya rubuta a baya, da kuma sake tsara waƙar da suka rubuta don Sweet, &quot;A'a Ba ku da&quot;. Kundin ya kuma ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu da Roger Capps da ita suka rubuta; &quot;Ina Bukatar Mai ƙauna&quot;, wanda John Mellencamp ya rubuta; da kuma &quot;Kada ku bari ya nuna&quot;, wanda Alan Parsons da Eric Woolfson suka rubuta.

Kundin ya sami takardar shaidar Platinum ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;riaa.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recording Industry Association of America |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database |access-date=March 31, 2012 |publisher=RIAA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanada ta zama kasuwar da ta fi cin nasara a kundin yayin da ta tabbatar da 4× Platinum a can tare da ginshiƙi mafi girma na lamba 3 a kan RPM albums chart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 19, 1980 |title=RPM 100 Albums |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4768a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606191014/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4768a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013 |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake ya kasance matsakaiciyar nasara a Ostiraliya, ya kai lamba 25, kuma ya ci nasara sosai a New Zealand, ya kai lambar 8, kusan ya kai Top 100 a Burtaniya. Ba a saba da shi ba ga kundin harshen Ingilishi, kasuwar Turai da ta fi cin nasara ita ce Faransa inda ta tafi lamba 20.

&quot;If You Think You Know How to Love Me&quot; ita ce ta farko da aka saki a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1979. Koyaya, bai yi nasara ba. An saki ta biyu &quot;Heartbreaker&quot; a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1979, kuma ta zama mai barci, daga ƙarshe ta hau zuwa lamba 23 a Amurka, lamba 16 a Kanada da lamba 14 a New Zealand. Daga baya aka jera shi a No. 72 a jerin VH1 na Greatest Hard Rock songs of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2009 |title=100 Best Hard Rock Songs Ever (According to VH1) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/43591/vh1s_100_greatest_hard_rock_songs/news/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na uku &quot;We Live for Love&quot;, wanda mijinta na gaba Neil Giraldo ya rubuta, an sake shi a watan Fabrairun 1980, kuma ya zama ta farko Top 10 da ta buga ko'ina ta hanyar kaiwa lamba 8 a Kanada, yayin da ta kai lamba 27 a Amurka, lamba 26 a New Zealand, da lamba 28 a Ostiraliya, ta farko a can.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 10, 1953 |title=Pat Benatar |url=http://allmusic.com/artist/pat-benatar-p3661/charts-awards/billboard-singles |access-date=March 31, 2012 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 1980, ta fitar da LP ta biyu, Crimes of Passion, tare da waƙarta ta sa hannu &quot;Hit Me with Your Best Shot&quot; tare da waƙar mai rikitarwa &quot;Hell Is for Children&quot;.Kalmomin waƙar suna tattauna abubuwan da masu cin zarafin yara ke gaya wa wadanda aka azabtar da su, kamar, &quot;Ka gaya wa kakarka ka fadi daga juyawa&quot;.Benatar ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar karanta jerin labarai a cikin The New York Times game da cin zarafin yara a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title='Hell Is For Children' – Pat Benatar |url=https://nightswithalicecooper.com/2020/03/25/hell-is-for-children-pat-benatar/#:~:text=The%20song%20was%20inspired%20by,we%20immediately%20started%20writing%20lyrics |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616152102/https://nightswithalicecooper.com/2020/03/25/hell-is-for-children-pat-benatar/#:~:text=The%20song%20was%20inspired%20by,we%20immediately%20started%20writing%20lyrics |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |access-date=July 25, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hit Me With Your Best Shot&quot; (lambar Amurka 9) ita ce ta farko da ta karya US Top 10 kuma ta sayar da fiye da miliyan daya (Gold status) a Amurka. Har ila yau, ya kasance Top 10 da aka buga a Kanada kuma ya kasance matsakaici a Ostiraliya, inda ya kai lamba 33. Kundin ya kai makonni biyar a jere a lamba ta 2 a Amurka a watan Janairun 1981 (bayan [[John Lennon]] da Yoko Ono's Double Fantasy) kuma wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] ta farko don &quot;Mafi kyawun Rock Vocal Performance&quot; na 1980 don kundin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=grammy.com |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=pat+benatar&amp;title=&amp;year=1980&amp;genre=All |access-date=June 14, 2012 |website=Grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran waƙoƙin da aka saki daga Crimes of Passion sune &quot;Treat Me Right&quot; (lambar Amurka 18 da Kanada lamba 12) da kuma murfin Rascals, &quot;You Better Run&quot; (lamar Amurka 42 amma ba ta tsara a Kanada ba), wanda shine bidiyon kiɗa na biyu da aka taɓa bugawa a MTV, bayan Buggles' &quot;Video Killed the Radio Star&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;hiponline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2020 |title=The Very First Two Hours Of MTV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJtiPRDIqtI |access-date=July 23, 2024 |website=MTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin ya kuma nuna canjin murfin Kate Bush na &quot;Wuthering Heights&quot;. Keith Olsen ne ya samar da shi, Crimes of Passion ya kasance a kan labaran kundin Amurka na makonni 93 kuma a saman 10 na fiye da watanni shida, ya zama takardar shaidar Platinum ta farko ta RIAA, kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin 4× Platinum, babban kundin sayar da Benatar a Amurka. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1980, ta (tare da mijinta na gaba Neil Giraldo) ta bayyana a bangon mujallar Rolling Stone . An tabbatar da kundin 5× Platinum a Kanada, kuma shine kundin Benatar mafi kyawun sayar da shi a wannan ƙasar, inda ya kai lamba ta 2 a kan labaran kundin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 22, 1980 |title=RPM 100 Albums |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4703a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606175000/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4703a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013 |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi nasara a New Zealand (lambar 6), Faransa (lambar 2) da Ostiraliya (lambar 16) amma bai tsara a Burtaniya ba.

=== 1982-1983: Lokaci mai daraja, ''Ku damu'', kuma Ku ''Rayuwa daga Duniya'' ===
A watan Yulin 1981, Benatar ta fitar da kundi na uku, Precious Time, wanda ya zama kundi na farko da ya buga lamba daya a kan Billboard 200. A Kanada, an tabbatar da shi sau biyu Platinum kuma ya kai lamba ta 2 a kan jadawalin kundin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 12, 1981 |title=RPM 50 Albums |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0382&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606173517/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0382&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013 |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau ita ce ta farko da Benatar ta zana a Burtaniya, ta kai lamba 30, kuma ta zama babbar nasara a Ostiraliya da New Zealand, ta kai lambar 8 da lambar 2, bi da bi, yayin da ta sake samun nasara sosai a Faransa, ta kai matsayi na 3. Kundin kundin, &quot;Fire and Ice&quot; (wanda memba na ƙungiyar Scott Sheets ya rubuta), wani abu ne mai bugawa (lambar Amurka 17 da lamba 2 a kan sabon sashin Rock Tracks, Kanada lamba 4, Top 30 Australia da New Zealand) kuma ta lashe Benatar lambar yabo ta Grammy ta biyu don &quot;Mafi kyawun Rock Vocal Performance&quot; da kuma ta uku a jere ta RIAA ta tabbatar da platinum, a ƙarshe an tabbatar da shi sau biyu Platinum. &quot;Alkawura A cikin Duhu&quot; (lambar Amurka 38 da lambar Kanada 31) an kuma saki shi a matsayin guda.

An saki Get Nervous a cikin 1982, wanda aka jagoranta ta hanyar bidiyo da bidiyo na MTV, &quot;Shadows of the Night&quot;, wanda ya sayar da kyau: US Hot 100 lamba 13 da Rock Tracks lamba 3, Kanada lamba 12, da AUS lamba 19. Kundin ya kasance wani nasara, ya kai lamba 4 a Amurka, kodayake ya sayar da kyau a yawancin sauran ƙasashe, gabaɗaya kawai ya kai Top 20 (lambar Kanada 16), kuma kawai ya kai lamba 73 a Burtaniya. Ita ce ta huɗu a jere ta RIAA da CRIA Platinum takardar shaidar, kuma &quot;Shadows of the Night&quot; ta sami Benatar ta uku Grammy, kuma don &quot;Mafi kyawun Rock Vocal Performance&quot;. Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, &quot;Little Too Late&quot; da &quot;Looking for a Stranger&quot;, sun yi nasara a Amurka, sun buga lamba 20 da lamba 39 (tare da lamba 4 a kan jadawalin Rock Tracks) amma ba su tsara a waje da Amurka ba, har ma a Kanada. Bidiyo na kiɗa na WWII na &quot;Shadows of the Night&quot; ya nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ba a san su ba a lokacin Alkalin Reinhold a matsayin matukin jirgin saman Amurka da Bill Paxton a matsayin mai ba da rediyo na Jamus.

A shekara ta 1983, Benatar ta kafa suna don raira waƙa game da batutuwan &quot;mai wuya&quot;, wanda aka fi kwatanta da ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta yi a cikin aikinta, &quot;Love Is a Battlefield&quot; (wanda sanannen marubucin waƙoƙin Holly Knight ya rubuta tare da Mike Chapman), wanda aka saki a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1983. A wannan lokacin, sautin Benatar ya narke daga dutse mai wuya zuwa karin yanayi kuma bidiyon bidiyo na &quot;Love Is a Battlefield&quot; an yi niyya ne a MTV, har ma da nuna Benatar a cikin lambar rawa ta [[Michael Jackson]], ta amfani da darektan Jackson Beat It Bob Giraldi da mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo Michael Peters. Wannan sabon jagorancin pop / rock ya kasance babbar nasara ta kasuwanci, tare da ɗayan da ya rage a yau a matsayin babbar nasara a yawancin ƙasashe. Wannan ya haɗa da shi yana ƙaruwa a lamba 5 a kan US Hot 100, lamba 1 na makonni huɗu a kan US Rock Tracks chart, lamba 2 a Kanada, lamba 1 a cikin Netherlands (na makonni huuri da suka ƙare a matsayin lambar 2 song na shekara), ta farko Top 30 ta buga a can, kuma a lamba 1 a Australia na makonni bakwai a jere, ta farko Top 25 ta buga a nan, lamba 3 a Jamus ta Yamma, lamba ta 5 a Switzerland, lamba ta 6 a New Zealand, da lamba ta 17 a Burtaniya, waƙarta ta farko Top 50 a can. Ita ce waƙarta ta farko da ta zana a Switzerland, ta kai lamba 11 a can. Waƙar ta kuma ba Benatar lambar yabo ta Grammy ta huɗu a jere don &quot;Mafi kyawun Rock Vocal Performance&quot;.

&quot;Love Is a Battlefield&quot; na ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi biyu da aka haɗa a cikin kundin rayuwa, Live from Earth, wanda aka rubuta a lokacin da aka sayar da shi a duniya 'Get Nervous' na Amurka da Turai a cikin 1982 da 1983, ɗayan kuma &quot;Lipstick Lies&quot;. Kundin ya sami nasara a kasashe daban-daban: ya kai lamba ta 2 a Ostiraliya, lamba ta 12 a New Zealand, lamba ta 13 a Amurka, kuma ya zama kundi na farko da aka buga a Jamus (lambar 7) da Netherlands (lambar 4), amma kawai ya sanya Top 25 a Kanada da Faransa, da kuma lamba ta 60 a Burtaniya. Ya zama kundi na biyar a jere na RIAA da CRIA Platinum . &lt;ref name=&quot;riaa.com&quot; /&gt;

=== 1984-1986: ''Tropical'' da ''Bakwai Hanyar Ƙarfi'' ===
A shekara ta 1984, Benatar ta fitar da kundi na biyar, ''Tropical'', wanda, ban da isa lamba 7 a New Zealand da lamba 31 a Burtaniya, gabaɗaya mataki ne na baya a yawancin sauran ƙasashe (lambar Amurka 14, Kanada lamba 21, AUS lamba 9, Faransa lamba 16, Jamus lamba 26, Netherlands lamba 23). Waƙar &quot;We Belong&quot;, waƙar pop mai saurin gudu, wacce aka saki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1984, wata daya kafin a saki kundin, ta zama wani saman 10 da aka buga a Amurka wanda ya kai lamba 5, ya kai Top 10 a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, gami da lamba 7 a Ostiraliya, lamba 9 a Yammacin Jamus, da kuma lamba 5 a Switzerland, mafi nasara amma ta ƙarshe a can. Har ila yau, ya kai lamba ta 22 a Burtaniya. Wani saki na biyu, &quot;Ooh Ooh Song&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;Inc.1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=101–}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kai lamba 36 a Amurka, amma ya yi mummunar aiki a wasu ƙasashe. Benatar da Giraldo sun ce wannan kundin shine na farko inda suka tashi daga sanannen sautin &quot;dutse mai ƙarfi&quot; kuma suka fara gwaji tare da sabon, wani lokacin &quot;mai tausayi&quot;, salo da sauti. Duk da cewa ba ta sanya US Top 10 ba, kundin nan da nan ya ba ta lambar yabo ta shida a jere ta RIAA da CRIA Platinum.

Bayan nasarar ginshiƙi na &quot;We Belong&quot; a Burtaniya, an sake sake &quot;Love is a Battlefield&quot; a Burtània a farkon 1985 kuma ya zama ginshiƙi mafi girma na Benatar a can, ya kai lamba 17. An kuma zabi &quot;We Belong&quot; don Mafi kyawun Female Pop Vocal Performance a shekarar 1986, ta farko da aka zaba a wannan rukuni.

A shekara ta 1985, Benatar ta fitar da kundi na shida, Seven the Hard Way . Ta buga US Top 10 (kuma lamba 4 a kan US Rock Tracks chart) tare da Grammy-nominated rock single &quot;Invincible&quot; (taken daga fim din The Legend of Billie Jean), wanda Holly Knight (Love Is a Battlefield) da Simon Climie suka rubuta, watanni uku cikakke kafin a saki kundin. Waƙar kuma ta kai lamba ta 6 a Kanada. Sauran dan wasan da aka zaba a Grammy daga kundin, &quot;Jima'i Kamar Makami&quot; wanda aka yi amfani da shi a guitar, ya hau har zuwa lamba 28 a kan Hot 100 na Amurka a watan Janairun 1986, lamba 5 a kan sashin Rock Tracks na Amurka, kuma ya kai Top 30 a Kanada. Dukkanin bakwai da Hard Way sun kasa samun nasara a waje da Arewacin Amurka fiye da 'yan wasa biyu da suka gabata, gabaɗaya sun kai Top 30 a Ostiraliya, Jamus ta Yamma, Netherlands, da New Zealand (ko da yake Invincible ya tafi Top 15 a can), amma ya rasa Top 50 a Burtaniya. Na uku, mai laushi &quot;Le Bel Age&quot;, ya sanya shi zuwa lamba 54 a kan US Hot 100.

''Seven the Hard Way'' peaked at number 26 in the US, earning an RIAA Gold certification (import CD). In Canada, it was Benatar's seventh consecutive Platinum certified album, even though it only peaked at number 35&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 25, 1986 |title=RPM 100 Albums |url=https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?IdNumber=700&amp;app=rpm |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the albums sales chart. It also reached number 19 in Australia and was a big success in New Zealand reaching number 2, but did not reach the Top 50 in West Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland or the UK, and for the first time, an album of hers failed to chart in France. In her autobiography, ''Between a Heart and a Rock Place'', she said, &quot;Out of all the albums, ''Seven the Hard Way'' cost the most to make and sold the least.&quot; The album sold approximately 600,000 US copies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}

=== 1987-1988: ''Mafi kyawun Shots'' da Wide Awake a Dreamland''Farkawa mai zurfi a cikin Dreamland'' ===
A watan Yulin 1988, Benatar ta fitar da kundi na bakwai, Wide Awake in Dreamland, wanda gabaɗaya ya inganta akan nasarar Seven the Hard Way, kamar kai lamba 11 a Burtaniya da Kanada,  inda ta sami kundi na takwas a jere na Platinum a Kanada, da kuma lamba 13 a Ostiraliya. Ya kai lamba 26 a Amurka, amma ya tsaya a lamba 15 a New Zealand, yawanci ɗaya daga cikin kasuwannin da suka fi nasara. Mawallafin da aka zaba na Grammy, &quot;All Fired Up&quot; (wanda Kerryn Tolhurst, tsohon Dingoes ya rubuta) ya kai lamba 19 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya (tare da lamba 2 a kan sashin Rock Tracks na Amurka), lamba 8 a Kanada, lamba 20 a New Zealand, kuma ya kasance lamba 2 a Ostiraliya, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na 1988 a wannan ƙasar. Sauran waƙoƙin da aka saki daga LP sune &quot;Don't Walk Away&quot; (lambar Burtaniya 42), Grammy da aka zaba &quot;Let's Stay Together&quot;, da kuma &quot;One Love&quot; (lamar Burtaniya 59).

=== 1989-2012: ''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'', Rainbow na Gravity, ''Innamorata'' da Go''Ka tafi'' ===
[[File:PatBenatarLiveinSydney2010.jpg|left|thumb|Benatar yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Sydney a watan Oktoba 2010]]
Gaskiya Ƙauna ta kasance rikodin tsalle-tsalle, wanda aka saki a ƙarshen Afrilu 1991, kuma ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar blues Roomful of Blues, tana tallafawa Pat Benatar, Neil Giraldo, da Myron Grombacher . Kundin ya sayar da fiye da 339,000  ba tare da wani rediyo mai mahimmanci ba kuma iyakance fallasa a kan VH-1. &quot;Payin' the Cost to Be the Boss&quot;, &quot;So Long&quot;, da kuma yanke taken an sake su a matsayin mutane, tare da farko ya kai lamba 17 a kan sashin Rock Tracks na Amurka, amma ba a tsara shi ko'ina ba. Kundin ya kai lamba 40 a Burtaniya da lamba 37 a Amurka. An tabbatar da shi Gold a Kanada don tallace-tallace na raka'a 50,000, Benatar ta farko da ba ta cimma matsayin Platinum ba kuma ta karshe da aka tabbatar da shi ga wannan ƙasar inda ta kai 22 a kan sashin tallace-tafiyar kundin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 1, 1991 |title=RPM 100 Albums |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.1533&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606173401/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.1533&amp;type=1&amp;interval=20&amp;PHPSESSID=fd0dau011k2botu6a479l96mf5 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2013 |website=[[Library and Archives Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kai Top 40 a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.

An saki Gravity's Rainbow a 1993 kuma ya dawo cikin nau'in AOR. &quot;Kowane mutum ya kwanta&quot; an karbe shi ta hanyar rediyo na Album Rock kuma ya tafi har zuwa lamba 3 a kan jadawalin Rock Tracks. Ba a taɓa sakin ɗayan ba zuwa Top 40 / Contemporary Hit Radio kuma ba a taɓa samar da bidiyon kiɗa ba. Sauran kasar da aka tsara shi ne Kanada inda ya kai lamba 50. &quot;Somebody's Baby&quot; an sake shi a matsayin guda zuwa Top 40 rediyo da bidiyon kiɗa da aka samar, amma bai tsara a Amurka ba kuma ya kasance ƙaramin nasara ne kawai a wasu ƙasashe, gami da ƙaruwa a lamba 41 a Kanada.


An saki ''Innamorata'' (lambar Amurka 171) a cikin 1997 a kan lakabin rikodin CMC International. An samar da bidiyo guda ɗaya don &quot;Strawberry Wine (Life is Sweet) &quot;. A cewar SoundScan, kundin ya sayar da kusan 65,000.

Benatar ya fitar da kundi daya kawai na sabon abu tun daga ''Innamorata'' na 1997, wanda shine Go na 2003 (lambar Amurka 187). Kundin ya haɗa da waƙar sadaka ta 9/11 &quot;Kirsimeti a Amurka&quot; a matsayin waƙar kyauta. An samar da bidiyon &quot;Have It All&quot;, amma ba a sake shi ba har sai an ɓoye shi a YouTube a cikin 2012; bidiyon kawai daga wannan kundin shine don waƙar kyauta. Sun sake haɗuwa da Holly Knight tare da Neil da Holly suna rubuta waƙar &quot;Girl&quot;. Waƙar da ake kira &quot;Go!&quot; ta zama sanannen waƙar wasan kwaikwayo don kide-kide na Benatar na gaba. A cewar SoundScan, kundin yanzu ya sayar da kusan 34,000.

=== 2013-yanzu ===
[[File:Pat_Benatar_and_Neil_Giraldo_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor,_2025-05-29_03.jpg|thumb|Benatar yana aiki a cikin 2025]]
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Benatar ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da waƙar hutu mai suna &quot;One December Night&quot;.

A watan Janairun 2017, Benatar ta rubuta waƙar &quot;Shine&quot; don tallafawa Maris na Mata a ranar 21 ga Janairun, 2017, wanda shine rikodin ta na farko da ba na hutu ba a cikin shekaru 10. A wannan watan Satumba, Benatar ya sake haɗuwa da marubucin waƙa da furodusa Linda Perry don waƙar &quot;Dancing Through the Wreckage&quot;, wanda shine jagora daga sauti don shirin Served Like a Girl . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, waƙar ta shiga cikin Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart, daga ƙarshe ta kai lamba 22 a watan Nuwamba. Waƙar ta kuma sami gabatarwa don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar daga Kayan Kayan Kwarewa daga Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Kwarewa.

A cikin 2020, an zabi Benatar tare da mijinta don shigarwa a cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame tare da wasu masu fasaha goma sha biyar amma duk da zuwa na biyu a cikin kuri'un magoya baya ba ta cikin wadanda aka shigar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Lindenhurst's Pat Benatar Passed Over for 2020 Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame Induction |url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2020/01/15/lindenhursts-pat-benatar-passed-over-for-2020-rock-roll-hall-of-fame-induction/ |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=Long Island Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da Giraldo an zabi su a karo na biyu a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joe Lynch |date=September 3, 2019 |title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2022 Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/rock-roll-hall-fame-2022-nominees-1235026206/ |access-date=March 1, 2022 |publisher=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2022, Hall of Fame ya sanar da cewa za a haɗa Benatar da Giraldo a cikin aji na 2022 na masu shigarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Inductees Announced |url=https://www.rockhall.com/ |website=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 2022, Benatar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta daina yin &quot;Hit Me with Your Best Shot&quot; a kan yawon shakatawa na yanzu &quot;a cikin girmamawa ga wadanda ke fama da iyalai na waɗannan harbe-harbe na baya-bayan nan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fieldstadt |first=Elisha |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Pat Benatar won't sing 'Hit Me With Your Best Shot' after spate of mass shootings |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pat-benatar-wont-sing-hit-best-shot-spate-mass-shootings-rcna39527 |access-date=July 23, 2022 |website=NBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
[[File:Benatar_-_Giraldo.jpg|thumb|Benatar tare da mijinta kuma jagorar guitarist, Neil Giraldo, a cikin 2009]]
A shekara ta 1972, tana da shekaru 19, Benatar ta auri ƙaunatacciyar makarantar sakandare, Dennis Benatar . Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekarar 1979. Ta auri mijinta na biyu, guitarist Neil Giraldo, tun 1982. Suna zaune a [[Malibu, California|Malibu]], California .  Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Haley (an haife ta a watan Fabrairun 1985) da Hana (an haifi ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1994).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Pat Benatar And Neil Giraldo: Star-Crossed Lovers, Partners For More Than 30 Years |url=http://yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/stop-the-presses/pat-benatar-neil-giraldo-star-crossed-lovers-partners-015202418.html |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Pat Benatar's 2 Daughters: All About Haley and Hana |url=https://people.com/parents/all-about-pat-benatar-kids |website=People.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin 'ya'yanta mata sun bayyana a kan E! jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive da Relatively Famous: Ranch Rules, a ƙarshen 2005 da farkon 2022, bi da bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relatively Famous: Ranch Rules |url=https://www.eonline.com/shows/relatively_famous_ranch_rules |access-date=March 24, 2022 |website=Eonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relatively Famous: Ranch Rules Cast |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/relatively-famous-ranch-rules-cast/ss-AARwZ7o |access-date=March 24, 2022 |website=Msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake Benatar da Giraldo duka Roman Katolika ne, su biyun ba su yi aure a cikin Cocin ba, saboda kisan gillar tsohon. Su biyu sun yi aure a Hana, Hawaii, ta Rev. Henry Kahula na Ikilisiyar Wainanalua a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1982, kwanaki kadan kafin Kyautar Grammy ta 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;Between a Rock and a Heart Place&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Pat Benatar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarihi ===
A watan Yunin 2010, an saki littafin Benatar, Between a Heart and a Rock Place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Pat Benatar}}&lt;/ref&gt; HarperCollins ne ya buga littafin kuma Lisa Sharkey ce ta saye shi. Rahoton Benatar ya shafi yaƙe-yaƙe da ta yi da kamfanin rikodin ta Chrysalis, matsalolin da aikinta ya haifar a rayuwarta, da kuma mata. A cikin tarihin, an nakalto ta tana cewa, &quot;Kowace rana tun lokacin da na tsufa don yin tunani, na dauki kaina a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ... Yana da ƙarfi don kallo da sanin hakan, watakila a wata hanya, na sanya hanya mai wuya [mata] suyi tafiya kaɗan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eby |first=Margaret |date=June 18, 2010 |title=10 best moments from Pat Benatar's memoir |url=https://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/best_parts_of_pat_benatars_memoir/ |access-date=June 16, 2013 |website=Salon}}&lt;/ref&gt;Littafin ya ci gaba da zama Littafin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAcs&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; mafi kyawun sayarwa. Da farko ba ta son aiwatar da aikin, sai ta sami ainihin tsarin rubuce-rubuce mai daɗi sosai har ya yi mata wahayi zuwa gare ta da shirye-shiryen rubuta littafi. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, Benatar ta sanar da cewa tana aiki a kan kundin Kirsimeti da wani labari game da zuwan Kristi na biyu.

== Tafiya ==

* 1979-1980: yawon shakatawa don tallafawa In the Heat of the Night da Crimes of Passion''Laifukan sha'awa''
* 1981: Yawon shakatawa na lokaci mai daraja
* 1982-1983: Get Nervous Tour, wanda ya haifar da Live from Earth album da HBO na musamman da aka saki akan VHS da (a ƙarshe) DVD
* 1985-1986: Bakwai da Hard Way Tour
* 1988: ''Farkawa mai zurfi a cikin Dreamland'' Tour
* 1991: Yawon shakatawa na soyayya ta gaskiya tare da Hall da Oates
* 1993: Gravity's Rainbow Tour tare da kwanakin bakwai kawai (an yanke shi saboda ciki na biyu) 
* 1995: Ba za a iya dakatar da Rockin' Tour tare da Fleetwood Mac da REO Speedwagon ba
* 1996: Hits Tour, wanda ya nuna wasu kayan daga ''Innamorata''
* 1997: ya zagaya tare da Steve Miller Band, yana ƙara cikakken wasan kwaikwayo a cikin mashaya da kulob a daren Miller; ya bayyana a Lilith Fair don wasan kwaikwayo biyu
* 1998: Yawon shakatawa na ''Innamorata''
* 1999: Synchronistic Wanderings 20th Anniversary Tour
* 2000: Ziyarar PB2000
* 2001-2002: ''Yawon shakatawa na bazara'' don tallafawa CD da DVD da aka saki Yawon shakata na bazara
* 2003: Ba zan tafi yawon shakatawa ba
* 2004: Bari mu tafi yawon shakatawa
* 2005: Kusan II yawon shakatawa
* 2006: Polyamnesia Off the Rock Tour
* 2007: Tafiye-tafiye na taƙaitaccen
* 2008: An harbe shi! Yawon shakatawa
* 2009: Kira Ni Invincible Tour tare da Blondy; kuma ya nuna The Donnas a wasu shirye-shiryen solo na cikakken lokaci
* 2010: Love on the Run Tour tare da REO Speedwagon,  wanda ya hada da tsohon mawaki, Myron Grombacher . Daga baya, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, ta zagaya Australia kuma ta buga wasanni daban-daban tare da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta 1980 The Bangles &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Katulka |first=Lauren |date=July 8, 2010 |title=Pat Benatar and The Bangles Team Up for Aussie Tour |url=https://www.soundsofoz.com/2010/07/08/pat-benatar-and-the-bangles-team-up-for-aussie-tour/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=Sounds of Oz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Abubuwan da ke cikin yawon shakatawa guda biyar
* 2012: yawon shakatawa tare da Loverboy da JourneyTafiya
* 2013: Yawon shakatawa na New Zealand tare da Bachman &amp;amp;amp; Turner da Amurka; Yawon shakata na Arewacin Amurka tare da Cheap Trick, Eric Burdon da zaɓaɓɓun kwanakin solo
* 2014: [[Cher]])&quot; id=&quot;mwAiA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dressed to Kill Tour (Cher)&quot;&gt;An yi ado don kashewa yawon shakatawa tare da Cher &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2014 |title=Official Website &amp;#124; Cher Confirms Cyndi Lauper As Special Guest on Her Upcoming Dressed To Kill Tour. On Wwhl With Andy Cohen |url=http://www.cher.com/news/cher-confirms-cyndi-lauper-special-guest-her-upcoming-dressed-kill-tour-wwhl-andy-cohen-18326 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219040415/http://www.cher.com/news/cher-confirms-cyndi-lauper-special-guest-her-upcoming-dressed-kill-tour-wwhl-andy-cohen-18326 |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=Cher}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: Yawon shakatawa na 35th Anniversary tare da kwanakin solo, da kwanakin haɗin gwiwa tare da Rick Springfield, Cheap Trick, da John Waite. Berlin kuma ta buɗe don Benatar a 'yan kwanakin
* 2015: Yawon shakatawa na 35th Anniversary ya ci gaba daga kwanakin da aka soke a baya tare da [[Cher]], don tallafawa 35th An anniversary Tour (Live) CD / DVD release; wannan yawon shakatawa ma an soke shi saboda aikin tiyata na gaggawa ga Neil Giraldo a ƙarshen lokacin rani 2015. An fara rangadin sauti tare da Pat Benatar da Neil Giraldo kawai a watan Oktoba
* 2016: We Live For Love Tour tare da Melissa Etheridge da kwanakin solo. Don nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin adawa da LGBT da aka zartar a Mississippi da North Carolina, Benatar ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da yin aiki a waɗancan jihohin. Duk da haka, an ba da gudummawar kuɗin da ta samu daga tallace-tallace na tikitin ga ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa wajen sauya waɗannan dokoki
* 2017: Bari mu tafi yawon shakatawa
* 2018: Kusan II yawon shakatawa
* 2019: Tafiya ta cika shekaru 40
* 2021-2022: Daga Novo Tour
* 2023: Summer Carnival (taimakawa Pink tare da Brandi Carlile) 
* 2023: Daga Novo Tour
* 2024: Funtastic '24 Tour
* 2025: Spring '25 Tour (wasu kwanakin budewa ga Bryan Adams) 
* 2026: Pat Benatar &amp; Neil Giraldo Tour (wasu kwanakin buɗewa ga Bryan Adams) 

== Ƙungiyar ==
Ko da yake da farko an yi shelar a matsayin mai zane-zane, Benatar ta yi rikodin kuma ta yi tafiya tare da saitin membobin ƙungiyar a mafi yawan aikinta:

* Neil &quot;Spyder&quot; Giraldo (wanda ba daidai ba ne aka rubuta shi a matsayin &quot;Geraldo&quot; a cikin bayanan layi na farko / ƙididdiga) shi ne jagoran guitarist na ƙungiyar kuma ya yi a duk kundin Benatar. Giraldo an biya shi tare da Benatar.
* Myron Grombacher, wanda ya yi wasa tare da Giraldo a cikin ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa ta Rick Derringer, shi ne mai bugawa a cikin tara daga cikin kundin asali na Benatar (Crimes of Passion, Precious Time, Get Nervous, Live from Earth, ''Tropical'', Seven the Hard Way, Wide Awake in Dreamland, True Love, da Gravity's Rainbow) kuma yana da yawa rubuce-rubuce. Grombacher yana da sauƙin ganewa a cikin bidiyon kiɗa, musamman a matsayin likitan hakora a cikin &quot;Anxiety (Get Nervous) &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myron Grombacher |url=https://remo.com/team/member/myron-grombacher/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Remo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Charlie Giordano ya buga maɓallan a cikin kundi shida (Get Nervous, Live from Earth, ''Tropical'', Seven the Hard Way, Wide Awake in Dreamland da True Love) kuma ana iya gane shi ta hanyar tabarau da berets, blazers, da kuma 1980s ties. A shekara ta 2007, ya maye gurbin marigayi Danny Federici a cikin E Street Band .
* Roger Capps, asalin bassist na kundi biyar na farko (A cikin Heat of the Night, Crimes of Passion, Precious Time, Get Nervous, da Live from Earth), ya rubuta &quot;Hell Is For Children&quot; tare da Benatar da Giraldo kuma ya bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Belong – Roger Capps |url=https://webelongtribute.com/roger-capps |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=Webelongtribute.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025001501/https://webelongtribute.com/roger-capps |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Scott St. Clair Sheets (Scott Sheets) wanda shine asalin jagoran guitarist na ƙungiyar 1970s, The Brats, memba ne na asali na Pat Benatar Band. An ba da Sheets a matsayin guitarist a cikin kundi uku na farko (A cikin Heat of the Night, Crimes of Passion, da Precious Time) da kuma yawon shakatawa na duniya uku na farko. Ya rubuta waƙar &quot;Prisoner of Love&quot; don kundin Crimes of Passion kuma ya rubuta waƙar da aka buga &quot;Fire and Ice&quot; don kundin Precious Time .
* Mick Mahan shi ne bassist na ƙungiyar kuma ya yi tare da Benatar tun 1995 kuma ya bayyana a cikin kundin (''Innamorata'' da Go). An maye gurbin bassist na asali, Roger Capps, da Donnie Nossov a kan ''Tropical''.
* Donnie Nossov shi ne bassist na biyu na ƙungiyar don kundi biyu na Pat Benatar (''Tropical'' da Seven the Hard Way) 
* Frank Linx shi ne bassist na biyu daga cikin kundin Pat Benatar (Wide Awake in Dreamland da Gravity's Rainbow) 
* Glen Alexander Hamilton ya buga kara a kan kundi na farko (A cikin Heat of the Night).
* Chuck Domanico shi ne bassist na ƙungiyar a cikin kundi na takwas da kundi na tara gabaɗaya (Gaskiya Ƙauna) 
* Caesar Griffin shine mai bugawa na yanzu, ya maye gurbin Chris Ralles.

== Bayyanar mataki da allo ==
[[File:NeilGiraldowithPatBenatarLiveinSydney.jpg|right|thumb|Benatar da Giraldo, Oktoba 2010]]

* Benatar ta taka rawar Jeanette Florescu a fim din &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAqQ&quot;&gt;Union City&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1980), wanda Mark Reichert ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Union City |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/56712-UNION-CITY#1 |access-date=July 13, 2020 |website=American Film Institute catalog}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Benatar ya taka rawar Zephyr a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Harry Chapin mai suna The ''Zinger'' . Benatar ya yi solo &quot;Shooting Star&quot; don girmama Chapin don Harry Chapin Tribute, Carnegie Hall, Disamba 7, 1987.
* Benatar ta yi fitowar talabijin da yawa, galibi a matsayin kanta. Ta bayyana tare da mijinta Neil Giraldo a cikin shirin Charmed &quot;Lucky Charmed&quot; wanda aka yi amfani da &quot;Heartbreaker&quot; kuma a cikin wani labari na ''Dharma &amp;amp;amp; Greg'' a matsayin kanta tana raira &quot;We've Only Just Begun&quot; da &quot;Love Is a Battlefield&quot; a wani bikin aure a filin jirgin sama. A shekara ta 2001, ta kuma bayyana a matsayin tauraron dutse mai suna Anna Raines a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na CBS Family Law tare da Dixie Carter da Christopher McDonald . Benatar kuma ta bayyana a cikin That 80's Show a matsayin kanta.
* Benatar ya bayyana a matsayin baƙo na musamman a wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara na ''VH1 Divas'' na shida, VH1 Division Duets, yana yin &quot;Heartbreaker&quot; tare da Giraldo da Lisa Marie Presley, tare da ma'aurata da Sharon Osbourne ta yi hira da su bayan wasan kwaikwayon.
* A shekara ta 2003, Benatar da kiɗanta an nuna su a kan CMT Crossroads, a cikin wani labari wanda ya haɗa ta da mawaƙan ƙasar Martina McBride (wanda ke da tasiri daga muryar Benatar).
* Benatar ta bayyana a cikin asali da kuma sake fasalin ta Behind the Music episode .
* Benatar da Giraldo sun yi a cikin jerin Tiny Desk Concerts na NPR Music a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014. A Tiny Desk, Benatar da Giraldo sun shiga cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya guda uku: &quot;Muna Rayuwa Don Ƙauna,&quot; &quot;Muna cikin&quot; da &quot;Alkawari A cikin Duhu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2014 |title=Pat Benatar &amp; Neil Giraldo |url=https://www.npr.org/event/music/364721657/pat-benatar-neil-giraldo-tiny-desk-concert |access-date=March 6, 2017 |website=[[NPR Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:99%;&quot;
|+{{Screen reader-only|Awards and nominations received by Kevin Feige}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:19%;&quot; |Kyautar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:6%;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:18%;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:42%;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:8%;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Amurka
|1982
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Shi da kansa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mawallafin Pop / Rock Mata| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1982 American Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.theamas.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=&amp;winnerYear=1982 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[American Music Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1984| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1984 American Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.theamas.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=&amp;winnerYear=1984 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[American Music Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1986
|Mawallafin Bidiyo na Pop / Rock Mata| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1986 American Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.theamas.com/winners-database/?winnerKeyword=&amp;winnerYear=1986 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[American Music Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Zaɓin Bayani na Masu sukar
|2017
|&quot;An yi hidima kamar yarinya&quot;
|Waƙar da ta fi dacewa a cikin shirin| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chuba |first=Kristen |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Critics' Choice Documentary Awards: 'Kedi' Leads Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/critics-choice-documentary-awards-kedi-leads-nominations-1047766/best-first-documentary/ |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;9&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]]
|1981
|''Laifukan sha'awa''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mafi kyawun Female Rock Vocal Performance| {{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2019 |title=Pat Benatar |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/pat-benatar/345 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[The Recording Academy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1982
|&quot;Wuta da Ice&quot;| {{Won}}
|-
|1983
|&quot;Inuwa ta Dare&quot;| {{Won}}
|-
|1984
|&quot;Ƙaunar Yaki ne&quot;| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1986
|&quot;Ba za a iya cin nasara ba&quot;| {{Nom}}
|-
|&quot;Muna cikinta&quot;
|Mafi kyawun Female Pop Vocal Performance| {{Nom}}
|-
|1987
|&quot;Jima'i a matsayin Makami&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Mafi kyawun Female Rock Vocal Performance| {{Nom}}
|-
|1989
|&quot;Dukkanin sun tashi&quot;| {{Nom}}
|-
|1990
|&quot;Bari mu zauna tare&quot;| {{Nom}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Bidiyo ta MTV
|1984
|&quot;Ƙaunar Yaki ne&quot;
|Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Mata| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1984 MTV Video Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.mtv.com/mtv/tubescan/vma_archive/1984.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301211539/http://www.mtv.com/mtv/tubescan/vma_archive/1984.html |archive-date=March 1, 2000 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |publisher=MTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1986
|&quot;Jima'i a matsayin Makami&quot;
|Mafi yawan Bidiyo na Gwaje-gwaje| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1986 MTV Video Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.mtv.com/mtv/tubescan/vma_archive/1986.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301041356/http://www.mtv.com/mtv/tubescan/vma_archive/1986.html |archive-date=March 1, 2000 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |publisher=MTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rock da Roll Hall of Fame
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shi da kansa da Neil Giraldo
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |An gabatar da shi| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2019 |title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2020 nominations announced |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rock-roll-hall-fame-2020-nominations-announced-2557279 |website=[[NME]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2022| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The full 2022 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction list |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-2022-dolly-parton-eminem-eurythmics/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

* ''A cikin Zafin Dare'' (1979) 
* ''Laifukan sha'awa'' (1980) 
* Lokaci mai daraja (1981) 
* ''Ku damu'' (1982) 
* ''Rayuwa daga Duniya'' (1983) 
* ''Tropical'' (1984) 
* ''Bakwai Hanyar Ƙarfi'' (1985) 
* ''Farkawa mai zurfi a cikin Dreamland'' (1988) 
* ''Ƙaunar Gaskiya'' (1991) 
* ''Hasken wuta na nauyi'' (1993) 
* ''Innamorata'' (1997) 
* ''Ka tafi'' (2003) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Miki Berenyi</title>
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'''Miki Eleonora Berenyi''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1967) mawaƙiya ce kuma mai ba da guitar. Ita memba ce ta [[Lush (band)|Lush]]_(band)#Recent_developments_(2018–present)&quot; id=&quot;mwCw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lush (band)&quot;&gt;Piroshka da Miki Berenyi Trio, &lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phares |first=Heather |title=Miki Berenyi Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/miki-berenyi-mn0000495352#biography |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=AllMusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;erlewine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen |title=Lush Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/lush-mn0000169099#biography |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=AllMusic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush Remembered – Discography |url=https://lightfromadeadstar.org/Discography/Index.htm |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Lightfromadeadstar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an fi saninta da memba na ƙungiyar rock din Lush .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
[[File:Lush011.jpg|thumb|Berenyi a shekara ta 1990]]

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haifi Berenyi a Chelsea, London, a cikin 1967 ga mahaifiyar Japan, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yasuko Nagazumi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 1996 |title=lush interview from go (loooong) |url=https://eyesore.no/html/interview/Lush.interview.go.html |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Eyesore.no}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mahaifin Hungary, Ivan Berenyi . Ita kuma dan uwan na biyu ne na mawaƙin Japan Cornelius . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title=second cousins - his grandfather and mine were brothers |url=https://twitter.com/berenyi_miki/status/1576527475332767744 |website=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take ƙarama kuma Berenyi ta fara raba lokacinta tsakanin gidajensu. Berenyi ta ambaci a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa a gidan mahaifinta kakarta da abokan dangi sun yi mata [[Cin zarafin yara|cin zarafin jima'i]].

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Berenyi ya sadu da abokiyar zama kuma abokin aikinta na gaba [[Emma Anderson]] yayin da dukansu biyu suke dalibai a makarantar Queen's College mai zaman kanta. Sun zama masu sha'awar kiɗa kuma tare sun buga wani fanzine na kiɗa, Alphabet Soup (wanda ya kasance na batutuwa biyar). &lt;ref name=&quot;lightbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush Remembered – Biographies |url=https://www.lightfromadeadstar.org/Biographies/Index.htm |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Lightfromadeadstar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berenyi ya fara buga bass tare da ƙungiyar Bugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush Remembered – Miki's Reminiscences |url=https://www.lightfromadeadstar.org/Miki/index.htm |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Lightfromadeadstar.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728205318/http://www.lightfromadeadstar.org/Miki/index.htm |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1987, Berenyi ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Arewacin London Polytechnic, inda ta sadu da mai bugawa Chris Acland da mawaƙa Meriel Barham . Tare da Anderson, sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyarsu, da ake kira Baby Machines . &lt;ref name=&quot;lightbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, Dave (2000) ''Alternative Rock'', Miller Freeman, {{ISBN|0-87930-607-6}}, p. 478-9&lt;/ref&gt; Bassist Steve Rippon ya shiga kuma sun canza sunansu zuwa Lush . Lokacin da Barham ya tafi, &quot;sauran mambobin Lush sun sanya tallace-tallace a cikin takardu na gida suna neman maye gurbin Barham, amma ba su iya samun mawaƙin da suke so ba kuma Berenyi ya ɗauki murya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lightbio&quot; /&gt;

=== Lush ===
Daga 1987 har zuwa 1996, ta yi wasa tare da Lush, ta saki kundi da yawa, waƙoƙi da bidiyon kiɗa kuma ta yi tafiya sosai ta Burtaniya, Arewacin Amurka, Japan, Australia da sauran ƙasashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;lightbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush - 'Record Collector' Article |url=http://www.curve.demon.co.uk/lush/press/p_art3.html |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Curve.demon.co.uk |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211957/http://www.curve.demon.co.uk/lush/press/p_art3.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita da Acland sun Ruwa hada kai da mambobin Cocteau Twins da Moose, sun saki waƙa daya a 1991 a karkashin sunan Lillies .

Lush a hukumance ta sanar da rabuwarsu a watan Fabrairun 1998, &lt;ref name=&quot;lightbio&quot; /&gt; bayan mutuwar Acland ta hanyar kashe kansa a watan Oktoba 1996.

Bayan Lush ya rabu, Berenyi ya bayyana a cikin kundin The Rentals 'Seven More Minutes (1999). Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga remix na waƙar Flat 7 ta Robin Guthrie (wanda kuma ya samar da aikin farko na Lush) kuma ya bayyana a cikin kundi na farko na Seinking Ships, Museum Quality Capture, wanda aka saki a cikin 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;deville&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deville |first=Chris |date=24 April 2014 |title=Stars Of Britpop: Where Are They Now? |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1677787/stars-of-britpop-where-are-they-now/franchises/20-years-of-britpop/attachment/miki/ |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=Stereogum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dan |first=Jen |date=30 August 2010 |title=Interview with Seinking Ships |url=http://www.adequacy.net/2010/08/interview-with-seinking-ships/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205021220/http://www.adequacy.net/2010/08/interview-with-seinking-ships/ |archive-date=5 December 2010 |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=Adequacy.net |publisher=Delusions of Adequacy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka tambaye ta idan ta rasa wani abu game da lokacinta a Lush, Berenyi ta ce, &quot;Na rasa farin ciki da kuzari na yin wasa kai tsaye da kuma abokantaka na yawon shakatawa - kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar da ma'aikata a wata ƙasa ta waje kamar zuwa hutu tare da matasanku amma har ma da nishaɗi saboda kyauta ne&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sweetness&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2008 |title='Sweetness And Light'- The Miki Berenyi Interview 2008 |url=https://vonpipmusicalexpress.wordpress.com/2008/01/25/sweetness-and-light-the-miki-berenyi-interview-2008/ |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Vonpipmusicalexpress.wordpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ta kuma ce, &quot;Na ji daɗin kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar sosai, ina farin ciki da na yi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2007 |title=Old Favourites-Lush |url=https://vonpipmusicalexpress.wordpress.com/2007/07/31/old-favorites-lush/ |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Vonpipmusicalexpress.wordpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Berenyi daga baya ya yi aiki ga mujallar a matsayin mataimakin edita &lt;ref name=&quot;berenyi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lorraine Carpenter |date=1 October 2007 |title=Miki Berenyi: Lush's Former Singer Reminisces on Britpop |url=http://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/miki_berenyi_interview_1020071/ |access-date=7 March 2014 |publisher=UnderTheRadarMag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma bai yi aiki ba shekaru da yawa. Ta bayyana cewa: &quot;Ban taɓa zama mai kunna guitar ba - kawai a cikin mahallin Lush. Na buga guitar don rubuta waƙoƙi da kuma kunna kai tsaye&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sweetness&quot; /&gt;

Lush, ciki har da Berenyi, sun ba da sanarwar sake haduwa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, tare da tsohon mai bugawa na Elastica Justin Welch ya maye gurbin Acland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush |url=https://www.facebook.com/lushbandofficial/posts/756569207802366 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun yi tafiya sosai a cikin shekara ta 2016 kuma sun saki EP na sabon abu, Blind Spot, a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;lushreunion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=We've been away for ages and ages, but we're really excited... |url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=756569207802366&amp;id=604331643026124 |website=Facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lush |url=https://www.facebook.com/lushbandofficial/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bassist Phil King ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Oktoba 2016  kuma a sakamakon haka Lush ya buga wasan gaisuwa na ƙarshe, tare da Michael Conroy na Turanci na zamani a kan bass a Manchester Academy a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sodomsky |first=Sam |date=2016-10-18 |title=Lush Bassist Phil King Leaves Band, Shows Canceled |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/69104-lush-bassist-phil-king-leaves-band-shows-canceled/ |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yoo |first=Noah |date=2016-11-15 |title=Lush Breaking Up Again, Announce Final Show |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/69843-lush-breaking-up-again-announce-final-show/ |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafin tarihin Berenyi mai suna ''Fingers Crossed'', wanda ya haɗa da labarinta na labarin Lush, an buga shi ne ta hanyar Nine Eight Books a watan Satumbar 2022.

=== Piroshka ===
A watan Satumbar 2018, Berenyi ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta kafa ƙungiyar, Piroshka, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da Berenyi, Justin Welch (Elastica), Michael Conroy (Modern English) da tsohon memba na Moose KJ &quot;Moose&quot; McKillop . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pearis |first=Bill |date=26 September 2018 |title=members of Lush, Elastica, Moose, and Modern English form new band Piroshka |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/members-of-lush-elastica-moose-and-modern-english-form-new-band-piroshka/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=BrooklynVegan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin su na farko, ''Brickbat'', Bella Union ce ta saki shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title=Piroskhka – 'Everlastingly Yours' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2020988/piroskhka-everlastingly-yours-lush-miki-berenyi/premiere/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Stereogum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin na biyu, Love Drips and Gathers, ya biyo baya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2021. Berenyi da abokin aikinta, McKillop, suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

=== Miki Berenyi Trio ===
Berenyi ta kafa '''Miki Berenyi Trio''' (MB3) tare da abokin tarayya Kevin McKillop, guitarist Oliver Cherer, da kuma na'urar drum, da farko suna yin sake fasalin waƙoƙin Lush a sa hannu na littattafai da kuma gabatar da zaman Q &amp; A, bukukuwan kiɗa da bukukuwan adabi a duk faɗin Burtaniya.

A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2024, MB3 ta fitar da wakarsu ta farko ta dijital, &quot;Vertigo&quot;, a kan lakabin Bella Union na Simon Raymonde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio Share Debut Single 'Vertigo' |url=https://www.undertheradarmag.com/news/miki_berenyi_trio_share_debut_single_vertigo/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=Under the Radar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin wannan, kawai abin da aka rubuta na uku shine waƙar &quot;Fingers Crossed&quot;, wanda aka nuna a cikin littafin Berenyi mai suna Fingers Crossing: How Music Saved Me from Success . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Fingers Crossed: How Music Saved Me from Success |url=https://www.bookbeat.com/uk/book/fingers-crossed-how-music-saved-me-from-success-857296 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Book Beat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, MB3 ta fitar da Covers EP, wani takamaiman bugu na 10-inch vinyl wanda ke nuna nau'ikan ''Rufin'' Lush guda huɗu; &quot;Bale Ni Cold&quot;, &quot;Covert&quot;, &quot;Light from a Dead Star&quot;, da &quot;Baby Talk&quot; - duk abubuwan da Berenyi ya tsara na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miki Berenyi Trio - Covers EP |url=https://bellaunion.com/products/miki-berenyi-trio-covers |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Bella Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2025, MB3 ta fitar da sabon waka, &quot;8th Deadly Sin&quot;, kuma ta sanar da sakin kundi na farko, ''Tripla'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=14 January 2025 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio Announce New Album ''Tripla'' {{!}} News |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/miki-berenyi-trio-announce-new-album-tripla/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Clash Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai wadataccen nau'i, mai tunani da kuma nau'i na musamman na mafarki&quot;, kundin ya haɗu da katako da lantarki, wanda muryar Berenyi ta gaba.

An saki kundin waƙoƙi 9 a cikin tsari da yawa a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ta hanyar Bella Union, gami da iyakantaccen vinyl mai launin rawaya tare da bonus na inci 7 wanda ke nuna waƙoƙoƙi biyu da ba na kundi ba, &quot;Touche&quot; da &quot;Last Orders&quot;, da kuma iyakantacciyar CD mai waƙa 11, wanda ke samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar Rough Trade a Burtaniya da Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miki Berenyi Trio - ''Tripla'' - (Vinyl LP, CD) |url=https://www.roughtrade.com/en-us/product/miki-berenyi-trio/tripla-2 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Rough Trade}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki na uku na Tripla &quot;Big I Am&quot;, wani hari mai banƙyama a kan taron a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2025. Waƙar ta haɗu da &quot;jagged, choppy rhythms, a disco beat da kuma wani bango na guitar-crunch psychedelics, kamar yadda Berenyi ya karkatar da matsayi na namiji na mayaƙan kafofin sada zumunta na yau&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pilley |first=Max |date=25 February 2025 |title=Listen to Miki Berenyi Trio's acerbic new single 'Big I Am' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-miki-berenyi-trios-acerbic-new-single-big-i-am-3841255 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=NME}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an saki &quot;Kinch&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pinder |first=Jaeden |date=31 March 2025 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio Announce 2025 North American Tour, Release New Song 'Kinch': Stream |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/miki-berenyi-trio-announce-2025-235112139.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413122342/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/miki-berenyi-trio-announce-2025-235112139.html |archive-date=13 April 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a matsayin na huɗu kuma na karshe a gaban kundin ''Tripla''. Waƙar, &quot;wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da ƙauna da asarar, yana nunawa game da kasancewar waɗanda muka rasa&quot;, gami da marigayi mahaifin Berenyi, Ivan, da kuma mai bugawa na Lush Chris Acland (1966-1996), kuma &quot;yana bincika yanayin soyayya da ƙwaƙwalwa&quot;. 

An kuma sanar da yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 15 na Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio Share New Song 'Kinch': Listen |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2302491/miki-berenyi-trio-kinch/music/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Stereogum}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya dace da shirye-shiryen da aka tabbatar a baya a fadin Ingila da Turai (tare da Lol Tolhurst).

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2025, makonni uku kawai bayan fitowar kundi na farko na ''Tripla'' a kan Bella Union, Miki Berenyi Trio ba zato ba tsammani ya fitar da sabon waka, &quot;Baƙo&quot;. Haɗin gwiwa tare da memba mai kafa Cure Lol Tolhurst da ɗansa Gray, an haɓaka waƙar cinematic bayan yawon shakatawa na 2024 tare kuma an rubuta tsakanin London, St Leonards da Los Angeles. A cikin waƙoƙi, yana bincika rikitarwa na kasancewa aboki ga ma'aurata na dogon lokaci da ke cikin rabuwar. Trio da Tolhurst sun shirya don yawon shakatawa Turai tare a ƙarshen Afrilu 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio &amp; Lol Tolhurst &amp; Gray – 'Stranger' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2305342/miki-berenyi-trio-lol-tolhurst-gray-stranger/news/ |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Stereogum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2025, Miki Berenyi Trio ta fitar da &quot;Doldrum Days&quot; ta hanyar Bella Union. Bassist Ollie Cherer ya bayyana kalmomin a matsayin &quot;game da sarari tsakanin wuraren da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa zasu iya faruwa&quot;, tare da wahayi daga littafin Erskine Childers The ''Riddle of the Sands'' . An saki waƙar ne kafin yawon shakatawa na Amurka na Oktoba 2025, wanda aka sanar a matsayin yawon shakata na biyu kuma na karshe na Arewacin Amurka saboda tsadar yawon shakataw na kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio Share New Song 'Doldrum Days' Ahead Of Final North American Tour: Listen |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2323793/miki-berenyi-trio-doldrum-days/music/ |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=Stereogum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga watan Maris, Miki Berenyi Trio ta ba da sanarwar sakin &quot;Island Of One&quot; da bidiyo ta hanyar Bella Union, tare da yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya, Ireland da kuma bayyanar a bikin Bearded Theory, 24 ga Mayu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Wayne |date=2026-03-25 |title=Miki Berenyi Trio share new single + video |url=https://louderthanwar.com/miki-berenyi-trio-share-new-single-video-island-of-one/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Louder Than War |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Berenyi ya ambaci Shangri-Las a matsayin tasiri ga jituwa da kalmomin su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berenyi |first=Miki |title=My Favorite Album: Miki Berenyi of Piroshka on The Shangri-Las' 'Shangri-Las-65!' |url=http://undertheradarmag.com/interviews/my_favorite_album_miki_berenyi_of_piroshka_on_the_shangri-las_shangri-las-6 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=undertheradarmag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ambaci ABBA da Smiths a matsayin tasiri.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Lush ===

* Scar (mini-LP) - 9 ga Oktoba 1989
* Mad Love EP - 26 Fabrairu 1990
* ''Black Spring'' EP - 7 ga Oktoba 1991
* Tsoro - 27 Janairu 1992
* Hypocrite EP - 30 Mayu 1994
* Desire Lines EP - 30 Mayu 1994
* ''Rarraba'' - 13 Yuni 1994
* Lovelife - 5 Maris 1996
* Blind Spot EP - 15 ga Afrilu 2016

=== Piroshka ===

* ''Brickbat'' - 15 Fabrairu 2019
* Ƙaunar Soyayya da Jama'a - 23 ga Yulin 2021

=== Miki Berenyi Trio ===

* ''Tripla'' - 4 ga Afrilu 2025

== Littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obersee (Königssee)</title>
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'''Masu kallo (Obersee''') wani tafki ne na halitta a kudu maso gabashin gundumar Berchtesgadener Land ta jihar Bavaria ta [[Jamus]], kusa da kan iyakar [[Austriya|Austria]] . Duk tafkin yana cikin Berchtesgaden National Park. Tana kudu maso gabashin babban birnin Königssee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Obersee |trans-title= |url=http://www.wwa-ts.bayern.de/fluesse_seen/gewaesserportraits/obersee/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904063914/http://www.wwa-ts.bayern.de/fluesse_seen/gewaesserportraits/obersee/index.htm |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=wwa-ts.bayern.de |publisher=Wasserwirtschaftsamt Traunstein |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An raba tafkunan biyu ta hanyar moraine . Wani lokaci ana kiran wani babban faɗuwar dutse a shekara ta 1172 a matsayin dalilin rabuwar tafkunan biyu amma Obersee wataƙila bai taɓa zama ɓangare na babban Königssee ba kuma koyaushe yana rabuwa. Babu ƙauyuka kusa da tafkin, gidan da kawai ake zaune a ciki shine ƙaramin ''Fischunkelalm'' wanda ake zaune a lokacin bazara kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Am Obersee: Von Salet nach Fischunkel |trans-title=At the Obersee: From the Salet to the Fischunkel |url=http://www.berchtesgadener-land.com/natur/wandern/wander-touren/seen-klammen/obersee-salet-fischunkel |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=berchtesgadener-land.com |publisher= |language=German |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124746/http://www.berchtesgadener-land.com/natur/wandern/wander-touren/seen-klammen/obersee-salet-fischunkel |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mortimer Caplin</title>
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Mortimer Maxwell Caplin (11 ga Yuli, 1916 - 15 ga Yuli, 2019) lauya ne kuma malami na Amurka, kuma memba ne na kafa Caplin &amp; Drysdale, Chartered . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caplin &amp; Drysdale |url=http://www.capdale.com |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=Capdale.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a karkashin [[John F. Kennedy|Shugaba John F. Kennedy]] a kan Task Force on Taxation kuma daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan Haraji na Cikin Gida. A shekara ta 1963, ya bayyana a bangon [[Time (magazine)|Mujallar Time]], wanda ya yaba masa a matsayin babban masanin haraji yana aiki tare da Sakataren Baitulmalin Henry H. Fowler . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka kuma ya shiga cikin mamayewar Normandy . Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington da Makarantar Shariʼa ta Jamiʼar Miami . An amince da gudummawar da ya bayar tare da girmamawa da yawa, gami da Légion d'honneur wanda shugaban Jamhuriyar Faransa ya bayar.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Caplin a Birnin New York, ɗan Lillian (Epstein) da Daniel Caplin, waɗanda [[Yahudawa]] ne. Caplin ya sami digiri na BS, Phi Beta Kappa, daga Jami'ar Virginia, inda ya kasance memba na babbar Kungiyar Raven Society ta makarantar. Ya kasance mai digiri na Order of the Coif na Jami'ar Virginia Law School, inda ya sami LL.B. digiri. Caplin ya kuma sami Dokta na Kimiyya ta Shari'a daga Jami'ar New York, da kuma digiri na girmamawa da yawa a digiri na shari'a (LL.D.) daga Kwalejin Washington, Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina, da Kwalejin Saint Michael.

Na farko a cikin aji a Jami'ar Virginia School of Law, kuma babban editan Virginia Law Review, Caplin ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a ga Alkalin Yankin Amurka Armistead M. Dobie . Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Birnin New York daga 1941 zuwa 1950, tare da lokacin da ya fita don aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. A lokacin mamayewar Normandy, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da rairayin bakin teku na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2007 |title=Normandy: A View from the Surf |url=http://www.navalorder.org/NOUSNews_Summer+2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929021139/http://www.navalorder.org/NOUSNews_Summer%202006.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=23 April 2018 |publisher=NOUSNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka ambata a matsayin memba na rundunar saukowa ta farko a Omaha Beach kuma mai karɓar Legion of Honor na Faransa.

A cikin 1950, Caplin ya koma UVA a matsayin farfesa na shari'a, ƙwararre a cikin haraji da Dokar kamfanoni da kuma bugawa sosai a cikin waɗannan fannoni. Ya shafe shekaru 33 a bangaren U-Va. makarantar shari'a kuma ya yi ba'a da nadin da ya yi a cikin Ma'aikatar Haraji ta Cikin Gida a 1961 ga &quot;hukuncinsa mai kyau - kyakkyawan hukunci don samun duka Bobby da Teddy Kennedy a matsayin dalibai a Jami'ar Virginia da kuma wuce su duka biyu. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington daga 1965 zuwa 1966 kuma a Makarantar Dokar Jami'ar Miami daga 1967 zuwa 1970. Bugu da ƙari, Caplin ya shiga aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin lauya na Virginia. Ya cika shekaru 100 a watan Yulin 2016.

== Kwarewar gwamnati ==
Bayan zaben Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]], Caplin ya yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Haraji kuma a watan Janairun 1961 an nada shi Kwamishinan Haraji na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commissioners of Internal Revenue 1862-present |url=http://www.taxhistory.org/Commissioners.htm |website=Tax History Project}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da yake aiki a Internal Revenue Service (IRS), ya bayyana a bangon [[Time (magazine)|Mujallar Time]],  wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;masanin haraji mai daraja sosai&quot; kuma ya yaba masa da tasiri ga shawarwarin harajin Kennedy.  Yayinda yake kwamishinan, Kennedy ya kuma ziyarci IRS, karo na farko da shugaban Amurka ya ziyarci hedkwatar IRS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and the First Presidential Visit to the IRS |url=http://millercenter.org/newsroom/news/tax2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613150112/http://millercenter.org/newsroom/news/tax2010#kennedy |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-05-04 |website=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caplin ya kasance a IRS har zuwa Yuli 1964, lokacin da ya yi murabus don kafa kamfanin lauya na Caplin &amp; Drysdale . Bayan ya bar, The Washington Post ta wallafa wata kasida game da nasarorin da Caplin ya samu a matsayin kwamishinan, wanda ya hada da taimakawa wajen karfafa gudanar da dokokin haraji, gina hoton jama'a na IRS, da aiwatar da tsarin kwamfuta na kasa da kasa wanda aka tsara tare da fayil ɗin mai biyan haraji na asali. A cikin aikinsa na shari'a, Caplin ya yi amfani da kwarewarsa mai zurfi game da Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka, Ma'aunin Haraji na Cikin Gida, Ma'aikatan Shari'a na Amurka, da kwamitocin haraji na Majalisa ta Amurka. Yankin kwarewarsa ya haɗa da tsara haraji, warware rikice-rikice, gwaji da roko.

== Ayyukan sana'a ==
Caplin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kungiyoyin ilimi da agaji da yawa: Kwamitin Baƙi na UVA; Gidauniyar Makarantar Shari'a ta UVA; [1] Jami'ar George Washington; [2] Jami'ar Virgin Islands; Zaman Lafiya Ta hanyar Shari'a Asusun Ilimi; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yara; Arena Stage; Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare; Gidaunin Wolf Trap. Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru goma a matsayin shugaban Majalisar UVA don Fasaha kuma ya kasance Shugaban girmamawa.[3] Caplin ya yi aiki a kan allon da ke biyowa: Gidauniyar Bar ta Amurka, Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller ta UVA; Kwamitin Daraktoci, Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Makamashi; da Shugaban, Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawara na Ma'aikatan Baƙi da Bayanai ga Diplomasi (&quot;THIS&quot;), Washington, DC Ya kuma kasance a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Danaher Corporation, The Fairchild Corporation, Fairchild Industries, Inc., da Presidential Realty Corporation.[4][5]

Za'a iya gano sha'awar Caplin ga zane-zane zuwa shekarun kwalejinsa lokacin da yake shugaban Virginia Players kuma ya taka rawar gani a cikin samar da [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Julius Kaisar (wasan kwaikwayo)|Julius Kaisar]]'' a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1938. A shekara ta 1942, ya auri marubuciya Ruth Sacks, wanda aka saki fim dinsa &quot;Mrs. Palfrey a Claremont&quot; a shekara ta 2005.  Fim din ya lashe kyautar &quot;Fim mafi kyau a Japan&quot; a shekarar 2010.

Tare, Mortimer da Ruth sun kirkiro asusun mai ba da kyauta don Sashen Wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Virginia a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, wanda ya ba sashen damar kawo 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktoci, masu zanen kaya, da malaman da ake ɗauka a matsayin shugabannin a cikin sana'a. Ya fara manyan ayyuka da yawa a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Fasaha ciki har da Asusun Inganta Fasaha, wanda ya ba da damar kujerun sashen da daraktocin shirye-shirye don tallafawa sabbin ayyukan fasaha. A karkashin jagorancin Caplin, asusun ya tara miliyoyin daloli, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban nasarar gundumar zane-zane ta Carr's Hill, wanda daga baya aka sani da Arts Grounds.

Caplins sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 4 ga Jami'ar Virginia don taimakawa wajen gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruth Caplin,  wanda ke cikin sabon ginin wasan kwaikwayo na jami'ar dala miliyan 13.5. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2013, Jami'ar Virginia ta girmama Ruth a wani bikin yanke layin don bikin bude sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruth Caplin. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruth Caplin an tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen William L. Rawn, III, wanda ya tsara Cibiyar Kiɗa a Strathmore da sauran manyan gine-ginan jama'a da wuraren al'adu.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]</text>
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    <title>Mordaunt Cohen</title>
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'''Mordaunt Cohen''' MBE, TD (6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1916 - 16 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2019) sojan Burtaniya ne kuma lauya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Mordaunt Cohen was born in [[Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] on 6 August 1916 and was educated at the Bede Collegiate School. He qualified as a solicitor at twenty-one and set up his own practice the following year.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}}

== Ayyukan Yaƙi ==
Cohen ya ba da kansa don aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] a cikin 1940 kuma an ba shi izini a cikin Royal Artillery a matsayin Lt na 2 (212456), a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1941, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1941 |title=List |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35321/page/6182/data.pdf |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya yi aiki a reshen Anti-Aircraft (AA). Rukuninsa, 251 Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) Battery,  an tura shi zuwa Kwamandan Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Galleries |url=https://glrfca.org/galleries/album/63 |website=glrfca.org |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220132/https://glrfca.org/galleries/album/63 |archive-date=2021-05-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ya umurci sojojin Najeriya, gami da Musulmai, na Artillery na Yammacin Afirka (WAA) . A Yammacin Afirka, ya koyi [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] - harshen da ake amfani da shi ga sojojin Najeriya - kuma ya horar da mutanensa don yin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WRVW9Qrppc&amp;feature=youtu.be |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Burma, ya jagoranci su a yakin da aka yi da Jafananci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SCENES OF THE ROYAL WEST AFRICAN FRONTIER FORCE [Allocated Title] |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060038250 |website=Imperial War Museums}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen yaƙin an amince da hidimarsa tare da kyautar Mention in Despatches . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1946 |title=List |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37558/supplement/2210/data.pdf |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan yakin, Cohen ya koma Sojojin Yankin kuma ya ci gaba da aikin soja. A shekara ta 1954, a yanzu Major, ya sami Kyautar Yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=List |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40195/supplement/3321/data.pdf |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Lieutenant-Colonel . 

== Aiki ==
A lokacin da aka sallame shi, Cohen ya sake kafa aikin lauya. Babban aikinsa ya kasance a cikin dangantakar masana'antu, wakiltar Kungiyar kwadago, amma daga baya ya zama cikakken shugaban Kotunan masana'antu.[1] A shekara ta 1969, ya shiga cikin kafa Sunderland Polytechnic kuma ya zama shugaban farko na Kwamitin Gwamnoni, yana tallafawa Rector Dr. Maurice Hutton . [2] A shekara ta 1992, ma'aikatar ta kasance, bi da bi, daga cikin polytechnics na farko don samun matsayin jami'a.[3] Cohen Bayahude ne na Orthodox. Ya kasance memba, kuma daga baya shugaban, na Ƙungiyar Tsohon Mazajen Yahudawa.[1] A matsayinsa na mai shekaru ɗari, ya ci gaba da aiki a ilimantar da tsararraki masu zuwa game da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma a cikin 2017 an ba shi lambar yabo ta MBE don wannan aikin.[4]

== Rayuwar iyali ==
A shekara ta 1953, Mordaunt ta auri Myrella {{Refn|''The Times'' has his wife's [[maiden name]] as Bloom but other sources give it as Cohen, like her husband.}}. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu. Misis Cohen an san ta da sana'a kamar: Mai Girma Myrella Cohen, QC kuma ta kasance fitacciyar mutum a cikin haƙƙinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Her Honour Myrella Cohen QC &amp;#124; First 100 Years |url=https://first100years.org.uk/her-honour-myrella-cohen-qc/ |website=first100years.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cohens sune ma'aurata na farko na Burtaniya da suka rike mukamai na shari'a a lokaci guda. Cohen ta mutu a shekara ta 2002 kuma ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Maris 2019, tana da shekaru 102.&lt;ref name=&quot;JC&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ngohiong</title>
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'''''Ngohiong''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Ngoyong''''', abinci ne na Filipino wanda ya kunshi [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] da aka yi da nama ko shrimp da aka dafa da kayan yaji guda biyar a cikin kwai mai laushi wanda aka dafa shi sosai. Wani nau'in Lumpia ne kuma ya dace da abincin Hokkien ''Ngo hiang'' (wanda aka sani da ''Kikiam'' a cikin Philippines). Ya samo asali ne daga Birnin Cebu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2012 |title=Ngo Yong or Ngohiong (Cebu Style Lumpia with Five Spice Powder) a la Marketman |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/ngo-yong-or-ngohiong-cebu-style-lumpia-with-five-spice-powder-a-la-marketman |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Market Manila}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
''Ngohiong'' ya samo sunansa daga abincin Hokkien ''Ngo hiang'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Kikiam'' a cikin Philippines. Duk da haka, ''Ngohiong'' yayi kama da Filipino ''Lumpia'' fiye da ''Kikiam''. ''Ngohiong'' an shirya shi daidai da yawancin Filipino Lumpia, tare da bambancin kawai shine amfani da foda mai ɗanɗano guda biyar don ɗanɗano. Gabaɗaya ana yin sa ne da naman alade ko shrimp, tafarnuwa, albasa, albasa na bazara, foda mai ƙanshi biyar, baƙar fata, da julienned jicama ko zuciyar dabino. Dukansu an gauraye su kuma an lulluɓe su a cikin Lumpia wrapper (wanda wani lokacin ana ƙara rufe shi a cikin batir). Ana dafa shi sosai kuma ana ba da shi tare da agre dulce (mai daɗi da mai zaki) ko sauce chili mai ɗanɗano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cebu Ngohiong - A Taste Of The Cebuano Spring Roll |url=http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/cebu-ngohiong-a-taste-of-the-cebuano-spring-roll |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=The I ♥ Cebu blog by Peanut Browas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501162752/http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/cebu-ngohiong-a-taste-of-the-cebuano-spring-roll |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2012 |title=Cebu's Lumpia Ngohiong or Ngoyong |url=https://pinoyfoodblog.com/filipino-recipes/cebus-lumpia-ngohiong/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Pinoy Food Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2017 |title=Ngohiong – Cebu's Lumpia |url=https://www.mamasguiderecipes.com/2017/05/06/lumpia-ngohiong/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Mama's Guide Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2017 |title=Ngohiong |url=https://www.angsarap.net/2017/09/13/ngohiong/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Ang Sarap}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2018 |title=5 Places To Get Your Ngohiong Fix in Cebu |url=http://destinationcebu.com/blog/5-places-get-ngohiong-fix-cebu/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Destination Cebu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngohiong da kikiam bai kamata a rikita su da &quot;kikiam sanduna&quot; ko &quot;tempura sanduna&quot; da masu sayar da abinci a titi ke siyarwa ba, musamman a Manila. Abincin na ƙarshe ba su da alaƙa kuma a maimakon haka bambancin [[Kwallon kifi|ƙwallon kifi]] ne da aka yi da gari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fish Kikiam |url=http://www.panlasangpinoymeatrecipes.com/fish-kikiam.htm |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Panlasang Pinoy Meaty Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Authentic Kikiam Recipe |url=https://www.cookingpinoy.com/authentic-kikiam-recipe/ |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=Cooking Pinoy Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Everything to Know About Ngohiong – The Cebuano Spring Rolls |url=https://www.driftstories.com/ngohiong-the-cebuano-spring-rolls/ |website=Drift Stories |access-date=September 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209124043/https://www.driftstories.com/ngohiong-the-cebuano-spring-rolls/ |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Dinamita
* Lumpiang Shanghai

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|40em}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
{{Filipino food}}</text>
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    <title>Preila</title>
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'''Preila''' ( Kursenieki : ''Preiļi'' ko ''Prēle'', German   ) wani matsuguni ne a cikin gundumar Neringa, [[Lithuania]] . Yana kan Tekun Preila (arewacin {{Interlanguage link|Goat Cape|lt|Ožkų ragas}} da kuma kudu da Ƙaramin {{Interlanguage link|Preila Cape|lt|Preilos ragai}} ) na tafkin Curonian ).  Preila tana da nisan {{Convert|2|km}} nesa da [[Tekun Baltic]] da {{Convert|6|km}} arewacin Nida, wanda sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neringa Curonian Spit on UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/994 |access-date=30 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙauyen yana kewaye da tuddai da yawa: Tudun Preila (mita 53), Tudun Vecekrugas (mita 67), da {{Interlanguage link|Karvaičiai Hill|lt|Karvaičių kopa}} (mita 59). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wikimapia |url=http://wikimapia.org/#y=55367113&amp;x=21064138&amp;z=14&amp;l=0&amp;m=a&amp;v=2 |access-date=30 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
[[File:Preilos_krantinė.JPG|left|thumb|225x225px| Preila Quay da gidajen masunta]]
Matsugunin wani ɓangare ne na cibiyar cocin Preila-Pervalka. Preila tana kan babban titin 167 wanda ke kewaye da bakin teku, wanda ke aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin Nida da Klaipėda . Yawancin gidajen haya ne ga masu hutun bazara. Yawancin gidaje sun kasance tun ƙarni na 19, har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Website about the surrounding village |url=http://advancedsearch2.virginmedia.com/main?InterceptSource=0&amp;ClientLocation=uk&amp;ParticipantID=jqlc435patgs4w79dx7g33u8otdryt35&amp;FailureMode=1&amp;SearchQuery=&amp;FailedURI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kursiunerija.info%2F&amp;AddInType=4&amp;Version=2.1.8-1.90base&amp;Referer=&amp;Implementation=0&amp;method=GET |access-date=30 November 2014}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ɗakin karatu da aka gina a shekarar 1954, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ke da hanyar haɗi zuwa Nida da ke kusa. A kudancin yankin akwai makabartar jama'a . Hanyar keke ta Preila Neringa ta ratsa ƙauyen da ke haɗa Nida da Juodkrantė . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Neringa Bay |url=http://www.visitneringa.com/lt |access-date=30 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Traditional_wooden_house_of_fisherman_in_Preila_in_circa_1920-1939.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px| Gidan kamun kifi na gargajiya na katako a Preila a kusan 1920-1939]]
A tsakanin shekarun 1843 zuwa 1845, mazauna ƙauyen Naujieji Nagliai ne suka kafa Preila, wanda aka binne shi a ƙarƙashin tuddai masu canzawa. A shekara ta 1849, mutane 84 sun zauna a Preila. A wannan shekarar, [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|makarantar ƙauye]] ta ƙaura daga Naujieji Nagliai kuma ta buɗe a Preila. A shekarar 1907 aka gina sabon gini ga makarantar. A farkon karni na 20, akwai otal ɗaya a Preila.

Duk da cewa rayuwa a Preila ba ta kasance mai sauƙi ba, adadin mazauna ya ƙaru kaɗan: 453 a 1864, 123 a 1871, 133 a 1895, 225 a 1897, 207 a 1905, 238 a 1919 da 250 a 1923. A halin yanzu, yawan mutanen Preila ya kai kimanin mutane 205. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Short history of Preila |url=http://www.nerija.lt/lt/zmogus/preila.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827171528/http://www.nerija.lt/lt/zmogus/preila.php |archive-date=27 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1933, an amince da Preila a matsayin wurin shakatawa. An haɗa ta da wata hanya zuwa Klaipėda a shekarar 1947. A shekarar 1961, an kafa Preila a cikin birnin Neringa ta hanyar gwamnati.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ofishin Michelle</title>
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Michelle Jacquet Branch (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1983) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai ba da guitar. Ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Kyakkyawan Haɗin gwiwar Pop tare da Vocals tare da Santana don waƙoƙin su na 2002, &quot;The Game of Love&quot;.
A matsayinta na mai yin rikodin solo, kundi na farko na Branch Broken Bracelet ya fito ne a cikin 2000. Bayan sanya hannu ga lakabin rikodin Maverick a shekara mai zuwa, kundi na biyu The Spirit Room ya biyo baya kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin &quot;Everywhere&quot; da &quot;All You Wanted&quot;. An saki kundi na uku Hotel Paper a shekara ta 2003. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa ta ƙasar Wreckers tare da Jessica Harp, kuma ta samar da waƙar da aka zaba ta Grammy &quot;Leave the Pieces&quot;. Wreckers sun rabu a cikin 2007 don bin ayyukansu na solo. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta fito da karin wasanni a cikin 2010 da 2011, da kuma kundi na huɗu, Hopeless Romantic a cikin 2017. An saki kundi na biyar na studio, The Trouble with Fever, a cikin 2022.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Branch a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1983, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2002 |title=Notice de Personne: Branch, Michelle (1983-....) |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14047940z |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Sedona, Arizona,   ga Peggy da David Branch.&lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Paul |title=Michelle Branch |url=http://www.redrockreview.com/Sep01/1story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127142459/http://redrockreview.com/Sep01/1story.html |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=Red Rock Review.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da zuriyar Dutch-Indonesian da [[Mutanen Faransa|Faransanci]] ta mahaifiyarta, kuma ta Irish ta mahaifinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Kai |date=November 25, 2003 |title=A Conversation with Michelle Branch |url=http://www.asianconnections.com/a/?article_id=189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206130020/http://www.asianconnections.com/a/?article_id=189 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Asianconnections.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakar mahaifiyarta, wacce ta fito daga Gabashin Java, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], an tsare ta a sansanin fursunoni na Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Bayan yakin ta koma Holland, inda aka haifi mahaifiyar Branch, Peggy. Peggy tana da shekaru biyar lokacin da iyalin suka ƙaura daga [[Holand|Netherlands]] zuwa Amurka kuma suka zauna a [[Arizona]].&lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Michelle |date=August 2, 2017 |title=My mother didn't speak English when she moved to the United States from The Netherlands at 5 yrs old. This is so terrifying. #StephenMiller |url=https://twitter.com/michellebranch/status/892905214944178176 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=@michellebranch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko ta fara raira waƙa tana da shekaru uku, Branch ta shiga darussan murya a Jami'ar Arewacin Arizona lokacin da take da shekaru takwas, &lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2001 |title=Breakout: Michelle Branch |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2001-09-14-michelle-branch.htm |access-date=August 31, 2010 |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta karbi [[Jita|guitar]] dinta na farko don ranar haihuwarta ta 14. Bayan ta koya wa kanta waƙoƙi, ta kirkiro waƙarta ta farko &quot;Fallen&quot; a cikin mako guda bayan ta karɓi guitar dinta. Da farko ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Sedona Red Rock,  amma ta gama shekaru biyu na karshe na karatun sakandare ta hanyar makaranta a gida don ta iya mayar da hankali kan aikinta na kiɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Happygrrls&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== 1983-2000: Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara''Bracelet da aka karye'' ===
Don tallafawa sha'awar Branch, iyayenta sun taimaka mata wajen yin littattafai a Sedona, kuma daga baya suka ba da kuɗin kundin ta mai zaman kanta Broken Bracelet . &lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot; /&gt; Jerin saiti a waɗannan wasan kwaikwayon sun haɗa da waƙoƙin [[Sheryl Crow]], Lisa Loeb, Jewel, da Fleetwood Mac.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999, ta sanya waƙoƙinta guda biyu a shafin yanar gizon Rolling Stone, wanda ya ja hankalin ƙungiyar pop rock Hanson da tsohon marubucin Rolling Stone da kuma mai shirya rikodin [[Los Angeles]] Jeff Rabhan, wanda ya haifar da buɗewa biyu ga Hanson a shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt;

A watan Yunin 2000, Branch ta samar da kanta Broken Bracelet, &lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt; tarin waƙoƙin da ta rubuta tun daga lokacin da take da shekaru 14; &lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot; /&gt; an saki kundin a kan lakabin rikodin mai zaman kansa Twin Dragon Records. An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta daga mundaye da mawaƙa mai suna Jewel ya yi, wanda mawaƙi Steve Poltz ya ba Branch a wani kide-kide na Lisa Loeb da ta halarta. Poltz ya gaya wa Branch cewa &quot;lokacin da ya fashe, za ku zama sananne&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt;An lalata rikodin Broken Bracelet a cikin Ambaliyar ruwa ta Nashville a watan Mayu 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/05/nashville.floods.claim.grand.ole.opry.house.ppl/?hpt=Sbin]{{Dead link|date=May 2025}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2001-2005: ''Gidan Ruhun'' da ''Takardar Otal'' ===
[[File:Michelle_Branch_in_October_2003_mod.jpg|thumb|Ofishin reshe yana aiki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003.]]
A shekara ta 2001, Branch ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi tare da Maverick Records, &lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot; /&gt; inda ta fara aiki tare da John Shanks don samar da kundi na biyu. An saki kundin, The Spirit Room, a watan Agustan shekara ta 2001,  &lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot; /&gt; wanda ya samar da waƙar da aka buga &quot;Everywhere&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Billboard Bio&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya lashe kyautar MTV Video Music Awards ta 2002 . &lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michelle Branch |title=Awards and nominations of Michelle Branch |url=http://www.michellebranch.com/awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930013801/http://www.michellebranch.com/awards |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |website=Michellebranch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ko'ina&quot; daga baya ya biyo bayan waƙoƙin &quot;All You Wanted&quot; da &quot;Goodbye to You&quot;. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2001, ta bayyana a Total Request Live bayan &quot;Everywhere&quot; ta kai No. 4 a kan jadawalin wasan kwaikwayon. Saboda nasarar da aka samu na wadanda aka saki, RIAA ta tabbatar da ''Gidan Ruhun'' Double Platinum don sayar da fiye da miliyan biyu a Amurka. Branch kuma ya raira waƙa a kan waƙar &quot;Deeper&quot; daga kundin Hanson na 2004 Underneath . VH1 kuma ta fitar da Pop-Up Video don waƙarta &quot;All You Wanted&quot;. ''Gidan Ruhun'' ya sayar da kwafin miliyan 3 a duk duniya har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch - The Trouble with Fever Tour (Postponed) at Brooklyn Bowl Nashville |url=https://do615.com/events/2022/9/12/michelle-branch-the-trouble-with-fever-tour-tickets |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Do615.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Branch ta sadu da Justincase kafin ta fara aiki a kan Maverick Records, ta zama abokai a Intanet kafin haduwa a Las Vegas don taron kiɗa a shekara ta 2000. An sanya hannu kan Justincase zuwa Maverick Records a ƙarshen 2001 tare da taimakon Branch. An saki wani kundin da ake kira kansa a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2002, kuma ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa da yawa tare da Branch, gami da jagora guda, &quot;Kada ku yi kuka a gare mu&quot;.

A shekara ta 2002, Branch ya haɗu da Santana, tare da marubuta Gregg Alexander da Rick Nowels, don samar da waƙar &quot;The Game of Love&quot;,  &lt;ref name=&quot;asianconnect&quot; /&gt; wanda ya ci gaba da lashe [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] don Mafi kyawun Haɗin gwiwar Pop tare da Vocals.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma sami gabatarwa ta Grammy a shekara ta 2003 don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Artist, wanda Norah Jones ta lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;

An saki kundi na uku na reshe, Hotel Paper, a shekara ta 2003 kuma an fara shi a No. 2 a kan jadawalin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwATk&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 200 kuma RIAA ta tabbatar da Platinum don sayar da fiye da miliyan ɗaya. Kundin ya sadu da sake dubawa. Ta jagoranci guda ɗaya, &quot;Shin kun yi farin ciki yanzu?&quot;, ya kasance nasarar ginshiƙi, ya sami Branch a gabatarwa don kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Female Rock Vocal Performance,  kodayake waƙar ta rasa ga Pink's &quot;Trouble&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt; Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, &quot;Breathe&quot; da &quot;'Til I Get over You&quot;, ba su dace da nasarar farko ba. Da yake fitowa cikin talabijin, ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye da yawa, ciki har da Buffy the Vampire Slayer (a cikin bayyanar da ba a san shi ba), American Dreams, da Charmed (a matsayin kanta). A watan Yunin 2004, ta bayyana a MTV's Faking the Video tare da Nick Lachey da JC Chasez . Ta kuma bayyana a fim din Rob Schneider na 2002 The Hot Chick a matsayin DJ na kulob din.

=== 2005-2007: Masu fashewa ===
[[File:The_Wreckers_on_stage.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Michelle Branch (tsakiya) a lokacin kide-kide na Yuni 2007 tare da Jessica Harp (dama) a matsayin The Wreckers .]]
A watan Yulin 2005, Branch ta fara aiki tare da mawaƙanta kuma abokiyarta ta dogon lokaci Jessica Harp . &lt;ref name=&quot;cst&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mtv&quot; /&gt;  Da farko an san su da Cass County Homewreckers a matsayin abin ban dariya daga mijin Branch, amma sun yanke shi zuwa Wreckers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2009 |title=Band Name Stories: The Wreckers |url=http://www.theboot.com/2009/04/30/band-name-stories-the-wreckers/ |access-date=August 31, 2010 |publisher=The Boot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin su ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa nau'ikan su - pop rock da ƙasar. Da farko an shirya shi don saki a watan Yunin 2005 amma an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da suka shafi ciki na Branch. An saki wakar farko ta duo &quot;Leave the Pieces&quot; a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, yayin da aka saki kundin su Stand Still, Look Pretty a watan Mayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;mtv&quot; /&gt;

A wannan lokacin, sun ba da gudummawa ga kundin Santana All That I Am, tare da waƙar &quot;Ina jin Ka&quot;,  wanda ya bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na matasa na Amurka One Tree Hill,  kuma ya shiga taurarin kiɗa na ƙasar Rascal Flatts a kan yawon shakatawa na Amurka.  Da farko sun yi tafiya tare da Gavin DeGraw, Tyler Hilton da Bethany Joy Galeotti, wanda kuma aka rubuta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;mtv&quot; /&gt; An zabi kungiyar ne don Vocal Duo of the Year a 2006 Country Music Association Awards da kuma Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo ko Group with Vocal   don waƙar &quot;Leave the Pieces&quot; a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt; Stand Still, Look Pretty ya sami takardar shaidar zinariya ta RIAA tare da tallace-tallace na 851,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009. The Wreckers sun rabu a shekara ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Branch ta sayar da ita Calabasas, California kuma ta koma Nashville, Tennessee.

=== 2008-2012: Albums da ba a fitar da su ba ===
[[File:Michelle_Branch_at_The_Grove_Los_Angeles,_19_August_2009_(5262371773).jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Ofishin reshe yana aiki a watan Agusta 2009.]]
Nan da nan bayan haka, Branch ya rubuta waƙar da ba a sake bugawa ba don kundin Mandy Moore na 2007 Wild Hope,  kuma ya rubuta &quot;Together&quot; don sauti na The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2; an kuma nuna shi a matsayin waƙar ƙarshe da aka taɓa bugawa a wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na CBS TV, Guiding Light . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, ta sanar da cewa tana aiki a kan sabon kundin solo kuma daga baya ta ba da rahoton cewa taken zai zama Everything Comes and Goes .  A watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, ta buga wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a shirye-shiryen sakin kundin tare da 'yar'uwarta Nicole tana raira waƙa.

A farkon shekara ta 2009, ta raira waƙar &quot;I Lose My Heart&quot; a cikin duet tare da Chris Isaak a sabon kundin sa Mr. Lucky .  An saki bidiyon na farko daga kundin &quot;Sooner Or Later&quot; a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2009. Har ila yau, a cikin 2009, ta rubuta &quot;A Case of You&quot; (asalin [[Joni Mitchell]]) don tarin Covered, A Revolution in Sound wanda ya tuna da bikin cika shekaru 50 na Warner Bros. Records. An yi bidiyon waƙar &quot;Wannan Hanyar&quot; kuma an ɗora shi a asusun [[YouTube]] na Ofishin reshe a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009,  amma ba a sake shi a matsayin guda ba kuma bai tsara ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Michelle Branch – &quot;This Way&quot; Official Music Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXgEM7Y0mks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXgEM7Y0mks |archive-date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=August 31, 2010 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (An haɗa bidiyon a kan DVD mai iyakantaccen edition mai taken The Video Anthology wanda ke samuwa a michellebranch.com.)  Daga ƙarshe an saki Everything Comes and Goes a matsayin wasa mai tsawo shida a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2010, ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon Branch kuma zai kasance a duk masu siyarwa wata daya bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Millegan |first=Lisa |date=July 2, 2010 |title=Singer-songwriter Michelle Branch has spread her musical wings to country – Life |url=http://www.modbee.com/2010/07/02/1235616/singer-songwriter-michelle-branch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616202430/http://www.modbee.com/2010/07/02/1235616/singer-songwriter-michelle-branch.html |archive-date=June 16, 2011 |access-date=August 31, 2010 |website=Modbee.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2010, Branch da R&amp;amp;amp;B / hip-hop mai gabatarwa Timbaland sun hada kai a kan waƙar pop / R&amp;B mai taken &quot;Getaway&quot; kuma sun fitar da bidiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Timbaland &amp; Michelle Branch |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Getaway |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOqxFBKakD0&amp;feature=fvw |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621014203/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOqxFBKakD0&amp;feature=fvw |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2011 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Branch ta sanar da dawowarta ga tushen pop / rock don kundin ta, West Coast Time . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2010 |title=Michelle Branch Returning To Pop Music |url=https://perezhilton.com/michelle-branch-to-return-to-pop-music-with-new-album/ |website=Perez Hilton}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekara ta 2011, Branch ya fitar da waƙoƙi uku da ba a sake bugawa ba daga Everything Comes and Goes ciki har da, &quot;Texas In the Mirror&quot;, &quot;Take a Chance on Me&quot;, da kuma &quot;Long Goodbye&quot;, na ƙarshe duet tare da Dwight Yoakam. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2011, a cikin bidiyon game da sabuntawa a kan kundi na uku da aka ɗora ta hanyar asusun YouTube na Branch, Branch ya tabbatar da cewa rabin kundin ya gama kuma ya kara da cewa &quot;yana sauti da gaske.... duk yana tafiya da kyau kuma duk yana kan lokaci. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=YouTube – Michelle Branch – Thanks for the Tweets |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceQOy7R8eM4&amp;feature=player_embedded |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407224953/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=ceQOy7R8eM4 |archive-date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=October 20, 2011 |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa Branch ta gama yin rikodin kundin, ta kuma kara da cewa &quot;kawai hadawa / sarrafawa ya hagu. Michelle ta yi aiki kuma ta rubuta wasu waƙoƙi tare da Tilted Head da FIVE jagora Joshua Barton, duk da haka har yanzu aiki ne a ci gaba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Michelle Branch finishes third solo album – Music News – Digital Spy |url=http://www.digitalspy.ca/music/news/a314534/michelle-branch-finishes-third-solo-album.html |access-date=October 20, 2011 |website=Digitalspy.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2011, Branch ta dauki bakuncin tattaunawar yanar gizo kai tsaye tare da magoya baya inda ta gabatar da sabon sautin &quot;Loud Music&quot;, wanda aka saki a iTunes Store a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2011. Marubutan Birtaniya Jim Irvin da Julian Emery ne suka rubuta waƙar kuma suka samar da ita wadanda suka hada kai da Branch a kan waƙoƙi da yawa a cikin kundin. A cikin gidan yanar gizon, Branch ya kuma ambaci waƙoƙi a kan kundin da ake kira &quot;Mastermind&quot; da &quot;The Story Of Us&quot; kuma ya kara da cewa &quot;Ta hanyar Rediyo&quot; zai zama ɓoyayyen waƙa a kan CD. A cikin gidan yanar gizon da ya gabata, ta fara waƙar daga kundin da ake kira &quot;Spark&quot;. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na waje a ginin Warner Brothers ta yi wani sabon waƙa, wanda aka keɓe ga mijinta na lokacin Teddy Landau, &quot;For Dear Life&quot;. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2011, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken &quot;Loud Music&quot;. An tsara shi a kan sashin Adult Pop Songs . A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2011, Branch ya yi &quot;Allah ya albarkaci Amurka&quot; a MLB All-Star Game, a [[Phoenix|Phoenix, Arizona]]. A watan Satumba, an gabatar da sabon waƙar &quot;Another Sun&quot; a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] ''Terra Nova'' .  A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2011, ta ba da karamin kide-kide ga kusan magoya bayan 200 a Gidan Masar a cikin garin Indianapolis, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gravedigger's Ball . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2011, Branch ta fitar da waƙar da ake kira &quot;If You Happen to Call&quot; don saukewa kyauta a shafin yanar gizon hukuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2011 |title=Happy Holidays – Download &quot;Happen To Call&quot; |url=http://www.michellebranch.com/content/holiday-song-download-happen-call |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107194533/http://www.michellebranch.com/content/holiday-song-download-happen-call |archive-date=January 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Kamar yadda aka saki ta, Everything Comes and Goes, West Coast Time ya ga jinkiri da yawa, har yanzu, dalilan da ba a sani ba. Branch ta tabbatar a shafinta na [[Twitter]] cewa ta san kamar yadda magoya baya suka yi game da jinkirin. A watan Janairun 2011, Branch ya tabbatar a wata hira da Katie Krause daga Hollywire.com cewa za a saki kundin daga baya a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2011 |title=Michelle Branch: New Album June 2011 – Exclusive! |url=http://www.hollywire.com/2011/01/michelle-branch-new-album-june-2011-exclusive |access-date=October 20, 2011 |website=Hollywire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2011, Branch ya ba da sanarwar cewa an kira kundin West Coast Time kuma an shirya shi don ranar fitarwa ta Satumba 2011. A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 2012, Branch ya tabbatar da cewa an shirya lokacin West Coast don saki a cikin bazara na 2013, amma ba a sake sakin kundin ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2012 |title=NewMusic2013 |url=https://twitter.com/michellebranch/status/283703185598713856}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2012 |title=Michelle's Facebook page |url=https://www.facebook.com/MichelleBranch/posts/10151327327054932 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brodsky |first=Rachel |date=March 24, 2017 |title=After Years of Record-Label Limbo, Michelle Branch Can Tell You That She's Happy Now |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/michelle-branch/after-years-of-record-label-strife-michelle-branch/ |website=[[Paste Magazine]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013-2017: Sabon yarjejeniyar rikodin da Hopeless Romantic''Soyayya mara bege'' ===
[[File:Michelle_Branch_07_21_2017_-12_(36960062282).jpg|thumb|Ofishin reshe yana aiki a Slim's a [[San Francisco]], 21 ga Yuli, 2017.]]
For much of 2013, Branch wrote songs and moved on from the unreleased ''West Coast Time''. On November 5, 2013, Branch announced that she had started recording a new album in [[Landan|London]] with Martin Terefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2013 |title=Working with Martin |url=https://twitter.com/michellebranch |website=Twitter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 2, 2014, she confirmed on Twitter that the rest of the album would be recorded in Nashville for a pop-rock sound.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2014}} In October 2014, she recorded a cover of Radiohead's &quot;Creep&quot; which was subsequently used in an episode of ''Stalker''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is Michelle Branch's Cover of &quot;Creep&quot; Better Than Radiohead's Version? Listen! |url=http://www.directlyrics.com/is-michelle-branchs-cover-of-creep-better-than-radioheads-version-listen-news.html |website=Directlyrics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2015, Branch ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Verve Records . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/michellebranch/status/622215847554220032 |website=Twitter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 2016, ta bayyana a kan Full Frontal tare da Samantha Bee don raira &quot;Goodbye Ted Cruz&quot;, sake fasalin waƙarta &quot;Goodbye to You&quot;, a matsayin kuka mai ban dariya game da dakatar da yakin neman zaben Ted Cruz na Amurka.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, Entertainment Weekly ta sanar da sabon kundin Branch, Hopeless Romantic, wanda aka saki a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2017 |title=Michelle Branch Is About To Release Her First Album In 14 Years |url=http://www.nylon.com/articles/michelle-branch-new-album |website=Nylon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Branch ta sanar a watan Satumbar 2017, cewa ta rabu da Verve Records.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kile |first=Meredith B. |date=September 8, 2017 |title=EXCLUSIVE: How Michelle Branch &amp; Patrick Carney Take Life 'Song by Song' |url=http://www.etonline.com/exclusive-how-michelle-branch-patrick-carney-take-life-song-song-86842 |access-date=September 8, 2017 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Branch da Patrick Carney sun yi murfin waƙar &quot;A Horse with No Name&quot; don wani yanayi na 4 na ''BoJack Horseman'' mai taken &quot;The Old Sugarman Place&quot;, inda halin taken ke motsawa ta cikin hamada. Wannan sigar kuma ta bayyana a cikin kundin sauti na jerin.

=== 2021-yanzu: Kundin tunawa da shekaru 20 na Ruhun da Matsalar tare da Zazzabi''Matsalar zazzabi'' ===
A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon Livestream na Janairu 5, 2021, Branch ta tabbatar da cewa za ta Saki yin rikodin kundin ta The Spirit Room a watan Maris na 2021 don bikin ranar tunawa. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2021, Branch ya yi kundin gaba ɗaya a lokacin kide-kide na musamman. Wani taron bayan jam'iyya da Q&amp;A ya biyo baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bogedon, Kara |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Michelle Branch celebrates 20th anniversary of 'The Spirit Room' with re-recording of album |url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/michelle-branch-the-spirit-room-20th-anniversary-virtual-concert-re-recording-album-vinyl-tickets-september-2021 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |website=Bandwagon}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2021 |title=Michelle Branch on The Spirit Room at 20: 'It was allowed to remain authentically teenage' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/michelle-branch-spirit-room-album-b1900944.html |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2022, Branch ta sanar a kafofin sada zumunta cewa za a saki sabon sautin da ake kira &quot;Ni Mutum ne&quot; a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I'm beyond thrilled to announce my new single &quot;I'm A Man&quot; comes out this Friday 7/15!! |url=https://twitter.com/michellebranch/status/1546991533857046531 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=Twitter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haɗa ɗayan a cikin kundi na biyar na studio, The Trouble with Fever, wanda aka saki a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;BroadwayWorld - Trouble&quot; /&gt; Hoton kundin don Matsalar tare da Zafin hoto ne wanda surukin Branch, James Carney ya ɗauka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2022 |title=Michelle Branch on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CgH3zNVJsiF/ |access-date=August 12, 2022 |website=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar kiɗa da tasiri ==
Branch ta bayyana cewa [[The Beatles|Beatles]], Led Zeppelin, [[Jimi Hendrix]], Aerosmith, Lisa Loeb, [[Joni Mitchell]], Queen, Alanis Morissette, Dolores O'Riordan, Jewel, Fleetwood Mac da Cat Stevens sun rinjayi kiɗan ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;sedona&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch – Videos, song clips, and pictures |url=http://kids.yahoo.com/music/artist/10088--Michelle+Branch/bio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408201043/http://kids.yahoo.com/music/artist/10088--Michelle+Branch/bio |archive-date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=August 31, 2010 |website=Kids.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kuma son kiɗa na gargajiya da kiɗa na ƙasa. A cikin murya, an bayyana ta a matsayin soprano. Branch galibi tana amfani da Gibson Hummingbird bayan ta yi ritaya ta blue Taylor 614ce.  

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Branch ta auri dan wasan bass dinta Teddy Landau (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) a Mexico a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2004,   kuma ta haifi ɗa &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; a watan Agustan shekara ta 2005. Ofishin ya rabu da Landau a cikin 2014,  kuma an kammala kisan aurensu a watan Nuwamba 2015.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sundel |first=Jenny |date=June 22, 2014 |title=Marc by Marc Jacobs Throws L.A. Bash |url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/parties/marc-by-marc-jacobs-throws-la-bash-7752464?src=twitter/share |website=Wwd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ishler |first=Julianne |date=February 19, 2015 |title=Michelle Branch Divorce: Splits With Teddy Landau, Husband Of 11 Years |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/02/19/teddy-landau-michelle-branch-divorce-husband-11-years/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805031943/http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/02/19/teddy-landau-michelle-branch-divorce-husband-11-years/ |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |access-date=October 2, 2015 |website=Hollywoodlife.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2015 |title=Michelle Branch -- Divorce Finalized ... She's Keeping Her Music |url=http://www.tmz.com/2015/11/16/michelle-branch-divorce-finalized-music/ |website=Tmz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Branch ya sadu da Patrick Carney na Black Keys a wani biki na [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]], kuma biyun sun fara soyayya yayin samar da Hopeless Romantic .  A cikin 2017, Branch da ɗanta sun koma gidan Carney a Nashville. Branch da Carney suna da ɗa, wanda aka haife shi a watan Agustan 2018.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch and Patrick Carney Welcome Son Rhys James |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/celebrity/michelle-branch-and-patrick-carney-welcome-son-rhys-james/ar-BBMFr7H |access-date=August 31, 2018 |website=www.msn.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun zauna a Nashville tare da 'ya'yansu da karnuka biyu na Irish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch on Instagram: &quot;Dog day is coming to an end...but is it ever really over? #DarlaAndCharlotte&quot; |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BYR6eFtAbTc/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225233935/https://www.instagram.com/p/BYR6eFtAbTc/ |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=Instagram |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Branch da Carney sun yi aure a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch Marries the Black Keys' Patrick Carney in New Orleans |url=https://people.com/music/michelle-branch-marries-patrick-carney-new-orleans-wedding/ |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na 2020, ta bayyana cewa ta zubar da ciki. A watan Agustan 2021, Branch ta sanar da cewa tana da ciki,  kuma a watan Fabrairun 2022, ta haifi 'yar, ɗanta na uku kuma na biyu tare da Carney.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch announces pregnancy months after suffering miscarriage |url=https://ew.com/syndication/michelle-branch-pregnancy-months-suffering-miscarriage/ |access-date=August 16, 2021 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vanessa Etienne |last2=Jen Juneau |date=February 4, 2022 |title=Michelle Branch and Patrick Carney Welcome Second Baby Together, Daughter Willie Jacquet |url=https://people.com/parents/michelle-branch-patrick-carney-welcome-second-baby-daughter-willie-jacquet/ |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2022, Branch ta sanar da rabuwa da Carney bayan ta zarge shi da cin amana. An kama ta a kan tuhumar da aka yi mata a cikin gida washegari, bayan da ake zargin ta buge Carney. ''Billboard'' ta ruwaito cewa an sauke tuhumar da aka yi wa Branch bisa bukatar jihar a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta. A watan da ya biyo baya, Branch da Carney sun shigar da kara don dakatar da tsarin saki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch Has 'Nothing But Love' for Patrick Carney, Says Marriage Is 'Changing by the Hour' |url=https://people.com/music/michelle-branch-says-she-has-nothing-but-love-for-husband-patrick-carney/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michelle Branch and Patrick Carney Suspend Divorce Proceedings for 6 Months to Work on Marriage |url=https://people.com/music/michelle-branch-patrick-carney-suspend-divorce-proceedings-working-on-marriage/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

* ''Bracelet da aka karye'' (2000) 
* ''Gidan Ruhun'' (2001) 
* ''Takardar Otal'' (2003) 
* Romantic mara bege (2017) 
* ''Matsalar zazzabi'' (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;BroadwayWorld - Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Michelle Branch Announces ''The Trouble with Fever'' |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Michelle-Branch-Announces-The-Trouble-with-Fever-20220715 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=Broadway World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|2001
|''Buffy mai kisan jini''
|Shi da kansa / Baƙo na Kiɗa
|Fim din &quot;Tabula Rasa&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''Mafarki na Amurka''
|Lesley Gore
|Fim din &quot;Ƙarshen Rashin Rashin Rikici&quot;
|-
|''Chick mai zafi''
|DJ
|
|-
|2003
|''Ya yi farin ciki''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Shi da kansa / Baƙo na Kiɗa
|Fim din &quot;Centennial Charmed&quot;
|-
|2004
|''Nunin Chris Isaak''
|Kashi na &quot;Candidate&quot;
|-
|2005
|''Ɗaya daga cikin Dutsen Itace''
|Fim din &quot;Jarima ya mutu a cikin wannan&quot;
|-
|2010
|''Gidan cin abinci na jahannama''
|Shi da kansa
|Kashi &quot;16 Chefs Competition&quot;
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

=== Kyautar Grammy ===
The [[Grammy Award]]s are awarded annually by the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]. Branch has won one award from four nominations.
{{awards table}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Grammy Awards of 2003|2003]]
||Michelle Branch
|[[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|&quot;[[The Game of Love (Santana song)|The Game of Love]]&quot; (with [[Santana (band)|Santana]])
||[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]]
|{{Won}}
|-
||[[Grammy Awards of 2004|2004]]
|&quot;[[Are You Happy Now?]]&quot;
||[[Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
||[[Grammy Awards of 2007|2007]]
|&quot;[[Leave the Pieces]]&quot;
||[[Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]
|{{Nom}}
{{End}}

=== Kyautar MTV Asiya ===
The [[MTV Asia Awards]] were first established in 2002 by [[MTV (Asian TV channel)|MTV Asia]]. Branch received one nomination. 
{{awards table}}
|-
|[[MTV Asia Awards 2004|2004]]
|Michelle Branch
|Favorite Female Artist
|{{Nom}}
{{End}}

=== Kyautar Kiɗa ta Bidiyo ta MTV ===
The [[MTV Video Music Awards]] were established in 1984 by [[MTV]] to celebrate the top music videos of the year. Branch received three nominations. 
{{awards table}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[2002 MTV Video Music Awards|2002]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&quot;[[All You Wanted]]&quot;
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|&quot;[[Everywhere (Michelle Branch song)|Everywhere]]&quot;
|[[MTV Video Music Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]
|{{Won}}
{{End}}

=== Kyautar Zaɓin Matasa ===
The [[Teen Choice Awards]] is an annual awards show first aired in 1999 by [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Branch received four nominations.
{{awards table}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[2002 Teen Choice Awards|2002]]
|Michelle Branch
|Choice Breakout Artist
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&quot;[[All You Wanted]]&quot;
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Love Song|Choice Love Song]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Summer Song
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[2003 Teen Choice Awards|2003]]
|&quot;[[The Game of Love (Santana and Michelle Branch song)|The Game of Love]]&quot;
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Collaboration|Choice Hook Up]]
|{{Nom}}
{{End}}

=== Sauran kyaututtuka ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Ƙungiya
!Kyautar &lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards
|Top 10 Mafi kyawun Albums na Kasashen Waje (a matsayin Hotel Paper) &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin Takardar Otal) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Won}}
|
|-
|Kyaututtuka 10 na Bayyanawa &lt;small&gt; (Indonesia) &lt;/small&gt; 
|Mai ba da labari na Duniya| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2003 |title=Clear Top 10 Awards |url=http://www.indosiar.com/sinopsis/clear-top-10-awards_3180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229173650/http://www.indosiar.com/sinopsis/clear-top-10-awards_3180.html |archive-date=December 29, 2014 |access-date=December 30, 2014 |website=Indosiar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|Kyautar Groovevolt Music da Fashion
|Mafi kyawun Pop Album - Mata (The Spirit Room) &lt;small&gt; (''Gidan Ruhun'') &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;k071&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2004 |title=it's your music |url=http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209091451/http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp |archive-date=9 December 2004 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=groovevolt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyautar BMI Pop
|Waƙar da ta lashe lambar yabo &lt;small&gt; (&quot;Shin kun yi farin ciki yanzu?&quot;) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2004 |title=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhAEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA59}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2006
|Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Ƙasa
|Duo na Murya na Shekara &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2007
|Kyautar MusicRow
|Babban Labari mai suna Breakout Artist of the Year &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
|
|-
|R&amp;amp;amp;R Masu Karatu
|Mafi kyawun Sabon Mai wasan kwaikwayo &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ƙasa
|Top Vocal Duo &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
|Babban Sabon Duo na Murya &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
|Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Ƙasa
|Duo na Murya na Shekara &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2008
|Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ƙasa
|Babban Sabon Duo na Murya &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
|Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Ƙasa
|Duo na Murya na Shekara &lt;small&gt; (a matsayin The Wreckers) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==

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[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
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'''Tattalin Arziki''' halittu, bioeconomy ko '''biotechonomy''' aiki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya shafi amfani da biotechnology da biomass a cikin samar da kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko makamashi. Hukumomin ci gaban yanki, kungiyoyi na kasa da na ƙasa, da kamfanonin biotechnology suna amfani da kalmomin. Suna da alaƙa da juyin halitta na masana'antar biotechnology da ikon yin karatu, fahimta, da sarrafa kayan kwayar halitta wanda ya yiwu saboda binciken kimiyya da ci gaban fasaha. Wannan ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ga aikin gona, kiwon lafiya, sinadarai, da masana'antun makamashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smyth-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smyth |first=S. J. |last2=Aerni |first2=P. |last3=Castle |first3=D. |last4=Demont |first4=M. |last5=Falck-Zepeda |first5=J. B. |last6=Paarlberg |first6=R. |last7=Phillips |first7=P. W. B. |last8=Pray |first8=C. E. |last9=Savastano |first9=S. |last10=Wesseler |last11=Zilberman |first11=D. |year=2011 |title=Sustainability and the bioeconomy: Policy recommendations from the 15th ICABR conference |journal=AgBioForum |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=180–186}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wesseler-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wesseler |last2=Spielman |first2=D. S. |last3=Demont |first3=M. |year=2011 |title=The Future of Governance in the Global Bioeconomy: Policy, Regulation, and Investment Challenges for the Biotechnology and Bioenergy Sectors |journal=AgBioForum |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=288–290}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lab_Grown_Meat_explained_by_New_Harvest.webm|thumbtime=0:39|thumb|350x350px|A video by New Harvest and Xprize explaining the development of cultured meat and a &quot;post-animal bio-economy&quot; driven by lab-grown protein (meat, eggs, milk)]]

== Ma'anar ==
Bioeconomy yana da ma'anoni da yawa. Bioeconomy ya ƙunshi waɗancan ɓangarorin tattalin arziki waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatun halittu masu sabuntawa daga ƙasa da teku - kamar amfanin gona, gandun daji, kifi, dabbobi da ƙananan kwayoyin - don samar da abinci, kiwon lafiya, kayan aiki, kayayyaki, masana'antu da makamashi. Ma'anar da amfani duk da haka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roos |first=Annie |last2=Blomquist |first2=Mimmi |last3=Bhatia |first3=Riina |last4=Ekegren |first4=Katarina |last5=Rönnberg |first5=Jonas |last6=Torfgård |first6=Lovisa |last7=Tunberg |first7=Maria |date=2021-11-17 |title=The digitalisation of the Nordic bioeconomy and its effect on gender equality |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research |volume=36 |issue=7–8 |pages=639–654 |bibcode=2021SJFR...36..639R |doi=10.1080/02827581.2021.1996629 |issn=0282-7581 |s2cid=240328487 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin halittu shine fahimtar hanyoyin da matakai a matakan Kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta da na kwayoyin halitta. Bioeconomy yana da niyyar rage dogaro da albarkatun halittu, don hana asarar halittu da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon ci gaban tattalin arziki da ayyukan da suka dace da ka'idodin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

=== Ma'anar da ta gabata ===
Juan Enríquez da Rodrigo Martinez ne suka yi amfani da kalmar 'biotechonomy' a taron Genomics Seminar a shekarar 1997 na AAAS . An buga wani sashi na wannan takarda a cikin ''Kimiyya''.&quot;

A cikin 2010, an bayyana shi a cikin rahoton&quot;The Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) in Europe: Achievements and Challenges&quot; by Albrecht &amp; al. kamar haka: Bio-economy shine samarwa mai ɗorewa da jujjuyawar biomass, don kewayon abinci, kiwon lafiya, fiber da kayayyakin masana'antu da makamashi, inda sabuntawa biomass ya ƙunshi duk wani abu na halitta da za a yi amfani da shi azaman albarkatun kasa. &quot;

Dangane da binciken 2013, &quot;za'a iya bayyana tattalin arzikin halittu a matsayin tattalin arziki inda aka samo asali na asali don kayan aiki, sunadarai da makamashi daga albarkatun halittu masu sabuntawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.3390/su5062589&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCormick |first=Kes |last2=Kautto |first2=Niina |date=2013 |title=The Bioeconomy in Europe: An Overview |journal=Sustainability |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2589–2608 |bibcode=2013Sust....5.2589M |doi=10.3390/su5062589 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[https://gbs2015.com/ Taron farko na Bioeconomy na Duniya] a Berlin a watan Nuwamba 2015 ya bayyana bioeconomy a matsayin &quot;samar da ilimi da amfani da albarkatun halittu, hanyoyin halittu da ka'idoji don samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki&quot;. Dangane da taron, tattalin arzikin halittu ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: sabuntawa mai sabuntawa, kunnawa da haɗuwa da fasahar, da haɗin kai a duk aikace-aikace game da samar da farko (watau duk albarkatun halitta masu rai), kiwon lafiya (watau magunguna da na'urorin kiwon lafiya), da masana'antu (watau sunadarai, filastik, enzymes, kwaya da takarda, bioenergy). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Overview on How Sustainability is Addressed in Official Bioeconomy Strategies at International, National and Regional Levels |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5998e.pdf |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Tattalin Arziki''' halittu, bioeconomy ko '''biotechonomy''' aiki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya shafi amfani da biotechnology da biomass a cikin samar da kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko makamashi. Hukumomin ci gaban yanki, kungiyoyi na kasa da na ƙasa, da kamfanonin biotechnology suna amfani da kalmomin. Suna da alaƙa da juyin halitta na masana'antar biotechnology da ikon yin karatu, fahimta, da sarrafa kayan kwayar halitta wanda ya yiwu saboda binciken kimiyya da ci gaban fasaha. Wannan ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ga aikin gona, kiwon lafiya, sinadarai, da masana'antun makamashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smyth-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smyth |first=S. J. |last2=Aerni |first2=P. |last3=Castle |first3=D. |last4=Demont |first4=M. |last5=Falck-Zepeda |first5=J. B. |last6=Paarlberg |first6=R. |last7=Phillips |first7=P. W. B. |last8=Pray |first8=C. E. |last9=Savastano |first9=S. |last10=Wesseler |last11=Zilberman |first11=D. |year=2011 |title=Sustainability and the bioeconomy: Policy recommendations from the 15th ICABR conference |journal=AgBioForum |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=180–186}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wesseler-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wesseler |last2=Spielman |first2=D. S. |last3=Demont |first3=M. |year=2011 |title=The Future of Governance in the Global Bioeconomy: Policy, Regulation, and Investment Challenges for the Biotechnology and Bioenergy Sectors |journal=AgBioForum |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=288–290}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lab_Grown_Meat_explained_by_New_Harvest.webm|thumbtime=0:39|thumb|350x350px|A video by New Harvest and Xprize explaining the development of cultured meat and a &quot;post-animal bio-economy&quot; driven by lab-grown protein (meat, eggs, milk)]]

== Ma'anar ==
Bioeconomy yana da ma'anoni da yawa. Bioeconomy ya ƙunshi waɗancan ɓangarorin tattalin arziki waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatun halittu masu sabuntawa daga ƙasa da teku - kamar amfanin gona, gandun daji, kifi, dabbobi da ƙananan kwayoyin - don samar da abinci, kiwon lafiya, kayan aiki, kayayyaki, masana'antu da makamashi. Ma'anar da amfani duk da haka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roos |first=Annie |last2=Blomquist |first2=Mimmi |last3=Bhatia |first3=Riina |last4=Ekegren |first4=Katarina |last5=Rönnberg |first5=Jonas |last6=Torfgård |first6=Lovisa |last7=Tunberg |first7=Maria |date=2021-11-17 |title=The digitalisation of the Nordic bioeconomy and its effect on gender equality |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research |volume=36 |issue=7–8 |pages=639–654 |bibcode=2021SJFR...36..639R |doi=10.1080/02827581.2021.1996629 |issn=0282-7581 |s2cid=240328487 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziƙin halittu shine fahimtar hanyoyin da matakai a matakan Kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta da na kwayoyin halitta. Bioeconomy yana da niyyar rage dogaro da albarkatun halittu, don hana asarar halittu da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon ci gaban tattalin arziki da ayyukan da suka dace da ƙa'idodin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

=== Ma'anar da ta gabata ===
Juan Enríquez da Rodrigo Martinez ne suka yi amfani da kalmar 'biotechonomy' a taron Genomics Seminar a shekarar 1997 na AAAS . An buga wani sashi na wannan takarda a cikin ''Kimiyya''.&quot;

A cikin 2010, an bayyana shi a cikin rahoton&quot;The Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) in Europe: Achievements and Challenges&quot; by Albrecht &amp; al. kamar haka: Bio-economy shine samarwa mai ɗorewa da jujjuyawar biomass, don kewayon abinci, kiwon lafiya, fiber da kayayyakin masana'antu da makamashi, inda sabuntawa biomass ya ƙunshi duk wani abu na halitta da za a yi amfani da shi azaman albarkatun kasa. &quot;

Dangane da binciken 2013, &quot;za'a iya bayyana tattalin arzikin halittu a matsayin tattalin arziki inda aka samo asali na asali don kayan aiki, sunadarai da makamashi daga albarkatun halittu masu sabuntawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.3390/su5062589&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCormick |first=Kes |last2=Kautto |first2=Niina |date=2013 |title=The Bioeconomy in Europe: An Overview |journal=Sustainability |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2589–2608 |bibcode=2013Sust....5.2589M |doi=10.3390/su5062589 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[https://gbs2015.com/ Taron farko na Bioeconomy na Duniya] a Berlin a watan Nuwamba 2015 ya bayyana bioeconomy a matsayin &quot;samar da ilimi da amfani da albarkatun halittu, hanyoyin halittu da ka'idoji don samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka a duk bangarorin tattalin arziki&quot;. Dangane da taron, tattalin arzikin halittu ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: sabuntawa mai sabuntawa, kunnawa da haɗuwa da fasahar, da haɗin kai a duk aikace-aikace game da samar da farko (watau duk albarkatun halitta masu rai), kiwon lafiya (watau magunguna da na'urorin kiwon lafiya), da masana'antu (watau sunadarai, filastik, enzymes, kwaya da takarda, bioenergy). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Overview on How Sustainability is Addressed in Official Bioeconomy Strategies at International, National and Regional Levels |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5998e.pdf |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Jack H. Pen-Mogi Nyeko''' likitan dabbobi ne na Uganda, masanin kimiyya da kuma mai gudanar da ilimi. Shi ne Shugaba [[Jami'ar Mbarara|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Mbarara]] (MUST), tun daga 23 ga Oktoba 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;0R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajab Mukombozi |date=23 October 2025 |title=Mbarara University to graduate over 1,000, unveil Museveni-appointed chancellor |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mbarara-university-to-graduate-over-1-000-unveil-museveni-appointed-chancellor-5242486 |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Gulu]], jami'ar jama'a a arewacin Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GU |date=2012 |title=Background Information About Gulu University |url=http://www.gu.ac.ug/gu/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209230439/http://www.gu.ac.ug/gu/about-us |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=[[Gulu University]] (GU)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Eriku |date=24 October 2012 |title=Gulu University Reopens After Strike |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Gulu-varsity-reopens-after-strike/-/688334/1593516/-/mj4tcsz/-/index.html |access-date=9 February 2015 |website=[[Daily Monitor]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209213629/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Gulu-varsity-reopens-after-strike/-/688334/1593516/-/mj4tcsz/-/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife shi a Yankin Arewa Uganda a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1948. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] a 1975 tare da digiri na farko na likitan dabbobi. A shekara ta 1981, ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] tare da digiri na Master of Science . Ya sami Dokta na Falsafa daga Jami'ar Makerere a shekarar 1988. Yankin kwarewarsa shine kwayoyin Kwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyeko |first=Pen-Mogi |date=2014 |title=Resume of Professor Pen-Mogi Nyeko |url=http://www.africa-brazil.org/app/public/upload/resume/Brief%2520CV%2520Nyeko_20141122081825.docx |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123211914/http://www.africa-brazil.org/app/public/upload/resume/Brief%20CV%20Nyeko_20141122081825.docx |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Africa-Brazil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1987, a matsayin Babban Masanin Bincike na Bincike, a Sashen Kula da Tsetse na Uganda, yana aiki a can har zuwa 1991. Daga 1993 har zuwa 1996, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Malami a Kwalejin Magungunan Dabbobi, Sashen Magungunan dabbobi, a [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. A shekara ta 1994, Shugaban kasar Uganda ya zaba shi ya zama wakilin Majalisar Dokoki, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uganda na 1995. Daga 1996 har zuwa 2001, ya kasance memba na majalisa, yana wakiltar ''Gundumar Kilak'', Gundumar Gulu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001 an nada rundunar fasaha don kafa Jami'ar Gulu. An nada Farfesa Nyeko a matsayin shugaban wannan rundunar mutane hudu. Lokacin da jami'ar ta buɗe a shekara ta 2002, ya zama mataimakin shugaban makarantar; jami'ar jama'a ta uku da za a kafa a kasar.[1] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, an sanya shi a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Mbarara, ya maye gurbin Farfesa Charles Mark Lwanga Olweny wanda ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin daga shekara ta 2017 har zuwa shekara ta 2025. [2]

== Sauran ayyuka ==
Pen-Mogi Nyeko ya yi aiki a cikin matsayi masu zuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot; /&gt;

* Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa ta Uganda tun 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEMA |date=September 2013 |title=National Environment Management Authority: NEMA Board of Directors 2013-2016 |url=http://www.nema-ug.org/NEMA_board.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209225158/http://www.nema-ug.org/NEMA_board.php |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shugaban Majalisar Kasa ta Uganda ta 18 don Ilimi mafi girma tun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNCHE |title=Composition of Uganda National Council for Higher Education |url=http://www.unche.or.ug/about-unche/composition |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=[[Uganda National Council for Higher Education]] (UNCHE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* memba na Hukumar jarrabawar Kasa ta Uganda tun shekara ta 2002.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Nyeko ya yi aure kuma yana da yara biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNAS |title=Fellow Profiles At Uganda National Academy of Sciences |url=http://ugandanationalacademy.org/fellow_profile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302002902/http://ugandanationalacademy.org/fellow_profile.php |archive-date=2 March 2015 |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Uganda National Academy of Sciences (UNAS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin shugabannin jami'o'i a Uganda]]

== Tebur na maye gurbin a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Mbarara ==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box}}
{{S-end}}

== Tebur na maye gurbin a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Gulu ==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=Vice Chancellor of Gulu University}}
{{S-end}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patrick J. Bumatay</title>
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'''Patrick Joseph Bumatay''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1978) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Voruganti |first=Harsh |date=2019-11-18 |title=Patrick Bumatay – Nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |url=https://vettingroom.org/2019/11/18/patrick-bumatay/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=The Vetting Room |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; lauya ne kuma lauya na Amurka wanda ke aiki a matsayin alƙali na da'ira na Amurka na Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Yanki na Tara . Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] ne ya nada shi a shekarar 2019. Kafin ya zama alƙali na tarayya, Bumatay ya kasance mai gabatar da kara na tarayya a Kudancin Gundumar California .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Bumatay a shekara ta 1978 a Secaucus, New Jersey .  Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Yale a shekara ta 2000 tare da digiri na farko na Arts, ''cum laude'' . Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2003, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin yakin neman zabe na siyasa kuma a matsayin lauya a Ofishin zartarwa na Shugaban Amurka. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, inda ya kasance editan ''Jaridar Harvard ta Shari'a da Manufofin Jama'a'', kuma ya kammala a 2006 tare da Juris Doctor.

== Farkon aiki ==
Yayinda yake a makarantar shari'a, Bumatay ya kasance abokin aiki na bazara a Gibson, Dunn &amp;amp;amp; Crutcher a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Patrick Joseph Bumatay |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Patrick%20Bumatay%20Senate%20Questionnaire%20%28PUBLIC%29.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2026 |publisher=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar shari'a, Bumatay ya kasance magatakarda na shari'a ga Alkalin Timothy Tymkovich na Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Gundumar Goma daga 2006 zuwa 2007. Ya kasance mataimakin na musamman a Ofishin Ma'aikatar Shari'a na Amurka daga 2007 zuwa 2008 da kuma Ofishin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan daga 2008 zuwa 2009. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda ga Alkalin Sandra L. Townes na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gabashin Gundumar New York daga 2009 zuwa 2010.

Daga 2010 zuwa 2012, Bumatay ya kasance a cikin aikin sirri a matsayin abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauya na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] Morvillo Abramowitz Grand Iason &amp; Anello . Daga 2012 har zuwa nadin shari'a a 2018, Bumatay ya kasance mai gabatar da kara na tarayya na Kudancin Gundumar California a ofishin San Diego, inda ya kasance memba na Sashen Shirye-shiryen Laifuka da Magunguna. 

Ya kasance memba na Tarayyar Tarayya tun daga shekara ta 2003, Tarayyar Bar ta Tarayya (San Diego chapter) tun daga shekara de 2016, Ƙungiyar Bar ta Asiya ta Pacific ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2015 kuma tun daga shekara da 2018, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Filipino ta Amurka ta Kasa daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2018, da kuma Tom Homann LGBT Law Association tun daga shekara. 

== Ayyukan shari'a na Tarayya ==

=== Kotun daukaka kara ===
A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2018, Shugaba Donald Trump ya sanar da niyyarsa na zabar Bumatay zuwa Yanki na Tara.  Dukansu Sanatoci daga California, [[Dianne Feinstein]] da [[Kamala Harris]], sun sanar da adawarsu ga zabensa, suna mai cewa ba su haɗa sunan Bumatay daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da shawarar ga Yanki na Tara ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Vogue |first=Ariane |date=2018-10-13 |title=White House nominations to 9th Circuit set off firestorm |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/13/politics/white-house-ninth-circuit-judges/index.html |access-date=2019-01-31 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cummings |first=William |date=2018-10-17 |title=Trump makes his second nomination of openly gay person to be federal judge |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/10/17/patrick-bumatay-trump-judicial-nominee/1668092002/ |access-date=2019-01-31 |website=USA TODAY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=Sarah D. |date=2018-10-11 |title=California senators will try to block White House judicial nominees for the 9th Circuit - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-9th-circuit-nominees-20181011-story.html |access-date=2018-10-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2018, an tura gabatarwa zuwa Majalisar Dattijai. Shugaba Trump ya zabi Bumatay a wurin zama da Alkalin Alex Kozinski ya bar, wanda ya yi ritaya a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2017.

A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2019, an mayar da gabatarwa ga Shugaban kasa a karkashin Dokar XXXI, sakin layi na 6 na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.

A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2019, Shugaba Trump ya sanar da niyyarsa ta sake zabar Bumatay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Trump brings back 9th Circuit Court of Appeals nominee |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-news/2019/09/trump-brings-back-9th-circuit-court-of-appeals-nominee/ |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=Federal News Network |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021170842/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-news/2019/09/trump-brings-back-9th-circuit-court-of-appeals-nominee/ |archive-date=2019-10-21 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Trump brings back 9th Circuit Court of Appeals nominee |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-news/2019/09/trump-brings-back-9th-circuit-court-of-appeals-nominee/ |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=Federal News Network |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021170842/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-news/2019/09/trump-brings-back-9th-circuit-court-of-appeals-nominee/ |archive-date=2019-10-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, an tura gabatarwa zuwa Majalisar Dattijai. An zabi Bumatay a matsayin wanda Alkalin Carlos Bea ya bar shi, wanda a baya ya sanar da niyyarsa na ɗaukar Matsayi mai girma bayan tabbatar da magaji. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2019, an gudanar da sauraron zaben Bumatay a gaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2019, an ba da rahoton zabensa daga kwamitin ta hanyar kuri'u 12-10. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, 2019, Majalisar Dattijai ta yi kira da kuri'u 47-41. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Patrick J. Bumatay to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00386 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=www.senate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, 2019, an tabbatar da zabensa da kuri'u 53-40.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation: Patrick J. Bumatay, of California, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00387 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=www.senate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya karbi kwamishinan shari'a a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2019.  Bumatay ita ce Ba'amurke na farko na Filipino da ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na daukaka kara na tarayya na Mataki na III kuma alƙali ne na farko da ya bayyana a fili a kan Yanki na Tara. 

==== Shahararrun lokuta ====
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Bumatay ya nuna rashin amincewa da sake dubawa a banki inda kwamitin alƙalai uku suka yanke hukuncin cewa kin amincewa da aikin tiyata na jima'i ga fursunonin Idaho ya saba wa Kwaskwarima ta takwas. A cikin rashin amincewarsa, Bumatay ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;shirin kwamitin ya ɗaga sabbin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya masu tasowa don zama ƙofar tsarin mulki don kula da kiwon lafiya a kurkuku. A yin haka, kwamitin ya rage ma'auni don kafa keta Kwaskwarima ta takwas&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2020 |title=9th Circuit rejects rehearing request from Idaho in Edmo case, Gov. Little vows appeal to US Supreme Court |url=https://www.idahopress.com/eyeonboise/th-circuit-rejects-rehearing-request-from-idaho-in-edmo-case/article_8959412f-9984-5122-aeb0-1c1fa646e3ae.html |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.idahopress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Rashin amincewar Bumatay a cikin wannan shari'ar daga baya ya haifar da yin shiru ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban shari'a yayin da suke ba da lacca na Ranar Tsarin Mulki a Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stanford Law School |first= |date=2021-09-23 |title=Constitution Day 2021: The Value of Dissent |url=https://law.stanford.edu/press/constitution-day-2021-the-value-of-dissent/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Stanford Law School |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Thomas |date=March 1, 2023 |title=The Kids are Alright |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlr/vol51/iss2/5/ |journal=Hofstra Law Review |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=439-458 |via=Scholarly Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2020, Bumatay ya nuna rashin amincewa da sake yin shari'''a kan benci'' inda kwamitin alƙalai uku suka tabbatar da doka haramtacciyar bindigogi ta tarayya ga mutanen da aka sanya a asibitin mahaukaci. Bumatay ya yi jayayya cewa kwamitin ya yi watsi da &quot;tarihi da al'ada&quot; na Kwaskwarima ta Biyu kuma ya yi amfani da ma'auni na tsakiya a matsayin ma'aunin bita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mai v. United States, 974 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2020) |url=https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/09/10/18-36071.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba 2020, Bumatay ya rubuta wa kwamitin da ya amince da shi lokacin da ya gano cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da umarni don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden fitarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Air a kan [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] ba bayan EPA kanta ta saita sabbin ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadatattun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17291674667174920278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== An janye gabatarwa zuwa kotun gundumar ===
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2019, Shugaba Trump ya sanar da niyyarsa na zabar Bumatay zuwa wurin zama a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Kudancin California . [1] A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an tura gabatarwa zuwa Majalisar Dattijai. An zabi shi a wurin zama da Marilyn L. Huff ya bar, wanda ya ɗauki babban matsayi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2016. [2] An janye gabatarwa a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019, lokacin da aka sake zabarsa zuwa wurin zama a Gundumar Tara.[3]

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Bumatay Ba'amurke ne na Filipino kuma a bayyane yake ɗan luwaɗi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rikicin nadin shari'a na Donald Trump
* Jerin masu shari'a na Asiya na Amurka
* Jerin 'yan tsiraru maza da alƙalai na farko a Amurka
* Jerin lauyoyin LGBT a Amurka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Opiyo Oloya</title>
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'''Opiyo Oloya''' malamin Uganda ne kuma marubuci, wanda ke zaune a Kanada, a halin yanzu Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Yamma Kasuwanci, Bambanci da Haɗuwa .  Ya rubuta Child to Soldier wanda Jami'ar Toronto Press ta buga a shekarar 2013. Littafin yana magana ne game da kwarewar yara sojoji da aka dauka a cikin sojojin Joseph Kony.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Teresa Latchford |date=20 October 2011 |title=Fleet-footed principal leads by example |url=https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/1463301-fleet-footed-principal-leads-by-example/ |access-date=5 December 2019 |publisher=Yorkregion.com |place=Newmarket, Ontario, Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007175552/https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/1463301-fleet-footed-principal-leads-by-example/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Oloya a ƙauyen Pamin-Yai, a cikin Gundumar Amuru ta zamani, Yankin Arewa, Uganda, a cikin shekara ta 1957. [1] A lokacin da aka haife shi, Gundumar Amuru ta kasance wani ɓangare na Gundumar Gulu da ke makwabtaka. Bayan ya halarci makarantun firamare na gida, an shigar da shi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sir Samuel Baker don wani ɓangare na karatunsa na O-Level (S1 zuwa S3), daga 1973 har zuwa 1976. Ya koma Kwalejin St. Peter's Tororo, inda ya kammala karatun O-Level da A-Level a can, daga 1976 har zuwa 1979. A shekara ta 1979 an shigar da shi Jami'ar Makerere don neman digiri a kimiyyar siyasa. Yayinda yake a Makerere, ya zama mai aiki a siyasar harabar kuma an zabe shi shugaban kungiyar daliban Jami'ar Makerere. Ra'ayoyinsa sun yi karo da na mulkin Obote II a lokacin.[2]

A shekara ta 1981, ya gudu zuwa makwabciyar Kenya, kafin ya kammala karatun digiri. Ya shigar da kara don matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Kenya kuma [[Kanada]] ta karbe shi, inda ya koma a 1981. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Sarauniya, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa a shekarar 1986. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na Master of Education daga Jami'ar Ottawa a shekarar 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;Music&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oloya |first=Opiyo |date=2008 |title=Biography of Opiyo Oloya |url=http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/feature/oloyabio.html |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Rootsworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2010, ya samu nasarar kare rubutunsa don digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a Jami'ar York . &lt;ref name=&quot;Father&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oloya |first=Opiyo |date=22 June 2010 |title=Happy Father's Day Mzee Alipayo Oloya! I Salute You |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/20/723474 |access-date=1 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Oloya shine marubucin littattafai da yawa, ciki har da Child to Soldier (Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2013) da ''Black Hawks rising: labarin nasarar da AMISOM ta samu a yaƙin da aka yi da 'yan tawaye na Somalia, 2007-2014''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurlbut |first=Joanne |date=2015 |title=Review: Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army |journal=Nova Religio |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=126–8 |doi=10.1525/nr.2015.18.3.126 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2015.18.3.126}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Hussein |date=2017 |title=Book Review: BLACK HAWKS RISING: THE STORY OF AMISOM'S SUCCESSFUL WAR AGAINST SOMALI INSURGENTS, 2007-2014. |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/view/160599/150170 |journal=Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=155–7 |doi=10.5787/45-1-1199 |access-date=7 October 2019 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban aikin da Opiyo Oloya ya zaɓa shine ilimi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gundumar Amuru
* Gulu
* Betty Bigombe
* Yankin Acholi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pritchardia viscosa</title>
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{{Speciesbox|name=Stickybud pritchardia|image=Pviscosa.jpg|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Clark |first1=M. |last2=Nyberg |first2=B. |last3=Wood |first3=K. |year=2020 |title=''Pritchardia viscosa'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T38655A83788107 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38655A83788107.en |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=&lt;ref name=NS&gt;{{cite NatureServe |id=2.157769 |title=''Pritchardia viscosa'' |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Pritchardia|species=viscosa|authority=[[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]}}

'''''Pritchardia viscosa''''', '''stickybud pritchardia'''  ko '''lo ʻ ulu''', wani [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|nau'in dabino ne mai matuƙar wahalar shiga cikin hatsari]] ''wanda'' ke zaune a tsibirin Kaua ʻ i na [[Hawaii]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pritchardia viscosa |url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=12967 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027160144/http://centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=12967 |archive-date=2010-10-27 |access-date=2009-11-12 |website=CPC National Collection Plant Profiles |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a cikin [[Kalihiwai Valley|kwarin Kalihiwai]], inda take girma a tsayin {{Convert|500|-|700|m|ft}} . Tsire-tsire masu alaƙa sun haɗa da ʻ ( ''Ilex anomala'' ), ʻ ( ''Bobea'' spp.), hame, ( ''Antidesma'' spp.), hāpu ʻ u pulu ( ''Cibotium glacum'' ), da kōpiko ( ''Psychotria [[Psychotria hexandra|hexandra]]'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot; /&gt;

Itacen dabino ne mai matsakaicin girma daga {{Convert|6|-|8|m|ft}} tsayi, tare da ganyen dabino (mai siffar fan) kusan {{Convert|1|m|ft}} tsayi. Ana samar da [['ya'yan itace|'ya'yan itacen]] a cikin tarin 'ya'yan itace masu yawa, kowanne 'ya'yan itace kore ne, mai siffar pear, {{Convert|4|cm|in}} tsayi da {{Convert|2.5|cm|in}} a diamita. &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot; /&gt;

Kamar Nihoa Fan Palm ( ''P. remota'' ) mai alaƙa, tana iya halakawa sakamakon wani mummunan lamari guda ɗaya saboda yawan mutanen da ke cikinta na daji. [[Ɓera|Beraye]] da aka kawo daga ƙasashen waje suna fuskantar barazanar cin irin . An noma shi a matsakaicin yanayi, amma yana da iyaka sosai a wurin da yake zama. &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321112939/http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Pritchardia/viscosa.html PACSOA: ''Pritchardia viscosa'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060707181114/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Pritchardia_viscosa/ ARKive: Hotunan rayuwa a Duniya]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5489507}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Potentilla daji</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Speciesbox|image=|status=G1|status_system=TNC|genus=Potentilla|species=wilderae|authority=(Parish) Munz &amp; I.M.Johnst.|synonyms=* ''Horkelia wilderae'' &lt;small&gt;Parish&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''Potentilla parryi'' var. ''wilderae'' &lt;small&gt;(Parish) Jeps.&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''Potentilla wilderae''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Barton Flats horkelia''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin fure ba .  Yana da yawa a gundumar San Bernardino, California, inda aka san shi daga kusan sau goma kacal a kusa da Barton Flats . Yana girma a cikin mazaunin [[California montane chaparral da gandun daji|tsaunukan chaparral da dazuzzuka]] inda chaparral ya haɗu da [[Kudancin daji mai laushi|dajin pine]], kuma yana fuskantar barazanar sarewa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California Native Plant Society Rare Plants Profile |url=http://cnps.web.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Go?_id=horkelia_wilderae&amp;sort=DEFAULT&amp;search=Horkelia%20wilderae}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
''Potentilla wilderae'' wata shuka ce da ba ta daɗe ba wadda take samar da rosette mai kama da ganyen da ke tsaye a kusa da ƙaramin caudex . Kowanne ganye yana da tsawon santimita 10 kuma an yi shi da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na takaddun da aka raba a ƙarshen zuwa lobes da yawa. Furen furen yana da furanni har zuwa 15 a saman wani tsauni mai tsayi, kowanne fure ya ƙunshi sepals biyar masu kaifi, kore, waɗanda galibi suke sake lanƙwasa da kuma furanni masu siffar shebur biyar masu launin fari masu tsayi.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6738,6767 Maganin Jepson da hannu — ''Horkelia wilderae'']
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Horkelia+wilderae ''Horkelia wilderae'' — UC Hotunan hoto]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16983316}}
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  <page>
    <title>Nemacladus calcaratus</title>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Nemacladus calcaratus in flower.jpg|image_caption=''Nemacladus calcaratus'' in flower|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=|genus=Nemacladus|species=calcaratus|authority=[[Nancy Ruth Morin|Morin]]}}

'''''Nemacladus calcatus''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin kararrawa ba wanda aka sani da sunan da aka fi sani da '''Chimney Creek nemacladus''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a gundumar Tulare, California, inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Chimney Creek a kudancin Sierra Nevada a gabashin tafkin Isabella . Yana faruwa a cikin dazuzzuka a kan dutse mai yashi. An fara tattara shi a shekarar 1986 kuma aka bayyana shi ga kimiyya a matsayin sabon nau'in halitta a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;morin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morin |first=Nancy R. |date=2008 |title=Nomenclatural Changes in Nemacladus (campanulaceae) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971649 |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=397–400 |issn=1934-5259}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaramin ganye ne na shekara-shekara mai kusurwa, mai ɗan gashi, wani lokacin kuma mai launin ja mai tsawon santimita kaɗan. Ganyen mai siffar lanƙwasa suna da tsawon milimita kaɗan, launin kore zuwa ja, kuma suna da gashi mai yawa. Inflorescences suna ɗaukar furanni a kan gajerun pedicels masu kama da zare, tsawonsu ya kai santimita ɗaya. Ƙaramin furen yana da lobes masu kaifi biyar kowanne tsawon milimita 1 ko 2, biyu mafi ƙanƙanta an haɗa su don samar da spur. Furen fari ne mai ratsin ja mai duhu a makogwaro.

== Manazarta ==
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== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=89052 Maganin Jepson da Manual]
* [http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Nemacladus+calcaratus Tsarin Kula da Yanayi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/3393.html Bayanin Shuke-shuken 'Yan Asalin California]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6990880}}
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  <page>
    <title>Neripteron vespertinum</title>
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'''''Neripteron vespertinum''''' nau'in katantanwa ne na ruwa mai tsafta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mouthon |first=J. |date=1981 |title=Typologie des Mollusques des eaux courantes. Organisation biotypologique et groupements socioécologiques |url=https://www.limnology-journal.org/articles/limn/abs/1981/02/limn1981172p143/limn1981172p143.html |journal=Annales de Limnologie |language=fr |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=143–162 |doi=10.1051/limn/1981018 |issn=0003-4088}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in gastropod na ruwa a cikin dangin Neritidae .

== Bayani ==
Bakinsa ya yi laushi, gabaɗaya siriri ne, an lulluɓe shi da kauri mai laushi, kuma yana da santsi a ciki da waje.  Bakin yana da launin kore mai kama da zaitun wanda ke da ɗan duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=Native Animals |url=https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/habitat/about-streams/native-animals/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Division of Aquatic Resources |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faɗin harsashin zai iya kaiwa har inci 1, tare da fikafikai masu kama da haskoki waɗanda suka fara daga saman. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a Hawai'i  kuma ana samunsa a duk Tsibiran Hawaii. &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.117838/Neripteron_vespertinum |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun wannan mollusk kusan koyaushe a cikin [[Ruwan Daɗi|ruwan sha mai tsafta]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; musamman ƙananan ƙoramu masu ɗan ruwa kaɗan da ba a taɓa su ba kusa da manyan duwatsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wi, Neripteron vespertinum |url=https://www.keokistender.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/nerites/neripteron-vespertinum.htm |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.keokistender.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025941/https://www.keokistender.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/nerites/neripteron-vespertinum.htm |archive-date=2022-10-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma samun su a cikin magudanar ruwa, a kan saman da ya taurare kamar duwatsu, duwatsu, da kuma tallafi gada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fitzsimmons |first=J. M. |last2=Parham |first2=J. E. |last3=Benson |first3=L. K. |last4=McRae |first4=M. G. |last5=Nishimoto |first5=R. T. |date=April 2005 |title=Biological assessment of Kahana Stream, Island of O'ahu, Hawai'i: An application of PABITRA survey methods |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24178 |journal=Pacific Science |language=en-US |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=273–281 |doi=10.1353/psc.2005.0015 |issn=0030-8870 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kiyayewa ==
Matsayin kiyayewa na ''N. vespertinum'' a halin yanzu yana cikin mawuyacin hali. Barazana masu yiwuwa ko waɗanda ke ci gaba da faruwa ga wannan mollusk sun haɗa da yadda ake binne ruwa da kuma yadda ake binne shi, gurɓatawa, da kuma karkatar da ruwa; waɗanda suka takura rarrabawa da yawan waɗannan mollusks. Mafi mahimmanci, ambaliyar ruwa ko ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa - wanda ke haifar da yawan dattin laka, abubuwan gina jiki, shara da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa da ke kwarara zuwa rafuka, koguna, magudanan ruwa, da tekuna suma suna haifar da babbar barazana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [[doi:10.3390/d13050215|Christensen, CC; Hayes, KA; Yeung, NW (2021).]] [[doi:10.3390/d13050215|Tsarin zamantakewa, kiyayewa, da kuma makomar katantanwa na asali a cikin ruwa a Tsibirin Hawaii.]] [[doi:10.3390/d13050215|Bambancin ra'ayi.]] [[doi:10.3390/d13050215|13(5): 215: 1-12]]
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  <page>
    <title>Nazarin Zamantakewar Ɗan Adam</title>
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[[File:Альбрехт_Дюрер._&quot;Адам_и_Ева&quot;,_1507._Прадо,_Мадрид.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto na mace da namiji ]]
Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences ('''HASS''') (ko Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, AHSS), wanda aka fi sani da '''[[Ilimin zamantakewa|Nazarin zamantakewa]]''', kalma ce mai zurfi wacce ta haɗa fannonin ilimi na bil'adama, zane-zane da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Ana kallon ta a matsayin takwaransa na ilimi ga Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya, da Lissafi (STEM) a ƙasashe irin su Amurka, Kanada, Indiya, Ostiraliya, da sauran ƙasashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benneworth |first=Paul |last2=Jongbloed |first2=Ben W. |date=2009-07-31 |title=Who matters to universities? A stakeholder perspective on humanities, arts and social sciences valorisation |journal=Higher Education |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=567–588 |doi=10.1007/s10734-009-9265-2 |issn=0018-1560 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu karatun HASS sun ƙunshi mafi yawan ma'aikata a ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa (misali 64% a ƙasar Ostiraliya). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ko yaya, darussan HASS galibi suna karɓar ƙananan kuɗaɗe na gwamnati kuma suna iya samun ƙananan suna a cikin jami'o'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akwai ma'aunin da ake amfani da shi wajen wayar da kan jama'a ta HASS tare da ingantaccen hangen nesa na barazana, babban aikin al'umma, da kuma al'adu a matakin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rudd |first=Murray |date=2015-04-30 |title=Awareness of Humanities, Arts and Social Science (HASS) Research Is Related to Patterns of Citizens' Community and Cultural Engagement |journal=Social Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=313–338 |doi=10.3390/socsci4020313 |issn=2076-0760 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ƴan shekarun nan, an sake dawowa ga sake hadewar HASS da STEM a ƙasar Amurka ta Cibiyoyin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna.

Wasu daga cikin darussan da yake rufewa sune [[Falsafa|falsafar]], tauhidin, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], kimiyyar sadarwa, ilimin halayyar jama'a, [[Yanayin ɗan adam]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], aikin zamantakewa, ilimin harshe, [[Tarihi]], ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, [[Siyasa]], tattalin arziki, [[doka]], koyarwa, [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], adabi, ilimin [[kiɗa]], gudanarwa, lissafi, Kasuwanci, kiɗa, [[rawa]], [[Painting|zane]], zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo, fim, ƙirar ciki, ƙirar masana'antu, sukar, Tarihin fasaha, Nazarin al'adu, [[Yawon bude ido|yawon shakatawa]], da sauransu.

A cikin ƙasar Philippines, ana amfani da kalmar Humanities da zamantakewa don bayyana babban matsayin da ya shafi zane-zane. An kafa wannan a wurin a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin K-12 wanda aka aiwatar a cikin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Humanities and Social Sciences Strand (HUMSS) {{!}} Edukasyon.ph |url=https://www.edukasyon.ph/courses/senior-high-tracks/academic/humss-humanities-and-social-sciences-strand |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.edukasyon.ph |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013122900/https://www.edukasyon.ph/courses/senior-high-tracks/academic/humss-humanities-and-social-sciences-strand |archive-date=2022-10-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The K to 12 Basic Education Program {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/k-12/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inquirer |first=Philippine Daily |date=2018-04-08 |title=In The Know: Senior high school in the K-12 program |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/980873/in-the-know-senior-high-school-in-the-k-12-program |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin shekarar 2020, wani shiri a ƙasar Burtaniya ya sake sanya sunan HASS don ilimin ɗan adam, zane-zane da kimiyyar zamantakewa a matsayin SHAPE (Kimiyyar Jama'a, Humanities da Arts for People and the Economy), don ingantawa da kuma haskaka muhimmancin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin ilimi, al'umma, da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Julia |date=2 November 2020 |title=SHAPE – A Focus on the Human World |url=https://www.socialsciencespace.com/2020/11/shape-a-focus-on-the-human-world/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=Social Science Space}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ilimin zamantakewa|Nazarin zamantakewa]]

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    <title>Tsarin amfani da turare na hadin gwiwa</title>
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'''IMUS''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''tsarin amfani da turare''') fasaha ce ta narkewar anaerobic wacce ke canza kayan kwayoyin zuwa iskar gas wanda ake amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki, zafi da abubuwan gina jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himark Renewables Integrated Manure Utilization System |url=http://www.csaregistries.ca/files/projects/prj_4304_1065.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063231/http://www.csaregistries.ca/files/projects/prj_4304_1065.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar tana amfani da sharar gida kamar sharar gida, turaren shanu, sharar gida mai cike da yashi, da sharar abinci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Highmark Renewables receives 'Integrated bioRefinery' patent |url=http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/7621/highmark-renewables-receives-integrated-biorefinery-patent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himark BioGas' research and development provide unparalleled solutions in waste-to-energy-technology |url=http://himarkbiogas.com/integrated-biorefinery/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya haɗa fasahar tare da wasu tsarin masana'antu, kamar wuraren birni, wuraren kiwon dabbobi masu budewa, sarrafa abinci, da tsire-tsire na ethanol. Himark BioGas ne ya haɓaka fasahar a cikin shekarar 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Integrated Bio Refinery™ |url=http://www.energy-executive.com/features/alternative-energy/71-himark-biogas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319092219/http://www.energy-executive.com/features/alternative-energy/71-himark-biogas |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |access-date=April 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pogogyne clareana</title>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Pogogyne clareana 282980001.jpg|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=|genus=Pogogyne|species=clareana|authority=[[John Thomas Howell|J.T.Howell]]}}

'''''Pogogyne clareana''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin na'a-na'a ba, wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Santa Lucia Mint''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a Monterey, California, inda aka san shi daga kusan wurare hamsin kawai, duk suna cikin iyakar Fort Hunter Liggett, wani sansanin horar da sojojin Amurka .  Mazauna yankin sun ƙunshi dazuzzukan chaparral da itacen oak tare da [[Tafkin Vernal|wuraren waha]] na lokaci-lokaci da gadajen rafi masu busasshiyar bazara.

Wannan ƙaramin ganye ne mai ƙamshi na shekara-shekara wanda ke samar da siririn tushe mai tsayi daga santimita 15 zuwa 25. An rufe tushen da ƙananan furanni masu kama da furanni masu kama da furanni masu kama da furanni masu launin ruwan hoda da shunayya tare da farin makogwaro masu launin shunayya. Suna da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi na mint. Shuke-shuken suna yin fure na tsawon makonni biyu a watan Yuni, kuma kowannensu yana samar da iri ɗaya. 

Masana'antar tana da iyakataccen yanki kuma tana fuskantar barazana a can, ciki har da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]], ababen hawa da ayyukan soji, da ƙura daga hanyoyin ƙasa . 

== Manazarta ==
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== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4745,4847,4849 Maganin Jepson da Manual]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=POCL2 Bayanin Shuke-shuke na USDA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191818/https://northcoastcnps.org/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Go?_id=pogogyne_clareana&amp;sort=DEFAULT&amp;search=Pogogyne%20clareana Bayanin Shuke-shuken 'Yan Asalin California An adana] Archived  
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Pogogyne+clareana Hotunan hoto]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7207618}}
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  <page>
    <title>Ola Kamara</title>
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'''Ola Williams Kamara''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1989) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Norway wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Norway Gamle Oslo FK . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Ferdig i VIF: – Den mest meritterte spilleren vi har |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/sport/trikkeligaen/2024/11/26/ferdig-i-vif-den-mest-meritterte-spilleren-vi-har/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Dagsavisen |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba bugawa Stabæk, Hønefoss, Strømsgodset, Molde, Austria Wien, TSV 1860 Munich, Columbus Crew SC, LA Galaxy, Shenzhen FC, DC United, Häcken da Vålerenga . Kamara ta wakilci ƙasar Norway a matakin matasa da kuma manyan ƙasashe.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Mahaifin Ola ya ƙaura daga [[Saliyo]] zuwa Norway a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira.  An haifi Kamara kuma ya girma a [[Oslo]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;svenskafans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torkelsson |first=Mattias |date=20 January 2013 |title=Ola Kamara till 1860 München |url=http://www.svenskafans.com/tyskland/Ola-Kamara-till-1860-Munchen-467578.aspx |access-date=27 January 2013 |website=SvenskaFans.com |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Ola yake ɗan shekara ɗaya, iyayensa sun nemi taimako wajen renon sa kuma yana yin duk bayan mako biyu, hutu da ranar haihuwa tare da dangin da ke kula da shi .  Ya buga wa Frigg wasa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a rukuni na biyu yana da shekaru 15. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Stabæk ===
Kamara ta koma Stabæk tana da shekaru 16, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar matasan Stabæk. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2012 |title=Full fart på Nadderud og i Østfoldhallen – ungdomsbloggen uke 46 |url=http://www.stabak.no/youth-blog/article/1ptmdqhqfpe981as2upqcf1p1w/title/full-fart-pa-nadderud-og-i-ostfoldhallen---ungdomsbloggen-uke-46 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412003235/http://www.stabak.no/youth-blog/article/1ptmdqhqfpe981as2upqcf1p1w/title/full-fart-pa-nadderud-og-i-ostfoldhallen---ungdomsbloggen-uke-46 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Stabæk Fotball |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon da ta lashe wasan karshe a wasan da suka yi da Viking lokacin da Stabæk ya lashe Kofin Matasa na Norway a shekarar 2008. 

Kamara ya fara buga wa Stabæk wasa a Tippeligaen yana da shekaru 16,  lokacin da ya maye gurbin Somen Tchoyi a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Lillestrøm a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2006 |title=Lillestrøm – Stabæk |url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=match&amp;matchId=87517&amp;tournamentId=1&amp;seasonId=328&amp;useFullUrl=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001131418/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=match&amp;matchId=87517&amp;tournamentId=1&amp;seasonId=328&amp;useFullUrl=false |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |website=altomfotball.no |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya koma ƙungiyar Hønefoss ta rukuni na farko a matsayin aro na ɗan gajeren lokaci, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin [[Lars Lafton]] da Kenneth Di Vita Jensen da suka ji rauni.  Kamara ta buga wasanni uku ga Stabæk a shekarar 2008, wanda hakan ya sa ta ba shi lambar yabo ta cin nasara, lokacin da ƙungiyar ta lashe Tippeligaen. Kwantiragin Kamara ya ƙare bayan kakar wasa ta 2008, kuma yana son neman sabuwar ƙungiya, duk da cewa Stabæk yana son sabunta kwangilarsa, saboda ya ga ya yi masa wahala ya yi gogayya da Daniel Nannskog da Veigar Páll Gunnarsson don lokacin wasa.  Bayan rashin nasara a gwaje-gwajen da suka yi da Reggina da Sandefjord, Kamara ta samu tayin daga 2. amma a ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa kafin kakar wasa ta 2009, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar Tippeligaen Strømsgodset .  Domin albashinsa 135,000 ne kawai a kowace shekara, Kamara dole ne ya koma gida wurin mahaifiyarsa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;luselønn&quot; /&gt;

=== Strømsgodset ===
Kamara ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan Marcus Pedersen a kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Strømsgodset.  Bayan Pedersen ya koma Netherlands a watan Agusta na 2010, Kamara ta fara wasa akai-akai tare da Jo Inge Berget .  Kamara ya zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 25 a kakar wasa ta 2010, kuma ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a Strømsgodset tare da Pedersen. Kamara ya kuma zura kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe da kuma wasan karshe lokacin da Strømsgodset ya lashe gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Norway ta 2010.  Kamara ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyu da Strømsgodset a watan Disamba na 2010, wadda za ta daɗe har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;contract&quot; /&gt;

Kamara ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye a farkon kakar wasa ta 2011, kuma lokacin da ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Odd Grenland a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2011, ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni shida a jere a gida.  Ya zama babban ɗan wasan Strømsgodset a kakar wasa ta 2011, inda ya zura kwallaye 10. Strømsgodset ya sayi Péter Kovács da Adama Diomande kafin kakar wasa ta 2012, kuma ana sa ran Kamara ba zai buga wasa ƙasa da yadda ya yi a kakar wasa biyu da suka gabata ba, amma duk da haka yana wasa akai-akai a gefen hagu a lokacin kakar wasa kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙungiyar.  Bayan ya zura kwallo daya kacal a rabin farko na kakar wasa, Kamara ta zura kwallaye uku a Lerkendal Stadion a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Rosenborg a ranar 24 ga Yuni 2012.  Kamara ta sake zura kwallo uku bayan mako guda, lokacin da aka doke Hønefoss da ci 5-0.  A wasan da suka doke Fredrikstad da ci 5-0 a ranar 27 ga Yulin 2012, Kamara ta zura kwallo daya sannan ta taimaka wa wasu kwallaye uku.  Kamara ta kuma zura kwallon da ta ci wa Rosenborg kwallo a wasan da suka doke ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2012, wadda ta kawar da damar lashe gasar Rosenborg. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Strømsgodset ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan Molde, kuma ta lashe lambobin yabo na farko a gasar tun 1997. 

Kwantiragin Kamara da Strømsgodset ya ƙare bayan kakar wasa ta 2012. 

=== 1860 Munich ===
A ranar 20 ga Janairun 2013, Kamara ta rattaba hannu kan SV Ried, amma nan take aka ba ta aro ga TSV 1860 Munich a kan kwangilar watanni shida har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2012-13 tare da zaɓin tsawaita yarjejeniyar zuwa shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Ola Kamara verstärkt den Löwen-Sturm |url=http://www.tsv1860.de/aktuell/news/ola-kamara-verstaerkt-den-loewen-sturm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123072557/http://www.tsv1860.de/aktuell/news/ola-kamara-verstaerkt-den-loewen-sturm |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=23 January 2013 |publisher=TSV 1860 Munich |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta bana, ya koma aro zuwa Strømsgodset.

=== Komawa zuwa Strømsgodset ===
Zaman aro a tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Strømsgodset ya yi nasara sosai. Ya zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni 14, ciki har da kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko, don haka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar da ta lashe gasar.

=== Austria Vienna ===
Bayan rashin nasara a gwajin da aka yi masa a [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United,]] Kamara ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Austria Wien a watan Janairun 2014 amma ya zura kwallaye biyu kacal a wasanni 23 da ya buga.

=== Molde FK ===
A ranar 28 ga Janairun 2015, Molde FK ta sanar da cewa ta sayi Kamara a matsayin aro don kakar wasa ta 2015, tare da zaɓin siyan ɗan wasan gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;kamara_molde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2015 |title=Ola Kamara til Molde! |trans-title=Ola Kamara to Molde! |url=http://www.moldefk.no/news/article/8duwhht3z0cb1jyzemajyee12/title/ola-kamara-til-molde |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128232128/http://www.moldefk.no/news/article/8duwhht3z0cb1jyzemajyee12/title/ola-kamara-til-molde |archive-date=28 January 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015 |website=moldefk.no |publisher=[[Molde FK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2015, ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Dinamo Zagreb a wasa na biyu na zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA .

=== Columbus Crew SC ===
A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2016, Kamara ya sanya hannu da Columbus Crew kafin fara kakar wasa ta MLS . Ba a bayyana sharuɗɗan canja wurin ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Columbus Crew SC sign 26-year-old Norwegian international forward Ola Kamara |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/02/04/columbus-crew-sc-sign-26-year-old-norwegian-international-forward-ola-kamara |access-date=17 October 2016 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albashinsa na asali na shekarar 2016 shine $425,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 MLS Player Salaries: May 15, 2016: By Club |url=https://www.mlsplayers.org/images/May%2015,%202016%20Salary%20Information%20-%20By%20Club.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617024605/http://www.mlsplayers.org/images/May%2015,%202016%20Salary%20Information%20-%20By%20Club.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |publisher=Major League Soccer Players Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamara ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa wasa a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 2016 a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun [[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]], inda ya maye gurbin Kei Kamara a minti na 70. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Montreal Impact 2-0 Columbus Crew SC |url=http://www.espnfc.com/match?gameId=440909 |access-date=25 December 2016 |publisher=ESPNFC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara aikinsa da Crew SC a matsayin madadin Kei Kamara, amma ya fara taka rawar gani lokacin da aka sayar da Kei ga juyin juya halin New England . Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa Crew ita ce ta doke Real Salt Lake a ranar 28 ga Mayu, inda ya ƙara kwallaye biyu don kammala wasan hat trick. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ola Kamara |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/ola-kamara |access-date=17 October 2016 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamara ya ƙare kakarsa ta farko a wajen Turai da kwallaye 16 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 25 na MLS.

=== LA Galaxy ===
Bayan shekaru biyu masu nasara tare da Columbus, a watan Janairun 2018 an yi cinikin Kamara zuwa LA Galaxy a musayar Gyasi Zardes da kuma dala $400,000 a matsayin kuɗin da aka tsara don rabawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LA Galaxy acquire forward Ola Kamara {{!}} LA Galaxy |url=https://www.lagalaxy.com/post/2018/01/20/la-galaxy-acquire-forward-ola-kamara}}&lt;/ref&gt; LA ta aika da ƙarin dala $100,000 na TAM ga Crew bayan Kamara ta wuce maki 12 a kakar wasa da ta gabata. Bayan isowar Zlatan Ibrahimovic zuwa Galaxy, Kamara ya so ya bi wasu zaɓuɓɓuka a wasu wurare. Manajan ƙungiyar LA Galaxy Dennis te Kloese a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar. &quot;Ola yana son neman damarmaki a wasu wurare, kuma mun yi aiki don kammala wani mataki wanda zai ba mu zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙarfafa ƙungiyarmu a gaba. Muna godiya ga Ola saboda abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙungiyar kuma muna yi masa fatan alheri a nan gaba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;mlssoccer.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stejskal: LA Galaxy complete transfer of Ola Kamara to China's Shenzhen FC {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/stejskal-la-galaxy-complete-transfer-ola-kamara-chinas-shenzhen-fc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shenzhen ya biya Galaxy kuɗin canja wurin Kamara na dala miliyan 3.5, wanda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar wanda zai biya shi dala miliyan 3 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;mlssoccer.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Shenzhen FC ===
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2019, Kamara ta koma sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta China Super League Shenzhen FC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |title=深圳官方宣布伊布队友加盟 36场19球全能射手来投 |url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2019-02-28/doc-ihsxncvf8498339.shtml |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sina.com |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== DC United ===
Bayan rashin nasara a wasannin da ya yi a China inda ya buga wasanni shida kacal a Shenzhen, Kamara ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma DC United kan kudin musayar 'yan wasa na dala miliyan 2.5. DC United ta kuma aika da dala $200,000 na Kuɗin Rarraba Janar ga Colorado Rapids a madadin matsayi na ɗaya a cikin Matsayin Rarraba 2019, wanda hakan ya ba su damar zaɓar Kamara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DC United acquire Ola Kamara from China for multi-million fee {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2019/08/07/dc-united-acquire-ola-kamara-china-multi-million-fee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bayyana a karon farko a DC United bayan an maye gurbinsa da [[Wayne Rooney]] a minti na 74 na wasan Vancouver Whitecaps a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Becherano |first=Lizzy |date=18 August 2019 |title=Frustration reigns as D.C. United fall 1-0 at Vancouver Whitecaps |url=Wayne Rooney gets sent off early, and D.C. United falls to the New York Red Bulls |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=Black &amp; Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon fara wasansa a DC, Kamara ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a DC a minti na 55 a kan New York Red Bulls a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2019.  A wasa na uku da ya fara bugawa DC United, ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar [[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]] a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2019. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara ta 3-0 a kan DC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Becherano |first=Lizzy |date=31 August 2019 |title=Ola Kamara sparks first half blitz as D.C. United downs Montreal Impact 3-0 |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2019/8/31/20842762/montreal-impact-dc-united-2019-recap-final-highlights-mls |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=Black &amp; Red United |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112162728/https://www.blackandredunited.com/2019/8/31/20842762/montreal-impact-dc-united-2019-recap-final-highlights-mls |archive-date=12 November 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kakar wasa ta 2019, Kamara ta samu rauni a cinyarsa. Daga nan ya dawo daga raunin da ya samu a minti na 69 a wani wasa mai muhimmanci da suka yi da FC Cincinnati a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2019. Wasan mai mahimmanci ya ƙare da ci 0-0, wanda ya karya burin United na karɓar bakuncin wasan share fage na MLS a zagaye na ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2019 |title=D.C. United fails to break down 9-man FC Cincinnati in frustrating 0-0 draw |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2019/10/6/20901713/dc-united-fc-cincinnati-2019-mls-final-highlights-decision-day |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006233753/https://www.blackandredunited.com/2019/10/6/20901713/dc-united-fc-cincinnati-2019-mls-final-highlights-decision-day |archive-date=6 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne DC ta yi tafiya zuwa Toronto don zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin MLS ta 2019 kuma an doke ta da ci 5-1 bayan ta bar kwallaye 4 a gasar AET don kawo karshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=DC United admit extratime collapse in Toronto is &quot;hard to process,&quot; hail Wayne Rooney's influence {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/dc-united-admit-extratime-collapse-toronto-hard-process-hail-wayne-rooneys-influ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar wasa ta Kamara ta 2020 ta kasance abin takaici kwarai da gaske, duk da cewa annobar COVID-19 ta kawo cikas ga kakar wasa ta MLS da kuma sake tsara jadawalin wasannin. Ya buga wasanni 22 cikin 23 na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun na DC kuma ya fara wasa 17 amma ya sami nasarar zura kwallaye huɗu kacal kuma bai bayar da taimako ko ɗaya ba. Kamara ta ci kwallo a ranar ƙarshe ta kakar wasa a minti na 33, wanda hakan ya bai wa DC damar ci 2-1 a kan [[CF Montreal|Montreal Impact]], amma kwallaye biyu da Impact ta ci a ƙarshen wasan sun hana DC samun damar shiga zagaye na biyu a jere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=DC United lament &quot;heartbreaking&quot; loss to Montreal Impact as late-season push falls short {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/dc-united-lament-heartbreaking-loss-montreal-impact-late-season-push-falls-short |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar wasa ta 2021 ba ta fara da wani babban abin mamaki ga Kamara ba. Saboda raunin da ya samu a lokacin wasannin share fagen kakar wasa, bai buga wasanni uku na farko na DC ba, kuma an takaita shi ga mintuna 90 a wasanni hudu da ya buga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quillen |first=Ian Nicholas |title=Why Ola Kamara Deserves The MLS Golden Boot, Even With All The PKs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ianquillen/2021/09/30/why-ola-kamara-deserves-the-mls-golden-boot-even-with-all-the-pks/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya fuskanci hari a lokacin bazara yayin da ya zira kwallaye 13 a wasanni 14 a watan Yuli, Agusta, da Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=Ola Kamara {{!}} MLSsoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/ola-kamara/match-log/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma jagoranci gasar a G/90 da maki 0.94. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=MLS Player Stats {{!}} MLSsoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/stats/players/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar ƙarshe ta kakar wasa, Kamara ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Toronto FC da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi kunnen doki a saman jadawalin MLS Golden Boot na 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dcunited |title=Post-Match Facts {{!}} #TORvDC {{!}} DC United |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/post-match-facts-torvdc-x1003 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=dcunited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma daga ƙarshe, ya sha kashi a hannun Valentin Castellanos saboda taimakon da ya yi masa na daidaita bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=New York City FC's Valentín &quot;Taty&quot; Castellanos wins 2021 MLS Golden Boot presented by Audi {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-city-fc-s-valentin-taty-castellanos-wins-2021-mls-golden-boot-presented |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan raunin ya haɗu da gaskiyar cewa duk da cewa DC ta lashe wasanta na ƙarshe, sauran sakamakon ba su yi nasara ba kuma sun rasa damar shiga gasar cin kofin MLS ta 2021 da maki ɗaya. 

Kamara ya fara kakar wasa ta 2022 da kwallo a wasan da DC ta doke Charlotte FC da ci 3-0 a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quillen |first=Ian Nicholas |date=26 February 2022 |title=Recap: DC United 3, Charlotte FC 0 |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/recap-dc-united-3-charlotte-fc-0 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=MLS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gamle Oslo FK ===
A watan Afrilun 2026, Kamara ta sanya hannu da kulob din Norway na rukuni na uku Gamle Oslo FK . 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Kamara ya cancanci wakiltar ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Norway ko Sierra Leone a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, domin mahaifiyarsa ’ yar ƙasar Norway ce, mahaifinsa kuma ’yar [[Saliyo|ƙasar Sierra Leone ce]] . An zaɓi Kamara don ƙungiyoyin yanki ( Norwegian   ) a Oslo yana da shekaru 15,  daga baya kuma ya wakilci Norway a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 . Ya kuma wakilci [[Norway national under-23 football team|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta ƙasar Norway]] . Kamara ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Norway wasa lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniel Braaten a minti na 61 na wasan neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Slovenia a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2013.  A wasan da suka yi da Iceland bayan kwana huɗu, Kamara ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar haihuwarsa ta 24 kuma jimillar mintuna 55 ya buga. 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|17 April 2022|&lt;ref name=&quot;altomfotball&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|7521|accessdate=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{MLS player|ola-kamara}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season, and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Stabæk
|2006
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tippeligaen
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3
|0
|-
|2007
|0
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1
|1
|-
|2008
|3
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!6
!0
!2
!1
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!8
!1
|-
|Hønefoss (loan)
|2007
|Adeccoligaen
|8
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|9
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Strømsgodset
|2009
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Tippeligaen
|15
|4
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|17
|5
|-
|2010
|25
|7
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|30
|9
|-
|2011
|30
|11
|3
|1
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|35
|12
|-
|2012
|30
|12
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|34
|14
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!100
!34
!14
!6
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!116
!40
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |SV Ried
|{{Nowrap|[[2012–13 SV Ried season|2012–13]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Austrian Bundesliga
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
|2013–14
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!0
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!0
!0
|-
|1860 Munich (loan)
|2012–13
|2. Bundesliga
|10
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|10
|0
|-
|1860 Munich II (loan)
|2012–13
|Regionalliga Bayern
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|2
|-
|Strømsgodset (loan)
|2013
|Tippeligaen
|14
|12
|0
|0
|2[a]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|16
|13
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Austria Wien
|2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Austrian Bundesliga
|12
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|12
|1
|-
|2014–15
|11
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!23
!2
!0
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!23
!2
|-
|Molde (loan)
|2015
|Tippeligaen
|29
|14
|4
|2
|11{{Efn|Seven appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], four appearances and four goals in UEFA Europa League}}
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|44
|21
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Columbus Crew SC
|2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |MLS
|25
|16
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|26
|16
|-
|2017
|34
|18
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[MLS Cup Playoffs]]}}
|1
|39
|19
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!59
!34
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!5
!1
!65
!35
|-
|LA Galaxy
|2018
|MLS
|31
|14
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|32
|14
|-
|Shenzhen FC
|2019
|Chinese Super League
|5
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|6
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |D.C. United
|2019
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |MLS
|5
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1[c]
|0
|6
|3
|-
|2020
|22
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|22
|4
|-
|2021
|28
|19
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|28
|19
|-
|2022
|30
|9
|1
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|31
|11
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!85
!35
!1
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!1
!0
!87
!37
|-
|Häcken
|2023
|Allsvenskan
|12
|0
|1
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|16
|0
|-
|Vålerenga
|2024
|OBOS-ligaen
|22
|3
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|25
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!409
!150
!28
!11
!18
!6
!6
!1
!461
!168
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|2 April 2021}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{NFT|53809|name=Ola Kamara|accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Norway
| 2013
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2015
| 0
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 0
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 4
| 5
|-
| 2019
| 4
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 17
! 7
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun nuna jimillar kwallayen Norway da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna jimillar kwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Kamara'' . 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Ola Kamara ya zura a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 15 Janairu 2014
| Filin wasa na Mohammed Bin Zayed, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
|{{Fb|MDA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Aboki
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 23 Maris 2018
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ullevaal Stadion, [[Oslo]], Norway
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|AUS}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Aboki
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 19 Nuwamba 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Filin wasa na GSP, [[Nicosia]], Cyprus
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|CYP}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Turai ta 2018–19
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7
| 26 Maris 2019
| Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway
|{{Fb|SWE}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–3
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–3
| Gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2020
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A watan Maris na 2018, Kamara ya sami katin zama ɗan ƙasa na Amurka, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar zama ɗan wasan gida don ayyukan MLS. 

== Daraja ==
'''Strømsgodset'''

* Tippeligaen : 2013
* Kofin Norway : 2010

'''Häcken'''

* Svenska Cupen : 2022–23

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

* {{Soccerway|ola-kamara/7521}}
* [https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/person/profil/?p=n&amp;fiksId=2197976 Norway profile] at Fotball.No
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naas Botha</title>
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'''Hendrik Egnatius 'Naas' Botha''' (an haife shi 27 Fabrairu 1958) tsohon dan wasan Ƙungiyar rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin Fly-half na Arewacin Transvaal, Rugby Rovigo da Afirka ta Kudu (Springboks).

An zabe shi dan wasan rugby na shekara a 1979, 1981, 1985 da 1987. Botha galibi ya taka leda a matsayi na tsakiya kuma yanzu mai sharhi ne na rugby ga tashoshin M-Net da Supersport na Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhosWho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Who of Southern Africa |url=http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=4580 |access-date=6 June 2009 |publisher=24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi Darakta na Rugby a Hoërskool Eldoraigne a shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Naas Botha Takes the Helm as Director of Rugby at Hoërskool Eldoraigne |url=https://saschoolsports.co.za/naas-botha-takes-the-helm-as-director-of-rugby-at-eldoraigne/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=SA School Sports |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali da farkon aiki ==
An haifi Botha a garin Breyten a Gabashin Transvaal (yanzu Mpumalanga), Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya tafi makaranta a [[Hoërskool Hendrik Verwoerd]] a [[Pretoria]] . Yayinda yake yaro, Botha yana da burin yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya nemi tallafin karatu a Amurka. Botha kuma ya kasance mai kyau a makarantar cricket da kuma dan wasan tennis kuma mai tsere.

Koyaya, an zaɓi Botha don buga wa ƙungiyar rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙasa da shekara 20, inda ya kama idanun masu zaɓe yayin da yake dalibi a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . 

A sakamakon haka, Botha ya buga gwajin farko ga Springboks a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1980 yana da shekaru 22 a matsayin flyhalf da Kudancin Amurka a Wanderers, [[Johannesburg]] .

== Ƙungiyar Rugby ==
Botha an fi saninsa da tsalle-tsalle sosai (duka hagu da dama), wanda ya ba shi laƙabi &quot;Nasty Booter&quot; daga 'yan jaridar Burtaniya lokacin da Lions na Burtaniya suka zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a 1980. An fi tunawa da shi saboda iyawarsa a matsayin mai cin nasara sosai a cikin yanayin matsin lamba kuma an kuma dauke shi da kyakkyawar fahimtar rugby.

Duk da yake a wasu lokuta ana sukar Botha saboda kauce wa hulɗa ta jiki kuma ba ya gudu da kwallon, yadda yake sarrafa kwallon ya kasance mai basira sosai kuma zai iya samun layin baya yana motsawa da sauri tare da daidaitattun gajeren lokaci da dogon lokaci. A sakamakon haka, ya zira kwallaye da yawa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wasu da yawa. Koyaya, wasu suna la'akari da cewa yana da ɗan rauni a cikin tsaro. Duk da haka, Danie Craven ya taɓa cewa, &quot;Ka ba ni Naas, kuma zan ci duniya!&quot;


Baya ga ayyukansa na wasan rugby na Springbok, Botha ya kuma buga wa lardin Arewacin Transvaal (mai suna &quot;Blou Bulle&quot;, wanda ke nufin &quot;Blue Bulls&quot;, yanzu sunansu na hukuma) daga 1977 zuwa 1995. A wannan lokacin sun lashe Kofin Currie sau tara (suna raba shi sau biyu tare da Lardin Yamma a 1979 da 1989). Ya kuma kasance kyaftin din lardin sau 128 kuma ya zira kwallaye 2,511 (ciki har da maki 1,699 a gasar cin kofin Currie). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Currie Cup Final by the numbers |url=https://rugby365.com/tournaments/currie-cup/news-currie-cup/currie-cup-final-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=rugby365.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2016-07-20 |title=Naas Botha - The Perfect 10 |url=https://realrugby.co.za/naas-botha-perfect-10/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Real Rugby |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091209/https://realrugby.co.za/naas-botha-perfect-10/ |archive-date=2024-10-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Naas Ferreira</title>
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'''Ignatius &quot; (''Oom'') Naas&quot; Stephanus Ferreira''' (21 Maris 1844 - 18 Fabrairu 1900, Oom ma'anar Uncle a cikin [[Afrikaans]]) ya kasance Janar na yaki na Boer na Orange Free State&lt;ref name=&quot;geni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 30, 2022 |title=Generaal Ignatius Stephanus Ferreira |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Generaal-Ignatius-Ferreira/6000000012002140849 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=geni.com |publisher=Geni. A MyHeritage Company |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Babban Kwamandan, wanda aka harbe shi a Yaƙin Paardeberg. {{Spaced en dash}}Naas Ferreira bai kamata a rikita shi da ɗansa kuma mai suna Ignatius &quot;Natie&quot; Stephanus Ferreira (1875 - 1947), mai hakar zinariya Ignatius Philip Ferreira (1940 - 1921), da kuma Janar J. (Joachim) Ferreira (1835 - 1917).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Iyali ==
[[File:General_Ignatius_Stephanus_Ferreira_shot_in_the_stomach_at_Paardeberg,_1900.jpg|thumb|Janar Ignatius Stephanus Ferreira an harbe shi ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ciki a Paardeberg, 1900.]]
[[Fayil:General_De_la_Rey_with_his_secretary_Ignatius_Stephanus_Ferreira_(1875-1947),_around_1901.jpg|thumb|Boer Janar Koos de la Rey (hagu) tare da sakatarensa Ignatius &quot;Natie&quot; Stephanus Ferreira (1875 - 1947), ɗan Naas Ferreira, a kusa da 1901.&amp;nbsp;]]
Naas Ferreia ita ce ɗan fari a cikin 'ya'ya maza uku da mata huɗu na Petrus Marthinus Ferreira (Uitenhage, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, Afirka ta Kudu, 6 ga Satumba 1818 - Winburg, Lejweleputswa, Orange Free State, 23 ga Agusta, 1898) da Christina Elizabeth Ferreira &quot;Uniondale, Western Cape, 10 ga Nuwamba 1824 - Senekal, Orange Free States, 11 ga Maris 1904). &lt;ref name=&quot;geni&quot; /&gt; {{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}Ferreira ta auri Anna Margaretha Rademeyer (Humansdorp, Yammacin Gundumar, Gabashin Cape, 14 ga Oktoba 1843 - Ladybrand, Motheo, Free State, 18 ga Yuni 1911) &lt;ref name=&quot;geni&quot; /&gt; kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 April 2022 |title=Anna Margaretha Ferreira (Rademeyer) |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Anna-Margaretha-Ferreira/6000000012002314431 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=geni.com |publisher=Geni. A MyHeritage Company |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Willemse |first=Stoffel |date=10 March 2011 |title=FERREIRA Lily 1886-1886 |url=https://www.graves-at-eggsa.org/main.php?g2_itemId=2498478 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=graves-at-eggsa.org |publisher=eGGSA library. Genealogical Society of SA. (South Africa) |quote=(Dutch text on tombstone) Ter gedachtenis / aan / onze beminde / Lily, / Geb. 25 juni 1886 / Overled (1)2 september 1886. / I.S. en A.M. Ferreira.// ... Sons. C-Y}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}

== Ayyukan soja ==

=== Babban Kwamandan Jihar Orange Free ===
A cikin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu (1899 - 1902) Ferreira ya kasance shugaban Ladybrand Commando da Babban Kwamandan ([[Afrikaans]]: Hoofd Kommandant) na Orange Free State . &amp;nbsp;Ya shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na farko da Boers suka ci, kamar Yakin Modder River (Afrikaans: Slag van die Twee Riviere, lit. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, 28 Nuwamba 1899), da Yaƙin Magersfontein (11 Disamba 1899). A can ya rarraba sojojin Boer daidai a kan ɓoyayyun ramin su don matsakaicin sakamako mai kisa lokacin da Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant Janar Lord Methuen suka kai hari a cikin tsari na kusa.

A ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1900, an zabi Ferreira don karɓar umurnin Siege na Kimberley daga Boer janar Cornelis (''Kerneels'') Janse Wessels (11 ga Janairu 1842 - 10 ga Oktoba 1914).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 November 2022 |title=Today in Kimberley's history - 4 november |url=https://www.kimberley.org.za/today-kimberleys-history-4-november/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=kimberley.org.za |publisher= |quote=4 November 1899, General C.J. Wessels demands immediate surrender of Kimberley.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, lokacin da balaguron taimakon Burtaniya na Lieutenant-General John French ya isa, an bar Ferreira tare da mutane 200 kawai kuma dole ne ya koma baya, don haka an 'yantar da Kimberley a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1900.  Daga nan sai ya koma kudu tare da dakarunsa kusa da Boshof don shiga rundunar Christiaan na Wet, saboda ana tunanin cewa Birtaniya za su yi ƙoƙari su karya ta gabas zuwa [[Bloemfontein]].

=== An kashe shi a Paardeberg ===
A Paardeberg, Ferreira ya umarci 'yan garin Boer daga Hoopstad da Ladybrand [1] don taimakawa sojojin Piet Cronjé 4000-odd su tsere daga matsayinsu na gwagwarmaya a arewacin kogin Modder. Koyaya, lokacin da Ferreira ke farkawa da wani mai tsaro a sansaninsa da sassafe tare da bututun bindiga, an harbe shi a cikin ciki ta hanyar haɗari lokacin da mai tsaron da ya firgita ya taɓa bindigar.[2][3] Christiaan na Wet ya gaji Ferreira a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin Orange Free State a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1900. [4] Dan Ferreira kuma mai suna &quot;Natie&quot; ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Boer janar Koos de la Rey .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Mohamed Abdullaziz Al-Deayea Al-Shammari''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1972), wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Deayea al-Shammar, tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] ne na Saudiyya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]]. Ya shiga gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] hudu don tawagar Saudi Arabia kuma ya sami jimlar [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa|173 da aka amince da su a hukumance]]. Al-Deayea ya buga wa al-Tai FC da [[Al Hilal SFC|al-Hilal SFC]] wasa kuma an wakilta shi a dukkan kungiyoyin Saudiyya. An dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida a tarihin wasanni na Saudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Mohammed al-Deayea |url=https://saudipedia.com/en/article/2247/figures/athletes/mohammed-al-deayea |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Saudipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da aikin kulob din ==
An haifi Mohammed al-Deayea a Hail a cikin iyali mai sha'awar wasanni. Da farko ya fara ne a matsayin mai tsaron kwallon hannu na al-Tai FC yana da shekaru takwas amma ya sauya zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] biyo bayan shawarar da ya samu daga kocin kwallon kafa na kulob din. Ya shiga kungiyar al-Tai SFC a shekarar 1988, inda ya yi matukar sha'awa don samun wuri a kungiyar Saudiyya. Tare da wannan ƙungiyar, ya yi nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA U-16 a Scotland a shekarar 1989. Ya ci gaba zuwa tawagar matasa ta kasa kuma a shekara ta 1993, yana wasa ga babbar tawagar Saudiyya.

Al-Al-Deayea ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa tawagar ƙasar Saudiyya samun gurbin shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1994 da aka gudanar a Amurka, inda ya taka rawar gani. A shekara ta 1999, Al-Hilal SFC ta ɗauke shi aiki, kuma ya ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2010, bayan ya shafe shekaru 22 yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa. A shekara ta 2012, an shirya wasan shaida don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar, inda Al-Hilal SFC ta kara da Juventus ta Italiya.[1]

Duk da nasarorin da ya samu a aikinsa, Al-Deayea yana riƙe da wani tarihi mara kyau a gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA, inda yake daga cikin masu tsaron gida da suka fi yawan zura musu ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. Ya karɓi ƙwallaye 25 a wasanni 10 da ya buga a gasannin Kofin Duniya guda uku, wato na 1994, 1998 da 2002. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan ƙwallayen an zura su ne a wasa guda a gasar 2002, lokacin da Jamus ta doke Saudiyya da ci 8–0.

.

Al-Deayea ya raba aikinsa na sana'a tsakanin kungiyoyin Al-Ta'ee da [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] . Da farko, ya fara ne a matsayin dan wasan kwallon hannu, amma kulob dinsa da ɗan'uwansa [[Abdullah Al-Deayea|Abdullah]] sun shawo kansa ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Mohammed yana ƙarƙashin matsin tsammanin sosai a farkon aikinsa saboda ɗan'uwansa Abdullah ya lashe Kofin Asiya na AFC kuma sanannen mai tsaron gida.

== Yin ritaya ==
A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010, Mohamed Al-Deayea ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa yana da shekara 37. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, an shirya wasan shaida a gare shi tsakanin kulob dinsa Al-Hilal da [[Juventus]], tare da mutane 70,000 da suka halarci filin wasa na King Fahd. Wasan ya ƙare 7-1 a cikin goyon bayan Juventus tare da burin Al-Hilal kawai ya zo daga Saad Al-Harthi. [[Alessandro Del Piero]] (sau biyu), Eljero Elia, [[Arturo Vidal]], Giorgio Chiellini, Simone Pepe da Fabio Quagliarella ne suka zira kwallaye na Juventus.

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ACL
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Al-Ta'ee
|1991–92
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1992–93
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1993–94
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1994–95
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1995–96
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1996–97
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1997–98
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
|1998–99
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!176
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!176
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]
|1999–00
|22
|0
|4
|0
|7
|0
|33
|0
|-
|2000–01
|22
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|0
|-
|2001–02
|22
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|27
|0
|-
|2002–03
|22
|0
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|0
|-
|2003–04
|22
|0
|4
|0
|3
|0
|29
|0
|-
|2004–05
|22
|0
|5
|0
|4
|0
|31
|0
|-
|2005–06
|22
|0
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|0
|-
|2006–07
|21
|0
|4
|0
|6
|0
|31
|0
|-
|2007–08
|21
|0
|5
|0
|6
|0
|32
|0
|-
|2008–09
|21
|0
|4
|0
|7
|0
|32
|0
|-
|2009–10
|20
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|25
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!237
!0
!38
!0
!42
!0
!306
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!413
!0
!38
!0
!42
!0
!493
!0
|}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara 
!Ƙungiyar ƙasa
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;14&quot; |Saudi Arabia
|1993
|20
|0
|-
|1994
|22
|0
|-
|1995
|5
|0
|-
|1996
|21
|0
|-
|1997
|21
|0
|-
|1998
|21
|0
|-
|1999
|16
|0
|-
|2000
|12
|0
|-
|2001
|12
|0
|-
|2002
|12
|0
|-
|2003
|0
|0
|-
|2004
|3
|0
|-
|2005
|1
|0
|-
|2006
|7
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!173
!0
|}

== Daraja ==

* Sashe na farko na Saudiyya: 1994-951994–95

'''Al-Hilal'''

* Gasar Firimiya ta Saudiyya: 2001-02, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2009-102009–10
* Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 1999-2000, 2003, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-102009–10
* Kofin Wanda ya Kafa Saudiyya: 1999-2000
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC: 1999-20001999–2000
* Masu cin Kofin Asiya: 2001-022001–02
* Kofin Asiya: 2000
* Kofin Larabawa masu cin kofin: 2000
* Kofin Larabawa: 2001

'''Saudi Arabia U17'''

* Kofin Duniya na FIFA U-17: 1989

'''Saudi Arabia'''

* Kofin Asiya na AFC: 1996
* [[Kofin Tekun Larabawa]]: 1994, 2003
* Kofin Kasashen Larabawa: 1998
* Wasannin hadin kan Musulunci: 2005

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar Kofin Asiya ta AFC ta Gasar: 1996 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=كأس آسيا 1996.. عندما انتزع المنتخب السعودي اللقب من الإمارات صاحب الأرض |url=https://arabic.sport360.com/article/%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%aa-360/729431/%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a2%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7-1996-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b2%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a8-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b1%d8%b6 |access-date=15 June 2020 |publisher=Sport 360 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA Confederations Cup All-Star Team: 1997 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FlFA Confederations' Cup for the King Fahd Trophy Saudi Arabia '97 Report Part 3 |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/10/05/cc%5f97%5ftr%5fsaudi%5fpart3%5f322.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220064317/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/10/05/cc%5f97%5ftr%5fsaudi%5fpart3%5f322.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2011 |access-date=2025-10-11 |publisher=FIFA |page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* AFC Asian All-Star: 1997, 2000 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Asian Player of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/as-poy.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS Mai Tsaron Gasar Asiya na Karni: 1999 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Asia - Keeper of the Century |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html#askoy |access-date=2025-10-11 |publisher=RSSSF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* AFC Fans 'All-time XI a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA: 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=The best Asian team at the FIFA World Cup announced! |url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/the-best-asian-team-at-the-fifa-world-cup-announced |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116082205/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/the-best-asian-team-at-the-fifa-world-cup-announced |archive-date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2021-05-19 |publisher=Asian Football Confederation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS Kungiyar Maza ta Asiya ta Duk Lokaci: 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=IFFHS ALL TIME ASIA MEN'S DREAM TEAM |url=https://iffhs.com/en/news/iffhs-all-time-asia-mens-dream-team-1144 |access-date=2021-09-08 |publisher=IFFHS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726001027/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1144 |archive-date=2021-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kofin Asiya na AFC Duk lokacin XI: 2023 

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[RSSSF]].org/miscellaneous/deayea-intl.html&quot; id=&quot;mwAlk&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Mohamed Al-Deayea - jerin bayyanar kasa da kasa a RSSSF
* {{FIFA player|92722}}
* {{NFT player|5720}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gudun motsa jiki</title>
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      <text bytes="103281" sha1="s07z389plzneecylwwfei21284a5zrj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yin tsere a kan kankara''' wasa ne da mutane, ma'aurata, ko ƙungiyoyi ke yi tsalle, juyawa, da kuma rawa a kan kankara. Takalmansu na asali ne. Shi ne wasan hunturu na farko da aka haɗa a [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]], tare da gabatar da shi a gasar Olympics ta 1908 a Landan.  Wasannin Olympics sune wasannin maza marasa aure, wasannin mata marasa aure, {{Refn|&quot;Women&quot; were referred to as &quot;ladies&quot; in ISU regulations and communications until the [[2021–22 figure skating season|2021–22 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file|title=Results of Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021|publisher=[[International Skating Union]]|date=June 30, 2021|access-date=November 16, 2025|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010102826/https://isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}} wasan tsere kan kankara, da kuma rawa kan kankara ; fannoni huɗu daban-daban an haɗa su cikin taron ƙungiya, wanda aka fara haɗawa a gasar Olympics ta hunturu a 2014 . Wasannin da ba na Olympics ba sun haɗa da wasan tsere kan kankara mai daidaitawa, wasan kwaikwayo akan kankara, da kuma wasan tsere kan kankara guda huɗu . Daga gasar matsakaici zuwa manyan 'yan wasa, galibi masu wasan kankara suna yin shirye-shirye guda biyu ( gajeren shirin da kuma wasan kankara kyauta ), waɗanda, dangane da yanayin, na iya haɗawa da juyawa, tsalle, motsi a fagen, ɗagawa, tsalle-tsalle, juyawar mutuwa, da sauran abubuwa ko motsi.

Masu masu wasan tsere kan kankara suna fafatawa a matakai daban-daban tun daga masu farawa har zuwa matakin Olympics (babba) a gasannin gida, yanki, yanki, ƙasa, da na duniya. [[Ƙungiyar Skating ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Kula da Skating ta Duniya]] (ISU) tana tsara alkalai da gasannin yin tsere a kan kankara na duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da gasar Olympics ta lokacin hunturu, gasar zakarun duniya, gasar matasa ta duniya, gasar zakarun Turai, gasar zakarun nahiyoyi huɗu, gasar Grand Prix ( babba da ƙarami ), da kuma gasar ƙalubale ta ISU .

Wasan yana da alaƙa da harkokin wasan kwaikwayo. Manyan gasa galibi suna ƙarewa da wasannin baje kolin, inda manyan 'yan wasan tsere daga kowane fanni ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ba na gasa ba. Yawancin masu wasan tsere kan kankara, a lokacin da kuma bayan ayyukansu na gasa, suna kuma yin wasan tsere kan kankara a wasannin kankara, waɗanda ke gudana a lokacin gasar da kuma lokacin hutun kakar wasa. 

==Kalmomin da ake amfani da su==
[[File:NSAPINY9 EXTR.jpg|thumb|&quot;Central Park, Winter: the Skating Pond&quot;, lithograph na 1862|left|200x200px]]

Kalmar &quot;ƙwararre&quot; a wasan tseren kankara ba ta nufin matakin ƙwarewa ba, sai dai matsayin ɗan wasa a gasar. Masu wasan tseren kankara da ke fafatawa a manyan matakan gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ba &quot;ƙwararrun&quot; ’yan wasan tseren kankara ba ne. Wani lokaci ana kiran su ’yan wasa masu son yin wasan ne kawai,&lt;ref name=USAT110315/&gt; duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna samun kuɗi. Ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara sun haɗa da waɗanda suka rasa cancantar shiga gasannin ISU da waɗanda ke yin wasanni ne kawai a cikin shirye-shiryen nishaɗi. Haka kuma za su iya haɗawa da tsoffin zakarun Olympic da na duniya waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen fafatawarsu, da kuma ’yan wasan da ba su da ƙwarewar fafatawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma suke da kaɗan. Baya ga yin wasanni a shirye-shiryen kankara, ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara kan fafata a gasannin ƙwararru, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma kowace gasa tana da nata tsari da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=MS220721&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220721/p2a/00m/0na/004000c|title=Japanese skating star Hanyu looks to wider stage as he retires from competition|newspaper=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|location=[[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]|date=July 21, 2022|archive-date=July 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721061326/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220721/p2a/00m/0na/004000c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar &quot;figure skating&quot; kalma ce ta harshen Ingilishi; a Jamus ana kiran wannan wasa ''Eiskunstlauf'' (a zahiri &quot;Gudun Fasahar Kankara&quot;), yayin da a Faransanci ake kiransa ''patinage artistique'' (a zahiri &quot;tseren kankara na fasaha&quot;).{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxx}}
{{clear}}

==Takalman wasan tseren kankara==

[[File:Figure-skates-2.jpg|thumb|Kusa da [[Figure skate#Blades|ƙarfen takalmin wasan tseren kankara]], yana nuna haƙoran gaba, ramin da ke ƙasan ƙarfen, da kuma yadda ake ɗaure shi da dunƙule]]

Babban bambanci da ake iya gani tsakanin takalman [[ice hockey|hockey na kankara]] da na wasan tseren kankara na fasaha shi ne cewa takalman wasan tseren kankara na fasaha suna da wasu manyan haƙora masu kaifi da ake kira ''toe picks'' a ɓangaren gaba na [[Figure skate#Blades|ƙarfen takalmin]]. Ana amfani da waɗannan haƙora musamman wajen yin tsalle, kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da su wajen tura jiki ko juyawa ba. Idan aka yi amfani da su yayin juyawa, haƙoran za su sa ɗan wasan ya rasa saurin motsinsa ko ya matsa daga tsakiyar juyawar. Ana ɗaure ƙarfen takalmin da tafin takalmi da diddige ta amfani da dunƙule. Yawanci, ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara na manyan matakai suna samun ƙwararrun ma'aikata su daidaita musu takalma da ƙarfe a wani shagon sayar da takalman kankara mai inganci. Haka kuma ana ɗaukar ƙwararru domin su kaifafa ƙarfen takalman gwargwadon bukatun kowane ɗan wasa.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-79630-0003, Bodo Bockenauer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kaifafa ƙarfen takalmi]]
[[File:Figure skating edges.svg|thumb|Takalman wasan tseren kankara da [[Glossary of figure skating terms#E|geffuna]]]]

Ƙarfen takalman yana da kaurin kusan {{convert|4.7|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=off}}. Idan aka duba shi daga gefe, ƙarfen takalmin wasan tseren kankara ba madaidaici ba ne, sai dai yana ɗan lanƙwasawa, yana samar da wani baka na da'ira mai [[radius|tsawon radius]] na {{convert|180|–|220|cm|in|abbr=off}}. Ana kiran wannan lanƙwasawar ''rocker'' na ƙarfen takalmin. ''Sweet spot'' shi ne ɓangaren ƙarfen da ake yin dukkan juyawa a kansa; yawanci yana kusa da [[stanchion]] na ƙarfen, a ƙarƙashin ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref name=fsequip/&gt; Haka kuma an yi wa ƙarfen takalmin ''hollow ground''; wani rami da ke ƙasan ƙarfen yana samar da [[Glossary of figure skating terms#E|geffuna]] guda biyu daban-daban, na ciki da na waje. '''Gefen ciki''' na ƙarfen takalmin yana gefen da ya fi kusa da ɗan wasan; '''gefen waje''' kuma yana gefen da ya fi nisa da ɗan wasan. A wasan tseren kankara na fasaha, ana son a riƙa tseren kankara a kan gefe ɗaya kawai na ƙarfen. Yin amfani da gefuna biyu a lokaci guda, wanda ake kira ''flat'', na iya haifar da ƙarancin maki na ƙwarewar tseren kankara. Ƙarfin motsi da sauƙin zamewa a kan kankara da ƙwararrun ’yan wasan ke nunawa ba tare da wahala ba, ya samo asali ne musamman daga [[Conservation of angular momentum#Conservation of angular momentum|ingantaccen amfani da gefuna wajen samar da sauri]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Takalman da ake amfani da su a wasan mutum ɗaya da na ma'aurata suna da manyan haƙora masu kaifi da ake kira '''toepick''' a gaban kowane ƙarfe. Ana amfani da ''toepick'' musamman wajen taimaka wa ɗan wasa ya tashi sama lokacin da yake yin tsalle. Ƙarfen takalman rawa a kan kankara yana da ƙananan ''toepick'' idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfen da ake amfani da shi a sauran fannoni.

Lokacin yin juyawa, ’yan wasa suna amfani da '''sweet spot''' na ƙarfen, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin ''rocker'' guda biyu da ake samu a kan ƙarfe, kuma shi ne ɓangaren ƙarfen da ya fi zagaye. ''Sweet spot'' yana bayan ''toe pick'' kaɗan kuma kusa da tsakiyar ƙarfen. Ɗayan ''rocker'' kuma shi ne lanƙwasawar ƙarfen gaba ɗaya yayin tura jiki ko zamewa.

Ƙarfen takalman masu rawar kankara yana da gajarta da kusan inci ɗaya a ɓangaren baya idan aka kwatanta da na ’yan wasan sauran fannoni, domin ba da damar yin dabarun motsin ƙafa masu rikitarwa da kuma yin rawa kusa da abokin rawa. Ƙarfen takalman masu rawa yana da ƙaramin ''toepick'', saboda ba sa buƙatar babban ''toepick'' da ake amfani da shi wajen tsalle a sauran fannoni. Ana amfani da ''skate guards'' na roba mai ƙarfi lokacin da ɗan wasa yake buƙatar tafiya da takalmansa ba tare da yana kan kankara ba, domin kare ƙarfen daga datti ko wani abu da ke ƙasa wanda zai iya dusashe ƙarfen. Ana amfani da murfin ƙarfe mai laushi da ake kira ''soakers'' domin shanye danshi da kuma kare ƙarfen daga tsatsa lokacin da ba a sa takalman. A gasar, ana ba ’yan wasa mintuna uku domin gyara takalmansu.

Akwai nau'o'in takalma da ƙarfe da dama waɗanda suka dace da fannoni da matakan ƙwarewa daban-daban. Misali, ’yan wasan da ke yin tsalle-tsalle masu juyawa sau da yawa suna buƙatar takalmi mai ƙarfi wanda ya fi tsawo kuma yake ba da ƙarin tallafi. ’Yan wasan da ke aiki kan tsalle guda ɗaya ko biyu suna buƙatar ƙarancin tallafi kuma za su iya amfani da takalmi mara tsauri sosai. Masu rawa a kan kankara na iya fifita takalmi mai ɗan gajeren yanke wanda aka tsara domin ba da damar lanƙwasa gwiwa sosai.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Haka kuma, ƙarfen da aka tsara domin wasan kyauta da na ma'aurata yana da dogon ɓangaren baya domin taimakawa wajen sauka bayan tsalle. An tsara siffar ƙarfen da haƙoransa domin taimakawa wajen juyawa, shiga cikin tsalle, tashi daga kankara, sauka, da kuma fita daga motsin. Fasahar zamani ta ƙarfe tana ƙara amfani da zaren carbon da wasu kayayyaki ban da ƙarfe domin rage nauyin ƙarfen. Waɗannan kayayyaki na iya kasancewa masu sassauƙa kuma su taimaka wajen rage tasirin saukar tsalle, tare da kare gaɓoɓin matasa ’yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All About Blades: A Basic Guide |url=https://skaterslanding.com/pages/all-about-blades-a-basic-guide |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Skaters Landing |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706225700/https://skaterslanding.com/pages/all-about-blades-a-basic-guide |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarfen takalman rawa a kan kankara yana da gajerun ɓangarorin baya domin ba da damar yin motsin ƙafa kusa da juna da kuma rage haɗarin ƙarfe ya bugi wani ƙarfe yayin hadaddun motsi na kusa. Haka kuma suna iya kasancewa sirara domin taimakawa wajen zamewa da yin saurin sauya gefe.

''Off-ice training'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana horon motsa jiki da ake yi a wajen kankara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siclari |first=Stephanie |date=2022-03-10 |title=Why Off-Ice Training is Important for Figure Skaters {{!}} ISI |url=https://risonline.org/why-off-ice-training-is-important-for-figure-skaters/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Recreational Ice Skating Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga motsa jiki na yau da kullum, ’yan wasa suna yin kwaikwayon tsalle-tsalle a wajen kankara domin yin atisaye kan isasshen juyawa da tsayin tsallen, da kuma yin atisaye domin su riƙa sauka da ƙafa ɗaya cikin daidaito. A shekarar 2020/2021, ’yan wasa da dama sun dogara da hanyoyi daban-daban na horo da motsa jiki a wajen kankara saboda an rufe wuraren wasan kankara sakamakon COVID-19.

==Filayen kankara da kayan aikin filin kankara==

Tun daga shekarar 1980, dole ne a gudanar da dukkan gasannin wasan zane a kan kankara a filayen kankara da aka rufe kuma aka kewaye su gaba ɗaya. An faɗaɗa wannan ƙa'ida a shekarar 1984 domin ta haɗa da filayen kankara na atisaye.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxvii}} A cewar masanin tarihin wasan zane a kan kankara James R. Hines, haɓakar filayen kankara na cikin gida, ban da ƙirƙirar takalmin kankara mai ruwaƙƙen ƙarfe a ƙarni na 14 da kuma fara ɗaure takalma dindindin da takalman kankara a ƙarni na 19, ita ce babbar ci gaban da ta fi shafar wannan wasa. Hakan ya ba da damar yin wasan kankara duk shekara, da kuma a ko'ina cikin duniya, tare da hana soke gasannin gasa saboda rashin kankara a filayen kankara na waje. Ƙoƙarin farko na yin kankara ta hanyar wucin gadi ya faru a shekarun 1870 a Ingila da Amurka. Filin kankara na cikin gida na farko da ya shahara an gina shi a shekarar 1876, daga hannun John Gamgee, a Chelsea da ke gefen arewacin Kogin Thames; girmansa ya kai ƙafa 24 da 40. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, manyan birane da dama a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun mallaki filayen kankara na cikin gida.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|pp=23-24}}

Akwai babban bambanci a ma'aunin filayen kankara. Filayen da ake amfani da su a gasannin Olympics suna da ma'aunin {{convert|30|x|60|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}, filayen da ake amfani da su a gasar [[National Hockey League|NHL]] suna da {{convert|26|x|61|m|abbr=on}}, yayin da filayen Turai wani lokaci suke da {{convert|30|x|64|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutrinks&quot; /&gt; [[International Skating Union|ISU]] ta fi son a yi amfani da filayen girman na Olympics a gasannin wasan zane a kan kankara, musamman a manyan gasa. A cewar ƙa'ida ta 342 ta ISU, filin kankara na wasan zane a kan kankara na taron ISU &quot;idan zai yiwu, ya kamata ya kasance tsawon mita sittin (60) a gefe guda da mita talatin (30) a ɗayan gefen, amma kada ya fi haka girma, kuma kada ya kasance ƙasa da mita hamsin da shida (56) a gefe guda da mita ashirin da shida (26) a ɗayan gefen&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;isuSFTR&quot; /&gt; Tsarin maki yana ba wa 'yan wasan da ke da kyakkyawar amfani da filin kankara lada, wato waɗanda ke iya amfani da dukkan saman kankara yadda ya kamata yayin shirye-shiryensu. Filayen girman na Olympics suna sa bambancin ƙwarewa tsakanin 'yan wasa ya fi bayyana, amma ba a samun irin waɗannan filaye a dukkan gasa. Idan filin kankara yana da ma'auni daban, shirya tsallen ɗan wasa da saurinsa na iya samun cikas yayin da yake daidaita kansa da filin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP111022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IN131007&quot; /&gt;

Ana tantance ingancin kankara ta laushi, gogayya, tauri da kuma saurin karyewa.&lt;ref name=WMQI1105/&gt; Abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin kankara sun haɗa da yanayin zafi, ingancin ruwa, da yawan amfani da filin, inda ƙusoshin gaban takalman kankara ke ƙara lalata kankarar. A wasan zane a kan kankara, yawanci ana kiyaye yanayin zafin saman kankara tsakanin {{convert|-5.5|and|-3.5|C|F}},&lt;ref name=WMQI1105/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Olympic.org161031&quot;/&gt; inda fannonin wasan Olympics ke buƙatar kankara mai ɗan laushi (−3.5{{spaces}}°C) fiye da wasan kankara na ƙungiya (−5.5{{spaces}}°C).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfsa.org/content/ISU%20SYS%20Handbook%20for%20Referees.pdf|title=Handbook for Referees − Synchronized Skating − Season 2018–2019|page=44|date=July 28, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122918/http://www.usfsa.org/content/ISU%20SYS%20Handbook%20for%20Referees.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci bayan kowace ƙungiyoyi biyu na atisaye, wata na'ura mai gyaran kankara tana tsaftace saman kankarar tare da daidaita shi. Rashin isasshen ingancin kankara na iya shafar yadda 'yan wasa suke taka rawa.&lt;ref name=GS120328ps/&gt;

Wasu filayen kankara suna da tsarin igiyar ɗagawa da aka girka domin taimaka wa 'yan wasa su koyi sabbin tsalle-tsalle cikin yanayi mai sarrafuwa. Ana ɗaure wata igiya mai ƙarfi sosai da bangon biyu da ke kewaye da kankarar, tare da wasu ƙafafun juyawa da ke tafiya a kan igiyar. Dan wasan yana sanya rigar kariya ko bel, sannan a ɗaure igiya ko igiyar ɗagawa da ita, kuma a shigar da igiyar/igiyar cikin ƙafar juyawa mai motsi da ke kan igiyar da ke sama. Koci yana riƙe da ɗayan ƙarshen igiyar kuma ya ɗaga ɗan wasan ta hanyar ja igiyar. Daga nan ɗan wasan zai iya yin atisayen tsallen yayin da koci ke taimaka masa wajen kammala shi. Ana amfani da wannan lokacin da ɗan wasa yake buƙatar ƙarin taimako wajen yin tsalle. Sai dai idan kociyoyi suka ga ya dace, za su iya amfani da wani nau'in igiyar taimako da ake kira &quot;fishing pole harness&quot;. An sanya mata wannan suna ne saboda tana kama da sandar kamun kifi. Dan wasan zai sanya igiyar taimakon, sannan kocin ya daidaita ta yadda za ta dace da ɗan wasan. Daga nan ɗan wasan zai je ya yi tsallen ba tare da taimako mai yawa daga kocinsa ba. Haka kuma zai iya yin tsallen a kowace hanya da ya zaɓa, yayin da a sauran nau'in igiyar taimakon dole ne ya yi tsallen a madaidaiciyar hanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jumpharness.com/index.htm|title=Jump Training Harness for Figure Skaters – Coaching Aid|website=jumpharness.com|access-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329032142/http://www.jumpharness.com/index.htm|archive-date=March 29, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fannonin wasa==
Wasan zane a kan kankara ya ƙunshi fannoni masu zuwa:
* A '''[[single skating]]''', 'yan wasa maza da mata suna fafatawa daban-daban. Wasan zane a kan kankara shi ne mafi dadewa daga cikin wasannin hunturu da ake gudanarwa a gasannin Olympics, inda wasan maza da na mata suka kasance biyu daga cikin fannoni huɗu na wasan zane a kan kankara a [[1908 Summer Olympics|Wasannin London na 1908]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Olympic Figure Skating at Beijing 2022: Top Five Things to Know |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-figure-skating-at-beijing-2022-top-five-things-to-know |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Olympics.com |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104220916/https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-figure-skating-at-beijing-2022-top-five-things-to-know |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan mutum ɗaya yana da wasu abubuwa da dole ne 'yan wasa su yi yayin gasa, waɗanda suke samar da shirin wasa mai daidaito. Sun haɗa da [[Figure skating jumps|tsalle-tsalle]] (da haɗaɗɗun tsalle-tsalle), [[Figure skating spins|juyawa]], [[step sequences|jerin matakai]], da [[choreographic sequence|jerin rawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;S&amp;P/ID2022-112&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 105–106, 110&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Pair skating]]''' ana bayyana shi da cewa &quot;wasan kankara na mutane biyu da suke yin motsinsu tare cikin irin wannan daidaito da juna har ya ba da kamannin ainihin wasan mutum biyu, idan aka kwatanta da wasan mutum ɗaya mai zaman kansa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-109&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 113&lt;/ref&gt; ISU ta kuma bayyana cewa ƙungiyar wasan mutum biyu ta ƙunshi &quot;Mace ɗaya da Namiji ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-9&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan mutum biyu, tare da wasan mutum ɗaya na maza da mata, ya kasance fannin Olympics tun lokacin da aka gabatar da wasan zane a kan kankara, wato mafi dadewa cikin wasannin Olympics na hunturu, a [[1908 Summer Olympics|London a shekarar 1908]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Figure Skating |url=https://www.olympic.org/figure-skating-equipment-and-history |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Olympic.org |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412020129/https://www.olympic.org/figure-skating-equipment-and-history |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1908 World Figure Skating Championships|Gasannin Ƙwallon Duniya na ISU na wasan zane a kan kankara]] sun gabatar da wasan mutum biyu a shekarar 1908.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=ISU Archives – History of Figure Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/11675-archives-history-of-figure-skating?highlight=WyJoaXN0b3J5Il0=&amp;templateParam=15 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |publisher=International Skating Union |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227001334/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/11675-archives-history-of-figure-skating?highlight=WyJoaXN0b3J5Il0=&amp;templateParam=15 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ake buƙata a wasan mutum biyu sun haɗa da [[Figure skating lifts#Pair lifts|ɗagawa]], jujjuyawar ɗagawa, [[Figure skating jumps#Jumps in pair skating|tsalle-tsalle]] da tsallen da abokin wasa ke taimakawa, [[Figure skating spins#Pair skating|juyawar ma'aurata]], [[Death spiral (figure skating)|death spiral]], [[step sequence|jerin matakai]], da [[choreographic sequence|jerin rawa]].&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 115–117, 118–119&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ƙungiyoyin ma'aurata suke yi dole ne a &quot;haɗa su da juna ta hanyar matakan haɗi iri daban-daban&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-1093&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 110&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran motsi makamantansu, tare da amfani da hanyoyi da matsayi iri-iri na riƙe juna.
* '''[[Ice dance]]''' a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga [[ballroom dancing]]. Ya shiga [[World Figure Skating Championships]] a shekarar 1952, kuma ya zama fannin da ake ba da lambar yabo a [[Winter Olympic Games]] a shekarar 1976.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=223}} A cewar ISU, ƙungiyar wasan rawa a kan kankara tana ƙunshe da mace ɗaya da namiji ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-9&quot;/&gt; Wasan rawa a kan kankara ya samo asali ne daga &quot;combined skating&quot; da ƙungiyoyin masu wasan kankara da kungiyoyi suka haɓaka a ƙarni na 19, da kuma wasan kankara na zamantakewa domin nishaɗi.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|pp=xiv, 102}} An gudanar da gasannin ƙasa na farko a Ingila, Kanada, Amurka da Austria a shekarun 1930.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=102}} Gasar rawa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a kan kankara ta gudana a matsayin wani taro na musamman a [[1950 World Figure Skating Championships|Gasannin Duniya na shekarar 1950]] a London.{{sfn|Hines|2011|pp=173–174}} Abubuwan da ƙungiyoyin wasan rawa a kan kankara dole su yi sun haɗa da [[Figure skating lifts|ɗagawa ta rawa]], [[Figure skating spins|juyawar rawa]], [[step sequence|jerin matakai]], [[twizzle]]s, da abubuwan rawa.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 142, 145&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Synchronized skating]]''' (wanda a da ake kira &quot;precision skating&quot;) an tsara shi ne domin ƙungiyoyi masu gaurayen jinsi waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan wasan zane a kan kankara tsakanin goma sha biyu zuwa ashirin. Wannan fanni yana kama da salon wasan rawa na ƙungiya a kan kankara, tare da ƙarin mayar da hankali kan daidaitattun tsare-tsaren ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya da kuma sauye-sauye masu rikitarwa tsakanin tsare-tsaren. Tsare-tsaren asali sun haɗa da ƙafafun juna, tubalan, layuka, da'irori da kuma haɗuwa. Kusancin 'yan wasa da kuma buƙatar ƙungiyar ta kasance cikin daidaito suna ƙara wahalar aikin ƙafa da 'yan wasan ke yi a cikin waɗannan abubuwa. ISU ta gabatar da shawarwari a hukumance domin saka wasan kankara na ƙungiya cikin [[2022 Winter Olympics|Wasannin Olympics na Hunturu na 2022]], amma waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=CT140929 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NBC180224 /&gt;
* '''[[Compulsory figures]]''' ko '''school figures''' a da sun kasance wani fanni na wasan zane a kan kankara, kuma su ne suka ba wasan sunansa. Su ne &quot;tsare-tsaren madauwari da 'yan wasa suke zana a kan kankara domin nuna ƙwarewa wajen sanya juyawa masu tsabta da daidaito a kan da'irori&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Special Regulations for Figures |url=https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/Compulsory%20Figures%20Rules.pdf |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating Association |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305232430/https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/Compulsory%20Figures%20Rules.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A kusan shekaru 50 na farko da aka gudanar da wasan zane a kan kankara a matsayin wasa, har zuwa shekarar 1947, compulsory figures sun kasance kashi 60 cikin 100 na jimillar maki a yawancin gasa a duniya. Waɗannan figures sun ci gaba da mamaye wasan, duk da cewa muhimmancinsu ya ragu a hankali, har sai da ISU ta kada ƙuri'ar dakatar da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasa a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Loosemore |first=Sandra |date=December 16, 1998 |title='Figures' Don't Add up in Competition Anymore |work=CBS SportsLine |url=http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/women/skating/dec98/loosemore121698.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727021537/http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/women/skating/dec98/loosemore121698.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2015, bayan kafuwar World Figure Sport Society da World Figure &amp; Fancy Skating Championships &amp; Festival a kan baƙar kankara, ƙarin 'yan wasa suna atisaye da kuma fafatawa a figures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Radnofsky |first=Louise |title=Who Needs Triple Axels and Toe Loops—Give Us 'Compulsory Figures' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-needs-triple-axels-and-toe-loopsgive-us-compulsory-figures-11576859225 |access-date=2023-02-05 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=December 20, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205041036/https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-needs-triple-axels-and-toe-loopsgive-us-compulsory-figures-11576859225 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin kociyoyi suna koyon sabbin hanyoyin da World Figure Sport ta ƙirƙira domin koyar da su ga 'yan wasa, saboda wasu 'yan wasa da kociyoyi sun yi imanin cewa figures suna ba 'yan wasa fa'ida wajen haɓaka daidaiton jiki, ƙarfin tsakiyar jiki, sarrafa jiki da kuma ladabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World figure skating enthusiasts take figures online |work=Lake Placid News |url=https://www.lakeplacidnews.com/sports/local-sports/2020/05/21/world-figure-skating-enthusiasts-take-figures-online/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205031629/https://www.lakeplacidnews.com/sports/local-sports/2020/05/21/world-figure-skating-enthusiasts-take-figures-online/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Camel yuna1.jpg|Yun Kima, 'yar wasan mutum ɗaya daga Koriya ta Kudu, 2008
File:Camille RUEST Andrew WOLFE-GPFrance 2018-Pairs FS-IMG 1465.jpeg|Camille Ruest da Andrew Wolfe, 'yan wasan ma'aurata daga Kanada, 2018
File:2013 Nebelhorn Trophy Pilar Maekawa Moreno Leonardo Maekawa Moreno IMG 7885.JPG|Pilar Maekawa Moreno da Leonardo Maekawa Moreno, 'yan wasan rawa a kan kankara daga Mexico, 2013
File:Haydenettes 2006.jpg|The Haydenettes, ƙungiyar wasan kankara na haɗin gwiwa daga Amurka, 2006
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-K1217-0035, Sonja Morgenstern.jpg|Sonja Morgenstern daga Jamus tana nuna compulsory figures, 1971
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Sassa da Motsi==

Kowane sassa yana samun maki ne bisa darajarsa ta tushe da kuma matakin kwarewa na aiwatarwa (GOE), wanda ke samar da jimillar maki na sassan fasaha (TES). A gasa, masanin fasaha yana gano sassan sannan ya fasa kowannensu zuwa matakin wahala, farawa daga B (Na Basira) zuwa Mataki na 4 (mafi wahala).&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ga kowane sassa, kwamitin alƙalai yana ƙayyade GOE, wanda ke tsakanin −5 da +5, dangane da yadda dan wasan ya aiwatar da sassan da kyau. Ana auna GOE ne bisa darajar tushe ta sassan.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ta hanyar sharuɗɗan ISU, 'yan wasan kankara dole ne su aiwatar da aƙalla sassa bakwai a cikin gajeren shirin aikinsu kuma sassa goma sha biyu a cikin dogon shirin aikinsu.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt;

ISU ta fassara faduwa a matsayin rashin iko wanda ke haifar da yawancin nauyin jikin dan wasan ba ya kan kaifin takalmin kankara maimakon haka hannaye, gwiwoyi, ko mazaunai ne ke goyon bayansa.&lt;ref name=deduc/&gt;

===Tsefe (Tsalle-tsalle)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! colspan=2 | Takaitaccen sassan ISU:&lt;br&gt;Tsalle-tsallen Wasan Kankara
|-
| T || Toe loop
|-
| S || Salchow
|-
| Lo || Loop
|-
| F || Flip
|-
| Lz || Lutz
|-
| A || Axel
|}

Tsalle-tsalle sun haɗa da dan wasa yana tsalle zuwa sama yana juyawa cikin sauri domin sauka bayan ya kammala juyawa guda ɗaya ko fiye. Akwai nau'ikan tsalle-tsalle da dama, wadanda ake gane su ta hanyar yadda dan wasan ke tashi da sauka, gami da adadin juyawa da aka kammala.

Kowane tsalle yana samun maki ne bisa darajarsa ta tushe da matakin GOE.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ingancin aiwatarwa, fasaha, tsayi, gudu, tafiya cikin santsi da yawan wurin da aka rufe a kan kankara duk ana la'akari da su wajen alƙalanci. Tsallen da bai gama juyawa ba (wanda ake nuna shi da {{spaces}}&lt;{{spaces}}) yana &quot;rasa juyi na fiye da {{frac|1|4}}, amma ƙasa da {{frac|1|2}} na cikakken juyi&quot; kuma yana samun kashi 70% na darajar tushe. Tsallen da aka rage wa matsayi (wanda ake nuna shi da {{spaces}}&lt;&lt;{{spaces}}) yana &quot;rasa juyi na {{frac|1|2}} ko fiye&quot;. Tsalle mai ninki uku da aka rage wa matsayi ana ɗaukarsa azaman tsalle mai ninki biyu, yayin da mai ninki biyu da aka rage wa matsayi ake ɗaukarsa azaman tsalle guda ɗaya.

Saba kaifi yana faruwa ne lokacin da ɗan wasa ya aiwatar da tsalle a kan kaifin da bai dace ba. Ramin ciki shine mutsi a ƙarƙashin ƙarfen takalmin kankara wanda ke samar da kaifi biyu mabanbanta, na ciki da na waje. Kaifin ciki na ƙarfen yana gefen da ke kusa da ɗan wasan, kaifin waje kuma yana gefen da ke mafi nisa daga ɗan wasan, yayin da 'santsi mai faɗi' yake nufin yin yawo a kan kaifikan guda biyu a lokaci guda, wanda ba a ƙarfafawa. Kaifi maras fitowa fili ko saba kaifi ana nuna shi da 'e' kuma yana bayyana a cikin GOE dangane da tsananin matsalar. 'Flutz' da 'lip' sune kalmomin da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun ga tsallen Lutz da flip tare da matsalar saba kaifi.

A shekarar 1982, ISU ta kafa dokar cewa ɗan wasa na iya aiwatar da kowane nau'in tsalle mai ninki uku sau ɗaya kacal a shirin aiki, ko sau biyu idan ɗaya daga cikinsu an haɗa shi a cikin haɗaka ko jeri. Domin rukunin tsalle-tsalle ya kasance haɗaka, kowane tsalle dole ne ya tashi daga kaifin sauka na tsallen da ya gabata, ba tare da takawa, juyawa, ko canjin kaifi a tsakanin tsalle-tsalle ba. Ana yawan aiwatar da Toe loops da loops azaman tsalle na biyu ko na uku a cikin haɗaka saboda suna tashi ne daga baya na kaifin waje na ƙafar sauka, ko ƙafar yawo. Domin aiwatar da salchow ko flip a baya na haɗaka, ana iya amfani da 'half loop' (wanda a zahiri cikakken juyi ne, amma yana sauka a kan baya na kaifin ciki na ƙafar sauka) azaman tsallen haɗawa. Sabanin haka, jerin tsalle-tsalle rukuni ne na tsalle-tsalle waɗanda za a iya haɗa su ta hanyar tsalle-tsallen da ba a jera su ba ko ɗalle-ɗalle.&lt;ref name=tphss/&gt; Jerin tsalle-tsalle suna da darajar kashi 80% na haɗakar darajar irin waɗannan tsalle-tsallen da aka aiwatar a cikin haɗaka.
[[File:Figure Skating.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Bidiyo mai nuna tushen tsalle-tsalle na wasan kankara]]

Ɗan wasan kankara yana buƙatar kawai ya iya tsalle ta hanyar da kowace fuska take kallo, ko dai mai bin agogo ko mai kishiyar agogo. Mafi yawancin 'yan wasan kankara sun gwammace su juya ta hanyar kishiyar agogo lokacin tsalle. Don haka, domin bayyanawa, duk tsalle-tsalle za a kwatanta su ne don ɗan wasa mai tsalle ta kishiyar agogo.

Akwai tsalle-tsalle guda shida a wasan kankara waɗanda ake ƙirafawa azaman sassan tsalle. Duk guda shidan suna sauka ne a kan ƙafa ɗaya a baya na kaifin waje (tare da juyawa na kishiyar agogo, ga tsalle guda ɗaya ko ninki mai yawa), amma suna da hanyoyin tashi daban-daban, waɗanda ta hanyarsu za a iya bambanta su. Tsalle-tsalle kasu suke zuwa rukunai biyu daban-daban: tsallen yatsa da tsallen kaifi.

Adadin juyawa da aka yi a sama yana ƙayyade ko tsallen guda ɗaya ne, ninki biyu, ninki uku, ko ninki huɗu (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;quad&quot;). Mafi sauƙi shine tsallen waltz, wanda za a iya yinsa kawai a rabin tsalle kuma ba a rarraba shi azaman tsalle guda ɗaya, ninki biyu, ko ninki uku ba. Tsalle-tsalle masu ninki uku, in ban da triple Axel, ana aiwatar da su ne ta 'yan wasa mata masu zaman kansu. Yana da wuya mace ɗan wasa ta sauka a tsallen ninki huɗu, kuma kaɗan ne daga cikin matan ke samun lambar godiya ta ninki huɗu a gasa. 'Yan wasa maza na matakin kwararru suna aiwatar da yawancin tsalle-tsalle masu ninki uku da ninki huɗu a gasa. Tsalle na ƙarshe daga cikin shida da aka sauka tas a matsayin ninki huɗu a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa shine ƙalubalen quadruple Axel. Kaɗan daga cikin 'yan wasa maza sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don sauka a wannan tsalle mai matukar wahala na juyi huɗu da rabi (musamman Zakarun daf da na karshe na Olympic sau biyu daga Japan, Yuzuru Hanyu), amma sun gaza sauka a kai lami lafiya da cikakken juyi. Tsaftataccen quad Axel na farko da aka yi nasarar sauka a kansa an yi shi ne ta hannun ɗan wasan Amurka Ilia Malinin a gasar 2022 CS U.S. Classic,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=2022-09-15 |title=U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; shekaru 34 bayan tsallen ninki huɗu na farko a tarihi (quad toe loop) wanda Kurt Browning daga Kanada ya sauka a kai a Gasar Wasan Kankara ta Duniya ta 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1988-03-26 |title=A Quadruple Jump on Ice |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=20 Apr 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420010328/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudun tashi na tsalle yana iya kaiwa har zuwa quilomita 25 a kowace sa'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |date=2014-10-31 |title=Figure skating analytics reveals speed, height |url=https://www.therecord.com/sports/figure-skating-analytics-reveals-speed-height/article_16b48c21-b9d5-59e2-b9e3-716dd4541786.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Record |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin yawancin tsalle-tsalle, ɗan wasa yana buƙatar yin yawo ta baya don gina ƙarfi da gudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=why do figure skaters skate backwards?|url=https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=Skate Perfect|language=en-US|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153910/https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tsallen Yatsa====
Tsallen yatsa ana tashi ne ta hanyar sokar maƙalalliyar yatsa ta takalmin kankara ɗaya cikin ƙankara, ana amfani da ita wajen harba jiki zuwa sama da gaba da ɗayan ƙafar. Babban tsallen yatsa sune (dangane da jerin darajar maki):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jumps|publisher=Holland Ice Academy|url=http://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|access-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128001301/https://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Toe loop – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin waje na ƙafar dama (ko hagu), yana harba tsallen ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.
#Flip (wani lokacin ana kiransa toe salchow) – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin ciki na ƙafar hagu (ko dama) sannan ya taimaka wa tashin ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.
#Lutz – yana kama da flip, amma ɗan wasan yana tashi ne daga baya na kaifin *waje* na ƙafar hagu (ko dama), yana harba tsallen ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.

Duk bayanan da ke sama suna ɗaukar hanyar juyawa ta kishiyar agogo ne, suna sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar dama. (Domin juyawa ta hanyar agogo, ɗan wasa yana tashi ne ta amfani da ɗayan ƙafar kuma ya sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu.)

====Tsallen Kaifi====
[[File:Axel Paulsen jump without text.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Tsallen Axel]]

Tsallen kaifi ba ya amfani da taimakon yatsa, kuma ya haɗa da (dangane da jerin darajar maki):
#Salchow – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin ciki na ƙafar hagu (ko dama), yana barin kaifin ya zagaya, ɗayan ƙafar tana taimakawa wajen harba tsallen zuwa sama.
#Loop (wanda kuma aka sani da tsallen Rittberger) – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin waje na ƙafar dama (ko hagu).
#Axel – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta gaba daga kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu (ko dama). Tunda wannan ne kaɗai tsalle mai juyi da ke tashi daga kaifin gaba, yana ɗauke da ƙarin rabin juyi.

Maimaitawa, waɗannan bayanan suna ɗaukar hanyar juyawa ta kishiyar agogo ne, suna sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar dama. (Domin juyawa ta hanyar agogo, ɗan wasa yana tashi ne ta amfani da ɗayan ƙafar kuma a koyaushe yana sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu.)

====Sauran Tsalle-tsalle====
Wasu tsalle-tsalle na daban yawanci ana aiwatar da su ne kawai azaman tsalle guda ɗaya kuma a cikin wasan kankara na kwararru ana amfani da su azaman motsin canji ko maki na musamman a jerin takawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, tsallen walley, tsallen waltz, Axel na ciki, Axel ƙafa ɗaya, stag jump, da tsallen split. Akwai nau'ikan tsallen split guda biyu:
*Split na Rasha, ana yinsa a matsayin da ke kama da na straddle split
*Split na gaba, ana yinsa a matsayin na al'ada na split, yana fuskantar hanyar ƙafar gaba
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:2011 WFSC 4d 066 Ross Miner.JPG|Ross Miner yana shirin tsalle.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 009 Denis Ten.JPG|Denis Ten yana shirin tsalle.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 183 Kevin van der Perren.JPG|Kevin van der Perren yana juyawa a sama.
File:Jamal Othman Jump 2 - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Jamal Othman yana sauka a kan baya na kaifin waje na dama.
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Marissa Castelli &amp; Simon Shnapir 2LoTh 2009 Junior Worlds.jpg|'Yan wasa biyu Marissa Castelli da Simon Shnapir suna shirin tsallen wurgawa.
File:Jessica Miller &amp; Ian Moram Throw Jump - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Ƙungiyar biyu bayan an wurga mace: Jessica Miller tana juyawa a sama.
File:Anabelle Langlois &amp; Cody Hay Throw Jump - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Anabelle Langlois tana sauka bayan aiwatar da tsallen wurgawa tare da Cody Hay.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Juyawa (Spins)===

'''Juyawa''' sassa ne inda ɗan wasa ke juyawa, a tsakiya a kan aya guda ɗaya a kan ƙankara, yayin da yake riƙe da matsayin jiki ɗaya ko fiye.{{sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=127}} Ana aiwatar da su ta duk rassan wasannin. Kasancewar The New York Times ta ce, &quot;Yayin da tsalle-tsalle ke bayyana a matsayin wasa, juyawa suna bayyana ne tamkar fasaha. Yayin da tsalle-tsalle ke kawo firgici, juyawa suna samar da kyan kallo, amma akwai abubuwa da yawa game da kyan kallon fiye da yadda yawancin masu kallo ke da lokaci ko hanyar fahimta&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarey&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Clarey |first1=Christopher |date=19 February 2014 |title=Appreciating Skating's Spins, the Art Behind the Sport |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227223225/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar zakaran duniya kuma mai tsokaci kan wasan kankara Scott Hamilton, galibi ana amfani da juyawa &quot;azaman wuraren numfasa ko canji zuwa manyan abubuwa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;clarey&quot; /&gt;

Juyawa na wasan kankara, tare da tsalle-tsalle, spirals, da spread eagles asali abubuwa ne na fannin compulsory figures, wani lokacin abubuwa na musamman. Sabanin tsalle-tsalle, juyawa kasancewa suke wani sashe &quot;mai kyau da ake girmamawa&quot;{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}} na wasan kankara a duk tsawon ƙarni na 19. Sun samu ci gaba a tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu; zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, duk matakan juyawa na basira guda uku ana amfani da su.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}}

Akwai nau'ikan juyawa guda biyu, '''juyawa na gaba''' da '''juyawa na baya'''.{{Sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=129}} Akwai matakan juyawa na basira guda uku: '''upright spin''', '''sit spin''', da '''camel spin'''. 'Yan wasa kuma suna aiwatar da '''flying spins''' da '''combination spins'''.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}}&lt;gallery&gt;
File:2020-01-11 Women's Single Figure Skating Short Program (2020 Winter Youth Olympics) by Sandro Halank–018.jpg|Camel spin
File:2011 Figure Skating WC Tomáš Verner (4).jpg|Sit spin
File:Elena Sokolova 04 NHK 2.jpg|Upright spin
File:Dominika Piatkowska &amp; Dmitri Khromin Spin - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Juyawar camel ta biyu
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U1215-0046, Sabine Baeß, Tassilo Thierbach.jpg|Juyawa ta biyu tare da mace a layback da namiji a sit spin
File:2012 WFSC 07d 843 Polina Korobeynikova.JPG|Layback spin tare da riƙe ƙafa
File:2011 Cup of China Yuzuru Hanyu.jpg|Biellmann spin
File:Joubert 09Eurosp by Carmichael.jpg|Death drop
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Sawa a Sama (Lifts)===

[[File:Maria Mukhortova and Maxim Trankov at 2010 European Championships (3).jpg|thumb|upright|'Yan wasa biyu suna aiwatar da sa mutum a sama da hannu ɗaya]]

'''Ɗaga mutum na wasan kankara''' abubuwa ne da ake buƙata a wasan biyu da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 115–116, 118–119, 142, 145&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunai biyar na '''ɗaga mutum a wasan biyu''', waɗanda aka rarraba su ta tsarin ƙaruwar matakin wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-109&quot;/&gt; Alƙalai suna duba abubuwa masu zuwa lokacin da suke auna ɗaga mutum a wasan biyu: gudun shiga da fita; iko da ƙafar macen da ba ta ƙasa ba lokacin da take fita daga ɗagawan, tare da burin sa ƙafar a sama da sharewa; matsayin macen a sama; takun ƙafar namijin; canjin matsayi cikin sauri da sauƙi; da kiyaye santsi a duk lokacin ɗagawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;skatecanada&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Skating Glossary |url=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Skate Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Twist lifts''' sune &quot;sashe mafi firgita da ban sha'awa a wasan biyu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;skatecanada&quot; /&gt; Suna kuma iya kasancewa motsi mafi wahala wajen aiwatarwa da kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Special Regulations &amp; Technical Rules Single &amp; Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022 |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |access-date=August 6, 2022 |publisher=International Skating Union |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807002723/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi da haɗin kai fiye da sauran sassan wasan biyu, kuma yawanci sune sassa na farko ko na biyu a cikin shirin aiki. A cewar Ƙungiyar Wasan Kankara ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa (ISU), &quot;Dole ne a kama Macen a sama ta ƙugu ta hannun Namijin kafin sauka kuma a taimaka mata wajen sauka cikin santsi a kan ƙankara a kan baya na kaifin waje a kan ƙafa ɗaya&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tech panel, p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin twist lift.

ISU ta fassara '''ɗaga mutum na raye-raye''' a matsayin &quot;motsi wanda ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗaka yake a sama tare da taimakon gani da/ko a fuka-fuki na ɗayan abokin haɗaka zuwa kowane tsayi da aka yarda da shi, a riƙe shi a can sannan a ajiye shi a kan ƙankara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-126&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 130&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaga mutum na raye-raye an bambanta shi da na wasan biyu domin tabbatar da cewa raye-rayen ƙankara da wasan biyu sun kasance rassa daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;hostilerules2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reiter |first1=Susan |date=1 March 1995 |title=Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules |work=Dance Magazine |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice+dancing%3A+a+dance+form+frozen+in+place+by+hostile+rules.-a016771634 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802024753/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice%20dancing%3A%20a%20dance%20form%20frozen%20in%20place%20by%20hostile+rules.-a016771634 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tsarin alƙalanci ya canza daga Tsarin 6.0 zuwa Tsarin Alƙalanci na ISU (IJS), ɗaga mutum na raye-raye ya kasance mafi &quot;motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo da ban sha'awa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dangerous&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brannen |first1=Sarah S. |date=13 July 2012 |title=Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary' |url=http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&amp;content_id=34870028&amp;vkey=ice_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106105909/http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&amp;content_id=34870028&amp;vkey=ice_news |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Ice Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai nau'ikan ɗaga mutum na raye-raye guda biyu: '''gajeren ɗagawa''', wanda ya kamata a yi shi a ƙarƙashin daƙiƙa bakwai; da '''haɗakar ɗagawa''', wanda ya kamata a yi shi a ƙarƙashin daƙiƙa 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-126&quot;/&gt; Shirin raye-raye na kyauta mai daidaito a raye-rayen ƙankara dole ne ya haɗa da ɗaga mutum na raye-raye.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juwaya, matakai, da motsi ===
Tare da sauran nau'o'in guje-guje a kan kankara, 'figure skating' yana daya daga cikin ayyukan da 'dan Adam ke amfani da karfin jikinsa wajen yi inda tafiya da baya take da muhimmanci sosai ga bangaren. Ikon yin skating da kyau ta baya da gaba ana daukar su da muhimmanci daidai wa daida, kamar yadda sauyawa tsakanin biyun ke da muhimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|title=Learn how to Ice Skate – Skate UK – Basic Skills Programme|website=iceskating.org.uk|access-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152607/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://learntoskateusa.com/|title=Home – Learn to Skate USA|last=USA|first=Learn To Skate|website=learntoskateusa.com|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707225326/https://learntoskateusa.com/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan matakai (step sequences) muhimmin abu ne da ake bukata a duk fannonin Olympic hudu. Tsarin zai iya kasancewa madaidaiciya, mai zagaye, ko mai jujjuyawa. Tsarin matakai ya kunshi hade-haden juwaya, matakai, tsalle-tsalle, da sauye-sauyen gefen ruwa. Bugu da kari, ana iya amfani da matakai da juwaya a matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sassa. Daban-daban juwaya da masu skating za su iya sawa a cikin tsarin matakan sun hada da:
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Threeturn.GIF|Three-turn: wukarsa tana juyawa zuwa cikin karkatar gefe ko kwana.
File:Bracket.GIF|Bracket turn: ana juyar da wukar gaba da karkatar kwanan.
File:Mohawk-trace.png|Mohawk: tamkar juyawar kafafu biyu
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Rocker turn.gif|Rocker: juyawar kafa daya da ke tattare da sauyin karkata gami da shegida
File:Counter.GIF|Counter: juyawar kafa daya da ke tattare da sauyin karkata gami da shegida
File:2011 WFSC 2d 259 Siobhan Heekin-Canedy Alexander Shakalov.JPG|Twizzles: tafiya ana juyawa sau da yawa a kafa daya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Choctaws su ne tamkar kafa biyu na rockers da counters. Sauran motse-motsen da za a iya sawa a cikin tsarin matakai ko amfani da su a matsayin abubuwan haɗawa sun haɗa da lunges da spread eagles. Ina Bauer yana kama da spread eagle da ake yi da gwiwa ɗaya a karkace kuma yawanci baya a mika. Hydroblading yana nufin zurfafa gefen ruwa da aka yi da jiki a matsayin mafi kanci zuwa ƙankara a kusan matsayin kwance.

Moves in the field tsari ne da aka rigaya aka ayyana da ke nuna ainihin ƙwarewar skating da sarrafa gefen ruwa. A cikin tsarin shirin gasa, sun haɗa da tsare-tsare da za su iya haɗawa da spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, da sauran makamantan motsin mika gefe, tare da loops, twizzles, da nau'o'in juwaya daban-daban.

Spiral wani bangare ne wanda dan wasan ke motsawa a kan kankara a kan wani gefe na musamman tare da 'yantacciyar kafa a matakin kwakwalwan ciki ko sama da haka. Ana rarrabe spirals ta hanyar gefen ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi (na ciki ko na waje), shugabancin motsi (gaba ko baya), da matsayin dan wasan. Tsarin spiral shine matsayi daya ko fiye na spiral da gefuna da aka yi a biye da juna. Alƙalai suna duba zurfi, kwanciyar hankali, da sarrafa gefen skating, saurin tafiya, rufe fannin kankara, mika jiki, da sauran abubuwa. Waɗansu masu skating za su iya canza gefe yayin spiral, wato daga gefen ciki zuwa na waje. Spirals da aka yi a kan &quot;kwance&quot; gabaɗaya ba a ɗaukar su a matsayin ingantattun spirals. Ana buƙatar tsarin spiral a cikin skating na mata da na ma'aurata kafin kakar 2012–13,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|title=Communication No. 1672 – Single &amp; Pair Skating – Amendments to the Scale of Values, Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution and Levels of Difficulty, season 2011–2012|date=May 5, 2011|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501131522/http://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga kakar figure skating ta 2012–13 zuwa gaba, an mayar da su tsarin choreographic sequence. Tsarin choreographic na dauke da moves in the field, tsalle-tsalle marasa jerawa, motsin jujjuya, da sauransu kuma ana buƙatar sa don shirin 'yanci na maza, mata da ma'aurata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|title=Technical Notification 103|date=June 21, 2012|website=usfigureskating.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030175053/http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Single Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203739/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Pair Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203752/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Death spiral wani muhimmin abu ne da ake bukata a skating na ma'aurata. Akwai nau'o'i hudu da aka rarrabe ta hanyar gefen ruwa na mace da shugabancin motsi. Namiji yana yin pivot, tare da kafa daya a kafe a kan kankara, yayin da yake rike da hannun abokiyar zamansa, wacce ke zagaye shi a kan zurfafa gefe tare da jikinta kusan daidai da kankara. Daga shekarar 2011, dole ne kan mace a wani lokaci ya kai gwiwarta ta skating. Dole ne namiji shima ya kasance a cikakken matsayin pivot kuma dole ne a rike death spiral din na wani karamin yawan juyawa, ya danganta da matakin.
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Jenni Vahamaa 2008 Junior Worlds.jpg|Matsayin spiral na asali na gefen waje tare da 'yantacciyar kafa mai zaman kanta a bayan jiki
File:Maria Mukhortova &amp; Maxim Trankov - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Spiral na gefen waje na ma'aurata a matsayin kama-kafa
File:McLaughlin Brubaker Death Spiral.jpg|Death spiral na baya na ciki
File:Kristina Gorshkova &amp; Vitali Butikov 2005 Croatia Cup.jpg|Gajeren madubin spread eagles tare da namiji a gefen ciki da mace a gefen waje
File:Tugba Karademir Ina Bauer - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Ina Bauer
2010 Canadian Championships Dance - Kharis Ralph - Asher Hill - 2024a.jpg|Rawa ta Zakarun Kanada
File:2011 WFSC 4d 002 Kim Lucine.JPG|Hydroblading
File:2012 Rostelecom Cup 02d 800 Tessa VIRTUE Scott MOIR.JPG|Namiji mai rawa a kan kankara a matsayin dukawa na Besti yayin da yake daga abokiyar zamansa
File:2019 Skate Canada International - Yuzuru Hanyu SP.jpg|Spread eagle
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tsarin gasar da maki ==

[[File:Riku Miura and Ryuichi Kihara performing a cantilever during their short program at the 2024-25 Grand Prix Final.jpg|thumb|Masu tsalle ma'aurata Riku Miura da Ryuichi Kihara yayin da suke gabatar da 'cantilever' a lokacin gajeren shirin su a gasar 2024-25 Grand Prix Final]]
Hukumar ISU (International Skating Union) ita ce hukumar da ke gudanar da gasannin kasa da kasa na figure skating, ciki har da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi figure skating a Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi. Ana ba da lambobin yabo don sakamakon gaba ɗaya; tsaitattun lambobin yabo su ne zinari don wanda ya zo na ɗaya, azurfa don na biyu, da tagulla don na uku. Hukumar U.S. Figure Skating ita ma tana ba da lambobin yabo na pewter ga waɗanda suka kammala a matsayi na huɗu a gasannin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, Yurope, Nahiyoyi Huɗu, da na Matasa na Duniya, ISU tana ba da ''karamar lambar yabo'' don sakamakon sashin shiri (gajeren shiri da na kyauta) (Tuntuni daga shekarar 2009). Gabaɗaya ana danganta lambar yabo ga ƙasa ɗaya kawai, ko da kuwa haɗin gwiwar 'yan wasan ya ƙunshi masu tsalle daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Banbanci na musamman shine haɗin gwiwar ma'aurata tsakanin Ludowika Eilers da Walter Jakobsson; lambobin yabon su na 1910–11 an danganta su ga Jamus da Finland duka.&lt;ref name=WCP/&gt; Baya ga farkon karni na 20, ba a amince wa 'yan wasa damar wakiltar ƙasashe biyu a gasa guda ɗaya ba.

A gasar figure skating ta ɗayansu ko ma'aurata, 'yan wasa suna gabatar da shirye-shirye biyu: gajeren shiri (short program), wanda a ciki suke kammala jerin abubuwan da ake buƙata da suka ƙunshi tsalle-tsalle, jujjuyawa da matakai; da kuma 'free skate', wanda kuma ake kira ''dogon shiri'', inda suke da zaɓi mai faɗi na abubuwa. A ƙarƙashin tsarin 6.0 da kuma Tsarin Shari'a na ISU, alƙalai suna duba &quot;cikakken kunshin&quot; yayin kimanta aiki, wato, mafi kyawun mai tsalle ba kowane lokaci yake samun matsayi na farko ba idan alƙalai suna ganin banbancin tsallensa ya ragu saboda gudun wani mai tsallen, jujjuyawarsa, gabatarwarsa, da sauransu.&lt;ref name=nyt970216/&gt;&lt;ref name=CBS981202/&gt;

Gasannin rawar ƙankara (ice dance) a da sun ƙunshi matakai guda uku: rawar tilas guda ɗaya ko fiye; rawar asali zuwa rawar ballroom wadda ake ayyanawa kowace shekara; da 'free dance' zuwa waƙar da 'yan wasan suka zaɓa da kansu. Fara daga kakar 2010–11, an haɗa rawar tilas da ta asali zuwa gajeren rawa (short dance), wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa ''rhythm dance'' a watan Yunin 2018, kafin kakar 2018–19.

=== Lambobin Yabo ===
Sakamako:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.soyouwanttowatchfs.com/guides/competition-overview |title=Introduction to Figure Skating Competitions |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325212812/https://www.soyouwanttowatchfs.com/guides/competition-overview |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cikakken Lambobin Yabo (Mataki 1 + Mataki 2) ====
Lambobin yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samun mafi tsayin matsayi gaba ɗaya a kowane fanni.

==== Karamar Lambar Yabo ====
Karamar lambar yabo ana ba da ita ne kawai a Gasannin ISU tun daga shekarar 2009:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fsuniverse.net/forum/threads/short-program-medal-at-worlds.103810/ |title=Short Program medal at worlds |date=April 8, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201215136/https://www.fsuniverse.net/forum/threads/short-program-medal-at-worlds.103810/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mataki 1 =''' Karamar lambar yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samu mafi tsayin matsayi a gajeren shiri (short program) ko rhythm dance a kowane fanni.

'''Mataki 2 =''' Karamar lambar yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samu mafi tsayin matsayi a free skating ko free dance a kowane fanni.

Karamar lambar yabo ana ba da ita kawai a Gasannin ISU:

# World Figure Skating Championships
# World Junior Figure Skating Championships
# European Figure Skating Championships
# Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

Ba a ba da Karamar lambar yabo a:

# Figure skating at the Olympic Games
# ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
# ko duk wata gasar ƙasa da ƙasa

=== Tsarin 6.0 ===

Tunduni ana yanke hukuncin skating ne don &quot;cancantar fasaha&quot; (a cikin free skate), &quot;abubuwan da ake buƙata&quot; (a cikin gajeren shiri), da kuma &quot;gabatarwa&quot; (a cikin shirye-shiryen duka biyu).&lt;ref name=CBS981202/&gt; Makin kowane shiri yana fara daga 0.0 zuwa 6.0, wanda na karshen shine mafi girma. Waɗannan makin an yi amfani da su don ƙayyade jerin fifiko (ko &quot;ordinal&quot;) daban ga kowane alƙali; sannan aka haɗa fifikon alƙalan don ƙayyade matsayi ga kowane mai tsalle a kowane shiri. Matsayin shirye-shiryen biyu an haɗa su, tare da matsayin free skate wanda aka fi yi wa nauyi fiye da gajeren shiri. Mutumin da ya samu matsayi mafi girma (bisa la'akari da jimillar matsayi mai nauyi) shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara.&lt;ref name=6.0&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfsa.org/programs?id=84139|title=The 6.0 System|access-date=November 21, 2018|website=usfsa.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161756/http://www.usfsa.org/programs?id=84139|archive-date=November 21, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin Shari'a na ISU ===

A shekara ta 2004, a matsayin martani ga saɓani na alƙalai a lokacin Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2002, ISU ta ɗauki Tsarin Shari'a na Ƙasa da Ƙasa (IJS), wanda ya zama tilas a duk gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa a 2006, ciki har da Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2006. Sabon tsarin wani lokacin ana kiransa a hukumance da Code of Points, duk da haka, ISU ba ta taɓa amfani da kalmar wajen bayyana tsarin su a cikin duk wata hanyar sadarwa ta hukuma ba.

A ƙarƙashin IJS, ana ba da maki ɗaya bayan ɗaya ga kowane fanni na skating, kuma jimillar waɗannan maki shine ''total element score'' (TES). Shirye-shiryen gasa an takaita su don haɗawa da adadin abubuwan da aka tsara. Kowane fanni masanin fasaha ne yake fara yanke masa hukunci wanda ke gano takamaiman abu kuma yake ƙayyade ''base value'' dinsa. Ana yin hakan ne ta amfani da bidiyon sake kallo nan take don tabbatar da fasalulluka da ke bambanta abubuwa daban-daban; misali ainihin matsayin ƙafa a lokacin tashi da saukar tsalle. Sannan kwamitin alƙalai tara kowannensu yana ba da maki don inganci da aikatar da abun. Wannan maki, wanda ake kira ''grade of execution'' (GOE), lamba ce mai cikakken daraja tare da mafi karancin lamba −5 da mafi girman lamba +5.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Makin GOE sannan ana fassara shi zuwa wata darajar ta hanyar amfani da teburin darajoji a cikin dokar ISU 322. Mafi girma da mafi ƙarancin darajoji ana cire su, sannan a ƙididdige matsakaicin. Wannan matsakaicin daraja sannan ana ƙara shi zuwa (ko ragewa daga) base value don ƙayyade cikakken darajar abun. A baya, makin GOE daga alƙalai tara ana sarrafa su da zaɓin kwamfuta na bazata kuma ana ƙididdige matsakaicin sauran bakwai.&lt;ref name=judging/&gt;

Lura: IJS a baya ya yi amfani da ma'aunin GOE na −3 zuwa +3, amma an haɗa wannan don kakar 2018–19.&lt;ref name=&quot;isu2089&quot; /&gt;

''Program components score'' (PCS) yana ba da maki ga gaba ɗaya fasalullukan shiri ko sauran abubuwa da ba a ba da lada a cikin ''total element score'' ba. Bangarorin su ne:

:* '''''Composition''''': Wannan yana kimanta yadda aka tsara shirin dangane da waƙar; yaya aka haɗa abubuwa daban-daban; yaya ake amfani da sararin da ake da shi; yaya tsarin raye-rayen ke nuna yanayin waƙa da tsarinta?

:* '''''Presentation''''': Wannan yana kimanta yadda ake gabatar da shirin; menene mai tsallen yake nunawa da fitarwa; wace ƙarfi ake ƙirƙira; menene fahimtar waƙa da lokaci; ga Ma'aurata, Ice Dance da Synchronized skating, shin skating ɗin yana tafiya a sauƙaƙe da nuna wayewar kan sarari?

:* '''''Skating skills''''': Wannan maki yana kimanta ikon mai tsalle wajen riƙe wuka a kan ƙankara, ciki har da ikon yin skating da ƙarfi da sauƙi. Alƙalai suna duba bambancin da bayyanar gefuna, daidaito, sarrafa jiki, juwaya, matakai, gudana, ƙarfi da gudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU Media Guide 23-24&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24 | url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | date=20 September 2023 | access-date=12 October 2023 | archive-date=December 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209012313/https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US Rulebook 22-23&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= THE 2023-24 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK| url= https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/2023-24%20Rulebook.pdf| access-date= 2023-09-19| archive-date= September 28, 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230928020928/https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/2023-24%20Rulebook.pdf| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cikakken bayani game da kowane bangare yana nan a cikin dokar ISU 322.2. Alƙalai suna ba kowane bangare maki daga 0 zuwa 10 a rassan 0.25, tare da makin 5 aka bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;matsakaici&quot;. Ga kowane bangare daban, maki ana zaɓarsu, cire mafi girma da kanci, sannan a sami matsakaicinsu kamar yadda ake ƙayyade ''grade of execution''. Makin matsakaicin da aka rage sannan ana fassara su zuwa factored mark ta hanyar ninka tare da factor wanda ya danganta da fanni, sashin gasa, da mataki. Sannan maki hudu (ko biyar) ana haɗa su don ba da na ƙarshe na PCS.

''Total element score'' da ''program components score'' ana haɗa su don ba da jimillar maki na sashin gasa (TSS). Matsayin ƙarshe na mai tsalle ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar jimillar makin su a duk sassan gasa. Ba a amfanin da tsarin matsayi na ordinal don ƙayyade sakamakon ƙarshe.

===Sauran alƙalanci da gasa===
Akwai kuma gasannin skating da aka shirya don kwararrun masu skating ta hannun masu tallata masu zaman kansu. Waɗannan gasannin suna amfani da dokokin alƙalanci da duk wanda ya shirya gasar ya gindaya. Babu &quot;Ƙungiyar ƙwararru&quot;. Sanannun gasannin ƙwararru a baya sun haɗa da World Professional Championships, Challenge Of Champions, da Canadian Professional Championships.

Hukumar Ice Skating Institute (ISI), wata ƙungiyar cinikayya ta rukunin ƙankara ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana gudanar da gaba da tsarin gasa da gwaji da aka kafa don masu skating na shakatawa. Da farko tana da hedkwata a Minnesota, yanzu ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta daga Dallas, Texas. Gasannin ISI suna buɗe wa kowane memba da ya yi rajistar gwajinsa. Akwai gasannin &quot;cancanta&quot; kaɗan sosai, kodayake wasu yankuna suna gudanar da Gold Competitions don waɗanda suka yi nasara a matsayi na farko na kakar. Gasannin ISI sun shahara sosai a ƙasashen Asiya waɗanda ba su da ƙungiyoyin mambobin ISU da aka kafa. Wasannin Gay Games su ma sun haɗa da gasannin skating don ma'aurata maza da maza ko mata da mata a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar nauyin ISI. Sauran gasannin figure skating na manya su ma suna jan hankalin masu halarta daga al'adu daban-daban.

== Matsayi na duniya da mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa ==
=== Matsayi na duniya ===

Ana lissafin '''matsayi na duniya (WS)''' na mai guje-guje akan kankara/ma'aurata ne bisa sakamakon da aka samu a halin yanzu da kuma kakar wasanni guda biyu da suka gabata. Masu gasa suna samun maki ne bisa tsayawarsu ta karshe a wani taro da kuma nauyin taron. Taron da ke gaba suna samun maki:&lt;ref name=isuws/&gt;
* Gasar ISU (Gasar Duniya, Turai, Nahiyoyi Hudu, da Gasar Junior ta Duniya) da Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi: Mafi kyawun sakamako ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.
* ISU Grand Prix na Figure Skating da Final (manya da yara): Mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda hudu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.
* Gasar kalandar duniya ta manya: Mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda hudu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.

Bayan Gasar Duniya ta kakar wasa ta halin yanzu, ana goge sakamakon kakar wasa ta farko. Sabuwar abota tana farawa ne da maki zero; babu saurin canja makin WS idan ma'auratan guje-guje ko raye-rayen kankara suka rabu kuma suka kafa sabuwar abota.

Wadannan matsayi ba lallai ne su nuna kwarewar mai guje-guje (masu guje-guje) ba. Saboda iyakancewar shiga gasa (ba fiye da uku daga kowace kasa ba), da kuma mabanbantan adadin masu guje-guje masu daraja ta sama a kowace kasa, masu guje-guje daga wasu kasashe na iya samun matsala wajen cancantar yin gasa a manyan tarurruka. Don haka, mai guje-guje da yake da karancin SB amma daga kasar da take da karancin masu guje-guje masu matsayi na sama na iya cancanta zuwa babban taro yayin da mai guje-guje da yake da mafi girman SB amma daga kasar da take da fiye da masu guje-guje uku masu matsayi na sama ba za a iya tura shi ba. Sakamakon haka, yana yiwuwa mai guje-guje da ke samun maki mai yawa a kowane lokaci ya kare da samun karancin matsayi na duniya.

Ana lissafin '''matsayi na duniya na kakar wasa''' na mai guje-guje/ma'aurata kamar yadda ake lissafin matsayin duniya gaba daya amma ya dogara ne kawai akan sakamakon kakar wasa mai gudana.&lt;ref name =isuws/&gt;

=== Mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa ===
'''Mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa (SB)''' na mai guje-guje/ma'aurata shi ne maki mafi girma da aka samu a tsawon wata kakar wasa ta musamman. Akwai SB na jimillar maki da kuma maki na sassan daban-daban (shirye-shiryen gajeru/raye-rayen rhythmic, guje-guje na kyauta/raye-rayen kyauta). Makin da aka samu a zababbun gasannin kasa da kasa kawai ake la'akari da su; makin da aka samu a gasannin gida da wasu tarurrukan kasa da kasa ana yin watsi da su. Mafi kyawun jimillar maki na kowane mai guje-guje ko ma'aurata yana bayyana ne a jerin mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa,&lt;ref name=isustats&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/statistics|title=Statistics Personal &amp; Season's Best|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205015050/https://www.isu.org/statistics|archive-date=December 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ana iya amfani da jerin wajen taimakawa wajen tantance wadanda za su shiga jerin Grand Prix na kakar wasa mai zuwa.

Masu guje-guje da ma'aurata suna da makin '''mafi kyawun sakamako na kashin kai (PB)''', wato makin mafi girma da suka samu a duk tsawon aikinsu, ta fuskar jimillar maki da makin sassan daban-daban. Sai dai kuma, makin PB ba za a iya kwatanta su sosai ba idan aka same su a kakannin wasa mabanbanta saboda ana yi wa dokokin ISU da dokokin fasaha gyara kafin kowace sabuwar kakar wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical|title=ISU Statutes, Constitution, Regulations &amp; Technical Rules (2018)|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124222003/https://www.isu.org/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical|archive-date=November 24, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a iya samun sharuudda mabanbanta da aka gindaya don samun wani matsayi; abubuwan da ake bukata na iya canzawa kuma ana iya yarda da sabbin abubuwa (alali misali, an yarda da quads guda biyu a gajeren shirin tun daga kakar wasa ta 2010–11); kuma darajar maki na iya canzawa (alali misali, an kara darajar quads bayan Olimpic na 2010, kuma ba a kara ba da matsayi ga jerin matakai na biyu a gasar maza). Sakamakon wadannan bambance-bambance a bukatun fasaha, ISU tana ba da muhimmanci sosai ga mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa, wadanda za a iya kwatanta su sosai a tsawon kowace kakar wasa guda daya.

== Waka da tufafi ==
=== Waka ===
Don shirye-shiryen gasa, a baya an iyakance masu guje-gujen kankara zuwa kadaye kadai; ana yarda da sautin murya kawai idan ba ya dauke da kalmomi ko rera waka.&lt;ref name=vocalsnote/&gt; Daga kakar wasa ta 1997–98, ISU ta yanke shawarar ba da damar rera waka ko kalmomi a cikin wakokin raye-rayen kankara. Koda yake ba a saukaka dokokin ga guda daya ko ma'aurata ba, alkalai ba koyaushe suke yin da'a akan laifuka ba. A Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2011, wakoki na dogon shirin Florent Amodio sun dauki kalmomi amma karancin alkalai suka kada kuri'ar rage maki.&lt;ref name=w11mlp/&gt; A cikin watan Yuni 2012, ISU ta kadata kuri'ar ba masu guje-guje daga dukkan fannoni damar zabar waka mai kalmomi a cikin shirye-shiryen gasarsu tun daga kakar wasa ta 2014–15.&lt;ref name=NYT140218/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN140716/&gt;

Masu guje-guje suna iya amfani da masu gyara waka kwararru domin wakarsu ta cika bukatun da ake bukata.&lt;ref name=NDN140217/&gt; Masu raye-rayen kankara ana bukatarsu da su yi tsalle zuwa waka mai tsayayyen sautin duka ko guda. Masu guje-guje guda daya da ma'aurata galibi suna guje-guje ne zuwa sauti da saurin wakarsu. Don dogon shiri, masu guje-gujen kankara galibi suna neman waka mai yanayi da sauri mabanbanta.&lt;ref name=IN120423/&gt; Zabukan waka na baje koli ba su da tsauri sosai idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen gasa.

=== Tufafi ===

[[File:Mone Chiba of Japan at 2025 Skate Canada International. 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Misalin kayan guje-gujen kankara na mata (Mone Chiba a gasar Skate Canada International ta 2025)]]
Galibi masu guje-guje suna da 'yancin zabar kayansu, tare da 'yan iyakoki kaɗan. A gasa, mata suna iya saka rigar dress, yawanci tare da gajeren wando mai dacewa a haɗe. An kirkiro wannan dokar tufafi ne a matsayin martani ga kayan Katarina Witt da kuma rawar da ta taka a Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi na 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What not to wear: The rules of fashion on the ice |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=MPR News |date=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210055916/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, an fadada dokar don ba mata damar saka wando.&lt;ref name=ST041205/&gt; Suna iya saka matsattsen wando mai launin fata a karkashin riguna da siket, wanda zai iya mika har zuwa rufe takalmansu na kankara. Maza dole ne su saka wando{{snd}}ba a ba su damar saka matsattsen wando (tights) ba, koda yake jami'ai ba koyaushe suke rage maki don laifuka ba.&lt;ref name=GS121031/&gt; Ba a buqatar dacewar tufafi a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref name=AS120818/&gt;

Tufafin gasa suna bambanta sosai, daga saukakkan samfura zuwa tufafi masu adosawa ko na roba. Masu guje-guje suna fuskantar hatsarin rage maki idan wani sashe na kayansu ya fadi akan saman kankara. Jami'i yana iya tsayar da shiri idan ya dauki hakan a matsayin hatsari. Masu guje-guje da 'yan uwa suna iya tsara kayansu, wani lokacin tare da taimako daga kocin su ko mai tsara rawa, ko kuma su koma ga masu tsara kaya kwararru.&lt;ref name=AS120818/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN120820cos/&gt;&lt;ref name=AS120914/&gt;&lt;ref name=AS121004/&gt; Tufafi suna iya cin kudin dubban doli idan mai yin kaya na babban matsayi ne ya tsara su.

Bisa dokokin ISU na halin yanzu, tufafi a gasa dole ne su kasance masu dacewa, ba masu bayyana tsaraicta ba, kuma sun dace da shirye-shiryen gajeru da dogaye. Tufafi ba ya kamata su kasance masu nuna fariya ko banbarrakai a halitta ba. Tufafi, duk da haka, suna iya nuna nau'in waka da aka zaba.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt; Koda yake amfani da masana'anta mai launin fata yana nufin tufafin galibi ba su da bayyanawa kamar yadda suke iya gani, an sha yin yunkurin hana tufafin da ke ba da fahimtar &quot;tsaraici mai yawa&quot; ko kuma wadanda ba su dace da gasar wasanni ba.&lt;ref name=usfsa99rb/&gt; Gaba daya, ba a yarda da kayayyakin haɗi ko kayan taimako a gasa ba.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt; ISU ta ba da damar tohaci don raye-rayen asali a kakar wasa ta 2007–08 amma ba tun daga lokacin ba.

== Cancanta ==
=== Cancantar shekaru ===
Don yin gasa a matakin kasa da kasa na manya, dole ne masu guje-guje kan kankara su kasance suna da akalla shekaru 17 kafin ranar 1 ga Yuli na shekarar da ta gabata. Don samun cancantar shiga tarurrukan matakin matasa (junior), dole ne mai guje-guje ya kasance yana da akalla shekaru 13 amma bai kai shekaru 19 ba kafin wannan ranar (ko shekaru 21 ga maza masu guje-guje biyu-biyu da masu raye-rayen kankara na maza da mata).&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref name=isuage/&gt; Dole ne mai guje-guje ya cika buqatar shekaru ''kafin'' ranar 1 ga Yuli ta yi a wurin haihuwarsa. Alal misali, an haifi Adelina Sotnikova 'yan awanni kadan bayan shiga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1996, a Moscow, kuma sakamakon haka, ba ta samu cancantar yin gasa a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ba har sai shekara ta 2011 da kuma Gasar Manya ta Duniya har sai shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=se1210/&gt; Dokokin ISU suna aiki ne akan tarurrukan kasa da kasa. Kasashe da yawa ba su da buqatar shekaru don gasannin gida wadanda ba na ISU ba, don haka, wasu masu guje-guje suna yin gasa a matakin manya a cikin kasa yayin da ba su cika cancantar yin gasa ta kasa da kasa ba.

Hukumar ISU ta yi gyara ga dokokin shekarunta sau da yawa. Kafin shekarun 1990, shekaru 12 shi ne mafi karancin shekaru don gasannin kasa da kasa na manya.&lt;ref name=cbs980615/&gt; An gabatar da sabbin dokoki a shekara ta 1996, wadanda suka buqaci masu guje-guje su kasance suna da akalla shekaru 15 kafin ranar 1 ga Yuli na shekarar da ta gabata don yin gasa a Wasannin Olimpic, Gasar Duniya, Turai, ko Nahiyoyi Hudu.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt; Mafi karancin shekaru ga dukkan sauran tarurrukan kasa da kasa na manya shi ne shekaru 14 har zuwa Yuli 2014, lokacin da aka daga shi zuwa shekaru 15. Daga nan aka daga iyakacin shekarun zuwa shekaru 16 don kakar wasa ta 2023–24 kafin a kara shi zuwa shekaru 17 don kakar wasa ta 2024–25, a matsayin matakin kara iyakacin shekarun a hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merrell |first=Chloe |date=7 June 2022 |title=Figure Skating: ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/figure-skating-isu-congress-age-limit-increase |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Olympics: Olympic Games, Medals, Results &amp; Latest News |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705124526/https://olympics.com/en/news/figure-skating-isu-congress-age-limit-increase |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan mataki ya zo ne bayan badakalar Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2022 game da zargin amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi na Kamila Valieva da kuma gardama kan alhakinta a matsayinta na yarinya karama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mngqosini |first=Sammy |date=2022-06-07 |title=Ice skating set to gradually raise minimum competition age from 15 to 17 after Kamila Valieva doping scandal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/sport/kamila-valieva-ice-skating-minimum-age-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223172329/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/sport/kamila-valieva-ice-skating-minimum-age-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2005–06, Mao Asada ta kasar Japan tana da cancantar shekaru don yin gasa a Grand Prix Final, inda ta lashe kambun, amma ba a ba ta damar yin gasa a Wasannin Olimpic ba. Don Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2008, Amurka ta kasance mai tilastawa tura masu guje-guje wadanda suka kare a matsayi na 5 da na 7 a cikin kasa saboda masu guje-guje masu matsayi na sama suna da karancin shekaru, ciki har da wata mai guje-guje da ta rasa ranar yanke hukuncin shekaru da kwanaki 20.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref name=agereq/&gt; Hukumar ISU ta kiyaye wadannan dokoki sosai a shekarun baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt; Sai dai kuma, an ba Natasha Kuchiki mai guje-guje biyu-biyu ta Amurka damar yin gasa a Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 1990 lokacin da take da karancin shekaru biyu, kuma Tara Lipinski mai guje-guje guda daya ta Amurka, wadda take da shekaru 13 a lokacin da aka gabatar da dokokin 1996, an bar ta ta hanyar tsohuwar doka (grandfathered) domin ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai cancanta don tarurrukan nan gaba, tare da sauran masu guje-guje wadanda suka riga suka yi gasa a Gasar Duniya. Wata damar kauce wa doka ta kuma kasance na 'yan shekaru ga masu guje-guje marasa isassun shekaru wadanda suka samu lambar yabo a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=cbs000316/&gt;

Kamar yadda yake a fannin motsa jiki (gymnastics), wasan guje-guje akan kankara ya fuskanci gardama game da yiwuwar sauya shekaru na bogi. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2011, tambayoyi sun taso game da masu guje-guje Sinawa guda tara. Hukumar jarida ta Associated Press ta gano cewa kwanakin haihuwa da aka jera a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Guje-guje akan Kankara ta China sun nuna cewa mata biyar masu guje-guje, Sui Wenjing, Zhang Dan, Yu Xiaoyu, Geng Bingwa, da Xu Binshu, sun fi karancin shekaru fiye da shekarunsu na ISU, kuma maza shida masu guje-guje, Han Cong, Zhang Hao, Yan Han, Gao Yu, Zang Wenbo, da Xu Zuoren sun fi girman shekaru.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20110217/n279378463.shtml|title=曝花滑再有三人涉嫌年龄作假 冰协资料07年已错-搜狐体育|website=sports.sohu.com|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20110217/n279394735.shtml|title=闫涵等花滑小将也陷&quot;年龄门&quot; 黑名单再添三人-搜狐体育|website=sports.sohu.com|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanakin sun bace daga shafin yanar gizon zuwa ranar 15 ga Fabrairu.&lt;ref name=feb1711/&gt; A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, ISU ta bayyana cewa babu wani sabani ga Zhang Dan, Zhang Hao, da Xu Binshu tsakanin kwanakin haihuwar da aka jera a fasfo dinsu, fom din rajista na ISU, da shafin yanar gizon Kwamitin Olimpic na China.&lt;ref name=feb1711/&gt; 'Yan wasa a China wani lokacin suna fuskantar matsin lamba na kirkirar shekarun bogi.&lt;ref name=survive/&gt;

=== Sauran dokokin cancanta ===
Masu guje-guje suna iya wakiltar kasar da ba su da dan kasa a yawancin gasanni, in ban da Wasannin Olimpic wadanda ke buqatar kasancewa dan kasa.

A yawancin tarurrukan kasa da kasa, kowace kasa tana iya tura wakilci guda daya har zuwa matsakaicin wakilci uku a kowane fannin gasa. Sakamakon haka, koda kuwa mai guje-guje yana da mafi kyawun maki na kakar wasa mai girma, za a iya rashin tura shi ko ita zuwa manyan tarurruka idan kasarsu tana da masu guje-guje nagari da yawa a fanninsu. Wasu masu guje-guje sun yi kokarin kauce wa wannan ta hanyar wakiltar wata kasa daban. A martaninta, ISU ta gabatar da dokoki da ke hana masu guje-guje shiga tarurrukan kasa da kasa na tsawon wani lokaci. A cikin dokokin 2010, ya kasance watanni 24 ko fiye daga ranar Gasar ISU ta karshe.&lt;ref name=genreg2010/&gt; A cikin dokokin 2012, mafi karancin lokaci shi ne watanni 18 ga masu guje-guje guda daya da watanni 12 ga masu guje-guje biyu-biyu/masu raye-rayen kankara daga ranar Gasar ISU ta karshe (Duniya, Turai, Nahiyoyi Hudu, Matasa ta Duniya) da watanni 12 idan suka yi gasa a wata gasa ta kasa da kasa daban.&lt;ref name=genreg2012/&gt; Masu hamayya na iya zama a waje na tsawon lokaci fiye da haka saboda dole ne su kuma samu damar sakin jiki daga kungiyarsu ta baya. ISU ba ta gindaya iyakacin lokacin da kasa za ta iya rike masu guje-guje ba.&lt;ref name=genreg2012/&gt;

Masu guje-guje suna iya rasa cancantarsu ta ISU idan suka yi wasa a cikin nuni ko gasa da ba a ba da amincewa kanta ba.

Tun daga kakar wasa ta 2010–11, an gabatar da mafi karancin maki don Gasar Duniya, Turai, ko Nahiyoyi Hudu. A cikin kakar wasa ta 2011–12, an gabatar da mabanbantan mafi karancin maki don jerin Grand Prix.

== Kashe-kashen 'yan wasa, kudin shiga, da daukar nauyi ==
Guje-guje akan kankara wasa ne mai tsada sosai.&lt;ref name=usfscost/&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt32611/&gt;&lt;ref name=EJ130311/&gt;&lt;ref name=tie110920/&gt; Wannan ya faru ne musamman saboda kudin lokacin amfani da kankara da horarwa da kocin.&lt;ref name=nyt991219/&gt; A karshen shekarun 1980, kuɗaɗen kashewa na mai hamayya mace ta saman goma a Gasar Amurka sun kai kusan dalar Amurka $50,000 a shekara.&lt;ref name=SS880228/&gt; A cikin watan Oktoba 2004, wani labarin U.S. Figure Skating ya yi kiyasin kashe-kashen shekara-shekara akan $9,000–$10,000 ga matakin gabanin matasa, $18,000 ga matasa, $35,000–$40,000 ga 'yan koyo, kuma ya bayyana cewa matakan matasa da na manya sun fi tsada kaɗan.&lt;ref name=usfscost/&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010, 'yan wasan Amurka masu samun lambobin yabo a matakin manya na kasa sun kasance suna da kashe-kashe a matsakaicin dubun-ta'alafai.&lt;ref name=nyt32611/&gt;&lt;ref name=SI130410/&gt; Mai guje-guje na kasar Switzerland Stéphane Lambiel ya bayyana cewa kudaden kashewa na kakar wasansa sun kai kusan francs na Switzerland (CHF) 100,000.&lt;ref name=AS120402/&gt; Kudaden kashewa na zakaran duniya Patrick Chan sun kai dalar Canada (Can$) 150,000.&lt;ref name=embracing/&gt; A shekara ta 2015, CBC Sports ta yi kiyasin cewa tawagar ma'aurata ta Canada tana da kudaden kashewa na kusan Can$100,000 a shekara.&lt;ref name=CBC151118b/&gt;

Kudin kyauta yana da karanci idan kwatanta da sauran wasanni.&lt;ref name=ct111028/&gt; Mai guje-guje guda daya na maza ko mata wanda ya lashe Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2011 ya sami dalar Amurka $45,000,&lt;ref name=isuprev110423/&gt; kusan kashi 1.8% zuwa 2.5% na $1,800,000–$2,400,000 ga wadanda suka lashe gasar tennis ta US Open ta 2011 da Australian Open ta 2012.&lt;ref name=usopen/&gt;&lt;ref name=ap120123/&gt; Ma'aurata wadanda suka lashe kambun masu guje-guje biyu-biyu ko raye-rayen kankara sun raba $67,500.&lt;ref name=isuprev110423/&gt; Wanda ya lashe Grand Prix Final na manya a watan Disamba 2011 ya sami $25,000.&lt;ref name=isu111207/&gt;

Wasu kungiyoyin kasa suna ba da daukar nauyin kudi ga wasu masu guje-guje idan suka cika wadansu sharuudda.&lt;ref name=usfsfunding/&gt; Masu guje-guje da yawa suna yin ayyukan wucin gadi kuma wasu sun yi kokarin tara kudi daga mutane (crowdfunding).&lt;ref name=IN120531/&gt;&lt;ref name=CBC151118/&gt; A Jamus, manyan masu guje-guje da yawa suna shiga aikin soja don daukar nauyin guje-gujensu.&lt;ref name=ifs110713/&gt; A Italiya, wasu masu guje-guje suna shiga kungiyoyin wasanni na hukumomin 'yan sanda, kamar Fiamme Azzurre ta Polizia Penitenziaria (Carolina Kostner, Anna Cappellini, Luca Lanotte)&lt;ref name=peniten/&gt;&lt;ref name=peniten2/&gt; ko Fiamme Oro ta Polizia di Stato (Federica Faiella, Paolo Bacchini).&lt;ref name=polstato/&gt; Wasu masu guje-guje na gasa suna dogara ne akan kudin shiga daga nunin nishadi.&lt;ref name=dilemma/&gt;&lt;ref name=promin/&gt; Dole ne kungiyarsu ta ba da amincewa ga nune-nune, wato masu guje-guje na iya rasa cancantarsu ta gasa idan suka shiga ba tare da izini ba. A wasu lokuta, masu guje-guje suna iya jin matsin lamba na yin gasa yayin da suke da rauni domin a ba su damar yin wasa a cikin nuni.&lt;ref name=dilemma/&gt;
Sauran na iya shiga cikin horar da matasa 'yan wasa domin daukar nauyin kudaden horarwar kansu.

== Raunuka da al'urorin lafiya ==
A wasu kasashen, ma'aikatan lafiya na iya yin jinkiri wajen daukar mataki kan hatsarori. A Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2000 a Nice, kasar Faransa, wani mai guje-guje biyu-biyu wanda ya raunana a hatsarin dauka ya kwanta a saman kankara na tsawon mintuna da dama kuma dole ne ya tashi ya bar saman kankara da kansa kafin a ba shi tallafin lafiya.&lt;ref name=AP000329op/&gt;

=== Raunukan kai, fadawa da karawa ===
[[File:Yuzuru_Hanyu_at_2014_Cup_of_China.jpg|thumb|right|Yuzuru Hanyu yana hamayya da kansa a daure da kyalla bayan hatsarinsa a Cup of China ta 2014]]
Masu guje-guje na gasa gaba daya ba su saka kwalkwali ko sauran kayan kariya. Akwai hatsarin raunukan kai, musamman a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata sakamakon fadawa daga dauka.&lt;ref name=cbs991017/&gt;&lt;ref name=binnebose/&gt; Koda yake masu guje-guje biyu-biyu ne suka fi fuskantar hatsari, raunukan kai masu tsanani suna iya faruwa a dukkan fannoni, har da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref name=IN160202/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN120713dl/&gt;&lt;ref name=abssk2010/&gt; Abokan gaba sun taba yi wa juna yanka bisa kuskure da ruwan takalminsu na guje-guje.&lt;ref name=batessamuelson/&gt;&lt;ref name=icenetfeb12/&gt; Wannan yana iya faruwa idan abokan gaba suka matsa kusa sosai a lokacin juyawar camel ta gefe-da-gefe. Mata masu guje-guje biyu-biyu da dama sun sami raunukan kai/fuska a lokacin wannan sashe, ciki har da Elena Berezhnaya,&lt;ref name=comeback/&gt; Tatiana Totmianina,&lt;ref name=AP10232004&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=1908101 |title= Totmianina was motionless for five minutes |date= October 24, 2004 |access-date= January 4, 2024 |archive-date= January 4, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240104221944/https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=1908101 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessica Dubé,&lt;ref name=cnn070423/&gt; Mandy Wötzel,&lt;ref name=nytjl980204/&gt; Galina Maniachenko (Efremenko),&lt;ref name=maniachenko/&gt; da Elena Riabchuk.&lt;ref name=rzinj/&gt;

Da take jawabi akan fadawa da firgita kwakwalwa (concussions), Madison Hubbell ta ce &quot;Mafi yawancin lokuta, mafi munin fadawa suna faruwa ne akan abubuwan da muke daukar su da sauki.&quot;&lt;ref name=IN160202/&gt; Ciwon qwandambali (shin splints),&lt;ref name=SM1404/&gt; raunukan gwiwa, da matsalar baya ba bakin abu ba ne.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;&lt;ref name=gs4202/&gt;&lt;ref name=podtod/&gt; Lalacewar kwugu tana iya faruwa sakamakon gwada tsalle da jifa.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;&lt;ref name=taralip/&gt; A lokuta marasa yawa, babban horo na juyawa yana iya haifar da firgita kwakwalwa a kaikaye (Lucinda Ruh).&lt;ref name=spincon/&gt;&lt;ref name=NBCC140212/&gt;

Ene-ene sun kuma samu raunuka daga masu guje-guje na kungiyoyi mabanbanta lokacin da masu guje-guje da yawa suke horo a saman kankara.&lt;ref name=densta/&gt; Midori Ito ta kara da Laetitia Hubert a Gasar Duniya ta 1991, yayin da Oksana Baiul da Tanja Szewczenko suka kara a Wasannin Olimpic na 1994, amma duka suka ci gaba da yin gasa. A Cup of China ta 2014, Yuzuru Hanyu dan kasar Japan, wanda ya lashe kambun Olimpic a 'yan watannin baya, da Han Yan dan kasar China, suka kara a lokacin dumi jiki na shirin kyauta. Duk da yake sun samu rauni a fili, duka masu guje-gujen biyu sun karkare gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCCA11082014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/yuzuru-hanyu-suffers-nasty-collision-still-wins-silver-at-cup-of-china-1.2828773 |title=Yuzuru Hanyu suffers nasty collision, still wins silver at Cup of China |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010191714/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/yuzuru-hanyu-suffers-nasty-collision-still-wins-silver-at-cup-of-china-1.2828773 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A zamanin horo da masu guje-guje da yawa a saman kankara, mai guje-guje da aka kunna wakarsa bisa al'ada shi ke da 'yancin wucewa. Haka zalika, ma'aurata da masu raye-rayen kankara da ke guje-guje a matsayin raka'a daya suna da 'yancin wucewa akan wadanda ke guje-guje daban saboda sauya hanya ya fi tsada ga ma'aurata.

=== Matsalolin ci da sha da RED–S ===
[[File:Gold_-_2016_Four_Continents_-_2.jpg|thumb|right|Gracie Gold a Gasar Four Continents ta 2016.]]
An ruwaito cewa matsalolin ci da sha sun zama ruwan dare a guje-gujen kankara&lt;ref name=HP100120/&gt;&lt;ref name=HP100121/&gt;&lt;ref name=muscles/&gt; kuma suna iya haifar da haɓakar 'karancin qarfin aiki a wasanni' (RED-S), wanda a da aka sani da &quot;ciwon 'yan wasa mata guda uku&quot;. RED-S ciwo ne na sharuudda guda uku masu alaƙa da juna wadanda za su iya haifar da rashin lafiya mai dorewa a tsakanin 'yan mata da mata har ma da mutuwa. Siffar jiki da buqatar kiyaye ginin jiki mai kyau matsala ce ta kowa a guje-gujen kankara, yayin da masu guje-guje ke tsufa, jikinsu yana canzawa kuma yana canza hanyar da dole ne su fuskanci wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-31|title=The Problem with Body Image in Figure Skating|url=https://grandstandcentral.com/2018/sections/culture/body-image-problem-figure-skating/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Grandstand Central|language=en-US|archive-date=May 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502193045/https://grandstandcentral.com/2018/sections/culture/body-image-problem-figure-skating/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu guje-guje kamar Gracie Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Crouse|first=Karen|date=2019-01-25|title=Gracie Gold's Battle for Olympic Glory Ended in a Fight to Save Herself|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/sports/gracie-gold-figure-skating-.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/sports/gracie-gold-figure-skating-.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Ashley Wagner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-11|title=Ashley Wagner opens up on 'severe depression' after missing 2018 Olympics|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/10/ashley-wagner-olympics-figure-skating-depression-mental-health-instagram-story-video|access-date=2021-05-02|website=For The Win|language=en-US|archive-date=May 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502193840/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/10/ashley-wagner-olympics-figure-skating-depression-mental-health-instagram-story-video|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun fuskanci matsaloli kamar matsalolin ci da sha da kuma bacin rai.

=== Amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi (Doping) ===
Masu guje-gujen kankara a wani lokaci suna samun kyakkyawan sakamako na amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi amma ba bakin abu ba ne.&lt;ref name=WADA/&gt; A cikin wata hira ta shekara ta 1991, zakaran Olimpic sau uku Irina Rodnina ta amince cewa masu guje-guje na Soviet sun yi amfani da kayayyakin doping a matsayin shirye-shiryen kakar gasa, inda ta bayyana cewa: &quot;Maza a ma'aurata da guda daya sun yi amfani da kwayoyi, amma wannan ya kasance ne kawai a watan Agusta ko Satumba. An yi hakan ne kawai a lokacin horo, kuma an gwada kowa (a Tarayyar Soviet) kafin gasannin.&quot;&lt;ref name=CT910214/&gt;

== Tarihi ==

[[File:Jackson Haines2.jpg|thumb|Jackson Haines ana daukar sa a matsayin uban guje-gujen kankara na zamani.]]

Koda yake mutane sun dade suna guje-guje akan kankara tsawon shekaru aru-aru, guje-gujen kankara a tsarin da yake a yanzu ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar karnin 19. ''A Treatise on Skating'' (1772) wanda kwararren mai guje-guje, Lt. 'Captain' Robert Jones na kasar Wales (c. 1740–1788) ya rubuta, shi ne littafi na farko da aka sani akan guje-gujen kankara. Ya tsara takalman guje-guje da za a iya haɗawa da takalma ta hanyar sukurori ta diddige (maimakon amfani da tsummoki), kuma wadannan nan da nan sun kasance a masana'antar Riccard a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://skateguard1.blogspot.com/2017/08/a-skeleton-in-rink-closet.html|title=Skate Guard Blog|website=www.skateguard.blogspot.com|access-date=September 15, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216031839/http://skateguard1.blogspot.com/2017/08/a-skeleton-in-rink-closet.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da gasannin a cikin &quot;tsarin Ingilishi&quot; na guje-guje, wanda yake da tsauri da na hukuma kuma ba ya yi kama sosai da guje-gujen kankara na zamani. Ba tare da sauya hanyoyin fasaha na yau da kullun ba na masu guje-guje, iyakantattun motsin guje-gujen kankara ne kawai za a iya yi. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya a tsakiyar shekarun 1800 kafin a kawo inganta ta hannun mai guje-guje na Amurka Jackson Haines, wanda ake dauka a matsayin &quot;uban guje-gujen kankara na zamani&quot;. A tsakiyar shekarun 1860, Haines ya gabatar da sabon tsarin guje-guje, yana haɗa hanyoyi na kyauta da bayyana ra'ayi, wanda aka sani da &quot;tsarin kasa da kasa&quot;. Koda yake ya shahara a Turai, tsarin kasa da kasa na guje-guje ba a karbe shi sosai a Amurka ba har tsawon lokaci bayan mutuwar Haines.&lt;ref name=Haines/&gt;

=== Farkon shekarun 1900 ===
[[File:Special figures by Panin.svg|thumb|left|Lissafin adadi na musamman na Nikolai Panin a Wasannin Olimpic na 1908]]

An kafa Hukumar Guje-guje ta Kasa da Kasa (ISU) a shekara ta 1892. An gudanar da Gasar Figure Skating ta Turai ta farko a shekara ta 1891 a Hamburg, Jamus (wanda Oskar Uhlig ya lashe), kuma an gudanar da Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta farko a shekara ta 1896 a Saint Petersburg, Rasha (wanda Gilbert Fuchs ya lashe). Maza kadai ne suka yi gasa a tarurrukan farko amma a shekara ta 1902 mace ta shiga Gasar Duniya a karon farko: mace mai guje-guje ta Birtaniya Madge Syers ta yi gasa a gasar maza, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu a bayan Ulrich Salchow na Sweden. ISU cikin sauri ta hana mata yin gasa da maza, kuma ta kafa gasar &quot;mata&quot; daban a shekara ta 1906. An gabatar da guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata a Gasar Duniya ta 1908, inda Anna Hübler da Heinrich Burger na Jamus suka lashe kambun.

Guje-gujen kankara shi ne wasan lokacin sanyi na farko da aka yi a Wasannin Olimpic; ya fara fitowa a Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Zafi na 1908 a London.&lt;ref name=AFS2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=ISUHistory/&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1914, an gudanar da gasar guje-gujen kankara ta kasa da kasa a New Haven, Connecticut. Wannan taro shi ne ginshikin Gasar Amurka da kuma na Canada. Sai dai kuma, gasannin kasa da kasa a guje-gujen kankara sun tsaya sakamakon Yakin Duniya na Farko.

A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Sonja Henie ta kasar Norway ta yi finqau a guje-gujen kankara. Henie ta maida nasarar gasarta zuwa aiki na sana'a mai tsada a matsayin tauraruwar shirin fim da mai guje-guje mai zagaye, sannan ta gindaya salon mata masu guje-guje na saka gajeren siket da fararen takalmi.&lt;ref name=spillhenie/&gt; Suka manyan maza masu guje-guje a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Gillis Grafström na Sweden da Karl Schäfer na Austria.

=== Bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu ===
Gasannin guje-guje sun sake tsayawa na 'yan shekaru sakamakon Yakin Duniya na Biyu. Bayan yakin, da yawancin filayen kankara na Turai da suka lalace, masu guje-guje daga Amurka da Canada sun fara finqau a gasannin kasa da kasa da kuma gabatar da sabbin dabarun fasaha a wasan. Dick Button, Zakaran Olimpic na 1948 da 1952, shi ne mai guje-guje na farko da ya yi tsallen double Axel da triple loop, gami da juyawar flying camel.

Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ba ta haɗa da raye-rayen kankara ba har sai shekara ta 1952.&lt;ref name=ISUHistory/&gt; A shekarunsa na farko, raye-rayen kankara ya kasance mai samun finqau daga masu guje-guje na Birtaniya, kuma har zuwa shekara ta 1960 ma'auratan Birtaniya ne ke lashe kambun duniya a kowace shekara, tun daga Jean Westwood da Lawrence Demmy.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=102}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-G0313-0017-001, Ludmilla Beloussowa, Oleg Protopopow.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Masu guje-guje biyu-biyu na Rasha Ludmila Belousova da Oleg Protopopov a shekara ta 1968]]

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1961, daukacin tawagar guje-gujen kankara ta Amurka da kocinsu sun rasu a hatsarin jirgin sama na Sabena Flight 548 a Brussels, Belgium a hanyarsu ta zuwa Gasar Duniya a Prague. Wannan bala'i ya tura shirin guje-guje na Amurka zuwa lokacin sake ginawa.

Yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta haura ta zama babbar runduna a wasan, musamman a fannonin guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata da raye-rayen kankara. Finqau na Soviet da Rasha a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata ya fara ne a shekarun 1950 kuma ya ci gaba a duk tsawon sauran shekarun 1900. Kungiyoyi biyar kawai ba na Soviet ko Rasha ba ne suka lashe Wasannin Olimpic da Gasar Duniya daga shekara ta 1965 zuwa 2010.{{sfnp|Hines|2011|p=191}} Lokacin da Shen Xue da Zhao Hongbo na China suka lashe lambar zinare a wasannin 2010, wannan shi ne karon farko tun daga shekara ta 1960 da wata tawaga mai tutar Rasha, Soviet, ko Unified Team (CIS) ba ta lashe lambar zinare ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | url = http://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-olympics-figures16-2010feb16,0,5798394.story | title = Fourth time is their charm | first = Philip | last = Hersh | date = 16 February 2010 | access-date = 16 February 2010 | archive-date = February 1, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240201215302/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-16-la-sp-olympics-mens-figures-adv-2010feb16-story.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35400871/ns/sports-olympic_sports/ |title=Shen-Zhao set record in pairs short program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304020251/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35400871/ns/sports-olympic_sports/|date=February 14, 2010|archive-date=March 4, 2010|url-status=dead|publisher=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/olympics/index.ssf/2010/02/shen_zhao_capture_pairs_skatin.html|title=Shen, Zhao capture pairs skating gold as China takes silver, too; Russians shut out from podium|date=February 16, 2010|agency=Associated Press|website=cleveland.com|access-date=March 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015201216/http://www.cleveland.com/olympics/index.ssf/2010/02/shen_zhao_capture_pairs_skatin.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-features/news/newsid=444839.html|title=Russian skating slump hits home hard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226040725/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news-features/news/newsid=444839.html|date=February 24, 2010|archive-date=February 26, 2010|url-status=dead|publisher=NBC Olympic broadcasts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gasar Duniya ta 1967 ita ce taro na karshe da aka gudanar a filin kankara na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_euros/2011%20Euro%20Preview.htm |title=2011 European Championships Preview |first=Alexandra |last=Stevenson |year=2011 |work=IceSkatingIntnl.com |access-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921114844/http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_euros/2011%20Euro%20Preview.htm |archive-date=September 21, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin gidajen talabijin da kuma lokacin yanzu ===
Guje-guje na dole a da yana daukar har zuwa kashi 60% na maki a guje-gujen kankara na mutum guda,&lt;ref name=CBS981216/&gt; ma'ana masu guje-guje da zasu iya gina babban nasara a lissafin adadi suna iya lashe gasa koda kuwa kasawarsu ta bayyana a guje-guje na kyauta. Yayinda daukar hoto na gidajen talabijin ga tarurrukan guje-guje ya kara muhimmanci, shaharar guje-guje na kyauta ta karu saboda wannan sashe na gasar ana nuna shi a talabijin ga jama'a, yayin da gasar adadi na dole ba a nuna ta. Masu kallo a talabijin sukan yi korafi idan shirye-shiryen kyauta masu kyau wani lokacin suka kasa yin daidai da nasarar samun lambar zinare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOeI8hGsDPQ&amp;t=128s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/rOeI8hGsDPQ| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Video Magic Memories on Ice| website=YouTube| date=June 28, 2016}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ISU sannu a hankali ta rage nauyin adadi na dole kuma ta gabatar da gajeren shiri a shekara ta 1973.&lt;ref name=CBS981216/&gt; An ce wata babbar matsala ita ce ci gaba da gazawar Janet Lynn wajen samun nasara a matakin duniya duk da kyakkyawan shirinta na guje-guje na kyauta. Alal misali, ta rasa matsayin kan dakali a Gasar Duniya ta 1971 bayan ta lashe gasar guje-guje na kyauta sosai, wanda ya haifar da baci rai da ihu mai karfi daga masu kallo a lokacin bikin ba da lambar yabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tare da wadannan canje-canje, muhimmanci a guje-gujen kankara na gasa ya koma zuwa karuwar 'yan wasa. Yi tsallen triple a lokacin gajeren shiri da guje-guje na kyauta ya zama mafi muhimmanci. A shekarun 1980, wasu masu guje-guje suka fara gwada tsallen quadruple. Jozef Sabovčík na Czechoslovakia ya yi tsallen quad toe loop a Gasar Turai ta 1986 wanda aka amince da shi a taron amma daga baya aka soke shi bayan mako uku saboda taba kankara da kafar da ba ta goyi baya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;quadevo991202&quot; /&gt; A Gasar Duniya ta 1988, Kurt Browning na Canada ya yi tsallen quad toe loop na farko wanda aka tabbatar har zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt880326&quot; /&gt; Duk da tsammanin da aka yi, ya dauki shekaru da dama kafin quads su zama muhimmiyar sashin guje-gujen maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;quadevo991202&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1988, Midori Ito ta Japan ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi tsallen triple Axel, tana tura matsayin 'yan wasa da fasaha ga shirye-shiryen mata. Yanada darajar 20% kachal a shekara ta 1989, an soke adadi na dole daga gasar kasa da kasa a shekara ta 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS981216&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Takahiko Kozuka with Nobuo Sato kiss &amp; cry 2008-2009 GPF.jpg|thumb|left|Takahiko Kozuka yana jiran makinsa tare da kocin sa Nobuo Sato a yankin &quot;Kiss and cry&quot;.]]

Gidajen talabijin sun taimaka wajen shaharar wasan ta hanyar nuna masu guje-guje a yankin kiss and cry bayan yin gasa.&lt;ref name=macur20100222/&gt; Talabijin ta kuma taka rawa wajen cire dokokin iyakance matsayin 'dan koyo' (amateur) wanda a da ke mulkar wasan. A cikin watan Mayu 1990, ISU ta kadata kuri'ar ba masu guje-guje da ke son yin guje-guje a matsayin sana'a damar komawa gasar ISU, muddin sun samu izinin kungiyarsu ta kasa.&lt;ref name=nyt900502/&gt; A shekara ta 1995, a kokarin rike masu guje-guje wadanda zasu iya barin cancantarsu domin shiga cikin tarurrukan sana'a masu kyautar kudi sosai, ISU ta gabatar da kudin kyauta a manyan gasanninta, wanda aka dauki nauyinsa daga kudaden shiga na sayar da haqqoƙin talabijin ga wadannan tarurruka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION TO OFFER PRIZE MONEY |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Issues/1995/02/13/Leagues-Governing-Bodies/INTERNATIONAL-SKATING-UNION-TO-OFFER-PRIZE-MONEY/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Sports Business Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1984, fiye da mutane miliyan 24 a Birtaniya suka kalli ma'auratan raye-rayen kankara Jayne Torvill da Christopher Dean suna samun maki 6.0 gaba daya don gabatarwa, maki na karshe mai kyau sosai a tarihin guje-gujen Olimpic, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 8 a mafi girman lokacin wasanni a zaben Birtaniya.&lt;ref name=BBC840214/&gt;&lt;ref name=CH4GSM/&gt; A shekara ta 1988, Katarina Witt ta Gabashin Jamus ta zama mace ta biyu kawai a tarihin guje-gujen kankara, bayan Sonja Henie ta Norway, da ta kare kambun Olimpic dinta cikin nasara. Mujallar Time ta kirata &quot;fuska mafi kyau ta gurguzu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/9163429/Dancing-on-Ice-judge-Katarina-Witt-talks-money.html |title=Dancing on Ice judge Katarina Wit talks money |first=Lorraine |last=McBride |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114004058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/9163429/Dancing-on-Ice-judge-Katarina-Witt-talks-money.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Binciken Wasanni na Kasa na II na 1993, wanda Associated Press ke dauka a matsayin mafi girman bincike kan shaharar wasannin kallo a Amurka, guje-gujen kankara na mata shi ne wasa na biyu mafi shaharah a tsakanin masu kallo a Amurka,</text>
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'''Yin tsere a kan kankara''' wasa ne da mutane, ma'aurata, ko ƙungiyoyi ke yi tsalle, juyawa, da kuma rawa a kan kankara. Takalmansu na asali ne. Shi ne wasan hunturu na farko da aka haɗa a [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]], tare da gabatar da shi a gasar Olympics ta 1908 a Landan.  Wasannin Olympics sune wasannin maza marasa aure, wasannin mata marasa aure, {{Refn|&quot;Women&quot; were referred to as &quot;ladies&quot; in ISU regulations and communications until the [[2021–22 figure skating season|2021–22 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file|title=Results of Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021|publisher=[[International Skating Union]]|date=June 30, 2021|access-date=November 16, 2025|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010102826/https://isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}} wasan tsere kan kankara, da kuma rawa kan kankara ; fannoni huɗu daban-daban an haɗa su cikin taron ƙungiya, wanda aka fara haɗawa a gasar Olympics ta hunturu a 2014 . Wasannin da ba na Olympics ba sun haɗa da wasan tsere kan kankara mai daidaitawa, wasan kwaikwayo akan kankara, da kuma wasan tsere kan kankara guda huɗu . Daga gasar matsakaici zuwa manyan 'yan wasa, galibi masu wasan kankara suna yin shirye-shirye guda biyu ( gajeren shirin da kuma wasan kankara kyauta ), waɗanda, dangane da yanayin, na iya haɗawa da juyawa, tsalle, motsi a fagen, ɗagawa, tsalle-tsalle, juyawar mutuwa, da sauran abubuwa ko motsi.

Masu masu wasan tsere kan kankara suna fafatawa a matakai daban-daban tun daga masu farawa har zuwa matakin Olympics (babba) a gasannin gida, yanki, yanki, ƙasa, da na duniya. [[Ƙungiyar Skating ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Kula da Skating ta Duniya]] (ISU) tana tsara alkalai da gasannin yin tsere a kan kankara na duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da gasar Olympics ta lokacin hunturu, gasar zakarun duniya, gasar matasa ta duniya, gasar zakarun Turai, gasar zakarun nahiyoyi huɗu, gasar Grand Prix ( babba da ƙarami ), da kuma gasar ƙalubale ta ISU .

Wasan yana da alaƙa da harkokin wasan kwaikwayo. Manyan gasa galibi suna ƙarewa da wasannin baje kolin, inda manyan 'yan wasan tsere daga kowane fanni ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ba na gasa ba. Yawancin masu wasan tsere kan kankara, a lokacin da kuma bayan ayyukansu na gasa, suna kuma yin wasan tsere kan kankara a wasannin kankara, waɗanda ke gudana a lokacin gasar da kuma lokacin hutun kakar wasa. 

==Kalmomin da ake amfani da su==
[[File:NSAPINY9 EXTR.jpg|thumb|&quot;Central Park, Winter: the Skating Pond&quot;, lithograph na 1862|left|200x200px]]

Kalmar &quot;ƙwararre&quot; a wasan tseren kankara ba ta nufin matakin ƙwarewa ba, sai dai matsayin ɗan wasa a gasar. Masu wasan tseren kankara da ke fafatawa a manyan matakan gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ba &quot;ƙwararrun&quot; ’yan wasan tseren kankara ba ne. Wani lokaci ana kiran su ’yan wasa masu son yin wasan ne kawai,&lt;ref name=USAT110315/&gt; duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna samun kuɗi. Ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara sun haɗa da waɗanda suka rasa cancantar shiga gasannin ISU da waɗanda ke yin wasanni ne kawai a cikin shirye-shiryen nishaɗi. Haka kuma za su iya haɗawa da tsoffin zakarun Olympic da na duniya waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen fafatawarsu, da kuma ’yan wasan da ba su da ƙwarewar fafatawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma suke da kaɗan. Baya ga yin wasanni a shirye-shiryen kankara, ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara kan fafata a gasannin ƙwararru, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma kowace gasa tana da nata tsari da ƙa'idoji.&lt;ref name=MS220721&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220721/p2a/00m/0na/004000c|title=Japanese skating star Hanyu looks to wider stage as he retires from competition|newspaper=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|location=[[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]|date=July 21, 2022|archive-date=July 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721061326/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220721/p2a/00m/0na/004000c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kalmar &quot;figure skating&quot; kalma ce ta harshen Ingilishi; a Jamus ana kiran wannan wasa ''Eiskunstlauf'' (a zahiri &quot;Gudun Fasahar Kankara&quot;), yayin da a Faransanci ake kiransa ''patinage artistique'' (a zahiri &quot;tseren kankara na fasaha&quot;).{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxx}}
{{clear}}

==Takalman wasan tseren kankara==

[[File:Figure-skates-2.jpg|thumb|Kusa da [[Figure skate#Blades|ƙarfen takalmin wasan tseren kankara]], yana nuna haƙoran gaba, ramin da ke ƙasan ƙarfen, da kuma yadda ake ɗaure shi da dunƙule]]

Babban bambanci da ake iya gani tsakanin takalman [[ice hockey|hockey na kankara]] da na wasan tseren kankara na fasaha shi ne cewa takalman wasan tseren kankara na fasaha suna da wasu manyan haƙora masu kaifi da ake kira ''toe picks'' a ɓangaren gaba na [[Figure skate#Blades|ƙarfen takalmin]]. Ana amfani da waɗannan haƙora musamman wajen yin tsalle, kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da su wajen tura jiki ko juyawa ba. Idan aka yi amfani da su yayin juyawa, haƙoran za su sa ɗan wasan ya rasa saurin motsinsa ko ya matsa daga tsakiyar juyawar. Ana ɗaure ƙarfen takalmin da tafin takalmi da diddige ta amfani da dunƙule. Yawanci, ƙwararrun ’yan wasan tseren kankara na manyan matakai suna samun ƙwararrun ma'aikata su daidaita musu takalma da ƙarfe a wani shagon sayar da takalman kankara mai inganci. Haka kuma ana ɗaukar ƙwararru domin su kaifafa ƙarfen takalman gwargwadon bukatun kowane ɗan wasa.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-79630-0003, Bodo Bockenauer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kaifafa ƙarfen takalmi]]
[[File:Figure skating edges.svg|thumb|Takalman wasan tseren kankara da [[Glossary of figure skating terms#E|geffuna]]]]

Ƙarfen takalman yana da kaurin kusan {{convert|4.7|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=off}}. Idan aka duba shi daga gefe, ƙarfen takalmin wasan tseren kankara ba madaidaici ba ne, sai dai yana ɗan lanƙwasawa, yana samar da wani baka na da'ira mai [[radius|tsawon radius]] na {{convert|180|–|220|cm|in|abbr=off}}. Ana kiran wannan lanƙwasawar ''rocker'' na ƙarfen takalmin. ''Sweet spot'' shi ne ɓangaren ƙarfen da ake yin dukkan juyawa a kansa; yawanci yana kusa da [[stanchion]] na ƙarfen, a ƙarƙashin ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref name=fsequip/&gt; Haka kuma an yi wa ƙarfen takalmin ''hollow ground''; wani rami da ke ƙasan ƙarfen yana samar da [[Glossary of figure skating terms#E|geffuna]] guda biyu daban-daban, na ciki da na waje. '''Gefen ciki''' na ƙarfen takalmin yana gefen da ya fi kusa da ɗan wasan; '''gefen waje''' kuma yana gefen da ya fi nisa da ɗan wasan. A wasan tseren kankara na fasaha, ana son a riƙa tseren kankara a kan gefe ɗaya kawai na ƙarfen. Yin amfani da gefuna biyu a lokaci guda, wanda ake kira ''flat'', na iya haifar da ƙarancin maki na ƙwarewar tseren kankara. Ƙarfin motsi da sauƙin zamewa a kan kankara da ƙwararrun ’yan wasan ke nunawa ba tare da wahala ba, ya samo asali ne musamman daga [[Conservation of angular momentum#Conservation of angular momentum|ingantaccen amfani da gefuna wajen samar da sauri]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Takalman da ake amfani da su a wasan mutum ɗaya da na ma'aurata suna da manyan haƙora masu kaifi da ake kira '''toepick''' a gaban kowane ƙarfe. Ana amfani da ''toepick'' musamman wajen taimaka wa ɗan wasa ya tashi sama lokacin da yake yin tsalle. Ƙarfen takalman rawa a kan kankara yana da ƙananan ''toepick'' idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfen da ake amfani da shi a sauran fannoni.

Lokacin yin juyawa, ’yan wasa suna amfani da '''sweet spot''' na ƙarfen, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin ''rocker'' guda biyu da ake samu a kan ƙarfe, kuma shi ne ɓangaren ƙarfen da ya fi zagaye. ''Sweet spot'' yana bayan ''toe pick'' kaɗan kuma kusa da tsakiyar ƙarfen. Ɗayan ''rocker'' kuma shi ne lanƙwasawar ƙarfen gaba ɗaya yayin tura jiki ko zamewa.

Ƙarfen takalman masu rawar kankara yana da gajarta da kusan inci ɗaya a ɓangaren baya idan aka kwatanta da na ’yan wasan sauran fannoni, domin ba da damar yin dabarun motsin ƙafa masu rikitarwa da kuma yin rawa kusa da abokin rawa. Ƙarfen takalman masu rawa yana da ƙaramin ''toepick'', saboda ba sa buƙatar babban ''toepick'' da ake amfani da shi wajen tsalle a sauran fannoni. Ana amfani da ''skate guards'' na roba mai ƙarfi lokacin da ɗan wasa yake buƙatar tafiya da takalmansa ba tare da yana kan kankara ba, domin kare ƙarfen daga datti ko wani abu da ke ƙasa wanda zai iya dusashe ƙarfen. Ana amfani da murfin ƙarfe mai laushi da ake kira ''soakers'' domin shanye danshi da kuma kare ƙarfen daga tsatsa lokacin da ba a sa takalman. A gasar, ana ba ’yan wasa mintuna uku domin gyara takalmansu.

Akwai nau'o'in takalma da ƙarfe da dama waɗanda suka dace da fannoni da matakan ƙwarewa daban-daban. Misali, ’yan wasan da ke yin tsalle-tsalle masu juyawa sau da yawa suna buƙatar takalmi mai ƙarfi wanda ya fi tsawo kuma yake ba da ƙarin tallafi. ’Yan wasan da ke aiki kan tsalle guda ɗaya ko biyu suna buƙatar ƙarancin tallafi kuma za su iya amfani da takalmi mara tsauri sosai. Masu rawa a kan kankara na iya fifita takalmi mai ɗan gajeren yanke wanda aka tsara domin ba da damar lanƙwasa gwiwa sosai.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Haka kuma, ƙarfen da aka tsara domin wasan kyauta da na ma'aurata yana da dogon ɓangaren baya domin taimakawa wajen sauka bayan tsalle. An tsara siffar ƙarfen da haƙoransa domin taimakawa wajen juyawa, shiga cikin tsalle, tashi daga kankara, sauka, da kuma fita daga motsin. Fasahar zamani ta ƙarfe tana ƙara amfani da zaren carbon da wasu kayayyaki ban da ƙarfe domin rage nauyin ƙarfen. Waɗannan kayayyaki na iya kasancewa masu sassauƙa kuma su taimaka wajen rage tasirin saukar tsalle, tare da kare gaɓoɓin matasa ’yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All About Blades: A Basic Guide |url=https://skaterslanding.com/pages/all-about-blades-a-basic-guide |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Skaters Landing |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706225700/https://skaterslanding.com/pages/all-about-blades-a-basic-guide |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarfen takalman rawa a kan kankara yana da gajerun ɓangarorin baya domin ba da damar yin motsin ƙafa kusa da juna da kuma rage haɗarin ƙarfe ya bugi wani ƙarfe yayin hadaddun motsi na kusa. Haka kuma suna iya kasancewa sirara domin taimakawa wajen zamewa da yin saurin sauya gefe.

''Off-ice training'' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana horon motsa jiki da ake yi a wajen kankara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siclari |first=Stephanie |date=2022-03-10 |title=Why Off-Ice Training is Important for Figure Skaters {{!}} ISI |url=https://risonline.org/why-off-ice-training-is-important-for-figure-skaters/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Recreational Ice Skating Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga motsa jiki na yau da kullum, ’yan wasa suna yin kwaikwayon tsalle-tsalle a wajen kankara domin yin atisaye kan isasshen juyawa da tsayin tsallen, da kuma yin atisaye domin su riƙa sauka da ƙafa ɗaya cikin daidaito. A shekarar 2020/2021, ’yan wasa da dama sun dogara da hanyoyi daban-daban na horo da motsa jiki a wajen kankara saboda an rufe wuraren wasan kankara sakamakon COVID-19.

==Filayen kankara da kayan aikin filin kankara==

Tun daga shekarar 1980, dole ne a gudanar da dukkan gasannin wasan zane a kan kankara a filayen kankara da aka rufe kuma aka kewaye su gaba ɗaya. An faɗaɗa wannan ƙa'ida a shekarar 1984 domin ta haɗa da filayen kankara na atisaye.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxvii}} A cewar masanin tarihin wasan zane a kan kankara James R. Hines, haɓakar filayen kankara na cikin gida, ban da ƙirƙirar takalmin kankara mai ruwaƙƙen ƙarfe a ƙarni na 14 da kuma fara ɗaure takalma dindindin da takalman kankara a ƙarni na 19, ita ce babbar ci gaban da ta fi shafar wannan wasa. Hakan ya ba da damar yin wasan kankara duk shekara, da kuma a ko'ina cikin duniya, tare da hana soke gasannin gasa saboda rashin kankara a filayen kankara na waje. Ƙoƙarin farko na yin kankara ta hanyar wucin gadi ya faru a shekarun 1870 a Ingila da Amurka. Filin kankara na cikin gida na farko da ya shahara an gina shi a shekarar 1876, daga hannun John Gamgee, a Chelsea da ke gefen arewacin Kogin Thames; girmansa ya kai ƙafa 24 da 40. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, manyan birane da dama a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun mallaki filayen kankara na cikin gida.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|pp=23-24}}

Akwai babban bambanci a ma'aunin filayen kankara. Filayen da ake amfani da su a gasannin Olympics suna da ma'aunin {{convert|30|x|60|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}, filayen da ake amfani da su a gasar [[National Hockey League|NHL]] suna da {{convert|26|x|61|m|abbr=on}}, yayin da filayen Turai wani lokaci suke da {{convert|30|x|64|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutrinks&quot; /&gt; [[International Skating Union|ISU]] ta fi son a yi amfani da filayen girman na Olympics a gasannin wasan zane a kan kankara, musamman a manyan gasa. A cewar ƙa'ida ta 342 ta ISU, filin kankara na wasan zane a kan kankara na taron ISU &quot;idan zai yiwu, ya kamata ya kasance tsawon mita sittin (60) a gefe guda da mita talatin (30) a ɗayan gefen, amma kada ya fi haka girma, kuma kada ya kasance ƙasa da mita hamsin da shida (56) a gefe guda da mita ashirin da shida (26) a ɗayan gefen&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;isuSFTR&quot; /&gt; Tsarin maki yana ba wa 'yan wasan da ke da kyakkyawar amfani da filin kankara lada, wato waɗanda ke iya amfani da dukkan saman kankara yadda ya kamata yayin shirye-shiryensu. Filayen girman na Olympics suna sa bambancin ƙwarewa tsakanin 'yan wasa ya fi bayyana, amma ba a samun irin waɗannan filaye a dukkan gasa. Idan filin kankara yana da ma'auni daban, shirya tsallen ɗan wasa da saurinsa na iya samun cikas yayin da yake daidaita kansa da filin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP111022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IN131007&quot; /&gt;

Ana tantance ingancin kankara ta laushi, gogayya, tauri da kuma saurin karyewa.&lt;ref name=WMQI1105/&gt; Abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin kankara sun haɗa da yanayin zafi, ingancin ruwa, da yawan amfani da filin, inda ƙusoshin gaban takalman kankara ke ƙara lalata kankarar. A wasan zane a kan kankara, yawanci ana kiyaye yanayin zafin saman kankara tsakanin {{convert|-5.5|and|-3.5|C|F}},&lt;ref name=WMQI1105/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Olympic.org161031&quot;/&gt; inda fannonin wasan Olympics ke buƙatar kankara mai ɗan laushi (−3.5{{spaces}}°C) fiye da wasan kankara na ƙungiya (−5.5{{spaces}}°C).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfsa.org/content/ISU%20SYS%20Handbook%20for%20Referees.pdf|title=Handbook for Referees − Synchronized Skating − Season 2018–2019|page=44|date=July 28, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122918/http://www.usfsa.org/content/ISU%20SYS%20Handbook%20for%20Referees.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci bayan kowace ƙungiyoyi biyu na atisaye, wata na'ura mai gyaran kankara tana tsaftace saman kankarar tare da daidaita shi. Rashin isasshen ingancin kankara na iya shafar yadda 'yan wasa suke taka rawa.&lt;ref name=GS120328ps/&gt;

Wasu filayen kankara suna da tsarin igiyar ɗagawa da aka girka domin taimaka wa 'yan wasa su koyi sabbin tsalle-tsalle cikin yanayi mai sarrafuwa. Ana ɗaure wata igiya mai ƙarfi sosai da bangon biyu da ke kewaye da kankarar, tare da wasu ƙafafun juyawa da ke tafiya a kan igiyar. Dan wasan yana sanya rigar kariya ko bel, sannan a ɗaure igiya ko igiyar ɗagawa da ita, kuma a shigar da igiyar/igiyar cikin ƙafar juyawa mai motsi da ke kan igiyar da ke sama. Koci yana riƙe da ɗayan ƙarshen igiyar kuma ya ɗaga ɗan wasan ta hanyar ja igiyar. Daga nan ɗan wasan zai iya yin atisayen tsallen yayin da koci ke taimaka masa wajen kammala shi. Ana amfani da wannan lokacin da ɗan wasa yake buƙatar ƙarin taimako wajen yin tsalle. Sai dai idan kociyoyi suka ga ya dace, za su iya amfani da wani nau'in igiyar taimako da ake kira &quot;fishing pole harness&quot;. An sanya mata wannan suna ne saboda tana kama da sandar kamun kifi. Dan wasan zai sanya igiyar taimakon, sannan kocin ya daidaita ta yadda za ta dace da ɗan wasan. Daga nan ɗan wasan zai je ya yi tsallen ba tare da taimako mai yawa daga kocinsa ba. Haka kuma zai iya yin tsallen a kowace hanya da ya zaɓa, yayin da a sauran nau'in igiyar taimakon dole ne ya yi tsallen a madaidaiciyar hanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jumpharness.com/index.htm|title=Jump Training Harness for Figure Skaters – Coaching Aid|website=jumpharness.com|access-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329032142/http://www.jumpharness.com/index.htm|archive-date=March 29, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fannonin wasa==
Wasan zane a kan kankara ya ƙunshi fannoni masu zuwa:
* A '''[[single skating]]''', 'yan wasa maza da mata suna fafatawa daban-daban. Wasan zane a kan kankara shi ne mafi dadewa daga cikin wasannin hunturu da ake gudanarwa a gasannin Olympics, inda wasan maza da na mata suka kasance biyu daga cikin fannoni huɗu na wasan zane a kan kankara a [[1908 Summer Olympics|Wasannin London na 1908]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Olympic Figure Skating at Beijing 2022: Top Five Things to Know |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-figure-skating-at-beijing-2022-top-five-things-to-know |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Olympics.com |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104220916/https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-figure-skating-at-beijing-2022-top-five-things-to-know |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan mutum ɗaya yana da wasu abubuwa da dole ne 'yan wasa su yi yayin gasa, waɗanda suke samar da shirin wasa mai daidaito. Sun haɗa da [[Figure skating jumps|tsalle-tsalle]] (da haɗaɗɗun tsalle-tsalle), [[Figure skating spins|juyawa]], [[step sequences|jerin matakai]], da [[choreographic sequence|jerin rawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;S&amp;P/ID2022-112&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 105–106, 110&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Pair skating]]''' ana bayyana shi da cewa &quot;wasan kankara na mutane biyu da suke yin motsinsu tare cikin irin wannan daidaito da juna har ya ba da kamannin ainihin wasan mutum biyu, idan aka kwatanta da wasan mutum ɗaya mai zaman kansa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-109&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 113&lt;/ref&gt; ISU ta kuma bayyana cewa ƙungiyar wasan mutum biyu ta ƙunshi &quot;Mace ɗaya da Namiji ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-9&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan mutum biyu, tare da wasan mutum ɗaya na maza da mata, ya kasance fannin Olympics tun lokacin da aka gabatar da wasan zane a kan kankara, wato mafi dadewa cikin wasannin Olympics na hunturu, a [[1908 Summer Olympics|London a shekarar 1908]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Figure Skating |url=https://www.olympic.org/figure-skating-equipment-and-history |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Olympic.org |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412020129/https://www.olympic.org/figure-skating-equipment-and-history |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1908 World Figure Skating Championships|Gasannin Ƙwallon Duniya na ISU na wasan zane a kan kankara]] sun gabatar da wasan mutum biyu a shekarar 1908.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=ISU Archives – History of Figure Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/11675-archives-history-of-figure-skating?highlight=WyJoaXN0b3J5Il0=&amp;templateParam=15 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |publisher=International Skating Union |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227001334/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/11675-archives-history-of-figure-skating?highlight=WyJoaXN0b3J5Il0=&amp;templateParam=15 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ake buƙata a wasan mutum biyu sun haɗa da [[Figure skating lifts#Pair lifts|ɗagawa]], jujjuyawar ɗagawa, [[Figure skating jumps#Jumps in pair skating|tsalle-tsalle]] da tsallen da abokin wasa ke taimakawa, [[Figure skating spins#Pair skating|juyawar ma'aurata]], [[Death spiral (figure skating)|death spiral]], [[step sequence|jerin matakai]], da [[choreographic sequence|jerin rawa]].&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 115–117, 118–119&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ƙungiyoyin ma'aurata suke yi dole ne a &quot;haɗa su da juna ta hanyar matakan haɗi iri daban-daban&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-1093&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 110&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran motsi makamantansu, tare da amfani da hanyoyi da matsayi iri-iri na riƙe juna.
* '''[[Ice dance]]''' a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga [[ballroom dancing]]. Ya shiga [[World Figure Skating Championships]] a shekarar 1952, kuma ya zama fannin da ake ba da lambar yabo a [[Winter Olympic Games]] a shekarar 1976.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=223}} A cewar ISU, ƙungiyar wasan rawa a kan kankara tana ƙunshe da mace ɗaya da namiji ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-9&quot;/&gt; Wasan rawa a kan kankara ya samo asali ne daga &quot;combined skating&quot; da ƙungiyoyin masu wasan kankara da kungiyoyi suka haɓaka a ƙarni na 19, da kuma wasan kankara na zamantakewa domin nishaɗi.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|pp=xiv, 102}} An gudanar da gasannin ƙasa na farko a Ingila, Kanada, Amurka da Austria a shekarun 1930.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=102}} Gasar rawa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a kan kankara ta gudana a matsayin wani taro na musamman a [[1950 World Figure Skating Championships|Gasannin Duniya na shekarar 1950]] a London.{{sfn|Hines|2011|pp=173–174}} Abubuwan da ƙungiyoyin wasan rawa a kan kankara dole su yi sun haɗa da [[Figure skating lifts|ɗagawa ta rawa]], [[Figure skating spins|juyawar rawa]], [[step sequence|jerin matakai]], [[twizzle]]s, da abubuwan rawa.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 142, 145&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Synchronized skating]]''' (wanda a da ake kira &quot;precision skating&quot;) an tsara shi ne domin ƙungiyoyi masu gaurayen jinsi waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan wasan zane a kan kankara tsakanin goma sha biyu zuwa ashirin. Wannan fanni yana kama da salon wasan rawa na ƙungiya a kan kankara, tare da ƙarin mayar da hankali kan daidaitattun tsare-tsaren ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya da kuma sauye-sauye masu rikitarwa tsakanin tsare-tsaren. Tsare-tsaren asali sun haɗa da ƙafafun juna, tubalan, layuka, da'irori da kuma haɗuwa. Kusancin 'yan wasa da kuma buƙatar ƙungiyar ta kasance cikin daidaito suna ƙara wahalar aikin ƙafa da 'yan wasan ke yi a cikin waɗannan abubuwa. ISU ta gabatar da shawarwari a hukumance domin saka wasan kankara na ƙungiya cikin [[2022 Winter Olympics|Wasannin Olympics na Hunturu na 2022]], amma waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=CT140929 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NBC180224 /&gt;
* '''[[Compulsory figures]]''' ko '''school figures''' a da sun kasance wani fanni na wasan zane a kan kankara, kuma su ne suka ba wasan sunansa. Su ne &quot;tsare-tsaren madauwari da 'yan wasa suke zana a kan kankara domin nuna ƙwarewa wajen sanya juyawa masu tsabta da daidaito a kan da'irori&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Special Regulations for Figures |url=https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/Compulsory%20Figures%20Rules.pdf |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating Association |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305232430/https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/Compulsory%20Figures%20Rules.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A kusan shekaru 50 na farko da aka gudanar da wasan zane a kan kankara a matsayin wasa, har zuwa shekarar 1947, compulsory figures sun kasance kashi 60 cikin 100 na jimillar maki a yawancin gasa a duniya. Waɗannan figures sun ci gaba da mamaye wasan, duk da cewa muhimmancinsu ya ragu a hankali, har sai da ISU ta kada ƙuri'ar dakatar da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasa a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Loosemore |first=Sandra |date=December 16, 1998 |title='Figures' Don't Add up in Competition Anymore |work=CBS SportsLine |url=http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/women/skating/dec98/loosemore121698.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727021537/http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/women/skating/dec98/loosemore121698.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2015, bayan kafuwar World Figure Sport Society da World Figure &amp; Fancy Skating Championships &amp; Festival a kan baƙar kankara, ƙarin 'yan wasa suna atisaye da kuma fafatawa a figures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Radnofsky |first=Louise |title=Who Needs Triple Axels and Toe Loops—Give Us 'Compulsory Figures' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-needs-triple-axels-and-toe-loopsgive-us-compulsory-figures-11576859225 |access-date=2023-02-05 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=December 20, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205041036/https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-needs-triple-axels-and-toe-loopsgive-us-compulsory-figures-11576859225 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin kociyoyi suna koyon sabbin hanyoyin da World Figure Sport ta ƙirƙira domin koyar da su ga 'yan wasa, saboda wasu 'yan wasa da kociyoyi sun yi imanin cewa figures suna ba 'yan wasa fa'ida wajen haɓaka daidaiton jiki, ƙarfin tsakiyar jiki, sarrafa jiki da kuma ladabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World figure skating enthusiasts take figures online |work=Lake Placid News |url=https://www.lakeplacidnews.com/sports/local-sports/2020/05/21/world-figure-skating-enthusiasts-take-figures-online/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205031629/https://www.lakeplacidnews.com/sports/local-sports/2020/05/21/world-figure-skating-enthusiasts-take-figures-online/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Camel yuna1.jpg|Yun Kima, 'yar wasan mutum ɗaya daga Koriya ta Kudu, 2008
File:Camille RUEST Andrew WOLFE-GPFrance 2018-Pairs FS-IMG 1465.jpeg|Camille Ruest da Andrew Wolfe, 'yan wasan ma'aurata daga Kanada, 2018
File:2013 Nebelhorn Trophy Pilar Maekawa Moreno Leonardo Maekawa Moreno IMG 7885.JPG|Pilar Maekawa Moreno da Leonardo Maekawa Moreno, 'yan wasan rawa a kan kankara daga Mexico, 2013
File:Haydenettes 2006.jpg|The Haydenettes, ƙungiyar wasan kankara na haɗin gwiwa daga Amurka, 2006
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-K1217-0035, Sonja Morgenstern.jpg|Sonja Morgenstern daga Jamus tana nuna compulsory figures, 1971
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Sassa da Motsi==

Kowane sassa yana samun maki ne bisa darajarsa ta tushe da kuma matakin kwarewa na aiwatarwa (GOE), wanda ke samar da jimillar maki na sassan fasaha (TES). A gasa, masanin fasaha yana gano sassan sannan ya fasa kowannensu zuwa matakin wahala, farawa daga B (Na Basira) zuwa Mataki na 4 (mafi wahala).&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ga kowane sassa, kwamitin alƙalai yana ƙayyade GOE, wanda ke tsakanin −5 da +5, dangane da yadda dan wasan ya aiwatar da sassan da kyau. Ana auna GOE ne bisa darajar tushe ta sassan.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ta hanyar sharuɗɗan ISU, 'yan wasan kankara dole ne su aiwatar da aƙalla sassa bakwai a cikin gajeren shirin aikinsu kuma sassa goma sha biyu a cikin dogon shirin aikinsu.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt;

ISU ta fassara faduwa a matsayin rashin iko wanda ke haifar da yawancin nauyin jikin dan wasan ba ya kan kaifin takalmin kankara maimakon haka hannaye, gwiwoyi, ko mazaunai ne ke goyon bayansa.&lt;ref name=deduc/&gt;

===Tsefe (Tsalle-tsalle)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! colspan=2 | Takaitaccen sassan ISU:&lt;br&gt;Tsalle-tsallen Wasan Kankara
|-
| T || Toe loop
|-
| S || Salchow
|-
| Lo || Loop
|-
| F || Flip
|-
| Lz || Lutz
|-
| A || Axel
|}

Tsalle-tsalle sun haɗa da dan wasa yana tsalle zuwa sama yana juyawa cikin sauri domin sauka bayan ya kammala juyawa guda ɗaya ko fiye. Akwai nau'ikan tsalle-tsalle da dama, wadanda ake gane su ta hanyar yadda dan wasan ke tashi da sauka, gami da adadin juyawa da aka kammala.

Kowane tsalle yana samun maki ne bisa darajarsa ta tushe da matakin GOE.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Ingancin aiwatarwa, fasaha, tsayi, gudu, tafiya cikin santsi da yawan wurin da aka rufe a kan kankara duk ana la'akari da su wajen alƙalanci. Tsallen da bai gama juyawa ba (wanda ake nuna shi da {{spaces}}&lt;{{spaces}}) yana &quot;rasa juyi na fiye da {{frac|1|4}}, amma ƙasa da {{frac|1|2}} na cikakken juyi&quot; kuma yana samun kashi 70% na darajar tushe. Tsallen da aka rage wa matsayi (wanda ake nuna shi da {{spaces}}&lt;&lt;{{spaces}}) yana &quot;rasa juyi na {{frac|1|2}} ko fiye&quot;. Tsalle mai ninki uku da aka rage wa matsayi ana ɗaukarsa azaman tsalle mai ninki biyu, yayin da mai ninki biyu da aka rage wa matsayi ake ɗaukarsa azaman tsalle guda ɗaya.

Saba kaifi yana faruwa ne lokacin da ɗan wasa ya aiwatar da tsalle a kan kaifin da bai dace ba. Ramin ciki shine mutsi a ƙarƙashin ƙarfen takalmin kankara wanda ke samar da kaifi biyu mabanbanta, na ciki da na waje. Kaifin ciki na ƙarfen yana gefen da ke kusa da ɗan wasan, kaifin waje kuma yana gefen da ke mafi nisa daga ɗan wasan, yayin da 'santsi mai faɗi' yake nufin yin yawo a kan kaifikan guda biyu a lokaci guda, wanda ba a ƙarfafawa. Kaifi maras fitowa fili ko saba kaifi ana nuna shi da 'e' kuma yana bayyana a cikin GOE dangane da tsananin matsalar. 'Flutz' da 'lip' sune kalmomin da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun ga tsallen Lutz da flip tare da matsalar saba kaifi.

A shekarar 1982, ISU ta kafa dokar cewa ɗan wasa na iya aiwatar da kowane nau'in tsalle mai ninki uku sau ɗaya kacal a shirin aiki, ko sau biyu idan ɗaya daga cikinsu an haɗa shi a cikin haɗaka ko jeri. Domin rukunin tsalle-tsalle ya kasance haɗaka, kowane tsalle dole ne ya tashi daga kaifin sauka na tsallen da ya gabata, ba tare da takawa, juyawa, ko canjin kaifi a tsakanin tsalle-tsalle ba. Ana yawan aiwatar da Toe loops da loops azaman tsalle na biyu ko na uku a cikin haɗaka saboda suna tashi ne daga baya na kaifin waje na ƙafar sauka, ko ƙafar yawo. Domin aiwatar da salchow ko flip a baya na haɗaka, ana iya amfani da 'half loop' (wanda a zahiri cikakken juyi ne, amma yana sauka a kan baya na kaifin ciki na ƙafar sauka) azaman tsallen haɗawa. Sabanin haka, jerin tsalle-tsalle rukuni ne na tsalle-tsalle waɗanda za a iya haɗa su ta hanyar tsalle-tsallen da ba a jera su ba ko ɗalle-ɗalle.&lt;ref name=tphss/&gt; Jerin tsalle-tsalle suna da darajar kashi 80% na haɗakar darajar irin waɗannan tsalle-tsallen da aka aiwatar a cikin haɗaka.
[[File:Figure Skating.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Bidiyo mai nuna tushen tsalle-tsalle na wasan kankara]]

Ɗan wasan kankara yana buƙatar kawai ya iya tsalle ta hanyar da kowace fuska take kallo, ko dai mai bin agogo ko mai kishiyar agogo. Mafi yawancin 'yan wasan kankara sun gwammace su juya ta hanyar kishiyar agogo lokacin tsalle. Don haka, domin bayyanawa, duk tsalle-tsalle za a kwatanta su ne don ɗan wasa mai tsalle ta kishiyar agogo.

Akwai tsalle-tsalle guda shida a wasan kankara waɗanda ake ƙirafawa azaman sassan tsalle. Duk guda shidan suna sauka ne a kan ƙafa ɗaya a baya na kaifin waje (tare da juyawa na kishiyar agogo, ga tsalle guda ɗaya ko ninki mai yawa), amma suna da hanyoyin tashi daban-daban, waɗanda ta hanyarsu za a iya bambanta su. Tsalle-tsalle kasu suke zuwa rukunai biyu daban-daban: tsallen yatsa da tsallen kaifi.

Adadin juyawa da aka yi a sama yana ƙayyade ko tsallen guda ɗaya ne, ninki biyu, ninki uku, ko ninki huɗu (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;quad&quot;). Mafi sauƙi shine tsallen waltz, wanda za a iya yinsa kawai a rabin tsalle kuma ba a rarraba shi azaman tsalle guda ɗaya, ninki biyu, ko ninki uku ba. Tsalle-tsalle masu ninki uku, in ban da triple Axel, ana aiwatar da su ne ta 'yan wasa mata masu zaman kansu. Yana da wuya mace ɗan wasa ta sauka a tsallen ninki huɗu, kuma kaɗan ne daga cikin matan ke samun lambar godiya ta ninki huɗu a gasa. 'Yan wasa maza na matakin kwararru suna aiwatar da yawancin tsalle-tsalle masu ninki uku da ninki huɗu a gasa. Tsalle na ƙarshe daga cikin shida da aka sauka tas a matsayin ninki huɗu a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa shine ƙalubalen quadruple Axel. Kaɗan daga cikin 'yan wasa maza sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don sauka a wannan tsalle mai matukar wahala na juyi huɗu da rabi (musamman Zakarun daf da na karshe na Olympic sau biyu daga Japan, Yuzuru Hanyu), amma sun gaza sauka a kai lami lafiya da cikakken juyi. Tsaftataccen quad Axel na farko da aka yi nasarar sauka a kansa an yi shi ne ta hannun ɗan wasan Amurka Ilia Malinin a gasar 2022 CS U.S. Classic,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=2022-09-15 |title=U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; shekaru 34 bayan tsallen ninki huɗu na farko a tarihi (quad toe loop) wanda Kurt Browning daga Kanada ya sauka a kai a Gasar Wasan Kankara ta Duniya ta 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1988-03-26 |title=A Quadruple Jump on Ice |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=20 Apr 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420010328/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudun tashi na tsalle yana iya kaiwa har zuwa quilomita 25 a kowace sa'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |date=2014-10-31 |title=Figure skating analytics reveals speed, height |url=https://www.therecord.com/sports/figure-skating-analytics-reveals-speed-height/article_16b48c21-b9d5-59e2-b9e3-716dd4541786.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Record |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin yawancin tsalle-tsalle, ɗan wasa yana buƙatar yin yawo ta baya don gina ƙarfi da gudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=why do figure skaters skate backwards?|url=https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=Skate Perfect|language=en-US|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153910/https://skateperfect.com/why-do-figure-skaters-skate-backwards/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tsallen Yatsa====
Tsallen yatsa ana tashi ne ta hanyar sokar maƙalalliyar yatsa ta takalmin kankara ɗaya cikin ƙankara, ana amfani da ita wajen harba jiki zuwa sama da gaba da ɗayan ƙafar. Babban tsallen yatsa sune (dangane da jerin darajar maki):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jumps|publisher=Holland Ice Academy|url=http://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|access-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128001301/https://hollandiceacademy.com/en/jumps|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Toe loop – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin waje na ƙafar dama (ko hagu), yana harba tsallen ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.
#Flip (wani lokacin ana kiransa toe salchow) – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin ciki na ƙafar hagu (ko dama) sannan ya taimaka wa tashin ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.
#Lutz – yana kama da flip, amma ɗan wasan yana tashi ne daga baya na kaifin *waje* na ƙafar hagu (ko dama), yana harba tsallen ta hanyar amfani da maƙalalliyar yatsa ta gaba.

Duk bayanan da ke sama suna ɗaukar hanyar juyawa ta kishiyar agogo ne, suna sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar dama. (Domin juyawa ta hanyar agogo, ɗan wasa yana tashi ne ta amfani da ɗayan ƙafar kuma ya sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu.)

====Tsallen Kaifi====
[[File:Axel Paulsen jump without text.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Tsallen Axel]]

Tsallen kaifi ba ya amfani da taimakon yatsa, kuma ya haɗa da (dangane da jerin darajar maki):
#Salchow – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin ciki na ƙafar hagu (ko dama), yana barin kaifin ya zagaya, ɗayan ƙafar tana taimakawa wajen harba tsallen zuwa sama.
#Loop (wanda kuma aka sani da tsallen Rittberger) – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta baya daga kaifin waje na ƙafar dama (ko hagu).
#Axel – ɗan wasa yana tashi ta gaba daga kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu (ko dama). Tunda wannan ne kaɗai tsalle mai juyi da ke tashi daga kaifin gaba, yana ɗauke da ƙarin rabin juyi.

Maimaitawa, waɗannan bayanan suna ɗaukar hanyar juyawa ta kishiyar agogo ne, suna sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar dama. (Domin juyawa ta hanyar agogo, ɗan wasa yana tashi ne ta amfani da ɗayan ƙafar kuma a koyaushe yana sauka ta baya a kan kaifin waje na ƙafar hagu.)

====Sauran Tsalle-tsalle====
Wasu tsalle-tsalle na daban yawanci ana aiwatar da su ne kawai azaman tsalle guda ɗaya kuma a cikin wasan kankara na kwararru ana amfani da su azaman motsin canji ko maki na musamman a jerin takawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, tsallen walley, tsallen waltz, Axel na ciki, Axel ƙafa ɗaya, stag jump, da tsallen split. Akwai nau'ikan tsallen split guda biyu:
*Split na Rasha, ana yinsa a matsayin da ke kama da na straddle split
*Split na gaba, ana yinsa a matsayin na al'ada na split, yana fuskantar hanyar ƙafar gaba
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:2011 WFSC 4d 066 Ross Miner.JPG|Ross Miner yana shirin tsalle.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 009 Denis Ten.JPG|Denis Ten yana shirin tsalle.
File:2011 WFSC 3d 183 Kevin van der Perren.JPG|Kevin van der Perren yana juyawa a sama.
File:Jamal Othman Jump 2 - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Jamal Othman yana sauka a kan baya na kaifin waje na dama.
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Marissa Castelli &amp; Simon Shnapir 2LoTh 2009 Junior Worlds.jpg|'Yan wasa biyu Marissa Castelli da Simon Shnapir suna shirin tsallen wurgawa.
File:Jessica Miller &amp; Ian Moram Throw Jump - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Ƙungiyar biyu bayan an wurga mace: Jessica Miller tana juyawa a sama.
File:Anabelle Langlois &amp; Cody Hay Throw Jump - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Anabelle Langlois tana sauka bayan aiwatar da tsallen wurgawa tare da Cody Hay.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Juyawa (Spins)===

'''Juyawa''' sassa ne inda ɗan wasa ke juyawa, a tsakiya a kan aya guda ɗaya a kan ƙankara, yayin da yake riƙe da matsayin jiki ɗaya ko fiye.{{sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=127}} Ana aiwatar da su ta duk rassan wasannin. Kasancewar The New York Times ta ce, &quot;Yayin da tsalle-tsalle ke bayyana a matsayin wasa, juyawa suna bayyana ne tamkar fasaha. Yayin da tsalle-tsalle ke kawo firgici, juyawa suna samar da kyan kallo, amma akwai abubuwa da yawa game da kyan kallon fiye da yadda yawancin masu kallo ke da lokaci ko hanyar fahimta&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;clarey&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Clarey |first1=Christopher |date=19 February 2014 |title=Appreciating Skating's Spins, the Art Behind the Sport |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227223225/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/sports/olympics/appreciating-figure-skatings-spins-the-art-behind-the-sport.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar zakaran duniya kuma mai tsokaci kan wasan kankara Scott Hamilton, galibi ana amfani da juyawa &quot;azaman wuraren numfasa ko canji zuwa manyan abubuwa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;clarey&quot; /&gt;

Juyawa na wasan kankara, tare da tsalle-tsalle, spirals, da spread eagles asali abubuwa ne na fannin compulsory figures, wani lokacin abubuwa na musamman. Sabanin tsalle-tsalle, juyawa kasancewa suke wani sashe &quot;mai kyau da ake girmamawa&quot;{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}} na wasan kankara a duk tsawon ƙarni na 19. Sun samu ci gaba a tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu; zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, duk matakan juyawa na basira guda uku ana amfani da su.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=103}}

Akwai nau'ikan juyawa guda biyu, '''juyawa na gaba''' da '''juyawa na baya'''.{{Sfn|Petkevich|1988|p=129}} Akwai matakan juyawa na basira guda uku: '''upright spin''', '''sit spin''', da '''camel spin'''. 'Yan wasa kuma suna aiwatar da '''flying spins''' da '''combination spins'''.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=280}}&lt;gallery&gt;
File:2020-01-11 Women's Single Figure Skating Short Program (2020 Winter Youth Olympics) by Sandro Halank–018.jpg|Camel spin
File:2011 Figure Skating WC Tomáš Verner (4).jpg|Sit spin
File:Elena Sokolova 04 NHK 2.jpg|Upright spin
File:Dominika Piatkowska &amp; Dmitri Khromin Spin - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Juyawar camel ta biyu
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U1215-0046, Sabine Baeß, Tassilo Thierbach.jpg|Juyawa ta biyu tare da mace a layback da namiji a sit spin
File:2012 WFSC 07d 843 Polina Korobeynikova.JPG|Layback spin tare da riƙe ƙafa
File:2011 Cup of China Yuzuru Hanyu.jpg|Biellmann spin
File:Joubert 09Eurosp by Carmichael.jpg|Death drop
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Sawa a Sama (Lifts)===

[[File:Maria Mukhortova and Maxim Trankov at 2010 European Championships (3).jpg|thumb|upright|'Yan wasa biyu suna aiwatar da sa mutum a sama da hannu ɗaya]]

'''Ɗaga mutum na wasan kankara''' abubuwa ne da ake buƙata a wasan biyu da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, pp. 115–116, 118–119, 142, 145&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rukunai biyar na '''ɗaga mutum a wasan biyu''', waɗanda aka rarraba su ta tsarin ƙaruwar matakin wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2022-109&quot;/&gt; Alƙalai suna duba abubuwa masu zuwa lokacin da suke auna ɗaga mutum a wasan biyu: gudun shiga da fita; iko da ƙafar macen da ba ta ƙasa ba lokacin da take fita daga ɗagawan, tare da burin sa ƙafar a sama da sharewa; matsayin macen a sama; takun ƙafar namijin; canjin matsayi cikin sauri da sauƙi; da kiyaye santsi a duk lokacin ɗagawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;skatecanada&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Skating Glossary |url=https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043409/https://skatecanada.ca/glossary/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Skate Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Twist lifts''' sune &quot;sashe mafi firgita da ban sha'awa a wasan biyu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;skatecanada&quot; /&gt; Suna kuma iya kasancewa motsi mafi wahala wajen aiwatarwa da kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Special Regulations &amp; Technical Rules Single &amp; Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022 |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |access-date=August 6, 2022 |publisher=International Skating Union |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807002723/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/21817-tp-handbook-pairs-2019-2020-final-corrected/file |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi da haɗin kai fiye da sauran sassan wasan biyu, kuma yawanci sune sassa na farko ko na biyu a cikin shirin aiki. A cewar Ƙungiyar Wasan Kankara ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa (ISU), &quot;Dole ne a kama Macen a sama ta ƙugu ta hannun Namijin kafin sauka kuma a taimaka mata wajen sauka cikin santsi a kan ƙankara a kan baya na kaifin waje a kan ƙafa ɗaya&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tech panel, p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin twist lift.

ISU ta fassara '''ɗaga mutum na raye-raye''' a matsayin &quot;motsi wanda ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗaka yake a sama tare da taimakon gani da/ko a fuka-fuki na ɗayan abokin haɗaka zuwa kowane tsayi da aka yarda da shi, a riƙe shi a can sannan a ajiye shi a kan ƙankara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-126&quot;&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 130&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaga mutum na raye-raye an bambanta shi da na wasan biyu domin tabbatar da cewa raye-rayen ƙankara da wasan biyu sun kasance rassa daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;hostilerules2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reiter |first1=Susan |date=1 March 1995 |title=Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules |work=Dance Magazine |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice+dancing%3A+a+dance+form+frozen+in+place+by+hostile+rules.-a016771634 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802024753/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ice%20dancing%3A%20a%20dance%20form%20frozen%20in%20place%20by%20hostile+rules.-a016771634 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tsarin alƙalanci ya canza daga Tsarin 6.0 zuwa Tsarin Alƙalanci na ISU (IJS), ɗaga mutum na raye-raye ya kasance mafi &quot;motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo da ban sha'awa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dangerous&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brannen |first1=Sarah S. |date=13 July 2012 |title=Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary' |url=http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&amp;content_id=34870028&amp;vkey=ice_news |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106105909/http://www.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120713&amp;content_id=34870028&amp;vkey=ice_news |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Ice Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai nau'ikan ɗaga mutum na raye-raye guda biyu: '''gajeren ɗagawa''', wanda ya kamata a yi shi a ƙarƙashin daƙiƙa bakwai; da '''haɗakar ɗagawa''', wanda ya kamata a yi shi a ƙarƙashin daƙiƙa 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU2021-126&quot;/&gt; Shirin raye-raye na kyauta mai daidaito a raye-rayen ƙankara dole ne ya haɗa da ɗaga mutum na raye-raye.&lt;ref&gt;S&amp;P/ID 2022, p. 145&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juwaya, matakai, da motsi ===
Tare da sauran nau'o'in guje-guje a kan kankara, 'figure skating' yana daya daga cikin ayyukan da 'dan Adam ke amfani da karfin jikinsa wajen yi inda tafiya da baya take da muhimmanci sosai ga bangaren. Ikon yin skating da kyau ta baya da gaba ana daukar su da muhimmanci daidai wa daida, kamar yadda sauyawa tsakanin biyun ke da muhimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|title=Learn how to Ice Skate – Skate UK – Basic Skills Programme|website=iceskating.org.uk|access-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152607/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/learn-to-skate|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://learntoskateusa.com/|title=Home – Learn to Skate USA|last=USA|first=Learn To Skate|website=learntoskateusa.com|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707225326/https://learntoskateusa.com/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan matakai (step sequences) muhimmin abu ne da ake bukata a duk fannonin Olympic hudu. Tsarin zai iya kasancewa madaidaiciya, mai zagaye, ko mai jujjuyawa. Tsarin matakai ya kunshi hade-haden juwaya, matakai, tsalle-tsalle, da sauye-sauyen gefen ruwa. Bugu da kari, ana iya amfani da matakai da juwaya a matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sassa. Daban-daban juwaya da masu skating za su iya sawa a cikin tsarin matakan sun hada da:
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Threeturn.GIF|Three-turn: wukarsa tana juyawa zuwa cikin karkatar gefe ko kwana.
File:Bracket.GIF|Bracket turn: ana juyar da wukar gaba da karkatar kwanan.
File:Mohawk-trace.png|Mohawk: tamkar juyawar kafafu biyu
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Rocker turn.gif|Rocker: juyawar kafa daya da ke tattare da sauyin karkata gami da shegida
File:Counter.GIF|Counter: juyawar kafa daya da ke tattare da sauyin karkata gami da shegida
File:2011 WFSC 2d 259 Siobhan Heekin-Canedy Alexander Shakalov.JPG|Twizzles: tafiya ana juyawa sau da yawa a kafa daya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Choctaws su ne tamkar kafa biyu na rockers da counters. Sauran motse-motsen da za a iya sawa a cikin tsarin matakai ko amfani da su a matsayin abubuwan haɗawa sun haɗa da lunges da spread eagles. Ina Bauer yana kama da spread eagle da ake yi da gwiwa ɗaya a karkace kuma yawanci baya a mika. Hydroblading yana nufin zurfafa gefen ruwa da aka yi da jiki a matsayin mafi kanci zuwa ƙankara a kusan matsayin kwance.

Moves in the field tsari ne da aka rigaya aka ayyana da ke nuna ainihin ƙwarewar skating da sarrafa gefen ruwa. A cikin tsarin shirin gasa, sun haɗa da tsare-tsare da za su iya haɗawa da spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, da sauran makamantan motsin mika gefe, tare da loops, twizzles, da nau'o'in juwaya daban-daban.

Spiral wani bangare ne wanda dan wasan ke motsawa a kan kankara a kan wani gefe na musamman tare da 'yantacciyar kafa a matakin kwakwalwan ciki ko sama da haka. Ana rarrabe spirals ta hanyar gefen ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi (na ciki ko na waje), shugabancin motsi (gaba ko baya), da matsayin dan wasan. Tsarin spiral shine matsayi daya ko fiye na spiral da gefuna da aka yi a biye da juna. Alƙalai suna duba zurfi, kwanciyar hankali, da sarrafa gefen skating, saurin tafiya, rufe fannin kankara, mika jiki, da sauran abubuwa. Waɗansu masu skating za su iya canza gefe yayin spiral, wato daga gefen ciki zuwa na waje. Spirals da aka yi a kan &quot;kwance&quot; gabaɗaya ba a ɗaukar su a matsayin ingantattun spirals. Ana buƙatar tsarin spiral a cikin skating na mata da na ma'aurata kafin kakar 2012–13,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|title=Communication No. 1672 – Single &amp; Pair Skating – Amendments to the Scale of Values, Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution and Levels of Difficulty, season 2011–2012|date=May 5, 2011|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501131522/http://www.jsfresults.com/data/fs/pdfs/comm/comm1672e.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga kakar figure skating ta 2012–13 zuwa gaba, an mayar da su tsarin choreographic sequence. Tsarin choreographic na dauke da moves in the field, tsalle-tsalle marasa jerawa, motsin jujjuya, da sauransu kuma ana buƙatar sa don shirin 'yanci na maza, mata da ma'aurata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|title=Technical Notification 103|date=June 21, 2012|website=usfigureskating.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030175053/http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/TN%20103%20Singles%20Choreographic%20Sequence%206%2021%2012.pdf|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Single Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203739/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17594-tp-handbook-singles-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|title=ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Pair Skating − 2018/2019|page=5|date=July 19, 2018|website=ISU.org|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725203752/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/isu-judging-system-fs/isu-handbooks-faq-sandp-skating-2/17595-tp-handbook-pair-skating-2018-19/file|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Death spiral wani muhimmin abu ne da ake bukata a skating na ma'aurata. Akwai nau'o'i hudu da aka rarrabe ta hanyar gefen ruwa na mace da shugabancin motsi. Namiji yana yin pivot, tare da kafa daya a kafe a kan kankara, yayin da yake rike da hannun abokiyar zamansa, wacce ke zagaye shi a kan zurfafa gefe tare da jikinta kusan daidai da kankara. Daga shekarar 2011, dole ne kan mace a wani lokaci ya kai gwiwarta ta skating. Dole ne namiji shima ya kasance a cikakken matsayin pivot kuma dole ne a rike death spiral din na wani karamin yawan juyawa, ya danganta da matakin.
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Jenni Vahamaa 2008 Junior Worlds.jpg|Matsayin spiral na asali na gefen waje tare da 'yantacciyar kafa mai zaman kanta a bayan jiki
File:Maria Mukhortova &amp; Maxim Trankov - 2006 Skate America.jpg|Spiral na gefen waje na ma'aurata a matsayin kama-kafa
File:McLaughlin Brubaker Death Spiral.jpg|Death spiral na baya na ciki
File:Kristina Gorshkova &amp; Vitali Butikov 2005 Croatia Cup.jpg|Gajeren madubin spread eagles tare da namiji a gefen ciki da mace a gefen waje
File:Tugba Karademir Ina Bauer - 2006 Skate Canada.jpg|Ina Bauer
2010 Canadian Championships Dance - Kharis Ralph - Asher Hill - 2024a.jpg|Rawa ta Zakarun Kanada
File:2011 WFSC 4d 002 Kim Lucine.JPG|Hydroblading
File:2012 Rostelecom Cup 02d 800 Tessa VIRTUE Scott MOIR.JPG|Namiji mai rawa a kan kankara a matsayin dukawa na Besti yayin da yake daga abokiyar zamansa
File:2019 Skate Canada International - Yuzuru Hanyu SP.jpg|Spread eagle
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tsarin gasar da maki ==

[[File:Riku Miura and Ryuichi Kihara performing a cantilever during their short program at the 2024-25 Grand Prix Final.jpg|thumb|Masu tsalle ma'aurata Riku Miura da Ryuichi Kihara yayin da suke gabatar da 'cantilever' a lokacin gajeren shirin su a gasar 2024-25 Grand Prix Final]]
Hukumar ISU (International Skating Union) ita ce hukumar da ke gudanar da gasannin kasa da kasa na figure skating, ciki har da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi figure skating a Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi. Ana ba da lambobin yabo don sakamakon gaba ɗaya; tsaitattun lambobin yabo su ne zinari don wanda ya zo na ɗaya, azurfa don na biyu, da tagulla don na uku. Hukumar U.S. Figure Skating ita ma tana ba da lambobin yabo na pewter ga waɗanda suka kammala a matsayi na huɗu a gasannin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, Yurope, Nahiyoyi Huɗu, da na Matasa na Duniya, ISU tana ba da ''karamar lambar yabo'' don sakamakon sashin shiri (gajeren shiri da na kyauta) (Tuntuni daga shekarar 2009). Gabaɗaya ana danganta lambar yabo ga ƙasa ɗaya kawai, ko da kuwa haɗin gwiwar 'yan wasan ya ƙunshi masu tsalle daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Banbanci na musamman shine haɗin gwiwar ma'aurata tsakanin Ludowika Eilers da Walter Jakobsson; lambobin yabon su na 1910–11 an danganta su ga Jamus da Finland duka.&lt;ref name=WCP/&gt; Baya ga farkon karni na 20, ba a amince wa 'yan wasa damar wakiltar ƙasashe biyu a gasa guda ɗaya ba.

A gasar figure skating ta ɗayansu ko ma'aurata, 'yan wasa suna gabatar da shirye-shirye biyu: gajeren shiri (short program), wanda a ciki suke kammala jerin abubuwan da ake buƙata da suka ƙunshi tsalle-tsalle, jujjuyawa da matakai; da kuma 'free skate', wanda kuma ake kira ''dogon shiri'', inda suke da zaɓi mai faɗi na abubuwa. A ƙarƙashin tsarin 6.0 da kuma Tsarin Shari'a na ISU, alƙalai suna duba &quot;cikakken kunshin&quot; yayin kimanta aiki, wato, mafi kyawun mai tsalle ba kowane lokaci yake samun matsayi na farko ba idan alƙalai suna ganin banbancin tsallensa ya ragu saboda gudun wani mai tsallen, jujjuyawarsa, gabatarwarsa, da sauransu.&lt;ref name=nyt970216/&gt;&lt;ref name=CBS981202/&gt;

Gasannin rawar ƙankara (ice dance) a da sun ƙunshi matakai guda uku: rawar tilas guda ɗaya ko fiye; rawar asali zuwa rawar ballroom wadda ake ayyanawa kowace shekara; da 'free dance' zuwa waƙar da 'yan wasan suka zaɓa da kansu. Fara daga kakar 2010–11, an haɗa rawar tilas da ta asali zuwa gajeren rawa (short dance), wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa ''rhythm dance'' a watan Yunin 2018, kafin kakar 2018–19.

=== Lambobin Yabo ===
Sakamako:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.soyouwanttowatchfs.com/guides/competition-overview |title=Introduction to Figure Skating Competitions |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325212812/https://www.soyouwanttowatchfs.com/guides/competition-overview |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cikakken Lambobin Yabo (Mataki 1 + Mataki 2) ====
Lambobin yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samun mafi tsayin matsayi gaba ɗaya a kowane fanni.

==== Karamar Lambar Yabo ====
Karamar lambar yabo ana ba da ita ne kawai a Gasannin ISU tun daga shekarar 2009:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fsuniverse.net/forum/threads/short-program-medal-at-worlds.103810/ |title=Short Program medal at worlds |date=April 8, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201215136/https://www.fsuniverse.net/forum/threads/short-program-medal-at-worlds.103810/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mataki 1 =''' Karamar lambar yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samu mafi tsayin matsayi a gajeren shiri (short program) ko rhythm dance a kowane fanni.

'''Mataki 2 =''' Karamar lambar yabo da aka ba masu tsalle da suka samu mafi tsayin matsayi a free skating ko free dance a kowane fanni.

Karamar lambar yabo ana ba da ita kawai a Gasannin ISU:

# World Figure Skating Championships
# World Junior Figure Skating Championships
# European Figure Skating Championships
# Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

Ba a ba da Karamar lambar yabo a:

# Figure skating at the Olympic Games
# ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
# ko duk wata gasar ƙasa da ƙasa

=== Tsarin 6.0 ===

Tunduni ana yanke hukuncin skating ne don &quot;cancantar fasaha&quot; (a cikin free skate), &quot;abubuwan da ake buƙata&quot; (a cikin gajeren shiri), da kuma &quot;gabatarwa&quot; (a cikin shirye-shiryen duka biyu).&lt;ref name=CBS981202/&gt; Makin kowane shiri yana fara daga 0.0 zuwa 6.0, wanda na karshen shine mafi girma. Waɗannan makin an yi amfani da su don ƙayyade jerin fifiko (ko &quot;ordinal&quot;) daban ga kowane alƙali; sannan aka haɗa fifikon alƙalan don ƙayyade matsayi ga kowane mai tsalle a kowane shiri. Matsayin shirye-shiryen biyu an haɗa su, tare da matsayin free skate wanda aka fi yi wa nauyi fiye da gajeren shiri. Mutumin da ya samu matsayi mafi girma (bisa la'akari da jimillar matsayi mai nauyi) shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara.&lt;ref name=6.0&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usfsa.org/programs?id=84139|title=The 6.0 System|access-date=November 21, 2018|website=usfsa.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161756/http://www.usfsa.org/programs?id=84139|archive-date=November 21, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin Shari'a na ISU ===

A shekara ta 2004, a matsayin martani ga saɓani na alƙalai a lokacin Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2002, ISU ta ɗauki Tsarin Shari'a na Ƙasa da Ƙasa (IJS), wanda ya zama tilas a duk gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa a 2006, ciki har da Wasannin Olympic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2006. Sabon tsarin wani lokacin ana kiransa a hukumance da Code of Points, duk da haka, ISU ba ta taɓa amfani da kalmar wajen bayyana tsarin su a cikin duk wata hanyar sadarwa ta hukuma ba.

A ƙarƙashin IJS, ana ba da maki ɗaya bayan ɗaya ga kowane fanni na skating, kuma jimillar waɗannan maki shine ''total element score'' (TES). Shirye-shiryen gasa an takaita su don haɗawa da adadin abubuwan da aka tsara. Kowane fanni masanin fasaha ne yake fara yanke masa hukunci wanda ke gano takamaiman abu kuma yake ƙayyade ''base value'' dinsa. Ana yin hakan ne ta amfani da bidiyon sake kallo nan take don tabbatar da fasalulluka da ke bambanta abubuwa daban-daban; misali ainihin matsayin ƙafa a lokacin tashi da saukar tsalle. Sannan kwamitin alƙalai tara kowannensu yana ba da maki don inganci da aikatar da abun. Wannan maki, wanda ake kira ''grade of execution'' (GOE), lamba ce mai cikakken daraja tare da mafi karancin lamba −5 da mafi girman lamba +5.&lt;ref name=isu2168/&gt; Makin GOE sannan ana fassara shi zuwa wata darajar ta hanyar amfani da teburin darajoji a cikin dokar ISU 322. Mafi girma da mafi ƙarancin darajoji ana cire su, sannan a ƙididdige matsakaicin. Wannan matsakaicin daraja sannan ana ƙara shi zuwa (ko ragewa daga) base value don ƙayyade cikakken darajar abun. A baya, makin GOE daga alƙalai tara ana sarrafa su da zaɓin kwamfuta na bazata kuma ana ƙididdige matsakaicin sauran bakwai.&lt;ref name=judging/&gt;

Lura: IJS a baya ya yi amfani da ma'aunin GOE na −3 zuwa +3, amma an haɗa wannan don kakar 2018–19.&lt;ref name=&quot;isu2089&quot; /&gt;

''Program components score'' (PCS) yana ba da maki ga gaba ɗaya fasalullukan shiri ko sauran abubuwa da ba a ba da lada a cikin ''total element score'' ba. Bangarorin su ne:

:* '''''Composition''''': Wannan yana kimanta yadda aka tsara shirin dangane da waƙar; yaya aka haɗa abubuwa daban-daban; yaya ake amfani da sararin da ake da shi; yaya tsarin raye-rayen ke nuna yanayin waƙa da tsarinta?

:* '''''Presentation''''': Wannan yana kimanta yadda ake gabatar da shirin; menene mai tsallen yake nunawa da fitarwa; wace ƙarfi ake ƙirƙira; menene fahimtar waƙa da lokaci; ga Ma'aurata, Ice Dance da Synchronized skating, shin skating ɗin yana tafiya a sauƙaƙe da nuna wayewar kan sarari?

:* '''''Skating skills''''': Wannan maki yana kimanta ikon mai tsalle wajen riƙe wuka a kan ƙankara, ciki har da ikon yin skating da ƙarfi da sauƙi. Alƙalai suna duba bambancin da bayyanar gefuna, daidaito, sarrafa jiki, juwaya, matakai, gudana, ƙarfi da gudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISU Media Guide 23-24&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24 | url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | date=20 September 2023 | access-date=12 October 2023 | archive-date=December 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209012313/https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US Rulebook 22-23&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= THE 2023-24 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK| url= https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/2023-24%20Rulebook.pdf| access-date= 2023-09-19| archive-date= September 28, 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230928020928/https://www.usfigureskating.org/sites/default/files/media-files/2023-24%20Rulebook.pdf| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cikakken bayani game da kowane bangare yana nan a cikin dokar ISU 322.2. Alƙalai suna ba kowane bangare maki daga 0 zuwa 10 a rassan 0.25, tare da makin 5 aka bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;matsakaici&quot;. Ga kowane bangare daban, maki ana zaɓarsu, cire mafi girma da kanci, sannan a sami matsakaicinsu kamar yadda ake ƙayyade ''grade of execution''. Makin matsakaicin da aka rage sannan ana fassara su zuwa factored mark ta hanyar ninka tare da factor wanda ya danganta da fanni, sashin gasa, da mataki. Sannan maki hudu (ko biyar) ana haɗa su don ba da na ƙarshe na PCS.

''Total element score'' da ''program components score'' ana haɗa su don ba da jimillar maki na sashin gasa (TSS). Matsayin ƙarshe na mai tsalle ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar jimillar makin su a duk sassan gasa. Ba a amfanin da tsarin matsayi na ordinal don ƙayyade sakamakon ƙarshe.

===Sauran alƙalanci da gasa===
Akwai kuma gasannin skating da aka shirya don kwararrun masu skating ta hannun masu tallata masu zaman kansu. Waɗannan gasannin suna amfani da dokokin alƙalanci da duk wanda ya shirya gasar ya gindaya. Babu &quot;Ƙungiyar ƙwararru&quot;. Sanannun gasannin ƙwararru a baya sun haɗa da World Professional Championships, Challenge Of Champions, da Canadian Professional Championships.

Hukumar Ice Skating Institute (ISI), wata ƙungiyar cinikayya ta rukunin ƙankara ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana gudanar da gaba da tsarin gasa da gwaji da aka kafa don masu skating na shakatawa. Da farko tana da hedkwata a Minnesota, yanzu ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta daga Dallas, Texas. Gasannin ISI suna buɗe wa kowane memba da ya yi rajistar gwajinsa. Akwai gasannin &quot;cancanta&quot; kaɗan sosai, kodayake wasu yankuna suna gudanar da Gold Competitions don waɗanda suka yi nasara a matsayi na farko na kakar. Gasannin ISI sun shahara sosai a ƙasashen Asiya waɗanda ba su da ƙungiyoyin mambobin ISU da aka kafa. Wasannin Gay Games su ma sun haɗa da gasannin skating don ma'aurata maza da maza ko mata da mata a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar nauyin ISI. Sauran gasannin figure skating na manya su ma suna jan hankalin masu halarta daga al'adu daban-daban.

== Matsayi na duniya da mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa ==
=== Matsayi na duniya ===

Ana lissafin '''matsayi na duniya (WS)''' na mai guje-guje akan kankara/ma'aurata ne bisa sakamakon da aka samu a halin yanzu da kuma kakar wasanni guda biyu da suka gabata. Masu gasa suna samun maki ne bisa tsayawarsu ta karshe a wani taro da kuma nauyin taron. Taron da ke gaba suna samun maki:&lt;ref name=isuws/&gt;
* Gasar ISU (Gasar Duniya, Turai, Nahiyoyi Hudu, da Gasar Junior ta Duniya) da Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi: Mafi kyawun sakamako ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.
* ISU Grand Prix na Figure Skating da Final (manya da yara): Mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda hudu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.
* Gasar kalandar duniya ta manya: Mafi kyawun sakamako guda biyu ta maki a kowace kakar wasa, mafi kyawun sakamako guda hudu ta maki a kakar wasanni uku.

Bayan Gasar Duniya ta kakar wasa ta halin yanzu, ana goge sakamakon kakar wasa ta farko. Sabuwar abota tana farawa ne da maki zero; babu saurin canja makin WS idan ma'auratan guje-guje ko raye-rayen kankara suka rabu kuma suka kafa sabuwar abota.

Wadannan matsayi ba lallai ne su nuna kwarewar mai guje-guje (masu guje-guje) ba. Saboda iyakancewar shiga gasa (ba fiye da uku daga kowace kasa ba), da kuma mabanbantan adadin masu guje-guje masu daraja ta sama a kowace kasa, masu guje-guje daga wasu kasashe na iya samun matsala wajen cancantar yin gasa a manyan tarurruka. Don haka, mai guje-guje da yake da karancin SB amma daga kasar da take da karancin masu guje-guje masu matsayi na sama na iya cancanta zuwa babban taro yayin da mai guje-guje da yake da mafi girman SB amma daga kasar da take da fiye da masu guje-guje uku masu matsayi na sama ba za a iya tura shi ba. Sakamakon haka, yana yiwuwa mai guje-guje da ke samun maki mai yawa a kowane lokaci ya kare da samun karancin matsayi na duniya.

Ana lissafin '''matsayi na duniya na kakar wasa''' na mai guje-guje/ma'aurata kamar yadda ake lissafin matsayin duniya gaba daya amma ya dogara ne kawai akan sakamakon kakar wasa mai gudana.&lt;ref name =isuws/&gt;

=== Mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa ===
'''Mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa (SB)''' na mai guje-guje/ma'aurata shi ne maki mafi girma da aka samu a tsawon wata kakar wasa ta musamman. Akwai SB na jimillar maki da kuma maki na sassan daban-daban (shirye-shiryen gajeru/raye-rayen rhythmic, guje-guje na kyauta/raye-rayen kyauta). Makin da aka samu a zababbun gasannin kasa da kasa kawai ake la'akari da su; makin da aka samu a gasannin gida da wasu tarurrukan kasa da kasa ana yin watsi da su. Mafi kyawun jimillar maki na kowane mai guje-guje ko ma'aurata yana bayyana ne a jerin mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa,&lt;ref name=isustats&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/statistics|title=Statistics Personal &amp; Season's Best|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205015050/https://www.isu.org/statistics|archive-date=December 5, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ana iya amfani da jerin wajen taimakawa wajen tantance wadanda za su shiga jerin Grand Prix na kakar wasa mai zuwa.

Masu guje-guje da ma'aurata suna da makin '''mafi kyawun sakamako na kashin kai (PB)''', wato makin mafi girma da suka samu a duk tsawon aikinsu, ta fuskar jimillar maki da makin sassan daban-daban. Sai dai kuma, makin PB ba za a iya kwatanta su sosai ba idan aka same su a kakannin wasa mabanbanta saboda ana yi wa dokokin ISU da dokokin fasaha gyara kafin kowace sabuwar kakar wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isu.org/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical|title=ISU Statutes, Constitution, Regulations &amp; Technical Rules (2018)|publisher=ISU|access-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124222003/https://www.isu.org/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical|archive-date=November 24, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Za a iya samun sharuudda mabanbanta da aka gindaya don samun wani matsayi; abubuwan da ake bukata na iya canzawa kuma ana iya yarda da sabbin abubuwa (alali misali, an yarda da quads guda biyu a gajeren shirin tun daga kakar wasa ta 2010–11); kuma darajar maki na iya canzawa (alali misali, an kara darajar quads bayan Olimpic na 2010, kuma ba a kara ba da matsayi ga jerin matakai na biyu a gasar maza). Sakamakon wadannan bambance-bambance a bukatun fasaha, ISU tana ba da muhimmanci sosai ga mafi kyawun sakamakon kakar wasa, wadanda za a iya kwatanta su sosai a tsawon kowace kakar wasa guda daya.

== Waka da tufafi ==
=== Waka ===
Don shirye-shiryen gasa, a baya an iyakance masu guje-gujen kankara zuwa kadaye kadai; ana yarda da sautin murya kawai idan ba ya dauke da kalmomi ko rera waka.&lt;ref name=vocalsnote/&gt; Daga kakar wasa ta 1997–98, ISU ta yanke shawarar ba da damar rera waka ko kalmomi a cikin wakokin raye-rayen kankara. Koda yake ba a saukaka dokokin ga guda daya ko ma'aurata ba, alkalai ba koyaushe suke yin da'a akan laifuka ba. A Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2011, wakoki na dogon shirin Florent Amodio sun dauki kalmomi amma karancin alkalai suka kada kuri'ar rage maki.&lt;ref name=w11mlp/&gt; A cikin watan Yuni 2012, ISU ta kadata kuri'ar ba masu guje-guje daga dukkan fannoni damar zabar waka mai kalmomi a cikin shirye-shiryen gasarsu tun daga kakar wasa ta 2014–15.&lt;ref name=NYT140218/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN140716/&gt;

Masu guje-guje suna iya amfani da masu gyara waka kwararru domin wakarsu ta cika bukatun da ake bukata.&lt;ref name=NDN140217/&gt; Masu raye-rayen kankara ana bukatarsu da su yi tsalle zuwa waka mai tsayayyen sautin duka ko guda. Masu guje-guje guda daya da ma'aurata galibi suna guje-guje ne zuwa sauti da saurin wakarsu. Don dogon shiri, masu guje-gujen kankara galibi suna neman waka mai yanayi da sauri mabanbanta.&lt;ref name=IN120423/&gt; Zabukan waka na baje koli ba su da tsauri sosai idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen gasa.

=== Tufafi ===

[[File:Mone Chiba of Japan at 2025 Skate Canada International. 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Misalin kayan guje-gujen kankara na mata (Mone Chiba a gasar Skate Canada International ta 2025)]]
Galibi masu guje-guje suna da 'yancin zabar kayansu, tare da 'yan iyakoki kaɗan. A gasa, mata suna iya saka rigar dress, yawanci tare da gajeren wando mai dacewa a haɗe. An kirkiro wannan dokar tufafi ne a matsayin martani ga kayan Katarina Witt da kuma rawar da ta taka a Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi na 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What not to wear: The rules of fashion on the ice |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=MPR News |date=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210055916/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/01/21/figure-skating-fashion-rules |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, an fadada dokar don ba mata damar saka wando.&lt;ref name=ST041205/&gt; Suna iya saka matsattsen wando mai launin fata a karkashin riguna da siket, wanda zai iya mika har zuwa rufe takalmansu na kankara. Maza dole ne su saka wando{{snd}}ba a ba su damar saka matsattsen wando (tights) ba, koda yake jami'ai ba koyaushe suke rage maki don laifuka ba.&lt;ref name=GS121031/&gt; Ba a buqatar dacewar tufafi a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref name=AS120818/&gt;

Tufafin gasa suna bambanta sosai, daga saukakkan samfura zuwa tufafi masu adosawa ko na roba. Masu guje-guje suna fuskantar hatsarin rage maki idan wani sashe na kayansu ya fadi akan saman kankara. Jami'i yana iya tsayar da shiri idan ya dauki hakan a matsayin hatsari. Masu guje-guje da 'yan uwa suna iya tsara kayansu, wani lokacin tare da taimako daga kocin su ko mai tsara rawa, ko kuma su koma ga masu tsara kaya kwararru.&lt;ref name=AS120818/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN120820cos/&gt;&lt;ref name=AS120914/&gt;&lt;ref name=AS121004/&gt; Tufafi suna iya cin kudin dubban doli idan mai yin kaya na babban matsayi ne ya tsara su.

Bisa dokokin ISU na halin yanzu, tufafi a gasa dole ne su kasance masu dacewa, ba masu bayyana tsaraicta ba, kuma sun dace da shirye-shiryen gajeru da dogaye. Tufafi ba ya kamata su kasance masu nuna fariya ko banbarrakai a halitta ba. Tufafi, duk da haka, suna iya nuna nau'in waka da aka zaba.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt; Koda yake amfani da masana'anta mai launin fata yana nufin tufafin galibi ba su da bayyanawa kamar yadda suke iya gani, an sha yin yunkurin hana tufafin da ke ba da fahimtar &quot;tsaraici mai yawa&quot; ko kuma wadanda ba su dace da gasar wasanni ba.&lt;ref name=usfsa99rb/&gt; Gaba daya, ba a yarda da kayayyakin haɗi ko kayan taimako a gasa ba.&lt;ref name=isuSFTR/&gt; ISU ta ba da damar tohaci don raye-rayen asali a kakar wasa ta 2007–08 amma ba tun daga lokacin ba.

== Cancanta ==
=== Cancantar shekaru ===
Don yin gasa a matakin kasa da kasa na manya, dole ne masu guje-guje kan kankara su kasance suna da akalla shekaru 17 kafin ranar 1 ga Yuli na shekarar da ta gabata. Don samun cancantar shiga tarurrukan matakin matasa (junior), dole ne mai guje-guje ya kasance yana da akalla shekaru 13 amma bai kai shekaru 19 ba kafin wannan ranar (ko shekaru 21 ga maza masu guje-guje biyu-biyu da masu raye-rayen kankara na maza da mata).&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref name=isuage/&gt; Dole ne mai guje-guje ya cika buqatar shekaru ''kafin'' ranar 1 ga Yuli ta yi a wurin haihuwarsa. Alal misali, an haifi Adelina Sotnikova 'yan awanni kadan bayan shiga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1996, a Moscow, kuma sakamakon haka, ba ta samu cancantar yin gasa a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ba har sai shekara ta 2011 da kuma Gasar Manya ta Duniya har sai shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref name=se1210/&gt; Dokokin ISU suna aiki ne akan tarurrukan kasa da kasa. Kasashe da yawa ba su da buqatar shekaru don gasannin gida wadanda ba na ISU ba, don haka, wasu masu guje-guje suna yin gasa a matakin manya a cikin kasa yayin da ba su cika cancantar yin gasa ta kasa da kasa ba.

Hukumar ISU ta yi gyara ga dokokin shekarunta sau da yawa. Kafin shekarun 1990, shekaru 12 shi ne mafi karancin shekaru don gasannin kasa da kasa na manya.&lt;ref name=cbs980615/&gt; An gabatar da sabbin dokoki a shekara ta 1996, wadanda suka buqaci masu guje-guje su kasance suna da akalla shekaru 15 kafin ranar 1 ga Yuli na shekarar da ta gabata don yin gasa a Wasannin Olimpic, Gasar Duniya, Turai, ko Nahiyoyi Hudu.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt; Mafi karancin shekaru ga dukkan sauran tarurrukan kasa da kasa na manya shi ne shekaru 14 har zuwa Yuli 2014, lokacin da aka daga shi zuwa shekaru 15. Daga nan aka daga iyakacin shekarun zuwa shekaru 16 don kakar wasa ta 2023–24 kafin a kara shi zuwa shekaru 17 don kakar wasa ta 2024–25, a matsayin matakin kara iyakacin shekarun a hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merrell |first=Chloe |date=7 June 2022 |title=Figure Skating: ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/figure-skating-isu-congress-age-limit-increase |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Olympics: Olympic Games, Medals, Results &amp; Latest News |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705124526/https://olympics.com/en/news/figure-skating-isu-congress-age-limit-increase |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan mataki ya zo ne bayan badakalar Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Sanyi na 2022 game da zargin amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi na Kamila Valieva da kuma gardama kan alhakinta a matsayinta na yarinya karama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mngqosini |first=Sammy |date=2022-06-07 |title=Ice skating set to gradually raise minimum competition age from 15 to 17 after Kamila Valieva doping scandal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/sport/kamila-valieva-ice-skating-minimum-age-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223172329/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/07/sport/kamila-valieva-ice-skating-minimum-age-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2005–06, Mao Asada ta kasar Japan tana da cancantar shekaru don yin gasa a Grand Prix Final, inda ta lashe kambun, amma ba a ba ta damar yin gasa a Wasannin Olimpic ba. Don Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2008, Amurka ta kasance mai tilastawa tura masu guje-guje wadanda suka kare a matsayi na 5 da na 7 a cikin kasa saboda masu guje-guje masu matsayi na sama suna da karancin shekaru, ciki har da wata mai guje-guje da ta rasa ranar yanke hukuncin shekaru da kwanaki 20.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref name=agereq/&gt; Hukumar ISU ta kiyaye wadannan dokoki sosai a shekarun baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt; Sai dai kuma, an ba Natasha Kuchiki mai guje-guje biyu-biyu ta Amurka damar yin gasa a Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 1990 lokacin da take da karancin shekaru biyu, kuma Tara Lipinski mai guje-guje guda daya ta Amurka, wadda take da shekaru 13 a lokacin da aka gabatar da dokokin 1996, an bar ta ta hanyar tsohuwar doka (grandfathered) domin ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai cancanta don tarurrukan nan gaba, tare da sauran masu guje-guje wadanda suka riga suka yi gasa a Gasar Duniya. Wata damar kauce wa doka ta kuma kasance na 'yan shekaru ga masu guje-guje marasa isassun shekaru wadanda suka samu lambar yabo a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=cbs000316/&gt;

Kamar yadda yake a fannin motsa jiki (gymnastics), wasan guje-guje akan kankara ya fuskanci gardama game da yiwuwar sauya shekaru na bogi. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2011, tambayoyi sun taso game da masu guje-guje Sinawa guda tara. Hukumar jarida ta Associated Press ta gano cewa kwanakin haihuwa da aka jera a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Guje-guje akan Kankara ta China sun nuna cewa mata biyar masu guje-guje, Sui Wenjing, Zhang Dan, Yu Xiaoyu, Geng Bingwa, da Xu Binshu, sun fi karancin shekaru fiye da shekarunsu na ISU, kuma maza shida masu guje-guje, Han Cong, Zhang Hao, Yan Han, Gao Yu, Zang Wenbo, da Xu Zuoren sun fi girman shekaru.&lt;ref name=espn/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20110217/n279378463.shtml|title=曝花滑再有三人涉嫌年龄作假 冰协资料07年已错-搜狐体育|website=sports.sohu.com|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20110217/n279394735.shtml|title=闫涵等花滑小将也陷&quot;年龄门&quot; 黑名单再添三人-搜狐体育|website=sports.sohu.com|access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanakin sun bace daga shafin yanar gizon zuwa ranar 15 ga Fabrairu.&lt;ref name=feb1711/&gt; A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, ISU ta bayyana cewa babu wani sabani ga Zhang Dan, Zhang Hao, da Xu Binshu tsakanin kwanakin haihuwar da aka jera a fasfo dinsu, fom din rajista na ISU, da shafin yanar gizon Kwamitin Olimpic na China.&lt;ref name=feb1711/&gt; 'Yan wasa a China wani lokacin suna fuskantar matsin lamba na kirkirar shekarun bogi.&lt;ref name=survive/&gt;

=== Sauran dokokin cancanta ===
Masu guje-guje suna iya wakiltar kasar da ba su da dan kasa a yawancin gasanni, in ban da Wasannin Olimpic wadanda ke buqatar kasancewa dan kasa.

A yawancin tarurrukan kasa da kasa, kowace kasa tana iya tura wakilci guda daya har zuwa matsakaicin wakilci uku a kowane fannin gasa. Sakamakon haka, koda kuwa mai guje-guje yana da mafi kyawun maki na kakar wasa mai girma, za a iya rashin tura shi ko ita zuwa manyan tarurruka idan kasarsu tana da masu guje-guje nagari da yawa a fanninsu. Wasu masu guje-guje sun yi kokarin kauce wa wannan ta hanyar wakiltar wata kasa daban. A martaninta, ISU ta gabatar da dokoki da ke hana masu guje-guje shiga tarurrukan kasa da kasa na tsawon wani lokaci. A cikin dokokin 2010, ya kasance watanni 24 ko fiye daga ranar Gasar ISU ta karshe.&lt;ref name=genreg2010/&gt; A cikin dokokin 2012, mafi karancin lokaci shi ne watanni 18 ga masu guje-guje guda daya da watanni 12 ga masu guje-guje biyu-biyu/masu raye-rayen kankara daga ranar Gasar ISU ta karshe (Duniya, Turai, Nahiyoyi Hudu, Matasa ta Duniya) da watanni 12 idan suka yi gasa a wata gasa ta kasa da kasa daban.&lt;ref name=genreg2012/&gt; Masu hamayya na iya zama a waje na tsawon lokaci fiye da haka saboda dole ne su kuma samu damar sakin jiki daga kungiyarsu ta baya. ISU ba ta gindaya iyakacin lokacin da kasa za ta iya rike masu guje-guje ba.&lt;ref name=genreg2012/&gt;

Masu guje-guje suna iya rasa cancantarsu ta ISU idan suka yi wasa a cikin nuni ko gasa da ba a ba da amincewa kanta ba.

Tun daga kakar wasa ta 2010–11, an gabatar da mafi karancin maki don Gasar Duniya, Turai, ko Nahiyoyi Hudu. A cikin kakar wasa ta 2011–12, an gabatar da mabanbantan mafi karancin maki don jerin Grand Prix.

== Kashe-kashen 'yan wasa, kudin shiga, da daukar nauyi ==
Guje-guje akan kankara wasa ne mai tsada sosai.&lt;ref name=usfscost/&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt32611/&gt;&lt;ref name=EJ130311/&gt;&lt;ref name=tie110920/&gt; Wannan ya faru ne musamman saboda kudin lokacin amfani da kankara da horarwa da kocin.&lt;ref name=nyt991219/&gt; A karshen shekarun 1980, kuɗaɗen kashewa na mai hamayya mace ta saman goma a Gasar Amurka sun kai kusan dalar Amurka $50,000 a shekara.&lt;ref name=SS880228/&gt; A cikin watan Oktoba 2004, wani labarin U.S. Figure Skating ya yi kiyasin kashe-kashen shekara-shekara akan $9,000–$10,000 ga matakin gabanin matasa, $18,000 ga matasa, $35,000–$40,000 ga 'yan koyo, kuma ya bayyana cewa matakan matasa da na manya sun fi tsada kaɗan.&lt;ref name=usfscost/&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010, 'yan wasan Amurka masu samun lambobin yabo a matakin manya na kasa sun kasance suna da kashe-kashe a matsakaicin dubun-ta'alafai.&lt;ref name=nyt32611/&gt;&lt;ref name=SI130410/&gt; Mai guje-guje na kasar Switzerland Stéphane Lambiel ya bayyana cewa kudaden kashewa na kakar wasansa sun kai kusan francs na Switzerland (CHF) 100,000.&lt;ref name=AS120402/&gt; Kudaden kashewa na zakaran duniya Patrick Chan sun kai dalar Canada (Can$) 150,000.&lt;ref name=embracing/&gt; A shekara ta 2015, CBC Sports ta yi kiyasin cewa tawagar ma'aurata ta Canada tana da kudaden kashewa na kusan Can$100,000 a shekara.&lt;ref name=CBC151118b/&gt;

Kudin kyauta yana da karanci idan kwatanta da sauran wasanni.&lt;ref name=ct111028/&gt; Mai guje-guje guda daya na maza ko mata wanda ya lashe Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2011 ya sami dalar Amurka $45,000,&lt;ref name=isuprev110423/&gt; kusan kashi 1.8% zuwa 2.5% na $1,800,000–$2,400,000 ga wadanda suka lashe gasar tennis ta US Open ta 2011 da Australian Open ta 2012.&lt;ref name=usopen/&gt;&lt;ref name=ap120123/&gt; Ma'aurata wadanda suka lashe kambun masu guje-guje biyu-biyu ko raye-rayen kankara sun raba $67,500.&lt;ref name=isuprev110423/&gt; Wanda ya lashe Grand Prix Final na manya a watan Disamba 2011 ya sami $25,000.&lt;ref name=isu111207/&gt;

Wasu kungiyoyin kasa suna ba da daukar nauyin kudi ga wasu masu guje-guje idan suka cika wadansu sharuudda.&lt;ref name=usfsfunding/&gt; Masu guje-guje da yawa suna yin ayyukan wucin gadi kuma wasu sun yi kokarin tara kudi daga mutane (crowdfunding).&lt;ref name=IN120531/&gt;&lt;ref name=CBC151118/&gt; A Jamus, manyan masu guje-guje da yawa suna shiga aikin soja don daukar nauyin guje-gujensu.&lt;ref name=ifs110713/&gt; A Italiya, wasu masu guje-guje suna shiga kungiyoyin wasanni na hukumomin 'yan sanda, kamar Fiamme Azzurre ta Polizia Penitenziaria (Carolina Kostner, Anna Cappellini, Luca Lanotte)&lt;ref name=peniten/&gt;&lt;ref name=peniten2/&gt; ko Fiamme Oro ta Polizia di Stato (Federica Faiella, Paolo Bacchini).&lt;ref name=polstato/&gt; Wasu masu guje-guje na gasa suna dogara ne akan kudin shiga daga nunin nishadi.&lt;ref name=dilemma/&gt;&lt;ref name=promin/&gt; Dole ne kungiyarsu ta ba da amincewa ga nune-nune, wato masu guje-guje na iya rasa cancantarsu ta gasa idan suka shiga ba tare da izini ba. A wasu lokuta, masu guje-guje suna iya jin matsin lamba na yin gasa yayin da suke da rauni domin a ba su damar yin wasa a cikin nuni.&lt;ref name=dilemma/&gt;
Sauran na iya shiga cikin horar da matasa 'yan wasa domin daukar nauyin kudaden horarwar kansu.

== Raunuka da al'urorin lafiya ==
A wasu kasashen, ma'aikatan lafiya na iya yin jinkiri wajen daukar mataki kan hatsarori. A Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta 2000 a Nice, kasar Faransa, wani mai guje-guje biyu-biyu wanda ya raunana a hatsarin dauka ya kwanta a saman kankara na tsawon mintuna da dama kuma dole ne ya tashi ya bar saman kankara da kansa kafin a ba shi tallafin lafiya.&lt;ref name=AP000329op/&gt;

=== Raunukan kai, fadawa da karawa ===
[[File:Yuzuru_Hanyu_at_2014_Cup_of_China.jpg|thumb|right|Yuzuru Hanyu yana hamayya da kansa a daure da kyalla bayan hatsarinsa a Cup of China ta 2014]]
Masu guje-guje na gasa gaba daya ba su saka kwalkwali ko sauran kayan kariya. Akwai hatsarin raunukan kai, musamman a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata sakamakon fadawa daga dauka.&lt;ref name=cbs991017/&gt;&lt;ref name=binnebose/&gt; Koda yake masu guje-guje biyu-biyu ne suka fi fuskantar hatsari, raunukan kai masu tsanani suna iya faruwa a dukkan fannoni, har da raye-rayen kankara.&lt;ref name=IN160202/&gt;&lt;ref name=IN120713dl/&gt;&lt;ref name=abssk2010/&gt; Abokan gaba sun taba yi wa juna yanka bisa kuskure da ruwan takalminsu na guje-guje.&lt;ref name=batessamuelson/&gt;&lt;ref name=icenetfeb12/&gt; Wannan yana iya faruwa idan abokan gaba suka matsa kusa sosai a lokacin juyawar camel ta gefe-da-gefe. Mata masu guje-guje biyu-biyu da dama sun sami raunukan kai/fuska a lokacin wannan sashe, ciki har da Elena Berezhnaya,&lt;ref name=comeback/&gt; Tatiana Totmianina,&lt;ref name=AP10232004&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=1908101 |title= Totmianina was motionless for five minutes |date= October 24, 2004 |access-date= January 4, 2024 |archive-date= January 4, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240104221944/https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=1908101 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessica Dubé,&lt;ref name=cnn070423/&gt; Mandy Wötzel,&lt;ref name=nytjl980204/&gt; Galina Maniachenko (Efremenko),&lt;ref name=maniachenko/&gt; da Elena Riabchuk.&lt;ref name=rzinj/&gt;

Da take jawabi akan fadawa da firgita kwakwalwa (concussions), Madison Hubbell ta ce &quot;Mafi yawancin lokuta, mafi munin fadawa suna faruwa ne akan abubuwan da muke daukar su da sauki.&quot;&lt;ref name=IN160202/&gt; Ciwon qwandambali (shin splints),&lt;ref name=SM1404/&gt; raunukan gwiwa, da matsalar baya ba bakin abu ba ne.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;&lt;ref name=gs4202/&gt;&lt;ref name=podtod/&gt; Lalacewar kwugu tana iya faruwa sakamakon gwada tsalle da jifa.&lt;ref name=NYT090622/&gt;&lt;ref name=taralip/&gt; A lokuta marasa yawa, babban horo na juyawa yana iya haifar da firgita kwakwalwa a kaikaye (Lucinda Ruh).&lt;ref name=spincon/&gt;&lt;ref name=NBCC140212/&gt;

Ene-ene sun kuma samu raunuka daga masu guje-guje na kungiyoyi mabanbanta lokacin da masu guje-guje da yawa suke horo a saman kankara.&lt;ref name=densta/&gt; Midori Ito ta kara da Laetitia Hubert a Gasar Duniya ta 1991, yayin da Oksana Baiul da Tanja Szewczenko suka kara a Wasannin Olimpic na 1994, amma duka suka ci gaba da yin gasa. A Cup of China ta 2014, Yuzuru Hanyu dan kasar Japan, wanda ya lashe kambun Olimpic a 'yan watannin baya, da Han Yan dan kasar China, suka kara a lokacin dumi jiki na shirin kyauta. Duk da yake sun samu rauni a fili, duka masu guje-gujen biyu sun karkare gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCCA11082014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/yuzuru-hanyu-suffers-nasty-collision-still-wins-silver-at-cup-of-china-1.2828773 |title=Yuzuru Hanyu suffers nasty collision, still wins silver at Cup of China |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010191714/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/yuzuru-hanyu-suffers-nasty-collision-still-wins-silver-at-cup-of-china-1.2828773 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A zamanin horo da masu guje-guje da yawa a saman kankara, mai guje-guje da aka kunna wakarsa bisa al'ada shi ke da 'yancin wucewa. Haka zalika, ma'aurata da masu raye-rayen kankara da ke guje-guje a matsayin raka'a daya suna da 'yancin wucewa akan wadanda ke guje-guje daban saboda sauya hanya ya fi tsada ga ma'aurata.

=== Matsalolin ci da sha da RED–S ===
[[File:Gold_-_2016_Four_Continents_-_2.jpg|thumb|right|Gracie Gold a Gasar Four Continents ta 2016.]]
An ruwaito cewa matsalolin ci da sha sun zama ruwan dare a guje-gujen kankara&lt;ref name=HP100120/&gt;&lt;ref name=HP100121/&gt;&lt;ref name=muscles/&gt; kuma suna iya haifar da haɓakar 'karancin qarfin aiki a wasanni' (RED-S), wanda a da aka sani da &quot;ciwon 'yan wasa mata guda uku&quot;. RED-S ciwo ne na sharuudda guda uku masu alaƙa da juna wadanda za su iya haifar da rashin lafiya mai dorewa a tsakanin 'yan mata da mata har ma da mutuwa. Siffar jiki da buqatar kiyaye ginin jiki mai kyau matsala ce ta kowa a guje-gujen kankara, yayin da masu guje-guje ke tsufa, jikinsu yana canzawa kuma yana canza hanyar da dole ne su fuskanci wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-31|title=The Problem with Body Image in Figure Skating|url=https://grandstandcentral.com/2018/sections/culture/body-image-problem-figure-skating/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Grandstand Central|language=en-US|archive-date=May 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502193045/https://grandstandcentral.com/2018/sections/culture/body-image-problem-figure-skating/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu guje-guje kamar Gracie Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Crouse|first=Karen|date=2019-01-25|title=Gracie Gold's Battle for Olympic Glory Ended in a Fight to Save Herself|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/sports/gracie-gold-figure-skating-.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/sports/gracie-gold-figure-skating-.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Ashley Wagner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-11|title=Ashley Wagner opens up on 'severe depression' after missing 2018 Olympics|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/10/ashley-wagner-olympics-figure-skating-depression-mental-health-instagram-story-video|access-date=2021-05-02|website=For The Win|language=en-US|archive-date=May 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502193840/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/10/ashley-wagner-olympics-figure-skating-depression-mental-health-instagram-story-video|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun fuskanci matsaloli kamar matsalolin ci da sha da kuma bacin rai.

=== Amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi (Doping) ===
Masu guje-gujen kankara a wani lokaci suna samun kyakkyawan sakamako na amfani da kwayoyi masu kara karfi amma ba bakin abu ba ne.&lt;ref name=WADA/&gt; A cikin wata hira ta shekara ta 1991, zakaran Olimpic sau uku Irina Rodnina ta amince cewa masu guje-guje na Soviet sun yi amfani da kayayyakin doping a matsayin shirye-shiryen kakar gasa, inda ta bayyana cewa: &quot;Maza a ma'aurata da guda daya sun yi amfani da kwayoyi, amma wannan ya kasance ne kawai a watan Agusta ko Satumba. An yi hakan ne kawai a lokacin horo, kuma an gwada kowa (a Tarayyar Soviet) kafin gasannin.&quot;&lt;ref name=CT910214/&gt;

== Tarihi ==

[[File:Jackson Haines2.jpg|thumb|Jackson Haines ana daukar sa a matsayin uban guje-gujen kankara na zamani.]]

Koda yake mutane sun dade suna guje-guje akan kankara tsawon shekaru aru-aru, guje-gujen kankara a tsarin da yake a yanzu ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar karnin 19. ''A Treatise on Skating'' (1772) wanda kwararren mai guje-guje, Lt. 'Captain' Robert Jones na kasar Wales (c. 1740–1788) ya rubuta, shi ne littafi na farko da aka sani akan guje-gujen kankara. Ya tsara takalman guje-guje da za a iya haɗawa da takalma ta hanyar sukurori ta diddige (maimakon amfani da tsummoki), kuma wadannan nan da nan sun kasance a masana'antar Riccard a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://skateguard1.blogspot.com/2017/08/a-skeleton-in-rink-closet.html|title=Skate Guard Blog|website=www.skateguard.blogspot.com|access-date=September 15, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216031839/http://skateguard1.blogspot.com/2017/08/a-skeleton-in-rink-closet.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da gasannin a cikin &quot;tsarin Ingilishi&quot; na guje-guje, wanda yake da tsauri da na hukuma kuma ba ya yi kama sosai da guje-gujen kankara na zamani. Ba tare da sauya hanyoyin fasaha na yau da kullun ba na masu guje-guje, iyakantattun motsin guje-gujen kankara ne kawai za a iya yi. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya a tsakiyar shekarun 1800 kafin a kawo inganta ta hannun mai guje-guje na Amurka Jackson Haines, wanda ake dauka a matsayin &quot;uban guje-gujen kankara na zamani&quot;. A tsakiyar shekarun 1860, Haines ya gabatar da sabon tsarin guje-guje, yana haɗa hanyoyi na kyauta da bayyana ra'ayi, wanda aka sani da &quot;tsarin kasa da kasa&quot;. Koda yake ya shahara a Turai, tsarin kasa da kasa na guje-guje ba a karbe shi sosai a Amurka ba har tsawon lokaci bayan mutuwar Haines.&lt;ref name=Haines/&gt;

=== Farkon shekarun 1900 ===
[[File:Special figures by Panin.svg|thumb|left|Lissafin adadi na musamman na Nikolai Panin a Wasannin Olimpic na 1908]]

An kafa Hukumar Guje-guje ta Kasa da Kasa (ISU) a shekara ta 1892. An gudanar da Gasar Figure Skating ta Turai ta farko a shekara ta 1891 a Hamburg, Jamus (wanda Oskar Uhlig ya lashe), kuma an gudanar da Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ta farko a shekara ta 1896 a Saint Petersburg, Rasha (wanda Gilbert Fuchs ya lashe). Maza kadai ne suka yi gasa a tarurrukan farko amma a shekara ta 1902 mace ta shiga Gasar Duniya a karon farko: mace mai guje-guje ta Birtaniya Madge Syers ta yi gasa a gasar maza, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu a bayan Ulrich Salchow na Sweden. ISU cikin sauri ta hana mata yin gasa da maza, kuma ta kafa gasar &quot;mata&quot; daban a shekara ta 1906. An gabatar da guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata a Gasar Duniya ta 1908, inda Anna Hübler da Heinrich Burger na Jamus suka lashe kambun.

Guje-gujen kankara shi ne wasan lokacin sanyi na farko da aka yi a Wasannin Olimpic; ya fara fitowa a Wasannin Olimpic na Lokacin Zafi na 1908 a London.&lt;ref name=AFS2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=ISUHistory/&gt; A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1914, an gudanar da gasar guje-gujen kankara ta kasa da kasa a New Haven, Connecticut. Wannan taro shi ne ginshikin Gasar Amurka da kuma na Canada. Sai dai kuma, gasannin kasa da kasa a guje-gujen kankara sun tsaya sakamakon Yakin Duniya na Farko.

A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Sonja Henie ta kasar Norway ta yi finqau a guje-gujen kankara. Henie ta maida nasarar gasarta zuwa aiki na sana'a mai tsada a matsayin tauraruwar shirin fim da mai guje-guje mai zagaye, sannan ta gindaya salon mata masu guje-guje na saka gajeren siket da fararen takalmi.&lt;ref name=spillhenie/&gt; Suka manyan maza masu guje-guje a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Gillis Grafström na Sweden da Karl Schäfer na Austria.

=== Bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu ===
Gasannin guje-guje sun sake tsayawa na 'yan shekaru sakamakon Yakin Duniya na Biyu. Bayan yakin, da yawancin filayen kankara na Turai da suka lalace, masu guje-guje daga Amurka da Canada sun fara finqau a gasannin kasa da kasa da kuma gabatar da sabbin dabarun fasaha a wasan. Dick Button, Zakaran Olimpic na 1948 da 1952, shi ne mai guje-guje na farko da ya yi tsallen double Axel da triple loop, gami da juyawar flying camel.

Gasar Figure Skating ta Duniya ba ta haɗa da raye-rayen kankara ba har sai shekara ta 1952.&lt;ref name=ISUHistory/&gt; A shekarunsa na farko, raye-rayen kankara ya kasance mai samun finqau daga masu guje-guje na Birtaniya, kuma har zuwa shekara ta 1960 ma'auratan Birtaniya ne ke lashe kambun duniya a kowace shekara, tun daga Jean Westwood da Lawrence Demmy.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=102}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-G0313-0017-001, Ludmilla Beloussowa, Oleg Protopopow.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Masu guje-guje biyu-biyu na Rasha Ludmila Belousova da Oleg Protopopov a shekara ta 1968]]

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1961, daukacin tawagar guje-gujen kankara ta Amurka da kocinsu sun rasu a hatsarin jirgin sama na Sabena Flight 548 a Brussels, Belgium a hanyarsu ta zuwa Gasar Duniya a Prague. Wannan bala'i ya tura shirin guje-guje na Amurka zuwa lokacin sake ginawa.

Yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta haura ta zama babbar runduna a wasan, musamman a fannonin guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata da raye-rayen kankara. Finqau na Soviet da Rasha a guje-gujen kankara na ma'aurata ya fara ne a shekarun 1950 kuma ya ci gaba a duk tsawon sauran shekarun 1900. Kungiyoyi biyar kawai ba na Soviet ko Rasha ba ne suka lashe Wasannin Olimpic da Gasar Duniya daga shekara ta 1965 zuwa 2010.{{sfnp|Hines|2011|p=191}} Lokacin da Shen Xue da Zhao Hongbo na China suka lashe lambar zinare a wasannin 2010, wannan shi ne karon farko tun daga shekara ta 1960 da wata tawaga mai tutar Rasha, Soviet, ko Unified Team (CIS) ba ta lashe lambar zinare ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | url = http://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-olympics-figures16-2010feb16,0,5798394.story | title = Fourth time is their charm | first = Philip | last = Hersh | date = 16 February 2010 | access-date = 16 February 2010 | archive-date = February 1, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240201215302/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-16-la-sp-olympics-mens-figures-adv-2010feb16-story.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35400871/ns/sports-olympic_sports/ |title=Shen-Zhao set record in pairs short program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304020251/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/35400871/ns/sports-olympic_sports/|date=February 14, 2010|archive-date=March 4, 2010|url-status=dead|publisher=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/olympics/index.ssf/2010/02/shen_zhao_capture_pairs_skatin.html|title=Shen, Zhao capture pairs skating gold as China takes silver, too; Russians shut out from podium|date=February 16, 2010|agency=Associated Press|website=cleveland.com|access-date=March 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015201216/http://www.cleveland.com/olympics/index.ssf/2010/02/shen_zhao_capture_pairs_skatin.html|archive-date=October 15, 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-features/news/newsid=444839.html|title=Russian skating slump hits home hard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226040725/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news-features/news/newsid=444839.html|date=February 24, 2010|archive-date=February 26, 2010|url-status=dead|publisher=NBC Olympic broadcasts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gasar Duniya ta 1967 ita ce taro na karshe da aka gudanar a filin kankara na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_euros/2011%20Euro%20Preview.htm |title=2011 European Championships Preview |first=Alexandra |last=Stevenson |year=2011 |work=IceSkatingIntnl.com |access-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921114844/http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_euros/2011%20Euro%20Preview.htm |archive-date=September 21, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin gidajen talabijin da kuma lokacin yanzu ===
Guje-guje na dole a da yana daukar har zuwa kashi 60% na maki a guje-gujen kankara na mutum guda,&lt;ref name=CBS981216/&gt; ma'ana masu guje-guje da zasu iya gina babban nasara a lissafin adadi suna iya lashe gasa koda kuwa kasawarsu ta bayyana a guje-guje na kyauta. Yayinda daukar hoto na gidajen talabijin ga tarurrukan guje-guje ya kara muhimmanci, shaharar guje-guje na kyauta ta karu saboda wannan sashe na gasar ana nuna shi a talabijin ga jama'a, yayin da gasar adadi na dole ba a nuna ta. Masu kallo a talabijin sukan yi korafi idan shirye-shiryen kyauta masu kyau wani lokacin suka kasa yin daidai da nasarar samun lambar zinare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOeI8hGsDPQ&amp;t=128s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/rOeI8hGsDPQ| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Video Magic Memories on Ice| website=YouTube| date=June 28, 2016}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ISU sannu a hankali ta rage nauyin adadi na dole kuma ta gabatar da gajeren shiri a shekara ta 1973.&lt;ref name=CBS981216/&gt; An ce wata babbar matsala ita ce ci gaba da gazawar Janet Lynn wajen samun nasara a matakin duniya duk da kyakkyawan shirinta na guje-guje na kyauta. Alal misali, ta rasa matsayin kan dakali a Gasar Duniya ta 1971 bayan ta lashe gasar guje-guje na kyauta sosai, wanda ya haifar da baci rai da ihu mai karfi daga masu kallo a lokacin bikin ba da lambar yabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tare da wadannan canje-canje, muhimmanci a guje-gujen kankara na gasa ya koma zuwa karuwar 'yan wasa. Yi tsallen triple a lokacin gajeren shiri da guje-guje na kyauta ya zama mafi muhimmanci. A shekarun 1980, wasu masu guje-guje suka fara gwada tsallen quadruple. Jozef Sabovčík na Czechoslovakia ya yi tsallen quad toe loop a Gasar Turai ta 1986 wanda aka amince da shi a taron amma daga baya aka soke shi bayan mako uku saboda taba kankara da kafar da ba ta goyi baya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;quadevo991202&quot; /&gt; A Gasar Duniya ta 1988, Kurt Browning na Canada ya yi tsallen quad toe loop na farko wanda aka tabbatar har zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt880326&quot; /&gt; Duk da tsammanin da aka yi, ya dauki shekaru da dama kafin quads su zama muhimmiyar sashin guje-gujen maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;quadevo991202&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1988, Midori Ito ta Japan ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi tsallen triple Axel, tana tura matsayin 'yan wasa da fasaha ga shirye-shiryen mata. Yanada darajar 20% kachal a shekara ta 1989, an soke adadi na dole daga gasar kasa da kasa a shekara ta 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS981216&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Takahiko Kozuka with Nobuo Sato kiss &amp; cry 2008-2009 GPF.jpg|thumb|left|Takahiko Kozuka yana jiran makinsa tare da kocin sa Nobuo Sato a yankin &quot;Kiss and cry&quot;.]]

Gidajen talabijin sun taimaka wajen shaharar wasan ta hanyar nuna masu guje-guje a yankin kiss and cry bayan yin gasa.&lt;ref name=macur20100222/&gt; Talabijin ta kuma taka rawa wajen cire dokokin iyakance matsayin 'dan koyo' (amateur) wanda a da ke mulkar wasan. A cikin watan Mayu 1990, ISU ta kadata kuri'ar ba masu guje-guje da ke son yin guje-guje a matsayin sana'a damar komawa gasar ISU, muddin sun samu izinin kungiyarsu ta kasa.&lt;ref name=nyt900502/&gt; A shekara ta 1995, a kokarin rike masu guje-guje wadanda zasu iya barin cancantarsu domin shiga cikin tarurrukan sana'a masu kyautar kudi sosai, ISU ta gabatar da kudin kyauta a manyan gasanninta, wanda aka dauki nauyinsa daga kudaden shiga na sayar da haqqoƙin talabijin ga wadannan tarurruka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION TO OFFER PRIZE MONEY |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Issues/1995/02/13/Leagues-Governing-Bodies/INTERNATIONAL-SKATING-UNION-TO-OFFER-PRIZE-MONEY/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Sports Business Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1984, fiye da mutane miliyan 24 a Birtaniya suka kalli ma'auratan raye-rayen kankara Jayne Torvill da Christopher Dean suna samun maki 6.0 gaba daya don gabatarwa, maki na karshe mai kyau sosai a tarihin guje-gujen Olimpic, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 8 a mafi girman lokacin wasanni a zaben Birtaniya.&lt;ref name=BBC840214/&gt;&lt;ref name=CH4GSM/&gt; A shekara ta 1988, Katarina Witt ta Gabashin Jamus ta zama mace ta biyu kawai a tarihin guje-gujen kankara, bayan Sonja Henie ta Norway, da ta kare kambun Olimpic dinta cikin nasara. Mujallar Time ta kirata &quot;fuska mafi kyau ta gurguzu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/9163429/Dancing-on-Ice-judge-Katarina-Witt-talks-money.html |title=Dancing on Ice judge Katarina Wit talks money |first=Lorraine |last=McBride |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114004058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/9163429/Dancing-on-Ice-judge-Katarina-Witt-talks-money.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Binciken Wasanni na Kasa na II na 1993, wanda Associated Press ke dauka a matsayin mafi girman bincike kan shaharar wasannin kallo a Amurka, guje-gujen kankara na mata shi ne wasa na biyu mafi shaharah a tsakanin masu kallo a Amurka,</text>
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'''Nina Chaubal''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992) ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Ayyuka a Trans Lifeline,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2017 |title=Nina Chaubal helps build community, save lives with Trans Lifeline |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nina-chaubal-helps-build-community-save-lives-trans-lifeline-n728411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133800/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nina-chaubal-helps-build-community-save-lives-trans-lifeline-n728411 |archive-date=2019-06-29 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Trans Lifeline needs help to continue saving lives |url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/trans-lifeline-needs-help-continue-saving-lives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201023912/https://www.glaad.org/blog/trans-lifeline-needs-help-continue-saving-lives |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=January 27, 2020 |website=GLAAD}}&lt;/ref&gt; layin wayar tarho na farko da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kashe mutane masu canza jinsi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mechanic |first=Jesse |date=December 22, 2017 |title=America's First Transgender Suicide Hotline Is Now Live |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-first-transgender-suicide-hotline-is-now_b_5a3d253ee4b0df0de8b0648c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007041225/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-first-transgender-suicide-hotline-is-now_b_5a3d253ee4b0df0de8b0648c |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=HuffPost}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=A Volunteer With Trans Lifeline Talks About Why People Are Scared—and Dialing |url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2018/10/30/a-volunteer-with-trans-lifeline-talks-about-why-people-are-scared-and-dialing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010081826/https://www.wweek.com/news/2018/10/30/a-volunteer-with-trans-lifeline-talks-about-why-people-are-scared-and-dialing/ |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=Willamette Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2019 |title=The Only Crisis Hotline by Trans People, For Trans People |url=https://www.papermag.com/trans-lifeline-crisis-hotline-2639196886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723150924/http://www.papermag.com/trans-lifeline-crisis-hotline-2639196886.html |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2020 |website=PAPER}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Kanada]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2015 |title=Transgender support line launches for Canadians as creators look to expand &amp;#124; canada.com |url=https://o.canada.com/news/transgender-support-line-launches-for-canadians-as-creators-look-to-expand-trans-lifeline-577069 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607120328/http://o.canada.com/news/transgender-support-line-launches-for-canadians-as-creators-look-to-expand-trans-lifeline-577069 |archive-date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=January 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na babbar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin LGBTQ+ kuma mace 'yar canjin jinsi, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICE Is Detaining A Leading Local Trans Activist &amp; Supporters Are Urging Help |url=https://chicagoist.com/2016/12/30/ice_is_detaining_a_leading_local_tr.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407024757/https://chicagoist.com/2016/12/30/ice_is_detaining_a_leading_local_tr.php |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=The Chicagoist}}&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da aka tsare Chaubal a tsare a hannun masu shige da fice, labarin ya yi fice a cikin jaridu na ƙasa kamar ''The New York Times''  da Chicagoist . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto10&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2019, Chaubal ya kasance batun shirin farko na ''&quot;America in Transition&quot;'', wani shirin gaskiya game da mutanen da suka canza launin fata. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TV Review - America in Transition - DelmarvaLife |url=http://www.delmarvalife.com/delmarvalife/the-m-report/tv-review-america-transition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327064436/http://www.delmarvalife.com/delmarvalife/the-m-report/tv-review-america-transition/ |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2020-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Chaubal ya girma a [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Indiya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Tana da shekaru 13, ta gano kalmar 'transgender' kuma ta fahimci cewa tana kwatanta ta. Ta sami alaƙa da sauran mutanen da ke canza jinsi ta intanet. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi da aiki ==
A shekarar 2009, Chaubal ya yi ƙaura shi kaɗai zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] bisa takardar izinin ɗalibi don halartar kwaleji &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2016 |title='Being denied what is integral to you': The struggle for transgender rights |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/being-denied-what-is-integral-to-you-the-struggle-for-transgender-rights/story-n8CTmRqUbFoRIaCEIQwokJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/being-denied-what-is-integral-to-you-the-struggle-for-transgender-rights/story-n8CTmRqUbFoRIaCEIQwokJ.html |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Jami'ar Illinois Champaign-Urbana . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumn – Innovative Software and Data Analysis |url=https://ssa.ncsa.illinois.edu/isda/about-us/alumn/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aikin horo a Riverbed Technology a shekarar 2011 a matsayin injiniyan software mai tabbatar da inganci. A shekarar 2012, ta yi aiki a Google a irin wannan matsayin. Haka kuma a shekarar 2012, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirye-shirye a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikace-aikacen Supercomputing ta Ƙasa a Jami'ar Illinois . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2013, ta fito a matsayin trans. Ganin cewa iyalinta ba sa goyon bayan halinta na rashin kunya, dangantakar iyali ta lalace. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Chaubal ta sami takardar izinin shiga jami'a ta H1B, takardar izinin shiga jami'a ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a Amurka domin yin aiki a [[Google]] a matsayin [[injiniyan software]], matsayin da ta karɓa a watan Janairun 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trans Lifeline co-founder released from ICE detention |url=https://www.ebar.com/news///246924 |website=The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014, Chaubal ya kafa layin Trans Lifeline tare da Greta Martela. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyar ita ce layin wayar tarho na farko da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kashe kai ga masu canza jinsi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot; /&gt; da [[Kanada]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot; /&gt; Mummunan lamarin ya kasance kusa da ma'auratan, domin Chaubal ya sha fama da tunanin kashe kansa kuma an kwantar da Martela a asibiti saboda kisan kansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Chaubal ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin injiniyan [[Google]] har zuwa watan Afrilun 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Trans Suicide Hotline Founder Heeds the Call |url=https://www.sfweekly.com/news/trans-suicide-hotline-founder-heeds-the-call/ |website=SF Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan watan, ta karɓi muƙamin Daraktan Ayyuka a Trans Lifeline. A watan Fabrairun 2015, Chaubal ya halarci taron ƙasa kan daidaiton LGBT, inda ya kula da wani rumfar Trans Lifeline da ke can. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2015 |title=LGBTQ Denver conference draws thousands, rallies activists |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2015/02/06/lgbtq-denver-conference-draws-thousands-rallies-activists/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, Chaubal ya kasance cikin waɗanda suka yi magana a cikin wani shiri na Miley Cyrus mai suna Happy Hippie wanda ya gabatar da #InstaPride Portraits Campaign.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Nearly 3 Months In, Here's the Impact Miley Cyrus Is Having on LGBT and Homeless Youth |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/123122/nearly-3-months-in-here-s-the-impact-miley-cyrus-is-having-on-lgbt-and-homeless-youth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312204113/https://mic.com/articles/123122/nearly-3-months-in-here-s-the-impact-miley-cyrus-is-having-on-lgbt-and-homeless-youth |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=Mic}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin hotunan, Chaubal ta bayyana tare da matar ta kuma wacce ta kafa Trans Lifeline Greta Martela, da kuma Cyrus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=James Michael |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Miley Cyrus And Instagram Launch #InstaPride |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miley-cyrus-instapride_n_7656390 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423175258/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/miley-cyrus-instapride_n_7656390 |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2020 |website=HuffPost}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2015, Chaubal yana cikin wakilan Gidauniyar Happy Hippie da suka yi jawabi a kan dandamali tare da gabatar da Miley Cyrus a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan kiɗan bidiyo na MTV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paoletta |first=Rae |title=Here Are All The Beautiful People In Miley's Happy Hippie Squad |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2256106/happy-hippie-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610093105/http://www.mtv.com/news/2256106/happy-hippie-vmas/ |archive-date=2019-06-10 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=MTV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Gigi Loren Lazzarato, Tyler Ford, Nina Chaubal, Greta Gustava... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/gigi-loren-lazzarato-tyler-ford-nina-chaubal-greta-gustava-news-photo/486023574 |website=Getty Images}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Chaubal da Trans Lifeline suka ƙaddamar da reshen ayyukansu na Kanada. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Chaubal ya bayyana a KGNU 88.5 FM don tattauna ci gaba da buƙatar tallafin gaggawa ga rikicin canjin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2016 |title=Outsources: Trans Suicide |url=https://news.kgnu.org/2016/02/outsources-trans-suicide/ |access-date=September 24, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019103658/https://news.kgnu.org/2016/02/outsources-trans-suicide/ |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2016, Chaubal ya bayyana a kwamitin &quot;Suicideality Among the Transgender Populations: New Carriers in Fahimta and Treatment&quot; a taron Ƙungiyar Masu Suicidology ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2016 |title=#AAS16 – Summary of Conference Proceedings as Curated from Social Media |url=https://spsmchat.com/2016/04/08/aas16-summary-of-conference-proceedings-as-curated-from-social-media/ |access-date=September 24, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604094411/https://spsmchat.com/2016/04/08/aas16-summary-of-conference-proceedings-as-curated-from-social-media/ |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2018, Hukumar Daraktocin Trans Lifeline ta kori Chaubal da Martela, bayan wani bincike na cikin gida ya gano cewa sun karkatar da sama da dala 350,000 na asusun kungiyar ba daidai ba . Daga baya Chaubal ya kama aiki a Hustle a matsayin injiniyan software, sannan ya koma aiki a Even.com a matsayinsa na injiniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}

A shekarar 2019, Chaubal ya kasance batun &quot;Ina Mafakata?&quot; , shirin farko na ''Amurka a cikin Canji'', shirin gaskiya game da mutanen da suka canza launin fata. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Chaubal ya fara shirya al'umma mai son zama, wurin fasaha, da kuma wurin samar da ƙananan kasuwanci a cikin Hamadar Mojave . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2019 |title=ReelQ: America in Transition |url=https://www.pittsburghcurrent.com/reelq-america-in-transition/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsare ICE da kuma sakinsa ===
A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2016, yayin da take tuki daga [[California]] zuwa gidanta a [[Chicago]] ta hanyar wani shingen bincike a Wellton, Arizona, jami'an ICE sun tsayar da Chaubal suka kuma tsare shi, inda suka nemi fasfo dinta. Ta ɗauki hotonsa, wanda shine lokacin da suka ga an sanya mata suna namiji a kai, wanda ya bambanta da yanayin jinsinta a zahiri. Sun kuma lura cewa tana ƙasar ne bisa takardar izinin aiki da ta ƙare, duk da cewa ta auri wata 'yar ƙasar Amurka, Martela bisa doka. Daga nan aka kai ta wani gidan yari a Arizona, wanda hakan ya sa aka shigar da ita Cibiyar Tsare-tsare ta Eloy, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto10&quot; /&gt; wacce aka yi wa lakabi da cin zarafin fursunonin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ+]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gómez |first=Laura |title=Transgender women describe journey of fear in ICE detention in Arizona |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/immigration/2016/04/30/transgender-women-ice-detention-eloy/83685642/ |website=azcentral}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake ta a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2017 bayan ta saka takardar biyan kuɗi ta dala $4,500, wanda ta samu damar yin hakan da taimakon wani kamfen na tara kuɗi ta yanar gizo. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot; /&gt;

=== Zamba ===
A watan Janairun 2018, wani bincike na cikin gida na Trans Lifeline wanda ya shafi kwararrun lauyoyi da na kudi masu zaman kansu ya nuna cewa Chaubal da Martela sun yi sayayya ba tare da izini ba da dala $353,703 don amfanin kansu da ayyukan gefe. Hukumar Daraktoci ta cire waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar nan take ta fara neman sulhu. &lt;ref name=&quot;TransLifeline-LeadershipTransition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trans Lifeline Executive Team &amp; Board of Directors |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Leadership Transition, 2017 Taxes, and How We're Moving Forward |url=https://translifeline.org/the-leadership-transition-2017-taxes-and-how-were-moving-forward/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Trans Lifeline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trans Lifeline |title=An Update on the Trans Lifeline Leadership Transition |url=https://us12.campaign-archive.com/?u=45c137600e210e5bdb6b92227&amp;id=9f1ca3aba4 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=us12.campaign-archive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TransLifeline-990-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ken Schwencke |last2=Mike Tigas |last3=Sisi Wei |last4=Alec Glassford |last5=Andrea Suozzo |last6=Brandon Roberts |date=2013-05-09 |title=Nonprofit Explorer — TransLifeline — Full Filing |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/472097494/201940289349300939/full |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaubal da Martela sun sami damar biyan dala $8,585, kuma a watan Yunin 2018, sun amince su biya sauran kuɗin a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, maimakon shari'a ko wasu yunƙurin dawo da kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;TransLifeline-990-2018&quot; /&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* A shekarar 2017, an nada Chaubal a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar bayar da tallafi ga al'umma ta Trans Justice Funding Project. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Introducing 2017 TJFP Community Grantmaking Fellow, Nina Chaubal! |url=https://www.transjusticefundingproject.org/introducing-2017-tjfp-community-grantmaking-fellow-nina-chaubal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427122716/https://www.transjusticefundingproject.org/introducing-2017-tjfp-community-grantmaking-fellow-nina-chaubal/ |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |access-date=January 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Chaubal ya auri Greta Martela a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Micha Cárdenas</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''''Micha cárdenas'''''', wanda aka Tsarin shi a matsayin micha cárdenas, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ke da alaƙa da farfesa na Critical Race &amp; Ethnic Studies and Performance, Play &amp; Design a [[Zane-zane na gani|gani]]'ar California, Santa Cruz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micha M Cardenas |url=https://oakes.ucsc.edu/about/directory-page-faculty-fellows.php?uid=mcarde14 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Oakes College |publisher=UC Santa Cruz}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cárdenas ta fasaha da kuma ka'idoji mayar da hankali ne a kan algorithms da shayari na trans mutane na launi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.

== Ayyuka da wasan kwaikwayo ==


A matsayinta na memba na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Electronic Disturbance da kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje na b.a.n.g.,  cárdenas ya taimaka wajen tsara kayan aikin Transborder Immigrant, Na'urar GPS da aka tsara don jagorantar baƙi da ke ƙetare iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma taimaka musu su sami tashoshin ruwa yayin tafiyarsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-21 |title=New tool tracks Israeli settlements |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/9/21/new-tool-tracks-israeli-settlements |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa aikin amfani ne mara kyau na kudaden gwamnati kuma zai taimaka wa ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;foxnews&quot; /&gt; Cárdenas ya bayyana cewa manufar wannan aikin ita ce &quot;game da ba da ruwa ga wani da ke mutuwa a cikin hamada na rashin ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spagat |first=Elliot |date=2009-12-30 |title=Activists want to give GPS to immigrants |url=http://www.kansas.com/2009/12/30/1116673/activists-want-to-give-gps-to.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402144146/http://www.kansas.com/2009/12/30/1116673/activists-want-to-give-gps-to.html |archive-date=2012-04-02 |access-date= |website=Wichita Eagle |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;Daga ƙarshe, duk binciken aikin an sauke su ba tare da samun wani amfani da kuɗi ba ko aikin da ba bisa ka'ida ba daga bangaren masu fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blas |first=Zach |date=2012-01-17 |title=Interview with Ricardo Dominguez |url=http://www.reclamationsjournal.org/blog/?ha_exhibit=interview-with-ricardo-dominguez |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424173351/http://www.reclamationsjournal.org/blog/?ha_exhibit=interview-with-ricardo-dominguez |archive-date=2012-04-24 |access-date= |website=Reclamations Blog |publisher=Reclamationsjournal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

=== Littattafai ===
Littafin farko na Cárdenas, wanda aka rubuta tare da Barbara Fornssler a cikin 2010, Trans Desire / Affective Cyborgs, ya tattauna ra'ayi na gwaji na siyasa wanda ya dogara da sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blas |first=Zach |title=''Trans Desire'' by Micha Cárdenas |url=https://hemisphericinstitute.org/en/emisferica-72/7-2-book-reviews/trans-desire-by-micha-cardenas.html |journal=Emisférica |volume=7 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2012, Cárdenas ya rubuta The Transreal: Political Aesthetics of Crossing Realities, wanda Zach Blas da Wolfgang Schirmacher suka shirya, wanda Atropos Press ta buga. Littafin ya tattauna fasaha, wasanni, da gwagwarmaya waɗanda ke amfani da gaskiyar da yawa, gami da haɓaka gaskiyar, haɗakar gaskiyar, da kuma hanyoyin gaskiyar gaskiya.

Littafin Cárdenas na Poetic Operations: Trans of Color Art in Digital Media an buga shi ne ta Duke University Press a cikin 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poetic Operations |url=https://dukeupress.edu/poetic-operations |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Duke University Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubuce-rubuce da labarai ===
A cikin 2013, an buga waƙoƙin cárdenas da wata sanarwa game da waƙoƙi a cikin littafin Troubling the Line na Nightboat Books . Editocin sun bayyana littafin a matsayin tarihin farko na waƙoƙin transgender da genderqueer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Troubling the Line |url=https://nightboat.org/book/troubling-the-line/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Nightboat Books |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014, cárdenas ya ba da gudummawa ga wata kasida mai taken &quot;Movements of Safety&quot; ga littafin Plants, Androids and Operators: A Post-Media Handbook by Mute Publishing . Littafin ya haɗa da rubutun daga masu ilimin kimiyya da masu zane-zane da ke aiki a Post-Media Lab a Jami'ar Leuphana. A watan Disamba, 2017, MIT Press ta buga Trap Door: Trans Cultural Production da Siyasa na Visibility,  wanda ya ƙunshi babi na cárdenas &quot;Dark Shimmers: The Rhythm of Necropolitical Affect in Digital Media&quot;. A cikin wannan aikin, ta tattauna &quot;wasu lokutan lokaci a cikin watanni na Yuni da Yuli 2016, lokacin da matsanancin tashin hankali a kan mutanen trans, baƙar fata, da Latinx ya faru akai-akai, a hankali. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-29 |title=micha cárdenas publishes 'Dark Shimmers' and exhibits 'Becoming Dragon' in Germany |url=https://www.uwb.edu/ias-news/december-2017/micha-cardenas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081745/https://www.uwb.edu/ias-news/december-2017/micha-cardenas |archive-date=2018-05-13 |access-date= |website=The University of Washington Bothell |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cárdenas ta wallafa ayyuka da yawa da suka danganci batutuwan da suka taso a cikin wasan kwaikwayonta, gami da &quot;Becoming Dragon, A Transversal Technology Study&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cárdenas |first=Micha |date=2010-04-29 |title=Becoming Dragon: A Transversal Technology Study |url=https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ctheory/article/view/14680/5550 |journal=CTheory |language=en |pages=4/29/2010 |issn=1190-9153}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin littafin 2013 Critical Digital Studies daga Jami'ar Toronto Press, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Marilouise}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma &quot;I Am Transreal&quot; a cikin littafin 2010 Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation, wanda Kate Bornstein da S. Bear Bergman suka shirya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=S. Bear}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, an buga labarinta &quot;Shifting Futures: Digital Trans of Color Praxis&quot; a cikin Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology . [1] Ayyukanta &quot;Redshift da Portalmetal&quot;, &quot;Pregnancy: Reproductive Futures in Trans of Color Feminism&quot;, [2] &quot;QueerOS: A User's Manual&quot;, [3] da kuma &quot;Trans of Color Poetics: Stitching Bodies, Concepts, and Algorithms&quot; [4] an buga su a cikin 2016.[5] Ƙarin ayyukan da aka buga sun haɗa da rubutun 2010 &quot;Technesexual Interface: Erotic Mixed Reality Performance&quot;, wanda aka rubuta tare da Elle Mehrmand . [6][7] &quot;Monstrous Children of Pregnant Androids: Latinx Futures after Orlando&quot; an buga shi a cikin GLQ a watan Janairun 2018. [8]

== Kyaututtuka ==
A cikin 2022, littafin Cardenas Poetic Operations: Trans of Color Art in Digital Media ita ce ta lashe kyautar Gloria E. Anzaldúa Book Prize daga Ƙungiyar Nazarin Mata ta Kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Book Award Recipients |url=https://www.nwsa.org/awards-scholarships/book-awards/past-book-award-recipients |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=National Women's Studies Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koyarwa da bincike ==
A baya, cárdenas ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na ƙirar kafofin watsa labarai da fasaha da kimiyya a Jami'ar Washington Bothell . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Cárdenas ya kuma kasance malami a sashen zane-zane da kuma shirin Nazarin jinsi a Jami'ar California, San Diego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speculative |url=https://welcometolace.org/lace/speculative/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=critical.gender.studies: fall 2010 courses |url=http://muir.ucsd.edu/cgs/courses/documents/CGSFall2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094158/http://muir.ucsd.edu/cgs/courses/documents/CGSFall2010.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date= |website=John Muir College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance a baya Mataimakin Darakta na Fasaha da Fasaha a UCSD  kuma mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike a Kwamfuta da Fasaha,  Cibiyar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai ta California,  da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta UC San Diego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micha Cárdenas |url=http://cat.ucsd.edu/cardenas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417075139/http://cat.ucsd.edu/cardenas.html |archive-date=2011-04-17 |website=Culture, Art, and Technology |publisher=UC San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Tiffany |date=2008-11-26 |title=UC San Diego Researcher Explores Gender, Humanity and (Virtual) Reality |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb37948548 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=UC San Diego |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lafee |first=Scott |date=2008-12-21 |title=Online-world immersion probes 'possibilities of transformation' |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2008/12/21/online-world-immersion-probes-possibilities-of-transformation/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-first2=Baskurt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cárdenas ya yi aiki a kan aikin Scalable City a cikin gwajin wasan gwaji a Cibiyar Bincike a Kwamfuta da Fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experimental Game Lab |url=http://www.experimentalgamelab.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111095732/http://www.experimentalgamelab.net/ |archive-date=2012-01-11 |access-date= |website=Experimental Game Lab |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monika Brandmeier</title>
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'''Monika Brandmeier''' (Janairu 19, 1959 a Kamen) ƴar Jamus ce mai zane-zane.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Monika Brandmeier ta fara karatun sadarwa ta gani a Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Dortmund daga 1977 zuwa 1982 sannan a Jami'an Fasaha ta Braunschweig da [[Düsseldorf Academy of Art|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf]] daga 1986 zuwa 1991. Ta kasance babban ɗalibi na [[Erich Reusch]] . A shekara ta 1995 ta sami farfesa don ka'idar ƙira da ƙirar filastik a Fachhochschule Niederrhein a Krefeld .

Tun daga shekara ta 2001 ta kasance Farfesa a fannin zane-zane a [[Dresden University of Fine Arts|Jami'ar Dresden ta Fine Arts]] .

Monika Brandmeier ita ce mai magana da yawun kwamitin [[Stiftung Kunstfonds]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kunstfonds.de/ueberuns-gremien.html kunstfonds.de: ''Über uns / Gremien / Vorstand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814230749/http://www.kunstfonds.de/ueberuns-gremien.html |date=2016-08-14 }} (retrieved 27 June 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund . Tana zaune a Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/mitglieder/mitglieder/brandmeier-monika.html?ch=B kuenstlerbund.de: ''Mitglieder &quot;B&quot; / Monika Brandmeier''] (retrieved 27 June 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da tallafin karatu (zaɓin) ==

* 1983: Kyautar karatu daga Ƙungiyar Matasan Jamus da Faransanci, Paris
* 1986: [[Wilhelm-Fabry-Förderpreis]] daga garin Hilden
* 1987: Fellowship daga Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner, New York
* 1989: Baƙo na Gidauniyar Djerassi, Woodside, California
* 1990: Fellowship daga Shirin Philip Morris Artist, Berlin
* 1992: Kyautar karatu daga jihar North Rhine-Westphalia, [[Stiftung Künstlerdorf Schöppingen|Künstlerdorf Schöppingen]]
* 1992: Kyautar Fasaha ta birnin Nordhorn don zane-zane
* 1998: Art Omi, Mai zane a cikin mazaunin, Ghent, NY

== Ayyuka ==

=== Nuni na mutum (zaɓin) ===

* 2021 Yanayi mai zafi, kawai ya fi sanyi. Cibiyar ZAK don Fasaha ta zamani, Zitadelle Spandau, Berlin
* 2020 galibi. Galerie Heike Strelow, Frankfurt a. M.&amp;nbsp;
* 2019 Ra'ayi. Kunsthalle Recklinghausen
* 2019 Neigung, [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Dr. Julius ya shiga, Berlin
* 2017 Feststellung. Dr. Julius ya shiga, Berlin
* 2015 Weiches Licht - Neue Skulpturen und Fotoarbeiten der 90er Jahre. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Conrads, Düsseldorf
* 2015 Sätze. Dr. Julius ya tafi, Berlin
* 2014 Reflexbox, Galerie Mark Müller, Zurich
* 2012 Halitta ta Halitta, Galerie Mueller-Roth, Stuttgart
* 2011 Galerie Califa, Horazdovice, Jamhuriyar Czech (tare da Martin Zet) 
* 2010 Matthew Bown Gallery, Berlin
* 2010 Rashin wasa, Galerie Polaris, Paris
* 2010 Sachverhalt, Gidan Tarihi na Konkrete Kunst, Ingolstadt
* 2010 Sau biyu ko Biyu, Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich
* 2009 Sachverhalt, [[Leonhardi-Museum|Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi]], Dresden
* 2009 Lock, Skulpturi.dk, Copenhagen
* 2009 A cikin jerin sunayen masu tasowa, Galerie Conrads, Düsseldorf
* 2007 Bilder und Blicke / Hotuna da Ra'ayoyi, Gidan Tarihi na Hoto na Zamani, Chicago
* 2004 Tsarin Blick, Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich
* 2003 Galerie Polaris, Paris
* 2002 Platzwunder, Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden
* 2001 Littafi Mai Tsarki, Kolumba, Cologne
* 1999 [[Hamburger Bahnhof - Nationalgalerie der Gegenwart|Hamburger Bahnhof - Gidan Tarihi na Gegenwart]], Berlin
* 1998 karin ƙarya da layi (tare da Jordan Baseman), Mario Flecha nune-nunen sararin samaniya, Girona, Spain
* 1997 21 Zeichnungen, Gidan Otto Schweins, Cologne
* 1996 Raum verpflichten (und vier Stützen), Städtische Galerie Ravensburg
* 1995 babu ra'ayoyi sai dai a cikin abubuwa. Babu ra'ayoyi sai dai a cikin abubuwa. Zadnych da kuma Doguar Doguar, (tare da Hartmut Böhm) Gidan Tarihi na Artists, Lodz
* 1993 Albrecht Dürer Gesellschaft, Nuremberg
* 1992 R -5, L -6, James Hockey Gallery, Farnham, Ingila
* 1992 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Skulpturen, Marl (tare da Claudia Terstappen) 
* 1992 A cikin al'ada Aufenthalt im Freien, Städtische Galerie Nordhorn
* 1990 Nunin hadin gwiwa - sikelin ruwa, (tare da Emiko Kasahara), Cibiyar Fasaha ta Spiral, Tokyo
* 1989 sehr - Raumkonzept VII, Kunstraum Buchberg, Austria (tsayarwa ta dindindin) 
* 1989 und ein paar Schuhe wie Anführungsstriche (sun), Galerie Schütz, Frankfurt a. M.&amp;nbsp;

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. ''Monika Brandmeier Zeichnungen.'', Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg, 1999, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3933096104&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* U. Rüth: Die Skulptur: Monika Brandmeier, Marga Dehnen, Angelika Janz, Susanne Windelen, Schüppenhauer, 1988, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3926226143&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Millicent Percival</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Millicent Percival''' (ya mutu a shekarar 2015  ) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Antigua da Barbuda kuma tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Antigua da Barbuda . &lt;ref name=&quot;AntiguaFocus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda Govt. honors Senator Millicent Percival with official funeral |url=http://antiguafocus.com/antigua-and-barbuda-govt-honors-senator-millicent-percival-with-official-funeral/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211073336/http://antiguafocus.com/antigua-and-barbuda-govt-honors-senator-millicent-percival-with-official-funeral/ |archive-date=11 February 2018 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Antigua Focus}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara naɗa ta a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Afrilun 1984.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar Dattawan Antigua da Barbuda daga 21 ga Maris 1994 zuwa 26 ga Fabrairu 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanElections&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Millicent Percival |url=http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/percival_millicent.asp |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Caribbean Elections |publisher=KnowledgeWalk Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702172241/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/percival_millicent.asp |archive-date=2 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance babbar mamba a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata na Antigua Trades and Labour Union da kuma Antigua Labour Party . An yi mata jana'iza a hukumance a Cocin Anglican na St. George da ke Fitches Creek a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanTimesNews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Justin |title=Millicent Gwendolyn Percival laid to rest in official funeral service |url=http://www.caribbeantimes.ag/millicent-gwendolyn-percival-laid-to-rest-in-official-funeral-service/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Caribbean Times News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702172244/http://www.caribbeantimes.ag/millicent-gwendolyn-percival-laid-to-rest-in-official-funeral-service/ |archive-date=2 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rajan Raje</title>
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'''Rajan Raghunath Raje''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1957) ɗan fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya&lt;ref name=&quot;Bike rally&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2011 |title=Bike rally held in support of Anna's Jan Lokpal stir |url=http://www.dnasyndication.com/dna/MUMBAI/dna_english_news_and_featuresBike-rally-held-in-support-of-Annas-Jan-Lokpal-stir/DNMUM218911 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2011 |title=Rajan Raje to float new party this week |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajan-raje-to-float-new-party-this-week/875009 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raje kuma shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta yankin, Dharma Rajya Paksha a jihar [[Maharashtra]], [[Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DRP Establishment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 November 2011 |title=Rebel Rajan Raje challenges MNS with a new party |url=http://www.dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=4GiCrkleU5tBVncd894iKE5MequmC4L3puHZU7NVjec= |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speed news: Thane politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Thane-politics/speednewsbytopic/keyid-836150.cms |access-date=24 August 2013 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Raje ya girma a [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], wani yanki da ke kusa da [[Mumbai]]. Ya kammala karatun lauya ne &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot; /&gt; daga Jami'ar Mumbai. Raje ya tsaya a matsayi na farko a jarrabawar SSC tsakanin ɗaliban Marathi a gundumar kuma ya zo na 16 a jihar don wannan jarrabawar. Raje ya kuma sami tallafin karatu na ƙasa, tallafin karatu na jiha da kuma tallafin karatu na Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. &lt;ref name=&quot;MNS Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loksabha election 2009 MNS candidates |url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=67&amp;smid=39&amp;did=0&amp;dsid=0&amp;pmid=0&amp;id=904 |website=MNS Official Website |access-date=2026-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817050549/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=67&amp;smid=39&amp;did=0&amp;dsid=0&amp;pmid=0&amp;id=904 |archive-date=2014-08-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Thane rebel may upset MNS apple cart |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM227989 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rajan Raje ya buga wakoki a cikin novel ''Rajhans.''&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot; /&gt; Yana auren Ranjan. Suna da ɗa ɗaya da 'ya mace ɗaya.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Rajan Raje ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwadago tsawon shekaru 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot; /&gt; A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙungiyar kwadago, Raje ya yi yaƙi da tsarin aikin kwangila (watau kwangilolin ma'aikata) da manufofin 'yantar da jama'a da kuma mallakar kamfanoni a masana'antun samarwa da ayyuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;crime&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2009 |title=Less jobs, more crime |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Less-jobs-more-crime/articleshow/4096187.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-09/mumbai/28044972_1_crime-defaults-joblessness |archive-date=31 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2012 |title=Sulzer Pumps employees get Rs 1.20 lakh bonus payout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sulzer-Pumps-employees-get-Rs-1-20-lakh-bonus-payout/articleshow/16224337.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-02/mumbai/33548067_1_bonus-payout-employees-sulzer-pumps |archive-date=31 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title=At AAP launch in Maharashtra, Kejriwal releases 'black paper' on irrigation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/kejriwal-launches-party-in-maharashtra-seeks-irrigation-scam-probe-542589.html |website=FIRSTPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2012 |title=Kejriwal launches AAP in Maharashtra, slams Chavan govt over irrigation scam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/arvind-kejriwal-launches-aam-admi-party-in-maharashtra-123099-2012-12-02 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title=Aam Aadmi Party's Maharashtra unit launched in Raigad district |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/aam-aadmi-party-maharashtra-unit-launched-in-raigad-123142-2012-12-02 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2009 |title=Mumbai-Thane: Whose election is it anyway? |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/10/stories/2009101057180500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014212053/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/10/stories/2009101057180500.htm |archive-date=14 October 2009 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2008 |title=KEEPING THE STAFF HAPPY Workers just love to be a part of this firm |url=http://www.epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA4LzA5LzI1I0FyMDA0MDI=&amp;Mode=HTML&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235334/http://www.epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA4LzA5LzI1I0FyMDA0MDI=&amp;Mode=HTML&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=30 December 2013 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2009 |title=Political turncoats in for a close call |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-27/news/28389027_1_thane-ganesh-naik-shiv-sena |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000144/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-27/news/28389027_1_thane-ganesh-naik-shiv-sena |archive-date=31 December 2013 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyoyin Raje suna gudanar da su ne a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar 'Dharmarajya Kamgar-Karmachari Mahasangh', wadda daga baya ta kafa jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa da aka kafa a 2011.

A cikin 2009, Rajan Raje ya shiga siyasa ta hanyar shiga Maharashtra Navnirman Sena . Raje ya fafata a zaben Lok Sabha da na 'yan majalisar jiha a matsayin dan takarar Maharashtra Navnirman Sena daga mazabar Thane, amma bai samu kujera ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot; /&gt; Raje ya bar Maharashtra Navnirman Sena saboda bambancin akida tsakaninsa da babbar jam'iyyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2010 |title=MNS man to quit over English banner |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/MNS-man-to-quit-over-English-banner/Article1-534796.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428035154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/MNS-man-to-quit-over-English-banner/Article1-534796.aspx |archive-date=28 April 2010 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title=Mumbai after Thackeray |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/mumbai-after-thackeray |website=Open Media Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2009 |title=Navi Mumbai unit's dy chief quits along with 31 others |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNMUM131347 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2011, Rajan Raje ya kafa nasa jam'iyyar siyasa, DharmaRajya Paksha (DRP) bayan ya bar Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. &lt;ref name=&quot;DRP Establishment&quot; /&gt;

== Matsaloli da fafutuka ==
[[File:Rajan_raje_at_roha_original.jpg|right|thumb| Raje yana tattaunawa da Arvind Kejriwal a lokacin da ake ƙaddamar da bikin Aam Aadmi, a Roha, [[Maharashtra]]]]
Rajan Raje ya yi zanga-zanga kan aikin madatsar ruwa ta Shai na Gwamnatin Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title=Kejriwal launches party in Maharashtra, seeks irrigation 'scam' probe |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/031212-Kejriwal-launches-party-in-Maharashtra-seeks-irrigation-scam-probe.htm |website=MID DAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Kejriwal launches party in Maharashtra, seeks irrigatin 'scam' probe |url=https://issuu.com/abpl/docs/av_8thdec12 |website=issuu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raje ya yi adawa da shirin da aka yi na samar da aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya na Jaitapur, wanda ya shiga zanga-zanga, tarurruka da kuma daukaka kara kan daukar mataki tun daga shekarar 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpressNews&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2011, Raje ya shirya wani fim mai suna ''High Power''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Power Trailer |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2013/06/07/Power_play/#/video |access-date=17 September 2013 |website=article.wn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; game da matsalolin da al'ummar yankin suka fuskanta sakamakon tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta atomic ta farko a Indiya a Tarapur, wadda aka gina a shekarar 1962. Hukumar tace fina-finai ta Indiya, a lokacin da take nuna fina-finanta na farko, ta musanta takardar shaidar cewa batun fim din ya saba wa manufofin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=Banned at home, Yellow Oscar winner abroad |url=http://dearcinema.com/article/banned-at-home-yellow-oscar-winner-abroad/5048 |website=dearcinema.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2013 |title=Price of Power |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/price-of-power/1123810/ |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2013, an ba fim ɗin kyautar 'Yellow Oscar' a bikin fina-finan Uranium na duniya na 3 da aka gudanar a [[Rio de Janeiro]], kuma an fara nuna shi a duniya a [[Brazil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SIX YELLOW OSCARS GO TO SIX COUNTRIES |url=https://www.uraniumfilmfestival.org/index.php/en/press-room/press-release/773-6-nuclear-yellow-oscars-go-to-6-countries |access-date=27 August 2013 |website=uraniumfilmfestival.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raje ya shiga cikin matsaloli da dama da cibiyoyin ilimi. A shekarar 2009, ya shiga zanga-zangar adawa da shirin karin kudin makaranta a makarantun masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2009 |title=Parents support fee hike protest |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNMUM158271 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2010, Raje ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ma'aikata a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Parshvanath da ke adawa da shugabannin Jami'ar Mumbai kan batutuwan da suka shafi rashin shugabanci, rashin biyan albashi da cin zarafin mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2010 |title=Ex-trustee trying to defame college |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/ex-trustee-trying-to-defame-college/article_4081 |website=Afternoon DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2010 |title=City engineering college mgmt to be dissolved |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM163963 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2010 |title=Act, or else we will agitate: Parshvanath college union |url=http://www.dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM165082 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamba na 2012, Rajan Raje ya ƙaddamar da bincike kan wani zargin jabu a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Patil da ke Chunabhatti, Mumbai, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin kuɗin makaranta ba tare da wani dalili ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Fake documents row: Engineering college may face action |url=http://www.dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/Fake-docu-row_-Engg-college-may-face-action/DNMUM260262 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=Fake documents row: Engineering college may face action |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_fake-documents-row-engineering-college-may-face-action_1763845 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title=Probe into fee hike by Vasantdada Patil College of Engineering college |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_probe-into-fee-hike-by-vasantdada-patil-college-of-engineering-college_1772639 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Rajan_raje_discussing_with_anna_hazare_at_ralegansiddhi.JPG|thumb| Rajan Raje yana tattaunawa da Anna Hazare a Ralegan Siddhi, [[Maharashtra]]]]
Raje ya goyi bayan ƙungiyar Anna Hazare mai yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2011 |title=Is political vendetta behind protests against Kher? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/political-vendetta-behind-protests-against-kher/20110413.htm |website=rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobin da suka yi fafutukar kare Dokar Jan Lokpal tare da Hazare a matakin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bike rally&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=City residents to support Anna's cause |url=http://www.dnasyndication.com/dna/MUMBAI/dna_english_news_and_features/City-residents-to-support-Anna%E2%80%99s-cause/DNMUM231909 |website=DNA Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raje ya goyi bayan raguwar ci gaba a Yammacin Ghat inda ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ke barazana ga muhalli. Ya shirya wani taro a shekarar 2013, kuma ya shawarci gwamnatin Indiya kan wannan batu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2013 |title=Why re-examine the Gadgil Committee report on Western Ghats? |url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/why-re-examine-the-gadgil-committee-report-on-western-ghats/32794.html |website=moneylife.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Raj Shrikant Thackeray''' (lafazin Marathi: [ɾaːd͡ʒ ʈʰaːkɾeː), an haife shi '''Swararaj Shrikant Thackeray'''; 14 Yuni 1968) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma wanda ya kafa shugaban Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), jam'iyyar siyasa ta yanki. Shi ɗan uwan Bal Thackeray ne.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Sunan da aka bayar Thackeray munafunci ne na Swararaj. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Unlisted--&gt; |date=2014-06-13 |title=Raj Thackeray, aspiring CM of Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/b-day-special-raj-thackeray-aspiring-cm-of-maharashtra-18315.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayensa sune Shrikant Thackeray (ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Bal Thackeray ) da Kunda Thackeray (ƙaramin matar Bal Thackeray Meena Thackeray). Tun yana yaro ya koyi tabla, guitar da goge. &lt;ref name=&quot;MNS official website&quot; /&gt; Thackeray ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na 10 kuma ya daina zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sir JJ da ke Mumbai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2009 |title=The return of Raj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-return-of-raj/story-OQqQPqT1LXgH3ZanHP94NN.html |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatunsa na 10 a shekarar 1983 kuma ya shiga ''Marmik'', mujallar Bal Thackeray ta mako-mako, a matsayin mai zane mai ban dariya, a shekarar 1985. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=&amp;#124; Niwaant Katta &amp;#124; Raj Thackeray &amp;#124; Atharva Sudame &amp;#124; |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXiTId0Hn0I&amp;ab_channel=AtharvaSudame |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aikin siyasa ==

=== Shekarun farko a Shiv Sena ===
Thackeray ya fara harkokin siyasa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da reshen ɗalibai na Shiv Sena mai suna Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena. Ya shahara a lokacin yakin neman zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Maharashtra na shekarar 1990. A shekarun 1990, Raj ya yi imanin cewa shi ne magajin kawunsa, Balasaheb . Duk da haka, Balasaheb ya nuna matuƙar sha'awar ɗansa, Uddhav Thackeray . 

=== Maharashtra Navnirman Sena ===
Shekaru bayan da sauran shugabannin Bal Thackeray da ke yi masa aiki suka mayar da shi saniyar ware, Raj Thackeray ya yi murabus daga Shiv Sena a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2005 kuma ya sanar da niyyarsa ta kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa. A ranar 9 ga Maris 2006 a Mumbai, Thackeray ya kafa Maharashtra Navnirman Sena . Bayan shekaru 20 na aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar MNS, ya yi kawance a karon farko, tare da dan uwansa Uddhav Thackeray 's Shiv Sena (UBT) don Zaɓen Kamfanin Brihan Mumbai na 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena(UBT) and MNS announce alliance ahead of Mumbai civic polls - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/shiv-senaubt-and-mns-announce-alliance-ahead-of-municipal-corporation-elections/article70432859.ece |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uddhav, Raj Thackeray release ‘Vachan Nama’ for Mumbai civic polls, target BJP - Maharashtra News {{!}} India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/mumbai-bmc-civic-polls-uddhav-raj-thackeray-manifesto-release-bjp-candidate-chori-mamdani-hindu-marathi-2846327-2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-09-08 |website=www.indiatoday.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen 2008 na adawa da Arewacin Indiya ===
A watan Fabrairun 2008, Raj Thackeray ya jagoranci wani mummunan gangami  kan 'yan cirani daga jihohin Arewacin Indiya na [[Uttar Pradesh]] da [[Bihar]] a [[Maharashtra]] da kuma mafi yawansu a babban birnin kasuwancinta, [[Mumbai]] .  A wani gangami da aka yi a Shivaji Park, Raj ya yi gargadin cewa idan ''dadagiri'' (tsoron mamaye) waɗannan mutane ('yan Arewa Indiya) a Mumbai da Maharashtra ya ci gaba, za a tilasta masa ya tilasta musu barin birnin. &lt;ref name=&quot;dadagiri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2008 |title=Raj Thackeray dares Maharashtra govt on north Indians' stand |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327145243/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048753 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=6 January 2009 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |quote=Addressing a crowded public meeting at Shivaji Park in central Bombay, the place where his uncle and Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray addresses his annual Dussehra rallies, Raj warned if the dadagiri of north Indians in Bombay and Maharashtra continued, he would be compelled to make them leave the metropolis.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kama Raj tare da shugaban jam'iyyar Samajwadi, Abu Azmi, amma an sake shi bayan ya biya tarar ₹ 15,000  .

=== Haramcin Ostiraliya ===
Jam'iyyarsa, tare da Shiv Sena, sun haramta wa 'yan wasan kurket na Australiya da ke shiga gasar IPL 3 shiga gasar a Mumbai a matsayin zanga-zangar adawa da harin da aka kai wa ɗaliban Indiya a Ostiraliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NDTV India/ New Delhi&amp;nbsp;22 July 2005 |date=14 January 2010 |title=Shiv Sena targets Australians in IPL |url=http://cricket.ndtv.com/storypage.aspx?id=spoen20100125797 |access-date=4 August 2010 |publisher=NDTV India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar kasuwanci a Marathi ===
A watan Yulin 2008, Raj ya fitar da gargaɗin jama'a cewa shaguna a Mumbai suna buƙatar allunan Marathi ban da allunan Ingilishi da ake da su. Ya yi gargadin cewa bayan wata guda, ma'aikatan MNS za su fara yin baƙar fata allunan da ba na Marathi ba. Duk da cewa akwai wata doka da Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ta zartar da ita a baya, amma ba a aiwatar da ita ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Shashank |date=16 February 2009 |title=Big Marathi signboards not necessary |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/feb/160209-Big-Marathi-signboards.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Mid-day.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2008, ma'aikatan MNS sun kai hari kan shaguna da kuma rufe allunan talla, domin aiwatar da bukatar, bayan haka yawancin masu shaguna sun bi ka'ida suka kuma sanya allunan tallan Marathi. An kama ma'aikatan MNS shida amma daga baya aka sake su bisa beli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=Marathi signboards issue: 'Is this a murder trial?' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-signboards-issue-is-this-a-murder/394661/ |access-date=28 July 2010 |website=Indianexpress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jaya Bachchan ===
Jaya Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan, Jarumi kuma dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Samajwadi, a lokacin da ake kaddamar da wakar [[Bollywood|fim din Hindi]] ''Drona'', yace &quot; हम यूपी के लोग हैं. लोग मा'फ़ कीजिए।&quot; [ ISO : H ''ama Yūpī Kē Loga Haiꞌ, Isaliē Hindi Mēꞌ Bāta Karèngē, Mahārāṣṭra Kē Loga Mā'af Kījiē.'' ] (Mu mutanen UP ne ( [[Uttar Pradesh]] ), don haka za mu yi magana da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] . Mutanen Maharashtra, don Allah ku yi haƙuri). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Jaya Bachchan's controversial clip |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/08video1.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thackeray ta ce ba ta da wani sha'awa ta ambaci dukkan mutanen Maharashtra a cikin wannan sanarwar. Ya yi barazanar haramta duk wani fim na Bachchan sai dai idan Jaya ta nemi afuwa a wani taron jama'a saboda cutar da Maharashtrian. Ma'aikatan MNS sun fara kai hari kan gidajen sinima da ke nuna fina-finai da ke da alaƙa da ita. Sai bayan mijinta, Amitabh Bachchan, ya nemi afuwa ne aka ci gaba da nuna fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2009 |title=Khaleej Times Online |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=/data/weekend/2009/October/weekend_October66.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608080905/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fweekend%2F2009%2FOctober%2Fweekend_October66.xml |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan barazanar Raj, 'Yan sandan Maharashtra sun yi wa Raj wani abu, inda suka ba shi umarnin yin magana da manema labarai. 

=== Mayar da ma'aikatan jiragen sama na Jet airways ===
A watan Oktoban 2008, kamfanin Jet Airways ya kori ma'aikata na wucin gadi 800 kuma ya sanar da korar ƙarin ma'aikata 1100. Ma'aikatan da aka kora sun haɗa da Marathi da kuma 'yan Arewacin Indiyawa. An nemi Thackeray ya shiga tsakani. Bayan haka, Raj Thackeray ya bayyana cewa yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan sun biya kuɗin tsaro ga kamfanin, kuma zai gana da shugabannin Jet don ya yi musu shari'a. Sai dai idan Jet Airways ta soke korar ma'aikata, jam'iyyarsa ba za ta bari wani jirgin Jet Airways ya tashi daga kowane filin jirgin sama a Maharashtra ba.  Cikin awanni 12 bayan sanarwar Raj Thackeray, shugaban kamfanin Jet Naresh Goyal ya sauya korar ma'aikatan tare da mayar da ma'aikatan da aka kora. Ya ce ya yi hakan ne da kansa kuma babu wani matsin lamba na siyasa a kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2008 |title=Jet airways Employees vow Raj Thakre for jobs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNBiGrqiwno&amp;NR=1 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212051230/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNBiGrqiwno&amp;NR=1 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jet barred us from meeting Raj Thackeray: Crew |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?621425 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090441/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?621425 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=news.outlookindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tashi daga Tashi zuwa ... ===
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2009, ma'aikatan MNS sun katse nuna fim ɗin ''Wake Up Sid'' a lokacin da aka fitar da shi a wasu gidajen sinima na Pune da Mumbai, bayan da Raj ya ƙi amincewa da ambaton &quot;Bombay&quot; a cikin fim ɗin maimakon &quot;Mumbai&quot;. An kira birnin Mumbai da &quot;Bombay&quot; a wurare da yawa  da kuma wasu waƙoƙi (waƙoƙin Javed Akhtar ). Furodusa na fim ɗin, Karan Johar, ya ziyarci gidan Raj don neman afuwa, kuma ya amince da dukkan sharuɗɗan Raj, gami da neman afuwa kan kowanne daga cikin firam 700 da ke cikin fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2009 |title=Wake Up Sid in trouble: Rediff.com Movies |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/02/wake-up-sid-in-trouble.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Movies.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan Sadarwa a Marathi ===
Kamfanonin sadarwa a Maharashtra suna ba da sabis na abokin ciniki a cikin Turanci da Hindi kawai. Raj ya bukaci dukkan kamfanonin sadarwa da ke aiki a Maharashtra su fara bayar da wannan sabis a Marathi sannan ya sanya wa'adin zuwa 27 ga Fabrairu 2010, bayan haka jam'iyyarsa ta MNS za ta fara zanga-zanga. Bayan wannan buƙatar, duk kamfanonin sadarwa sun bi ƙa'ida, inda suka gabatar da Marathi a matsayin ƙarin zaɓi a cikin hidimar abokan hulɗarsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony |first=Bobby |date=18 February 2010 |title=Cellular companies to have Marathi voice assistance |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/180210-mobile-companies-marathi-voice-response-mns-demand.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Mid-day.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗakar Belgaum a Maharastra ===
A watan Disamba na 2011, Raj Thackeray ya gana da wata ƙungiya daga MES (Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti) ya shawarce su da su sake duba matsayinsu na haɗa Belgaum da Maharashtra don amfanin mutanen Belgaum masu magana da Marathi. A wani babban bambanci da matsayin da aka daɗe ana riƙewa a baya na ƙungiyoyin 'yan dama na Maharashtra, Raj Thackeray ya nuna cewa hanyar da ta dace maimakon ta motsin rai ita ce buƙatar lokaci. Duk da haka, ya yi kira da cewa idan [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] da kanta ta yanke hukunci kan hadewar Belgaum, zai yi maraba da hakan amma bai kamata a yi wa yanayin yankin Belgaum barazana ba saboda hakan. Ya nemi shugabannin MES da su fara gano ainihin matsalar ko ana kai hari ga Marathis a Belgaum saboda goyon bayan manufar [[Marati|harshen Marathi]] ko kuma saboda suna goyon bayan hadewar Belgaum da Maharashtra. Cikin kuka da ya yi, wanda hakan ya haifar da kuma yaɗa jita-jita, ya ƙara wa al'ummar da ke yaren Marathi a Belgaum baƙin ciki, Thackeray ya ce: &quot;Idan gwamnatin Karnataka a shirye take ta girmama mutanen Marathi, al'adunsu da yarensu, to babu laifi a Belgaum kasancewa a wurin.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2011 |title=Let Belgaum be with Karnataka: Raj Thackeray&amp;nbsp;– Mumbai&amp;nbsp;– DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_let-belgaum-be-with-karnataka-raj-thackeray_1627869 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An soki kalamansa sosai daga ɗan uwansa Uddhav a matsayin barkwanci mai ban tausayi ga mutanen Marathi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2011 |title=Uddhav Thackeray runs to President, urges her to make Belgaum Union territory&amp;nbsp;– Mumbai&amp;nbsp;– DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_uddhav-thackeray-runs-to-president-urges-her-to-make-belgaum-union-territory_1628288 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Raj Thackeray da jam'iyyarsa, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, sun bayyana cewa [[Maharashtra|Jihar Maharashtra]], [[Marati|yaren Marathi]] da kuma mutanen Marathi an karkatar da su ne ta hanyar tasirin 'yan siyasar Marathi.  Ya yi adawa da ƙaura zuwa Maharashtra daga [[Uttar Pradesh]] da [[Bihar]] . 

Raj ya soki shugabannin Arewacin Indiya saboda siyasantar da Chhath Puja, wani biki da ya shahara a gabashin [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], da [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand,]] inda ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo&quot; da kuma &quot;nuna ƙarfin lambobi&quot;. Ya bayyana cewa Chhath Puja wata dabara ce ta siyasa da wasu jam'iyyu ke yi don jawo hankalin 'yan Arewacin Indiya.  An shigar da ƙara a kotun farar hula ta Patna a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu a kansa saboda kalamansa.  Shugabannin siyasa sun soki kalamansa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga jihohin Arewacin Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jaya&quot; /&gt; Ya zargi 'yan cirani da mamaye Maharashtra, jihar da ta fi kowacce ci gaban masana'antu a Indiya, don neman ayyukan yi.  Shugaban MNS ya kuma zargi 'yan cirani da rashin girmama al'adun yankin. A shekarar 2008, yayin da yake bayyana matsayinsa kan sabbin bakin haure da suka sauka a Mumbai, Raj ya ce, &quot;Ya kamata a hana sabbin bakin haure shiga birnin, yayin da wadanda suka riga suka zauna a nan ya kamata su nuna girmamawa ga 'manoos' na Marathi da al'adunsa&quot;. 

An soki Thackeray da jam'iyyarsa da yin amfani da tashin hankali a lokacin zanga-zangarsu, musamman kan baƙi daga UP da Bihar. Dangane da amfani da tashin hankali, Thackeray ya ce tashin hankali wani bangare ne na dukkan zanga-zangar siyasa a Indiya, kuma akwai lamura da dama na tashin hankali da wasu jam'iyyu da kungiyoyi suka aikata. A cewarsa, 'yan siyasa da 'yan jarida na Arewacin Indiya sun yi ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da ya shafi membobin jam'iyyarsa ba bisa ka'ida ba. 

Da farko Thackeray ya yaba wa tsohon Babban Ministan Gujarat kuma Firayim Ministan Indiya mai ci, [[Narendra Modi]] saboda mulkinsa, da kuma ci gaban [[Gujarat]] a lokacin da yake babban minista.  Ya kuma nuna goyon bayansa ga Modi don mukamin Firayim Minista a zaben Lok Sabha na 2014.  Duk da cewa daga baya, ya yi nadamar goyon bayan da ya bai wa Modi kuma tun daga lokacin ya kasance mai sukarsa da gwamnatin NDA. A zaɓen 2019 ga Lok Sabha, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, bai tsaya takara a kujeru ba, kuma maimakon haka Thackeray ya yi kira ga magoya bayan jam'iyyar da su kaɗa ƙuri'a ga ƙawancen NCP da Congress, inda Thackeray ke fafutukar neman 'yan takara daga waɗannan jam'iyyu.  Duk da haka, a lokacin zaɓen 2024, Thackeray ya canza matsayinsa ya kuma sake jaddada goyon bayansa ga Narendra Modi da NDA, bayan rashin nasarar mulkin Maha Vikas Aghadi a Maharashtra, siyasa mai rarrabuwar kawuna da INDI Alliance ta taka, da kuma ambaton aikin NDA daga cire sashe na 370, sanya talaq uku a matsayin laifi, gina Ram Mandir a Ayodhya, da kuma allurar rigakafin COVID-19 a Indiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Raj Thackeray promises support to Modi for 'five years', lists expectations for third term |url=https://theprint.in/politics/raj-thackeray-promises-support-to-modi-for-five-years-lists-expectations-for-third-term/2090678/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MNS da Thackeray ke jagoranta sun soki matakin da cibiyar ta dauka na bai wa Adnan Sami kyautar Padma Shri, kyautar farar hula ta huɗu mafi girma a Indiya, suna masu cewa Sami ba ɗan asalin Indiya ba ne. 

A lokacin da ya fito a shirin talabijin na farko na Aap Ki Adalat a watan Afrilun 2014, Thackeray ya yi wa shugabannin siyasa da dama zagon kasa kan wasu batutuwa daban-daban. Ya soki Ajit Pawar saboda kalamansa kan yin fitsari a cikin madatsar ruwa lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da magance matsalar ruwa, sannan ya yi suka sosai ga shugabannin jam'iyyar Samajwadi, Abu Azmi da Mulayam Singh Yadav, saboda ra'ayoyinsu na kin jinin mata bayan sun yi maganganu marasa dadi game da fyade. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Raj Thackeray in Aap Ki Adalat (Full Episode) - India TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YacVATFN9WQ |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thackeray ya yi kira da a hana amfani da lasifika a Masallaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Raj Thackeray urges people to report use of loudspeakers in mosques |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mns-chief-raj-thackeray-letter-loudspeaker-use-mosque-hanuman-chalisa-row-1957612-2022-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Thackeray tana auren Sharmila Wagh, 'yar mai daukar hoto a sinima ta Marathi, furodusa da darakta Mohan Wagh. Sun yi aure a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1990 a Mumbai.  Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Amit Thackeray da kuma 'ya mace ɗaya, Urvashi Thackeray.   

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Othman Moqbel</title>
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'''Othman Moqbel''' (an haife shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 1968) shi ne babban jami'in Birtaniya da Palasdinawa mai zaman kansa. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaba na Action For Humanity, kungiyar agaji ta Syria Relief, wacce ta bayyana kanta a matsayin babbar kungiyar ba da agaji ta Siriya a Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Leading NGO condemns UN failure to renew Syria cross border resolution |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220710-leading-ngo-condemns-un-failure-to-renew-syria-cross-border-resolution/ |website=Middle East Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moqbel |first=Othman |date=2019-08-17 |title=More than 200 children have died in Idlib since April yet we are forgetting about the Syrian conflict |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-conflict-idlib-children-death-toll-brexit-yemen-china-us-russia-trump-a9062101.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-conflict-idlib-children-death-toll-brexit-yemen-china-us-russia-trump-a9062101.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |website=Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Syria Relief announce 107 new schools through partnership with Chemonics - Syrian Arab Republic |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-relief-announce-107-new-schools-through-partnership-chemonics |access-date=2019-11-19 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Shugaba na Human Appeal daga 2010 zuwa 2017, lokacin da aka kore shi saboda Rashin kula da kudaden agaji da kuma mummunar mummunar hali.

== Ilimi da farkon aiki ==
Moqbel ya sami BA da MA a cikin [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga Jami'ar Jordan (Amman). Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar daga karatun Musulmi na kwanaki 8 a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Markfield (Leicester). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Othman Moqbel {{!}} Muslim Charities Forum |url=https://www.muslimcharitiesforum.org.uk/about-us/our-team/othman-moqbel |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=www.muslimcharitiesforum.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173446/https://www.muslimcharitiesforum.org.uk/about-us/our-team/othman-moqbel |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Dalibai na Musulunci a Burtaniya da Ireland (FOSIS), kuma a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga jagorancin matasa da darussan ci gaba tare da Muslim Student Trust . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Daukaka Ƙaunar Mutum ==
Othman Moqbel ya kasance Shugaba na [[Manchester]], kungiyar ba da agaji ta Burtaniya, Human Appeal daga 2010 har zuwa Mayu 2018.  A cikin 2013 Tarihin Yahudawa ya biya adadin da ba a bayyana ba ga Moqbel da masu kula da Human Appeal guda biyu bayan sun zargi kungiyar da kasancewa da alaƙa da ta'addanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jewish Chronicle pays libel damages to Muslim charity |url=http://5pillarsuk.com/2013/05/31/the-jewish-chronicle-pays-libel-damages-to-muslim-charity/ |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=5Pillars}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, wata kasida a cikin The Telegraph ta yi iƙirarin cewa Moqbel da Human Appeal suna da alaƙa da [[Hamas]]; Human Appeal &quot;da gaske&quot; sun musanta wannan kuma Hukumar Taimako ta ce Human Appeal ba ta &quot;a ƙarƙashin wani bincike ba&quot;.

=== Kashewa ===
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an sallami Othman Moqbel a matsayin shugaban zartarwa, bayan dakatarwarsa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2017 da kuma binciken mai binciken kansa game da rashin bin doka na kudi (mai binciken ya ba da shawarar korar Moqbel), da kuma sauraron horo bisa ga shaidar abin da kungiyar agaji ta kira &quot;bincike mai zurfi&quot;, don Rashin kula da kudaden agaji da kuma wasu ayyukansa da aka gano sun zama mummunar mummunar hali.[1][2][3][4][5] An kuma sanya shi a kan &quot;hutu na wucin gadi&quot; daga kwamitin Association of Chief Executives of Volunteer Organizations (ACEVO), ƙungiyar membobin shugabannin kungiyoyin agaji a Ingila da Wales, kuma ya yi murabus a shekara mai zuwa.[6][7][8] Moqbel ya janye roko zuwa Kotun aiki a shekarar 2020. [9][10]

== Ayyuka Ga Dan Adam ==
Othman Moqbel shine Shugaba na Action For HumanityAyyuka Ga Dan Adam, wadanda su ne iyaye na Syria Relief . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Leading NGO condemns UN failure to renew Syria cross border resolution |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220710-leading-ngo-condemns-un-failure-to-renew-syria-cross-border-resolution/ |website=Middle East Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi da kamfanin sun sake suna don su wuce Siriya kuma suna da kasancewar kasa da kasa. ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEO Spotlight: Othman Moqbel, Action For Humanity |url=https://animoleadership.co.uk/ceo-spotlight-othman-moqbel-action-for-humanity/ |website=animo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mind Sports Olympiad</title>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''Mind Sports Olympiad''' ('''MSO''') gasa ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara, wadda ta ƙunshi wasanni da dama, tare da bukin wasannin dabarun tunani da wasannin kwakwalwa, wanda Mind Sports Organisation ke shiryawa. An gudanar da gasar farko a shekarar 1997 a London, tare da kuɗin kyaututtuka na fam £100,000&lt;ref name=&quot;times97&quot;&gt;''Mind Sports Olympiad Supplement'', The Times, 11 August 1997, online version available from studiogiochi MSO archives [http://www.studiogiochi.com/en/p/MSO1997.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828204502/http://www.studiogiochi.com/en/p/MSO1997.html|date=28 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin wataƙila babbar bukin wasanni da aka taɓa gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ind_wh&quot;/&gt;

MSO ita ce gasa ta farko irin wannan,&lt;ref&gt;''Mind Sports Olympiad'', The Manila Standard, 17 August 1997, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cZVOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=HgsEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6230,1667558&amp;dq=mind-sports-olympiad&amp;hl=en] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wadda ke bikin dabarun tunani da bayar da lambobin yabo na zinariya, azurfa da tagulla ga kowace gasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;times_mso1&quot;&gt;''The Mind Sports Olympiad Supplement'', The Times, July - August 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi tasiri sosai kan harkokin wasannin tunani da gasa irin waɗanda aka ci gaba da gudanarwa daga baya. Ana gudanar da babban gasar MSO a kowace shekara a Ingila.&lt;ref name=&quot;potters&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto_star&quot;&gt;''Underwater chess is one of the mind games at the Mind Sports Olympiad'', The Toronto Star, Josh Tapper, 12 June 2012 [https://www.thestar.com/sports/london2012/article/1210101--underwater-chess-is-one-of-the-mind-games-at-mind-sports-olympiad] retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, an gudanar da dukkan gasar MSO ta yanar gizo a karon farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;msoworld.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mind Sports Olympiad is coming soon|url=https://msoworld.com/2020/05/mso-2020-to-proceed-online-in-august/|access-date=2021-10-29|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211033451/https://msoworld.com/2020/05/mso-2020-to-proceed-online-in-august/|archive-date=2022-02-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==

An gudanar da gasar Mind Sports Olympiad ta farko a Royal Festival Hall da ke London a shekarar 1997. Ta haɗa wasannin dabaru da gasa iri-iri da ba a taɓa ganin irinsu a baya ba. William Hartston, a jaridar The Independent, ya ce, &quot;Ita ce babbar bukin wasanni da aka taɓa gudanarwa a waɗannan yankuna (ko wataƙila a ko'ina).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ind_wh&quot;&gt;William Hartston, [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-south-bank-brain-show-1256991.html The South Bank Brain Show], ''The Independent'' 21 June 1997. Retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

MSO ta farko, tare da gabatar da wasanni masu yawa, ta ƙirƙiri sabbin gasa guda biyu, wato Pentamind da Decamentathlon. Waɗannan gasa biyu an tsara su ne domin su yi kama da wasannin da ake haɗawa a gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta modern pentathlon da decathlon. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na burin ƙirƙirar gasar Olympics ta kwakwalwa.

Mind Sports Olympiad ta koma London tare da samun tallafi a shekarun 1998&lt;ref&gt;''Sheehan on Bridge'', The Times, Robert Sheehan, 20 October 1998&lt;/ref&gt; da 1999.&lt;ref&gt;''Games: Bridge'', The Independent, Alan Hiron, 5 December 1999, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/games-bridge-1130510.html] Retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da rashin jituwa tsakanin masu shirya gasar,&lt;ref&gt;''Britain's Mind Games end in debt and tears'', The Independent, Robert Mendick, 13 March 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20010519175349/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/story.jsp?story=71910]. Retrieved 10. September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; an gudanar da gasa mai nasara a Alexandra Palace a shekara ta gaba, wato 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;alex&quot;&gt;''Fierce rivalry in 'Olympics' for brainboxes'', CNN, Paul Sussman, 24 August 2000 {{Cite web| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/23/mind.olympiad/index.html | title=Fierce rivalry in 'Olympics' for brainboxes | date=2000-08-24 | access-date=2 August 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628014250/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/23/mind.olympiad/index.html | archive-date=28 June 2013}} retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokaci, an gudanar da wasu ƙananan gasa a sassa daban-daban na duniya da suka yi amfani da sunan Mind Sports Olympiad. An gudanar da irin waɗannan gasanni a Cambridge, Ingila;&lt;ref&gt;''Uganda: Kampala Wins Gold'', AllAfrica.com, Norman Katende, 10 May 2002
[http://allafrica.com/stories/200205100267.html] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore;&lt;ref&gt;MSO (Singapore) 2000 opening speech archived by Ministry of Education (Singapore), [http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp06092000.htm] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=MSO Korean Contest Will be Held on July 22| work=Korea JoongAng Daily| date=14 July 1999| url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1872372| access-date=27 June 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804073323/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1872372| archive-date=4 August 2024  }} retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Milan, Italiya;&lt;ref&gt;Shogi results for MSO Italy 2000 [http://www.shogi.net/ital-champ/AIS-champ2-2000.html from shogi.net] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Oulu, Finland;&lt;ref&gt;Mind Sports Festival announcement [http://www.chessbanter.com/rec-games-chess-misc-chess/6807-mind-sports-festival-oulu-2003-a.html from chessbanter.com] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; da Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech.&lt;ref&gt;''Looking Forward To The Mind Sports Olympiad'', Radio Praha, 17 September 2006, Jan Velinger, {{cite web |url=http://new.radio.cz/en/article/83223 |title=Radio Prague - Looking forward to the Mind Sports Olympiad |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archve.today/20120716105221/http://new.radio.cz/en/article/83223 |archive-date=16 July 2012  }} retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban taron Mind Sports Olympiad ya ci gaba da gudana tare da ƙarancin tallafi, kuma ana gudanar da gasa a jami'o'i daban-daban. Gasar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayi mai kyau daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot;&gt;''Cerebral Athletes Play Mind Games'', The Guardian, David Ward, 22 August 2005, [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/22/davidward] retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Babban taron shekarar 2004 ya ƙunshi wata gasa ta musamman ga makarantu, wadda ta ƙunshi wasannin dara, Go, tambayoyi da wasannin gwajin basirar tunani. Amma a shekarar 2007, an rage girman Mind Sports Olympiad zuwa ƙaramin wuri a Potters Bar saboda rashin tallafi da kuma rashin tallan gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;potters&quot;&gt;''This time it's Personal'', The Guardian, Stephen Moss, 27 August 2007, [https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,2156846,00.html] retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2008, MSO ta sake farfaɗowa, inda ta koma wani wuri a tsakiyar London, wato Royal Horticultural Halls da ke Westminster, sannan aka sake gudanar da ita daga 21 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;venue2009&quot;&gt;''Cheam Man's Mind Bending Puzzles at Mental Olympiad'', Sutton Guardian, Kevin Barnesm, 28 August 2009, [http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/4568630.Cheam_man_s_mind_bending_puzzles_at_mental_olympiad/] retrieved 30 April 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da gasar shekarar 2010 a Soho Theatre da ke London.&lt;ref name=&quot;jc&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2011, Mind Sports Olympiad ta koma wani babban wuri, wato University of London Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;venue_summary&quot;&gt;''Mind Sports Olympiad moves to bigger venue'', DigitalJournal.com, Alexander Baron, 3 May 2011, [http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/306296] retrieved 15 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gudanar da MSO ta 16 a University of London Union daga 18 zuwa 27 ga Agusta 2012, haka kuma MSO ta 17 ta gudana a ULU.&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto_star&quot; /&gt;

Babban taron MSO&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto_star&quot; /&gt; yana ci gaba da kasancewa gasa mai jan hankalin masu fafatawa daga ƙasashe daban-daban,&lt;ref&gt;''MSO XV Pentamind'' article from [http://www.boardability.com/article.php?id=10 MSO website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722015047/http://www.boardability.com/article.php?id=10 |date=22 July 2012 }} retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; saboda ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babbar gasa ga waɗanda suka ƙware a wasanni daban-daban. Wannan ya fi bayyana a gasar &quot;Pentamind World Championship&quot; wadda ake matuƙar sha'awa,&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto_star&quot; /&gt; wadda Paco Garcia De La Banda daga Spain ya lashe a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;banda&quot;&gt;''Paco Garcia De La Banda wins the Mind Sports Olympiad XIV'' (translated from Spanish), elapuron.com, 11 September 2012, [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=es&amp;tl=en&amp;js=n&amp;prev=_t&amp;hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;layout=2&amp;eotf=1&amp;u=http://www.elapuron.com/noticias/sociedad/3431/paco-garca-de-la-banda-triunfa-en-las-xiv-olimpiadas-de-deportes-mentales/] retrieved 16 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Andres Kuusk daga Estonia ya lashe gasar Pentamind ta duniya a shekarun 2011, 2013, 2014 da 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuusk&quot;&gt;''Estonian Mind Athlete Wins World Championship'', ERR News, Ingrid Teesalu, 30 August 2011, [http://news.err.ee/sports/cced719d-60db-4aa9-a795-a8cc02fe202f]
retrieved 6 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tsarin ƙungiyar===

{{main|Mind Sports Organisation}}

Lokacin da aka kafa MSO a shekarar 1997, manyan masu shirya ta sun haɗa da David Levy, Tony Buzan da Raymond Keene,&lt;ref name=&quot;times97&quot; /&gt; inda David Levy shi ne wanda ya fara ƙirƙirar tunanin kafa MSO.&lt;ref name=&quot;TES&quot;&gt;''Don's diary: games and gold medals in Mind'', Times Higher Education, 17 October 2003, David Levy [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=184239&amp;sectioncode=26] retrieved 14 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012, kwamitin da ke gudanar da MSO tare da David Levy&lt;ref name=&quot;jc&quot;&gt;''Scrabble, Monopoly and more at shul games fest'', The Jewish Chronicle, Robyn Rosen, 26 August 2010,[https://web.archive.org/web/20100829140325/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/37303/scrabble-monopoly-and-more-shul-games-fest] retrieved 14 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; ya ƙunshi Tony Corfe&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot;&gt;''Mind games tournament under way'', BBC Manchester, 19 August 2005, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4167626.stm]&lt;/ref&gt; da Etan Ilfeld.&lt;ref name=&quot;jc&quot; /&gt;

===Tambari, lambobin yabo da kyaututtuka===

[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Wani zane daga tsohuwar Girka wanda ya zama tushen ƙirƙirar tambarin MSO, yana nuna Ajax da Achilles suna wasan da ake kyautata zaton Five Lines ne]]

Tambarin gasar Olympics ɗin ya nuna Ajax yana wasa da Achilles, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan lambobin yabo da kyaututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday_times&quot;&gt;''Brain Spotting'', The Sunday Times, Richard Johnson, [http://www.rjsj.demon.co.uk/articles/suntimes/brain.htm online copy from author's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045003/http://www.rjsj.demon.co.uk/articles/suntimes/brain.htm |date=2016-03-05 }} retrieved 14 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ranks&quot;&gt;[http://www.boardability.com/article.php?id=ranks MSO article on ranks and medals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410010304/http://www.boardability.com/article.php?id=ranks |date=2016-04-10 }} including image of medals with logo retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; An samo asalin tambarin daga shahararren zanen da aka samu a kan kayayyakin tukwane sama da 150 na zamanin da, waɗanda aka ƙera kusan shekara ta 500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BC).&lt;ref&gt;''Exekias'', American Journal of Archaeology, John Boardman, 1980, [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/503793?uid=3738032&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=4&amp;sid=56308832453]&lt;/ref&gt;

Wataƙila an samo zanen ne daga wani kayan tarihi da ke British Museum&lt;ref&gt;Etruscan Amphora from The British Museum Collections, [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=400038&amp;partid=1&amp;IdNum=1851%2c0806.15&amp;orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database%2fmuseum_number_search.aspx]&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma tarin kayan tarihi na Vatican Museum.&lt;ref&gt;Image of amphora from Vatican Museum from Encyclopædia Britannica [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/123724/Amphora-with-Ajax-and-Achilles-playing-a-board-game-painted]&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga bayar da taken zakarun Olympiad da na zakarun duniya, tun farko masu shirya MSO sun yi tunanin samar da nasu tsarin ƙididdigar maki da matakan cancanta, amma ba duk waɗannan tsare-tsaren ne aka aiwatar ba. MSO na ci gaba da bayar da matakan cancanta har zuwa International Grandmaster.&lt;ref name=&quot;ranks&quot; /&gt;

==Buga-buga da wuraren gudanar da gasar==

[[File:Mind Sports Olympiad, 17-08-2014.jpg|thumb|'Yan wasa a gasar Mind Sports Olympiad ta shekarar 2014]]

An gudanar da babban taron Mind Sports Olympiad a manyan wurare a cikin shekaru huɗu na farko, kafin a rage girmansa saboda matsalolin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;venue_summary&quot; /&gt; Ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara tun daga 1997 a wurare daban-daban a Ingila:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Lamba !! Shekara !! Wurin gudanarwa !! Birni !! Manazarta
|-
| 1 || 1997 || Royal Festival Hall || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;times_mso1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2 || 1998 || Novotel Hotel || Hammersmith || &lt;ref&gt;''Independent Pursuits: Chess'', The Independent, 3 September 1998, Jon Speelman, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/independent-pursuits-chess-1195762.html] retrieved 31 July 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 3 || 1999 || Kensington Olympia || London || &lt;ref&gt;Robert Nurden. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mental-athletes-tune-up-for-mind-games-1114330.html ''Mental athletes tune up for Mind Games''], 22 August 1999. Retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 4 || 2000 || Alexandra Palace || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;alex&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 5 || 2001 || South Bank University || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue2001&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Speelman |first=Jon |title=Chess |work=The Independent |date=29 August 2001 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5193764.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518195058/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5193764.html |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |access-date=15 July 2012 |via=HighBeam Research |url-access=subscription |location=London, England |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 6 || 2002 || Loughborough University || Loughborough || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue_summary&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 7 || 2003 || UMIST || Manchester || &lt;ref name=&quot;TES&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 8 || 2004 || UMIST || Manchester || &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2004&quot;&gt;''Meanwhile: Tired already? Try the Mind Olympics'', The New York Times, Michael Johnson, 13 August 2004, [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/13/opinion/13iht-edjohnson_ed3_.html] retrieved 18 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 9 || 2005 || Manchester University || Manchester || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue2005&quot;&gt;Mind games tournament under way, BBC Manchester, 19 August 2005 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4167626.stm] Retrieved 30 April 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;man_council&quot;&gt;''Manchester Hosts 9th Mind Sports Olympiad'', Manchester City Council News, 2 August 2005, [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/news/article/612/manchester_hosts_9th_mind_sports_olympiad] retrieved 18 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 10 || 2006 || Westminster University || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue2006&quot;&gt;Archived poster from British Go Association MSO event 2006 [http://www.britgo.org/importfiles/tournaments/2006/MSO10go.pdf] retrieved 15 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 11 || 2007 || United Reformed Church || Potters Bar || &lt;ref name=&quot;potters&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 12 || 2008 || Royal Horticultural Halls || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue2008&quot;&gt;MSO Backgammon results from uk backgammon site [http://www.backgammon-biba.co.uk/MSO2008.htm] retrieved 15 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 13 || 2009 || Royal Horticultural Halls || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue2009&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 14 || 2010 || Soho Theatre || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;jc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 15 || 2011 || University of London Union || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;venue11&quot;&gt;''Mind Sports Olympiad'', Time Out London Magazine, August 2011, [http://www.timeout.com/london/around-town/event/230769/mind-sports-olympiad] retrieved 15 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 16 || 2012 || University of London Union || London || &lt;ref name=&quot;toronto_star&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 17 || 2013 || University of London Union || London ||
|-
| 18 || 2014 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 19 || 2015 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 20 || 2016 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 21 || 2017 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 22 || 2018 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 23 || 2019 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 24 || 2020 || An gudanar da ita ta yanar gizo || ||
|-
| 25 || 2021 || An gudanar da ita ta yanar gizo || ||
|-
| 26 || 2022 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 27 || 2023 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 28 || 2024 || JW3 || London ||
|-
| 29 || 2025 || JW3 || London ||
|}

==Wasannin da ake gudanarwa a MSO==

MSO ta ƙunshi galibin gasa ta wasanni daban-daban, waɗanda mafi yawansu ake bayar da taken zakaran Olympiad. Sai dai wasu wasannin da aka yi wa rijistar alamar kasuwanci, masu tsara wasannin da masu wallafa su ne ke ba da izinin gudanar da gasannin zakarun duniya na hukuma. Ana iya ƙirga dukkan wasanni, ko na Olympiad ne ko na gasar zakarun duniya ta hukuma, a gasar Pentamind.

Ana bayar da lambobin yabo, kuma a shekarun baya-bayan nan an fara bayar da kofuna, ga waɗanda suka zo na farko, na biyu da na uku a kowace gasa. Haka kuma ana bayar da matakan cancanta da irin waɗannan kyaututtuka ga ƙananan 'yan wasa da suka zo kan gaba a kowace gasa. A farkon gasannin Olympiad, tallafi ya ba da damar bayar da manyan kyaututtukan kuɗi a wasanni da dama. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, an takaita irin waɗannan kyaututtuka ga wasu ƙananan wasanni, galibi sakamakon tallafi na musamman daga wasu ƙungiyoyi ko mutane ga waɗannan wasannin.

Wasannin da suka shahara sun haɗa da (yawancin sauran manazarta sun ambaci wasu daga cikinsu):&lt;ref&gt;List of games, http://www.boardability.com/games_az.html. Retrieved 2 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wasannin da aka sani sosai kamar: dara, bridge, draughts, shogi, backgammon, dara ta Sin (xiangqi), Othello, poker, cribbage da ''Mastermind''; da kuma sabbin wasanni da dama kamar: ''Abalone'', Bōku, Continuo, ''Entropy'', Kamisado,&lt;ref&gt;Op-Ed: Mind Sports Olympiad 2011 - with chess diving, Digital Journal, 23 August 2011, Alexander Baron,
http://digitaljournal.com/article/310713. Retrieved 6 September 2011. 2026-05-21 not retrievable.&lt;/ref&gt; Lines of Action (LOA), Octi,&lt;ref&gt;2019 Mind Sports Olympiad Schedule, https://mindsportsolympiad.com/2019-mind-sports-olympiad-schedule/&lt;/ref&gt; Pacru,&lt;ref name=&quot;pacru&quot;&gt;Mike's test for the old grey matter, Manchester Evening News, Patricia Roberts, 8 December 2005 [http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/business/s/190/190584_mikes_test_for_the_old_grey_matter.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112180857/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/business/s/190/190584_mikes_test_for_the_old_grey_matter.html |date=2012-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; da TwixT.

{{legend inline|white|Gasa da ake gudanarwa a yanzu}}&amp;nbsp;
{{legend inline|#D3D3D3|Gasar da ba a sake gudanarwa}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|+ Gasannin da aka haɗa a MSO daga 1997 zuwa 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;mso_results&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Full Results of all the MSO Tournaments |url=http://www.boardability.com/all_results.php |website=Boardability.com |access-date=22 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103000426/http://www.boardability.com/all_results.php |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Gasa !! Nau'in wasa !! Shekaru
|-
|| 7 Wonders || || 2014–
|-
|| Abalone || || 1997–
|-
|| Acquire || || 2000–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Age of Steam|| || 2003–2005
|-
|| Agricola|| || 2014–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Alfred's Wyke|| || 2009
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Azacru|| || 2006–2012
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Backgammon || || 1997–
|-
|Blitz || 2003–
|-
|| Blokus|| || 2009–
|-
|| Bōku || || 2000–2008; 2010
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Borderline|| || 2000–2001
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| Bridge || Biyu-biyu || 1997–2005; 2014
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Ƙungiyoyi || 1997–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Swiss Pairs || 1997–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Swiss Teams || 1997–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Minibridge || 1998–2000
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Na mutum ɗaya || 2013
|-
|| Carcassonne || || 2004–2008; 2012–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Chaos and Order|| || 2009
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| Chess || || 1997–
|-
|| Blitz || 1997–2009; 2012–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Rapid || 1997–2006; 2008–2009
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Warware matsalolin dara || 1997–1999; 2004
|-
|| Fischer Time|| 1999; 2001–2006; 2008
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Fischer Blitz|| 1999
|-
|| Chess960 || 2010–
|-
|| Exchange || 2010–
|-
|| Diving || 2011–
|-
|| Cities and Knights || || 2015–
|-
|| Coal Baron || || 2015–
|-
|| Shirye-shiryen kwamfuta || || 1997; 2013–
|-
|| Continuo || || 1997–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Countdown || || 1999–2000
|-
|| Tunani mai ƙirƙira || || 1997–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Cribbage || || 1998; 2000–2001; 2003–
|-
|| Biyu-biyu || 1999; 2001–2009
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Cuttle || || 2009
|-
|| Decamentathlon || || 1997–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Dicewords|| || 2008
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Diplomacy || || 1999–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Escalation || 2008
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Intimate || 2001; 2004–2007
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dominoes || 5s and 3s || 2000–2002; 2004–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|5s and 3s Pairs || 1999–2001; 2003
|-
|| Dominion|| || 2012–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Dots and Boxes || || 2009
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | Draughts || 8x8 || 1997–2011
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|8x8 Blitz|| 1999
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|8x8 Rapid|| 1997–1998; 2007
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| 10x10 || 1997–2005; 2011
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| 10x10 Blitz|| 1999
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|10x10 Rapid|| 1997–1998
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Czech Dama || 2009
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Dama || 2000; 2011
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Frisian|| 2007–2010
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Hexdame|| 1998–2008
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Italian|| 2003–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Losing || 2002–2005; 2010–2012
|-
|| Entropy || || 1997–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Gin Rummy || || 1997
|-|
| style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;, rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | GIPF || || 1999–2001
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Warware matsaloli || 1999
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Go || 19x19 || 1997–
|-
||9x9|| 1997–2000; 2014
|-
||13x13|| 1997–2001; 2003–2004; 2007–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Rapid || 1999; 2001; 2003–2007
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Lightning || 2000–2001; 2003–2004
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Pair || 2000–2001; 2003
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gomoku || || 2012–
|-
|| Renju|| 2013–
|-
|| Hare and Tortoise || || 1997; 2007–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Hexago|| || 2007
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Intelligence || || 1997–2004
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Jigsaw || || 1997
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Kaluki|| || 2014
|-
|| Kamisado || || 2011–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Lecardo || || 2008
|-
|| Lines of Action || || 1997–
|-
|| Lost Cities || || 2001–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Magic: The Gathering || || 1997–1998
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Mahjong || || 1997; 2007–2008; 2010
|-
|| Mastermind || || 1997–
|-
|| Ƙwaƙwalwa || || 1997–2004; 2014–
|-
|| Mensa Connections || || 2006–
|-
|| Lissafin tunani || || 1997–
|-
|| Mind Mapping || || 1998–2004
|-
|| Monopoly || || 2007–
|-
|| Nubble || || 2001–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Othello || || 1997-
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Blitz || 1998–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| 10x10 Rapid || 2000–2005
|-
|| Oware || || 1997–2000; 2003–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Pacru || || 2003–2012
|-
|| Pentamind || || 1997–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;12&quot;| Poker || || 1998–
|-
|| 5 Card Draw || 1998–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| 5 Card Draw Lowball || 1999
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| 6 Card Lowball || 1998
|-
|| 7 Card Stud || 1998–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Canadian Stud || 1999–2013
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| London Lowball || 2000–2001; 2003–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Mexican Stud || 2003–2009
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Omaha || 1998–2000; 2003–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Pineapple Hold'em|| 2003–2013; 2015
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Razz || 1999
|-
||Texas Hold'em || 1998–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Powergrid || || 2008–2009
|-
|| Puerto Rico || || 2003–2005; 2015
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Tsara wasanin kacici-kacici || || 1998
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Warware kacici-kacici || || 1998
|-
|| Tambayoyi || || 1998–2001; 2003; 2013–
|-
|| Quoridor || || 2014–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Retsami || || 2009–2010
|-
|| Rummikub || || 1997–2000; 2003–
|-
|| Scrabble || || 1997–
|-
|| Settlers of Catan || || 1998–
|-
|| Shacru || || 2007–2012; 2015
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| Shogi || || 1997–2003; 2012; 2014–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Blitz || 2000
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Rapid || 1997–1998
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Chu|| 2001
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Tori || 2001
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Skat || || 1997–2004; 2006
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Snatch|| || 2003–2004
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Karatun sauri || || 1997–2001; 2003–2005
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Spread Bet || || 1998
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;, rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Stratego || || 1997–2000; 2005–2014
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Duel|| 2014
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Ƙungiyoyi || 1998–2000; 2005–2007
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|Barrage || 2000; 2005–2008; 2013
|-
|| Sudoku and Kenken|| || 2011–
|-
|| Superfut|| || 2015–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;|TAMSK || || 2000–2001
|-
|| Terra Mystica|| || 2015–
|-
|| Tetris || || 2013–
|-
|| Ticket to Ride|| || 2015–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Togyzkumalak|| || 2006
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Trax || || 2001
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Trigames || || 2004
|-
|| Triolet || || 2005–
|-
|| Twixt || || 1997–
|-
|| vegeTables || || 2014
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Victor Ludorum || || 2005
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Xiangqi || || 1997–2001; 2003–2004; 2006–
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Ƙungiyoyi || 2000
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Rapid|| 2001; 2003–2004; 2006–2007
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| Zatre || || 1997–2000
|-
|style=&quot;background: #D3D3D3;&quot;| ZERTZ || || 2001
|}

==Pentamind==
Pentamind wani gasa ce ta musamman wadda ke haɗa wasannin tunani daban-daban, wadda aka shirya domin nuna ƙwararren ɗan wasa mafi iya wasannin tunani iri-iri a duniya. Mutane da dama suna ɗaukar lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Pentamind a matsayin babbar nasarar da ɗan wasa zai iya samu a Mind Sports Olympiad.

Wannan na daga cikin wasannin farko da aka gabatar a Mind Sports Olympiad.&lt;ref name=&quot;times_mso1&quot;/&gt; An ƙirƙire ta tare da decamentathlon domin samar da gasa ga 'yan wasan da suka ƙware a fannoni daban-daban, kamar yadda Wasannin Olympics suke da decathlon da pentathlon. Ba kamar decamentathlon ba, wanda yake da ƙa'idojin tsayayye (duba wani labari na daban), Pentamind ba ta da tsayayyen tsarin gasar sosai. Ba a yarda a yi amfani da wasannin da ake ganin suna kama da juna sosai ba, kuma galibi ana buƙatar a zaɓi gasa mai tsawon lokaci. Amma ban da waɗannan, ana iya amfani da kowane wasanni guda biyar daga cikin jadawalin gasar.

Ana ba da kambun Pentamind ga ɗan wasan da ya samu mafi yawan maki na lamba a tsarin &quot;maki na Pentamind&quot; daga wasanni biyar da suka cancanta.

Ana ƙididdige maki ta amfani da wannan dabara: 100 × {{sfrac|''n'' &amp;minus; ''p''|''n'' &amp;minus; 1}}, inda ''n'' yake nufin yawan 'yan wasan da suka shiga gasar, yayin da ''p'' yake nufin matsayin da ɗan wasa ya samu a gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot;/&gt; Ana ƙididdige matsayi kafin a yi amfani da ƙa'idojin warware kunnen doki, kuma duk 'yan wasan da suka yi kunnen doki suna raba maki na matsayinsu. Idan 'yan wasan da suka shiga gasa ba su kai 10 ba, ana ninka maki da wani ƙarin ƙima na {{sfrac|''p''|''p'' + 1}}.

{{as of|2025}}, Andres Kuusk ya lashe gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Pentamind sau bakwai, wanda shi ne mafi yawan lashe gasar, inda ya zarce Demis Hassabis, wanda ya lashe ta sau biyar, da kuma Ankush Khandelwal, wanda ya lashe ta sau biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mindsportsolympiad.com/pentamind-world-championship/|title=Pentamind World Championship|website=Mind Sports Olympiad}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2025: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref name=&quot;:2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Andres Kuusk wins seventh Pentamind World Championship - Mind Sports Olympiad | url=https://mindsportsolympiad.com/andres-kuusk-wins-seventh-pentamind-world-championship/ | access-date=2026-07-16 | website=mindsportsolympiad.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuusk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mindsportsolympiad.com/andres-kuusk-wins-a-record-6th-pentamind/|title=Andres Kuusk Wins a Record 6th Pentamind!|date=28 August 2024|website=Mind Sports Olympiad}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 2023: {{flagicon|England}} Ankush Khandelwal
* 2022: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuusk&quot;/&gt;
* 2021: {{flagicon|Poland}} Maciej Brzeski
* 2020: {{flagicon|England}} Ankush Khandelwal
* 2019: {{flagicon|England}} Ankush Khandelwal
* 2018: {{flagicon|England}} Ankush Khandelwal
* 2017: {{flagicon|England}} James Heppell
* 2016: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuusk&quot;/&gt;
* 2015: {{flagicon|England}} James Heppell
* 2014: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuusk&quot;/&gt;
* 2013: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk da {{flagicon|England}} Ankush Khandelwal
* 2012: {{flagicon|Italy}} Dario De Toffoli&lt;ref name=&quot;:2012&quot;/&gt;
* 2011: {{flagicon|Estonia}} Andres Kuusk&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://news.err.ee/101223/estonian-mind-athlete-wins-world-championship |title=Estonian Mind Athlete Wins World Championship|first=Ingrid |last=Teesalu|date=30 August 2011|website=ERR News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: {{flagicon|Spain}} Paco Garcia de la Banda&lt;ref&gt;Un proyecto de emprendeduría infantil de La Palma recibe respaldo internacional, Que Newspaper, 13 September 2010 [http://www.que.es/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/201009130939-proyecto-emprendeduria-infantil-palma-recibe-epi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311101512/http://www.que.es/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/201009130939-proyecto-emprendeduria-infantil-palma-recibe-epi.html|date=11 March 2012}} Retrieved 30 April 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: {{flagicon|England}} Martyn Hamer&lt;ref&gt;Martyn Minds if he holds onto his crown..., Accrington Observer, Stuart Pike, 20 August 2010, [http://menmedia.co.uk/accringtonobserver/news/s/1314478_martyn_minds_if_he_holds_onto_his_crown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826015507/http://menmedia.co.uk/accringtonobserver/news/s/1314478_martyn_minds_if_he_holds_onto_his_crown |date=2010-08-26 }}. Retrieved 30 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; da {{flagicon|England}} Tim Hebbes
* 2008: {{flagicon|England}} David M. Pearce&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boardability.com/result.php?id=pentamind|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708075057/http://www.boardability.com/result.php?id=pentamind |archivedate=8 July 2011|title=Results for pentamind|website=mindsportsolympiad.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007: {{flagicon|England}} David M. Pearce&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2006: {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Jan Šťastna&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2005: {{flagicon|England}} Tim Hebbes&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2004: {{flagicon|South Africa}} Alain Dekker&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2003: {{flagicon|England}} Demis Hassabis&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2002: {{flagicon|Italy}} Dario De Toffoli&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2001: {{flagicon|England}} Demis Hassabis&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 2000: {{flagicon|England}} Demis Hassabis&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 1999: {{flagicon|England}} Demis Hassabis&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 1998: {{flagicon|England}} Demis Hassabis&lt;ref name=&quot;resultsto2010&quot;/&gt;
* 1997: {{flagicon|Wales}} Kenneth J. Wilshire&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot;/&gt;

==Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Decamentathlon==

An fara kafa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta '''Decamentathlon''' a matsayin babbar gasa don tantance ɗan wasan da ya fi ƙwarewa a wasannin tunani iri-iri a duniya, kafin daga baya Pentamind ta maye gurbinta. Decamentathlon ta ƙunshi wasanni 10, inda ake ba kowanne maki daga 100, kuma kowanne yana ɗaukar sa'o'i 4, galibi cikin tsarin rubutattun jarabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;times97&quot; /&gt;

Waɗannan ƙwarewar tunani guda takwas sun kasance cikin Decamentathlon tun daga farko: ƙwarewar [[memory skill|haddace abubuwa]], [[mental calculation|lissafin tunani]], [[IQ]], [[chess|catur]], [[Go (board game)|Go]], [[Reversi|Othello]], [[draughts|draughts mai girman allo 8×8]], da [[creative thinking|tunanin kirkira]]. Haka kuma MSO tana shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Lissafin Tunani daban. Ƙwarewar tunani biyu na farko sun kasance [[Contract bridge|bridge]] da [[Mastermind (board game)|Mastermind]],&lt;ref name=&quot;times97&quot; /&gt; amma a shekarun baya an sauya su, inda aka yi amfani da [[Backgammon]] sannan kuma mafi kwanan nan aka yi amfani da [[Sudoku]] a madadinsu.

==Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Wasannin Abstract==

MSO ta gabatar da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta [[Abstract strategy game|Wasannin Abstract]] a shekarar 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;abstract_games&quot;&gt;Article on abstract games world championships, http://www.boardability.com/game.php?abstract_games{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

==Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Poker ga 'Yan Wasan Amateur==

An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko ta poker ga 'yan wasan amateur a shekarar 1998 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mind Sports Olympiad ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/magazine/sunday-august-23-1998-competitions-i-think-i-can.html Competitions: I think I can], The New York Times, 23 August 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; An soki gasar ta farko saboda matakin wasan da aka nuna&lt;ref&gt;Independent Pursuits: Poker, The Independent, David Spanier, 10 September 1998
[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/independent-pursuits-poker-1197188.html]. Retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma saboda kebantacciyar hanyar gudanar da gasar, inda ake fafatawa ne domin samun lambobin yabo kawai ba tare da samun kuɗi ba. Sai dai, tun bayan juyin juya halin da [[internet poker|poker ta intanet]] ta haifar, gasar ta ci gaba da bunƙasa tare da ƙaruwa yawan mahalarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ward&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma gasar a buɗe take ga waɗanda shekarunsu ba su kai 18 ba, saboda MSO tana ba da kambun nasara kuma ba a musayar kuɗi a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;Amateur World Poker Championship details MSO website [http://www.boardability.com/tournaments.php#poker] retrieved 12 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasar ta shekarar 2012 ta ƙunshi mafi kyawun sakamako daga wasannin [[pot limit|pot limit]] [[poker tournament|poker]] guda 5 cikin wasanni 7, a cikin nau'o'in [[Poker variants|poker]] masu zuwa:&lt;ref&gt;MSO 2012 timetable http://www.boardability.com/timetable.php. Retrieved 13 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[7 Card Stud]]
* [[5 Card Draw]]
* [[Canadian Stud]]
* [[Pineapple Hold'em]]
* [[London Lowball]]
* [[Texas Hold'em]]
* [[Omaha (poker)]]

A baya kuma gasar ta ƙunshi wasu nau'o'in wasannin kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;MSO Poker http://www.boardability.com/game.php?id=poker {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623162214/http://www.boardability.com/game.php?id=poker |date=23 June 2012 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Heads up poker|Heads Up Texas Hold'em]]
* [[Razz (poker)|Razz]]
* [[6 Card Lowball]]
* [[Mexican Stud]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Pawan Kalyan</title>
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      <text bytes="59371" sha1="gq88nkja806lj8yve9w3a3twolbhx89" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Konidela Pawan Kalyan''' {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers |url=https://www.ap.gov.in/#/government/councilofministers |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105194334/http://www.ap.gov.in/#/government/councilofministers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=డిప్యూటీ సీఎం పవన్ కల్యాణ్.. నేమ్ బోర్డు వైరల్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyan-name-board-as-deputy-chief-minister-goes-viral-kmv-2505553.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} (an haife shi a '''''Konidela Kalyan Kumar'''''; {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZSwCbpEVz0&amp;t=528s |title=Pawan Kalyan Mother Konidela Anjana Devi Interview |date=2024-10-02 |publisher=[[TV5 (India)|TV5 News]] |time=8:48 to 9:06 |via=YouTube |access-date=2 October 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130213421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZSwCbpEVz0&amp;t=528s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;news18.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Mother Anjana Devi Reveals His 'Original' Name |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pawan-kalyans-mother-anjana-devi-reveals-his-original-name-9073615.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005023113/https://www.news18.com/movies/pawan-kalyans-mother-anjana-devi-reveals-his-original-name-9073615.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 2 Satumba 1971) ƴar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Indiya, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo, mai taimakon jama'a, kuma mai fasaha a fagen yaƙi, wadda take aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Minista na 11 na Andhra Pradesh tun daga watan Yunin 2024. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Panchayat Raj, Ci gaban Karkara da Samar da Ruwan Karkara; Muhalli, Daji, Kimiyya da Fasaha a Gwamnatin Andhra Pradesh a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Pithapuram. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar Janasena. kuma Shugaban TPCC tun daga 2004 zuwa 2014, 2015 don gabatarwa

A matsayinsa na jarumi, Kalyan ya shahara da salonsa na musamman da kuma halayensa a fina-finan Telugu . Yana jin daɗin tarin magoya baya a faɗin jihohin Telugu, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da &quot;ba za a iya misaltawa ba,&quot; &quot;masu biyayya sosai,&quot; kuma kamar &quot;mabiya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.&quot; {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Vyas |date=2019-09-02 |title=A star with unfathomable craze - Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/a-star-with-unfathomable-craze--pawan-kalyan-560451 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DNA2016&gt;{{Cite web |author=Latha Srinivasan |date=7 April 2016 |title=Here's what makes Pawan Kalyan the real Power Star! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-makes-pawan-kalyan-the-real-power-star-2199220 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731185637/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-makes-pawan-kalyan-the-real-power-star-2199220 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Hemanth Kumar C. R. |date=2017-03-23 |title=Powerstar Pawan Kalyan: From films to politics, what explains his hold over fans? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/powerstar-pawan-kalyan-films-politics-what-explains-his-hold-over-fans-59103 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721150814/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/powerstar-pawan-kalyan-films-politics-what-explains-his-hold-over-fans-59103 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yana cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi albashi a fina-finan Indiya kuma an nuna shi a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 100 ' ''Forbes India'' sau da yawa tun daga 2012.  {{Refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2012 Celebrity 100 - Forbes India Magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/all |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215010208/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/all |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile/pawan-kalyan/52 |title=Pawan Kalyan – 2013 Celebrity 100|access-date=|website=Forbes India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062405/http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile/pawan-kalyan/52|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all? |title=2017 Celebrity 100 – Forbes India Magazine|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185628/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2018 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |website=Forbes India |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225537/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Ya lashe kyautar Filmfare Award da kuma kyautar SIIMA Award a tsakanin sauran kyaututtuka .

Kalyan ya fara fitowa a fim a 1996 ''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi'' . Sannan, ya yi wakokinsa sau shida a jere, daga cikinsu akwai &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSg&quot;&gt;Tholi Prema&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1998), ''Thammudu'' (1999), ''Badri'' (2000), da ''Kushi'' (2001) waɗanda suka zama manyan jarumai a jere. A shekara ta 2001, ya zama jakadan kamfanin [[Pepsi]] na Kudancin Indiya na farko. {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;cola wars&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-09-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan turns 49: From a martial artist to an ardent admirer of Che Guevara, riveting facts of Power Star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-turns-49-from-a-martial-artist-to-an-ardent-admirer-of-che-guevara-riveting-facts-of-power-star/photostory/77869416.cms?picid=77869448 |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Following his hat-trick blockbusters 'Thammudu', 'Badri' and 'Kushi', several multinational companies queued before Pawan to get their products promoted. In the process, the 'Vakeel Saab' actor became one among first South Indian actors to endorse a popular cola brand. |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731191136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-turns-49-from-a-martial-artist-to-an-ardent-admirer-of-che-guevara-riveting-facts-of-power-star/photostory/77869416.cms?picid=77869448 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Did Pawan Kalyan Charge Over Rs 1 Crore In 2001 For Pepsi Ad? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/did-pawan-kalyan-charge-over-rs-1-crore-in-2001-for-pepsi-ad-7810597.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Ya sake dawowa da ''Jalsa'' (2008), fim ɗin Telugu mafi samun kuɗi a wannan shekarar, kuma ya ci gaba da samun manyan jarumai kamar ''Gabbar Singh'' (2012), ''Attarintiki Daredi'' (2013), ''Gopala Gopala'' (2015), da kuma ''Bheemla Nayak'' (2022). Ya sami kyautar Filmfare Award don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a fim ɗin ''Gabbar Singh'' . ''Kushi'' da ''Attarintiki Daredi'' duk sun rike kambun fim din Telugu da ya samu kudi mafi yawa a zamaninsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S. Hari Prasad |date=18 April 2024 |title=Most Industry hits telugu hero: కెరీర్లో ఎక్కువ ఇండస్ట్రీ హిట్స్ అందుకున్న తెలుగు హీరోలు వీళ్లే.. టాప్‌లో మెగాస్టార్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-hero-with-most-industry-hits-chiranjeevi-on-top-anr-ntr-prabhas-allu-arjun-balakrishna-in-the-list-121713439405225.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124435/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-hero-with-most-industry-hits-chiranjeevi-on-top-anr-ntr-prabhas-allu-arjun-balakrishna-in-the-list-121713439405225.html |archive-date=2024-05-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalyan yana riƙe da bel ɗin baki a Karate .  An kuma san shi da ayyukan taimakon jama'a, yana tallafawa manufofi daban-daban na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-26 |title=Pawan to be awarded for his philanthropic work |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-09-26/Pawan-to-be-awarded-for-his-philanthropic-work/329115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505185303/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-09-26/Pawan-to-be-awarded-for-his-philanthropic-work/329115 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2014, Pawan Kalyan ya kafa Jam'iyyar Janasena (JSP). amma a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya haɗa JSP da INC. Ya kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasa na jiha kuma an zaɓe shi daga mazabar Pitapuram da tazarar kuri'u sama da 70,000, daga baya ya zama mataimakin babban minista a 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=S. Guru |date=2024-06-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan scripts political blockbuster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/pawan-kalyan-scripts-political-blockbuster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801122426/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/pawan-kalyan-scripts-political-blockbuster |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Pawan Kalyan a matsayin Konidela Kalyan Kumar {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;news18.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YFTACgZqzY&amp;t=284s |title=Rudraveena Telugu Full Length HD Movie |publisher=Tollywood Box Office |time=4:44 |via=YouTube |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203174811/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YFTACgZqzY&amp;t=284s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1968 {{Refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=2 September 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan turns 50. Allu Arjun to Rakul Preet, celebs wish him on his birthday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-turns-50-allu-arjun-to-rakul-preet-celebs-wish-him-on-his-birthday-1848246-2021-09-02|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074513/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-turns-50-allu-arjun-to-rakul-preet-celebs-wish-him-on-his-birthday-1848246-2021-09-02|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2 September 2021|title='Bheemla Nayak' title song for Pawan Kalyan's birthday|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bheemla-nayak-title-song-for-pawan-kalyans-birthday/article36248035.ece|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 September 2021|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929123933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bheemla-nayak-title-song-for-pawan-kalyans-birthday/article36248035.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Happy Birthday Pawan Kalyan: Chiranjeevi, Ravi Teja, Allu Arjun and others wish Bheemla Nayak actor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/happy-birthday-pawan-kalyan-chiranjeevi-ravi-teja-allu-arjun-and-others-wish-bheemla-nayak-actor-7484084/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929123936/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/happy-birthday-pawan-kalyan-chiranjeevi-ravi-teja-allu-arjun-and-others-wish-bheemla-nayak-actor-7484084/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} a cikin dangin Telugu zuwa Konidela Venkata Rao da Anjana Devi a [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan for end to caste culture |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-18/Pawan-Kalyan-for-end-to-caste-culture/367397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074514/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-18/Pawan-Kalyan-for-end-to-caste-culture/367397 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkata Rao ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda na excise kuma an sauya shi akai-akai.

Kalyan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Joseph da ke Nellore sannan daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Chennai|Madras]] (yanzu Chennai).  A shekarar 1997, ƙungiyar Isshin-ryū Karate ta ba shi lambar yabo ta &quot;Pawan&quot; bayan wani zanga-zangar yaƙi a bainar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=When Kalyan Turned Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/when-kalyan-turned-pawan-kalyan/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=M9 News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Y |first=Saikiran |date=2026-01-11 |title=Power Star Pawan Kalyan Bags Rare Kenjutsu Honour, Awarded 5th Dan |url=https://tmv.in/article/power-star-pawan-kalyan-bags-rare-kenjutsu-honour-awarded-5th-dan |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Morning Voice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kuma riƙe da bel ɗin baki a Karate . 

== Aikin wasan kwaikwayo ==

=== 1996–1997: Aikin farko ===
Kalyan ya fara fitowa a 1996 tare da ''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi'' wanda EVV Satyanarayana ya jagoranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Birthday Special: Power Star Pawan Kalyan! How the actor got his big break and became successful |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116005707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allu Aravind ne ya shirya shi a ƙarƙashin Geeta Arts Banner, kuma tare da tauraro Supriya Yarlagadda, jikanyar Akkineni Nageswara Rao . Fim ɗin ya yi amfani da wani kamfen na musamman na tallatawa kafin a fitar da shi. Da farko, an fitar da fosta dauke da Kalyan da tambayar, &quot;Wane ne wannan mutumin?&quot;. Daga baya, kafin a fitar da fim ɗin, fosta da ke bayyana &quot;Wannan Kalyanmu ne&quot; ya ƙara jan hankalin masu kallo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi 25 Years: 'అక్కడ అమ్మాయి ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి' సినిమా 25 ఏళ్ళు పూర్తి |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/power-star-pawan-kalyan-debut-movie-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completed-25-years-and-here-behind-story-pk-1055070.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810203152/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/power-star-pawan-kalyan-debut-movie-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completed-25-years-and-here-behind-story-pk-1055070.html |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fitar da fim ɗin a watan Oktoban 1996, kuma ya samu nasara sosai a ofishin tallan fim. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kwarewar Kalyan da dabarun yaƙi sun sami kulawa sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=పాతికేళ్ళ 'అక్కడ అమ్మాయి- ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి' |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completes-25-years-66831.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810203154/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completes-25-years-66831.html |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim ɗinsa na biyu ''Gokulamlo Seeta'' (1997) '','' fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo da aka fitar a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Namasthe Telangana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=ప‌వ‌న్ క‌ళ్యాణ్‌ను ఫ‌స్ట్ టైం ప‌వ‌ర్ స్టార్ అని ఎవ‌రు పిలిచారో తెలుసా ! [Do you know who called Pawan Kalyan Power Star first !] |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/posani-krishna-murali-who-called-pawan-kalyan-as-power-star-273657/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206105158/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/posani-krishna-murali-who-called-pawan-kalyan-as-power-star-273657 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Namasthe Telangana |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muthyala Subbaiah ne ya bada umarni kuma Kalyan ya fito a fim tare da Raasi da Harish . A cikin fim ɗin, Kalyan ya taka rawar wani matashi mai kuɗi wanda ya canza halayensa na rashin hankali kuma ya yi yaƙi da adawar al'umma da iyali don ya sami ƙaunarsa. ''Gokulamlo Seeta'' shine fim na farko da aka yaba wa Kalyan a matsayin 'Pawan Kalyan' bayan an ba shi taken &quot;Pawan&quot; a watan Maris na 1997.  Nasarar kasuwanci ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |date=15 May 2003 |title=Johnny sinks, but Pawan Kalyan remains afloat |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429044728/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1998–2001: Nasarorin da suka samu da kuma fitattun 'yan wasa ===
Fim ɗin Kalyan na uku shi ne ''Suswagatham'' (1998) wanda Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao ya ba da umarni, kuma RB Choudary ya shirya a ƙarƙashin tutar Super Good Films . Ta fito a cikin fim ɗin Kalyan da Devayani (a cikin shirinta na farko [[Talgu|na Telugu]] ), tare da waƙoƙin da SA Rajkumar ya tsara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; An fara yaba wa Kalyan da taken ''Power Star'' a wannan fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Namasthe Telangana&quot; /&gt;  A cikin fim ɗin, Kalyan ya taka rawar wani saurayi wanda ya rasa komai saboda ƙaunarsa ga wata yarinya. An yaba wa rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin sosai. ''Suswagatham'' ya shuka iri don samun nasarar Kalyan zuwa tauraro. Fim ɗin ya zama babban abin sha'awa a ofishin tallan fina-finai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Fim ɗin Kalyan na gaba shine ''Tholi Prema'' (1998), wanda A. Karunakaran ya bada umarni kuma tare da Keerthi Reddy suka fito tare da kiɗan Deva . Karunakaran ya ga hoton Pawan Kalyan a bangon mujallar fina-finan Telugu da ke [[Chennai]], kuma ya yi tunanin ya dace da jarumin fim ɗinsa na soyayya. Bayan ya raba rubutun ga Kalyan, Kalyan ya gabatar da shi ga furodusa GVG Raju, wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan ''Gokulamlo Seeta'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M. L. Narasimham |date=23 October 1998 |title=Evolving a style of his own |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GPoKNKNXgAAUVJV?format=jpg&amp;name=large |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240728130717/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GPoKNKNXgAAUVJV?format=jpg&amp;name=large |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=Ghostarchive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim ɗin ya yi fice sosai, inda ya fara da Kalyan a matsayin fitaccen jarumi kuma ya zama fim ɗin soyayya na gargajiya a sinimar Telugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemanth Kumar CR |date=2018-02-08 |title=Tholi Prema: Pawan Kalyan-Keerthi Reddy's romantic classic continues to inspire filmmakers even after 20 years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tholi-prema-pawan-kalyan-keerthi-reddys-romantic-classic-continues-to-inspire-filmmakers-even-after-20-years-4341755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131044637/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tholi-prema-pawan-kalyan-keerthi-reddys-romantic-classic-continues-to-inspire-filmmakers-even-after-20-years-4341755.html |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar fina-finai ta ƙasa don mafi kyawun fina-finai a Telugu, kyaututtuka shida na Nandi Awards na jihohi, kuma an nuna ta a bikin fina-finai na duniya na 30 na Indiya . An sake yin fim ɗin a Kannada a matsayin ''Preethsu Thappenilla'' (2000) sannan a Hindi a matsayin ''Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai'' (2001). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2016 |title=I haven't yet done a dance film: Tusshar Kapoor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-haven-t-yet-done-a-dance-film-tusshar-kapoor-2218135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318081648/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-haven-t-yet-done-a-dance-film-tusshar-kapoor-2218135 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1998, an sami rahotannin cewa Kalyan ya yi aiki tare da daraktan Malayalam [[Fazil (darakta)|Fazil]] don wani aiki da GVG Raju zai shirya, wanda a baya ya shirya ''Tholi Prema'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 1998 |title=ఫాజిల్ దర్శకత్వంలో పవన్ కళ్యాణ్? |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Nov/13-Nov-1998.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720013027/https://zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Nov/13-Nov-1998.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Zameen Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, fim ɗinsa na gaba ya zama ''Thammudu'', inda ya taka rawar mai buga kickboxer . An fitar da ''Thammudu'' a watan Yulin 1999, PA Arun Prasad ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.  Fim ɗin ya tara kaso mai tsoka na ₹9.25–9.46 crore, wanda ya fito a matsayin fim mai ban sha'awa kuma ya samar da riba sama da ₹4 crore ga masu siye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ తమ్ముడు సినిమాకు 22 ఏళ్లు |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/power-star-pawan-kalyan-thammudu-movie-completed-22-years-in-tollywood-145150 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama fim na biyu mafi girma da aka samu a yankin [[Telangana|Nizam]] bayan ''Choodalani Vundi'' (1998). &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; An yaba wa rawar da Kalyan ya taka a lokacin da yake matashi a gasar dambe ta kickboxing. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Nasarar fim ɗin ta sa aka sake yin fim ɗin a Tamil a matsayin ''Badri'' (2001), a Kannada a matsayin ''Yuvaraja'' (2001) da kuma a Bengali a matsayin ''Champion'' (2003). 

Bayan haka, Kalyan ya taka rawa a fim ɗin Puri Jagannadh na farko, ''Badri'' (2000). Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin jaruman farko Ameesha Patel da Renu Desai (waɗanda zai aura daga baya). T. Trivikrama Rao ne ya shirya shi, kuma Ramana Gogula ne ya tsara waƙar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2000 |title=Movie Review - Badri |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-badri.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530210744/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-badri.html |archive-date=30 May 2013 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim ɗin ya zama fim mai ban sha'awa a ofishin tallan fina-finai. ''Badri'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa sha'awar Pawan Kalyan daga masu sauraro, waɗanda suka yaba wa waƙoƙin da ya yi a baya ga jama'a da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=23YrsOfBlockBusterBadri: పవన్ కల్యాణ్ 'బద్రి' గురించి ఈ విషయం తెలుసా? |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/viral/power-star-pawan-kalyan-badri-movie-completes-23-years-kbk-44250.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811081454/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/viral/power-star-pawan-kalyan-badri-movie-completes-23-years-kbk-44250.html |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=Chitrajyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mummunan yanayi tsakanin Pawan Kalyan da Prakash Raj ya kasance babban abin lura a cikin aikinsa na Pawan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Tattaunawa da waƙoƙin fim ɗin sun kasance manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga matasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్‌ 'బద్రి'కి 23 యేళ్లు పూర్తి.. సాధించిన రికార్డులు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/pawan-kalyan-blockbluster-badri-movie-completes-23-years-here-are-the-total-collections-ta-1746176.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810204945/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/pawan-kalyan-blockbluster-badri-movie-completes-23-years-here-are-the-total-collections-ta-1746176.html |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim na gaba Kalyan shine ''Kushi'' (2001) tare da Bhumika . SJ Surya ne ya ba da umarni kuma AM Rathnam ne ya shirya shi.  Mani Sharma ce ta bayar da waƙar da kuma sautin waƙoƙin. Kalyan kuma ya tsara dukkan jerin ayyukan da ke cikin fim ɗin. An fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999 a matsayin harshen harsuna biyu tare da sigar Tamil ɗinsa, wacce aka kuma yi wa laƙabi da ''Kushi'' (2000), amma an jinkirta sigar Telugu saboda jajircewar Kalyan ga ''Badri'' a baya. {{Refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&amp;t=308s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |author=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=5:08 to 6:26 |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721123525/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&amp;t=308s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&amp;t=453s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |author=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=7:33 to 8:58 |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907054431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&amp;t=453s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Ready for release - Kushi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/kushi.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907054403/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/kushi.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Fim ɗin ya kasance fim mai ban mamaki a ofishin box ofis kuma ya zama fim ɗin Telugu mafi samun kuɗi a wancan lokacin. {{Refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Kushi completes 19 years of release; trending big-time on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-kushi-completes-19-years-of-release-trending-big-time-on-social-media/articleshow/75401347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101002235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-kushi-completes-19-years-of-release-trending-big-time-on-social-media/articleshow/75401347.cms |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Vijayalaxmi |date=15 May 2003 |title=Johnny sinks, but Pawan Kalyan remains afloat |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429044728/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Rediff]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} An yaba wa fim ɗin sosai saboda yadda yake nuna fina-finai, kiɗa, da kuma yadda yake nuna fina-finai musamman ma yadda Pawan Kalyan ya nuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=Kushi : పవర్‌స్టార్ పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ కల్ట్ క్లాసికల్ 'ఖుషి' @ 20 |url=https://10tv.in/latest/pawan-kalyan-evergreen-blockbuster-kushi-completed-20-years-218363.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512203751/https://10tv.in/latest/pawan-kalyan-evergreen-blockbuster-kushi-completed-20-years-218363.html |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=[[10TV]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kushi'' shi ne babban abin da ya faru a jere sau shida a jere ga Pawan Kalyan, kuma salonsa, halayensa da kuma tattaunawarsa daga fim ɗin sun yi koyi sosai da matasan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Fina-finan fina-finai guda huɗu a jere ''—Tholi Prema'', ''Thammudu'', ''Badri'', da ''Kushi'' —suna da matsayi na musamman a tsakanin matasa a farkon ƙarni na 19. {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Vyas |date=2019-09-02 |title=A star with unfathomable craze - Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/a-star-with-unfathomable-craze--pawan-kalyan-560451 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DNA2016&gt;{{Cite web |author=Latha Srinivasan |date=7 April 2016 |title=Here's what makes Pawan Kalyan the real Power Star! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-makes-pawan-kalyan-the-real-power-star-2199220 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731185637/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-makes-pawan-kalyan-the-real-power-star-2199220 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Hemanth Kumar C. R. |date=2017-03-23 |title=Powerstar Pawan Kalyan: From films to politics, what explains his hold over fans? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/powerstar-pawan-kalyan-films-politics-what-explains-his-hold-over-fans-59103 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721150814/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/powerstar-pawan-kalyan-films-politics-what-explains-his-hold-over-fans-59103 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Pawan Kalyan ya zama fitaccen jarumi a fagen matasa, inda ya kafa salon aiki, salo, da kuma salon zamani. Waɗannan fina-finan sun ba shi tarin magoya baya, waɗanda suka bambanta da na babban ɗan'uwansa Chiranjeevi.   A shekara ta 2001, Kalyan ya zama jakadan kamfanin [[Pepsi]] na Kudancin Indiya na farko, yayin da Chiranjeevi ya tallata [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] .  {{Refn|&lt;ref name=&quot;cola wars&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Did Pawan Kalyan Charge Over Rs 1 Crore In 2001 For Pepsi Ad? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/did-pawan-kalyan-charge-over-rs-1-crore-in-2001-for-pepsi-ad-7810597.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729192748/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/did-pawan-kalyan-charge-over-rs-1-crore-in-2001-for-pepsi-ad-7810597.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== 2003–2007: Farkon daraktan da kuma canjin aiki ===
Fim ɗin Kalyan na gaba shine ''Johnny'' (2003), wanda ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a ciki tare da Renu Desai . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-04-28 |title=Tedious fare |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042801100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730095640/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042801100400.htm |archive-date=2003-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allu Aravind ne ya shirya fim ɗin tare da kiɗan Ramana Gogula, kuma fim ɗin ya nuna Kalyan a matsayin mai horarwa wanda ke fafutukar samar da kuɗin kula da lafiyar matarsa da cutar kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movie Review - Johnny |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-johnny.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728154246/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-johnny.html |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Johnny'' yana da mafi girman haƙƙin rarraba fina-finai na ₹ crore 21 don fim ɗin Telugu a lokacin&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |date=23 April 2003 |title=Pawan Kalyan sets a record |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/23pawan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728081239/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/23pawan.htm |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an sake shi da fiye da bugu 250 a duk duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan Birthday: As Actor Turns 48, Here are 5 of His Best Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-birthday-as-actor-turns-48-here-are-5-of-his-best-films-2293883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728154244/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-birthday-as-actor-turns-48-here-are-5-of-his-best-films-2293883.html |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en |quote=Johnny became the first ever Telugu film to be released with over 250 prints worldwide including the United States. Johnny was screened at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kallon Kalyan mai tsafta ya bambanta da salon da ya saba da shi wanda ya ɓata wa magoya baya da yawa rai. Duk da cewa fim ɗin Pawan Kalyan ne ya fara yin fice bayan ya yi fice sau shida a jere, an yaba masa saboda salon wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau da kuma tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Padhi |first=Sandeep |date=2021-05-23 |title=The Action In Pawan Kalyan's Johnny |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/johnny-telugu-movie-pawan-kalyan-the-action |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801193138/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/johnny-telugu-movie-pawan-kalyan-the-action |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salon Kalyan a fim ɗin ya zama ruwan dare, inda rigunan ''Johnny'', bandanas, bandeji, da huluna suka shahara sosai.  An kuma nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Fim dinsa na gaba ''Balu'' (2005) shi ne darakta na biyu na A. Karunakaran tare da Kalyan, bayan ''Tholi Prema''. C. Aswini Dutt ne ya shirya wannan fim ɗin a ƙarƙashin tutar Vyjayanthi Movies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2005 |title=Movie review - Balu ABCDEFG |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-balu.html |website=Idlebrain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fito tare da Shriya, Neha Oberoi da Gulshan Grover. An ɗauki fim ɗin ''Balu'' sosai a [[Delhi]] da [[Agra]], inda aka gina wani shiri na musamman kusa da [[Taj Mahal]] da kuma wani a [[Birnin Fim na Ramoji|Ramoji Film City]], Hyderabad, akan kuɗi ₹ 90 lakh . Pawan Kalyan ya sanya wando na musamman a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a fim ɗin, wanda ya saya daga [[Italiya]] akan kimanin ₹ 2 lakh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan : పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ తన స్టైలిష్ ప్యాంట్స్‌ను ఏ హీరోకి గిఫ్ట్‌గా ఇచ్చారో తెలుసా..? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-gifted-sai-dharam-tej-different-style-pants-used-in-gudumba-shankar-and-balu-movies-1052872.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811122235/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-gifted-sai-dharam-tej-different-style-pants-used-in-gudumba-shankar-and-balu-movies-1052872.html |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[TV9 Telugu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya waɗannan wando suka zama ruwan dare a tsakanin matasa.   ''Balu'' shine fim ɗin Telugu na farko da aka fitar a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ya zama matsakaicin mai kuɗi a ofishin boxoffice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2005 |title=The gamble pays off |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/the-gamble-pays-off-927625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727085513/https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/the-gamble-pays-off-927625 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Independent Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2006, an fitar da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgM&quot;&gt;fim ɗin Bangaram&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, wanda mai shirya fina-finan Tamil Dharani ya bayar da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Kalyan a matsayin jarumi, sannan kuma [[Meera Chopra]], Sanusha, Ashutosh Rana, da Mukesh Rishi a matsayin masu tallafawa. AM Rathnam ne ya shirya shi, wanda a baya ya shirya ''Kushi'' (2001), labarin ya biyo bayan Bangaram, wani ɗan jarida wanda ke mafarkin yin aiki a [[BBC]]. Abin lura shi ne, wannan ne karo na farko a tarihin rayuwar Kalyan da bai samu wata mace da ta yi masa bamban da sauran. An samu sharhi iri-iri game da fim ɗin, kuma an ruwaito cewa Kalyan ya mayar da kuɗi ga masu rarraba fim ɗin saboda rashin kyawun aikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=15 years for Bangaram: For the first time in his career, Pawan Kalyan did not have a female lead starring opposite him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/15-years-for-bangaram-for-the-first-time-in-his-career-pawan-kalyan-did-not-have-a-female-lead-starring-opposite-him/videoshow/82369969.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203200133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/15-years-for-bangaram-for-the-first-time-in-his-career-pawan-kalyan-did-not-have-a-female-lead-starring-opposite-him/videoshow/82369969.cms |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Panjaa To Bangaram, Pawan Kalyan Films That Flopped At The Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/panjaa-to-bangaram-pawan-kalyan-films-that-flopped-at-the-box-office-8432179.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204025023/https://www.news18.com/movies/panjaa-to-bangaram-pawan-kalyan-films-that-flopped-at-the-box-office-8432179.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris 2006, Pawan Kalyan na darekta kamfani na biyu, ''Satyagrahi'' (tagline: Satyame Naa Ayudham; transl. Gaskiya ita ce makamina), wanda ya nuna shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai, an ƙaddamar da shi tare da wani babban taron da aka yi a Annapurna Studios.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2006 |title=Satyagrahi film launch – Pawan Kalyan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-satyagrahi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225004/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-satyagrahi.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=10 December 2015 |website=Idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wurin taron, Kalyan ya nuna takaicinsa game da matsalolin zamantakewa kuma yana da niyyar amfani da ''Satyagrahi'' don haskaka waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar da za ta jawo hankalin kasuwanci. Furodusa AM Rathnam ya sanar da cewa za a yi fim ɗin da harshen Telugu da Hindi, tare da waƙar Bengali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; Duk da sha'awar farko da kuma manyan masu haɗin gwiwa kamar PC Sreeram da AR Rahman, an dakatar da aikin. A watan Oktoban 2021, Kalyan ya bayyana cewa an ware fim ɗin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ƙungiyar gaggawa ta Jayaprakash Narayan, don mayar da hankali kan fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, inda ya fi gamsarwa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa kai tsaye maimakon ta hanyar sinima.

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya fito a cikin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAi0&quot;&gt;fim ɗin Annavaram&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, wanda Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao ya ba da umarni, tare da Asin, kuma an zaɓi Sandhya tare da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2006 |title=Annavaram - Movie Review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-annavaram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428115753/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-annavaram.html |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=Idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fim ɗin ne a ƙarƙashin tutar Super Good Films kuma ya zama fim na farko da Kalyan ya fito a matsayin jarumi a ƙauye. Pawan Kalyan ya taka rawar Annavaram, wani [[Ƙira|maƙeri]] wanda, bisa ga ƙaunarsa ga 'yar'uwarsa, ya zama mai fafutuka a Hyderabad don wargaza duniyar masu aikata laifuka ta birnin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; An fitar da fim ɗin a watan Disamba na 2006, kuma ya samu riba mai yawa fiye da matsakaicin da aka samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sambi Reddy |date=2 September 2024 |title=ఇండస్ట్రీ హిట్స్ నుండి అట్టర్ ప్లాప్స్ వరకు, పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ కెరీర్ లో చేసిన 11 రీమేక్స్ వాటి రిజల్ట్స్! |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/hero-pawan-kalyan-birth-day-special-11-remakes-and-results-ksr-sj6i0k#image4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918082310/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/hero-pawan-kalyan-birth-day-special-11-remakes-and-results-ksr-sj6i0k#image4 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2008–2011: Ci gaba da aiki ===
Fim ɗin Kalyan na gaba shine ''Jalsa'' (2008), wanda Trivikram Srinivas ya rubuta kuma ya bada umarni. ''Jalsa'' ita ce haɗin gwiwa ta farko tsakanin Pawan Kalyan da Trivikram, haɗin gwiwa wanda daga baya ya faɗaɗa zuwa ayyuka da yawa a nan gaba. Mahesh Babu ne ya bayar da muryar fim ɗin. A cikin fim ɗin, Pawan Kalyan ya taka rawar Sanjay Sahu, wani mai koyar da motsa jiki a cikin iska mai cike da matsaloli a matsayin Naxalite . Wakar Kalyan, musamman lokacin barkwancinsa da kuma tattaunawarsa ta musamman, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt; ''Jalsa'' ta kafa tarihi da dama a ranar farko ta fim ɗin, ciki har da mafi girman tarin fina -finan Telugu da aka yi a rana ta farko da kuma mafi girman tarin fina-finan Kudancin Indiya a jiha ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt; Ya zama fim ɗin Telugu mafi tsada a shekarar 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=12 Years of Jalsa: 5 reasons why the Pawan Kalyan starrer was a hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/12-years-of-jalsa-5-reasons-why-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer-was-a-hit/photostory/74948425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426221412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/12-years-of-jalsa-5-reasons-why-the-pawan-kalyan-starrer-was-a-hit/photostory/74948425.cms |archive-date=26 April 2020 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin, kiɗa, barkwanci, da kuma tattaunawa mai daɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya nuna nasarar Kalyan ta farko bayan fina-finai biyar a jere da ba su yi fice ba.  

Fim ɗin Pawan Kalyan na gaba, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAmU&quot;&gt;Puli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2010), fim mai ban sha'awa na aiki, SJ Surya ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, kuma Singanamala Ramesh Babu ya shirya shi da kasafin kuɗi na ₹ 40 crore.  Da farko an yi masa lakabi da ''Komaram Puli'', an sake masa suna ''Puli'' a rana ta biyu da fitarsa saboda adawa daga Komaram Sony Rao, jikan shahararren ɗan ƙabilar Komaram Bheem, wanda sunansa ya zaburar da ainihin taken fim ɗin. An sayar da haƙƙin rarraba [[Telangana|Nizam]] ga Geetha Arts akan ₹ crore 12, wani adadi mai yawa da ya karya tarihi a lokacin.  Bayan an sake shi, an yi wa ''Puli'' tambayoyi masu zafi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama bala'i a ofishin 'yan wasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2012 |title=Pawan powers his way back |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/pawan-powers-his-way-back/articleshow/21323029.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204033328/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/pawan-powers-his-way-back/articleshow/21323029.cms |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2010, an sanar da hukuma cewa Kalyan zai taka rawa a wani fim game da [[Isa|Yesu Almasihu]] wanda Singeetam Srinivasa Rao zai jagoranta.  Da kuɗin shirya fim ɗin ya kai dala miliyan 30, an yi hasashen cewa fim ɗin ya fi tsada a fina-finan Indiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2010 |title=The story of Jesus Christ gets Indian treatment |url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/06/slide-show-1-south-first-look-indian-story-on-jesus-christ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121073827/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/06/slide-show-1-south-first-look-indian-story-on-jesus-christ.htm |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya ɗaukar fim ɗin a [[Isra'ila]] da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|yankunan Falasɗinu]] tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya, waɗanda galibi suka ƙunshi yara. An ruwaito cewa masu shirya fina-finan sun shafe lokaci suna rangadin wurare a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] da kuma kewayen Tekun Galili kuma sun tuntubi Hukumar Falasdinawa game da daukar fim a Jericho da Baitalami . &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; An ce za a fara ɗaukar fim ɗin a Urushalima a watan Oktoba na 2010 kuma za a fitar da fim ɗin a shekarar 2011. An ce fim ɗin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin ibada guda bakwai. Za a yi fim ɗin na tsawon mintuna 195, tare da juzu'i a harsuna huɗu, ciki har da Ingilishi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2011, Pawan Kalyan ya yi tauraro a cikin ''Teen Maar'', wanda Jayanth C. Paranjee ya ba da umarni tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Trivikram Srinivas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2011 |title=Review: Teenmaar is Pawan Kalyan's show |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604034701/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sake fasalin fim ɗin Hindi ne &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAp8&quot;&gt;Love Aaj Kal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2009). Kalyan yana taka rawa biyu: Michael Velayudham, wani mai dafa abinci a [[Italiya]] wanda ke tafiyar da dangantaka ta zamani, da kuma Arjun Palwai, wanda labarin soyayya na gargajiya na shekarun 1980 ya yi tasiri sosai kan tafiyar Michael zuwa fahimtar ainihin darajar soyayya da sadaukarwa. Fim ɗin ya yi fice a fannin tallata fina-finai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt;

Fim na gaba Kalyan shine wasan gangster na Vishnuvardhan ''Panjaa'' (2011).  Banda Kalyan, akwai jarumai irin su Sarah-Jane Dias, Anjali Lavania, da Jackie Shroff . Kalyan ya nuna sabon salo ga ''Panjaa'', inda ya haɗa gemu mai kyau da gashin baki.  A cikin fim ɗin, Kalyan ya taka rawar Jai, wani jarumi mai aminci ga wani babban ɗan daba, wanda aka tilasta masa guduwa bayan wani aiki ya yi kuskure. An fitar da ''Panjaa'' a watan Disamba na 2011, kuma ya sami sharhi iri-iri daga masu suka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt; Ya samu karbuwa mai matsakaicin yawa daga masu kallo daga ƙasashen waje amma ya sha wahala wajen yin tasiri a ofishin akwatin gidan waya na cikin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; A tsawon lokaci, an ɗauke shi a matsayin fim da ba a daraja shi sosai a sinimar Telugu.

== Aikin siyasa ==
Pawan Kalyan ya fara harkokin siyasa a shekarar 2008 a matsayin shugaban Yuvarajyam, reshen matasa na Jam'iyyar Praja Rajyam (PRP), wanda babban ɗan'uwansa Chiranjeevi ya kafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chiranjeevi's brother Pavan Kalyan to head Praja Rajyam's youth wing |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/07chiranjeevi-brother-pavan-kalyan-to-head-praja-rajyam-youth-wing.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117212349/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/07chiranjeevi-brother-pavan-kalyan-to-head-praja-rajyam-youth-wing.htm |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2012 |title=Pawan Kalyan to head Yuva Rajyam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2008/dec/06/pawan-kalyan-to-head-yuva-rajyam-8540.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182142/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2008/dec/06/pawan-kalyan-to-head-yuva-rajyam-8540.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da yake aiki da PRP, Kalyan bai tsaya takara a zaɓe ba ko kuma ya riƙe wani muƙami na kundin tsarin mulki, duk da cewa ya yi fafutukar yaƙin neman zaɓe ga jam'iyyar. Kokarin yakin neman zabensa ya gamu da matsaloli na lafiya, ciki har da bugun rana wanda ya haifar da amai a lokacin wani wasan kwaikwayo a Vizag a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2009. A shekarar 2011, lokacin da PRP ta hade da Jam'iyyar Congress,   Kalyan ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da shawarar ɗan'uwansa kuma ya huta daga harkokin siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-14 |title=Pawan Kalyan floats Jana Sena party |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pawan-kalyan-floats-jana-sena-party/article23120068.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505073934/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pawan-kalyan-floats-jana-sena-party/article23120068.ece |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |quote=After a hectic tour across the state that witnessed flamboyant speeches, the actor suddenly disappeared from public life following the merger of the party with the Congress. Reports suggested that he fell out with his brother after the merger. He wanted his brother to keep the party alive despite the setback at the polls.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rahotanni sun nuna cewa yana son ɗan'uwansa ya ci gaba da tafiyar da jam'iyyar duk da koma-baya da aka samu a zaɓen. &lt;ref name=&quot;:09&quot; /&gt;

Pawan Kalyan ya kafa Jam'iyyar Jana Sena a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Telugu actor Pawan Kalyan launches new party – indtoday |url=http://www.indtoday.com/telugu-actor-pawan-kalyan-launches-new-party-indtoday/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314182542/http://www.indtoday.com/telugu-actor-pawan-kalyan-launches-new-party-indtoday/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=indtoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2014 |title=Telugu Actor Pawan Kalyan Launches New Party |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telugu-Actor-Pawan-Kalyan-Launches-New-Party/2014/03/14/article2109120.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314212113/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telugu-Actor-Pawan-Kalyan-Launches-New-Party/2014/03/14/article2109120.ece |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rubuta tare da wani littafi mai suna ''Ism'', wanda ke bayyana akidar jam'iyyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2014 |title=Pawan's ISM book: A summary |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-04-01/Pawans-ISM-book-A-summary/90608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726072055/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-04-01/Pawans-ISM-book-A-summary/90608 |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |website=The Hans India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Maris 2014, Kalyan ya gana da ɗan takarar firayim minista na jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata (BJP) [[Narendra Modi]] don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi jihohin Telugu tare da nuna goyon bayansa.  Ya zaɓi kada ya tsaya takara a zaɓen 2014, maimakon haka ya goyi baya da kuma yin kamfe sosai ga jam'iyyar Telugu Desam (TDP) da kuma ƙawancen BJP. Kalyan ya yi yakin neman zabe a kan jam'iyyar Congress, inda ya yi taken &quot;Congress Hatao, Desh Bachao&quot; ( transl. Cire Majalisa, Ceton Al'umma ).  Taronsa ya jawo dimbin jama'a a Andhra Pradesh da Telangana,  Goyon bayansa da yakin neman zabensa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar da jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance ta jagoranta ta TDP ta samu a zaben Majalisar Andhra Pradesh .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan, the latest in a line of actor-turned-politicians, positions himself as the dark horse but will he avoid the electoral fate of his eldest brother Chiranjeevi? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20150413-pawan-kalyan-andhra-pradesh-bjp-telugu-desam-818038-2015-04-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804084029/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20150413-pawan-kalyan-andhra-pradesh-bjp-telugu-desam-818038-2015-04-02 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya haɗa JSP da INC

A watan Nuwamba na 2016, Kalyan ya sanar da cewa INC za ta tsaya takara a babban zaben 2019 a Andhra Pradesh.  Ya bayyana cewa yana shirin tsayawa takara daga dukkan majalisun dokoki 175 na Andhra Pradesh ba tare da wata kawance ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=No tie-ups, Jana Sena to contest all 175 seats in Andhra, says Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-tie-ups-jana-sena-to-contest-all-175-seats-in-andhra-says-pawan-kalyan/story-OIf1N6ZDS7WVMHQa2qSI3I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202231028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-tie-ups-jana-sena-to-contest-all-175-seats-in-andhra-says-pawan-kalyan/story-OIf1N6ZDS7WVMHQa2qSI3I.html |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=Hindusthan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na 2017, ya sanar da cewa yana da niyyar shiga harkokin siyasa na cikakken lokaci daga watan Oktoba na 2017 da zarar ya kammala ayyukansa na fim. 

A shekarar 2017, Kalyan ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan siyasa game da matsalar cutar koda ta Uddanam ta hanyar zanga-zanga da yajin cin abinci.  Gwamnatin Andhra Pradesh ta mayar da martani ta hanyar gina cibiyoyin dialysis da kuma aiwatar da tsare-tsare daban-daban ga ƙauyen.  A watan Disamba na 2017, Kalyan ya yi adawa da matakin gwamnatin tsakiya na mayar da kamfanin Dredging Corporation of India (DCI) mai zaman kansa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarma |first=Ch R. S. |date=6 December 2017 |title=Pawan Kalyan backs Dredging Corpn staff stir against privatisation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pawan-kalyan-backs-dredging-corpn-staff-stir-against-privatisation/article9984202.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310044301/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pawan-kalyan-backs-dredging-corpn-staff-stir-against-privatisation/article9984202.ece |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2019 |website=[[Business Line]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2018, ya yi adawa da shawarar Gwamnatin TDP kan tilasta wa mutane tara filaye.  A watan Oktoban 2018, Kalyan ya gudanar da wani gangami a kan tsohon sansanin Dowleswaram da ke Rajahmundry yana neman a dauki alhakin siyasa.  A watan Nuwamba na 2018, ya fallasa zargin hakar ma'adinai da ba a tantance ba a yankin dajin da aka tanada a ƙauyen Vanthada na Prathipadu a gundumar Gabashin Godavari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan alleges hand of ruling, Opposition leaders in 'illegal' Vanthada mining |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/nov/05/pawan-kalyan-alleges-hand-of-ruling-opposition-leaders-in-illegal-vanthada-mining-1894480.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225163114/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/nov/05/pawan-kalyan-alleges-hand-of-ruling-opposition-leaders-in-illegal-vanthada-mining-1894480.html |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na 2018, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar nuna ta'aziyya ga iyalan manoman da suka kashe kansu ko kuma suka yi ƙaura daga yankunan Rayalaseema da ke fuskantar fari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan leads protest over drought in Andhra's Rayalaseema region |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-leads-protest-over-drought-andhras-rayalaseema-region-92775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-leads-protest-over-drought-andhras-rayalaseema-region-92775 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=8 February 2019 |website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==
A watan Afrilun 2001, [[Pepsi]], ta sanar da Pawan Kalyan a matsayin jakadan kamfanin, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan asalin Indiya ta Kudu na farko da ya amince da shan wannan abin sha. , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A mouthful of bitter pill(s) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/16/stories/2002031601450200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030715111625/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/16/stories/2002031601450200.htm |archive-date=15 July 2003 |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2017, Kalyan ya amince ya karɓi aikin jakadan alama na masu saka kayan hannu a Andhra Pradesh da Telangana. , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2017 |title=Pawan Kalyan turns brand ambassador for handloom weavers in AP, Telangana |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-01-18/Pawan-Kalyan-turns-brand-ambassador-for-handloom-weavers-in-AP-Telangana/274225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120134928/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-01-18/Pawan-Kalyan-turns-brand-ambassador-for-handloom-weavers-in-AP-Telangana/274225 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na 2017, an naɗa Kalyan jakadan kamfanin Jeevandan, wani shiri da gwamnatin Andhra Pradesh ta fara don bayar da gudummawar gaɓoɓin jiki . 

An gayyaci Kalyan zuwa [[Jami'ar Harvard]] don gabatar da jawabi a taron Indiya na 2017 na bugu na 14 tare da R. Madhavan . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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==Aikin jarida a Najeriya==

Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.[1]

==Rediyo==

A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a.

==Talabijin==

A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka.

A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi.

Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja

A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3]

Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2]

==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu==

A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin.

Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.

==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet==

Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye.

Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a.

==Aikin jarida na zamani==

A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai.

A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya.

==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya==

A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da:

* yaɗa labarai da bayanai;
* ilimantar da jama'a;
* wayar da kan al'umma;
* tattauna harkokin siyasa;
* adana bayanan tarihi;
* yaɗa al'adu da harsuna;
* ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Aikin jarida]]
* [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]]
* [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]]
* [[Nigerian Television Authority]]
* [[National Broadcasting Commission]]

==Manazarta==

[1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.

[2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4]

[3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5]

[4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6]

[5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7]</text>
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==Aikin jarida a Najeriya=={{subst:submit}}

Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.[1]

==Rediyo==

A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a.

==Talabijin==

A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka.

A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi.

Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja

A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3]

Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2]

==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu==

A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin.

Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.

==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet==

Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye.

Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a.

==Aikin jarida na zamani==

A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai.

A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya.

==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya==

A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da:

* yaɗa labarai da bayanai;
* ilimantar da jama'a;
* wayar da kan al'umma;
* tattauna harkokin siyasa;
* adana bayanan tarihi;
* yaɗa al'adu da harsuna;
* ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Aikin jarida]]
* [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]]
* [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]]
* [[Nigerian Television Authority]]
* [[National Broadcasting Commission]]

==Manazarta==

[1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.

[2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4]

[3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5]

[4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6]

[5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7]</text>
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Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.[1]

==Rediyo==

A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a.

==Talabijin==

A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka.

A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi.

Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja

A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3]

Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2]

==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu==

A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin.

Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.

==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet==

Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye.

Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a.

==Aikin jarida na zamani==

A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai.

A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya.

==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya==

A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da:

* yaɗa labarai da bayanai;
* ilimantar da jama'a;
* wayar da kan al'umma;
* tattauna harkokin siyasa;
* adana bayanan tarihi;
* yaɗa al'adu da harsuna;
* ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Aikin jarida]]
* [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]]
* [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]]
* [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]]
* [[Nigerian Television Authority]]
* [[National Broadcasting Commission]]

==Manazarta==

[1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.

[2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4]

[3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5]

[4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6]

[5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nick Monu</title>
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Nick Monu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma darektan.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi '''Nicholas Monu''' a matsayin ɗa na huɗu kuma ɗa na biyu na Yarima '''Obiora Monu''' na [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]], wanda ya kasance mai lissafi kuma shugaban kamfanin '''Obiora Mnu &amp; Co.''' a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], da '''Mrs. Florence Monu (née Oluwo)''', wadda ta kasance malama a Makarantar Corona da ke Legas.

Ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Najeriya, har zuwa lokacin da shi da iyalinsa suka bar ƙasar sakamakon [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]]. Na ɗan wani lokaci, iyalin sun zauna tare da kawunsa, wanda a lokacin yake matsayin jakadan Najeriya a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya zama jakadan Najeriya a Italiya.

Daga baya, ya halarci '''Makarantar St. Andrew da ke Eastbourne''' da kuma '''Millfield Senior School da ke Somerset'''. Baya ga ilimin Turai, ya kuma samu horo a fannonin '''waƙa, wasanni da zane-zane'''.

.

Bayan ya halarci Jami'ar Amurka a Washington, DC, da Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art a London daga shekara ta 1987 zuwa 1989, an zaba shi tare da wasu ɗaliban wasan kwaikwayo 11 masu magana da Ingilishi don yin rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayo na Anton Tschechow &quot;Uncle wanja&quot; a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow a Rasha.

Bayan haka ya fara aikinsa a Burtaniya a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa, yana bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye kamar The Wind in the Willows 1990 zuwa 2011 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National, Talking in Tongues 1991 zuwa 1992 a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Royal Court da Blues don Mr. Charlie 1992 zuwa 1993 a Manchester Royal Exchange . Tsakanin 1994 da 1997 ya zama memba na Berlin Schaubühne Ensemble kuma ya taka rawar gani, misali a cikin &quot;Hotel Orpheu&quot;, &quot;Orestes&quot;, &quot;Symposium&quot; da &quot;Die Sprache der Vögel&quot;.

1998 he returned for a short while to London and played lead parts in the theatre productions &quot;Oroonoko&quot; at the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]], ''The honest whore'' and ''Merchant of Venice'' at the Globe Theatre and started his film and television career. He starred in the [[BBC]]'s EastEnders, Holby City, T.L.C., The Whistle Blower and the films ''Stigma'' and White Hawk.

2001 ya fara da jerin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin opera Entführung aus dem Serail a Wiener Volksoper a matsayin &quot;Bassa Selim&quot;. A shekara ta 2002 ya koma tsakanin [[Vienna]] da London, ya fito a matsayin &quot;Othello&quot;  da &quot;King Headley&quot; a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle . A shekara ta 2003 ya shiga ƙungiyar Wiener Burgtheater kuma ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar &quot;Was Ihr Reagan&quot;, &quot;7 Sekunden oder in God we Trust&quot;, &quot;Die Ziege&quot;, &quot;Don Carlos&quot;, &quot;Die Katze auf dem heißen Blechdach&quot; da &quot;Sofasurfin&quot;. 2006 ya sake bayyana a matsayin &quot;Bassa Selim&quot; a Opera na Marseille, yana nuna farkon matakin farko a Faransa.

Tun  shekara ta 2004 Monu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finai da fina-fakkaatan da  na Jamusanci, misali a shekara ta 2004 a cikin &quot;Vier Frauen und ein Todesfall&quot;, a shekara ta 2005 a cikin &quot;Gefangene&quot;, 2006 a cikin Tatort-series &quot;Schattenspiele&quot; da &quot;Tod aus Afrika&quot; da kuma a cikin &quot;Kommissarin Lucas - German Angst&quot;, a cikin 2007 a cikin &quot;{{Interlanguage link|Nachtschicht (TV series)|de|Nachtschicht (Filmreihe)|lt=Nachtschicht}} [de] - {{Interlanguage link|Blutige Stadt (Nachtschicht)|de|Nachtschicht – Blutige Stadt|lt=Blutige Stadt}} [de]&quot; da &quot;KDD - Scham&quot; kuma a cikin 2010 a cikin &quot;The Unintentional Kidnapping of Mrs. Eledefri Ott&quot;.

2007 ya fito a matsayin Othello a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Salisbury . Tsakanin 2008 da 2013 ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don yin aiki a kan shirye-shirye da yawa, ilmantarwa da horar da mutanen da ke aiki a waɗannan yankuna. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Austriya &quot;Abokai na Monu &amp; Monu&quot; ita ce takwaransa ta Turai, tana ba da tallafi ga ayyukan fasaha a Afirka. Nick Monu shine shugaban wannan NGO, tare da Roman Bönsch a matsayin sakatare da Simone Monu a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi.

A matsayinsa na furodusa da darektan ya shiga cikin &quot;Sonette XCIV&quot; na William Shakespeare, tare da Sir Alan Bates a cikin 1999, gajeren fim &quot;Split Ends&quot; - Cruzon Cinema, Soho, 2002, da kuma gajeren &quot;Wienerin betet&quot; don Festival Mythos Modern, Vienna, 2008; a cikin 2009 ya ba da umarnin &quot;Swamp Dwellers&quot; na [[Wole Soyinka]], gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, kuma ya fara samar da bidiyon kiɗa kuma ya gudanar da bita tare da Goethe-Institut da ake kira &quot;Bauprobe's Soyinka&quot;.

2010 ya fito a matsayin jagora a cikin Christian Kracht's &quot;Ich Winde hier sein im Sonnenschein und im Schatten&quot; a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Basel, kuma ya bayyana a cikin Alexanderfest a Augusta Raurica a matsayin Zeus .

2011 A shekarar '''2011''', ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo ''The Cost of Living'' na [[Sefi Atta]], wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a duniya a '''Terra Kulture, Legas'''. [[Wole Soyinka]] ne ya gayyace shi domin a gabatar da wasan a bikin '''Black Heritage''' a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.

A watan Oktoba na shekarar '''2011''', ya kuma ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo ''Hagel auf Zamfara'' (Turanci: ''Sentence'') na [[Sefi Atta]], wanda aka fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci, a '''Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Krefeld und Mönchengladbach'''.


In spring 2013 he directed another play in Germany, &quot;Happy days&quot; by Samuel Beckett, at the Theater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach, with its opening in April 2013. Thereafter he became the curator of the established African Art Gallery [[matombo]] in the old town of Salzburg, where he has curated shows of traditional and modern African Art. 2015 he held a reading based on Opera Wonyosi of Wole Soyinka as part of the opening of the Salzburger Festspiele within the gallery.
In 2019 the African Art Gallery was redesigned and transferred into an online Gallery www.matombo.at

A watan Janairun 2016 ya fara bugawa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia a Hamburg, yana wasa da Uba Joad a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na littafin John Steinbeck mai suna Grapes of Wrath, wanda [[Luk Perceval]] ya jagoranta.

Daga 2017 zuwa 2020 ya fito a fina-finai da fina-fallafen talabijin da yawa na Austrian, Swiss da Jamus kuma ya taka rawar gani a fim din CiFi na Austrian na farko RUBINKON a cikin 2020, wanda aka saki a cikin 2022.

Tun daga shekara ta 2017 ya goyi bayan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan a Najeriya, tare da fim din Eyimofe wanda ya lashe farashin fina-finai da yawa na kasa da kasa da kuma nunawa a Berlinale a shekarar 2020.

A cikin 2021 ya yi fice a matsayin Othello a Landestheater Niederösterreich kuma ya buga Iason a Medea a Grand Theatre a Luxemburg a farkon 2022.

Tun daga shekara ta 2005 ya auri mai zanen Austrian Simone Monu kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* The Unintentional Kidnapping of Mrs. Elfriede Ott (Dor Film, 2010), a matsayin Malou
* Nachtschicht [de]: &quot;Blutige Stadt [de]t&quot; (Network Movie, 2007) 
* ''KDD: &quot;Scham&quot;'' (Hofmann &amp; Voges / ZDF, 2008), a matsayin David Kwahne
* Kommissarin Lucas: &quot;German Angst&quot; (Olga Film / ZDF, 2007), a matsayin Chris Arano
* ''Tatort: &quot;Schattenspiele&quot;'' (Studio Hamburg, 2006), a matsayin Jonathan Waputo
* ''Tatort: &quot;Ein Tod aus Afrika&quot;'' (Satel Film / ORF, 2006), a matsayin Farah
* ''Gefangene'' (Tagtraum / ZDF, 2005), a matsayin Moussa
* ''Vier Frauen und ein Todesfall: &quot;Künstlerpech&quot;'' (Dor Film / ORF, 2004), a matsayin Maurice Videre
* Likitoci: &quot;Shattered Dreams&quot; (BBC, 2003), a matsayin Simon Dunning
* EastEnders (BBC, 2003), a matsayin Dokta Murray
* Holby City: &quot;Facing Facts&quot; (BBC, 2002), a matsayin Howard Lewis
* ''Sarkin Glen'' (2001), a matsayin DC West
* ''Gilashin'' - 4 Abubuwa (2001), kamar yadda Ray Collins
* Babban aiki: &quot;Walls of Jericho&quot; (Central Television (2000), a matsayin Tyrone Wells
* The Whistle-Blower (BBC, 2000), a matsayin Tony Shiner
* ''Stigma'' (Maverick Films, 1998, takaice), a matsayin Thierry Masart
* All Our Sins Remembered... (Polite Films, 1997, takaice), kamar yadda Jack Whitehawk
* Bayan The Wax (dir. Chaz Maviyane-Davies, 1992, takaice) 
* Shugabannin sassan a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban kamar The Bill, EastEnders, Screen One (Black da Blue), The Professionals, Boon 1989-97

== Kyaututtuka ==

* '''2011:''' ''The Cost of Living'' ya lashe kyautar '''Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya''' a bikin '''Lagos Heritage Festival'''.
* '''1990:''' Ya lashe '''Kyautar Evening Standard''' saboda wasan kwaikwayo ''Talking in Tongues'', wanda aka gabatar a '''Royal Court Theatre'''. Haka kuma, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takara a rukunin '''Mafi kyawun jarumi mai taka rawar tallafi'''.
* '''1993:''' Fim ɗin ''After the Wax'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na Afirka ta Kudu da aka gudanar a '''Harare''', inda ya lashe kyautar '''Mafi kyawun darakta''' da kuma '''Mafi kyawun gajeren fim'''.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
 

* {{Official website|http://www.nickmonu.com}}
* {{IMDb name|1111743}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204121130/https://www.thalia-theater.de/presse/fotos-zu-stuecken/2015%262016/thalia-theater/fruechte-des-zorns Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia Hamburg] An adana shi 4 Disamba 2024 a 
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palmer Luckey</title>
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'''Palmer Freeman Luckey''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1992)  ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma co-kafa kamfanin Fasahar tsaro Anduril Industries . Shi ne wanda ya kafa Oculus VR kuma mai tsara Oculus Rift, belin kunne na gaskiya wanda aka yaba da shi tare da farfado da masana'antar Gaskiya ta zahiri.

A cikin 2017, Luckey ya kafa Anduril Industries, kamfanin fasahar soja wanda ke mai da hankali kan drones masu zaman kansu da na'urori masu auna sigina don aikace-aikacen soja. Luckey ya kasance lamba ta 22 a cikin ''Forbes''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' 2016 List of America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40: #22 Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2026, ''Forbes'' ya kimanta dukiyarsa a dala biliyan 6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edmonds |first=Lauren |title=Anduril's Palmer Luckey makes an ethical case for using AI in war: 'There is no moral high ground in using inferior technology' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/anduril-palmer-luckey-ai-war-conflict-defense-tech-startups-military-2025-12 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Luckey kuma ta girma a Long Beach, California, tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martens |first=Todd |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Palmer Luckey's Oculus Rift could be a virtual reality breakthrough |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-palmer-luckey-s-oculus-rift-could-be-a-virtual-reality-breakthrough-20160326-story.html |access-date=June 15, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Madeline |last2=D'Onfro |first2=Jilian |date=September 15, 2015 |title=The spectacularly successful life of Palmer Luckey, the 22-year-old who sold his startup to Facebook for $2 billion |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-life-of-palmer-luckey-founder-of-oculus-2015-9 |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a kantin sayar da motoci.

Yayinda yake yaro mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa a gida,  ya ɗauki darussan jirgin ruwa,  kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar lantarki da injiniya.  Ya dauki darussan a Kwalejin Golden West da Kwalejin Long Beach City  tun yana da shekaru 14 ko 15, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach  a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya yi fice a fannin aikin jarida  a CSU Long Beach, inda ya kuma rubuta kuma ya kasance Edita na kan layi na jaridar dalibai ta jami'ar, sannan Daily Forty-Niner, wanda yanzu aka sani da Long Beach Current tun daga 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily 49er&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daily 49er |url=http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022646/http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=Daily 49er}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin yarinta da shekarunsa na matasa, Luckey ya yi gwaji tare da ayyuka masu rikitarwa na lantarki ciki har da bindigogi, Tesla coils, da lasers, tare da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan da suka haifar da mummunan rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt; Ya gina wasan kwaikwayo na PC &quot;rig&quot; wanda ya kai dubban daloli na Amurka  tare da tsari mai kula da shida. 

A shekara ta 2009, ya kafa ModRetro Forums tare da aboki, yana ƙirƙirar al'umma ta kan layi don &quot;portabilization&quot;, wani abin sha'awa wanda ke ke juyawa game da juya tsoffin na'urorin kayan aiki (kamar na'urori masu wasan kwaikwayo da PCs) zuwa cikin raka'a masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda ke haɗuwa da sabuwar da tsohuwar fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesWang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=November 18, 2015 |title=America's Richest Self-Made Entrepreneurs In Their 20s |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2015/11/18/americas-richest-self-made-entrepreneurs-in-their-20s/#13775b6567a5 |access-date=May 24, 2017 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda yake halartar kwaleji, ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin injiniya a cikin Mixed Reality Lab (MxR) na Cibiyar Fasahar Fasaha (ICT) a Jami'ar Kudancin California da ke tsara tsarin gaskiya mai tsada don BRAVEMIND, ƙoƙarin Laboratory na Binciken Sojojin Amurka don magance tsoffin sojoji da ke fama da PTSD. &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Oculus VR ===
[[File:Oculus_Rift_-_Developer_Version_-_Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift DK1, belun VR na farko da Oculus VR ya fitar]]
[[File:Palmer_Luckey_at_SVVR_2014.jpg|thumb|Luckey yana magana a SVVR a cikin 2014]]
A shekara ta 2009, lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya fara gina belin gaskiya na kansa. Nuni na yanzu da aka ɗora a kan kai sun sha wahala daga ƙananan bambanci da filin-na-gani, babban latitude da tsada, da matsanancin girma da nauyi. Ya kammala samfurinsa na farko, wanda ake kira PR1, yana da shekaru 17 a cikin garage na iyayensa. Ya ƙunshi filin kallo na digiri 90, ƙarancin jinkiri, da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka gina a ciki. Daga ƙarshe, ya gina fiye da nune-nunen da aka ɗora a kai 50. &lt;ref name=&quot;eurogamer&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt; {{Refn|Headsets in his collection include the Vuzix iWear VR920, eMagin Z800 3DVisor,&lt;ref name=wired /&gt; Fakespace Push, [[Liquid Image|Liquid Image Corporation]] MRG2, Visionics LVES, and a heavily modified [[HMZ-T1|Sony HMZ-T1]].&lt;ref name=roadtovr /&gt;}}Don tallafawa waɗannan ayyukan, ya sami akalla US $ 36,000 ta hanyar gyarawa da sake siyar da Iphone da suka lalace  da kuma aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai kula da ƙasa, kocin jirgin ruwa na matasa, da kuma mai gyara kwamfuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt;

Luckey ya haɓaka jerin samfurori da ke bincika fasalulluka kamar 3D stereoscopy, haɗin mara waya, da matsanancin filin kallo na digiri 270, yayin da yake rage girman da nauyin tsarinsa. Ya raba sabuntawa na yau da kullun game da ci gabansa a kan MTBS3D, wani dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi wanda masu sha'awar gaskiya na kama-da-wane ke yawan zuwa. Ya kira rukunin ƙarni na 6 &quot;Oculus Rift&quot;, wanda aka yi niyyar sayar da shi azaman kayan aiki na yin-kai a kan Kickstarter ga abokan sha'awarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=August 21, 2009 |title=Oculus &quot;Rift&quot; : An open-source HMD for Kickstarter |url=http://www.mtbs3d.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=140&amp;t=14777 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=MTBS3D.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa Oculus VR a watan Afrilun 2012 don sauƙaƙe ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Kickstarter.
[[File:Oculus-Rift-CV1-Headset-Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift CV1, mai amfani na farko na VR da Oculus VR ya fitar]]
John Carmack na id Software ya nemi samfurin belun kunne daga Luckey, wanda ya ba da shi ga Carmack kyauta. Carmack ya yi amfani da shi don nuna ID Software's ''Doom 3: BFG Edition'' a kan na'urar a Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. Tare da sakamakon hankalin dubban mutane da suka jawo zuwa Rift, Luckey ya fita daga jami'a don mayar da hankali a kai cikakken lokaci.

Luckey ya kuma nuna naúrar ga Valve, kuma ya sami amincewar Kickstarter daga shugaban Valve Gabe Newell, wanda ya ce, &quot;Yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Idan wani zai magance wannan matsala mai wuya, muna tunanin cewa Palmer zai yi hakan. Muna ƙarfafa ku sosai don tallafawa wannan Kickstarter&quot;.Lokacin da Luckey ya kaddamar da kamfen dinsa na Kickstarter don Oculus Rift, ya kuma ƙunshi bayanan da aka rubuta daga wasu fitattun mutane a masana'antar wasan, gami da Cliff Bleszinski da Michael Abrash.

A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012.  Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eurogamer&quot; /&gt; Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kullun kamar yadda bai &quot;canja duk wannan abu ba,&quot; ya kasance &quot;mai saurin aiki don yin wannan abu ya zama gaskiya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;eurogamer&quot; /&gt;Luckey ya ci gaba da aiki a kan dukkan fannoni na kasuwanci, yana cewa, &quot;Ina da hannuna a cikin komai, daga injiniyan samfur zuwa ci gaban wasan zuwa tallace-tallace,  Daga baya, ya mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin shigar da gaskiya, yana kiransa &quot;aikin dabba&quot; wanda daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin mai kula da sararin samaniya na Oculus Touch. &lt;ref name=&quot;ForbesWang&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feltham |first=Jamie |date=May 6, 2015 |title=VR Input is Palmer Luckey's 'pet project' |url=http://www.vrfocus.com/2015/05/vr-input-palmer-luckeys-pet-project |website=VR Focus |access-date=October 2, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225223800/https://www.vrfocus.com/2015/05/vr-input-palmer-luckeys-pet-project/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Facebook ===
[[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ta sayi Oculus VR a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 don dala biliyan 2. Kodayake ba a bayyana rabon Luckey ba, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 700 a shekarar 2015.

==== ZeniMax karar ====
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sayen Facebook, ZeniMax Media ta shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Arewacin Texas. Shari'ar ta yi jayayya cewa Luckey da Oculus sun yi amfani da &quot;asirin kasuwanci, lambar kwamfuta mai haƙuri, da ƙwarewar fasaha da ta shafi fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane&quot;, kuma sun nemi lalacewar kuɗi don karya kwangila, [[Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka|keta haƙƙin mallaka]], da gasa mara adalci.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget suit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and Palmer Luckey being sued by CTO's former employer |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/05/21/oculus-vr-lawsuit |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lowensohn |first=Josh |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and its founder sued by ZeniMax and id Software |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/21/5739086/oculus-vr-and-its-founder-sued-by-zenimax-and-id-software |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ZeniMax ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya saka hannun jari &quot;miliyan daloli a cikin bincike da ci gaba&quot; a cikin fasahar VR, kuma cewa &quot;Oculus da Luckey ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata da ƙwarewa ta fasaha don ƙirƙirar belun kunne mai inganci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget suit&quot; /&gt;

An kammala shari'ar juri a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017. Kotun ta gano cewa Luckey ya keta Yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba da yake da ita tare da ZeniMax, amma ya ba da lalacewar komai a kan wannan cajin, yana hukunta cutar a matsayin de minimis.&lt;ref name=&quot;jury_form&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Court's Charge to the Jury: Zenimax Media &amp; ID Software v. Oculus Rift, Palmer Luckey et al. |url=https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/occverdict-1.pdf |website=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake juriya ta gano cewa Oculus, Facebook, Palmer Luckey, Brendan Iribe, da John Carmack ba su dace ba ko sata asirin kasuwanci da fasaha, &lt;ref name=&quot;jury_result&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jury_form&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;polygon 500m&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poon |first=Timothy |last2=Crecente |first2=Brian |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Oculus lawsuit ends with half billion dollar judgment awarded to ZeniMax |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/1/14474198/oculus-lawsuit-verdict |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun ba da jimlar dala miliyan 500 a cikin lalacewa don keta haƙƙin mallaka da ke da alaƙa da tallan Oculus Rift, tare da Luckey da ke da alhakin dala miliyan 50 na jimlar.

A watan Yunin 2018, alƙalin da ke kula da shari'ar ya tabbatar da kyautar juriya ta dala miliyan 200 don karya kwangila da dala miliyan 50 don keta haƙƙin mallaka, amma ya kori ragowar dala miliyan 250 da Luckey da sauran bangarorin suka ci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Tom |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Facebook Payout in Oculus Copyright Spat Cut to $250 Million |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-27/facebook-oculus-virtual-reality-stolen-tech-damages-are-halved |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kashewa da jayayya ta siyasa ====
A watan Satumbar 2016, an ruwaito cewa Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga Nimble America, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Donald Trump]] wacce ke gudanar da allon talla wanda ke nuna dan takarar shugaban kasa na 2016 [[Hillary Clinton]] tare da taken &quot;Too Big to Jail&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;dailybeast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Resnick |first=Gideon |last2=Collins |first2=Ben |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near-Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223014043/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |archive-date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=29 September 2016 |title=Facebook's $2 billion bet on the future is in jeopardy because of Palmer Luckey |url=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/heck-going-palmer-luckey-171958553.html |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2016sep23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110080745/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2016 |title=Oculus founder admits he gave $10,000 to Nimble America |url=https://www.usatoday.com/videos/money/2016/09/27/91114136 |access-date=February 3, 2017 |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa wasu masu haɓakawa su soke shirye-shiryen tallafawa Oculus na ɗan lokaci, gami da Wasannin Scruta, wanda ya sanar da cewa zai soke goyon bayan Oculus a wasanninsu sai dai idan Luckey ya sauka. Gobe Yau Labs sun ce ba za su goyi bayan Oculus Touch ba muddin Luckey ya yi aiki da Oculus.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot; /&gt; Gobe Yau Labs daga baya sun sauya wannan matsayi bayan Oculus ya fara nisanta kansu daga Luckey kuma ya sake mayar da hankali kan bambancin da hadawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tomorrow Today Labs |date=2016-10-26 |title=Business and Politics |url=https://medium.com/@TTLabs/business-and-politics-f61c40a24e2e#.7oly6qcv9 |access-date=2017-02-05 |website=Medium.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Palmer Luckey ya bar Facebook, kuma ya dakatar da sa hannu tare da Oculus VR . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=30 March 2017 |title=Oculus co-founder Palmer Luckey leaves Facebook |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/03/oculus-co-founder-palmer-luckey-leaves-facebook/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani bayani game da tashi da kowanne bangare ya bayar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shaidar a gaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a watan Afrilu na 2018, Sanata Ted Cruz ya tambayi Shugaba na Facebook [[Mark Zuckerberg]], &quot;Me ya sa aka kori Palmer Luckey?&quot;Zuckerberg ya ki shiga cikin &quot;takamaiman al'amuran ma'aikata&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;ba saboda ra'ayi na siyasa ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=April 10, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg says he didn't fire Palmer Luckey out of anti-conservative bias |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17221042/mark-zuckerberg-palmer-luckey-ted-cruz-senate-hearing-political-bias-firing |website=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, ''Jaridar Wall Street'' ta sami damar yin amfani da imel na ciki na Facebook wanda ya ba da shawarar an tattauna batun a manyan matakan kamfanin. Shugabannin Facebook, ciki har da Zuckerberg, an ruwaito cewa sun matsa wa Luckey don nuna goyon baya ga dan takarar 'yanci Gary Johnson, duk da goyon bayansa ga dan takardar Republican Donald Trump na lokacin. Bayan korarsa, Luckey ya hayar da lauyan aiki, kuma tare suka tattauna biyan akalla dala miliyan 100, suna jayayya cewa kamfanin ya keta Dokar California saboda zargin matsawa zartarwa don nuna goyon baya ga Johnson da kuma azabtar da ma'aikaci saboda aikin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall Street Journal emails&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musil |first=Steven |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly fired Palmer Luckey for political views |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-reportedly-fired-palmer-luckey-for-political-views/ |website=CNET.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly pressured Palmer Luckey to support a politician |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/11/facebook-pressured-palmer-luckey-to-support-politician/ |website=Engadget}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meta CTO Andrew Bosworth, wanda ya tashi daga ƙungiyar talla don jagorantar ƙungiyar Oculus watanni huɗu bayan tashiwar Luckey, ya ba da jerin [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|tweets]] a watan Nuwamba 2018 (daga baya an share) yana musanta laifuffuka a ɓangaren Facebook, yana cewa &quot; Siyasa ba ta da alaƙa da tashiwar Palmer. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=boztank|date=|title=Politics had nothing to do with Palmer's departure|access-date=2023-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;Facebook kuma ya musanta cewa an kori Luckey saboda goyon bayan Trump, yana mai cewa &quot;Za mu iya cewa tafiyar Palmer ba saboda ra'ayoyin siyasa ba ne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lieu |first=Johnny |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Oculus co-founder was pressured by Facebook execs to support libertarian candidate: report |url=https://mashable.com/article/palmer-luckey-wsj-report |website=Mashable}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shona |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg reportedly pressured a top Facebook VR exec to drop his public support of Trump in favor of another candidate |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-denies-firing-oculus-founder-palmer-luckey-trump-2018-11 |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;A wata hira da 60 Minutes a watan Mayu 2025, Luckey ya bayyana cewa, &quot;To, ka sani, kowa yana da labarin daban, amma ya sauka zuwa na ba da $9,000 ga ƙungiyar siyasa da ke ga Donald Trump da Hillary Clinton&quot;.

=== Masana'antu na Anduril ===
[[File:A_close-up_image_of_the_top_portion_of_an_Anduril_Sentry_next_to_CA-98_in_Imperial_County,_CA.jpg|thumb|Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Anduril]]
A watan Yunin 2017, Luckey ya kafa kamfanin fasahar soja mai zaman kansa Anduril Industries, tare da tsoffin shugabannin Palantir Technologies Matt Grimm, Trae Stephens, da Brian Schimpf, da kuma farkon Oculus VR Hardware Lead Joseph Chen . &lt;ref name=&quot;leading to arrests&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Palmer Luckey's defense company Anduril is already leading to arrests at the southern border |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/11/anduril-lattice-sentry-palmer-luckey/ |website=TechCrunch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Anduril ya fara shirin gwaji ga gwamnatin Amurka don gano fataucin mutane da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yankuna masu nisa na iyakar kudancin Amurka; shirin ya haifar da yunkurin shiga 55 da aka kama a cikin kwanaki 12 na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;leading to arrests&quot; /&gt; Anduril daga baya ya lashe Shirin Rubuce-rubuce Hasumiyar Kulawa mai zaman kanta, wanda ya haifar da tura daruruwan Hasumiyoyin Tsaro na Anduril a farashin &quot;daruruwan miliyoyin daloli&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2020 |title=CBP's Autonomous Surveillance Towers Declared a Program of Record along the Southwest Border |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-s-autonomous-surveillance-towers-declared-program-record-along |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=cbp.gov |publisher=US Customs and Border Protection |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=I-Chun |date=2 July 2020 |title=Anduril Industries gets contract to install AI surveillance systems along the border |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2020/07/02/anduril-wins-cbp-deal-to-install-ai-surveillance.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=BizJournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2020, Luckey ya sanar ta hanyar Twitter cewa Anduril ya sami kwangila mai daraja $ 967M don Advanced Battle Management Systems (ABMS), aikin da ya fi dacewa da dala biliyan da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] suka yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Anduril among companies tapped to build the Air Force's 'internet of things' for war |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/24/anduril-air-force-abms-jadc2/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=TechCrunch.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2022, Luckey ya ba da sanarwar cewa Anduril ya lashe kwangilar dala biliyan 1 don jagorantar aikin tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi ba ga Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman na Amurka (SOCOM). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2022-01-24 |title=US Special Operations Command picks Anduril to lead counter-drone integration work in $1B deal |url=https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2022/01/24/us-special-operations-command-picks-anduril-to-lead-counter-drone-integration-work-in-1b-deal/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Defense News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for January 20, 2022 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225553/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=United States Department of Defense |publisher=US Department of Defense |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, 2025, kasar Sin ta ba da izini ga Luckey saboda abin da ta ce rawar da ya taka wajen sayar da makamai ga Taiwan. Jaridar Wall Street ta ce takunkumin alama ce kamar yadda &quot;masu kwangila na tsaro na Amurka galibi ba sa kasuwanci a China&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheWallStreetJournalArticleOne&quot; /&gt;

=== &quot;Kayan aikin kirji na VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi&quot; ===
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa a matsayin tunawa da wasan kwaikwayo na Sword Art Online, Luckey ya kirkiro wani fasahar belun VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da mai amfani ya mutu ta hanyar dijital a cikin wasan bidiyo, ta hanyar cajin fashewa da yawa da aka sanya a sama da allo, a kan abin da ya zama Meta Quest Pro mai canzawa, don yin niyya ga fashewar mai amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;vicevr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=Palmer Luckey Made a VR Headset That Kills the User If They Die in the Game |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/palmer-luckey-made-a-vr-headset-that-kills-the-user-if-they-die-in-the-game/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=vice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=2022-11-07 |title=Oculus co-founder makes a VR headset that can literally kill you |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/11/oculus-co-founder-makes-a-vr-headset-that-can-literally-kill-you/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Luckey ya wallafa a shafin yanar gizon, &quot;Tunanin ɗaure ainihin rayuwarka ga avatarka mai kama-da-wane koyaushe yana sha'awar ni - nan take kuna ɗaga gungumen azaba zuwa matakin mafi girma kuma kuna tilasta mutane su sake tunani game da yadda suke hulɗa da duniyar kama-da'ura da 'yan wasan da ke ciki. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=2022-11-06 |title=If you die in the game, you die in real life. |url=http://palmerluckey.com/if-you-die-in-the-game-you-die-in-real-life/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Blog of Palmer Luckey |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Luckey ya kuma bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;kawai wani yanki na zane-zane na ofis, tunatarwa mai tunatarwa game da hanyoyin da ba a bincika su ba a cikin ƙirar wasan&quot;. Ya kuma ambaci cewa yayin da yake &quot;misali na farko wanda ba na almara ba ne na na'urar VR wanda zai iya kashe mai amfani, ba zai zama na ƙarshe ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;vicevr&quot; /&gt;

=== ModRetro ===
A watan Yunin 2024, Luckey ya sake kafa ModRetro a matsayin kamfanin wasan bidiyo. Samfurinsa na farko, ModRetro Chromatic, na'urar retrogaming ce ta hannu wacce ke iya buga wasannin asali da aka tsara don Game Boy, wanda Nintendo ta haɓaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=June 3, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey is now selling pixel-perfect ultrabright magnesium Game Boys for $199 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/3/24170572/modretro-chromatic-game-boy-color-palmer-luckey-price-release-date |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=The Future is Retro |url=https://modretro.com/blogs/blog/the-future-is-retro |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=ModRetro |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samfurinsa na biyu shine M64, nishaɗin Nintendo 64 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-09 |title=After one month with the ModRetro M64, I'm convinced that this is going to be the best way to play your favorite N64 games in 2026 |url=https://www.techradar.com/gaming/i-spent-a-month-with-the-modretro-m64-and-i-think-theres-no-better-way-to-play-your-classic-nintendo-64-games |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-01 |title=I Dig the ModRetro 64's Nostalgic Fun, Even If It's a Few Updates Short of Greatness |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gaming-systems/165278/i-dig-the-modretro-64s-nostalgic-fun-even-if-its-a-few-updates-short-of-greatness |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=PCMag UK |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hoton jama'a ==
[[File:Palmer_Luckey.jpg|thumb|Palmer Luckey yana magana a TED, Afrilu 2025]]
A cikin 2014, an bayyana Luckey a matsayin &quot;fuskar gaskiyar kama-da-wane a cikin caca&quot;  kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu sha'awar gaskiyar kama-wane; duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa bai dauki kansa a matsayin sananne ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;vrfocusinterview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=VRFocus |date=June 4, 2014 |title=Palmer Luckey on Palmer Luckey: A VRFocus Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srXavcUp30Y |access-date=June 19, 2014 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana riƙe da bayyanar yau da kullun, sau da yawa ba tare da kafafu ba, kuma ya fi son takalma fiye da takalma har ma a baje kolin kasuwanci da abubuwan da suka faru.

A cikin 2015, Luckey ya fito ne a bangon mujallar Time a cikin labarin &quot;The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality |url=https://time.com/3987059/in-the-latest-issue-41/}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin hoton da aka yi wa ba'a a intanet, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Everyone is Mocking TIME's Latest Cover Photo |url=https://petapixel.com/2015/08/07/everyone-is-mocking-times-latest-cover-photo/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=This Time Magazine Cover is So Bad I Feel Sad and Inspired at Once |url=https://fstoppers.com/originals/time-magazine-cover-so-bad-i-feel-sad-and-inspired-once-79917}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Fun the Internet Had with Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/the-surprising-fun-the-internet-had-with-time-magazines-virtual-reality-cover-1201558332/}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya tayar da tambayoyi game da ko duk filin VR ya lalace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover Spawns Hysterical New Meme |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-virtual-reality-cover_n_55c44a28e4b0d9b743dbb66c}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2015 |title=The best and brightest mockery of Time's abominable VR cover, in one video |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/8/9/9123377/time-vr-cover-meme-palmer-luckey-video |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debate Rages over Whether or Not TIME's Oculus Cover Has Killed VR |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/08/06/debate-rages-over-whether-or-not-times-oculus-cover-has-killed-vr/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, wani labarin Forbes ya bayyana cewa Luckey yana zaune a cikin gidan da aka raba tare da wasu da yawa inda suke buga wasannin bidiyo masu yawa a kai a kai kuma yawanci suna sa tufafi na yau da kullun kamar gajeren wando, T-shirts, rigunan Hawaiian, da takalma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ewalt |first=David |date=January 19, 2015 |title=Palmer Luckey: Defying Reality |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/01/05/palmer-luckey-oculus-rift-vr/2/#2715e4857a0b37649318eb34 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halin Keenan Feldspar, wanda Haley Joel Osment ya buga, wanda ya bayyana a wasu abubuwan da suka faru na shirin HBO TV ''Silicon Valley'' a cikin 2017, wasu sun yi hasashen cewa ya dogara ne akan Luckey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Zara |date=June 12, 2017 |title=How HBO's 'Silicon Valley' Perfectly Skewers the VR Unicorn in the Form of Haley Joel Osment |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2017/06/12/the-truth-of-hbos-silicon-valley-perfect-skewering-of-the-vr-unicorn/#1ef99be42050 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar Luckey, Feldspar matashi ne wanda ya zama mai arziki bayan ya sayar da fasaharsa ta VR, kuma wanda ke yawan sa rigunan Hawaiian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's new, young VR genius feels kind of familiar |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/30/15711826/silicon-valley-vr-oculus |website=Polygon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi da tara kuɗi ==

=== Tattara kudade ga Donald Trump ===
A watan Satumbar 2016, Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga wata kungiya da ake kira &quot;Nimble America&quot; tare da manufar da aka bayyana na &quot; ilimantar da al'umma game da manufofinmu na Amurka Farko, Kasuwanci Mai Hikima, Shige da Fice na Shari'a, da Halin Da'a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailybeast&quot; /&gt;Luckey ya ba da gudummawa don daidaita ƙarin gudummawa daga masu amfani da r / r/The_Donald na awanni 48 bayan sanarwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2016sep23&quot; /&gt; Luckey daga baya ya nemi gafara, yana mai cewa a shafinsa na Facebook, &quot;Ina matukar nadama cewa ayyukansu suna da mummunar tasiri ga fahimtar Oculus da abokan hulɗarsa&quot;.Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki da kansa, ba a matsayin wakilin Oculus VR ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;venturebeat23&quot; /&gt; ''Jaridar Wall Street'' daga baya ta ruwaito cewa an matsa wa Luckey yin wannan sanarwa a matsayin yanayin aiki.

A watan Oktoba 2020, Luckey ya dauki bakuncin taron tara kudade ga Donald Trump a gidansa a Lido Isle, Newport Beach, tare da shugaban da ke halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Salvador |date=2020-10-16 |title=Tech exec Palmer Luckey to host California fundraiser for President Trump this weekend |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/16/palmer-luckey-to-host-trump-fundraiser-in-southern-california.html |access-date=2020-10-18 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai tara kudade yana da tikiti daga $ 2,800 ga kowane mutum zuwa $ 150,000 ga kowane ma'aurata,  kuma akwai tarurruka don da kuma adawa da Shugaba Trump a Newport Beach a waje yayin taron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Trump to attend Newport Beach fundraiser hosted by Oculus Rift co-founder |url=https://ktla.com/news/local-news/trump-to-attend-newport-beach-fundraiser-hosted-by-oculus-rift-co-founder/ |website=[[KTLA]] |access-date=October 2, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204085953/https://ktla.com/news/local-news/trump-to-attend-newport-beach-fundraiser-hosted-by-oculus-rift-co-founder/ |archive-date=December 4, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newberry |first=Laura |last2=Lai |first2=Stephanie |last3=John |first3=Arit |name-list-style=amp |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Thousands of Trump supporters rally in Newport Beach as president arrives for fundraiser |url=https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-trump-supporters-descend-newport-185026188.html |website=Yahoo! News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2024, Luckey ta dauki bakuncin wani taron tara kudade ga Trump a gidan kamfanin inshorar kiwon lafiya John Word, inda masu ba da gudummawa suka kashe har zuwa $ 100,000 ga kowane mutum don halarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fry |first=Hannah |last2=Mehta |first2=Seema |last3=Pinho |first3=Faith E. |last4=Nelson |first4=Laura J. |name-list-style=amp |date=June 8, 2024 |title=Trump raises millions in Newport Beach and Beverly Hills in post-conviction appearances |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-06-08/trump-raises-millions-in-newport-beach-and-beverly-hills |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudummawar jam'iyyar Republican ===
Luckey ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin 'yan takarar siyasa na Jamhuriyar Republican, sanatocin Amurka, da membobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da jam'iyyar Republican da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican, Kwamitin Inaugural na Shugaban kasa na 2017, Kwamitin Babban Amurka na [[Mike Pence]], da kuma surori da yawa na Jam'iyyar Republicano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/search?page=1&amp;q=Palmer+Luckey&amp;type=donors |website=[[OpenSecrets.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ra'ayoyin mutum ===
A cikin wata hira ta 2024, Luckey ya bayyana kansa a matsayin &quot;mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Zionist&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
[[File:Palmer_Freeman_Luckey's_Newport_Beach_Home_and_boat_by_Don_Ramey_Logan_(cropped).png|thumb|Luckey's Mark V Special Operations CraftJirgin Ayyuka na Musamman na Mark V]]
Luckey ya auri budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci Nicole Edelmann a shekarar 2019.  Ma'auratan suna da ɗa. Suna zaune a Newport Beach, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;deanjun2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Sam |date=June 30, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey: Millennial slayer of U.S. defense giants |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-influential/story/2024-06-30/palmer-luckey-anduril |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yar'uwar Luckey, Ginger Luckey, ta auri tsohon Wakilin Amurka Matt Gaetz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Kwan Wei Kevin |last2=Loh |first2=Matthew |date=November 14, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey, Anduril's founder, will have an Attorney General for a brother-in-law if Matt Gaetz gets confirmed |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/palmer-luckey-anduril-attorney-general-brother-in-law-matt-gaetz-2024-11 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Luckey mai tara motocin soja ne; ya mallaki Mark V Special Operations Craft wanda ya saya daga Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, jiragen ruwa biyu, da jirage masu saukar ungulu guda shida, gami da Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, da sauran abubuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;deanjun2024&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dan Shahidi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963609</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1268" sha1="238c0fznvy6qm5ms7odir9ffv25tbsx" xml:space="preserve">{{welcome}}[[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 09:17, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dan Shahidi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dan Shahidi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Filiya</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>963415</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement|name=Filiya|settlement_type=Ƙauye|subdivision_type=Ƙasa|subdivision_name=[[Najeriya]]|subdivision_type1=Jiha|subdivision_name1=[[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]|subdivision_type2=Karamar Hukuma|subdivision_name2=[[Shongom]]|subdivision_type3=Yanki|subdivision_name3=Filiya|postal_code_type=Lambar gidan waya (Postal code)|postal_code=770103|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1}}  '''Filiya''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Shongom]] ta Gombe (jiha)|Jihar G...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2608" sha1="bq3p6ud0x3lctxh7000dkaug36pmscr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Filiya|settlement_type=Ƙauye|subdivision_type=Ƙasa|subdivision_name=[[Najeriya]]|subdivision_type1=Jiha|subdivision_name1=[[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]|subdivision_type2=Karamar Hukuma|subdivision_name2=[[Shongom]]|subdivision_type3=Yanki|subdivision_name3=Filiya|postal_code_type=Lambar gidan waya (Postal code)|postal_code=770103|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1}}

'''Filiya''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Shongom]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Filiya na daga cikin yankunan gudanarwa na Shongom kuma yana da lambar gidan waya '''770103'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Filiya Postal Codes: 770103 |url=https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/shongom/filiya/ |access-date=5 October 2026|Shongom, Gombe, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri da gudanarwa ==
Filiya na cikin Karamar Hukumar Shongom kuma yana daga cikin yankunan da suka haɗa da Chengun, Disga, Farin-Kasa, Jauro-Sajo, Lababali, Yapandi da Yarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filiya na ɗaya daga cikin gundumomin zaɓe na Karamar Hukumar Shongom. Kundin rumfunan zaɓe ya nuna rumfunan zaɓe da dama a yankin Filiya, ciki har da waɗanda ke Yakwandi, Anyakubi, Jauro Sajo, Diga, Yapilo da Yarwana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Polling Units |url=https://situationroomng.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GOMBE.pdf |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikicin fili na shekarar 2021 ==
A watan Mayun 2021, rikicin fili ya shafi yankunan Filiya da Shongom a Karamar Hukumar Shongom. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa an kona gidaje kusan 50, yayin da aka kuma ruwaito mutuwar wata mata sakamakon gobarar da ta tashi a gidaje. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cewa rikicin ya samo asali ne daga takaddamar fili tsakanin al'ummomin yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=One killed, 50 houses burnt in Gombe land dispute |url=https://punchng.com/one-killed-50-houses-burnt-in-gombe-land-dispute/ |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin arziki ==
Ayyukan noma da kiwo na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankin Filiya da sauran sassan Karamar Hukumar Shongom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shomgom LGA, Gombe State |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=285 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambar gidan waya (Postal code) ==
Filiya yana da lambar gidan waya '''770103'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Filiya Postal Codes: 770103 |url=https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/shongom/filiya/ |access-date=5 October 2026|Shongom, Gombe, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>PHC Kufayi</title>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox hospital|name=PHC Kufayi|location=Galadima, Gombe|country=[[Najeriya]]|type=Cibiyar kiwon lafiya}}  '''PHC Kufayi''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke yankin Galadima a cikin birnin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana samun cibiyar a Galadima, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya '''760102'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hospitals in Kafarati, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/kafarati/hospitals/?p=2 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Wuri =...</comment>
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      <text bytes="805" sha1="sd7akv0vh45oil2gwpp8tzv83at6560" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hospital|name=PHC Kufayi|location=Galadima, Gombe|country=[[Najeriya]]|type=Cibiyar kiwon lafiya}}

'''PHC Kufayi''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke yankin Galadima a cikin birnin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana samun cibiyar a Galadima, Gombe, mai lambar gidan waya '''760102'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hospitals in Kafarati, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/kafarati/hospitals/?p=2 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
PHC Kufayi tana kan wata hanya da ba a sanya mata suna ba a Galadima, Gombe. An ba da adireshin wurin da lambar taswirar Plus Code '''95HR+MFG'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hospitals in Kafarati, Gombe State |url=https://www.cybo.com/NG/kafarati/hospitals/?p=2 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jewel University</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>963421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox university | name = Jewel University | native_name = Jewel University Gombe | type = Jami'ar masu zaman kansu | established = 2023 | location = Shongo-Idrisa, Gombe State | country = [[Najeriya]] | website = https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/ }}  '''Jewel University''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke Shongo-Idrisa, a kan hanyar Gombe zuwa Bauchi, [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa jami'ar a shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jewel University, Gombe, Go...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2919" sha1="mudklh3s70117u341l6tlh8kxcyohlr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox university
| name = Jewel University
| native_name = Jewel University Gombe
| type = Jami'ar masu zaman kansu
| established = 2023
| location = Shongo-Idrisa, Gombe State
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| website = https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/
}}

'''Jewel University''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke Shongo-Idrisa, a kan hanyar Gombe zuwa Bauchi, [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa jami'ar a shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Jewel University, Gombe, Gombe State
|url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Monday-Bulletin-09th-December-2024_compressed.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Jewel University a shekarar 2023 a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta a Jihar Gombe. Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Ƙasa (NUC) ta jera Jewel University cikin jami'o'in Najeriya da aka kafa a shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Monday Bulletin, 9 December 2024
|url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Monday-Bulletin-09th-December-2024_compressed.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar tana a Shongo-Idrisa, a kan hanyar Gombe zuwa Bauchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Jewel University Gombe
|url=https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Jewel University tana da fannoni da suka haɗa da Computing and Environmental Sciences, Management Sciences, Allied Health Sciences da Law. Daga cikin shirye-shiryen karatu da jami'ar ke bayarwa akwai Computer Science, Cyber Security, Data Science, Software Engineering, Accounting, Business Administration, Economics, Public Administration, Nursing Science, Physiotherapy, Radiography, Public Health da Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Jewel University Gombe
|url=https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar tana karɓar ɗalibai ta hanyar tsarin UTME da sauran hanyoyin shiga jami'a. A shekarar karatu ta 2026/2027, jami'ar ta bayyana cewa masu neman shiga karatun digiri suna buƙatar samun akalla maki 150 a UTME da kuma kiredit biyar na O'Level, ciki har da Turanci da Lissafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Admissions | Jewel University
|url=https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/admissions
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmin lamari a shekarar 2026 ==
A watan Yulin 2026, ƙungiyar ci gaban al'ummar Kundulum ta nuna adawa da shirin mallakar filayen noma na al'umma domin gina wurin dindindin na Jewel University. Rahoton ya ce an yi taron jama'a domin tattauna batun, inda wasu shugabannin al'umma suka nemi a gudanar da tattaunawa da masu filayen kafin a ci gaba da aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe community rejects proposed farmland acquisition for private university
|url=https://punchng.com/gombe-community-rejects-proposed-farmland-acquisition-for-private-university/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.jeweluniversity.edu.ng/ Yanar gizon Jewel University]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Lafiya Clinic Bare, Billiri</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox hospital | name = The Lafiya Clinic | location = Bare, Billiri, Jihar Gombe | country = [[Najeriya]] | type = Cibiyar kiwon lafiya | established = 2007 }}  '''The Lafiya Clinic''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Bare]], a [[Billiri (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 2007 kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta matakin farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Lafiya...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1329" sha1="eia4waz3lfvsq0wkn036pz9myg9amln" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hospital
| name = The Lafiya Clinic
| location = Bare, Billiri, Jihar Gombe
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| type = Cibiyar kiwon lafiya
| established = 2007
}}

'''The Lafiya Clinic''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Bare]], a [[Billiri (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 2007 kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta matakin farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Lafiya Clinic Bare, Billiri
|url=https://thehospitalbook.com/the-lafiya-clinic/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Cibiyar tana bayar da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa, ayyukan HIV/AIDS, tsarin iyali, kula da mata masu juna biyu da jarirai, da ilimantar da al'umma kan kiwon lafiya. Haka kuma tana da dakin gwaje-gwaje da kantin magani a cikin cibiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Lafiya Clinic Bare, Billiri
|url=https://thehospitalbook.com/the-lafiya-clinic/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
The Lafiya Clinic tana a Latafas, Bare, cikin Karamar Hukumar Billiri ta Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Lafiya Clinic Bare, Billiri
|url=https://thehospitalbook.com/the-lafiya-clinic/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kudin jin dadin jama'a</title>
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        <username>Beehra</username>
        <id>15944</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375946089|Welfare spending]]&quot;</comment>
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Kudin jin dadin wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu).  {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt;

Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951).  A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). &lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt; Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|&lt;blockquote&gt;Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.&lt;ref name=&quot;UVvM&quot;&gt;United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]]
A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&amp;title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva &amp; Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma,  kamar Alimenta. 

Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, &quot;[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...&quot;.   {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da &quot;mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara&quot;.Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, &quot;tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi&quot;.

A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pashley1852&quot; /&gt;:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) &quot;sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. &quot;

A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19.  A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin &quot;Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus&quot;) da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na &quot;Kayan Al'ada,&quot; wanda a ƙarƙashinsa &quot;Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. &quot;

Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa &quot;akwatin kowa&quot; don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, &quot;Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa&quot;.Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata&quot;.

An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca,    Daular Aztec,  Daular Ottoman, [4]  da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona.

[[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa.

Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical).

Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki.
[[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]]
Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911,  tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya.

Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands,  da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland  waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy &amp; Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa &quot;yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki&quot;.

== Hanyoyi ==
Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin dadin:

* Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi.
* Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji.
* Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai.
* Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa.
* Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend .
* Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai.

Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health &amp; Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi
* girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) 
* kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji).

[[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; ko &quot;na wariya&quot; ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;s131&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Kudin jin dadin wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu).  {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt;

Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951).  A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). &lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt; Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|&lt;blockquote&gt;Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.&lt;ref name=&quot;UVvM&quot;&gt;United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]]
A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&amp;title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva &amp; Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma,  kamar Alimenta. 

Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, &quot;[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...&quot;.   {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da &quot;mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara&quot;.Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, &quot;tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi&quot;.

A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pashley1852&quot; /&gt;:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) &quot;sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. &quot;

A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19.  A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin &quot;Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus&quot;) da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na &quot;Kayan Al'ada,&quot; wanda a ƙarƙashinsa &quot;Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. &quot;

Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa &quot;akwatin kowa&quot; don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, &quot;Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa&quot;.Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata&quot;.

An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca,    Daular Aztec,  Daular Ottoman, [4]  da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona.

[[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa.

Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical).

Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki.
[[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]]
Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911,  tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya.

Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands,  da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland  waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy &amp; Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa &quot;yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki&quot;.

== Hanyoyi ==
Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin dadin:

* Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi.
* Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji.
* Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai.
* Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa.
* Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend .
* Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai.

Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health &amp; Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi
* girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) 
* kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji).

[[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; ko &quot;na wariya&quot; ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;s131&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Kudin jin dadin wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu).  {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt;

Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951).  A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). &lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt; Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|&lt;blockquote&gt;Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.&lt;ref name=&quot;UVvM&quot;&gt;United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]]
A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&amp;title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva &amp; Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma,  kamar Alimenta. 

Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, &quot;[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...&quot;.   {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da &quot;mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara&quot;.Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, &quot;tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi&quot;.

A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pashley1852&quot; /&gt;:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) &quot;sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. &quot;

A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19.  A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin &quot;Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus&quot;) da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na &quot;Kayan Al'ada,&quot; wanda a ƙarƙashinsa &quot;Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. &quot;

Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa &quot;akwatin kowa&quot; don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, &quot;Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa&quot;.Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata&quot;.

An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca,    Daular Aztec,  Daular Ottoman, [4]  da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona.

[[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa.

Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical).

Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki.
[[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]]
Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911,  tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya.

Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands,  da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland  waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy &amp; Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa &quot;yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki&quot;.

== Hanyoyi ==
Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin dadin:

* Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi.
* Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji.
* Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai.
* Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa.
* Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend .
* Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai.

Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health &amp; Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi
* girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) 
* kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji).

[[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; ko &quot;na wariya&quot; ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;s131&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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Kudin jin dadin wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu).  {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt;

Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951).  A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). &lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt; Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|&lt;blockquote&gt;Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.&lt;ref name=&quot;UVvM&quot;&gt;United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]]
A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&amp;title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva &amp; Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma,  kamar Alimenta. 

Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, &quot;[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...&quot;.   {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da &quot;mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara&quot;.Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, &quot;tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi&quot;.

A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pashley1852&quot; /&gt;:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) &quot;sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. &quot;

A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19.  A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin &quot;Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus&quot;) da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na &quot;Kayan Al'ada,&quot; wanda a ƙarƙashinsa &quot;Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. &quot;

Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa &quot;akwatin kowa&quot; don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, &quot;Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa&quot;.Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata&quot;.

An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca,    Daular Aztec,  Daular Ottoman, [4]  da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona.

[[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa.

Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical).

Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki.
[[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]]
Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911,  tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya.

Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands,  da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland  waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy &amp; Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa &quot;yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki&quot;.

== Hanyoyi ==
Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin dadin:

* Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi.
* Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji.
* Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai.
* Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa.
* Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend .
* Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai.

Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health &amp; Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi
* girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) 
* kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji).

[[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; ko &quot;na wariya&quot; ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;s131&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
== Manazarta ==
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Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu).  {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt;

Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951).  A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). &lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919&quot; /&gt; Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|&lt;blockquote&gt;Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.&lt;ref name=&quot;UVvM&quot;&gt;United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;}}

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]]
A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&amp;title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva &amp; Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma,  kamar Alimenta. 

Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, &quot;[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...&quot;.   {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da &quot;mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara&quot;.Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, &quot;tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi&quot;.

A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pashley1852&quot; /&gt;:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) &quot;sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. &quot;

A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19.  A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin &quot;Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus&quot;) da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na &quot;Kayan Al'ada,&quot; wanda a ƙarƙashinsa &quot;Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. &quot;

Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa &quot;akwatin kowa&quot; don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, &quot;Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa&quot;.Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata&quot;.

An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca,    Daular Aztec,  Daular Ottoman, [4]  da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona.

[[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa.

Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical).

Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki.
[[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]]
Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911,  tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya.

Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands,  da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland  waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy &amp; Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa &quot;yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki&quot;.

== Hanyoyi ==
Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin dadin:

* Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi.
* Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji.
* Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai.
* Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa.
* Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend .
* Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai.

Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health &amp; Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==
Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi
* girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) 
* kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) 
* hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji).

[[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na &quot;na wucin gadi&quot; ko &quot;na wariya&quot; ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;s131&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8o55rc4m5914a975fselb4sztlnirn0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gombe capital academy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963426</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:31:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox school | name = Gombe Capital Academy | location = Sirankiyo, Gombe | city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''Gombe Capital Academy''' makaranta ce da ke yankin Sirankiyo a birnin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana bayan gidan Jauro's House a Sirankiyo, cikin yankin lambar gidan waya '''760251'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe Capital Academy |url=https://www.goog...</comment>
      <origin>963426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="759" sha1="438h0w2lmjrh7u0uqfe8xrupgbhi1sa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox school
| name = Gombe Capital Academy
| location = Sirankiyo, Gombe
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''Gombe Capital Academy''' makaranta ce da ke yankin Sirankiyo a birnin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana bayan gidan Jauro's House a Sirankiyo, cikin yankin lambar gidan waya '''760251'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe Capital Academy
|url=https://www.google.com/maps
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Gombe Capital Academy tana Sirankiyo, Gombe, a bayan gidan Jauro's House.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe Capital Academy
|url=https://www.google.com/maps
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>438h0w2lmjrh7u0uqfe8xrupgbhi1sa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Hospital Kumo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963431</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox hospital | name = General Hospital Kumo | official_name = General Hospital Kumo, Gombe State | location = [[Kumo]], [[Akko (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya | type = Asibitin gwamnati | established = 1990 | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''General Hospital Kumo''' asibitin gwamnati ne da ke [[Kumo]], a [[Akko (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 1990.&lt;r...</comment>
      <origin>963431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3521" sha1="kdurm8ks4lvoojep66fjrrlf26nd0wn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hospital
| name = General Hospital Kumo
| official_name = General Hospital Kumo, Gombe State
| location = [[Kumo]], [[Akko (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya
| type = Asibitin gwamnati
| established = 1990
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''General Hospital Kumo''' asibitin gwamnati ne da ke [[Kumo]], a [[Akko (Karamar Hukuma)|Karamar Hukumar Akko]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=General Hospital Kumo
|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126199207
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da sake gina asibitin ==
Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta yi aikin sake gina da sabunta General Hospital Kumo a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya a jihar. A kasafin kuɗin jihar na shekarar 2024, an ware kuɗi domin sake gina asibitin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Government 2024 Budget Estimates
|url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Gombe-State-Approved-2024-Budget-1.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauya shi zuwa Federal Medical Centre ==
A ranar 9 ga Maris 2025, gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da karɓar General Hospital Kumo daga gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tare da mayar da shi '''Federal Medical Centre Kumo'''. An bayyana cibiyar a matsayin asibitin kula da lafiya na matakin koli, wanda zai taimaka wajen horas da ma'aikatan lafiya da kuma inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya a Gombe da yankin Arewa maso Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Federal Government Takes Over Gombe Hospital
|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/federal-government-takes-over-gombe-hospital/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu 2025, jami'an Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya sun ziyarci asibitin domin duba shirye-shiryen fara aiki a matsayin Federal Medical Centre. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka buƙata akwai samar da kayan aiki, ware filin faɗaɗa asibitin da kammala hanyoyin mika kadarar ga gwamnatin tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Federal Government Takes Over Kumo General Hospital, Akko LGA For Official Conversation To Federal Medical Center
|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/federal-government-takes-over-kumo-general-hospital-akko-lga-for-official-conversation-to-federal-medical-center/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumban 2025, gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) kan karɓar General Hospital Kumo da mayar da shi Federal Medical Centre Kumo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=FG, Gombe State Sign MoU On Taking Over of General Hospital Kumo, As Federal Medical Centre Kumo
|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-gombe-state-sign-mou-on-taking-over-of-general-hospital-kumo-as-federal-medical-centre-kumo/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kiwon lafiya ==
Bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun jera General Hospital Kumo da ayyukan da suka haɗa da tiyata, kula da mata masu juna biyu da haihuwa, kantin magani, dakin gwaje-gwaje da kula da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Active Healthcare Facilities, January 2024
|url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ACTIVE-HEALTHCARE-FACILITIES-JANUARY-2024.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
General Hospital Kumo yana Kumo, Karamar Hukumar Akko, Jihar Gombe. Adireshin wurin yana cikin yankin lambar gidan waya '''771102'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=General Hospital Kumo
|url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/kumo/general-hospital/generalhospitalkumo
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>kdurm8ks4lvoojep66fjrrlf26nd0wn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji ta Jihar Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963433</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:35:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox government agency | name = Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji ta Jihar Gombe | type = Ma'aikatar gwamnati | jurisdiction = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] | headquarters = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], Jihar Gombe | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji ta Jihar Gombe''' ma'aikata ce ta gwamnatin [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] da ke kula da harkokin ruwa, muhalli da albarkatun gandun daji a jihar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan...</comment>
      <origin>963433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3371" sha1="9xhzrt0jv2sxgdzc70982ogdkyiw076" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji ta Jihar Gombe
| type = Ma'aikatar gwamnati
| jurisdiction = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]
| headquarters = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], Jihar Gombe
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji ta Jihar Gombe''' ma'aikata ce ta gwamnatin [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] da ke kula da harkokin ruwa, muhalli da albarkatun gandun daji a jihar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan ma'aikatar tare da wasu hukumomi da shirye-shiryen gwamnati da suka shafi kare muhalli, sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da rage illolin sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State 2024 Budget
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/GOMBE-STATE-2024-BUDGET.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ma'aikatar tana da alhakin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi kula da muhalli, albarkatun ruwa da gandun daji a Jihar Gombe. A cikin tsarin kasafin kuɗin jihar, ma'aikatar tana da alaƙa da Gombe Goes Green (3G), Gombe State Environmental Protection Agency (GOSEPA) da Gombe State Water Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State 2024 Budget
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/GOMBE-STATE-2024-BUDGET.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar kuma tana da alhakin kula da ayyukan ACReSAL a Jihar Gombe. Shirin ACReSAL yana mai da hankali kan daidaita sauyin yanayi, dakile zaizayar ƙasa, kula da magudanan ruwa da inganta rayuwar al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=About Us - NEWMAP-EIB Gombe State
|url=https://newmapeib.gm.gov.ng/about-us/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauyin yanayi ==
A shekarar 2026, ma'aikatar ta fara aikin samar da wata manufa da tsarin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi na Jihar Gombe tare da tallafin fasaha daga UNICEF. Taron ƙaddamar da aikin ya samu halartar hukumomin ruwa, muhalli da lafiya, ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da abokan ci gaban gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe moves to develop climate change policy, action plan with UNICEF backing
|url=https://periscopenga.com/2026/06/gombe-moves-to-develop-climate-change-policy-action-plan-with-unicef-backing/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2026, ma'aikatar ta kuma fitar da sanarwar neman ɗan kwangila domin aikin farfaɗo da gandun daji da kuma sake amfani da hekta 618 na lalatattun filaye, ramukan tono ƙasa da wuraren zubar da shara, tare da kafa shuke-shuke a gefen tituna a Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Ministry of Water, Environment and Forest Resources, Gombe State - Request for Bids
|url=https://publicprocurement.org/ministry-of-water-environment-and-forest-resources-gombe-state-request-for-bids-for-procurement-of-contractor-for-reclamation-and-afforestation-of-618ha-of-degraded-land-borrow-pits-landfills-and/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabanci ==
A watan Oktoban 2023, Mohammed Saidu Fawu ya fara aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Ruwa, Muhalli da Albarkatun Gandun Daji na Jihar Gombe. A lokacin fara aikinsa, an bayyana cewa ana gudanar da aikin haɗa tare da daidaita sassan ma'aikatar domin su kasance ƙarƙashin ma'aikata guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Mohammed Saidu Fawu assumes duty as Commissioner in Gombe
|url=https://periscopenga.com/2023/10/mohammed-saidu-fawu-assumes-duty-as-commissioner-in-gombe/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>9xhzrt0jv2sxgdzc70982ogdkyiw076</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gombe Goes Green (3G)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963436</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:39:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Gombe Goes Green (3G) | type = Shirin muhalli | country = [[Najeriya]] | location = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] }}  '''Gombe Goes Green (3G)''' shiri ne na muhalli da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] ta ƙaddamar domin ƙara yawan itatuwa da ciyayi, yaƙi da hamadar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da sauran matsalolin muhalli a jihar. Shirin yana da burin dasa da kula da aƙalla itatuwa miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara a faɗin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=His Exc...</comment>
      <origin>963436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3678" sha1="nht8uzb7mcawj6vy8keoo3cy059am8q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = Gombe Goes Green (3G)
| type = Shirin muhalli
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| location = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]
}}

'''Gombe Goes Green (3G)''' shiri ne na muhalli da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] ta ƙaddamar domin ƙara yawan itatuwa da ciyayi, yaƙi da hamadar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da sauran matsalolin muhalli a jihar. Shirin yana da burin dasa da kula da aƙalla itatuwa miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara a faɗin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=His Excellency - NEWMAP-EIB Gombe State
|url=https://newmapeib.gm.gov.ng/welcome/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ƙaddamar da shirin Gombe Goes Green a shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin gwamna [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya|Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]]. Matakin farko na shirin ya ƙunshi dasa itatuwa miliyan ɗaya, inda aka fara dasa dubban itatuwa a cikin birnin Gombe da kewaye. An kuma shirya aiwatar da aikin a wurare daban-daban na jihar domin rage zaizayar ƙasa da yaƙi da hamadar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe plants trees
|url=https://punchng.com/gombe-plants-trees/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kasafin kuɗin Jihar Gombe na shekarar 2024, an ware kuɗaɗe ga ofishin kula da shirin Gombe Goes Green (3G), wanda aka jera a matsayin ''Gombe Goes Green (3G) Coordination Office''. An kuma ware ₦150 miliyan ga ofishin a matsayin kuɗin ayyukan babban birnin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Government 2024 Budget Estimates Capital Expenditure By Projects
|url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Gombe-State-Approved-2024-Budget-1.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi da ayyuka ==
Babban manufar shirin ita ce ƙara yawan ciyayi da itatuwa a jihar domin kare muhalli da rage illolin hamadar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliya. Shirin yana kuma tallafa wa dasa itatuwan da ke samar da 'ya'ya da kuma wasu itatuwan da ke da amfani ga tattalin arziki da rayuwar al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=His Excellency - NEWMAP-EIB Gombe State
|url=https://newmapeib.gm.gov.ng/welcome/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin ayyukan da aka tsara ƙarƙashin shirin akwai sayen tsirran itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, dasa itatuwa a gefen titunan garuruwa, samar da matakan yaƙi da hamadar ƙasa, kula da gobarar daji da kuma ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin matasa masu sha'awar aikin gandun daji a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Government 2023 Q2 Budget Performance Report
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Gombe-State-2023-Q2-BPR.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamfen ɗin dasa itatuwa ==
A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2023, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tare da shirin [[Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes]] (ACReSAL) suka ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin dasa itatuwa na shekarar 2023 a [[College of Education, Billiri]]. An gudanar da bikin tare da halartar jami'an gwamnati, wakilan ACReSAL, shugabannin gargajiya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe Government, ACReSAL Flag-off 3G Tree Planting Campaign
|url=https://old.acresal.gov.ng/?p=2374
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfen ɗin ya mayar da hankali kan dasa itatuwa da kuma kula da su domin rage zaizayar ƙasa, inganta ciyayi da kuma rage illolin sauyin yanayi. ACReSAL ta bayyana cewa nasarar da Jihar Gombe ta samu wajen aiwatar da Gombe Goes Green na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa jihar ta kasance mai cin gajiyar ayyukan shirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe Government, ACReSAL Flag-off 3G Tree Planting Campaign
|url=https://old.acresal.gov.ng/?p=2374
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Sauyin yanayi]]
* [[Gandun daji]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>nht8uzb7mcawj6vy8keoo3cy059am8q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abubakar Garba Zagada- Zagada College of Education, Bajoga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963437</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox school | name = Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education, Bajoga | type = Kwalejin ilimi mai zaman kanta | location = [[Bajoga]], [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education, Bajoga''' kwalejin ilimi ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Bajoga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar kula da kwalejojin ilimi ta ƙasa (NCCE) ta jera kwalejin cikin kwalejojin ilimi da aka amince da su a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |ti...</comment>
      <origin>963437</origin>
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      <text bytes="2699" sha1="gaxupfzqav6i9rusxbzqlsi8d1l2re6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox school
| name = Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education, Bajoga
| type = Kwalejin ilimi mai zaman kanta
| location = [[Bajoga]], [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education, Bajoga''' kwalejin ilimi ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Bajoga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar kula da kwalejojin ilimi ta ƙasa (NCCE) ta jera kwalejin cikin kwalejojin ilimi da aka amince da su a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=NCCE Accredited Colleges
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa cibiyar ne a Bajoga domin bayar da ilimin horas da malamai. A shekarar 1996, Abubakar Garba Zagada ya koma kwalejin a matsayin malami bayan ya shafe shekaru goma yana koyar da Geography a Government Secondary School, Argungu. Daga baya ya zama Dean of Student Affairs a shekarar 2001, sannan aka naɗa shi shugaban kwalejin a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Abubakar Garba Zagada, Principal of Zagada College of Education
|url=https://justschooling.com.ng/abubakar-garba-zagada-principal-of-zagada-college-of-education-courses-hostel-accommodations-and-admission-requirements/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi da mallaka ==
NCCE ta bayyana Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education, Bajoga a matsayin Private College of Education, wato kwalejin ilimi mai zaman kanta. An jera ta a cikin jerin kwalejojin ilimi da hukumar ta amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=NCCE Accredited Colleges
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata takarda ta NCCE ta kuma jera adireshin kwalejin a matsayin Gombe, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/download/files/List_of_Accredited_COEs.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Kwalejin tana [[Bajoga]], a Karamar Hukumar [[Funakaye]] ta Jihar Gombe. Wata cibiyar bayanan makarantu ta bayyana wurin karatun a matsayin Temporary Site Model Primary and Junior Secondary School, kusa da ofishin 'yan sanda na Bajoga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Abubakar Garba Zagada-Zagada College of Education
|url=https://myschool.ng/institutions/abubakar-garba-zagada-zagada-college-of-education
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Kwalejin tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da ke bayar da shirye-shiryen [[Nigeria Certificate in Education]] (NCE). Bayanai kan cibiyoyin ilimi na Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa kwalejin wata cibiyar NCE ce mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State institutions
|url=https://nucis.ng/states/gombe-state/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gaxupfzqav6i9rusxbzqlsi8d1l2re6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zainab Muazu yau</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>178266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963440</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Muazu yau</username>
        <id>49698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: My name is Zainab mu'azu ya'u from potiskum yobe state ,am best editor I can editing any news with under Hausa wikipedia</comment>
      <origin>963440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="120" sha1="cb1mz2fue11blherao3ang8pudnkqg3" xml:space="preserve">My name is Zainab mu'azu ya'u from potiskum yobe state ,am best editor I can editing any news with under Hausa wikipedia</text>
      <sha1>cb1mz2fue11blherao3ang8pudnkqg3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963441</id>
      <parentid>963440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Muazu yau</username>
        <id>49698</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121" sha1="t09qelh4x2a3rqxird5rtg7j2eiv4cv" xml:space="preserve">My name is Zainab mu'azu ya'u from potiskum yobe state ,am best editor I can editing any news with under Hausa wikipedia.</text>
      <sha1>t09qelh4x2a3rqxird5rtg7j2eiv4cv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christian COE, Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963443</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T14:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qassamy</username>
        <id>47996</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox school | name = Christian College of Education, Gombe | type = Kwalejin ilimi mai zaman kanta | location = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''Christian College of Education, Gombe''' kwalejin ilimi ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar kula da kwalejojin ilimi ta ƙasa (NCCE) ta jera kwalejin a cikin jerin kwalejojin ilimi da aka amince da su a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NCCE Accredited Colleges |u...</comment>
      <origin>963443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2271" sha1="mayvt31t0b3jvox465skiz8j155m63h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox school
| name = Christian College of Education, Gombe
| type = Kwalejin ilimi mai zaman kanta
| location = [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''Christian College of Education, Gombe''' kwalejin ilimi ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar kula da kwalejojin ilimi ta ƙasa (NCCE) ta jera kwalejin a cikin jerin kwalejojin ilimi da aka amince da su a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=NCCE Accredited Colleges
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges/Index
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma amfani da gajeriyar suna '''CHRIST-COE''' wajen nuna kwalejin a cikin jerin cibiyoyin kwalejin ilimi na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Colleges of Education
|url=https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/assets/uploads/nce-list-of-schools.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi ==
Christian College of Education, Gombe kwalejin ilimi ce mai zaman kanta. NCCE ta bayyana ta a matsayin ''Private College of Education'' a Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=NCCE Accredited Colleges
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges/Index
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin takardun NCCE da suka shafi kafa sabbin kwalejojin ilimi, an ambaci Christian College of Education da ke Karamar Hukumar [[Akko na (Nijeriya)|Akko]], a kan hanyar Bauchi, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Two Years Of Transformation: A Look At Prof Okwelle’s Impactful Leadership In NCCE
|url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/News/NewsDetails?slug=two-years-of-transformation-a-look-at-prof-okwelles-impactful-leadership-in-ncce
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Kwalejin tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da ke karkashin tsarin [[Nigeria Certificate in Education]] (NCE). JAMB ta sanya Christian College of Education, Gombe cikin jerin kwalejojin ilimi masu zaman kansu na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Colleges of Education
|url=https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/assets/uploads/nce-list-of-schools.pdf
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan cibiyoyin ilimi na Jihar Gombe sun kuma jera kwalejin a matsayin ''Private College of Education'' da ke Gombe, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State
|url=https://nucis.ng/states/gombe-state/
|access-date=5 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mayvt31t0b3jvox465skiz8j155m63h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diocese na Anglican na Bauchi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963452</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T14:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364437333|Anglican Diocese of Bauchi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963452</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="947" sha1="l91s4kougys6b3ijlua4g9npuchv2sg" xml:space="preserve">
'''diocese na Anglican na Bauchi'''  yana ɗaya daga cikin diocese goma a cikin [[Lardin Anglican na Jos|Lardin Anglican(('''The Anglican Diocese of Bauchi''']]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese.aspx?church=nigeria&amp;dio=bauchi Anglican Communion]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lardin Anglican na Jos|is one of ten]] [[:en:Diocese|dioceses]] within the [[:en:Anglican_Province_of_Jos|Anglican Province of Jos]], itself one of 14))) na Jos,ita  kanta tana ɗaya daga cikin larduna 14 na coci a cikin Ikilisiyar Najeriya.  Bishop na yanzu shine Right Rev. [[Musa Mwin Tula]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocesan web-site |url=http://anglicandioceseofbauchi.org.ng/Diocesan%27s%20officials.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013552/http://www.anglicandioceseofbauchi.org.ng/Diocesan%27s%20officials.html |archive-date=2020-02-17 |access-date=2020-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>l91s4kougys6b3ijlua4g9npuchv2sg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963453</id>
      <parentid>963452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T15:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>963453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="606" sha1="l5y8vojje5cuajwrsb9bw1rqbygpp28" xml:space="preserve">
'''diocese na Anglican na Bauchi'''  yana ɗaya daga cikin diocese goma a cikin [[Lardin Anglican na Jos|Lardin Anglic]] na Jos,ita  kanta tana ɗaya daga cikin larduna 14 na coci a cikin Ikilisiyar Najeriya.  Bishop na yanzu shine Right Rev. [[Musa Mwin Tula]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocesan web-site |url=http://anglicandioceseofbauchi.org.ng/Diocesan%27s%20officials.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013552/http://www.anglicandioceseofbauchi.org.ng/Diocesan%27s%20officials.html |archive-date=2020-02-17 |access-date=2020-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>l5y8vojje5cuajwrsb9bw1rqbygpp28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roman Katolika Archdiocese na Jos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963457</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T15:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369742212|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jos]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963457</origin>
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      <text bytes="2981" sha1="cg5rplr7in2uy8hd0bmaeqphq3oe6ln" xml:space="preserve">
  

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of [[Jos]] (''Archidioecesis Iosensis ([[Episcopal See|Duba]]-linkid=&quot;158&quot; href=&quot;./Latin_language&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Latin language&quot;&gt;Latin) '' shi ne Babban Birni na lardin Ikklisiya na Jos a [[Najeriya]] .

== Tarihi ==

* 1934.04.09: An kafa shi a matsayin Prefecture na Apostolic na Jos daga Prefecture of Apostolic na Arewacin NajeriyaGundumar Manzanni ta Arewacin Najeriya
* 1953.06.29: An inganta shi a matsayin Diocese na ((
** 1934.04.09: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Jos from the [[:en:Apostolic_Prefecture_of_Northern_Nigeria|Apostolic Prefecture of Northern Nigeria]]
** 1953.06.29: Promoted as Diocese of Jos
** 1994.03.26: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Jos  )))Jos
* 1994.03.26: An inganta shi a matsayin Babban Birnin Jos

== Coci na musamman ==
Gidan babban bishop shine((

* 1934.04.09: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Jos from the [[:en:Apostolic_Prefecture_of_Northern_Nigeria|Apostolic Prefecture of Northern Nigeria]]
* 1953.06.29: Promoted as Diocese of Jos
* 1994.03.26: Promoted as Metropolitan 

))) Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima a Jos .

== Bishops ==

* Shugabannin Apostolic na Jos (Ranar Roman) 
** Ɗaukowa. Guglielmo Lumley, S.M.A. 1934.06.22 - 1953
* Bishops na Jos (Al'adar Romawa) 
** Bishop John J. Reddington, S.M.A. 1954.04.10 1974.07.03
** Bishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka 1974.10.05 - 1994.03.26 ''duba ƙasa''
* Babban bishops na Jos (Ranar Roman) 
** Archbishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka ''duba sama'' 1994.03.26 - 1999.11.11
** Archbishop Ignatius Ayau Kaigama 2000.04.14 - 2019.03.11; a matsayinsa na Shugaban Bishops na Najeriya, ya soki gwamnati saboda gazawarta na kare Kiristoci da sauran 'yan tsiraru na addinai daga' yan ta'adda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama, kamar [[Boko Haram]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Religion census uses data gathered from 500,000 people in seven-year period |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20120501.htm#head2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608064252/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20120501.htm#head2 |archive-date=June 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Archbishop Matthew Ishaya Audu tun daga 2020.01.06

=== Mataimakin Bishop ===

* Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka (1973-1974), wanda aka nada Bishop a nan

=== Sauran firistoci na wannan diocese waɗanda suka zama bishops ===

* Kevin Joseph Aje, wanda aka nada Coadjutor Bishop na Sokoto a shekarar 1982
* [[Oliver Dashe Doeme]] (firist a nan, 1997-2007), wanda aka nada Bishop na Maiduguri a 2009
* Philip Davou Dung, wanda aka nada Bishop na Shendam a shekarar 2016
* Michael Gobal Gokum, wanda aka nada Bishop na Pankshim a shekarar 2014
* Malachy John Goltok, wanda aka nada Bishop na Bauchi a 2011

== Diocese na Suffragan ==

* [[Diocese na Bauchi|Bauchi]]
* Jalingo
* Maiduguri
* Pankshin
* Shendam
* Yola
* Wukari

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Cocin Katolika a Najeriya|Roman Katolika a Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of [[Jos]] (''Archidioecesis Iosensis ([[Episcopal See|Duba]]-linkid=&quot;158&quot; href=&quot;./Latin_language&quot; id=&quot;mwDA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Latin language&quot;&gt;Latin) '' shi ne Babban Birni na lardin Ikklisiya na Jos a [[Najeriya]] .

== Tarihi ==

* 1934.04.09: An kafa shi a matsayin Prefecture na Apostolic na Jos daga Prefecture of Apostolic na Arewacin NajeriyaGundumar Manzanni ta Arewacin Najeriya
* 1953.06.29: An inganta shi a matsayin Diocese na [[:en:Apostolic_Prefecture_of_Northern_Nigeria|Nigeria]]
* 1994.03.26: An inganta shi a matsayin Babban Birnin Jos

== Coci na musamman ==
Gidan babban bishop shineJos

== Bishops ==

* Shugabannin Apostolic na Jos (Ranar Roman) 
** Ɗaukowa. Guglielmo Lumley, S.M.A. 1934.06.22 - 1953
* Bishops na Jos (Al'adar Romawa) 
** Bishop John J. Reddington, S.M.A. 1954.04.10 1974.07.03
** Bishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka 1974.10.05 - 1994.03.26 ''duba ƙasa''
* Babban bishops na Jos (Ranar Roman) 
** Archbishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka ''duba sama'' 1994.03.26 - 1999.11.11
** Archbishop Ignatius Ayau Kaigama 2000.04.14 - 2019.03.11; a matsayinsa na Shugaban Bishops na Najeriya, ya soki gwamnati saboda gazawarta na kare Kiristoci da sauran 'yan tsiraru na addinai daga' yan ta'adda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama, kamar [[Boko Haram]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Religion census uses data gathered from 500,000 people in seven-year period |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20120501.htm#head2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608064252/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20120501.htm#head2 |archive-date=June 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Archbishop Matthew Ishaya Audu tun daga 2020.01.06

=== Mataimakin Bishop ===

* Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka (1973-1974), wanda aka nada Bishop a nan

=== Sauran firistoci na wannan diocese waɗanda suka zama bishops ===

* Kevin Joseph Aje, wanda aka nada Coadjutor Bishop na Sokoto a shekarar 1982
* [[Oliver Dashe Doeme]] (firist a nan, 1997-2007), wanda aka nada Bishop na Maiduguri a 2009
* Philip Davou Dung, wanda aka nada Bishop na Shendam a shekarar 2016
* Michael Gobal Gokum, wanda aka nada Bishop na Pankshim a shekarar 2014
* Malachy John Goltok, wanda aka nada Bishop na Bauchi a 2011

== Diocese na Suffragan ==

* [[Diocese na Bauchi|Bauchi]]
* Jalingo
* Maiduguri
* Pankshin
* Shendam
* Yola
* Wukari

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Cocin Katolika a Najeriya|Roman Katolika a Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>o0isjenn0snim2zhrtw8k36r37z2sxr</sha1>
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'''Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka''' shi ne Bishop na Roman Katolika (daga baya Archbishop) na Jos, Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Gaiya, Musa A. |date=1937–1999 |title=Ganaka, Gabriel Gonsum |url=https://dacb.org/stories/nigeria/ganaka-gonsum/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Archdiocese Commemorates Late Archbishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka |url=https://www.nigeriacatholicnetwork.com/jos-archdiocese-commemorates-late-archbishop-gabriel-gonsum-ganaka/?v=1749233885 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=NIGERIA CATHOLIC NETWORK |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1937 a [[Pankshin]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Nigeria: Archdiocese of Jos celebrates the life and times of the Servant of God, Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2024-11/nigeria-archdiocese-of-jos-celebrates-the-life-and-times-of-the.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an naɗa shi firist a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1965. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1973, yana da shekaru 36, an nada shi a matsayin Bishop(((On 2 February 1975, he was appointed [[:en:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Jos|Bishop of Jos]]. On 26 March 1994, aged 56, he was))) na Jos &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  kuma a matsayin Bishop mai suna Cuicul .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An tsarkake shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1973 ta hanyar Kadanal [[Dominic Ekandem]] .

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1975, an nada shi Bishop na Jos . A ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994, yana da shekaru 56, an ɗaga shi zuwa Archbishop . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ganaka ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1999, yana da shekaru 62. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, Roman Catholic Archdiocese na Jos ya buɗe dalilinsa na beatification yana kiransa Bawan Allah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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'''Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka''' shi ne Bishop na Roman Katolika (daga baya Archbishop) na Jos, Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Gaiya, Musa A. |date=1937–1999 |title=Ganaka, Gabriel Gonsum |url=https://dacb.org/stories/nigeria/ganaka-gonsum/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Archdiocese Commemorates Late Archbishop Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka |url=https://www.nigeriacatholicnetwork.com/jos-archdiocese-commemorates-late-archbishop-gabriel-gonsum-ganaka/?v=1749233885 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=NIGERIA CATHOLIC NETWORK |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1937 a [[Pankshin]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Nigeria: Archdiocese of Jos celebrates the life and times of the Servant of God, Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2024-11/nigeria-archdiocese-of-jos-celebrates-the-life-and-times-of-the.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an naɗa shi firist a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1965. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1973, yana da shekaru 36, an nada shi a matsayin Bishop na Jos &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  kuma a matsayin Bishop mai suna Cuicul .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An tsarkake shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1973 ta hanyar Kadanal [[Dominic Ekandem]] .

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1975, an nada shi Bishop na Jos . A ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994, yana da shekaru 56, an ɗaga shi zuwa Archbishop . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ganaka ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1999, yana da shekaru 62. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, Roman Catholic Archdiocese na Jos ya buɗe dalilinsa na beatification yana kiransa Bawan Allah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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'''John Joseph Reddington''' (an haife shi a 1910 a Curraghboy) wani limami ne na Irish kuma bishop na Roman Catholic Diocese na Jos .

An karɓi Reddington a matsayin memba na Society of African Missions a ranar 2 ga Yulin 1930 kuma Bishop Edward Mulhern na Diocese (((Reddington was received as a member of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_African_Missions&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Society of African Missions&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;91&quot;&gt;Society of African Missions&lt;/a&gt; on 2 July 1930 and ordained a priest in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_Cathedral&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Newry Cathedral&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;92&quot;&gt;St. Colman's Cathedral&lt;/a&gt;, Newry, by Bishop &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mulhern&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Edward Mulhern&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;93&quot;&gt;Edward Mulhern&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dromore&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Roman Catholic Diocese of Dromore&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;94&quot;&gt;Dromore diocese&lt;/a&gt;, on 10 June 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monseigneur John REDDINGTON |url=https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205605/https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=defunts.smainternational.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;))))))(na Dromore ya naɗa shi firist a St. Colman's Cathedral, Newry, a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monseigneur John REDDINGTON |url=https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205605/https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=defunts.smainternational.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada shi Bishop na Jos a shekara ta 1954, mukamin da ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop John J. Reddington [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bred.html |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga Nuwamba 1974 har zuwa Yuni 1975 Reddington ya kasance limami a St. Bernard's Priory, Warton, a Ingila. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, yana fama da ciwon sukari, ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan kula da tsofaffi na Sacred Heart a Raheny, Dublin, inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
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'''John Joseph Reddington''' (an haife shi a 1910 a Curraghboy) wani limami ne na Irish kuma bishop na Roman Catholic Diocese na Jos .

An karɓi Reddington a matsayin memba na Society of African Missions a ranar 2 ga Yulin 1930 kuma Bishop Edward Mulhern na Diocese na Dromore ya naɗa shi firist a St. Colman's Cathedral, Newry, a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monseigneur John REDDINGTON |url=https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205605/https://defunts.smainternational.info/en/necrologe/2096-monseigneur-john-reddington |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=defunts.smainternational.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada shi Bishop na Jos a shekara ta 1954, mukamin da ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop John J. Reddington [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bred.html |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga Nuwamba 1974 har zuwa Yuni 1975 Reddington ya kasance limami a St. Bernard's Priory, Warton, a Ingila. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, yana fama da ciwon sukari, ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan kula da tsofaffi na Sacred Heart a Raheny, Dublin, inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]]
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      <comment>Initial biography draft with sourced information, inline citations, and references.</comment>
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      <text bytes="9725" sha1="42303fsn10p73a2r5eieh9ofw9pm5qr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Soumyabrata Sengupta|nationality=Indian|education=Amity University, Noida&lt;br&gt;Andhra University|occupation=Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa|known_for=Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, Spearkraft, rubuce-rubuce}}

'''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengupta ya fito daga dangin Sengupta da aka danganta da tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University.

== Harkar kasuwanci da Spearkraft ==
Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;loktej-spearkraft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialsamosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce ==
Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely'', ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''.

''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' an wallafa shi a shekarar 2025.

== Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a ==
Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mynation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Media Advisor for National Security and Foreign Affairs a Chanakya Strategic Advisors.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya kasance Advisor ga Gwamnatin West Bengal tare da matsayin Cabinet Rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President – Digital Narratives.&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp-appointment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin '''“youngest Indian male”''' da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen jama'a ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;scholarship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramakrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmedabad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Rahoton ya jaddada cewa wannan karramawa ba ta da matsayin soja na hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dilshan.rehman33</username>
        <id>49697</id>
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      <comment>Neman goge wannan shafin sandbox saboda bana bukatar shi kuma.</comment>
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      <text bytes="79" sha1="191ngl0vz9y0ggyccrx4nj19q1xca77" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin sandbox dina ne kuma bana bukatar shi kuma. Ina neman a goge shi.</text>
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    <title>Kenan Yıldız</title>
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        <username>Smshika</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374834776|Kenan Yıldız]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kenan Yıldız''' ({{IPA|tr|ceˈnan ˈjɯɫdɯz}} ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2005) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] a ƙungiyar Serie A [[Juventus|ta Juventus]] . An haife shi a Jamus, yana bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya wasa .

Yıldız ya fara aikin matasa tare da Bayern Munich kuma ya shiga Juventus Next Gen a 2022. An ci gaba da shi zuwa tawagar farko ta Juventus a watan Nuwamba 2023 kuma ya lashe gasar Coppa Italia a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juventus.com |title=Kenan Yildiz {{!}} Forward Juventus Men's First Team |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/kenan-yildiz |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Juventus.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an kira Yıldız dan wasan Serie A mafi kyau na kasa da shekaru 23 a kakar 2025-26, inda ya karbi lambar yabo ta &quot;Rising Star&quot; bayan ya zira kwallaye goma kuma ya ba da taimako shida ga Juventus a wasanni 33. Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Rising Star of the Month sau biyu a lokacin yakin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merkezi |first=Haber |date=23 May 2026 |title=Kenan Yıldız, Serie A’da Sezonun En İyi Genç Oyuncusu Seçildi |url=https://www.uyan32.com/kenan-yildiz-serie-ada-sezonun-en-iyi-genc-oyuncusu-secildi |access-date=23 May 2026 |website=Uyan 32 |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kenan Yıldız a Regensburg, Jamus, ga mahaifinsa na Turkiyya Engin Yıldız da mahaifiyarsa ta Jamus Beate Hackl . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sparkman |first=Raymond |date=2025-01-02 |title=Kenan Yildiz Parents, The Story Behind the Rising Star |url=https://www.themixedzone.co.uk/kenan-yildiz-parents-the-story-behind-the-rising-star/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Mixed Zone |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Türkei-Held Kenan Yildiz: Warum er sich gegen Deutschland entschied |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/fussball/nationalmannschaft/tuerkei-held-kenan-yildiz-warum-er-sich-gegen-bayern-und-deutschland-entschied-86150536.bild.html |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=bild.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Ayyukan matasa ===
Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantun matasa na Sallern Regensburg da Jahn Regensburg .  Ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2012 yana da shekaru 7, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hummel |first=Thomas |date=22 February 2017 |title=Bundesliga: Die große Jagd nach Jugendfußballern |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/nachwuchs-fussball-das-geschaeft-mit-den-fussballtalenten-1.3389222 |website=Süddeutsche.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki tukuru a fannin matasansu, sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama babban jigo a cikin 'yan wasansu na ƙasa da shekara 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Bayern'den ayrılacak milli futbolcu Kenan Yıldız'a Barcelona ve Juventus talip |url=https://www.sporx.com/barcelona-ve-juventus-un-istedigi-turk-SXHBQ979664SXQ |website=Sporx}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekararsa ta ƙarshe tare da 'yan wasan Bayern U19 a kakar wasa ta 2021–22, Yıldız ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye shida da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye takwas a wasanni 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durant |first=Michel |date=1 June 2022 |title=Barcelona 'seriously considering' Bosman move for Bayern Munich midfielder |url=https://barcauniversal.com/barcelona-seriously-considering-bosman-move-for-bayern-munich-midfielder/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Barca Universal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarjejeniyar Yıldız tare da Bayern Munich ta ƙare a watan Yulin 2022, kuma kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa ba su iya sake sanya hannu a kansa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=FC Bayern – Knallhart-Poker! Entscheidung bei Wunderkind (17) gefallen |url=https://www.bild.de/bild-plus/sport/fussball/fussball/fc-bayern-muenchen-forderungen-zu-hoch-salihamidzic-laesst-wunderkind-ziehen-80607314.bild.html |website=bild.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da [[Juventus]] sun yi gasa don sanya hannu yayin da ya zama wakilin kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=&quot;Barcellona e Juve si sfidano per Kenan Yildiz&quot; |url=https://corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-mercato/juventus/2022/07/05-94424900/_barcellona_e_juve_si_sfidano_per_kenan_yildiz_ |website=corrieredellosport.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin, Juventus ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Yıldız.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Juve Primavera, doppio colpo Ufficiale: presi Yildiz e Srdoc. La nota del club |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/juve-primavera-yildiz-srdoc-ufficiale-comunicato-club-dettagli-cifre/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, an haɗa shi cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 60 da aka haifa a shekara ta 2005 ta jaridar Ingilishi ''[[The Guardian]]'' . 

Bayan ya yi wasa tare da U19s, a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, an fara kiran Yıldız zuwa Juventus Next Gen - ƙungiyar ajiyar Juventus - don wasan da za a buga washegari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Convocati Juventus Next Gen per la Virtus Verona: tre rientri, prima chiamata per Yildiz |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/convocati-juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-yildiz/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan wasan, kocin Massimo Brambilla ya tura shi a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a minti na 61 don yin wasan farko na sana'a;  kungiyar ta rasa 3-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title=Esordio Yildiz, primi minuti da professionista con la Juventus Next Gen |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/esordio-yildiz-juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-calcio-professionistico/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baridon |first=Marco |date=17 December 2022 |title=Juventus Next Gen Virtus Verona 0-3: crollo casalingo per i bianconeri |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-live-sintesi-moviola-tabellino-risultato-cronaca-serie-c-2022-23-highlights/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru tare da harbi mai nisa don buɗe wasan waje da Ancona ya ci 2-1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Yildiz, golazo all'Ancona con la Juve Next Gen e linguaccia alla Del Piero |url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/calcio/next-gen/2023/09/23-113693463/yildiz_golazo_all_ancona_con_la_juve_next_gen_e_linguaccia_alla_del_piero |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.tuttosport.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juventus ===
Yıldız ya fara buga wasan [[Serie A|Jerin A]] na farko a Juventus a wasan 3-0 da ya ci [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2023, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabi na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Juventus, chi è Kenan Yildiz: il classe 2005 che ha esordito in Serie A |url=https://www.lacasadic.com/news-serie-c/kenan-yildiz-juventus-chi-e-storia/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=La Casa di C |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki goma bayan haka, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Yildiz, futuro Juve. Firma fino al 2027: &quot;Troppo bello per essere vero&quot; |url=https://tuttosport.com/news/calcio/calciomercato/juventus/2023/08/30-112394868/yildiz_futuro_juve_firma_fino_al_2027_troppo_bello_per_essere_vero_ |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Tuttosport |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa tawagar farko ta Juventus a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-1 a kan Frosinone. Wannan ya sanya shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasashen waje mafi ƙanƙanta a Serie A yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 233. A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2024, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2029 kuma ya sami lambar 10 shirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kenan Yildiz renews and takes the No.10! |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/kenan-yildiz-renews-and-takes-the-no-10 |publisher=Juventus FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar 2024, Yıldız ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] da [[PSV Eindhoven]] tare da harbi; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Champions League: Kenan Yildiz scores spectacular opener for Juventus against PSV |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqjr078j105o |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi ne burin farko da aka zira a gasar zakarar, kuma ya sanya shi dan wasan da ya fi ƙanƙanta ga tawagar a gasar zaran zakarun, ya wuce mashahurin kulob din [[Alessandro Del Piero]].  A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, Yıldız ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a minti na 60 tare da Juventus da ke bin 4-2 ga [[Inter Milan]] a Derby d'Italia kuma ya zira kwallaye don sanya shi 4-4 kuma ya lashe kyautar MVP na wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bargione |first=Andrea |date=27 October 2024 |title=Inter Juve LIVE: sintesi, tabellino, risultato cronaca live |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/inter-juve-live-sintesi-moviola-tabellino-risultato-cronaca-serie-a-2024-25-diretta-highlights/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2025, ya bude ''Derby della Mole'' a kan Torino (ya ƙare 1-1) bayan ya kori 'yan adawa da kuma raga daga waje da yankin tare da ƙafar hagu; wannan burin za a zabe shi a matsayin Goal na 2024-25 na kakar a ƙarshen kakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Il goal di Yildiz al Torino è il più bello dello scorso campionato: battuti McTominay e Barella {{!}} Goal.com Italia |url=https://www.goal.com/it/liste/il-goal-di-yildiz-al-torino-e-il-piu-bello-dello-scorso-campionato-battuti-mctominay-e-barella/blt512b19c33264fe3f |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.goal.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gama kakar 2024-25 tare da kwallaye bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juventus.com |title=Serie A, le curiosita' e i rankings bianconeri a fine campionato - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/it/news/articoli/serie-a-le-curiosita-e-i-rankings-bianconeri-a-fine-campionato |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Juventus.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na Juventus na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a nasarar 5-0 a kan Al Ain, kuma bayan kwana hudu ya zira kwallan 4-1 a kan [[Wydad AC|Wydad Casablanca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Al Ain vs Juventus: FIFA Club World Cup stats &amp; head-to-head |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c6292ldd47et |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Club World Cup: Juventus beat Wydad 4-1 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cd0v5899ne4t |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yıldız ya fara kakar 2025-26 inda ya lashe kyautar Serie A Player of the Month na watan Agusta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenan Yildiz 'EA Sports FC Player of the Month' di agosto |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/it/media/serie-a/serieas.hiwaymedia.it/media/serie-a/kenan-yildiz-ea-sports-fc-player-of-the-month-di-agosto |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2025, ya zira kwallaye a [[Alessandro Del Piero|Yankin Del Piero]] a kan Borussia Dortmund,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Breve storia dei gol 'alla Del Piero' |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2025/09/17/gol-alla-del-piero-storia-yildiz/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Il Post |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya tunatar da burin Del Piero kuma a kan Borusia Dortmund a nasarar da ya samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 1995-96, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bettoni |first=Lorenzo |date=2025-09-17 |title=30 years on, Yildiz recreates Del Piero's iconic goal vs. Borussia Dortmund |url=https://football-italia.net/yildiz-del-piero-recreates-del-piero-goal-30/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Football Italia |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sport |first=Sky |date=2025-09-17 |title=Yildiz, gol alla Del Piero 30 anni dopo di lui e... lo riguarda con Alex. Hai visto il VIDEO? |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/champions-league/video/2025/09/16/yildiz-del-piero-gol-juventus-borussia-dortmund-sky-sport-1036536 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=sport.sky.it |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Juventus ta dawo don tilasta 4-4 draw. [4] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yildiz o... Del Piero? Segna lo stesso gol al Borussia 30 anni e 3 giorni dopo Ale |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Juventus/16-09-2025/juve-borussia-dortmund-gol-di-yildiz-come-del-piero.shtml |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Del Piero elogia Yildiz riguardando il gol 'fotocopia' al suo: i due video a confronto |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2025/09/17/del-piero-yildiz-gol-fotocopia-champions-juventus-borussia-dortmund-video-confronto/8129384/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crosetti |first=Maurizio |date=2025-09-16 |title=Yildiz e il gol alla Del Piero che lui non aveva mai visto |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/champions/2025/09/17/news/yildiz_gol_del_piero_intervista-424851384/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=La Repubblica |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juventus 4-4 Borussia Dortmund: Lloyd Kelly goal rescues draw for Old Lady |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/ckgyzn3vx4mt |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yin haka, ya kuma zama dan wasan Juventus na huɗu na lamba 10 (bayan [[Roberto Baggio]], Del Piero, da Carlos Tevez) don zira kwallaye a kan Borussia Dortmund a Gasar kulob din UEFA. Yıldız, wanda ya ce bai taba ganin burin Del Piero a shekarar 1995, ya gaya wa Sky Sport Italia cewa harbinsa &quot;na halitta ne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Yildiz alla Del Piero: goal al Borussia Dortmund come Pinturicchio nel 1995 |url=https://www.goal.com/it/liste/yildiz-alla-del-piero-goal-al-borussia-dortmund-come-pinturicchio-nel-1995/blta5be3d6adf852425 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Goal.com Italia |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, bayan da aka kori Manuel Locatelli a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, Yıldız ya zama kyaftin din ''Bianconeri'' a rabi na biyu na wasan da aka zana 1-1 ga Hellas Verona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Yildiz capitano in Verona Juve: la FOTO fa scatenare tutti |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/yildiz-verona-juve-fascia-capitano-foto/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |publisher=Juventus News 24 |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin hakan yana da shekaru 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Yildiz, 10 e capitano della Juve a vent'anni: a Verona un'immagine che fa la storia |url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/calcio/serie-a/juventus/2025/09/21-143293080/yildiz_10_e_capitano_della_juve_a_vent_anni_a_verona_un_immagine_che_fa_la_storia |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.tuttosport.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2026, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Kenan Yildiz renews until 2030 |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/kenan-yildiz-renews-until-2030 |publisher=Juventus FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Yıldız, wanda kuma ya cancanci buga wa Jamus wasa, ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa na Turkiyya, bayan ya wakilci Turkiyya U17s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Juventus Kenan Yıldız'ı transfer etti |url=https://www.fanatik.com.tr/bayern-munih/juventus-kenan-yildizi-transfer-etti-2255310 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Fanatik |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2022, Yıldız ya fara buga wasan farko na Turkiyya U21, inda ya buga minti 28 da Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Juve si gode Kenan Yildiz: prima l'esordio in U21 turca, poi l'incoronazione di The Guardian |url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/la-juve-si-gode-kenan-yildiz-prima-l-esordio-in-u21-turca-poi-l-incoronazione-di-i-the-guardian-i-1736560 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=www.tuttomercatoweb.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, Yıldız ya karbi kiransa na farko ga tawagar kasar Turkiyya don wasanni biyu na UEFA Euro 2024 da Croatia da Latvia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=A Millî Takım'ın Hırvatistan ve Letonya Maçları Aday Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=42331 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=A Millî Takım Aday Kadrosunda Değişiklik |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=42348 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 86 a nasarar 1-0 a kan Croatia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yildiz makes Turkey debut - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/yildiz-makes-turkey-debut |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Juventus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yıldız ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2023 a wasan sada zumunci tare da nasarar 3-2 a kan Jamus, ƙasar mahaifiyarsa da ƙasar haihuwarsa, a [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=HABERLER: Kenan Yıldız, İtalya manşetlerinde yer aldı! |url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/skorer/italyanlar-kenan-yildizi-efsane-isme-benzetti-mucevher-7036726 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Milliyet |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, an zaba shi a cikin tawagar mutum 26 na UEFA Euro 2024 a [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=A Millî Takımımızın EURO 2024 Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=44561 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar wasa ==
Yıldız mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani, wanda aka sani da karfi da kuma harbe-harbe daga waje da akwatin. Har ila yau, ana girmama shi sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai saboda kyakkyawar dabararsa da ƙwarewar dribbling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=Chi è Kenan Yildiz, l'ultimo talento accostato alla Juve |url=https://www.ilbianconero.com/a/chi-e-kenan-yildiz-l-ultimo-talento-accostato-alla-juve-18087 |website=Juventus News - Ultime Notizie Juve - il BiancoNero}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Juve’s Turkish gem |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/club-world-cup/usa-2025/articles/kenan-yildiz-juventus-turkey |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=www.fifa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinsa mafi mahimmanci shine a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, yawanci ana buga shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]], kodayake an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mezzala a wani lokaci. Baya ga halayensa na fasaha, an san shi da wannan tsari mai ƙarfi. Baya ga rawar da dan wasan tsakiya ke takawa, Yıldız na iya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, ko dai a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] ko mai gaba na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gem&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=FIFA Club World Cup 2025™ |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce233/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |website=FIFA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corbo |first=Cristiano |date=4 February 2024 |title=Juventus, chi è Yildiz: il talento a disposizione di Allegri in gol a Frosinone |url=https://www.dazn.com/it-IT/news/calcio/juventus-chi-e-yildiz/1hkgptloekek91ahl68mol99pr |access-date=20 May 2026 |publisher=www.dazn.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 23 August 2026|&lt;ref name=SW&gt;{{Soccerway|759425|access-date=19 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Italiya
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[UEFA|Turai]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Juventus Next Gen
|2022–23
|Jerin C
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Coppa Italia Serie C]]}}
|0
|8
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Jerin C
|7
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!14
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!1
!0
!15
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Juventus]]
|2023–24
|[[Serie A|Jerin A]]
|27
|2
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|4
|-
|2024–25
|Jerin A
|35
|7
|2
|0
|10{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|1
|5{{Efn|One appearance and one goal in [[Supercoppa Italiana]], four appearances and three goals in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}
|4
|52
|12
|-
|2025–26
|Jerin A
|36
|10
|1
|0
|10[b]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|47
|11
|-
|2026–27
|Jerin A
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!99
!19
!8
!2
!20
!2
!5
!4
!132
!27
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!113
!21
!8
!2
!20
!2
!6
!4
!147
!29
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara
!Ƙungiyar ƙasa
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Turkiyya
|2023
|3
|1
|-
|2024
|14
|1
|-
|2025
|9
|3
|-
|2026
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!31
!5
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Kenan Yıldız ya zira
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ranar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Wurin da ake ciki
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Cap
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Gasar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|18 Nuwamba 2023
|[[Berlin]])&quot; id=&quot;mwAjg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Olympiastadion (Berlin)&quot;&gt;Filin wasa na Olympiastadion, Berlin, Jamus
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|{{Fb|GER}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|Abokantaka
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|19 Nuwamba 2024
|[[Nikšić]])&quot; id=&quot;mwAkU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Gradski stadion (Nikšić)&quot;&gt;Gidan wasan Gradski, Nikšić, Montenegro
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |17
|{{Fb|MNE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–3
|2024-25 UEFA Nations League B
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |11 ga Oktoba 2025
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Filin wasa na kasa na Vasil Levski, [[Sofiya|Sofia]], Bulgaria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|BUL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
|14 ga Oktoba 2025
|Filin wasa na Kocaeli, İzIzmit Turkiyya
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |25
|{{Fb|GEO}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–1
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Juventus'''

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Gidan yanar gizon Golden Boy: 2024 
* ''EA Sports FC'' [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Team of the Season: 2024-25,  2025-26 
* Serie A Goal na kakar: 2024-25 
* Dan wasan Serie A na Watan: Agusta 2025 
* Serie A Manufar Watan: Janairu 2025 
* Serie A Rising Star of the Month: Nuwamba 2025,  Maris 2026 
* Serie A Rising Star of the Season: 2025-26 

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23554" sha1="9gplcscazym07s3ozfx1inzsa7tomfv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Kenan Yıldız''' ({{IPA|tr|ceˈnan ˈjɯɫdɯz}} ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2005) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] a ƙungiyar Serie A [[Juventus|ta Juventus]] . An haife shi a Jamus, yana bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya wasa .

Yıldız ya fara aikin matasa tare da Bayern Munich kuma ya shiga Juventus Next Gen a 2022. An ci gaba da shi zuwa tawagar farko ta Juventus a watan Nuwamba 2023 kuma ya lashe gasar Coppa Italia a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juventus.com |title=Kenan Yildiz {{!}} Forward Juventus Men's First Team |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/kenan-yildiz |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Juventus.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an kira Yıldız dan wasan Serie A mafi kyau na kasa da shekaru 23 a kakar 2025-26, inda ya karbi lambar yabo ta &quot;Rising Star&quot; bayan ya zira kwallaye goma kuma ya ba da taimako shida ga Juventus a wasanni 33. Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Rising Star of the Month sau biyu a lokacin yakin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merkezi |first=Haber |date=23 May 2026 |title=Kenan Yıldız, Serie A’da Sezonun En İyi Genç Oyuncusu Seçildi |url=https://www.uyan32.com/kenan-yildiz-serie-ada-sezonun-en-iyi-genc-oyuncusu-secildi |access-date=23 May 2026 |website=Uyan 32 |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kenan Yıldız a Regensburg, Jamus, ga mahaifinsa na Turkiyya Engin Yıldız da mahaifiyarsa ta Jamus Beate Hackl . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sparkman |first=Raymond |date=2025-01-02 |title=Kenan Yildiz Parents, The Story Behind the Rising Star |url=https://www.themixedzone.co.uk/kenan-yildiz-parents-the-story-behind-the-rising-star/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Mixed Zone |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Türkei-Held Kenan Yildiz: Warum er sich gegen Deutschland entschied |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/fussball/nationalmannschaft/tuerkei-held-kenan-yildiz-warum-er-sich-gegen-bayern-und-deutschland-entschied-86150536.bild.html |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=bild.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Ayyukan matasa ===
Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantun matasa na Sallern Regensburg da Jahn Regensburg .  Ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2012 yana da shekaru 7, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hummel |first=Thomas |date=22 February 2017 |title=Bundesliga: Die große Jagd nach Jugendfußballern |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/nachwuchs-fussball-das-geschaeft-mit-den-fussballtalenten-1.3389222 |website=Süddeutsche.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki tukuru a fannin matasansu, sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama babban jigo a cikin 'yan wasansu na ƙasa da shekara 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Bayern'den ayrılacak milli futbolcu Kenan Yıldız'a Barcelona ve Juventus talip |url=https://www.sporx.com/barcelona-ve-juventus-un-istedigi-turk-SXHBQ979664SXQ |website=Sporx}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekararsa ta ƙarshe tare da 'yan wasan Bayern U19 a kakar wasa ta 2021–22, Yıldız ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye shida da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye takwas a wasanni 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durant |first=Michel |date=1 June 2022 |title=Barcelona 'seriously considering' Bosman move for Bayern Munich midfielder |url=https://barcauniversal.com/barcelona-seriously-considering-bosman-move-for-bayern-munich-midfielder/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Barca Universal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarjejeniyar Yıldız tare da Bayern Munich ta ƙare a watan Yulin 2022, kuma kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa ba su iya sake sanya hannu a kansa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=FC Bayern – Knallhart-Poker! Entscheidung bei Wunderkind (17) gefallen |url=https://www.bild.de/bild-plus/sport/fussball/fussball/fc-bayern-muenchen-forderungen-zu-hoch-salihamidzic-laesst-wunderkind-ziehen-80607314.bild.html |website=bild.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da [[Juventus]] sun yi gasa don sanya hannu yayin da ya zama wakilin kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=&quot;Barcellona e Juve si sfidano per Kenan Yildiz&quot; |url=https://corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-mercato/juventus/2022/07/05-94424900/_barcellona_e_juve_si_sfidano_per_kenan_yildiz_ |website=corrieredellosport.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin, Juventus ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Yıldız.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Juve Primavera, doppio colpo Ufficiale: presi Yildiz e Srdoc. La nota del club |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/juve-primavera-yildiz-srdoc-ufficiale-comunicato-club-dettagli-cifre/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, an haɗa shi cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 60 da aka haifa a shekara ta 2005 ta jaridar Ingilishi ''[[The Guardian]]'' . 

Bayan ya yi wasa tare da U19s, a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, an fara kiran Yıldız zuwa Juventus Next Gen - ƙungiyar ajiyar Juventus - don wasan da za a buga washegari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Convocati Juventus Next Gen per la Virtus Verona: tre rientri, prima chiamata per Yildiz |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/convocati-juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-yildiz/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan wasan, kocin Massimo Brambilla ya tura shi a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a minti na 61 don yin wasan farko na sana'a;  kungiyar ta rasa 3-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title=Esordio Yildiz, primi minuti da professionista con la Juventus Next Gen |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/esordio-yildiz-juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-calcio-professionistico/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baridon |first=Marco |date=17 December 2022 |title=Juventus Next Gen Virtus Verona 0-3: crollo casalingo per i bianconeri |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/juventus-next-gen-virtus-verona-live-sintesi-moviola-tabellino-risultato-cronaca-serie-c-2022-23-highlights/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Juventus News 24 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru tare da harbi mai nisa don buɗe wasan waje da Ancona ya ci 2-1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Yildiz, golazo all'Ancona con la Juve Next Gen e linguaccia alla Del Piero |url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/calcio/next-gen/2023/09/23-113693463/yildiz_golazo_all_ancona_con_la_juve_next_gen_e_linguaccia_alla_del_piero |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.tuttosport.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juventus ===
Yıldız ya fara buga wasan [[Serie A|Jerin A]] na farko a Juventus a wasan 3-0 da ya ci [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2023, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabi na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Juventus, chi è Kenan Yildiz: il classe 2005 che ha esordito in Serie A |url=https://www.lacasadic.com/news-serie-c/kenan-yildiz-juventus-chi-e-storia/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=La Casa di C |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki goma bayan haka, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Yildiz, futuro Juve. Firma fino al 2027: &quot;Troppo bello per essere vero&quot; |url=https://tuttosport.com/news/calcio/calciomercato/juventus/2023/08/30-112394868/yildiz_futuro_juve_firma_fino_al_2027_troppo_bello_per_essere_vero_ |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Tuttosport |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa tawagar farko ta Juventus a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-1 a kan Frosinone. Wannan ya sanya shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasashen waje mafi ƙanƙanta a Serie A yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 233. A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2024, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2029 kuma ya sami lambar 10 shirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kenan Yildiz renews and takes the No.10! |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/kenan-yildiz-renews-and-takes-the-no-10 |publisher=Juventus FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar 2024, Yıldız ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] da [[PSV Eindhoven]] tare da harbi; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Champions League: Kenan Yildiz scores spectacular opener for Juventus against PSV |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqjr078j105o |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi ne burin farko da aka zira a gasar zakarar, kuma ya sanya shi dan wasan da ya fi ƙanƙanta ga tawagar a gasar zaran zakarun, ya wuce mashahurin kulob din [[Alessandro Del Piero]].  A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, Yıldız ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a minti na 60 tare da Juventus da ke bin 4-2 ga [[Inter Milan]] a Derby d'Italia kuma ya zira kwallaye don sanya shi 4-4 kuma ya lashe kyautar MVP na wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bargione |first=Andrea |date=27 October 2024 |title=Inter Juve LIVE: sintesi, tabellino, risultato cronaca live |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/inter-juve-live-sintesi-moviola-tabellino-risultato-cronaca-serie-a-2024-25-diretta-highlights/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2025, ya bude ''Derby della Mole'' a kan Torino (ya ƙare 1-1) bayan ya kori 'yan adawa da kuma raga daga waje da yankin tare da ƙafar hagu; wannan burin za a zabe shi a matsayin Goal na 2024-25 na kakar a ƙarshen kakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Il goal di Yildiz al Torino è il più bello dello scorso campionato: battuti McTominay e Barella {{!}} Goal.com Italia |url=https://www.goal.com/it/liste/il-goal-di-yildiz-al-torino-e-il-piu-bello-dello-scorso-campionato-battuti-mctominay-e-barella/blt512b19c33264fe3f |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.goal.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gama kakar 2024-25 tare da kwallaye bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juventus.com |title=Serie A, le curiosita' e i rankings bianconeri a fine campionato - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/it/news/articoli/serie-a-le-curiosita-e-i-rankings-bianconeri-a-fine-campionato |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Juventus.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na Juventus na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2025. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a nasarar 5-0 a kan Al Ain, kuma bayan kwana hudu ya zira kwallan 4-1 a kan [[Wydad AC|Wydad Casablanca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Al Ain vs Juventus: FIFA Club World Cup stats &amp; head-to-head |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c6292ldd47et |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Club World Cup: Juventus beat Wydad 4-1 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cd0v5899ne4t |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yıldız ya fara kakar 2025-26 inda ya lashe kyautar Serie A Player of the Month na watan Agusta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenan Yildiz 'EA Sports FC Player of the Month' di agosto |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/it/media/serie-a/serieas.hiwaymedia.it/media/serie-a/kenan-yildiz-ea-sports-fc-player-of-the-month-di-agosto |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2025, ya zira kwallaye a [[Alessandro Del Piero|Yankin Del Piero]] a kan Borussia Dortmund,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Breve storia dei gol 'alla Del Piero' |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2025/09/17/gol-alla-del-piero-storia-yildiz/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Il Post |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya tunatar da burin Del Piero kuma a kan Borusia Dortmund a nasarar da ya samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 1995-96, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bettoni |first=Lorenzo |date=2025-09-17 |title=30 years on, Yildiz recreates Del Piero's iconic goal vs. Borussia Dortmund |url=https://football-italia.net/yildiz-del-piero-recreates-del-piero-goal-30/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Football Italia |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sport |first=Sky |date=2025-09-17 |title=Yildiz, gol alla Del Piero 30 anni dopo di lui e... lo riguarda con Alex. Hai visto il VIDEO? |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/champions-league/video/2025/09/16/yildiz-del-piero-gol-juventus-borussia-dortmund-sky-sport-1036536 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=sport.sky.it |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Juventus ta dawo don tilasta 4-4 draw. [4] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yildiz o... Del Piero? Segna lo stesso gol al Borussia 30 anni e 3 giorni dopo Ale |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Juventus/16-09-2025/juve-borussia-dortmund-gol-di-yildiz-come-del-piero.shtml |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Del Piero elogia Yildiz riguardando il gol 'fotocopia' al suo: i due video a confronto |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2025/09/17/del-piero-yildiz-gol-fotocopia-champions-juventus-borussia-dortmund-video-confronto/8129384/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crosetti |first=Maurizio |date=2025-09-16 |title=Yildiz e il gol alla Del Piero che lui non aveva mai visto |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/champions/2025/09/17/news/yildiz_gol_del_piero_intervista-424851384/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=La Repubblica |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juventus 4-4 Borussia Dortmund: Lloyd Kelly goal rescues draw for Old Lady |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/ckgyzn3vx4mt |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yin haka, ya kuma zama dan wasan Juventus na huɗu na lamba 10 (bayan [[Roberto Baggio]], Del Piero, da Carlos Tevez) don zira kwallaye a kan Borussia Dortmund a Gasar kulob din UEFA. Yıldız, wanda ya ce bai taba ganin burin Del Piero a shekarar 1995, ya gaya wa Sky Sport Italia cewa harbinsa &quot;na halitta ne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Yildiz alla Del Piero: goal al Borussia Dortmund come Pinturicchio nel 1995 |url=https://www.goal.com/it/liste/yildiz-alla-del-piero-goal-al-borussia-dortmund-come-pinturicchio-nel-1995/blta5be3d6adf852425 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Goal.com Italia |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, bayan da aka kori Manuel Locatelli a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, Yıldız ya zama kyaftin din ''Bianconeri'' a rabi na biyu na wasan da aka zana 1-1 ga Hellas Verona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Yildiz capitano in Verona Juve: la FOTO fa scatenare tutti |url=https://www.juventusnews24.com/yildiz-verona-juve-fascia-capitano-foto/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |publisher=Juventus News 24 |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin hakan yana da shekaru 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Yildiz, 10 e capitano della Juve a vent'anni: a Verona un'immagine che fa la storia |url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/calcio/serie-a/juventus/2025/09/21-143293080/yildiz_10_e_capitano_della_juve_a_vent_anni_a_verona_un_immagine_che_fa_la_storia |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.tuttosport.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2026, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Kenan Yildiz renews until 2030 |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/kenan-yildiz-renews-until-2030 |publisher=Juventus FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Yıldız, wanda kuma ya cancanci buga wa Jamus wasa, ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa na Turkiyya, bayan ya wakilci Turkiyya U17s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Juventus Kenan Yıldız'ı transfer etti |url=https://www.fanatik.com.tr/bayern-munih/juventus-kenan-yildizi-transfer-etti-2255310 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Fanatik |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2022, Yıldız ya fara buga wasan farko na Turkiyya U21, inda ya buga minti 28 da Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Juve si gode Kenan Yildiz: prima l'esordio in U21 turca, poi l'incoronazione di The Guardian |url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/la-juve-si-gode-kenan-yildiz-prima-l-esordio-in-u21-turca-poi-l-incoronazione-di-i-the-guardian-i-1736560 |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=www.tuttomercatoweb.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, Yıldız ya karbi kiransa na farko ga tawagar kasar Turkiyya don wasanni biyu na UEFA Euro 2024 da Croatia da Latvia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=A Millî Takım'ın Hırvatistan ve Letonya Maçları Aday Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=42331 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=A Millî Takım Aday Kadrosunda Değişiklik |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=42348 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 86 a nasarar 1-0 a kan Croatia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yildiz makes Turkey debut - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/yildiz-makes-turkey-debut |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Juventus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yıldız ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2023 a wasan sada zumunci tare da nasarar 3-2 a kan Jamus, ƙasar mahaifiyarsa da ƙasar haihuwarsa, a [[Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=HABERLER: Kenan Yıldız, İtalya manşetlerinde yer aldı! |url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/skorer/italyanlar-kenan-yildizi-efsane-isme-benzetti-mucevher-7036726 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Milliyet |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, an zaba shi a cikin tawagar mutum 26 na UEFA Euro 2024 a [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=A Millî Takımımızın EURO 2024 Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&amp;ftxtID=44561 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=www.tff.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar wasa ==
Yıldız mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani, wanda aka sani da karfi da kuma harbe-harbe daga waje da akwatin. Har ila yau, ana girmama shi sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai saboda kyakkyawar dabararsa da ƙwarewar dribbling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=Chi è Kenan Yildiz, l'ultimo talento accostato alla Juve |url=https://www.ilbianconero.com/a/chi-e-kenan-yildiz-l-ultimo-talento-accostato-alla-juve-18087 |website=Juventus News - Ultime Notizie Juve - il BiancoNero}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Juve’s Turkish gem |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/club-world-cup/usa-2025/articles/kenan-yildiz-juventus-turkey |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=www.fifa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayinsa mafi mahimmanci shine a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, yawanci ana buga shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]], kodayake an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mezzala a wani lokaci. Baya ga halayensa na fasaha, an san shi da wannan tsari mai ƙarfi. Baya ga rawar da dan wasan tsakiya ke takawa, Yıldız na iya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, ko dai a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] ko mai gaba na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gem&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=FIFA Club World Cup 2025™ |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce233/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |website=FIFA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corbo |first=Cristiano |date=4 February 2024 |title=Juventus, chi è Yildiz: il talento a disposizione di Allegri in gol a Frosinone |url=https://www.dazn.com/it-IT/news/calcio/juventus-chi-e-yildiz/1hkgptloekek91ahl68mol99pr |access-date=20 May 2026 |publisher=www.dazn.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 23 August 2026|&lt;ref name=SW&gt;{{Soccerway|759425|access-date=19 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Italiya
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[UEFA|Turai]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Juventus Next Gen
|2022–23
|Jerin C
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Coppa Italia Serie C]]}}
|0
|8
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Jerin C
|7
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!14
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!1
!0
!15
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Juventus]]
|2023–24
|[[Serie A|Jerin A]]
|27
|2
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|4
|-
|2024–25
|Jerin A
|35
|7
|2
|0
|10{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|1
|5{{Efn|One appearance and one goal in [[Supercoppa Italiana]], four appearances and three goals in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}
|4
|52
|12
|-
|2025–26
|Jerin A
|36
|10
|1
|0
|10[b]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|47
|11
|-
|2026–27
|Jerin A
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!99
!19
!8
!2
!20
!2
!5
!4
!132
!27
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!113
!21
!8
!2
!20
!2
!6
!4
!147
!29
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara
!Ƙungiyar ƙasa
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Turkiyya
|2023
|3
|1
|-
|2024
|14
|1
|-
|2025
|9
|3
|-
|2026
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!31
!5
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Kenan Yıldız ya zira
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ranar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Wurin da ake ciki
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Cap
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Gasar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|18 Nuwamba 2023
|[[Berlin]])&quot; id=&quot;mwAjg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Olympiastadion (Berlin)&quot;&gt;Filin wasa na Olympiastadion, Berlin, Jamus
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|{{Fb|GER}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|Abokantaka
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|19 Nuwamba 2024
|[[Nikšić]])&quot; id=&quot;mwAkU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Gradski stadion (Nikšić)&quot;&gt;Gidan wasan Gradski, Nikšić, Montenegro
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |17
|{{Fb|MNE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–3
|2024-25 UEFA Nations League B
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |11 ga Oktoba 2025
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Filin wasa na kasa na Vasil Levski, [[Sofiya|Sofia]], Bulgaria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|BUL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
|14 ga Oktoba 2025
|Filin wasa na Kocaeli, İzIzmit Turkiyya
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |25
|{{Fb|GEO}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–1
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Juventus'''

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Gidan yanar gizon Golden Boy: 2024 
* ''EA Sports FC'' [[Serie A|Jerin A]] Team of the Season: 2024-25,  2025-26 
* Serie A Goal na kakar: 2024-25 
* Dan wasan Serie A na Watan: Agusta 2025 
* Serie A Manufar Watan: Janairu 2025 
* Serie A Rising Star of the Month: Nuwamba 2025,  Maris 2026 
* Serie A Rising Star of the Season: 2025-26 

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9gplcscazym07s3ozfx1inzsa7tomfv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diocese na Roman Katolika na Jalingo</title>
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        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369744796|Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalingo]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1233" sha1="9wxhwhxjbx6pdhyg57tog278hxx1kyz" xml:space="preserve">
 

Roman Catholic diocese of [[Jalingo]] (Latin: ) diocese ne da ke cikin garin Jalingo, wanda ke cikin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] kuma a cikin lardin Ikklisiya na Jos a [[Najeriya]] .

== Tarihi ==

* Fabrairu 3, 1995: An kafa shi a matsayin Diocese((((February 3, 1995: Established as Diocese of Jalingo from the [[:en:Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Yola|Diocese of Yola]])) na Jalingo daga Diocese na Yola

== Coci na musamman ==
Cocin shine Uwargidanmu na Zaman Lafiya Shavou-Mile shida, ((The [[:en:Cathedral|Cathedral]] is Our Lady Queen of Peace Shavou-Mile Six, Jalingo. It replaced the former cathedral of St Augustine))))Jalingo . Ya maye gurbin tsohon babban coci na St Augustine .

== Jagora ==

* Bishops na Jalingo
** Bishop Ignatius Ayau Kaigama (1995.02.03 - 2000.04.14), wanda aka nada shi Babban Bishop na Jos
** Bishop James Naanman Daman, O.S.A. (2000.12.05 - 2007.06.02), wanda aka nada Bishop na Shendam
** Bishop [[Charles Hammawa]], tun daga 16 ga Afrilu 2008

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Cocin Katolika a Najeriya|Roman Katolika a Najeriya]]

== Tushen ==

* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jali0.htm Bayani na GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djlng.html Shugabannin Katolika]</text>
      <sha1>9wxhwhxjbx6pdhyg57tog278hxx1kyz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963474</id>
      <parentid>963473</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>963474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" sha1="i447tsumvf20j8u5x26repui1mtw2mr" xml:space="preserve">
 

Roman Catholic diocese of [[Jalingo]] (Latin: ) diocese ne da ke cikin garin Jalingo, wanda ke cikin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] kuma a cikin lardin Ikklisiya na Jos a [[Najeriya]] .

== Tarihi ==

* Fabrairu 3, 1995: An kafa shi a matsayin Diocese na Jalingo daga Diocese na Yola

== Coci na musamman ==
Cocin shine Uwargidanmu na Zaman Lafiya Shavou-Mile shida, Jalingo . Ya maye gurbin tsohon babban coci na St Augustine .

== Jagora ==

* Bishops na Jalingo
** Bishop Ignatius Ayau Kaigama (1995.02.03 - 2000.04.14), wanda aka nada shi Babban Bishop na Jos
** Bishop James Naanman Daman, O.S.A. (2000.12.05 - 2007.06.02), wanda aka nada Bishop na Shendam
** Bishop [[Charles Hammawa]], tun daga 16 ga Afrilu 2008

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Cocin Katolika a Najeriya|Roman Katolika a Najeriya]]

== Tushen ==

* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jali0.htm Bayani na GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djlng.html Shugabannin Katolika]</text>
      <sha1>i447tsumvf20j8u5x26repui1mtw2mr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Soumyabrata Sengupta</title>
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      <comment>Initial biography draft with sourced information, inline citations, and references.</comment>
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      <text bytes="9699" sha1="e6lvc89s7rebynlp1drmoh7kv3k3yao" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Soumyabrata Sengupta|nationality=Indian|education=Amity University, Noida&lt;br&gt;Andhra University|occupation=Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa|known_for=Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, Spearkraft, rubuce-rubuce}}

'''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengupta ya fito daga dangin Sengupta da aka danganta da tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University.

== Harkar kasuwanci da Spearkraft ==
Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;loktej-spearkraft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialsamosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce ==
Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely'', ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''.

''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' an wallafa shi a shekarar 2025.

== Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a ==
Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mynation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Media Advisor for National Security and Foreign Affairs a Chanakya Strategic Advisors.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya kasance Advisor ga Gwamnatin West Bengal tare da matsayin Cabinet Rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President – Digital Narratives.&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp-appointment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin '''“youngest Indian male”''' da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen jama'a ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;scholarship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramakrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmedabad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Rahoton ya jaddada cewa wannan karramawa ba ta da matsayin soja na hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963478</id>
      <parentid>963475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dilshan.rehman33</username>
        <id>49697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edited the description of the family background.</comment>
      <origin>963478</origin>
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      <text bytes="9696" sha1="lb2jabp8olrj9oqipxokmeh3h4kt5j8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Soumyabrata Sengupta|nationality=Indian|education=Amity University, Noida&lt;br&gt;Andhra University|occupation=Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa|known_for=Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, Spearkraft, rubuce-rubuce}}

'''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengupta ya fito daga wani dangin zamindari mai dogon tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University.

== Harkar kasuwanci da Spearkraft ==
Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;loktej-spearkraft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialsamosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce ==
Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely'', ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''.

''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke'' an wallafa shi a shekarar 2025.

== Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a ==
Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mynation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekarar 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Media Advisor for National Security and Foreign Affairs a Chanakya Strategic Advisors.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya kasance Advisor ga Gwamnatin West Bengal tare da matsayin Cabinet Rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President – Digital Narratives.&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp-appointment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin '''“youngest Indian male”''' da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen jama'a ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;scholarship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramakrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmedabad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Rahoton ya jaddada cewa wannan karramawa ba ta da matsayin soja na hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963686</id>
      <parentid>963478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T04:59:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dilshan.rehman33</username>
        <id>49697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙara bayani, gyara fassara da inganta sassan labarin tare da ƙarin nassoshi.</comment>
      <origin>963686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11005" sha1="943vlwkefjqgao85r5eqcdyrnrca31t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Soumyabrata Sengupta
| birth_place = India
| residence = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| nationality = Indian
| education = Amity University, Noida (BA) &lt;br&gt;Andhra University (MA)
| occupation = Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa
| known_for = Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, rubuce-rubuce
| notable_works = ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024)&lt;br&gt;''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025)&lt;br&gt;''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026)
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party (2021–yanzu), Biju Janata Dal (2025)
}}

'''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1999) ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==

Sengupta ya fito daga wani dangin zamindari (na sarauta) mai dogon tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Major da Company Commander tare da Kumaon Regiment a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise
|url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership
|access-date=2026-10-05
|website=Loktej
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University.

== Kasuwanci ==
Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;loktej-spearkraft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialsamosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga Spearkraft da Spearkraft Academy, Sengupta shi ne wanda ya kafa wasu fitattun kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Qavrion Communications. Kamfanoni biyu da ya kafa, BHACo da Chanakya Strategic Advisors, sun samu saye daga kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa kan darajar miliyoyin daloli.

== Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce ==
Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024), ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025) da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026).

== Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a ==
Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mynation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga watan Maris na 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni shida a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman (Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai) kan Tsaron Ƙasa da Harkokin Waje ga Gwamnatin Indiya. A lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren wa'adin, ya kuma gudanar da wani aiki tare da Intelligence Bureau.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President (Digital).&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp-appointment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa an naɗa Sengupta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Gwamnatin Yammacin Bengal mai darajar Cabinet Rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin youngest Indian male da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙaddamarwar Jama'a ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;scholarship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramakrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmedabad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Rahoton ya jaddada cewa wannan karramawa ba ta da matsayin soja na hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengupta ya kuma samu yabo daga Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi da Dalai Lama saboda aikinsa.

== Sukar ==

An soki ayyukan Sengupta saboda sake fassara abubuwan tarihi domin samun moriyar siyasa. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Sengupta tare da Chanakya Strategic Advisors sun kuma yi kama da tsarin lobbying na tsari. Wasu masu suka sun kira shi mai yaɗa farfaganda, yayin da aka yi kwatance tsakanin salon aikinsa da na Joseph Goebbels da Niccolò Machiavelli.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963687</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:01:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dilshan.rehman33</username>
        <id>49697</id>
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      <comment>An ƙara bayani, gyara fassara da inganta sassan labarin tare da ƙarin nassoshi.</comment>
      <origin>963687</origin>
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      <text bytes="11019" sha1="tcko3rclnxp5ozogshaczuain2e4kkk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Soumyabrata Sengupta
| birth_place = India
| residence = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| nationality = Indian
| education = Amity University, Noida (BA) &lt;br&gt;Andhra University (MA)
| occupation = Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa
| known_for = Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, rubuce-rubuce
| notable_works = ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024)&lt;br&gt;''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025)&lt;br&gt;''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026)
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party (2021–2025) (2026–yanzu), Biju Janata Dal (2025)
}}

'''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1999) ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==

Sengupta ya fito daga wani dangin zamindari (na sarauta) mai dogon tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Major da Company Commander tare da Kumaon Regiment a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise
|url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership
|access-date=2026-10-05
|website=Loktej
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University.

== Kasuwanci ==
Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;loktej-spearkraft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialsamosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga Spearkraft da Spearkraft Academy, Sengupta shi ne wanda ya kafa wasu fitattun kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Qavrion Communications. Kamfanoni biyu da ya kafa, BHACo da Chanakya Strategic Advisors, sun samu saye daga kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa kan darajar miliyoyin daloli.

== Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce ==
Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024), ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025) da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026).

== Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a ==
Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mynation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga watan Maris na 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni shida a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman (Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai) kan Tsaron Ƙasa da Harkokin Waje ga Gwamnatin Indiya. A lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren wa'adin, ya kuma gudanar da wani aiki tare da Intelligence Bureau.&lt;ref name=&quot;borok-media&quot; /&gt;

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President (Digital).&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp-appointment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa an naɗa Sengupta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Gwamnatin Yammacin Bengal mai darajar Cabinet Rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabinet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin youngest Indian male da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙaddamarwar Jama'a ==
''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;scholarship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt;

''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramakrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmedabad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Rahoton ya jaddada cewa wannan karramawa ba ta da matsayin soja na hukuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta-veterans&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sengupta ya kuma samu yabo daga Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi da Dalai Lama saboda aikinsa.

== Sukar ==

An soki ayyukan Sengupta saboda sake fassara abubuwan tarihi domin samun moriyar siyasa. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Sengupta tare da Chanakya Strategic Advisors sun kuma yi kama da tsarin lobbying na tsari. Wasu masu suka sun kira shi mai yaɗa farfaganda, yayin da aka yi kwatance tsakanin salon aikinsa da na Joseph Goebbels da Niccolò Machiavelli.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Godswill Iheanyi Chukwu Nnaji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178276</id>
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      <id>963483</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji | image = | caption = | office = Shugaban [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]] | term_start = | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office2 = Shugaban [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Najeriya]] | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | party = [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]] | occupation = Masanin tattalin arziki, farfesa, ɗan siyasa | alma_mat...</comment>
      <origin>963483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9051" sha1="dhy41u11yaax1gk7wdbdghwack29mlx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji
| image =
| caption =
| office = Shugaban [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Shugaban [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Najeriya]]
| nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]]
| party = [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]]
| occupation = Masanin tattalin arziki, farfesa, ɗan siyasa
| alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Najeriya]], Nsukka; [[Jami'ar New York]]
}}

'''Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, masanin [[tattalin arziki]] kuma malamin jami'a. Ya yi takarar neman zama [[Shugaban Najeriya]] a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na [[2003]] da [[2007]] a ƙarƙashin [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]] (BNPP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2003 Nigerian presidential election |publisher=African Elections Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Final Report on Nigeria's 2007 Elections |publisher=National Democratic Institute |year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnaji ya kasance [[Shugaban jam'iyya|shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar]] BNPP, sannan ya riƙe matsayin shugaban [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC), ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar jam'iyyun siyasa masu rajista a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Postponement of election: It is necessary say Tofa, Nnaji, Chekwas |work=Vanguard |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==

Nnaji ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Najeriya]], Nsukka, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na falsafa (PhD) a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Godswill Nnaji Iheanyichukwu |work=SignalHire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aikin koyarwa a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi, ciki har da ayyukan koyarwa da aka danganta da fannin tattalin arziki da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Godswill Nnaji Iheanyichukwu: Professional Profile |work=SignalHire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan da ake samu a bainar jama'a game da shekarar haihuwarsa da takamaiman wurin haihuwarsa ba su da isasshen ingantaccen tushe. Saboda haka, ba a saka ranar haihuwa a wannan labarin ba.

== Aikin ilimi da tattalin arziki ==

Kafin da kuma bayan shiga siyasa, Nnaji ya yi aiki a fannin [[tattalin arziki]] da ba da shawarwari kan harkokin kasuwanci da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Bayanansa na ƙwararru sun danganta shi da koyarwa a jami'o'i da kuma aikin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki da harkokin kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Godswill Nnaji Iheanyichukwu |work=SignalHire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma danganta shi da aikin ba da shawara ga [[Shirin Raya Ƙasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNDP) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da [[privatization|mayar da wasu kamfanonin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Godswill Nnaji Iheanyichukwu |work=SignalHire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2003 ===

Nnaji ya tsaya takarar shugabancin Najeriya a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2003|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2003]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Better Nigeria Progressive Party (BNPP).

A sakamakon zaɓen, Nnaji ya samu '''5,987''' daga cikin ƙuri'u masu inganci, wanda ya kai kusan '''0.02%''' na ƙuri'un da aka kada. Ya kasance cikin 'yan takara da dama da suka fafata da wanda ya lashe zaɓen, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], na [[People's Democratic Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2003 Nigerian presidential election |publisher=African Elections Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Obasanjo ya samu ƙuri'u 24,456,140, yayin da [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya zo na biyu da ƙuri'u 12,710,022. Nnaji ya kasance daga cikin 'yan takarar ƙananan jam'iyyun da suka fafata a zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2003 Nigerian presidential election |publisher=African Elections Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2007 ===

Nnaji ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2007|zaɓen 2007]], inda ya wakilci BNPP. An jera shi a cikin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of Cleared Nigerian Presidential Candidates |date=18 March 2007 |work=Linda Ikeji's Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A sakamakon zaɓen da rahoton [[National Democratic Institute]] ya nakalto daga bayanan INEC, Nnaji ya samu '''11,705''' ƙuri'u.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Final Report on Nigeria's 2007 Elections |publisher=National Democratic Institute |year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoton [[International Republican Institute]] wanda ya ƙunshi sakamakon hukuma ya kuma nuna cewa Nnaji ya samu ƙuri'u 11,705, wanda ya sanya shi cikin 'yan takarar da suka samu ƙananan adadin ƙuri'u a zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2007 Federal Republic of Nigeria State and National Elections |publisher=International Republican Institute |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] na [[People's Democratic Party]] ne ya lashe zaɓen, inda ya samu ƙuri'u 24,784,227.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2007 Federal Republic of Nigeria State and National Elections |publisher=International Republican Institute |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shugabancin BNPP ===

Bayan zaɓen 2007, Nnaji ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jagorancin BNPP. A shekarar 2010, ''Vanguard'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin '''National Chairman''' na BNPP, tare da kasancewarsa shugaban IPAC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Postponement of election: It is necessary say Tofa, Nnaji, Chekwas |work=Vanguard |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, jerin jam'iyyun siyasa masu rijista da aka wallafa ya kuma nuna '''Prof. Godswill Iheanyi Chukwu Nnaji''' a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na BNPP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inter-Party Advisory Council ===

Nnaji ya kuma kasance shugaban [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC), ƙungiyar da ke haɗa shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban a Najeriya.

A shekarar 2010, ya yi magana kan batun dage zaɓen Najeriya, yana bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa a ba [[Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa]] (INEC) ƙarin lokaci domin shirya zaɓe mai inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Postponement of election: It is necessary say Tofa, Nnaji, Chekwas |work=Vanguard |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani rubutu da aka wallafa a ''Vanguard'' a shekarar 2009, Nnaji ya yi magana kan gyaran tsarin zaɓe da kuma bunƙasa dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. Ya rubuta ne a matsayin '''Prof. Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=INEC, Electoral Reforms and Democratic Development in Nigeria |work=Vanguard |date=18 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi kan zaɓe da dimokuraɗiyya ==

Ayyukan Nnaji na siyasa sun haɗa da shiga muhawara kan tsarin zaɓe, gyaran dokokin zaɓe da dangantakar jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na shugaban IPAC, ya yi magana a bainar jama'a kan yadda za a inganta tsarin gudanar da zaɓe da kuma samar da yanayi mai kyau ga jam'iyyun siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=INEC, Electoral Reforms and Democratic Development in Nigeria |work=Vanguard |date=18 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bambanci da Bartholomew Nnaji ==

Ba a kamata a rikita Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji da [[Bartholomew Nnaji]], farfesan injiniya kuma tsohon [[Ministan Makamashi na Najeriya]] ba. Bayanai kan Bartholomew Nnaji sun nuna cewa an taɓa rikita sunayensu saboda dukkansu sun yi aiki a fannonin ilimi da siyasa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bartholomew Nnaji |work=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji shi ne mutumin da ya yi takarar shugaban ƙasa a ƙarƙashin BNPP a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Final Report on Nigeria's 2007 Elections |publisher=National Democratic Institute |year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2003]]
* [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2007]]
* [[Better Nigeria Progressive Party]]
* [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Dimokuraɗiyyar Najeriya]]
* [[Bartholomew Nnaji]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [[Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa]] (INEC)
* National Democratic Institute, ''Final Report on Nigeria's 2007 Elections''.
* International Republican Institute, ''2007 Federal Republic of Nigeria State and National Elections''.
* Vanguard, ''Postponement of election: It is necessary say Tofa, Nnaji, Chekwas''.
* Vanguard, ''INEC, Electoral Reforms and Democratic Development in Nigeria''.
* Vanguard, ''List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers''.
* African Elections Database, ''2003 Nigerian presidential election''.

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2003]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2007]]
[[Category:Masana tattalin arzikin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Better Nigeria Progressive Party]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar jam'iyyar Better Nigeria Progressive Party]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wikidata Q60165724]]

[[en:Godswill Iheanyichukwu Nnaji]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Shittu Kabiru</title>
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    <id>178277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963484</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Mohammed Shittu Kabiru | image = | caption = | birth_date = 14 Agusta 1967 | birth_place = Gwagwa, [[Nigeriya|Najeriya]] | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | education = [[Jami'ar Abuja]]; [[Jami'ar Baze]] | occupation = Ɗan siyasa, manomi, ɗan kasuwa | known_for = Shugaban APDA; ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa | party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | otherparty = [[Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance|APDA]]; Republican Party of Nigeria|...</comment>
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      <text bytes="9659" sha1="izbxwn24o0tty2tlz639nuh7olivjne" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Mohammed Shittu Kabiru
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 Agusta 1967
| birth_place = Gwagwa, [[Nigeriya|Najeriya]]
| nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]]
| education = [[Jami'ar Abuja]]; [[Jami'ar Baze]]
| occupation = Ɗan siyasa, manomi, ɗan kasuwa
| known_for = Shugaban APDA; ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa
| party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]]
| otherparty = [[Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance|APDA]]; [[Republican Party of Nigeria|RPN]]
}}

'''Mohammed Shittu Kabiru''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, manomi kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance]] (APDA) kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=12 presidential candidates endorse Buhari |work=Punch |date=21 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taɓa zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC), ƙungiyar da ke haɗa jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1967 a [[Gwagwa]], yankin [[Municipal Area Council]], [[Abuja]]. A lokacin da aka haife shi, Gwagwa tana ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Jihar Neja, amma daga baya ta kasance cikin [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==

Mohammed Shittu Kabiru ya ce an haife shi ne cikin iyalan Shittu da Hauwa Dan Galadima. Ya halarci [[Government Secondary School, Kuje]] a Abuja. Daga baya ya yi karatun [[Kimiyyar Siyasa]] a [[Jami'ar Abuja]], inda ya samu digirinsa na farko. Ya kuma yi karatun [[dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa]] da diflomasiyya a [[Jami'ar Baze]], Abuja, inda ya samu digiri na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shigarsa siyasa ==

Shittu ya bayyana cewa ya fara shiga siyasa ne a shekarar 1992, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na [[National Republican Convention]] (NRC) a Municipal Area Council na Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2006, ya zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Republican Party of Nigeria]] (RPN). A shekarar 2011 kuma, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance ==

A shekarar 2017, Shittu ya shiga cikin shugabancin [[Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance]] (APDA), sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa da aka ƙaddamar a Abuja. ''Vanguard'' ta ruwaito cewa an bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban riƙon ƙwarya na ƙasa na jam'iyyar a lokacin ƙaddamar da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Breaking: Dokpesi, others float new political party APDA to oust APC in 2019 |work=Vanguard |date=5 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama shugaban ƙasa na APDA. Rahotannin da suka shafi tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa na Najeriya sun lissafa Mohammed Shittu Kabiru a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na APDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ahead of 2019, new parties yet to establish presence in states |publisher=Watching The Vote}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba 2017, a matsayinsa na shugaban APDA, Shittu ya yi hira da ''Blueprint'' kan manufofin jam'iyyar. Ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa jam'iyyun siyasa ya kamata su kasance da tsayayyen akida da manufofi, kuma ya yi magana kan muhimmancin walwalar jama'a wajen yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=You can’t end corruption without social welfare – APDA chair |work=Blueprint |date=2 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019 ==

Shittu Mohammed Kabiru ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na APDA a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019]]. Jerin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa na 2019 ya nuna sunansa a matsayin ɗan takarar APDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2019 Presidential Candidates |publisher=RSVP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A sakamakon zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019, Shittu ya samu '''26,558''' ƙuri'u, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.10 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka samu. [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na [[All Progressives Congress]] ne ya lashe zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2019 Nigerian general election |publisher=IFES Election Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2019, kafin zaɓen, Shittu na cikin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa 12 da suka sanar da goyon bayansu ga takarar Muhammadu Buhari. Rahoton ''Punch'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan takarar APDA cikin waɗanda suka yi wannan sanarwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=12 presidential candidates endorse Buhari |work=Punch |date=21 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Komawa APC ==

A watan Maris 2021, Shittu ya bar APDA ya koma [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗan APC a mazabarsa ta Gwagwa a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Abuja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Young Turk with a Key to Unlock Nigeria’s Economic Potential |work=ThisDay |date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan komawarsa APC, ya bayyana cewa manufarsa ita ce taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa jam'iyyar da kuma inganta tattalin arzikin Najeriya, ba wai ya shiga jam'iyyar domin neman takarar shugaban ƙasa a 2023 ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=We Must Strengthen APC To Deliver Good Governance – Shittu |work=Naija247news |date=11 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma bayyana goyon bayansa ga tsarin jam'iyyu biyu a Najeriya, yana mai cewa irin wannan tsari zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa tsarin dimokuraɗiyya da tattalin arzikin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Young Turk with a Key to Unlock Nigeria’s Economic Potential |work=ThisDay |date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin IPAC ==

Shittu ya riƙe matsayin shugaban ƙasa na [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC). A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙungiyar, ya shiga cikin tattaunawa kan tsarin zaɓe da dangantakar jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011 ne ya bayyana cewa an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban IPAC. Ya ce ya riƙe wannan matsayi a cikin tarihin aikinsa na siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin noma da kasuwanci ==

Baya ga siyasa, Shittu ya bayyana kansa a matsayin [[manomi]] mai gonaki a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance ɗan kasuwa kuma shugaban [[SMK Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa na kasuwanci da noma sun kasance wani ɓangare na abubuwan da ya bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, tare da shiga harkokin siyasa na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Young Turk with a Key to Unlock Nigeria’s Economic Potential |work=ThisDay |date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarautun gargajiya ==

Shittu yana da wasu mukaman girmamawa na gargajiya da aka ambata a rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai. ''The Nation'' ta bayyana shi da sarautun '''Makaman Gwagwa''', '''Dan-Malikin Jiwa''' da '''Garkuwan Matasan Arewa'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayinsa a siyasa ==

Shittu ya kasance cikin 'yan siyasar Najeriya da suka yi aiki a matakin ƙasa ba tare da kasancewa ɗan majalisar tarayya ko gwamna ba. Ayyukansa sun fi karkata ga shugabancin jam'iyyun siyasa, haɗa jam'iyyun siyasa ta hanyar IPAC, da takarar shugaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu |work=The Nation |date=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]]
* [[Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance]]
* [[All Progressives Congress]]
* [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya]]
* [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya]]
* [[Gwagwa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* ''The Nation'', “2023: Obi will make it easy for Tinubu to defeat Atiku – Shittu”, 8 Oktoba 2022.
* ''ThisDay'', “The Young Turk with a Key to Unlock Nigeria’s Economic Potential”, 6 Afrilu 2021.
* ''Vanguard'', “Breaking: Dokpesi, others float new political party APDA to oust APC in 2019”, 5 Yuni 2017.
* ''Blueprint'', “You can’t end corruption without social welfare – APDA chair”, 2 Nuwamba 2017.
* ''Punch'', “12 presidential candidates endorse Buhari”, 21 Fabrairu 2019.
* Watching The Vote, “Ahead of 2019, new parties yet to establish presence in states”.
* RSVP, “2019 Presidential Candidates”.

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Abuja]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar All Progressives Congress]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:Shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Manoman Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan kasuwar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja]]
[[Category:Masu sarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Urhuarhovie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963485</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Emmanuel Urhuarhovie | full_name = Emmanuel Obukojirhevwe Urhuarhovie | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Jihar Delta|Delta State]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | party = [[African Peoples Alliance]] | office = Mukaddashin Shugaban Ƙasa na [[African Peoples Alliance]] | term_start = | term_end = | occupation = Ɗan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, mai ba da shawara | education = [[Petroleum Training Institute]]; Jami'...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7368" sha1="353srlfkrn9oawybj7mwxhntp89qzj3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Emmanuel Urhuarhovie
| full_name = Emmanuel Obukojirhevwe Urhuarhovie
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jihar Delta|Delta State]], Najeriya
| nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]]
| party = [[African Peoples Alliance]]
| office = Mukaddashin Shugaban Ƙasa na [[African Peoples Alliance]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| occupation = Ɗan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, mai ba da shawara
| education = [[Petroleum Training Institute]]; [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]]
}}

'''Emmanuel Urhuarhovie''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma tsohon mukaddashin shugaban ƙasa na [[African Peoples Alliance]] (APA), ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya a lokacin shirye-shiryen [[Zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Peoples Alliance |work=Nigeria Decide |publisher=INEC information source}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan Wikimedia sun lissafa Urhuarhovie a matsayin ɗan siyasar Najeriya kuma sun ba shi [[Wikidata]] Q60138026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Emmanuel Urhuarhovie |work=African Legislators in Red |publisher=Meta-Wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu bayanan sana'a sun yi amfani da cikakken sunan '''Emmanuel Obukojirhevwe Urhuarhovie''', kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin kwararre a fannin walda da ƙera ƙarfe, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai aiki a fannin ba da shawara. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin darektan African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==

Bayanan da African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment ta wallafa sun nuna cewa Urhuarhovie ya fara karatunsa a NBC Primary School da ke Samagidi-Kokori da St. Philips Primary School a Orhuakpor, Jihar Delta. Daga baya ya halarci Baptist High School, Eku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi karatu a [[Petroleum Training Institute]] (PTI), inda ya samu takardar General Welding Certificate a shekarar 1983 da Diploma in Welding and Fabrication a shekarar 1986. Daga baya ya yi karatun Counselling Psychology a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]], inda ya samu digirin B.Sc. a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a samu isasshiyar majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar da takamaiman ranar haihuwarsa ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka ranar haihuwa a wannan labarin ba.

== Aikin sana'a ==

Urhuarhovie ya fara aiki a [[Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company]] a matsayin ma'aikacin kwangila tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 1988. Bayan ya bar aikin, ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kafa kuma ya shugabanci Emmurhua Nigeria Company da Amatee Global Services Limited. Ayyukan kamfanoninsa sun haɗa da harkokin [[man fetur]] da [[gas]], walda da wasu ayyukan kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin memba kuma ma'ajin [[Nigerian Institute of Welding]], inda ya kasance mai aiki a fannin walda da ayyukan da suka danganci ƙera ƙarfe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙungiyoyi ==

Urhuarhovie ya kasance cikin hukumar gudanarwa ta [[African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment]], inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin '''Director of Guidance and Counselling'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board of Management (BOM) |publisher=African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani bayanin da aka wallafa a shafin [[Niger Delta Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Trade, Mines and Agriculture]], an kuma lissafa '''Mr. Urhuarhovie O. Emmanuel''' cikin mambobin hukumar ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Board Members of Niger Delta Chambers of Commerce |publisher=Niger Delta Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Trade, Mines and Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==

=== African Peoples Alliance ===

Urhuarhovie ya shiga cikin shugabancin [[African Peoples Alliance]] (APA), jam'iyyar siyasa da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya.

A shekarar 2018, jerin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka wallafa ya nuna '''Emmanuel Urhuarhovie''' a matsayin '''Ag. National Chairman''' na APA, wato Mukaddashin Shugaban Ƙasa na jam'iyyar. Jerin ya kuma bayyana Samaila Umar Sifawa a matsayin sakataren ƙasa na jam'iyyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bayanin da ya dogara da bayanan INEC kan jam'iyyun siyasa na lokacin zaɓen 2019 ya sake lissafa Urhuarhovie a matsayin '''Acting National Chairman''' na African Peoples Alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Peoples Alliance |publisher=Nigeria Decide |access-date=2026-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni daban-daban kan jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya sun kuma bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban APA a lokacin shirye-shiryen zaɓen 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ahead of Nigeria's 2019, see the list of all registered parties, addresses and principal officers |publisher=BDNews |date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasar yankin Delta ==

A shekarar 2024, wani rahoto kan zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a [[Jihar Delta]] ya ambaci wani Emmanuel Urhuarhovie a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Samagidi Community, kuma ya bayyana shi cikin mutanen da suka koma [[People's Democratic Party]] a Egbo-Kokori, [[Ethiope East]] Local Government Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Delta Council Polls: PDP in Egbo Kokori welcomes hundreds of decampees as Ben Edoja mobilises for total victory |work=NewsNet Nigeria |date=3 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a samu isasshiyar majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar cewa wannan mutumin shi ne tsohon shugaban APA ba. Saboda haka, bai kamata a ɗauki wannan matsayin a matsayin wani matsayi na siyasa na Urhuarhovie ba sai an samu ƙarin majiya da ta tabbatar da cewa mutum ɗaya ne.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[African Peoples Alliance]]
* [[Jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na 2019]]
* [[Jihar Delta]]
* [[Petroleum Training Institute]]
* [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [[African Center for Skills Development and Empowerment]], bayanin hukumar gudanarwa da tarihin Emmanuel Obukojirhevwe Urhuarhovie.
* [[Niger Delta Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Trade, Mines and Agriculture]], jerin mambobin hukumar.
* ''Vanguard'', “List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers”, 2018.
* Nigeria Decide, bayanan African Peoples Alliance da shugabanninta.
* Meta-Wiki, “African Legislators in Red” da jerin 'yan siyasar Najeriya.
* NewsNet Nigeria, “Delta Council Polls: PDP in Egbo Kokori welcomes hundreds of decampees…”, 3 Yuli 2024.

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Delta]]
[[Category:Shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:African Peoples Alliance]]
[[Category:Ƴan kasuwar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masu sana'ar walda]]
[[Category:Mutanen Jihar Delta]]
[[Category:Wikidata Q60138026]]

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  <page>
    <title>Asiwaju Mashood Shittu</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Asiwaju Mashood Shittu | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Offa]], [[Jihar Kwara|Kwara State]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Ɗan siyasa, manomi, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya | known_for = Shugaban Alliance National Party; National Coordinator na Kwankwaso National Network | office = Shugaban [[Alliance National Party]] | term_start = | term_end = | party = [[Nigeria Democratic Congress]] | otherp...</comment>
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      <text bytes="11399" sha1="8ujgaoigduy2acr119rn5wf64im9hmj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Asiwaju Mashood Shittu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Offa]], [[Jihar Kwara|Kwara State]], Najeriya
| nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]]
| occupation = Ɗan siyasa, manomi, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya
| known_for = Shugaban Alliance National Party; National Coordinator na Kwankwaso National Network
| office = Shugaban [[Alliance National Party]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| party = [[Nigeria Democratic Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Alliance National Party]]; [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Asiwaju Mashood Shittu''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne daga [[Jihar Kwara]]. Ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Alliance National Party]] (ANP), sannan ya yi takarar shugabancin Najeriya a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019]] a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar ANP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governors have no excuse not to implement new minimum wage – Ex-Presidential candidate |work=Punch |date=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya Shittu ya shiga [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] (NNPP) kuma ya zama National Coordinator na [[Kwankwaso National Network]] (KNN), ƙungiyar siyasa da ke goyon bayan [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Asiwaju Mashood Shittu: The strategist behind Kwankwaso’s political machinery |work=Vanguard |date=7 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ya sanar da komawarsa daga NNPP zuwa [[African Democratic Congress]] (ADC). Daga baya ya shiga harkokin [[Nigeria Democratic Congress]] (NDC) a shirye-shiryen siyasar shekarar 2027, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin mai neman kujerar [[Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya|Majalisar Wakilai]] ta mazabar tarayya ta Offa/Oyun/Ifelodun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NNPP Chieftain Asiwaju Moshood Shittu Resigns, Joins ADC |work=Nairaland |date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==

An san Shittu da lakabin '''Asiwaju Mashood Shittu''' ko '''AMS'''. Bayanansa na jama'a sun fi danganta shi da [[Offa]], Jihar Kwara, inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki a harkokin siyasa na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Presidential candidate tells Kwara governor how to win people’s confidence |work=Tribune Online |date=9 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan da aka wallafa game da shi sun kuma bayyana shi a matsayin mai aikin gona da kuma mai fafutukar inganta zaman lafiya da warware rikice-rikice. Ba a samu isasshiyar majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar da ranar haihuwarsa ba, saboda haka ba a saka ranar haihuwa a infobox ba.

== Ilimi da zaman lafiya ==

Wasu bayanan da aka wallafa game da Shittu sun nuna cewa ya yi karatun [[Peace and Conflict Resolution]], inda ya samu digiri na farko, sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a [[Peace and Strategic Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our People |publisher=Institute of Crisis Resolution, Peacebuilding and Conciliation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shittu yana cikin shugabancin [[Institute of Crisis Resolution, Peacebuilding and Conciliation]] (ICRPC), inda aka lissafa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our People |publisher=Institute of Crisis Resolution, Peacebuilding and Conciliation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban ICRPC, ya yi magana a kan batutuwan [[zaman lafiya]], warware rikice-rikice, tsaro, shugabanci da kuma muhimmancin bin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Urgent steps needed to address insecurity with good governance – Shittu |work=Vanguard |date=16 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==

=== Alliance National Party ===

Shittu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin [[Alliance National Party]] (ANP), kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governors have no excuse not to implement new minimum wage – Ex-Presidential candidate |work=Punch |date=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ANP ta bayyana Shittu a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugabancin Najeriya a zaɓen 2019. Jam'iyyar ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin neman sabon tsarin jagoranci da kuma ƙara shiga tsakanin matasa da siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019: Nigeria will be better under young visionaries – ANP |work=Tribune Online |date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019 ===

Shittu ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na [[Alliance National Party]] a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019]]. Sunansa yana cikin jerin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa da aka buga kafin zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 presidential contest: Questions over Duke’s, Mimiko’s ‘missing’ NYSC certificates |work=The Nation |date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan zaɓen, Shittu ya zama tsohon ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa. A watan Mayun 2019, ya yi kira ga gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya da su aiwatar da sabon mafi ƙarancin albashi na ₦30,000 da aka amince da shi a lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governors have no excuse not to implement new minimum wage – Ex-Presidential candidate |work=Punch |date=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2019, ya kuma yi magana kan yadda gwamnatin Jihar Kwara za ta iya samun goyon bayan jama'a ta hanyar aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi bukatun al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Presidential candidate tells Kwara governor how to win people’s confidence |work=Tribune Online |date=9 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin siyasa bayan 2019 ==

Bayan zamaninsa a ANP, Shittu ya shiga cikin harkokin [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] (NNPP), inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Kwankwaso.

A shekarar 2025, ''Vanguard'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban ANP kuma National Coordinator na [[Kwankwaso National Network]] (KNN). Rahoton ya ce ya taka rawa wajen tallafawa tsarin siyasar Kwankwaso bayan haɗewar ANP da NNPP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Asiwaju Mashood Shittu: The strategist behind Kwankwaso’s political machinery |work=Vanguard |date=7 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris 2025, Shittu ya yi kira ga Kwankwaso da kada ya yi gaggawar shiga wata ƙawancen jam'iyyun adawa ba tare da an yi la'akari da manufa da ɗan takara ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kada ka yi gaggawar shiga wata maja – Tsohon shugaban ANP ga Kwankwaso |work=Manhaja/Blueprint Hausa |date=22 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwankwaso National Network ==

Shittu ya zama National Coordinator na [[Kwankwaso National Network]] (KNN), wata ƙungiya da ke tattara magoya bayan [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] a faɗin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Asiwaju Mashood Shittu: The strategist behind Kwankwaso’s political machinery |work=Vanguard |date=7 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, ''Leadership Hausa'' ta ruwaito cewa Shittu ya jagoranci tawagar shugabannin KNN ta ƙasa zuwa wani taro a [[Ibadan]], inda aka tattauna harkokin siyasa da shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar a Kudu maso Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ƙungiyar Kwankwaso National Network Ta Gudanar Da Taron Kudu Maso Yamma A Ibadan |work=Leadership Hausa |date=6 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, Shittu ya kuma yi kira da a gudanar da siyasar 2027 bisa batutuwa da manufofi maimakon tashin hankali. Ya ce ya kamata 'yan takara su gabatar da manufofinsu, cancantarsu da tarihin ayyukansu ga masu zaɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wanted: Issue-based Campaign For 2027 |work=New Telegraph |date=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauya jam'iyya ==

A ranar 30 ga Maris 2026, an ruwaito cewa Shittu ya yi murabus daga [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] (NNPP) kuma ya bayyana komawarsa [[African Democratic Congress]] (ADC). A wasiƙar murabus ɗinsa, ya ce matakin ya biyo bayan tuntuba da magoya bayansa da abokan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NNPP Chieftain Asiwaju Moshood Shittu Resigns, Joins ADC |work=Nairaland |date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda wasu majiyoyin daga baya sun danganta shi da NDC da KNN a cikin shirye-shiryen siyasar 2027, ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan wajen bayyana jam'iyyarsa ta yanzu har sai an samu wata majiya ta hukuma da ta tabbatar da matsayinsa na yanzu.

== Siyasar 2027 ==

A shekarar 2026, Shittu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman kujerar [[Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya|Majalisar Wakilai]] domin wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta '''Offa/Oyun/Ifelodun''' a Jihar Kwara a zaɓen 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2027: KNN COORDINATOR SHITTU CALLS FOR ISSUE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, REJECTS POLITICAL VIOLENCE |work=Poet of Afrique |date=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan takarar NDC na mazabar a cikin rahotannin siyasar 2026. Sai dai wannan matsayin na ɗan takara na 2027 ba sakamakon zaɓe ba ne, domin zaɓen bai gudana ba tukuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Movement |publisher=OK Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 2026, an kuma nada Shittu a matsayin '''Director of Political Engagement''' na [[Obi–Kwankwaso Movement|OK Movement]], wata ƙungiyar siyasa da ta bayyana kanta a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan [[Peter Obi]] da [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Movement |publisher=OK Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyinsa kan tsaro da shugabanci ==

Shittu ya yi magana a lokuta daban-daban kan [[tsaro a Najeriya]], shugabanci da bin doka. A shekarar 2025, ya yi kira da a mayar da hankali kan kyakkyawan shugabanci, ƙarfafa bin doka da kuma ɗaukar tsaro a matsayin muhimmin nauyin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Urgent steps needed to address insecurity with good governance – Shittu |work=Vanguard |date=16 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake shugabancin ANP, ya kuma yi kira ga shugabannin Najeriya da su mai da hankali kan bunƙasa tattalin arziki da samar da damammaki ga matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=On ANP’s goodwill message to Buhari |work=Blueprint |date=4 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Alliance National Party]]
* [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]]
* [[Kwankwaso National Network]]
* [[Nigeria Democratic Congress]]
* [[African Democratic Congress]]
* [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]]
* [[Zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na 2027]]
* [[Jihar Kwara]]
* [[Offa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* Vanguard, ''Asiwaju Mashood Shittu: The strategist behind Kwankwaso’s political machinery'', 7 Satumba 2025.
* Punch, ''Governors have no excuse not to implement new minimum wage – Ex-Presidential candidate'', 7 Mayu 2019.
* Tribune Online, ''Presidential candidate tells Kwara governor how to win people’s confidence'', 9 Yuni 2019.
* The Nation, ''2019 presidential contest: Questions over Duke’s, Mimiko’s ‘missing’ NYSC certificates'', 2019.
* Blueprint, ''ANP’s defence of non-performing parties'', 3 Yuli 2019.
* Institute of Crisis Resolution, Peacebuilding and Conciliation, ''Our People''.
* Leadership Hausa, ''Ƙungiyar Kwankwaso National Network Ta Gudanar Da Taron Kudu Maso Yamma A Ibadan'', Janairu 2026.
* New Telegraph, ''Wanted: Issue-based Campaign For 2027'', 2026.
* OK Movement, ''Our Movement'', 2026.
* Wikidata, ''Asiwaju Mashood Shittu'', Q60137321.

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Kwara]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Offa]]
[[Category:Shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]]
[[Category:Alliance National Party]]
[[Category:New Nigeria Peoples Party]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar New Nigeria Peoples Party]]
[[Category:Masu fafutukar zaman lafiya]]
[[Category:Masu aikin noma na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Jihar Kwara]]
[[Category:Wikidata Q60137321]]

[[en:Asiwaju Mashood Shittu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jay Osi Samuel</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>963492</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Jay Osi Samuel | other_names = Jay Osi Samuels | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Ibadan]], [[Jihar Oyo|Oyo State]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | education = [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]; [[Jami'ar Harvard]] | occupation = Likita; masanin lafiyar jama'a; ɗan siyasa | employer = APIN Public Health Initiatives | known_for = Shugaban [[Alliance for New Nigeria]] }}  '''Jay Osi Samuel''', wanda kuma ake rubuta sunansa ''...</comment>
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      <text bytes="10422" sha1="gsr0bz6yphpivks64m1pi6dmwgqcj2n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Jay Osi Samuel
| other_names = Jay Osi Samuels
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ibadan]], [[Jihar Oyo|Oyo State]], Najeriya
| nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]]
| education = [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]; [[Jami'ar Harvard]]
| occupation = Likita; masanin lafiyar jama'a; ɗan siyasa
| employer = APIN Public Health Initiatives
| known_for = Shugaban [[Alliance for New Nigeria]]
}}

'''Jay Osi Samuel''', wanda kuma ake rubuta sunansa '''Jay Osi Samuels''', likitan Najeriya ne, masanin [[lafiyar jama'a]] kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Alliance for New Nigeria]] (ANN), wata ƙungiyar siyasa da daga baya ta samu rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘ANN ‘ll build new generation of leaders’ |work=The Nation |date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Those Who Want To Hijack ANN Won’t Succeed –Osi-Samuels |work=Independent Nigeria |date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A fannin lafiya, Samuels ya yi aiki a [[APIN Public Health Initiatives]], inda ya zama mataimakin babban jami'in gudanarwa mai kula da shirye-shirye (Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Programs). Ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan da suka shafi [[HIV/AIDS]], epidemiology da bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==

Samuels ya ce an haife shi kuma ya taso ne a [[Ibadan]], sannan ya yi wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa a [[Lagos]]. Daga baya ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje, musamman a [[Amurka]], kafin ya koma Najeriya a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Those Who Want To Hijack ANN Won’t Succeed –Osi-Samuels |work=Independent Nigeria |date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], inda ya samu digirin MB.BS. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin [[Epidemiology]] a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da ke Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci (MBA) a [[Hult International Business School]]. APIN ta kuma bayyana cewa ya kasance Bill and Melinda Gates Fellow daga 2001 zuwa 2005, sannan Fogarty International Fellow daga 2005 zuwa 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a samu ingantacciyar majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar da takamaiman ranar haihuwarsa ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka ranar haihuwa a infobox ba.

== Aikin likitanci da lafiyar jama'a ==

Samuels ya gina aikinsa ne musamman a fannin [[lafiyar jama'a]], [[HIV/AIDS]], epidemiology, bincike, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da gudanar da shirye-shiryen lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga APIN, ya kasance mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ya yi aiki kan [[molecular epidemiology]] na HIV/AIDS a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya shiga APIN Public Health Initiatives a shekarar 2006. A matsayinsa na Deputy CEO, Programs, ya kasance mai kula da sassan shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar, tare da jagorantar ayyukan da suka shafi cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da samar da ayyukan lafiya masu ɗorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukansa a APIN sun haɗa da jagorantar dabarun shirye-shirye, aiwatar da ayyukan da masu tallafawa ke ɗaukar nauyi, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da gano sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ci gaban ƙungiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, mujallar ''[[Nature]]'' ta yi hira da Samuels kan matsalolin da ke fuskantar dakunan gwaje-gwajen lafiya a Najeriya. Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban APIN Public Health Initiatives kuma ya bayyana aikinsa na kula da ɗaruruwan dakunan gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya da ƙungiyar ke tallafawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=“I help Nigeria’s medical laboratories thrive” |work=Nature Africa |date=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==

Samuels ya kasance cikin masu bincike a fannin lafiyar jama'a. Sunansa ya bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da suka shafi cututtuka da lafiyar mutanen da ke ɗauke da HIV.

A shekarar 2024, an wallafa wani bincike a mujallar ''Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease'' mai taken ''Time to incident hypertension and independent predictors among people living with HIV in Nigeria'', inda aka lissafa '''Jay Osi Samuels''' cikin marubutan binciken.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Time to incident hypertension and independent predictors among people living with HIV in Nigeria |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/20499361241289800 |pmid=39430413}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken ya yi nazari kan lokacin bayyanar [[hawan jini]] da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da hakan tsakanin mutanen da ke rayuwa da HIV a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Time to incident hypertension and independent predictors among people living with HIV in Nigeria |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/20499361241289800 |pmid=39430413}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==

=== Alliance for New Nigeria ===

Samuels ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa [[Alliance for New Nigeria]] (ANN), wata ƙungiyar kwararru da 'yan Najeriya masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi a harkokin siyasa suka kafa kafin [[Zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Those Who Want To Hijack ANN Won’t Succeed –Osi-Samuels |work=Independent Nigeria |date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2017, ''The Nation'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin '''Interim National Chairman''' na ANN a lokacin da ƙungiyar ke neman samun rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘ANN ‘ll build new generation of leaders’ |work=The Nation |date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wata hira da ''Punch'' a shekarar 2017, Samuels ya bayyana manufar ANN a matsayin ƙoƙarin samar da wani sabon dandali na siyasa da zai jawo ƙwararru zuwa harkokin mulki. Ya kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''technoticians'' wajen bayyana haɗin ƙwararru da masu shiga siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governance should be more than building roads, bridges, streetlights –Osi-Samuels |work=Punch |date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shugaban ANN ===

Bayan kafa jam'iyyar, Samuels ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na ANN. Jerin shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka wallafa a shekarar 2018 ya lissafa '''Dr. Jay Osi Samuel''' a matsayin National Chairman na ANN.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wata hira da ''Independent'' a watan Oktoban 2018, an bayyana shi a matsayin National Chairman na ANN. Ya bayyana cewa shi da wasu mutum tara sun kasance cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Those Who Want To Hijack ANN Won’t Succeed –Osi-Samuels |work=Independent Nigeria |date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan siyasar ANN sun mayar da hankali kan sauya tsarin shugabanci, jawo ƙwararru cikin siyasa da kuma inganta shugabanci a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘ANN ‘ll build new generation of leaders’ |work=The Nation |date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi kan shugabanci ==

Samuels ya soki abin da ya kira dogaro da kuɗi wajen neman mukaman siyasa. Ya yi kira da a mayar da siyasa hanyar hidimar jama'a maimakon hanyar neman riba ko gata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘ANN ‘ll build new generation of leaders’ |work=The Nation |date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi kira da a daina ɗaukar samar da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar tituna, gadoji da fitilun titi a matsayin abin al'ajabi, yana mai cewa samar da irin waɗannan ayyuka na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governance should be more than building roads, bridges, streetlights –Osi-Samuels |work=Punch |date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Komawa aikin lafiyar jama'a ==

Bayan lokacin da ya yi yana cikin harkokin siyasa, Samuels ya ci gaba da aikinsa a fannin lafiyar jama'a. APIN ta bayyana shi a matsayin babban jami'in shirye-shirye na ƙungiyar, yayin da ''Nature Africa'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban APIN a rahotonta na shekarar 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=“I help Nigeria’s medical laboratories thrive” |work=Nature Africa |date=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya haɗa da jagorantar ayyukan dakunan gwaje-gwaje, ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da tallafa wa ayyukan bincike da gano cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=“I help Nigeria’s medical laboratories thrive” |work=Nature Africa |date=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum ==

Samuels ya bayyana cewa yana sha'awar siyasa da ingantaccen shugabanci. APIN ta kuma bayyana cewa yana jin daɗin sauraron kiɗa da rawa a lokacin hutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Team |publisher=APIN Public Health Initiatives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Alliance for New Nigeria]]
* [[APIN Public Health Initiatives]]
* [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]
* [[Jami'ar Harvard]]
* [[Lafiyar jama'a]]
* [[Epidemiology]]
* [[HIV/AIDS a Najeriya]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na 2019]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* APIN Public Health Initiatives, ''Our Team''.
* ''Nature Africa'', “I help Nigeria’s medical laboratories thrive”, 13 Fabrairu 2025.
* ''The Nation'', “‘ANN ‘ll build new generation of leaders’”, 27 Yuli 2017.
* ''Punch'', “Governance should be more than building roads, bridges, streetlights –Osi-Samuels”, 3 Yuni 2017.
* ''Independent Nigeria'', “Those Who Want To Hijack ANN Won’t Succeed –Osi-Samuels”, 16 Oktoba 2018.
* ''Vanguard'', “List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers”, Janairu 2018.
* PubMed, “Time to incident hypertension and independent predictors among people living with HIV in Nigeria”, 2024.

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Likitocin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana lafiyar jama'a]]
[[Category:Masu binciken likitanci]]
[[Category:Ɗaliban Jami'ar Ibadan]]
[[Category:Ɗaliban Jami'ar Harvard]]
[[Category:Alliance for New Nigeria]]
[[Category:Mutanen Ibadan]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]

[[en:Jay Osi Samuel]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charles Ogboli</title>
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    <id>178281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963496</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:49:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Charles Ogboli''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi fice a harkokin siyasa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party]] (ANDP), sannan ya shiga wasu shari'o'in da suka shafi siyasar Najeriya da haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ya kuma kasance lauya da ya wakilci tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, [[Patience Jonathan]], a wasu al'amuran shari'a da suka shafi asusun bankunanta da binciken hukumomin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sec...</comment>
      <origin>963496</origin>
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      <text bytes="7373" sha1="rcv64px069h17z2x9dzxvgwa9e67lg2" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Ogboli''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi fice a harkokin siyasa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party]] (ANDP), sannan ya shiga wasu shari'o'in da suka shafi siyasar Najeriya da haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ya kuma kasance lauya da ya wakilci tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, [[Patience Jonathan]], a wasu al'amuran shari'a da suka shafi asusun bankunanta da binciken hukumomin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Security operatives raid Jonathan’s in-law’s house in Abuja |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 January 2017 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jonathan could have given $20m to Patience, says lawyer |work=Punch |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da sana'ar lauya ==
Bayanai da suka shafi ranar haihuwarsa, wurin haihuwa da cikakken tarihin karatunsa ba su samu a manyan majiyoyin da aka bincika ba. Saboda haka, ba a kamata a saka ranar haihuwa ko bayanan ilimi da ba a tabbatar da su ba a cikin kundin tarihin rayuwarsa.

An ambaci Ogboli a matsayin lauya mai aiki a Abuja. Rahoton [[Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission|ICPC]] ya nuna cewa a shekarun baya ya shiga shari'o'in da suka shafi yunkurin tilasta bincike kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin rahoton ICPC na shekarar 2012, an jera karar ''Barr. Charles Ogboli &amp; Anor v. FHC Abuja'' a matsayin karar da masu gabatar da ita suka kasance masu aikin lauya masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICPC2012&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=ICPC Annual Report 2012 |publisher=Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission |year=2012 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoton ICPC na shekarar 2015 ya kuma ambaci karar ''Barr. Charles Ogboli &amp; Another v. ICPC &amp; 7 Others''. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa karar ta shafi yunkurin tilasta bincike kan tsohuwar Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai, [[Patricia Etteh]], dangane da zargin da ya shafi kwangilar ₦628 miliyan; daga baya aka soke karar saboda rashin ikon kotun.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICPC2015&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=Status of Criminal/Civil Cases as at March 2015 |publisher=Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission |year=2015 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lauyan Patience Jonathan ==
Ogboli ya kasance cikin lauyoyin da suka wakilci [[Patience Jonathan]], matar tsohon Shugaban Najeriya [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. A shekarar 2016, ya bayyana a kafafen yaɗa labarai a matsayin lauya ko mai ba ta shawarar shari'a yayin da ake binciken wasu asusun banki da aka danganta da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch2016&quot;/&gt;

A watan Janairun 2017, Ogboli ya yi magana kan wani samame da jami'an tsaro suka kai wani gida da ake dangantawa da dangin Patience Jonathan a Abuja. ''The Guardian'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin lauya da mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kuma lauya ga tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2017&quot;/&gt;

A watan Yulin 2017, an sake ambatonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin Patience Jonathan a wata ƙara da ta shafi zargin kai samame da hukumomin gwamnati suka yi a gidajenta da wuraren kasuwancinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianPetition&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Reps quiz NDLEA over alleged raid on Patience Jonathan’s home |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=27 July 2017 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2017, ya kuma yi magana a madadin Patience Jonathan dangane da cire kuɗi daga wani asusun banki da kotu ta ba da umarnin buɗewa. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa an cire dala 100,000, inda Ogboli ya ce an cire kuɗin ne domin biyan bukatun magani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Patience Jonathan confirms withdrawal from unfrozen bank account |work=Vanguard |date=13 April 2017 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shiga siyasa ==
Ogboli ya shiga siyasar jam'iyyu. Rahoton ''Punch'' na shekarar 2016 ya bayyana cewa ya taɓa neman takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Delta]] a ƙarƙashin [[People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch2016&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2018, an jera Charles Ogboli a matsayin [[Barrister|Barr.]] Charles Ogboli, National Legal Adviser na [[Justice Must Prevail Party]] (JMPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardJMPP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=January 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party ==
Daga baya Ogboli ya zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party]] (ANDP). A shekarar 2019, ya bayyana a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar, inda ya fitar da bayanai kan al'amuran tsaro da ayyukan sojojin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blueprint2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Insurgency: ‘Military’s sacrifice commendable’ |work=Blueprint |date=22 June 2019 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin zaɓen gwamnan [[Jihar Bayelsa]] na shekarar 2019, Ogboli da ANDP sun shigar da ƙara a gaban Kotun Ƙarar Zaɓen Gwamnan Bayelsa, suna ƙalubalantar rashin bayyana jam'iyyar da tambarinta a takardar zaɓe. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a shekarar 2020 da rinjaye biyu da ɗaya, inda ta soke zaɓen ta kuma ba da umarnin gudanar da sabon zaɓe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nation2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Diri, PDP head for appeal as tribunal orders fresh poll |work=The Nation |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukuncin ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin ANDP. Wasu shugabannin jam'iyyar sun yi ikirarin cewa an kori Ogboli daga jam'iyyar tun shekarar 2018 kuma cewa ba shi da ikon gabatar da ƙarar a madadin jam'iyyar. Su kuma waɗanda ke goyon bayan Ogboli sun tsaya kan halaccin matakin da aka ɗauka.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardANDP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bayelsa: ANDP disowns petition against Diri, INEC |work=Vanguard |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda haka, ya dace a bayyana batun korarsa daga ANDP a matsayin takaddama tsakanin bangarorin jam'iyyar, ba tare da gabatar da ikirarin wani ɓangare a matsayin gaskiyar da ba ta da gardama ba.

== Matsayinsa a shari'ar Bayelsa ==
A cikin hukuncin Kotun Ƙarar Zaɓen Gwamnan Bayelsa na shekarar 2020, an ambaci Ogboli a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na mai shigar da ƙara, kuma ya bayar da shaida a gaban kotun a matsayin PW2.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayelsaJudgment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=In the Bayelsa State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal Judgment |work=Bayelsa State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal |year=2020 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kotun ta farko ta soke zaɓen [[Douye Diri]], amma daga baya an ɗaukaka ƙarar. Rahotannin shari'ar sun nuna cewa hukuncin farko ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na rikicin shari'a kan zaɓen gwamnan Bayelsa na 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;TribuneBayelsa&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Why Appeal court upheld Bayelsa gov's election |work=Tribune Online |date=2020 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Patience Jonathan]]
* [[Goodluck Jonathan]]
* [[Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party]]
* [[People's Democratic Party (Najeriya)]]
* [[Jihar Bayelsa]]
* [[Zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa na 2019]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Lauyoyin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Delta]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Bayelsa]]
[[Category:Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Advanced Nigerian Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okey Chikwendu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963498</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:52:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Okey Chikwendu''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma injiniya. Ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙasa na [[All Grand Alliance Party]] (AGAP), sannan ya jagoranci [[All Democratic Peoples Movement]] (ADPM). Ya kuma riƙe matsayin National Treasurer na [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC), ƙungiyar da ke haɗa jam'iyyun siyasa masu rijista a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Office...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6820" sha1="szjogp114ydsp4zgwvttf2sithmhbe0" xml:space="preserve">'''Okey Chikwendu''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma injiniya. Ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙasa na [[All Grand Alliance Party]] (AGAP), sannan ya jagoranci [[All Democratic Peoples Movement]] (ADPM). Ya kuma riƙe matsayin National Treasurer na [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC), ƙungiyar da ke haɗa jam'iyyun siyasa masu rijista a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=January 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisDay2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=IPAC Elect New NEC, Ameh Emerges Chairman |work=ThisDay |date=5 September 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ya koma [[African Democratic Congress]] (ADC), inda rahotanni suka bayyana shi da cikakken suna '''Okechukwu Chikwendu''', kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban AGAP da shugaban [[Coalition for Good Governance]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NewTelegraph2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nnewi: Okey Chikwendu Joins ADC To Support Peter Obi's Presidential Aspiration |work=New Telegraph |date=13 April 2026 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da sana'a ==
Bayanan da suka tabbatar da ranar haihuwarsa, wurin haihuwarsa da cikakken tarihin karatunsa ba su bayyana sosai a manyan majiyoyin da aka samu ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka irin waɗannan bayanai a nan domin kauce wa ƙara bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba.

Majiyoyin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun yi amfani da sunan '''Engr. Okey Chikwendu''' a lokacin da yake jagorantar jam'iyyun siyasa. A wasu rahotannin shekarar 2026 kuma an yi amfani da sunan '''Okechukwu Chikwendu'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2019: We will effect real change in Nigeria —Chikwendu, ADPM Chairman |work=Vanguard |date=23 July 2017 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewTelegraph2026&quot;/&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Chikwendu ya kasance cikin harkokin siyasar jam'iyyu a Najeriya na tsawon shekaru. A shekarar 2017, an bayyana shi a matsayin National Chairman na [[All Democratic Peoples Movement]] (ADPM), sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa da aka yi wa rajista a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa manufar jam'iyyar ita ce samar da sabon salon shugabanci da ƙarfafa matasa su shiga siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2017&quot;/&gt;

A wata hira da ''Vanguard'' a shekarar 2017, Chikwendu ya bayyana ra'ayoyin jam'iyyar game da shugabanci, sake fasalin ƙasar da yadda za a samar da tsarin siyasa mai amfani ga jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2017&quot;/&gt;

== Shugaban All Grand Alliance Party ==
A shekarar 2018, Chikwendu ya kasance National Chairman na [[All Grand Alliance Party]] (AGAP). Jerin shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya da ''Vanguard'' ta wallafa ya nuna shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na AGAP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers |work=Vanguard |date=January 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na shugaban AGAP, ya yi magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi zaɓe da tsarin siyasar Najeriya. A shekarar 2018, ya ce jam'iyyar za ta goyi bayan tsarin da zai samar da ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jam'iyyun da ke cikin Coalition of United Political Parties (CUPP), muddin an bi tsarin da aka amince da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 election: Coalition parties’ presidential primaries threaten alliance against Buhari |work=Punch |date=2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani taron jam'iyyar a watan Oktoban 2018, Chikwendu ya bayyana cewa AGAP na goyon bayan tsarin ''true federalism'' tare da mai da hankali kan tsaro, ilimi da noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=AGAP Presidential candidate promises economic transformation in Nigeria |work=The Sun |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin cikin IPAC ==
A watan Satumban 2018, an gudanar da zaɓen shugabannin [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC). Chikwendu ya tsaya takarar National Treasurer kuma ya samu kuri'u 46, inda aka zaɓe shi cikin sabuwar majalisar zartarwar ƙungiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisDay2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=IPAC Elect New NEC, Ameh Emerges Chairman |work=ThisDay |date=5 September 2018 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaɓen ya kuma kawo Peter Ameh a matsayin shugaban IPAC, yayin da Geff Ojinika ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, sannan Chikwendu ya zama National Treasurer.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisDay2018&quot;/&gt;

== Coalition for Good Governance ==
A shekarun baya, Chikwendu ya kasance cikin jagorancin [[Coalition for Good Governance]] (CGG), ƙungiyar da ta haɗa tsoffin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa da tsoffin shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa.

A watan Fabrairun 2023, [[Voice of Nigeria]] ta ruwaito cewa Chikwendu, a matsayin National Coordinator na CGG, ya bayyana goyon bayan ƙungiyar ga Peter Obi da Datti Baba-Ahmed na [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;VON2023&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Elections: Former presidential candidates, party chairmen endorse Obi-Datti |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=20 February 2023 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2026, ''The Guardian Nigeria'' ta bayyana Chikwendu a matsayin National Chairman na CGG. Ƙungiyar ta yi kira ga [[African Democratic Congress]] da ta ware tikitin takarar shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2027 ga ɗan takara daga Kudancin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zone 2027 presidential ticket to South, CGG tells ADC |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=21 February 2026 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Komawa African Democratic Congress ==
A watan Afrilun 2026, Chikwendu ya koma [[African Democratic Congress]] (ADC) a Otolo Ward 3, [[Nnewi]], Jihar Anambra. Rahotanni sun bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban AGAP da shugaban Coalition for Good Governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewTelegraph2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nnewi: Okey Chikwendu Joins ADC To Support Peter Obi's Presidential Aspiration |work=New Telegraph |date=13 April 2026 |access-date=5 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yayin komawarsa ADC, ya bayyana cewa yana son taimakawa wajen gina jam'iyyar tare da goyon bayan yunƙurin Peter Obi na neman takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen 2027. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa ya ce ba shi da wata takarar siyasa da yake nema a lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewTelegraph2026&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[All Grand Alliance Party]]
* [[All Democratic Peoples Movement]]
* [[African Democratic Congress]]
* [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]]
* [[Coalition for Good Governance]]
* [[Siyasar Najeriya]]
* [[Zaɓe a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Anambra]]
[[Category:Mutanen Jihar Anambra]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya na ƙarni na 21]]
[[Category:African Democratic Congress]]
[[Category:All Grand Alliance Party]]
[[Category:Ƴan siyasar Nnewi]]</text>
      <sha1>szjogp114ydsp4zgwvttf2sithmhbe0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidajen namun daji na mutane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963512</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:10:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="4653" sha1="3fx1c8n8arvclgk81zujn8rvo44g7h6" xml:space="preserve">==Gidajen namun daji na mutane==

Gidajen namun daji na mutane ({{lang-en|human zoos}}) wata kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana nune-nunen da aka yi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, inda ake baje kolin mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka a gaban jama'ar Turai da Amurka, musamman a bukukuwan duniya, nune-nunen mulkin mallaka da wasu gidajen namun daji.

Irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance wani ɓangare na nishaɗi, farfaganda ta mulkin mallaka da kuma wasu ra'ayoyin da suka danganci wariyar launin fata da abin da ake kira ''scientific racism''. Mutanen da aka baje kolinsu sau da yawa ana gabatar da su a matsayin mutanen da ake ganin sun kasance ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

==Tarihi==

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun yaɗu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa tsakanin shekarun 1886 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da irin waɗannan nune-nunen a birane kamar [[Paris]], [[Chicago]], [[Geneva]], [[Brussels]], [[Berlin]], [[Osaka]] da [[St. Louis]].

A wasu lokuta ana gina abin da ake kira ''ƙauyukan anthropological'', inda mutane daga wasu yankuna suke rayuwa ko yin ayyukan da aka shirya domin masu kallo. Waɗannan nune-nunen sun haɗa da mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka.

==Baje kolin Paris na 1889==

A shekarar [[1889]], an gudanar da [[Exposition Universelle]] a birnin Paris na Faransa domin bikin cikar shekaru 100 da [[Juyin Juya Halin Faransa]]. Baje kolin ya gudana daga 6 Mayu zuwa 31 Oktoba 1889, kuma ya samu sama da baƙi miliyan 32.25.

Daga cikin abubuwan da suka jawo hankalin masu ziyara akwai wani ''ƙauyen Afirka'' ({{lang-fr|village nègre}}), inda aka nuna mutane daga yankunan da Faransa ke mulka. Wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 400 ne aka nuna a wannan sashe.

==Brussels da Tervuren, 1897==

A [[Brussels]] da [[Tervuren]] a shekarar 1897, Sarki [[Leopold II na Belgium]] ya shirya wani sashe na mulkin mallaka da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tallata aikin mulkin Belgium a [[Kongo]]. An kai mutanen Kongo zuwa Belgium domin a nuna su ga jama'a a wani ƙauye da aka gina a Tervuren.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa an kai mutanen Kongo 267 da ƙarfi zuwa Belgium domin a baje kolinsu, kuma mutane bakwai daga cikinsu sun mutu yayin zaman.

==Ota Benga da Bronx Zoo==

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun misalan irin wannan baje koli shi ne na Ota Benga, wani ɗan ƙabilar Mbuti daga Kongo.

A shekarar [[1906]], an kai Ota Benga zuwa [[Bronx Zoo]] da ke [[New York City]]. An nuna shi a wani sashe na gidan namun daji da ake kira ''Monkey House'', inda aka kuma nuna shi tare da birai. An ƙarfafa shi ya nuna wasu abubuwa kamar harbin baka da kibiya.

Nunin ya jawo suka daga wasu limaman Baƙar fata da sauran masu fafutuka a New York. Bayan ɗan lokaci aka dakatar da nunin.

==Expo 58 a Brussels==

A shekarar [[1958]], an gudanar da [[Expo 58]] a Brussels. A wannan baje koli an gina wani ''ƙauyen Kongo'' a [[Tropical Gardens]], inda aka nuna wasu 'yan Kongo ga masu ziyara.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa fiye da mutane 600 daga Kongo sun zo Belgium a lokacin Expo 58, kuma kusan 120 daga cikinsu ake nunawa a Tropical Gardens da rana.

Nunin ya haifar da koke-koke saboda yadda wasu masu ziyara suka yi wa mutanen Kongo halayya ta wariya da wulakanci. Yawancin mutanen da aka nuna sun bar wurin kafin a kammala baje kolin.

A lokacin Expo 58, wani jariri ɗan Kongo mai suna Juste Bonaventure Langa, mai watanni takwas, ya mutu a Leuven a ranar 22 Mayu 1958. An binne shi a makabartar Tervuren. Ba a tabbatar da dalilin mutuwarsa ba.

==Tasirin mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata==

Masana tarihi suna kallon irin waɗannan nune-nunen a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka da yadda aka samar da hotunan da suka nuna wasu al'ummomi a matsayin ''marasa wayewa'' ko ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance haɗin farfaganda, binciken kimiyya, nishaɗi da kallon mutane a matsayin abin kallo, kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara yadda wasu al'ummomin Yamma suka kalli mutanen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.

AfricaMuseum ya kuma kiyasta cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen a duniya sun jawo hankalin fiye da mutane biliyan 1.5, yayin da kusan mutane 35,000 aka taɓa baje kolinsu a irin waɗannan shirye-shirye.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Mulkin mallaka]]
* [[Wariyar launin fata]]
* [[Ota Benga]]
* [[Expo 58]]
* [[Exposition Universelle]]
* [[Bronx Zoo]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Karin bayani ==
* Blanchard, Pascal; Couttenier, Maarten (eds.). ''Zoos humains. L'invention du sauvage''. Liège: Centre d'Action Laïque de la Province de Liège, 2016.</text>
      <sha1>3fx1c8n8arvclgk81zujn8rvo44g7h6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963513</id>
      <parentid>963512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>963513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5015" sha1="2t99h3t4e7b0rgdg19nyifn7f22jc63" xml:space="preserve">==Gidajen namun daji na mutane==

Gidajen namun daji na mutane ({{lang-en|human zoos}}) wata kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana nune-nunen da aka yi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, inda ake baje kolin mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka a gaban jama'ar Turai da Amurka, musamman a bukukuwan duniya, nune-nunen mulkin mallaka da wasu gidajen namun daji.

Irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance wani ɓangare na nishaɗi, farfaganda ta mulkin mallaka da kuma wasu ra'ayoyin da suka danganci wariyar launin fata da abin da ake kira ''scientific racism''. Mutanen da aka baje kolinsu sau da yawa ana gabatar da su a matsayin mutanen da ake ganin sun kasance ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

==Tarihi==

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun yaɗu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa tsakanin shekarun 1886 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da irin waɗannan nune-nunen a birane kamar [[Paris]], [[Chicago]], [[Geneva]], [[Brussels]], [[Berlin]], [[Osaka]] da [[St. Louis]].

A wasu lokuta ana gina abin da ake kira ''ƙauyukan anthropological'', inda mutane daga wasu yankuna suke rayuwa ko yin ayyukan da aka shirya domin masu kallo. Waɗannan nune-nunen sun haɗa da mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka.

==Baje kolin Paris na 1889==

A shekarar [[1889]], an gudanar da [[Exposition Universelle]] a birnin Paris na Faransa domin bikin cikar shekaru 100 da [[Juyin Juya Halin Faransa]]. Baje kolin ya gudana daga 6 Mayu zuwa 31 Oktoba 1889, kuma ya samu sama da baƙi miliyan 32.25.

Daga cikin abubuwan da suka jawo hankalin masu ziyara akwai wani ''ƙauyen Afirka'' ({{lang-fr|village nègre}}), inda aka nuna mutane daga yankunan da Faransa ke mulka. Wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 400 ne aka nuna a wannan sashe.

==Brussels da Tervuren, 1897==

A [[Brussels]] da [[Tervuren]] a shekarar 1897, Sarki [[Leopold II na Belgium]] ya shirya wani sashe na mulkin mallaka da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tallata aikin mulkin Belgium a [[Kongo]]. An kai mutanen Kongo zuwa Belgium domin a nuna su ga jama'a a wani ƙauye da aka gina a Tervuren.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa an kai mutanen Kongo 267 da ƙarfi zuwa Belgium domin a baje kolinsu, kuma mutane bakwai daga cikinsu sun mutu yayin zaman.

==Ota Benga da Bronx Zoo==

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun misalan irin wannan baje koli shi ne na Ota Benga, wani ɗan ƙabilar Mbuti daga Kongo.

A shekarar [[1906]], an kai Ota Benga zuwa [[Bronx Zoo]] da ke [[New York City]]. An nuna shi a wani sashe na gidan namun daji da ake kira ''Monkey House'', inda aka kuma nuna shi tare da birai. An ƙarfafa shi ya nuna wasu abubuwa kamar harbin baka da kibiya.

Nunin ya jawo suka daga wasu limaman Baƙar fata da sauran masu fafutuka a New York. Bayan ɗan lokaci aka dakatar da nunin.

==Expo 58 a Brussels==

A shekarar [[1958]], an gudanar da [[Expo 58]] a Brussels. A wannan baje koli an gina wani ''ƙauyen Kongo'' a [[Tropical Gardens]], inda aka nuna wasu 'yan Kongo ga masu ziyara.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa fiye da mutane 600 daga Kongo sun zo Belgium a lokacin Expo 58, kuma kusan 120 daga cikinsu ake nunawa a Tropical Gardens da rana.

Nunin ya haifar da koke-koke saboda yadda wasu masu ziyara suka yi wa mutanen Kongo halayya ta wariya da wulakanci. Yawancin mutanen da aka nuna sun bar wurin kafin a kammala baje kolin.

A lokacin Expo 58, wani jariri ɗan Kongo mai suna Juste Bonaventure Langa, mai watanni takwas, ya mutu a Leuven a ranar 22 Mayu 1958. An binne shi a makabartar Tervuren. Ba a tabbatar da dalilin mutuwarsa ba.

==Tasirin mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata==

Masana tarihi suna kallon irin waɗannan nune-nunen a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka da yadda aka samar da hotunan da suka nuna wasu al'ummomi a matsayin ''marasa wayewa'' ko ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance haɗin farfaganda, binciken kimiyya, nishaɗi da kallon mutane a matsayin abin kallo, kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara yadda wasu al'ummomin Yamma suka kalli mutanen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.

AfricaMuseum ya kuma kiyasta cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen a duniya sun jawo hankalin fiye da mutane biliyan 1.5, yayin da kusan mutane 35,000 aka taɓa baje kolinsu a irin waɗannan shirye-shirye.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Mulkin mallaka]]
* [[Wariyar launin fata]]
* [[Ota Benga]]
* [[Expo 58]]
* [[Exposition Universelle]]
* [[Bronx Zoo]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
A shekarar 1897, an kai mutanen Kongo 267 zuwa Belgium da ƙarfi domin a baje kolinsu a Tervuren, kuma mutane bakwai daga cikinsu sun mutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The human zoo of Tervuren (1897)
|url=https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897
|website=Royal Museum for Central Africa
|access-date=2026-10-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karin bayani ==
* Blanchard, Pascal; Couttenier, Maarten (eds.). ''Zoos humains. L'invention du sauvage''. Liège: Centre d'Action Laïque de la Province de Liège, 2016.</text>
      <sha1>2t99h3t4e7b0rgdg19nyifn7f22jc63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963516</id>
      <parentid>963513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>963516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5540" sha1="livqv7p222vgaiy59i32loowj4zpnqe" xml:space="preserve">==Gidajen namun daji na mutane==[[File:Mutanen Kongo a ƙauyen baje koli na Tervuren, 1897.jpg|thumb|Ƙauyen Kongo da aka gina a Tervuren, Belgium, a shekarar 1897, domin baje kolin wasu al'ummomin Kongo ga masu ziyartar baje kolin mulkin mallaka.]][[File:Baje kolin mutanen Kongo a Tervuren, Belgium, 1897.jpg|thumb|Ota Benga, wani ɗan ƙabilar Mbuti daga Kongo, a gidan namun daji na Bronx Zoo da ke birnin New York, Amurka, a shekarar 1906. An nuna shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani nuni tare da dabbobi, lamarin da ya jawo suka daga masu fafutika.]]

Gidajen namun daji na mutane ({{lang-en|human zoos}}) wata kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana nune-nunen da aka yi a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, inda ake baje kolin mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka a gaban jama'ar Turai da Amurka, musamman a bukukuwan duniya, nune-nunen mulkin mallaka da wasu gidajen namun daji.

Irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance wani ɓangare na nishaɗi, farfaganda ta mulkin mallaka da kuma wasu ra'ayoyin da suka danganci wariyar launin fata da abin da ake kira ''scientific racism''. Mutanen da aka baje kolinsu sau da yawa ana gabatar da su a matsayin mutanen da ake ganin sun kasance ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

==Tarihi==

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun yaɗu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa tsakanin shekarun 1886 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da irin waɗannan nune-nunen a birane kamar [[Paris]], [[Chicago]], [[Geneva]], [[Brussels]], [[Berlin]], [[Osaka]] da [[St. Louis]].

A wasu lokuta ana gina abin da ake kira ''ƙauyukan anthropological'', inda mutane daga wasu yankuna suke rayuwa ko yin ayyukan da aka shirya domin masu kallo. Waɗannan nune-nunen sun haɗa da mutane daga Afirka, Asiya, Oceania da Amurka.

==Baje kolin Paris na 1889==

A shekarar [[1889]], an gudanar da [[Exposition Universelle]] a birnin Paris na Faransa domin bikin cikar shekaru 100 da [[Juyin Juya Halin Faransa]]. Baje kolin ya gudana daga 6 Mayu zuwa 31 Oktoba 1889, kuma ya samu sama da baƙi miliyan 32.25.

Daga cikin abubuwan da suka jawo hankalin masu ziyara akwai wani ''ƙauyen Afirka'' ({{lang-fr|village nègre}}), inda aka nuna mutane daga yankunan da Faransa ke mulka. Wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 400 ne aka nuna a wannan sashe.

==Brussels da Tervuren, 1897==

A [[Brussels]] da [[Tervuren]] a shekarar 1897, Sarki [[Leopold II na Belgium]] ya shirya wani sashe na mulkin mallaka da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tallata aikin mulkin Belgium a [[Kongo]]. An kai mutanen Kongo zuwa Belgium domin a nuna su ga jama'a a wani ƙauye da aka gina a Tervuren.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa an kai mutanen Kongo 267 da ƙarfi zuwa Belgium domin a baje kolinsu, kuma mutane bakwai daga cikinsu sun mutu yayin zaman.

==Ota Benga da Bronx Zoo==

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun misalan irin wannan baje koli shi ne na Ota Benga, wani ɗan ƙabilar Mbuti daga Kongo.

A shekarar [[1906]], an kai Ota Benga zuwa [[Bronx Zoo]] da ke [[New York City]]. An nuna shi a wani sashe na gidan namun daji da ake kira ''Monkey House'', inda aka kuma nuna shi tare da birai. An ƙarfafa shi ya nuna wasu abubuwa kamar harbin baka da kibiya.

Nunin ya jawo suka daga wasu limaman Baƙar fata da sauran masu fafutuka a New York. Bayan ɗan lokaci aka dakatar da nunin.

==Expo 58 a Brussels==

A shekarar [[1958]], an gudanar da [[Expo 58]] a Brussels. A wannan baje koli an gina wani ''ƙauyen Kongo'' a [[Tropical Gardens]], inda aka nuna wasu 'yan Kongo ga masu ziyara.

Royal Museum for Central Africa ya bayyana cewa fiye da mutane 600 daga Kongo sun zo Belgium a lokacin Expo 58, kuma kusan 120 daga cikinsu ake nunawa a Tropical Gardens da rana.

Nunin ya haifar da koke-koke saboda yadda wasu masu ziyara suka yi wa mutanen Kongo halayya ta wariya da wulakanci. Yawancin mutanen da aka nuna sun bar wurin kafin a kammala baje kolin.

A lokacin Expo 58, wani jariri ɗan Kongo mai suna Juste Bonaventure Langa, mai watanni takwas, ya mutu a Leuven a ranar 22 Mayu 1958. An binne shi a makabartar Tervuren. Ba a tabbatar da dalilin mutuwarsa ba.

==Tasirin mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata==

Masana tarihi suna kallon irin waɗannan nune-nunen a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka da yadda aka samar da hotunan da suka nuna wasu al'ummomi a matsayin ''marasa wayewa'' ko ''ƙasa'' da Turawa.

AfricaMuseum ya bayyana cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen sun kasance haɗin farfaganda, binciken kimiyya, nishaɗi da kallon mutane a matsayin abin kallo, kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara yadda wasu al'ummomin Yamma suka kalli mutanen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.

AfricaMuseum ya kuma kiyasta cewa irin waɗannan nune-nunen a duniya sun jawo hankalin fiye da mutane biliyan 1.5, yayin da kusan mutane 35,000 aka taɓa baje kolinsu a irin waɗannan shirye-shirye.

==Duba kuma==

* [[Mulkin mallaka]]
* [[Wariyar launin fata]]
* [[Ota Benga]]
* [[Expo 58]]
* [[Exposition Universelle]]
* [[Bronx Zoo]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
A shekarar 1897, an kai mutanen Kongo 267 zuwa Belgium da ƙarfi domin a baje kolinsu a Tervuren, kuma mutane bakwai daga cikinsu sun mutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The human zoo of Tervuren (1897)
|url=https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897
|website=Royal Museum for Central Africa
|access-date=2026-10-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karin bayani ==
* Blanchard, Pascal; Couttenier, Maarten (eds.). ''Zoos humains. L'invention du sauvage''. Liège: Centre d'Action Laïque de la Province de Liège, 2016.</text>
      <sha1>livqv7p222vgaiy59i32loowj4zpnqe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harin da aka kai Jeddah (1541)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963522</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370429469|Attack on Jeddah (1541)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963522</origin>
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 {{Campaignbox Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)}}'''Harin da aka kai Jeddah''' ya faru ne a shekarar 1541, kuma shine yunƙurin ƙarshe da Turawan Portugal suka yi na ƙwace birnin.    

A baya Turawan Portugal sun taɓa ƙoƙarin ƙwace Jeddah daga hannun Daular Uthmaniyya a shekarar 1517, amma aka ci su da yaƙi. A shekara ta 1541, rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Portugal ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnan Portugal na Indiya,Estêvão da Gama sun shiga cikin [[Red Sea|Tekun Maliya]] da nufin lalata rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Daular Uthmaniyya da ke [[Suez]].  Turawan Portugal sun lalata tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a kan hanyarsu, ciki har da Suakin. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Estêvão da Gama, 'yan Portugal sun kai hari kan Jeddah kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin kwace birnin      tare da rundunar jiragen ruwa da ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 85   suka sauka a tashar jiragen ruwa mai suna Abu AI-Dawa'ir kusa da Jeddah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daḥlan, Aḥmad Zaynī, p. 127&quot; /&gt;  Rundunar sojojin Daular Uthmaniyya a wancan lokacin karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg. 

Da jin labarin isowar Turawan Portugal, Abu Numayy ya yi kira da a yi jihadi a Makka, kuma mutane da yawa sun amsa kiran. Abu Numayy ya jagoranci sojojin Makka domin tallafawa sansanin Daular Uthmaniyya da kuma korar 'yan Portugal.   Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Daular Usmaniyya da Makka karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg da Abu Numayy sun yi nasarar dakile harin da Portugal ta kai, kuma an kare Jeddah cikin nasara.    An ba Abu Numayy lada saboda nasarar da ya samu wajen yin tsayin daka daga Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma, wanda ya ba shi rabin kuɗin da aka tara a Jeddah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brill&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daḥlan, Aḥmad Zaynī, p. 128&quot; /&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Kawancen Jeddah
* Yaƙin Suakin (1541)
* Yaƙin Suez (1541)

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>fbimjm0b729m8jt5dh0ny8fro0n0nxs</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963523</id>
      <parentid>963522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>963523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1738" sha1="kzwgdyvpe4h330yiaqzijuyj4ggesjn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Harin da aka kai wa Jeddah''' ya faru ne a shekarar 1541, kuma shine yunƙurin ƙarshe da Turawan Portugal suka yi na ƙwace birnin.    

A baya Turawan Portugal sun taɓa ƙoƙarin ƙwace Jeddah daga hannun Daular Uthmaniyya a shekarar 1517, amma aka ci su da yaƙi. A shekara ta 1541, rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Portugal ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnan Portugal na Indiya,Estêvão da Gama sun shiga cikin [[Red Sea|Tekun Maliya]] da nufin lalata rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Daular Uthmaniyya da ke [[Suez]].  Turawan Portugal sun lalata tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a kan hanyarsu, ciki har da Suakin. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Estêvão da Gama, 'yan Portugal sun kai hari kan Jeddah kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin kwace birnin      tare da rundunar jiragen ruwa da ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 85   suka sauka a tashar jiragen ruwa mai suna Abu AI-Dawa'ir kusa da Jeddah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daḥlan, Aḥmad Zaynī, p. 127&quot; /&gt;  Rundunar sojojin Daular Uthmaniyya a wancan lokacin karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg. 

Da jin labarin isowar Turawan Portugal, Abu Numayy ya yi kira da a yi jihadi a Makka, kuma mutane da yawa sun amsa kiran. Abu Numayy ya jagoranci sojojin Makka domin tallafawa sansanin Daular Uthmaniyya da kuma korar 'yan Portugal.   Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Daular Usmaniyya da Makka karkashin jagorancin Ali Beg da Abu Numayy sun yi nasarar dakile harin da Portugal ta kai, kuma an kare Jeddah cikin nasara.    An ba Abu Numayy lada saboda nasarar da ya samu wajen yin tsayin daka daga Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma, wanda ya ba shi rabin kuɗin da aka tara a Jeddah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brill&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daḥlan, Aḥmad Zaynī, p. 128&quot; /&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Kawancen Jeddah
* Yaƙin Suakin (1541)
* Yaƙin Suez (1541)

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kzwgdyvpe4h330yiaqzijuyj4ggesjn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Arowolo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963534</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:23:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362508177|Emmanuel Arowolo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963534</origin>
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'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) mai gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a gasar Commonwealth ta 2018 a tseren mita 200 da mita 4x100. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Najeriya da ta cancanci zuwa wasan ƙarshe amma sai aka hana shi shiga gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka yi a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 4×100. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya samu gogewarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Bydgoszcz, Poland, inda ya fita da mita 200 da dakika 21.16 a wasan kusa da na karshe, haka kuma da tseren mita 4 x 100 na Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>gj38dwx0rjdxtig52h60ad6o1fpe4tu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963536</id>
      <parentid>963534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:25:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>963536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2065" sha1="7b0a7j1rcxo4k9mwrdl0lt4nkld1lhp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) mai gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a gasar Commonwealth ta 2018 a tseren mita 200 da mita 4x100. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Najeriya da ta cancanci zuwa wasan ƙarshe amma sai aka hana shi shiga gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka yi a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 4×100. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya samu gogewarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Bydgoszcz, Poland, inda ya fita da mita 200 da dakika 21.16 a wasan kusa da na karshe, haka kuma da tseren mita 4 x 100 na Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>7b0a7j1rcxo4k9mwrdl0lt4nkld1lhp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963550</id>
      <parentid>963536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:56:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>963550</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2107" sha1="4suq974zykn6fo91pop24x4g3q4suiw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) ɗan gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a wasannin Commonwealth na  shekarar 2018 a tseren mita 200 da kuma tseren gudun mita 4x100 na rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Najeriya da ta cancanci zuwa wasan ƙarshe amma sai aka hana shi shiga gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka yi a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 4×100. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya samu gogewarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Bydgoszcz, Poland, inda ya fita da mita 200 da dakika 21.16 a wasan kusa da na karshe, haka kuma da tseren mita 4 x 100 na Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>4suq974zykn6fo91pop24x4g3q4suiw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963554</id>
      <parentid>963550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:00:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>963554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2158" sha1="gjgeg44r4dfmbduvrjg9nbkzsknnldm" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) ɗan gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a wasannin Commonwealth na  shekarar 2018 a tseren mita 200 da kuma tseren gudun mita 4x100 na rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Najeriya da yake cikinta ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan ƙarshe, amma daga bisani aka cire ta daga gasar saboda rashin cancanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka gudanar a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] inda kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren gudun mita 4×100 na rukuni. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya samu gogewarsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Bydgoszcz, Poland, inda ya fita da mita 200 da dakika 21.16 a wasan kusa da na karshe, haka kuma da tseren mita 4 x 100 na Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>gjgeg44r4dfmbduvrjg9nbkzsknnldm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963556</id>
      <parentid>963554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>963556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2204" sha1="6z7nur2fh3sf9qtumh7zg4lgr4tfysu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) ɗan gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a wasannin Commonwealth na  shekarar 2018 a tseren mita 200 da kuma tseren gudun mita 4x100 na rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Najeriya da yake cikinta ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan ƙarshe, amma daga bisani aka cire ta daga gasar saboda rashin cancanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka gudanar a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] inda kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren gudun mita 4×100 na rukuni. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya fara samun kwarewarsa ta farko a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan wasan ƙasa da shekaru ashirin (U20) ta shekarar 2016 a Bydgoszcz, Poland, inda ya fita da mita 200 da dakika 21.16 a wasan kusa da na karshe, haka kuma da tseren mita 4 x 100 na Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>6z7nur2fh3sf9qtumh7zg4lgr4tfysu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963558</id>
      <parentid>963556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jidda3711</username>
        <id>14843</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>963558</origin>
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      <text bytes="2292" sha1="kvtj32izciiyr9kuamttz98v74swv9q" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Olawunmi Emmanuel Arowolo''' (an haife shi 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1997) ɗan gudun tseren Najeriya ne. Ya fafata a wasannin Commonwealth na  shekarar 2018 a tseren mita 200 da kuma tseren gudun mita 4x100 na rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Arowolo |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020249-emmanuel-arowolo.htm |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Najeriya da yake cikinta ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan ƙarshe, amma daga bisani aka cire ta daga gasar saboda rashin cancanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=results.gc2018.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ya fafata a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2018 a Wasanni|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka gudanar a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] inda kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren gudun mita 4×100 na rukuni. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance memba na [[Fafatawar Najeriya a Wasannin Afirika na 2019|ƙungiyar 'yan wasan tseren {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} ta Najeriya]] wadda ta lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Games (Athletics) Results - Men's 4x100m Relay Final |url=https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231805/https://wrs-ag2019g.mev.atos.net/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-men-s-4x100m-relay-1-01.htm |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=2019 AG official website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Arowolo ya fara samun kwarewarsa ta farko a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan wasan ƙasa da shekaru ashirin (U20) ta shekarar 2016 a Bydgoszcz, Poland. A can, ya kasa tsallake matakin kusa da na ƙarshe (semifinals) a tseren mita 200, inda ya yi lokacin daƙiƙa 21.16. Haka kuma, ya fafata tare da tawagar Najeriya a tseren gudun mita 4×100 na rukuni.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>kvtj32izciiyr9kuamttz98v74swv9q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963538</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>963538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2259" sha1="px8pij3plul51iy4wtfemqksqo36wrd" xml:space="preserve">==Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso==

Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso, wanda aka fi sani da “Allah Hore”, ɗan jarida ne kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo daga Arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Halilu Ahmed Getso a shekarar 1948 a garin Getso, da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwarzo a Jihar Kano. Daga baya ya zauna a Sabon Gari, Kano, a shekarun 1970.

==Farkon aikinsa==

Halilu Ahmed Getso ya fara aikinsa a Radio Television Kaduna (RTK), inda ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo.

A shekarar 1977, an kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) a matsayin tsarin talabijin na ƙasa, kuma tashoshin talabijin na yankuna suka shiga cikin sabon tsarin.[1]

==Karatu da aiki a Birtaniya==

A shekarar 1976, Getso ya tafi Birtaniya domin ƙara ilimi. A lokacin zamansa a ƙasar, an bayyana cewa ya taɓa yin aiki na ɗan lokaci a BBC London, inda ya ƙara samun gogewa a fannin aikin jarida da watsa shirye-shirye.

==Aikin rediyo da siyasa==

Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Getso ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen siyasa.

An danganta shi da ƙirƙira da gabatar da shirin “Dandalin Siyasa”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tattauna harkokin siyasa da wayar da kan jama'a.

Bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1979, ya kuma gabatar da shirin “Alƙawari Kaya Ne”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bibiyar alkawuran da shugabanni suka ɗauka ga jama'a.

==Muƙamai==

A lokacin aikinsa a fannin yaɗa labarai, ya riƙe wasu muƙamai, ciki har da:

* Daraktan Radio Nigeria Kano;
* Daraktan Bello Dandago Radio Kano.

==Gudummawarsa==

Getso ya taka rawa a fannin shirye-shiryen rediyo da yaɗa labarai a Arewacin Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da gabatar da shirye-shiryen siyasa da zamantakewa, tare da amfani da harshen Hausa wajen isar da saƙonni ga masu sauraro.

==Duba kuma==

* Aikin jarida a Najeriya
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
* Radio Nigeria
* Nigerian Television Authority
* BBC

==Manazarta==

* Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). History of NTA.
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). History of Radio Nigeria.
* British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). About the BBC.</text>
      <sha1>px8pij3plul51iy4wtfemqksqo36wrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963539</id>
      <parentid>963538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>963539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2355" sha1="mrhalul130i5kcfkhmbv3rln28k82m3" xml:space="preserve">==Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso==[[File:Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso.jpg|thumb|Tsohon maaikacin gidan radio da talbijin na tarayya]]

Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso, wanda aka fi sani da “Allah Hore”, ɗan jarida ne kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo daga Arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Halilu Ahmed Getso a shekarar 1948 a garin Getso, da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwarzo a Jihar Kano. Daga baya ya zauna a Sabon Gari, Kano, a shekarun 1970.

==Farkon aikinsa==

Halilu Ahmed Getso ya fara aikinsa a Radio Television Kaduna (RTK), inda ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo.

A shekarar 1977, an kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) a matsayin tsarin talabijin na ƙasa, kuma tashoshin talabijin na yankuna suka shiga cikin sabon tsarin.[1]

==Karatu da aiki a Birtaniya==

A shekarar 1976, Getso ya tafi Birtaniya domin ƙara ilimi. A lokacin zamansa a ƙasar, an bayyana cewa ya taɓa yin aiki na ɗan lokaci a BBC London, inda ya ƙara samun gogewa a fannin aikin jarida da watsa shirye-shirye.

==Aikin rediyo da siyasa==

Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Getso ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen siyasa.

An danganta shi da ƙirƙira da gabatar da shirin “Dandalin Siyasa”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tattauna harkokin siyasa da wayar da kan jama'a.

Bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1979, ya kuma gabatar da shirin “Alƙawari Kaya Ne”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bibiyar alkawuran da shugabanni suka ɗauka ga jama'a.

==Muƙamai==

A lokacin aikinsa a fannin yaɗa labarai, ya riƙe wasu muƙamai, ciki har da:

* Daraktan Radio Nigeria Kano;
* Daraktan Bello Dandago Radio Kano.

==Gudummawarsa==

Getso ya taka rawa a fannin shirye-shiryen rediyo da yaɗa labarai a Arewacin Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da gabatar da shirye-shiryen siyasa da zamantakewa, tare da amfani da harshen Hausa wajen isar da saƙonni ga masu sauraro.

==Duba kuma==

* Aikin jarida a Najeriya
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
* Radio Nigeria
* Nigerian Television Authority
* BBC

==Manazarta==

* Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). History of NTA.
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). History of Radio Nigeria.
* British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). About the BBC.</text>
      <sha1>mrhalul130i5kcfkhmbv3rln28k82m3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963567</id>
      <parentid>963539</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>963567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2452" sha1="ez4gy0reachlu9yo1hhh1lupx1i3svg" xml:space="preserve">==Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso==[[File:Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso.jpg|thumb|Tsohon maaikacin gidan radio da talbijin na tarayya]][[File:Halilu Ahmad getso.png|thumb|Alhaji halilu Ahmad getso awasu lokuta zamanin kuruciyar sa]]

Alhaji Halilu Ahmed Getso, wanda aka fi sani da “Allah Hore”, ɗan jarida ne kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo daga Arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Halilu Ahmed Getso a shekarar 1948 a garin Getso, da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwarzo a Jihar Kano. Daga baya ya zauna a Sabon Gari, Kano, a shekarun 1970.

==Farkon aikinsa==

Halilu Ahmed Getso ya fara aikinsa a Radio Television Kaduna (RTK), inda ya yi aiki a fannin yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen rediyo.

A shekarar 1977, an kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) a matsayin tsarin talabijin na ƙasa, kuma tashoshin talabijin na yankuna suka shiga cikin sabon tsarin.[1]

==Karatu da aiki a Birtaniya==

A shekarar 1976, Getso ya tafi Birtaniya domin ƙara ilimi. A lokacin zamansa a ƙasar, an bayyana cewa ya taɓa yin aiki na ɗan lokaci a BBC London, inda ya ƙara samun gogewa a fannin aikin jarida da watsa shirye-shirye.

==Aikin rediyo da siyasa==

Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Getso ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaɗa labarai da shirye-shiryen siyasa.

An danganta shi da ƙirƙira da gabatar da shirin “Dandalin Siyasa”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tattauna harkokin siyasa da wayar da kan jama'a.

Bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1979, ya kuma gabatar da shirin “Alƙawari Kaya Ne”, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bibiyar alkawuran da shugabanni suka ɗauka ga jama'a.

==Muƙamai==

A lokacin aikinsa a fannin yaɗa labarai, ya riƙe wasu muƙamai, ciki har da:

* Daraktan Radio Nigeria Kano;
* Daraktan Bello Dandago Radio Kano.

==Gudummawarsa==

Getso ya taka rawa a fannin shirye-shiryen rediyo da yaɗa labarai a Arewacin Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da gabatar da shirye-shiryen siyasa da zamantakewa, tare da amfani da harshen Hausa wajen isar da saƙonni ga masu sauraro.

==Duba kuma==

* Aikin jarida a Najeriya
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
* Radio Nigeria
* Nigerian Television Authority
* BBC

==Manazarta==

* Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). History of NTA.
* Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). History of Radio Nigeria.
* British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). About the BBC.</text>
      <sha1>ez4gy0reachlu9yo1hhh1lupx1i3svg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963540</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:35:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360974347|Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963540</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1408" sha1="nlbk9tilp0sakw6fvz5ps0l7nee7abn" xml:space="preserve">'''Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ya ƙunshi potassium cations da tetraiodomercurate (II) anions. Shi ne sinadarin aiki da ke cikin sinadarin Nessler's reagent, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ammonia . 

== Shiri ==
Maganin yana yin lu'ulu'u ne daga wani maganin mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, da kuma daidai kashi 2% [[Ruwa|na ruwa]] a cikin acetone . Gwajin hadawa a cikin ruwan da aka tattara zai ba da launin ruwan lemu mai haske  maimakon haka. 

== Aikace-aikace ==
wani abu ne da ke gaba ga [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[Copper|tagulla]] da [[Silver|azurfa]] iri ɗaya &amp;nbsp;(M=Cu,&amp;nbsp;Ag). 

=== Na'urar haƙo man Nessler ===


Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa 


Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga  zuwa  

:  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nlbk9tilp0sakw6fvz5ps0l7nee7abn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963541</id>
      <parentid>963540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1420" sha1="ket35wmg6z3275d98zyfl6dgxc0662g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ya ƙunshi potassium cations da tetraiodomercurate (II) anions. Shi ne sinadarin aiki da ke cikin sinadarin Nessler's reagent, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ammonia . 

== Shiri ==
Maganin yana yin lu'ulu'u ne daga wani maganin mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, da kuma daidai kashi 2% [[Ruwa|na ruwa]] a cikin acetone . Gwajin hadawa a cikin ruwan da aka tattara zai ba da launin ruwan lemu mai haske  maimakon haka. 

== Aikace-aikace ==
wani abu ne da ke gaba ga [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[Copper|tagulla]] da [[Silver|azurfa]] iri ɗaya &amp;nbsp;(M=Cu,&amp;nbsp;Ag). 

=== Na'urar haƙo man Nessler ===


Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa 


Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga  zuwa  

:  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ket35wmg6z3275d98zyfl6dgxc0662g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963543</id>
      <parentid>963541</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Na'urar haƙo man Nessler */</comment>
      <origin>963543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1455" sha1="k0zkvwupt6cuhcwmvrbtnl3cko4xjst" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ya ƙunshi potassium cations da tetraiodomercurate (II) anions. Shi ne sinadarin aiki da ke cikin sinadarin Nessler's reagent, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ammonia . 

== Shiri ==
Maganin yana yin lu'ulu'u ne daga wani maganin mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, da kuma daidai kashi 2% [[Ruwa|na ruwa]] a cikin acetone . Gwajin hadawa a cikin ruwan da aka tattara zai ba da launin ruwan lemu mai haske  maimakon haka. 

== Aikace-aikace ==
wani abu ne da ke gaba ga [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[Copper|tagulla]] da [[Silver|azurfa]] iri ɗaya &amp;nbsp;(M=Cu,&amp;nbsp;Ag). 

=== Na'urar haƙo man Nessler ===


Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa 


Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga  zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{VogelQualitative5th|pages=293–294}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  

:  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>k0zkvwupt6cuhcwmvrbtnl3cko4xjst</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963544</id>
      <parentid>963543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:41:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Na'urar haƙo man Nessler */</comment>
      <origin>963544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1519" sha1="cu1a7jueurqu7d6r9cxi897m44u3ly6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ya ƙunshi potassium cations da tetraiodomercurate (II) anions. Shi ne sinadarin aiki da ke cikin sinadarin Nessler's reagent, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ammonia . 

== Shiri ==
Maganin yana yin lu'ulu'u ne daga wani maganin mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, da kuma daidai kashi 2% [[Ruwa|na ruwa]] a cikin acetone . Gwajin hadawa a cikin ruwan da aka tattara zai ba da launin ruwan lemu mai haske  maimakon haka. 

== Aikace-aikace ==
wani abu ne da ke gaba ga [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[Copper|tagulla]] da [[Silver|azurfa]] iri ɗaya &amp;nbsp;(M=Cu,&amp;nbsp;Ag). 

=== Na'urar haƙo man Nessler ===


Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa .&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel4th-319&quot;&gt;{{VogelQualitative4th|page=319}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga  zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{VogelQualitative5th|pages=293–294}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  

:  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>cu1a7jueurqu7d6r9cxi897m44u3ly6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963545</id>
      <parentid>963544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:44:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963545</origin>
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'''Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II)''' wani sinadari ne mara tsari wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ya ƙunshi potassium cations da tetraiodomercurate (II) anions. Shi ne sinadarin aiki da ke cikin sinadarin Nessler's reagent, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ammonia . &lt;ref&gt;{{VogelQualitative}}
&lt;/ref&gt;


== Shiri ==
Maganin yana yin lu'ulu'u ne daga wani maganin mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, da kuma daidai kashi 2% [[Ruwa|na ruwa]] a cikin acetone . Gwajin hadawa a cikin ruwan da aka tattara zai ba da launin ruwan lemu mai haske  maimakon haka. 

== Aikace-aikace ==
wani abu ne da ke gaba ga [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[Copper|tagulla]] da [[Silver|azurfa]] iri ɗaya &amp;nbsp;(M=Cu,&amp;nbsp;Ag). 

=== Na'urar haƙo man Nessler ===


Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa .&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel4th-319&quot;&gt;{{VogelQualitative4th|page=319}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga  zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{VogelQualitative5th|pages=293–294}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  

:  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338613326|2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963551</origin>
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;DOAc&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;DOAc&lt;/span&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:DOAc_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | Wasu sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine; 4-Acetyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; DOAc; DOAC
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Drug class|Ajin magani]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Receptor modulator|Mai daidaita mai]] karɓar [[Serotonin]] [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |
|}
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine''' ( '''DOAc''' ) wani sinadari ne mai sarrafa masu karɓar serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwCg&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na iyalan amphetamine da DOx . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Wainscott DB, Glennon RA |date=January 1999 |title=Comparisons of hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamine binding affinities at cloned human 5-HT2A, -HT(2B) and 5-HT2C receptors |url= |journal=Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol |volume=359 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/pl00005315 |pmid=9933142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaƙarsa ( &lt;sub&gt;K₂i&lt;/sub&gt; ) ga masu karɓar serotonin 5- &lt;sub&gt;HT2&lt;/sub&gt; na ɗan adam shine 80.5{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwFw&quot;&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, 313{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwGg&quot;&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, da 91.3{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwHQ&quot;&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan alaƙar sun yi ƙasa da na sauran abubuwan da aka samo daga DOx, kamar DOB, amma suna kama da na 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; DOAc wani sinadari ne da ake sarrafawa a [[Kanada]] a ƙarƙashin harshen hana phenethylamine. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/FullText.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=Department of Justice Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel4th-319&quot;&gt;{{VogelQualitative4th|page=319}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;Na'urar da aka sanya wa suna daga Julius Neßler (Nessler), wacce aka sanya wa sunanta, 0.09 ne. maganin mol/L na potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) a cikin 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide . Wannan ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia yana yin launin rawaya mai zurfi idan aka haɗa shi da ammonia ( ). A mafi yawan taro, wani abu mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo daga tushen Millon ( ) na iya samuwa. Jin daɗin da ake samu a gwajin tabo shine kusan 0.3 μg cikin 2 μL. [1]Ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba shi da cikakken siffa kuma yana iya bambanta daga zuwa [1]

* DOx (psychedelics)</text>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
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      <comment>/* Duba kuma */</comment>
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;DOAc&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;DOAc&lt;/span&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | Wasu sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine; 4-Acetyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; DOAc; DOAC
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Drug class|Ajin magani]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Receptor modulator|Mai daidaita mai]] karɓar [[Serotonin]] [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |
|}
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine''' ( '''DOAc''' ) wani sinadari ne mai sarrafa masu karɓar serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwCg&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na iyalan amphetamine da DOx . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Wainscott DB, Glennon RA |date=January 1999 |title=Comparisons of hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamine binding affinities at cloned human 5-HT2A, -HT(2B) and 5-HT2C receptors |url= |journal=Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol |volume=359 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/pl00005315 |pmid=9933142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaƙarsa ( &lt;sub&gt;K₂i&lt;/sub&gt; ) ga masu karɓar serotonin 5- &lt;sub&gt;HT2&lt;/sub&gt; na ɗan adam shine 80.5{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwFw&quot;&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, 313{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwGg&quot;&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, da 91.3{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwHQ&quot;&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan alaƙar sun yi ƙasa da na sauran abubuwan da aka samo daga DOx, kamar DOB, amma suna kama da na 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; DOAc wani sinadari ne da ake sarrafawa a [[Kanada]] a ƙarƙashin harshen hana phenethylamine. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/FullText.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=Department of Justice Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* DOx (psychedelics)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963553</id>
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{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;DOAc&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;DOAc&lt;/span&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot;
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | Wasu sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine; 4-Acetyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; DOAc; DOAC
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Drug class|Ajin magani]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Receptor modulator|Mai daidaita mai]] karɓar [[Serotonin]] [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |
|}
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-acetylamphetamine''' ( '''DOAc''' ) wani sinadari ne mai sarrafa masu karɓar serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwCg&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na iyalan amphetamine da DOx . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Wainscott DB, Glennon RA |date=January 1999 |title=Comparisons of hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamine binding affinities at cloned human 5-HT2A, -HT(2B) and 5-HT2C receptors |url= |journal=Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol |volume=359 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/pl00005315 |pmid=9933142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaƙarsa ( &lt;sub&gt;K₂i&lt;/sub&gt; ) ga masu karɓar serotonin 5- &lt;sub&gt;HT2&lt;/sub&gt; na ɗan adam shine 80.5{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwFw&quot;&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, 313{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwGg&quot;&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor, da 91.3{{Spaces}}nM don serotonin 5-HT &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwHQ&quot;&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; receptor . &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan alaƙar sun yi ƙasa da na sauran abubuwan da aka samo daga DOx, kamar DOB, amma suna kama da na 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;NelsonLucaitesWainscott1999&quot; /&gt; DOAc wani sinadari ne da ake sarrafawa a [[Kanada]] a ƙarƙashin harshen hana phenethylamine. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/FullText.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=Department of Justice Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* DOx (psychedelics)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Proconsul africanus</title>
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        <id>47435</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362170396|Proconsul africanus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Proconsul africanus''''' biri ne wanda ya rayu daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 23 zuwa 14 da suka gabata a zamanin Miocene . Mai cin 'ya'yan itace ne kuma kwakwalwarsa ta fi ta [[biri]] girma, kodayake wataƙila ba ta kai girman biri na zamani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proconsul africanus |url=http://archaeologyinfo.com/proconsul-africanus/ |publisher=archaelogyinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilmin halittu Arthur Hopwood ne ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1933 bayan wasu gwaggon biri da aka kira Consul. Birai sun yi wasannin kwaikwayo irin na ɗan adam, kamar hawa keke da buga piano, a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin.  An gano wasu nau'ikan halittar ''Proconsul'' tun daga lokacin.

== Bincike ==
Binciken Leakey na 1947-1948 zuwa Tsibirin Rusinga a Tafkin Victoria ya gano wasu nau'ikan Proconsul. Mary Leakey ta yi cikakken binciken Proconsul a can a cikin 1948,  wanda ya kasance na shekaru da yawa ana kiransa africanus, amma Alan Walker ya sake sanya shi a matsayin Hesseloni a cikin 1993. A cikin 1951 Leakey da Le Gros Clark sun sanya Xenopithecus koruensis na Hopwood (&quot;baƙon biri daga Koru, Kenya&quot;) tare da africanus. A cikin 1951 kuma T. Whitworth ya sami ƙarin Proconsul a kan Rusinga, wanda ya yi la'akari da africanus, amma an haɗa su da abubuwan da Walker ya gano a 1992 don samar da Hesseloni.

An yi la'akari da nau'in burbushin halittu masu shekaru miliyan 18 a matsayin kakannin manyan da ƙananan birai, da na mutane. Masanin burbushin halittu Louis Leakey, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu farautar burbushin burbushin tarihi na karni na 20 kuma mai gwagwarmayar juyin halitta, ya ce:
{{Cquote|An especially important creature was ''Proconsul africanus''. This, many authorities once concluded, gave us an indication of the common stock for apes and men. We have good forelimb bones for it, and in 1948 on Rusinga Island Mary [Leakey] discovered a skull, the first nearly complete specimen ever found. Its [[canine teeth]] suggest an ape's, while its forehead reminds us of our own. It seems to me, however, to be neither an ancestral ape, nor yet an ancestor of man, but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks...&quot;}}
Leakey ya canza tunaninsa sau da yawa game da ainihin rarrabawar Proconsul, kamar yadda yawancin sauran masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi. Ra'ayi a halin yanzu yana son matsayi tsakanin birai da birai.

== Yanayin Yanayi ==
[[File:Proconsul_heseloni_KNM-RU_7290.jpg|left|thumb|Gashin kai na ''P. africanus''.]]
''Proconsul africanus'' had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 on both the upper and lower jaws. The molars of this species had thin enamel and there was a prominent molar cingula. This species also possessed a robust zygomatic bone and a pronounced snout. This species had a broad interorbital region and small frontoethmoidal sinuses. The maxillary sinus was restricted. This species had an auditory region which would be similar to that of extant apes and cercopithecoid monkeys. The ectotympanic tube was well-developed. This species lacked a tail and the canines of this species were sexually dimorphic. The skull lacks supraorbital tori and can be considered somewhat prognathous. This species has a cranial capacity of {{Cvt|167|cm3}}. and an encephalization quotient of 1.5. Based on the cranium, this species had an external brain surface much like that of gibbons and cercopithecoid monkeys. The wrist of this species has been described as monkey-like. This species has a talus in which the trochlear surface is highly curved and deeply grooved. The foot of this species possessed a transverse arch. ''Proconsul africanus'' had a [[brachial index]] of 96 which is comparable to the extant genus ''[[Pan genus|Pan]]''. Overall the skeleton of this species can be described as being robust.  This species had an average body mass of around {{Cvt|18|kg}}.

Bisa ga yanayin hakora, an yi la'akari da cewa ''Proconsul africanus'' jinsin ne mai cin ganyayyaki; binciken da Aiello ya yi a 1981 ya kammala cewa &quot;mai ciyar da reshe ne&quot;.Dangane da sassan postcranial, mai yiwuwa ne arboreal quadruped.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Proconsul africanus''''' biri ne wanda ya rayu daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 23 zuwa 14 da suka gabata a zamanin Miocene . Mai cin 'ya'yan itace ne kuma kwakwalwarsa ta fi ta [[biri]] girma, kodayake wataƙila ba ta kai girman biri na zamani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proconsul africanus |url=http://archaeologyinfo.com/proconsul-africanus/ |publisher=archaelogyinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilmin halittu Arthur Hopwood ne ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1933 bayan wasu gwaggon biri da aka kira Consul. Birai sun yi wasannin kwaikwayo irin na ɗan adam, kamar hawa keke da buga piano, a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin.  An gano wasu nau'ikan halittar ''Proconsul'' tun daga lokacin.

== Bincike ==
Binciken Leakey na 1947-1948 zuwa Tsibirin Rusinga a Tafkin Victoria ya gano wasu nau'ikan Proconsul. Mary Leakey ta yi cikakken binciken Proconsul a can a cikin 1948,  wanda ya kasance na shekaru da yawa ana kiransa africanus, amma Alan Walker ya sake sanya shi a matsayin Hesseloni a cikin 1993. A cikin 1951 Leakey da Le Gros Clark sun sanya Xenopithecus koruensis na Hopwood (&quot;baƙon biri daga Koru, Kenya&quot;) tare da africanus. A cikin 1951 kuma T.&lt;ref&gt;Leakey, M.D. 1948. &quot;The discovery of the skull and associated mandible of a Miocene Ape.&quot; ''The Archaeological News Letter'' 8, December 1948, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Whitworth ya sami ƙarin Proconsul a kan Rusinga, wanda ya yi la'akari da africanus, amma an haɗa su da abubuwan da Walker ya gano a 1992 don samar da Hesseloni.

An yi la'akari da nau'in burbushin halittu masu shekaru miliyan 18 a matsayin kakannin manyan da ƙananan birai, da na mutane. Masanin burbushin halittu Louis Leakey, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu farautar burbushin burbushin tarihi na karni na 20 kuma mai gwagwarmayar juyin halitta, ya ce:
{{Cquote|An especially important creature was ''Proconsul africanus''. This, many authorities once concluded, gave us an indication of the common stock for apes and men. We have good forelimb bones for it, and in 1948 on Rusinga Island Mary [Leakey] discovered a skull, the first nearly complete specimen ever found. Its [[canine teeth]] suggest an ape's, while its forehead reminds us of our own. It seems to me, however, to be neither an ancestral ape, nor yet an ancestor of man, but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks...&quot;}}
Leakey ya canza tunaninsa sau da yawa game da ainihin rarrabawar Proconsul, kamar yadda yawancin sauran masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi. Ra'ayi a halin yanzu yana son matsayi tsakanin birai da birai.

== Yanayin Yanayi ==
[[File:Proconsul_heseloni_KNM-RU_7290.jpg|left|thumb|Gashin kai na ''P. africanus''.]]
''Proconsul africanus'' had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 on both the upper and lower jaws. The molars of this species had thin enamel and there was a prominent molar cingula. This species also possessed a robust zygomatic bone and a pronounced snout. This species had a broad interorbital region and small frontoethmoidal sinuses. The maxillary sinus was restricted. This species had an auditory region which would be similar to that of extant apes and cercopithecoid monkeys. The ectotympanic tube was well-developed. This species lacked a tail and the canines of this species were sexually dimorphic. The skull lacks supraorbital tori and can be considered somewhat prognathous. This species has a cranial capacity of {{Cvt|167|cm3}}. and an encephalization quotient of 1.5. Based on the cranium, this species had an external brain surface much like that of gibbons and cercopithecoid monkeys. The wrist of this species has been described as monkey-like. This species has a talus in which the trochlear surface is highly curved and deeply grooved. The foot of this species possessed a transverse arch. ''Proconsul africanus'' had a [[brachial index]] of 96 which is comparable to the extant genus ''[[Pan genus|Pan]]''. Overall the skeleton of this species can be described as being robust.  This species had an average body mass of around {{Cvt|18|kg}}.

Bisa ga yanayin hakora, an yi la'akari da cewa ''Proconsul africanus'' jinsin ne mai cin ganyayyaki; binciken da Aiello ya yi a 1981 ya kammala cewa &quot;mai ciyar da reshe ne&quot;.Dangane da sassan postcranial, mai yiwuwa ne arboreal quadruped.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>963559</id>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
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      <text bytes="4278" sha1="8arjgy81ze87lo53ycyjtt63x2hf6ro" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Proconsul africanus''''' biri ne wanda ya rayu daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 23 zuwa 14 da suka gabata a zamanin Miocene . Mai cin 'ya'yan itace ne kuma kwakwalwarsa ta fi ta [[biri]] girma, kodayake wataƙila ba ta kai girman biri na zamani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proconsul africanus |url=http://archaeologyinfo.com/proconsul-africanus/ |publisher=archaelogyinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilmin halittu Arthur Hopwood ne ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1933 bayan wasu gwaggon biri da aka kira Consul. Birai sun yi wasannin kwaikwayo irin na ɗan adam, kamar hawa keke da buga piano, a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin.  An gano wasu nau'ikan halittar ''Proconsul'' tun daga lokacin.

== Bincike ==
Binciken Leakey na 1947-1948 zuwa Tsibirin Rusinga a Tafkin Victoria ya gano wasu nau'ikan Proconsul. Mary Leakey ta yi cikakken binciken Proconsul a can a cikin 1948,  wanda ya kasance na shekaru da yawa ana kiransa africanus, amma Alan Walker ya sake sanya shi a matsayin Hesseloni a cikin 1993. A cikin 1951 Leakey da Le Gros Clark sun sanya Xenopithecus koruensis na Hopwood (&quot;baƙon biri daga Koru, Kenya&quot;) tare da africanus. A cikin 1951 kuma T.&lt;ref&gt;Leakey, M.D. 1948. &quot;The discovery of the skull and associated mandible of a Miocene Ape.&quot; ''The Archaeological News Letter'' 8, December 1948, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Whitworth ya sami ƙarin Proconsul a kan Rusinga, wanda ya yi la'akari da africanus, amma an haɗa su da abubuwan da Walker ya gano a 1992 don samar da Hesseloni.

An yi la'akari da nau'in burbushin halittu masu shekaru miliyan 18 a matsayin kakannin manyan da ƙananan birai, da na mutane. Masanin burbushin halittu Louis Leakey, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu farautar burbushin burbushin tarihi na karni na 20 kuma mai gwagwarmayar juyin halitta, ya ce:
{{Cquote|An especially important creature was ''Proconsul africanus''. This, many authorities once concluded, gave us an indication of the common stock for apes and men. We have good forelimb bones for it, and in 1948 on Rusinga Island Mary [Leakey] discovered a skull, the first nearly complete specimen ever found. Its [[canine teeth]] suggest an ape's, while its forehead reminds us of our own. It seems to me, however, to be neither an ancestral ape, nor yet an ancestor of man, but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks...&quot;}}
Leakey ya canza tunaninsa sau da yawa game da ainihin rarrabawar Proconsul, kamar yadda yawancin sauran masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi. Ra'ayi a halin yanzu yana son matsayi tsakanin birai da birai.

== Yanayin Yanayi ==
[[File:Proconsul_heseloni_KNM-RU_7290.jpg|left|thumb|Gashin kai na ''P. africanus''.]]
''Proconsul africanus'' had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 on both the upper and lower jaws. The molars of this species had thin enamel and there was a prominent molar cingula. This species also possessed a robust zygomatic bone and a pronounced snout. This species had a broad interorbital region and small frontoethmoidal sinuses. The maxillary sinus was restricted. This species had an auditory region which would be similar to that of extant apes and cercopithecoid monkeys. The ectotympanic tube was well-developed. This species lacked a tail and the canines of this species were sexually dimorphic. The skull lacks supraorbital tori and can be considered somewhat prognathous. This species has a cranial capacity of {{Cvt|167|cm3}}. and an encephalization quotient of 1.5. Based on the cranium, this species had an external brain surface much like that of gibbons and cercopithecoid monkeys. The wrist of this species has been described as monkey-like. This species has a talus in which the trochlear surface is highly curved and deeply grooved. The foot of this species possessed a transverse arch. ''Proconsul africanus'' had a [[brachial index]] of 96 which is comparable to the extant genus ''[[Pan genus|Pan]]''. Overall the skeleton of this species can be described as being robust.  This species had an average body mass of around {{Cvt|18|kg}}.

Bisa ga yanayin hakora, an yi la'akari da cewa ''Proconsul africanus'' jinsin ne mai cin ganyayyaki; binciken da Aiello ya yi a 1981 ya kammala cewa &quot;mai ciyar da reshe ne&quot;.Dangane da sassan postcranial, mai yiwuwa ne arboreal quadruped.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zaben tsakiya na Amurka</title>
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        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377273909|United States midterm election]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[File:Oklahoma_general_election_ballot_for_2018.png|right|thumb|Zaben babban zaben Oklahoma na 2018, wanda ya lissafa 'yan takara ga ofisoshin jihohi da na gida, da kuma na Majalisa ta Amurka]]
Zaben tsakiya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] shine Babban Zabe da ake gudanarwa kusa da tsakiyar wa'adin shugaban kasa na shekaru hudu, a Ranar Zabe a ranar Talata bayan Litinin na farko a watan Nuwamba. Ofisoshin Tarayya da ke cikin zaɓe a lokacin tsakiya sun haɗa da dukkan kujeru 435 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, da 33 ko 34 daga cikin kujeru 100 a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.

34 daga cikin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Jihohin Amurka]] 50 suna zabar gwamnonin su na tsawon shekaru hudu a lokacin zaben tsakiya. [[Vermont]] da [[New Hampshire]] sun zabi gwamnoni zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyu a duka zaben tsakiya da na shugaban kasa. Don haka, ana zabar gwamnoni 36 a lokacin zaben tsakiya.((((34 of the 50 [[:en:U.S._state|U.S. states]] elect their [[:en:Governor_(United_States)|governors]] for four-year terms during midterm elections. [[:en:Vermont|Vermont]] and [[:en:New_Hampshire|New Hampshire]] elect governors to two-year terms in both midterm and presidential elections. Thus, 36 governors are elected during midterm elections. Many states also elect officers to their [[:en:State_legislature_(United_States)|state legislatures]] in midterm years. There are also elections held at the municipal level. On the ballot are many [[:en:Mayor|mayors]], other local public offices, and a wide variety of [[:en:Popular_initiative|citizen]] and [[:en:Legislatively_referred|legislatively referred]]))))) Jihohi da yawa suna zabar jami'ai zuwa majalisun jihohi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Hakanan akwai zaɓen da aka gudanar a matakin birni. A kan kuri'un akwai magajin gari da yawa, wasu ofisoshin gwamnati na gida, da kuma 'ɗan ƙasa iri-iri da kuma shirye-shiryen da aka ambata.

Sau da yawa ana gudanar da Zabe na Musamman tare da zaɓe na yau da kullun,  don haka ana iya zabar ƙarin Sanatoci, gwamnoni da sauran jami'an gida zuwa ga ɗan lokaci.

Zaben tsakiya a tarihi yana haifar da ƙarancin Masu jefa kuri'a fiye da zaben shugaban kasa. Duk da yake zaben shugaban kasa ya sami kusan 50-60% a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kusan kashi 40% ne kawai na wadanda suka cancanci yin zabe suka je zaben a cikin zaben tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Demand for Democracy |url=http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/trends_detail.aspx?id=31674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618221944/http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/trends_detail.aspx?id=31674 |archive-date=2010-06-18 |access-date=2011-10-13 |publisher=The Pew Center on the States}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, zaɓen matsakaicin lokaci sau da yawa yana ganin jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta rasa kujeru a Majalisa, kuma sau da yawa suna ganin abokan adawar shugaban kasa na gaba suna samun iko da ɗaya ko duka gidaje biyu na Majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Duk da yake Mataki na II, Sashe na 1, Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya sa wa'adin Shugaban Amurka zuwa shekaru huɗu, Mataki na I, Sashe ya 2, Sashe na 1' yasa waadin shekaru biyu ga 'yan majalisa da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Mataki na I, Sashe na 3, Sashe na 1 sannan ya kafa wa'adin shekaru shida ga waɗanda aka zaba a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, tare da Sashe na 2 ya raba ɗakin zuwa &quot;ƙungiyoyi&quot; uku, don haka kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan kujerun suna aiki a kowace shekara biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia |date=November 5, 2018 |title=Why Do Midterm Elections Even Exist? Here's Why the Framers Scheduled Things This but none of this actually matters. Way |url=https://time.com/5443162/why-midterm-elections-exist-history/ |access-date=October 15, 2022 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, yawancin jihohi da kananan hukumomi sun fi son kauce wa shekarun shugaban kasa da na tsakiya gaba ɗaya kuma su tsara tsarin su na gida a lokacin &quot;shekaru-shekaru&quot; masu ban mamaki.

== Tarihin tarihi na tsakiya ==
Ana ɗaukar zaɓen tsakiya a matsayin raba gardama game da aikin shugaban da ke zaune da / ko jam'iyyar da ke mulki.

Jam'iyyar shugaban da ke kan mulki tana yawan rasa ƙasa a lokacin zaben tsakiya. Tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta rasa matsakaicin kujeru 26 a cikin majalisar, da matsakaicin kujera huɗu a Majalisar Dattijai.

Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da zaɓen jama'a kai tsaye, a ciki takwas kawai daga cikinsu (a ƙarƙashin shugabannin Woodrow Wilson, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[John F. Kennedy]], Richard Nixon, [[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Donald Trump]], da [[Joe Biden]]) jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta sami kujeru a cikin House ko Majalisar Dattijai. Daga cikin waɗannan, biyun ne kawai (1934, Franklin D. Roosevelt, da 2002, George W. Bush) suka ga jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta sami kujerun a cikin gidaje biyu.

Rashin da aka sha a lokacin tsakiyar wa'adin shugaban kasa na biyu ya fi bayyana fiye da lokacin tsakiyar waƙoƙin su na farko, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explaining Midterm Election Outcomes: A New Theory and an Overview of Existing Explanations |url=https://www.wallis.rochester.edu/assets/pdf/conference11/TheoryMidterm.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;shekaru shida&quot;.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sitting president
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |President's party
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Net gain/loss of president's party{{Efn|Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.}}
|-
!House seats
!Senate seats
|-
|1790
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[George Washington]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |None{{Efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the Pro-Administration faction (1790) and [[Federalist Party]] (1794).}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} |[[1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections|+3: (37 ► 40)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} |[[1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections|0: (18 ► 18)]]
|-
|1794
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (51 ► 47)]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections|+3: (16 ► 19)]]
|-
|1798
|[[John Adams]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |Federalist
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections|+3: (57 ► 60)]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections|0: (22 ► 22)]]
|-
|1802
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Thomas Jefferson]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections|+35: (68 ► 103)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections|+5: (17 ► 22)]]
|-
|1806
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections|+2: (114 ► 116)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections|+1: (27 ► 28)]]
|-
|1810
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[James Madison]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections|+13: (94 ► 107)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections|0: (26 ► 26)]]
|-
|1814
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections|+5: (114 ► 119)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections|-3: (26 ► 22)]]
|-
|1818
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[James Monroe]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections|+13: (145 ► 158)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections|+2: (28 ► 30)]]
|-
|1822
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections|+34: (155 ► 189)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections|0: (44 ► 44)]]
|-
|1826
|[[John Quincy Adams]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican{{efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the [[National Republican Party|anti-Jacksonian faction]].}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (109 ► 100)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections|-2: (21 ► 19)]]
|-
|1830
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Andrew Jackson]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic{{efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the [[Jacksonian democracy|pro-Jacksonian faction]].}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1830 United States House of Representatives elections|-10: (136 ► 126)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections|+1: (25 ► 26)]]
|-
|1834
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections|0: (143 ► 143)]]
| {{Party shading/Anti-Jacksonian}} |[[1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections|+1: (21 ► 22)]]
|-
|1838
|Martin Van Buren
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections|-3: (128 ► 125)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections|-7: (35 ► 28)]]
|-
|1842
|John Tyler
|None{{Efn|Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 but expelled from the party in 1841. Gain/loss numbers are for the Whig Party.}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1842 United States House of Representatives elections|-69: (142 ► 73)]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |[[1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections|-3: (30 ► 27)]]
|-
|1846
|[[James K. Polk]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |[[1846 United States House of Representatives elections|-30: (142 ► 112)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections|+2: (33 ► 35)]]
|-
|1850
|[[Millard Fillmore]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |Whig
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1850 United States House of Representatives elections|-22: (108 ► 86)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections|-3: (36 ► 33)]]
|-
|1854
|Franklin Pierce
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Opposition}} |[[1854 United States House of Representatives elections|-75: (158 ► 83)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections|-3: (36 ► 33)]]
|-
|1858
|[[James Buchanan]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections|-35: (133 ► 98)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections|-4: (32 ► 38)]]
|-
|1862
|[[Abraham Lincoln]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections|-23: (108 ► 85)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections|+1: (31 ► 32)]]
|-
|1866
|[[Andrew Johnson]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (38 ► 47)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections|0: (10 ► 10)]]
|-
|1870
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ulysses S. Grant
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections|-32: (171 ► 139)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections|-5: (63 ► 58)]]
|-
|1874
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections|-93: (199 ► 106)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1874 and 1875 United States Senate elections|-10: (52 ► 42)]]
|-
|1878
|Rutherford B. Hayes
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (136 ► 132)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections|-7: (38 ► 31)]]
|-
|1882
|Chester A. Arthur
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1882 United States House of Representatives elections|-29: (151 ► 118)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1882 and 1883 United States Senate elections|0: (37 ► 37)]]
|-
|1886
|Grover Cleveland
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1886 United States House of Representatives elections|-16: (183 ► 167)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1886 and 1887 United States Senate elections|+2: (34 ► 36)]]
|-
|1890
|Benjamin Harrison
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1890 United States House of Representatives elections|-93: (179 ► 86)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1890 and 1891 United States Senate elections|-4: (47 ► 43)]]
|-
|1894
|Grover Cleveland{{Efn|Served non-consecutive terms.}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1894 United States House of Representatives elections|-127: (220 ► 93)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1894 and 1895 United States Senate elections|-4: (44 ► 40)]]
|-
|1898
|[[William McKinley]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1898 United States House of Representatives elections|-21: (205 ► 189)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1898 and 1899 United States Senate elections|+6: (44 ► 50)]]
|-
|1902
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1902 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (201 ► 210)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1902 and 1903 United States Senate elections|0: (55 ► 55)]]
|-
|1906
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1906 United States House of Representatives elections|-27: (251 ► 224)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1906 and 1907 United States Senate elections|+2: (58 ► 60)]]
|-
|1910
|William Howard Taft
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1910 United States House of Representatives elections|-56: (219 ► 163)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1910 and 1911 United States Senate elections|-9: (59 ► 50)]]
|-
|1914
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Woodrow Wilson
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1914 United States House of Representatives elections|-61: (291 ► 230)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1914 United States Senate elections|+3: (50 ► 53)]]
|-
|1918
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1918 United States House of Representatives elections|-22: (214 ► 192)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1918 United States Senate elections|-4: (52 ► 48)]]
|-
|1922
|Warren G. Harding
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1922 United States House of Representatives elections|-77: (302 ► 225)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1922 United States Senate elections|-7: (60 ► 53)]]
|-
|1926
|Calvin Coolidge
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1926 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (247 ► 238)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1926 United States Senate elections|-6: (56 ► 50)]]
|-
|1930
|Herbert Hoover
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1930 United States House of Representatives elections|-52: (270 ► 218)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1930 United States Senate elections|-6: (56 ► 50)]]
|-
|1934
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1934 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (313 ► 322)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1934 United States Senate elections|+9: (60 ► 69)]]
|-
|1938
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1938 United States House of Representatives elections|-72: (334 ► 262)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1938 United States Senate elections|-7: (75 ► 68)]]
|-
|1942
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1942 United States House of Representatives elections|-45: (267 ► 222)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1942 United States Senate elections|-8: (65 ► 57)]]
|-
|1946
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Harry S. Truman]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1946 United States House of Representatives elections|-54: (242 ► 188)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1946 United States Senate elections|-10: (56 ► 46)]]
|-
|1950
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1950 United States House of Representatives elections|-28: (263 ► 235)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1950 United States Senate elections|-5: (54 ► 49)]]
|-
|1954
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dwight D. Eisenhower
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1954 United States House of Representatives elections|-18: (221 ► 203)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1954 United States Senate elections|-2: (49 ► 47)]]
|-
|1958
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1958 United States House of Representatives elections|-48: (201 ► 153)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1958 United States Senate elections|-12: (47 ► 35)]]
|-
|1962
|[[John F. Kennedy]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1962 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (262 ► 258)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1962 United States Senate elections|+4: (64 ► 68)]]
|-
|1966
|Lyndon B. Johnson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1966 United States House of Representatives elections|-47: (295 ► 248)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1966 United States Senate elections|-3: (67 ► 64)]]
|-
|1970
|Richard Nixon
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1970 United States House of Representatives elections|-12: (192 ► 180)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1970 United States Senate elections|+2: (43 ► 45)]]
|-
|1974
|Gerald Ford
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1974 United States House of Representatives elections|-48: (192 ► 144)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1974 United States Senate elections|-4: (42 ► 38)]]
|-
|1978
|[[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1978 United States House of Representatives elections|-15: (292 ► 277)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1978 United States Senate elections|-2: (61 ► 59)]]
|-
|1982
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ronald Reagan
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1982 United States House of Representatives elections|-26: (192 ► 166)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1982 United States Senate elections|0: (54 ► 54)]]
|-
|1986
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1986 United States House of Representatives elections|-5: (182 ► 177)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1986 United States Senate elections|-8: (53 ► 45)]]
|-
|1990
|George H. W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1990 United States House of Representatives elections|-8: (175 ► 167)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1990 United States Senate elections|-1: (45 ► 44)]]
|-
|1994
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bill Clinton]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1994 United States House of Representatives elections|-54: (258 ► 204)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1994 United States Senate elections|-9: (56 ► 47)]]
|-
|1998
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1998 United States House of Representatives elections|+4: (207 ► 211)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1998 United States Senate elections|0: (45 ► 45)]]
|-
|2002
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[George W. Bush]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2002 United States House of Representatives elections|+8: (221 ► 229)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2002 United States Senate elections|+2: (49 ► 51)]]
|-
|2006
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|-32: (231 ► 199)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2006 United States Senate elections|-6: (55 ► 49)]]
|-
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Barack Obama]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|-63: (256 ► 193)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2010 United States Senate elections|-6: (59 ► 53)]]
|-
|2014
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2014 United States House of Representatives elections|-13: (201 ► 188)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2014 United States Senate elections|-9: (55 ► 46)]]
|-
|2018
|[[Donald Trump]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|-41: (241 ► 200)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2018 United States Senate elections|+2: (51 ► 53)]]
|-
|2022
|[[Joe Biden]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (222 ► 213)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2022 United States Senate elections|+1: (50 ► 51)]]
|-
|2026
|[[Donald Trump]][f]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|t.b.d. November 3, 2026
|t.b.d. November 3, 2026
|}

== Kwatanta da sauran manyan zaɓen Amurka ==

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9rbo69ah2o751jte35cai0p08dr85p0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963561</id>
      <parentid>963560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:16:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>963561</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21504" sha1="9jtg3w34n519txl9pz838yztdktos3e" xml:space="preserve"> 
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[File:Oklahoma_general_election_ballot_for_2018.png|right|thumb|Zaben babban zaben Oklahoma na 2018, wanda ya lissafa 'yan takara ga ofisoshin jihohi da na gida, da kuma na Majalisa ta Amurka]]
Zaben tsakiya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] shine Babban Zabe da ake gudanarwa kusa da tsakiyar wa'adin shugaban kasa na shekaru hudu, a Ranar Zabe a ranar Talata bayan Litinin na farko a watan Nuwamba. Ofisoshin Tarayya da ke cikin zaɓe a lokacin tsakiya sun haɗa da dukkan kujeru 435 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, da 33 ko 34 daga cikin kujeru 100 a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.

34 daga cikin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Jihohin Amurka]] 50 suna zabar gwamnonin su na tsawon shekaru hudu a lokacin zaben tsakiya. [[Vermont]] da [[New Hampshire]] sun zabi gwamnoni zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyu a duka zaben tsakiya da na shugaban kasa. Don haka, ana zabar gwamnoni 36 a lokacin zaben tsakiya. Jihohi da yawa suna zabar jami'ai zuwa majalisun jihohi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Hakanan akwai zaɓen da aka gudanar a matakin birni. A kan kuri'un akwai magajin gari da yawa, wasu ofisoshin gwamnati na gida, da kuma 'ɗan ƙasa iri-iri da kuma shirye-shiryen da aka ambata.

Sau da yawa ana gudanar da Zabe na Musamman tare da zaɓe na yau da kullun,  don haka ana iya zabar ƙarin Sanatoci, gwamnoni da sauran jami'an gida zuwa ga ɗan lokaci.

Zaben tsakiya a tarihi yana haifar da ƙarancin Masu jefa kuri'a fiye da zaben shugaban kasa. Duk da yake zaben shugaban kasa ya sami kusan 50-60% a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kusan kashi 40% ne kawai na wadanda suka cancanci yin zabe suka je zaben a cikin zaben tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Demand for Democracy |url=http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/trends_detail.aspx?id=31674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618221944/http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/trends_detail.aspx?id=31674 |archive-date=2010-06-18 |access-date=2011-10-13 |publisher=The Pew Center on the States}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, zaɓen matsakaicin lokaci sau da yawa yana ganin jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta rasa kujeru a Majalisa, kuma sau da yawa suna ganin abokan adawar shugaban kasa na gaba suna samun iko da ɗaya ko duka gidaje biyu na Majalisa.

== Tarihi ==
Duk da yake Mataki na II, Sashe na 1, Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya sa wa'adin Shugaban Amurka zuwa shekaru huɗu, Mataki na I, Sashe ya 2, Sashe na 1' yasa waadin shekaru biyu ga 'yan majalisa da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Mataki na I, Sashe na 3, Sashe na 1 sannan ya kafa wa'adin shekaru shida ga waɗanda aka zaba a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, tare da Sashe na 2 ya raba ɗakin zuwa &quot;ƙungiyoyi&quot; uku, don haka kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan kujerun suna aiki a kowace shekara biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia |date=November 5, 2018 |title=Why Do Midterm Elections Even Exist? Here's Why the Framers Scheduled Things This but none of this actually matters. Way |url=https://time.com/5443162/why-midterm-elections-exist-history/ |access-date=October 15, 2022 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, yawancin jihohi da kananan hukumomi sun fi son kauce wa shekarun shugaban kasa da na tsakiya gaba ɗaya kuma su tsara tsarin su na gida a lokacin &quot;shekaru-shekaru&quot; masu ban mamaki.

== Tarihin tarihi na tsakiya ==
Ana ɗaukar zaɓen tsakiya a matsayin raba gardama game da aikin shugaban da ke zaune da / ko jam'iyyar da ke mulki.

Jam'iyyar shugaban da ke kan mulki tana yawan rasa ƙasa a lokacin zaben tsakiya. Tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta rasa matsakaicin kujeru 26 a cikin majalisar, da matsakaicin kujera huɗu a Majalisar Dattijai.

Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da zaɓen jama'a kai tsaye, a ciki takwas kawai daga cikinsu (a ƙarƙashin shugabannin Woodrow Wilson, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[John F. Kennedy]], Richard Nixon, [[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Donald Trump]], da [[Joe Biden]]) jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta sami kujeru a cikin House ko Majalisar Dattijai. Daga cikin waɗannan, biyun ne kawai (1934, Franklin D. Roosevelt, da 2002, George W. Bush) suka ga jam'iyyar shugaban kasa ta sami kujerun a cikin gidaje biyu.

Rashin da aka sha a lokacin tsakiyar wa'adin shugaban kasa na biyu ya fi bayyana fiye da lokacin tsakiyar waƙoƙin su na farko, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explaining Midterm Election Outcomes: A New Theory and an Overview of Existing Explanations |url=https://www.wallis.rochester.edu/assets/pdf/conference11/TheoryMidterm.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;shekaru shida&quot;.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sitting president
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |President's party
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Net gain/loss of president's party{{Efn|Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.}}
|-
!House seats
!Senate seats
|-
|1790
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[George Washington]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |None{{Efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the Pro-Administration faction (1790) and [[Federalist Party]] (1794).}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} |[[1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections|+3: (37 ► 40)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} |[[1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections|0: (18 ► 18)]]
|-
|1794
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (51 ► 47)]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections|+3: (16 ► 19)]]
|-
|1798
|[[John Adams]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |Federalist
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections|+3: (57 ► 60)]]
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} |[[1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections|0: (22 ► 22)]]
|-
|1802
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Thomas Jefferson]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections|+35: (68 ► 103)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections|+5: (17 ► 22)]]
|-
|1806
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections|+2: (114 ► 116)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections|+1: (27 ► 28)]]
|-
|1810
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[James Madison]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections|+13: (94 ► 107)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections|0: (26 ► 26)]]
|-
|1814
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections|+5: (114 ► 119)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections|-3: (26 ► 22)]]
|-
|1818
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[James Monroe]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections|+13: (145 ► 158)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections|+2: (28 ► 30)]]
|-
|1822
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections|+34: (155 ► 189)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |[[1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections|0: (44 ► 44)]]
|-
|1826
|[[John Quincy Adams]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} |Democratic-Republican{{efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the [[National Republican Party|anti-Jacksonian faction]].}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (109 ► 100)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections|-2: (21 ► 19)]]
|-
|1830
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Andrew Jackson]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic{{efn|Gain/loss numbers are for the [[Jacksonian democracy|pro-Jacksonian faction]].}}
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1830 United States House of Representatives elections|-10: (136 ► 126)]]
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections|+1: (25 ► 26)]]
|-
|1834
| {{Party shading/Pro-Jacksonian}} |[[1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections|0: (143 ► 143)]]
| {{Party shading/Anti-Jacksonian}} |[[1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections|+1: (21 ► 22)]]
|-
|1838
|Martin Van Buren
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections|-3: (128 ► 125)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections|-7: (35 ► 28)]]
|-
|1842
|John Tyler
|None{{Efn|Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 but expelled from the party in 1841. Gain/loss numbers are for the Whig Party.}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1842 United States House of Representatives elections|-69: (142 ► 73)]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |[[1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections|-3: (30 ► 27)]]
|-
|1846
|[[James K. Polk]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |[[1846 United States House of Representatives elections|-30: (142 ► 112)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections|+2: (33 ► 35)]]
|-
|1850
|[[Millard Fillmore]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} |Whig
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1850 United States House of Representatives elections|-22: (108 ► 86)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections|-3: (36 ► 33)]]
|-
|1854
|Franklin Pierce
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Opposition}} |[[1854 United States House of Representatives elections|-75: (158 ► 83)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections|-3: (36 ► 33)]]
|-
|1858
|[[James Buchanan]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections|-35: (133 ► 98)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections|-4: (32 ► 38)]]
|-
|1862
|[[Abraham Lincoln]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections|-23: (108 ► 85)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections|+1: (31 ► 32)]]
|-
|1866
|[[Andrew Johnson]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (38 ► 47)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections|0: (10 ► 10)]]
|-
|1870
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ulysses S. Grant
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections|-32: (171 ► 139)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections|-5: (63 ► 58)]]
|-
|1874
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections|-93: (199 ► 106)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1874 and 1875 United States Senate elections|-10: (52 ► 42)]]
|-
|1878
|Rutherford B. Hayes
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (136 ► 132)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections|-7: (38 ► 31)]]
|-
|1882
|Chester A. Arthur
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1882 United States House of Representatives elections|-29: (151 ► 118)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1882 and 1883 United States Senate elections|0: (37 ► 37)]]
|-
|1886
|Grover Cleveland
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1886 United States House of Representatives elections|-16: (183 ► 167)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1886 and 1887 United States Senate elections|+2: (34 ► 36)]]
|-
|1890
|Benjamin Harrison
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1890 United States House of Representatives elections|-93: (179 ► 86)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1890 and 1891 United States Senate elections|-4: (47 ► 43)]]
|-
|1894
|Grover Cleveland{{Efn|Served non-consecutive terms.}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1894 United States House of Representatives elections|-127: (220 ► 93)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1894 and 1895 United States Senate elections|-4: (44 ► 40)]]
|-
|1898
|[[William McKinley]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1898 United States House of Representatives elections|-21: (205 ► 189)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1898 and 1899 United States Senate elections|+6: (44 ► 50)]]
|-
|1902
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1902 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (201 ► 210)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1902 and 1903 United States Senate elections|0: (55 ► 55)]]
|-
|1906
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1906 United States House of Representatives elections|-27: (251 ► 224)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1906 and 1907 United States Senate elections|+2: (58 ► 60)]]
|-
|1910
|William Howard Taft
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1910 United States House of Representatives elections|-56: (219 ► 163)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1910 and 1911 United States Senate elections|-9: (59 ► 50)]]
|-
|1914
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Woodrow Wilson
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1914 United States House of Representatives elections|-61: (291 ► 230)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1914 United States Senate elections|+3: (50 ► 53)]]
|-
|1918
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1918 United States House of Representatives elections|-22: (214 ► 192)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1918 United States Senate elections|-4: (52 ► 48)]]
|-
|1922
|Warren G. Harding
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1922 United States House of Representatives elections|-77: (302 ► 225)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1922 United States Senate elections|-7: (60 ► 53)]]
|-
|1926
|Calvin Coolidge
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1926 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (247 ► 238)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1926 United States Senate elections|-6: (56 ► 50)]]
|-
|1930
|Herbert Hoover
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1930 United States House of Representatives elections|-52: (270 ► 218)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1930 United States Senate elections|-6: (56 ► 50)]]
|-
|1934
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1934 United States House of Representatives elections|+9: (313 ► 322)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1934 United States Senate elections|+9: (60 ► 69)]]
|-
|1938
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1938 United States House of Representatives elections|-72: (334 ► 262)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1938 United States Senate elections|-7: (75 ► 68)]]
|-
|1942
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1942 United States House of Representatives elections|-45: (267 ► 222)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1942 United States Senate elections|-8: (65 ► 57)]]
|-
|1946
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Harry S. Truman]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1946 United States House of Representatives elections|-54: (242 ► 188)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1946 United States Senate elections|-10: (56 ► 46)]]
|-
|1950
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1950 United States House of Representatives elections|-28: (263 ► 235)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1950 United States Senate elections|-5: (54 ► 49)]]
|-
|1954
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dwight D. Eisenhower
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1954 United States House of Representatives elections|-18: (221 ► 203)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1954 United States Senate elections|-2: (49 ► 47)]]
|-
|1958
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1958 United States House of Representatives elections|-48: (201 ► 153)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1958 United States Senate elections|-12: (47 ► 35)]]
|-
|1962
|[[John F. Kennedy]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1962 United States House of Representatives elections|-4: (262 ► 258)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1962 United States Senate elections|+4: (64 ► 68)]]
|-
|1966
|Lyndon B. Johnson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1966 United States House of Representatives elections|-47: (295 ► 248)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1966 United States Senate elections|-3: (67 ► 64)]]
|-
|1970
|Richard Nixon
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1970 United States House of Representatives elections|-12: (192 ► 180)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1970 United States Senate elections|+2: (43 ► 45)]]
|-
|1974
|Gerald Ford
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1974 United States House of Representatives elections|-48: (192 ► 144)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1974 United States Senate elections|-4: (42 ► 38)]]
|-
|1978
|[[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1978 United States House of Representatives elections|-15: (292 ► 277)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1978 United States Senate elections|-2: (61 ► 59)]]
|-
|1982
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ronald Reagan
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1982 United States House of Representatives elections|-26: (192 ► 166)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1982 United States Senate elections|0: (54 ► 54)]]
|-
|1986
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1986 United States House of Representatives elections|-5: (182 ► 177)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1986 United States Senate elections|-8: (53 ► 45)]]
|-
|1990
|George H. W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1990 United States House of Representatives elections|-8: (175 ► 167)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[1990 United States Senate elections|-1: (45 ► 44)]]
|-
|1994
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bill Clinton]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1994 United States House of Representatives elections|-54: (258 ► 204)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1994 United States Senate elections|-9: (56 ► 47)]]
|-
|1998
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1998 United States House of Representatives elections|+4: (207 ► 211)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[1998 United States Senate elections|0: (45 ► 45)]]
|-
|2002
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[George W. Bush]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2002 United States House of Representatives elections|+8: (221 ► 229)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2002 United States Senate elections|+2: (49 ► 51)]]
|-
|2006
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|-32: (231 ► 199)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2006 United States Senate elections|-6: (55 ► 49)]]
|-
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Barack Obama]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|-63: (256 ► 193)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2010 United States Senate elections|-6: (59 ► 53)]]
|-
|2014
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2014 United States House of Representatives elections|-13: (201 ► 188)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2014 United States Senate elections|-9: (55 ► 46)]]
|-
|2018
|[[Donald Trump]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|-41: (241 ► 200)]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2018 United States Senate elections|+2: (51 ► 53)]]
|-
|2022
|[[Joe Biden]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|-9: (222 ► 213)]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2022 United States Senate elections|+1: (50 ► 51)]]
|-
|2026
|[[Donald Trump]][f]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|t.b.d. November 3, 2026
|t.b.d. November 3, 2026
|}

== Kwatanta da sauran manyan zaɓen Amurka ==

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9jtg3w34n519txl9pz838yztdktos3e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Murtala Muhammad Library</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963565</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>963565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4371" sha1="gi25b5e2kkh3w955gsug167ivruslcl" xml:space="preserve">==Murtala Muhammad Library==

Murtala Muhammad Library babban ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a da ke Ahmadu Bello Way, Nassarawa GRA, Kano, Jihar Kano, Najeriya. An sanya wa ɗakin karatun suna ne domin tunawa da Janar Murtala Ramat Muhammad, tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya.

==Tarihi==

Asalin aikin gina Murtala Muhammad Library ya samo asali ne tun shekarar 1975, lokacin da Kanal Sani Bello yake Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kano. A lokacin, an tsara cibiyar ne a matsayin wani babban shiri na bunƙasa karatu da samun bayanai a jihar Kano. Wani tsohon jami'in Kano State Library Board ya bayyana cewa shirin farko ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu, cibiyar bayanai, filin wasan kwaikwayo na waje da kuma amphitheatre. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara, ɗakin karatun ne aka kammala.

Bayan mulkin Sani Bello, gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun ci gaba da aikin. Muhammad Abubakar Rimi, wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Kano daga 1979 zuwa 1983, ya ware kuɗaɗe domin ci gaba da aikin, amma ba a kammala ginin ba kafin juyin mulkin soja na 1983.

Bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya a shekarar 1999, Gwamnan Jihar Kano Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso ya sanya kammala Murtala Muhammad Library cikin ayyukan da gwamnatinsa ta yi niyyar kammalawa. An kammala babban ginin a zamaninsa.

A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2002, tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo ya buɗe ɗakin karatun a hukumance yayin ziyararsa zuwa Jihar Kano.

==Ayyukan ɗakin karatu==

An kafa Murtala Muhammad Library domin samar da wurin karatu, bincike da samun bayanai ga jama'a. Bayan kammalawarsa, ya zama cibiyar ayyukan Kano State Library Board, inda aka mayar da hedikwatar hukumar zuwa wurin.

A cikin shekarun farko bayan buɗewarsa, cibiyar ta samu tallafi da haɗin gwiwa daga wasu hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka ruwaito akwai gudummawar kwamfutoci 100 daga Aliko Dangote, da kuma wasu ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin ci gaba.

Ɗakin karatun ya kuma kasance wurin gudanar da tarurruka, bitoci, karatuttuka da sauran ayyukan ilimi da al'adu.

==Amfani da fasahar zamani==

A baya-bayan nan an yi amfani da wasu sassan ɗakin karatun wajen ayyukan fasahar zamani, ciki har da Computer-Based Test (CBT). Wani rahoto na 2021 ya bayyana cewa wasu sassan da a da ake amfani da su wajen karatu an mayar da su cibiyoyin CBT.

==Gwamnatocin da suka taka rawa==

Gine-ginen Murtala Muhammad Library ya gudana ne a ƙarƙashin gwamnatoci daban-daban na Jihar Kano:

* Kanal Sani Bello (1975–1978): a zamaninsa aka fara aikin.
* Muhammad Abubakar Rimi (1979–1983): ya ci gaba da tallafa wa aikin, amma ba a kammala shi ba kafin juyin mulkin 1983.
* Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso (1999–2003): ya sake ɗaukar aikin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da gwamnatinsa za ta kammala, kuma aka kammala ginin a zamaninsa.

==Matsaloli da kira ga gyara==

A shekarun baya an samu rahotanni game da matsalolin kula da ɗakin karatun, lalacewar wasu sassan gine-ginen, ƙarancin kayan karatu da kuma sauyin amfani da wasu sassan cibiyar.

A watan Agusta 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta yi kira ga gwamnatin jihar da ta gudanar da cikakken gyara da zamanantar da Murtala Muhammad Library. Majalisar ta ambaci lalacewar kayayyakin gini, ƙarancin sabbin littattafai da mujallu, ƙarancin kayan fasahar zamani, matsalar wutar lantarki da kuma rashin cikakken amfani da ɗakin karatun.

Majalisar ta kuma buƙaci a samar da sababbin littattafai da mujallu, kayan koyon zamani, ingantaccen wutar lantarki, da kuma ƙarfafa ma'aikatan ɗakin karatun.

==Muhimmanci==

Murtala Muhammad Library na daga cikin cibiyoyin karatu na jama'a masu muhimmanci a Kano. Tun bayan kammalawarsa ya kasance wurin karatu, bincike, samun bayanai da gudanar da ayyukan ilimi da al'adu. Tarihin ginin ya kuma haɗa da gudummawar gwamnatocin soja da na farar hula da kuma ƙoƙarin hukumomin ɗakin karatu wajen bunƙasa al'adun karatu a jihar Kano.

==Manazarta==

1. Trust Radio. Murtala Muhammad Library: Gov. Abba Kabir, don't give away our history. 18 Satumba 2026.
2. Nigerian Tracker. Land Racketeering, Negligence Turns Murtala Muhammad Library into The State Of Comatose. 23 Nuwamba 2021.
3. News Agency of Nigeria. Kano Assembly seeks modernisation of Murtala library to boost reading culture. 18 Agusta 2026.
4. Radio Nigeria. Kano Assembly calls for upgrade of Murtala Muhammad Library. 17 Agusta 2026.</text>
      <sha1>gi25b5e2kkh3w955gsug167ivruslcl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963566</id>
      <parentid>963565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:47:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>963566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4473" sha1="61z7udra7fr5b39qunp8uvqk7bwcubb" xml:space="preserve">==Murtala Muhammad Library==[[File:Murtala Muhammad Library.jpg|thumb|Babban dakin ajiye littattafai na Murtala Muhammad Library]]

Murtala Muhammad Library babban ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a da ke Ahmadu Bello Way, Nassarawa GRA, Kano, Jihar Kano, Najeriya. An sanya wa ɗakin karatun suna ne domin tunawa da Janar Murtala Ramat Muhammad, tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya.

==Tarihi==

Asalin aikin gina Murtala Muhammad Library ya samo asali ne tun shekarar 1975, lokacin da Kanal Sani Bello yake Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kano. A lokacin, an tsara cibiyar ne a matsayin wani babban shiri na bunƙasa karatu da samun bayanai a jihar Kano. Wani tsohon jami'in Kano State Library Board ya bayyana cewa shirin farko ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu, cibiyar bayanai, filin wasan kwaikwayo na waje da kuma amphitheatre. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara, ɗakin karatun ne aka kammala.

Bayan mulkin Sani Bello, gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun ci gaba da aikin. Muhammad Abubakar Rimi, wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Kano daga 1979 zuwa 1983, ya ware kuɗaɗe domin ci gaba da aikin, amma ba a kammala ginin ba kafin juyin mulkin soja na 1983.

Bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya a shekarar 1999, Gwamnan Jihar Kano Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso ya sanya kammala Murtala Muhammad Library cikin ayyukan da gwamnatinsa ta yi niyyar kammalawa. An kammala babban ginin a zamaninsa.

A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2002, tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo ya buɗe ɗakin karatun a hukumance yayin ziyararsa zuwa Jihar Kano.

==Ayyukan ɗakin karatu==

An kafa Murtala Muhammad Library domin samar da wurin karatu, bincike da samun bayanai ga jama'a. Bayan kammalawarsa, ya zama cibiyar ayyukan Kano State Library Board, inda aka mayar da hedikwatar hukumar zuwa wurin.

A cikin shekarun farko bayan buɗewarsa, cibiyar ta samu tallafi da haɗin gwiwa daga wasu hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka ruwaito akwai gudummawar kwamfutoci 100 daga Aliko Dangote, da kuma wasu ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin ci gaba.

Ɗakin karatun ya kuma kasance wurin gudanar da tarurruka, bitoci, karatuttuka da sauran ayyukan ilimi da al'adu.

==Amfani da fasahar zamani==

A baya-bayan nan an yi amfani da wasu sassan ɗakin karatun wajen ayyukan fasahar zamani, ciki har da Computer-Based Test (CBT). Wani rahoto na 2021 ya bayyana cewa wasu sassan da a da ake amfani da su wajen karatu an mayar da su cibiyoyin CBT.

==Gwamnatocin da suka taka rawa==

Gine-ginen Murtala Muhammad Library ya gudana ne a ƙarƙashin gwamnatoci daban-daban na Jihar Kano:

* Kanal Sani Bello (1975–1978): a zamaninsa aka fara aikin.
* Muhammad Abubakar Rimi (1979–1983): ya ci gaba da tallafa wa aikin, amma ba a kammala shi ba kafin juyin mulkin 1983.
* Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso (1999–2003): ya sake ɗaukar aikin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da gwamnatinsa za ta kammala, kuma aka kammala ginin a zamaninsa.

==Matsaloli da kira ga gyara==

A shekarun baya an samu rahotanni game da matsalolin kula da ɗakin karatun, lalacewar wasu sassan gine-ginen, ƙarancin kayan karatu da kuma sauyin amfani da wasu sassan cibiyar.

A watan Agusta 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta yi kira ga gwamnatin jihar da ta gudanar da cikakken gyara da zamanantar da Murtala Muhammad Library. Majalisar ta ambaci lalacewar kayayyakin gini, ƙarancin sabbin littattafai da mujallu, ƙarancin kayan fasahar zamani, matsalar wutar lantarki da kuma rashin cikakken amfani da ɗakin karatun.

Majalisar ta kuma buƙaci a samar da sababbin littattafai da mujallu, kayan koyon zamani, ingantaccen wutar lantarki, da kuma ƙarfafa ma'aikatan ɗakin karatun.

==Muhimmanci==

Murtala Muhammad Library na daga cikin cibiyoyin karatu na jama'a masu muhimmanci a Kano. Tun bayan kammalawarsa ya kasance wurin karatu, bincike, samun bayanai da gudanar da ayyukan ilimi da al'adu. Tarihin ginin ya kuma haɗa da gudummawar gwamnatocin soja da na farar hula da kuma ƙoƙarin hukumomin ɗakin karatu wajen bunƙasa al'adun karatu a jihar Kano.

==Manazarta==

1. Trust Radio. Murtala Muhammad Library: Gov. Abba Kabir, don't give away our history. 18 Satumba 2026.
2. Nigerian Tracker. Land Racketeering, Negligence Turns Murtala Muhammad Library into The State Of Comatose. 23 Nuwamba 2021.
3. News Agency of Nigeria. Kano Assembly seeks modernisation of Murtala library to boost reading culture. 18 Agusta 2026.
4. Radio Nigeria. Kano Assembly calls for upgrade of Murtala Muhammad Library. 17 Agusta 2026.</text>
      <sha1>61z7udra7fr5b39qunp8uvqk7bwcubb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clubiona aspidiphora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963568</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350057624|Clubiona aspidiphora]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="820" sha1="pspwdokypnv7df6550bkkmm2lw0o5bv" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Clubiona aspidiphora''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Clubionidae . Yana da nau'in [[kudancin Afirka]] da aka sani daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Rarraba ==
A Afirka ta Kudu, an rubuta ''Clubiona aspidiphora'' daga lardin Arewacin Cape a tsaunuka daga 250 zuwa 1155 m. Irin wannan yankin shine Komaggas a Arewacin Cape . 

== Gida ==
Wannan nau'in shuka ne mai rai wanda aka samo a cikin Hamada da Succulent Karoo biomes, wanda ya dace da yanayin busassun yankin.

== Karewa ==
An lissafa nau'in a matsayin Bayanai marasa amfani don dalilai na lissafi, kamar yadda maza ne kawai aka sani ga kimiyya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don tattara mata da ƙayyade cikakken nau'in jinsin. An kare shi a cikin Richtersveld National Park da Tswalu Kalahari Reserve . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>pspwdokypnv7df6550bkkmm2lw0o5bv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963569</id>
      <parentid>963568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="831" sha1="nuia0kih9sh2a8egdg7wv5qqje1rotq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Clubiona aspidiphora''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Clubionidae . Yana da nau'in [[kudancin Afirka]] da aka sani daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Rarraba ==
A Afirka ta Kudu, an rubuta ''Clubiona aspidiphora'' daga lardin Arewacin Cape a tsaunuka daga 250 zuwa 1155 m. Irin wannan yankin shine Komaggas a Arewacin Cape . 

== Gida ==
Wannan nau'in shuka ne mai rai wanda aka samo a cikin Hamada da Succulent Karoo biomes, wanda ya dace da yanayin busassun yankin.

== Karewa ==
An lissafa nau'in a matsayin Bayanai marasa amfani don dalilai na lissafi, kamar yadda maza ne kawai aka sani ga kimiyya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don tattara mata da ƙayyade cikakken nau'in jinsin. An kare shi a cikin Richtersveld National Park da Tswalu Kalahari Reserve . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nuia0kih9sh2a8egdg7wv5qqje1rotq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963570</id>
      <parentid>963569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:05:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="861" sha1="5zuekjldwpfaxxvl1kczubt4nn35sfe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Clubiona aspidiphora''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Clubionidae . Yana da nau'in [[kudancin Afirka]] da aka sani daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc_aspidiphora&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
A Afirka ta Kudu, an rubuta ''Clubiona aspidiphora'' daga lardin Arewacin Cape a tsaunuka daga 250 zuwa 1155 m. Irin wannan yankin shine Komaggas a Arewacin Cape . 

== Gida ==
Wannan nau'in shuka ne mai rai wanda aka samo a cikin Hamada da Succulent Karoo biomes, wanda ya dace da yanayin busassun yankin.

== Karewa ==
An lissafa nau'in a matsayin Bayanai marasa amfani don dalilai na lissafi, kamar yadda maza ne kawai aka sani ga kimiyya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don tattara mata da ƙayyade cikakken nau'in jinsin. An kare shi a cikin Richtersveld National Park da Tswalu Kalahari Reserve . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Clubiona aspidiphora''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Clubionidae . Yana da nau'in [[kudancin Afirka]] da aka sani daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc_aspidiphora&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
A Afirka ta Kudu, an rubuta ''Clubiona aspidiphora'' daga lardin Arewacin Cape a tsaunuka daga 250 zuwa 1155 m. Irin wannan yankin shine Komaggas a Arewacin Cape .&lt;ref name=&quot;dippenaar2021&quot; /&gt;

== Gida ==
Wannan nau'in shuka ne mai rai wanda aka samo a cikin Hamada da Succulent Karoo biomes, wanda ya dace da yanayin busassun yankin.

== Karewa ==
An lissafa nau'in a matsayin Bayanai marasa amfani don dalilai na lissafi, kamar yadda maza ne kawai aka sani ga kimiyya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don tattara mata da ƙayyade cikakken nau'in jinsin. An kare shi a cikin Richtersveld National Park da Tswalu Kalahari Reserve . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Clubiona aspidiphora''''' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne a cikin dangin Clubionidae . Yana da nau'in [[kudancin Afirka]] da aka sani daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc_aspidiphora&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
A Afirka ta Kudu, an rubuta ''Clubiona aspidiphora'' daga lardin Arewacin Cape a tsaunuka daga 250 zuwa 1155 m. Irin wannan yankin shine Komaggas a Arewacin Cape .&lt;ref name=&quot;dippenaar2021&quot; /&gt;

== Gida ==
Wannan nau'in shuka ne mai rai wanda aka samo a cikin Hamada da Succulent Karoo biomes, wanda ya dace da yanayin busassun yankin.

== Karewa ==
An lissafa nau'in a matsayin Bayanai marasa amfani don dalilai na lissafi, kamar yadda maza ne kawai aka sani ga kimiyya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don tattara mata da ƙayyade cikakken nau'in jinsin. An kare shi a cikin Richtersveld National Park da Tswalu Kalahari Reserve .&lt;ref name=&quot;dippenaar2021&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makarantar Sakandare ta Yuma</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365557955|Yuma High School]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2125" sha1="97qzn4131u0xhgfp1ps33zxqhr7rsqd" xml:space="preserve">Yuma High School (sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai Yuma High) ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa a Yuma, Arizona .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa makarantar a cikin 1909. Mascot din Yuma High ya zo ne lokacin da wuta ta lalata ginin makarantar na asali a 1910. Makarantar ta yi amfani da Yuma Territorial Prison, wanda aka rufe, na shekaru uku masu zuwa. An gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku, kuma an gudanar da tarurruka a asibitin kurkuku.

A cikin 1912, birnin Yuma ya sanar da makarantar cewa ana buƙatar kurkuku a matsayin kurkuku na gari. A shekara ta 1914, hukumar makarantar ta fara gina sabuwar makaranta a 400 South 6th Avenue (inda harabar yanzu take a yau). A wannan shekarar, magoya bayan Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union sun kira kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Yuma &quot;Criminals&quot;, wadanda aka ci tawagar kwallon kafa a wasan zakarun. Da farko, wannan kalma ce ta yaƙi ga al'ummar makarantar, amma a shekara ta 1917, ya makale, kuma hukumar makarantar ta karɓi sunan a hukumance. Yuma Union ta zama makarantar sakandare kawai a Amurka don amfani da mascot; Har ila yau ita ce kawai makarantar sakandare a Amurka wacce mascot din ke da haƙƙin mallaka. Ana yayyafa nassoshi a ko'ina; mascot ɗin yana sanye da kayan kurkuku masu launin shudi da fari, ƙofar filin wasanni na makarantar ta haɗa da mashaya daga tsohuwar kurkuku, kuma shagon &quot;Cell Block&quot; na makarantar yana sayar da tufafi masu taken.

A shekara ta 1958, babban dakin motsa jiki na lokacin ya ƙone.

Gine-gine na baya-bayan nan a harabar sun haɗa da ginin bincike, ginin ƙungiyar, ginin fasaha, da kuma Snider Auditorium.

Kwalejin kammala karatun za su ƙunshi aƙalla ɗalibai 700.

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==

* Curley Culp, Pro Football Hall of Fame mai tsaron gida 
* Ron Jessie, tsohon mai karɓar bakuncin NFL
* William B. Black, Jr., tsohon mataimakin Darakta na [[Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa]].
* Jason Maas, kocin CFL, wanda ya lashe kofin Grey tare da Montreal Alouettes

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.yumaunion.org/yumahs}}
* [https://www.yumaunion.org/ Gidan yanar gizon Yuma Union High School]</text>
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'''Yuma High '''School (sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai Yuma High) ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa a Yuma, Arizona .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa makarantar a cikin 1909. Mascot din Yuma High ya zo ne lokacin da wuta ta lalata ginin makarantar na asali a 1910. Makarantar ta yi amfani da Yuma Territorial Prison, wanda aka rufe, na shekaru uku masu zuwa. An gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku, kuma an gudanar da tarurruka a asibitin kurkuku.

A cikin 1912, birnin Yuma ya sanar da makarantar cewa ana buƙatar kurkuku a matsayin kurkuku na gari. A shekara ta 1914, hukumar makarantar ta fara gina sabuwar makaranta a 400 South 6th Avenue (inda harabar yanzu take a yau). A wannan shekarar, magoya bayan Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union sun kira kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Yuma &quot;Criminals&quot;, wadanda aka ci tawagar kwallon kafa a wasan zakarun. Da farko, wannan kalma ce ta yaƙi ga al'ummar makarantar, amma a shekara ta 1917, ya makale, kuma hukumar makarantar ta karɓi sunan a hukumance. Yuma Union ta zama makarantar sakandare kawai a Amurka don amfani da mascot; Har ila yau ita ce kawai makarantar sakandare a Amurka wacce mascot din ke da haƙƙin mallaka. Ana yayyafa nassoshi a ko'ina; mascot ɗin yana sanye da kayan kurkuku masu launin shudi da fari, ƙofar filin wasanni na makarantar ta haɗa da mashaya daga tsohuwar kurkuku, kuma shagon &quot;Cell Block&quot; na makarantar yana sayar da tufafi masu taken.

A shekara ta 1958, babban dakin motsa jiki na lokacin ya ƙone.

Gine-gine na baya-bayan nan a harabar sun haɗa da ginin bincike, ginin ƙungiyar, ginin fasaha, da kuma Snider Auditorium.

Kwalejin kammala karatun za su ƙunshi aƙalla ɗalibai 700.

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==

* Curley Culp, Pro Football Hall of Fame mai tsaron gida 
* Ron Jessie, tsohon mai karɓar bakuncin NFL
* William B. Black, Jr., tsohon mataimakin Darakta na [[Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa]].
* Jason Maas, kocin CFL, wanda ya lashe kofin Grey tare da Montreal Alouettes

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.yumaunion.org/yumahs}}
* [https://www.yumaunion.org/ Gidan yanar gizon Yuma Union High School]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Redmagic</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378210086|Redmagic]]&quot;</comment>
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REDMAGIC (mai suna REDMAGIC, Sinanci: 红魔; : ; lit. 'Red demon') alama ce ta kayan lantarki ta kasar Sin da ke da hedikwata a Shenzhen, Guangdong, ƙwararre a cikin wayoyin salula na caca da kayan haɗi masu alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da alamar a cikin 2018 a matsayin ƙaramin alama na Nubia Technology, kanta mai alaƙa da Kamfanin ZTE. Redmagic yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka wayoyin salula na caca. Alamar tana gasa tare da wasu alamun wayar caca, kamar ROG Phone, Black Shark da Legion. tsarin aiki, wanda ake kira RedMagicOS, yana da tushe mai rufewa. Kayan REDMAGIC ba su da kai tsaye, jigilar hukuma zuwa ƙasashe da yawa a duk duniya, musamman a yankuna kamar Amurka ta Kudu, Afirka, sassa na Asiya, da Oceania (ciki har da Ostiraliya).

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafa da farkon shekarun (2018-2019) ===
An kafa Redmagic a watan Afrilun 2018 ta hanyar Nubia Technology don yin niyya ga kasuwar wayoyin salula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valiyathara |first=Anvinraj |date=2018-04-11 |title=Nubia's Red Magic Gaming Brand Officially Launched; First Gaming Phone Pegged to Debut This Month |url=https://www.gizmochina.com/2018/04/11/nubias-red-magic-gaming-brand-officially-launch-first-gaming-phone-pegged-to-debut-this-month/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Gizmochina |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urar sa ta farko, Redmagic Phone, tana da ƙira tare da hasken RGB da kuma ginin ergonomic.

An saki Redmagic Mars a farkon 2019, yana gabatar da abubuwan da ke haifar da kafada da fasahar sanyaya ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Red Magic Mars: Gaming features explained |url=https://www.example2.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220165948/http://example2.com/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Android Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urar ta sami kyaututtuka mafi kyau na CES 2019 daga kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha kamar Android Authority, Android Headlines  da PCMag. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lucic |first=Kristijan |date=2019-01-14 |title=Best Of CES 2019: Nubia Red Magic Mars |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/01/best-of-ces-2019-nubia-red-magic-mars.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=The Best of CES 2019 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-best-of-ces-2019 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faɗakarwa (2020-2023) ===
Redmagic 5G a cikin 2020 yana ɗaya daga cikin wayoyin salula na farko a duniya don samun nuni na sabuntawa na 144 Hz, fan mai sanyaya na ciki da haɗin 5G.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel Horti |date=2020-06-18 |title=Nubia Red Magic 5G review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/nubia-red-magic-5g |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Jerin Redmagic 6 na gaba, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2021, shine wayar salula ta farko da ta haɗa da nuni tare da farfadowa na 165 Hz, da kuma ingantaccen fan mai sanyaya (har zuwa 18,500 Tr / min maimakon 16,000). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Bedford |date=2021-04-09 |title=Nubia Red Magic 6 review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/nubia-red-magic-6 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2023, Redmagic 8 Pro ya nuna Qualcomm's Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipset da batirin 6000mAh, yana nuna jajircewar kamfanin ga babban aiki da tsawaita zaman caca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZTE nubia Red Magic 8 Pro - Full phone specifications |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/zte_nubia_red_magic_8_pro-12015.php |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.gsmarena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwa ƙarshen 2023, Redmagic ya fitar da Redmagic 9 Pro, wanda ke nuna Qualcomm's Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 chipset, batirin 6,500 mAh da tsarin sanyaya na ICE 13 wanda zai iya saukar da zafin jiki na'urar har zuwa 18 ° C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redmagic 9 Pro launches internationally, bringing Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 to mobile gamers |url=https://www.hardwarezone.com.sg/tech-news-redmagic-9-pro-nubia-gaming-smartphone-snapdragon-android-singapore-specs-price |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.hardwarezone.com.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan (2024) ===
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Redmagic ta ƙaddamar da Redmagic 10 Pro, na'urar da ke aiki da Snapdragon 8 Elite. Yana da nuni na 144 Hz AMOLED, masu saurin kafada, da kuma tsarin sanyaya mai ci gaba, ICE-X.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lucic |first=Kristijan |date=2024-11-13 |title=RedMagic 10 Pro series is here: Snapdragon 8 Elite, 144Hz display, 7,050mAh battery |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/redmagic-10-pro-gaming-series-official-specs-features-price |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Gilashin 3D ba tare da tabarau ba ===
A cikin 2024 Nubia ta ƙaddamar da RedMagic Tablet 3D Explorer Edition wanda aka tsara don nishaɗi tare da nuni na Autostereoscopic, kyamarori biyu na 3D da bin ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanto |first=Abid Ahsan |date=2024-09-05 |title=RedMagic Tablet 3D Explorer Edition features glasses-free 3D display |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/RedMagic-Tablet-3D-Explorer-Edition-features-glasses-free-3D-display.884745.0.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Notebookcheck |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayayyakin ==

=== Redmagic ===

==== Smartphones ====

* Redmagic (2018): Na'urar farko ta alama, tare da hasken RGB da tsarin sanyaya mai aiki.
* Redmagic Mars (2019): Na'urar tana da abubuwan da ke haifar da kafada.
* Redmagic 3 Series (2019): Na'urar ta gabatar da fan mai sanyaya mai aiki da fasahar sanyaya ruwa tare da farfadowa ta 90 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frumusanu |first=Andrei |title=The Nubia Red Magic 3 Review: A 90Hz Gaming Phone With Active Cooling |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/14717/the-red-magic-3-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927182913/https://www.anandtech.com/show/14717/the-red-magic-3-review |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.anandtech.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 5G (2020): Na'urar tana nuna alamar sabuntawa ta 144 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=Nubia RedMagic 5G review: world's first 144 Hz smartphone display |url=https://www.nextpit.com/nubia-redmagic-5g-review |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=nextpit |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 6 Series (2021): Na'urar ta nuna alamar sabuntawa ta 165 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Derrek |date=2021-03-04 |title=The Nubia RedMagic 6 Series touts a stellar 165Hz display and 120W charging |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/nubia-redmagic-6-series-tencent-edition-launch |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Central |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 7 Series: Wannan na'urar ta haɗa da nuni tare da kyamara a ƙarƙashin fasahar nuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=REDMAGIC 7 launched globally: This gaming phone has all the cooling solutions |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/red-magic-7-3113091/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 8 Pro (2023): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Janar 2 da batirin 6000mAh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Pranob |date=2023-01-16 |title=The Red Magic 8 Pro is a $650 gaming smartphone with the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/red-magic-8-pro-launch/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=XDA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 10 Pro (2024): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da kuma batirin 7050 mAh.&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 10S Pro (2025): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite Leading Version tare da RedCore R3 Pro, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da kuma batirin 7050 mAh.&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 11 jerin
** Redmagic 11 Pro (2025): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 tare da REDMAGIC RedCore R4 guntu, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da batirin 7500 mAh. &amp;nbsp;Wayar farko da aka samar da yawa a duniya tare da famfo na ruwa.
** 11 Pro (China) 
** 11 Pro+
** 11 Air &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=REDMAGIC 11 Air – Snapdragon 8 Elite, Slim Transparent Gaming Smartphone, 7,000 mAh Battery |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-11-air |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 11 Pro Golden Saga (Limited Edition Bundle) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buy REDMAGIC 11 Pro Golden Saga Limited Edition Bundle– Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5, RedCore R4, 7,500 mAh, 80W Wireless Charging, Limited bundle |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-11-pro-golden-saga-limited-edition |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 11S jerin
** 11S Pro
** 11S Pro (China) 
** 11S Pro+

==== Kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da allunan wasa ====

* A watan Agustan 2024, Redmagic ya gabatar da sabon kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, Redmagic Titan 16 Pro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlad |title=Red Magic Titan 16 Pro laptop launches internationally |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/red_magic_titan_16_pro_laptop_launches_internationally-news-64190.php#:~:text=The%20international%20version%20is%20called,/%20%E2%82%AC1,759%20/%20Mex$35,999. |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da allon wasan Nova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jon Mundy |date=2024-10-31 |title=Nubia Red Magic Nova Tablet review: a rapid but somewhat unrefined gaming tablet |url=https://www.techradar.com/tablets/nubia-red-magic-nova-tablet-review |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An ƙaddamar da allon wasan Astra a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Justin |date=2025-06-12 |title=Redmagic officially launches its smaller gaming tablet in China |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2025/06/redmagic-officially-launches-its-smaller-gaming-tablet-in-china.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya Astra a matsayin mai fafatawa kai tsaye ga Lenovo Legion Tab, tare da farashin da ke farawa a kusa da $ 549 ko £ 439 don ƙananan samfuran. 
** Astra Golden Saga (Limited Edition Bundle) an ƙaddamar da shi a 2026 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buy REDMAGIC Astra Golden Saga Limited Edition - Snapdragon 8 Elite, Dual-Layer Gold Vapor Chambers, 24GB+1TB Gaming Phone Bundle |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-astra-golden-saga-limited-edition |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dao ===

* Dao 165w GaN
* Dao 80w mara waya tsaye
* Dao 80w GaN
* Cube na makamashi na Dao 3-in-1 65w GaN
* Dao vita ikon 22.5w
* Dao TWS (Cyberbuds) 

== Karɓar baƙi ==
An lura da samfuran Redmagic saboda farashi mai gasa da sababbin abubuwan da suka shafi caca. Koyaya, sake dubawa sau da yawa suna lura da cinikayya a cikin abubuwan da ba na wasa ba, kamar aikin kyamara da sabuntawar software, idan aka kwatanta da manyan wayoyin salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richard Priday |date=2023-01-16 |title=RedMagic 8 Pro review: The first great gaming phone of 2023 |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/reviews/redmagic-8-pro |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Tom's Guide |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin Kasuwanci mai iyaka:

Ba kamar Apple, Samsung, ko ma Lenovo ba, samfuran REDMAGIC suna da wuyar samu a Burtaniya kuma ana sayar da su ne kawai a shafukan yanar gizo kamar [[Amazon (kamfani)]] da CeX (Shagin lantarki na biyu na Burtaniya). Yawancin tallace-tallace sune shigo da kan layi, wanda ke rage ganuwa ga masu siyayya na yau da kullun. Wasu masu amfani sun ba da rahoton jinkiri da matsaloli tare da jigilar kaya yayin yin odar samfuran REDMAGIC ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Burtaniya, musamman idan aka kwatanta da manyan 'yan kasuwa kamar [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] da CEX. Akwai rahotanni na labarai game da sayar da kayayyaki da matsalolin samuwa a Turai da sauran yankuna, amma waɗannan maganganun masu amfani ne kuma ba ƙididdigar tallace-tallace ba.

Redmagic 10 Pro, musamman, ya jawo hankali ga aikin wasansa na hannu a farashi mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da masu fafatawa, kodayake dandalin bita na samfurin Wired ya yi gargadi cewa &quot;masu son ya kamata su dubi wani wuri&quot;. &quot;Da ka yi la'akari da babban, ƙirar kusurwa, wanda ba shi da kyau sosai, za ka iya yin watsi da software mai saurin gudu, aikin kyamara mara daidaituwa, ko rashin caji mara waya, &quot;in ji bita.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Fasahar Nubia
* Kamfanin ZTE

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
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      <text bytes="12368" sha1="rlv6oai19t6ah96kno0vqtjrgtaf67a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''REDMAGIC '''(mai suna REDMAGIC, Sinanci: 红魔; : ; lit. 'Red demon') alama ce ta kayan lantarki ta kasar Sin da ke da hedikwata a Shenzhen, Guangdong, ƙwararre a cikin wayoyin salula na caca da kayan haɗi masu alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da alamar a cikin 2018 a matsayin ƙaramin alama na Nubia Technology, kanta mai alaƙa da Kamfanin ZTE. Redmagic yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka wayoyin salula na caca. Alamar tana gasa tare da wasu alamun wayar caca, kamar ROG Phone, Black Shark da Legion. tsarin aiki, wanda ake kira RedMagicOS, yana da tushe mai rufewa. Kayan REDMAGIC ba su da kai tsaye, jigilar hukuma zuwa ƙasashe da yawa a duk duniya, musamman a yankuna kamar Amurka ta Kudu, Afirka, sassa na Asiya, da Oceania (ciki har da Ostiraliya).

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafa da farkon shekarun (2018-2019) ===
An kafa Redmagic a watan Afrilun 2018 ta hanyar Nubia Technology don yin niyya ga kasuwar wayoyin salula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valiyathara |first=Anvinraj |date=2018-04-11 |title=Nubia's Red Magic Gaming Brand Officially Launched; First Gaming Phone Pegged to Debut This Month |url=https://www.gizmochina.com/2018/04/11/nubias-red-magic-gaming-brand-officially-launch-first-gaming-phone-pegged-to-debut-this-month/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Gizmochina |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urar sa ta farko, Redmagic Phone, tana da ƙira tare da hasken RGB da kuma ginin ergonomic.

An saki Redmagic Mars a farkon 2019, yana gabatar da abubuwan da ke haifar da kafada da fasahar sanyaya ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Red Magic Mars: Gaming features explained |url=https://www.example2.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220165948/http://example2.com/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Android Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urar ta sami kyaututtuka mafi kyau na CES 2019 daga kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha kamar Android Authority, Android Headlines  da PCMag. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lucic |first=Kristijan |date=2019-01-14 |title=Best Of CES 2019: Nubia Red Magic Mars |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/01/best-of-ces-2019-nubia-red-magic-mars.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=The Best of CES 2019 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-best-of-ces-2019 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faɗakarwa (2020-2023) ===
Redmagic 5G a cikin 2020 yana ɗaya daga cikin wayoyin salula na farko a duniya don samun nuni na sabuntawa na 144 Hz, fan mai sanyaya na ciki da haɗin 5G.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel Horti |date=2020-06-18 |title=Nubia Red Magic 5G review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/nubia-red-magic-5g |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Jerin Redmagic 6 na gaba, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2021, shine wayar salula ta farko da ta haɗa da nuni tare da farfadowa na 165 Hz, da kuma ingantaccen fan mai sanyaya (har zuwa 18,500 Tr / min maimakon 16,000). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Bedford |date=2021-04-09 |title=Nubia Red Magic 6 review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/nubia-red-magic-6 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2023, Redmagic 8 Pro ya nuna Qualcomm's Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipset da batirin 6000mAh, yana nuna jajircewar kamfanin ga babban aiki da tsawaita zaman caca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ZTE nubia Red Magic 8 Pro - Full phone specifications |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/zte_nubia_red_magic_8_pro-12015.php |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.gsmarena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zuwa ƙarshen 2023, Redmagic ya fitar da Redmagic 9 Pro, wanda ke nuna Qualcomm's Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 chipset, batirin 6,500 mAh da tsarin sanyaya na ICE 13 wanda zai iya saukar da zafin jiki na'urar har zuwa 18 ° C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redmagic 9 Pro launches internationally, bringing Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 to mobile gamers |url=https://www.hardwarezone.com.sg/tech-news-redmagic-9-pro-nubia-gaming-smartphone-snapdragon-android-singapore-specs-price |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.hardwarezone.com.sg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan (2024) ===
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Redmagic ta ƙaddamar da Redmagic 10 Pro, na'urar da ke aiki da Snapdragon 8 Elite. Yana da nuni na 144 Hz AMOLED, masu saurin kafada, da kuma tsarin sanyaya mai ci gaba, ICE-X.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lucic |first=Kristijan |date=2024-11-13 |title=RedMagic 10 Pro series is here: Snapdragon 8 Elite, 144Hz display, 7,050mAh battery |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/redmagic-10-pro-gaming-series-official-specs-features-price |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Gilashin 3D ba tare da tabarau ba ===
A cikin 2024 Nubia ta ƙaddamar da RedMagic Tablet 3D Explorer Edition wanda aka tsara don nishaɗi tare da nuni na Autostereoscopic, kyamarori biyu na 3D da bin ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanto |first=Abid Ahsan |date=2024-09-05 |title=RedMagic Tablet 3D Explorer Edition features glasses-free 3D display |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/RedMagic-Tablet-3D-Explorer-Edition-features-glasses-free-3D-display.884745.0.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Notebookcheck |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayayyakin ==

=== Redmagic ===

==== Smartphones ====

* Redmagic (2018): Na'urar farko ta alama, tare da hasken RGB da tsarin sanyaya mai aiki.
* Redmagic Mars (2019): Na'urar tana da abubuwan da ke haifar da kafada.
* Redmagic 3 Series (2019): Na'urar ta gabatar da fan mai sanyaya mai aiki da fasahar sanyaya ruwa tare da farfadowa ta 90 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frumusanu |first=Andrei |title=The Nubia Red Magic 3 Review: A 90Hz Gaming Phone With Active Cooling |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/14717/the-red-magic-3-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927182913/https://www.anandtech.com/show/14717/the-red-magic-3-review |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.anandtech.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 5G (2020): Na'urar tana nuna alamar sabuntawa ta 144 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=Nubia RedMagic 5G review: world's first 144 Hz smartphone display |url=https://www.nextpit.com/nubia-redmagic-5g-review |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=nextpit |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 6 Series (2021): Na'urar ta nuna alamar sabuntawa ta 165 Hz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Derrek |date=2021-03-04 |title=The Nubia RedMagic 6 Series touts a stellar 165Hz display and 120W charging |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/nubia-redmagic-6-series-tencent-edition-launch |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Central |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 7 Series: Wannan na'urar ta haɗa da nuni tare da kyamara a ƙarƙashin fasahar nuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=REDMAGIC 7 launched globally: This gaming phone has all the cooling solutions |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/red-magic-7-3113091/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 8 Pro (2023): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Janar 2 da batirin 6000mAh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Pranob |date=2023-01-16 |title=The Red Magic 8 Pro is a $650 gaming smartphone with the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/red-magic-8-pro-launch/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=XDA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 10 Pro (2024): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da kuma batirin 7050 mAh.&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 10S Pro (2025): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite Leading Version tare da RedCore R3 Pro, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da kuma batirin 7050 mAh.&amp;nbsp;
* Redmagic 11 jerin
** Redmagic 11 Pro (2025): An sanye shi da Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 tare da REDMAGIC RedCore R4 guntu, 144 Hz AMOLED nuni, da batirin 7500 mAh. &amp;nbsp;Wayar farko da aka samar da yawa a duniya tare da famfo na ruwa.
** 11 Pro (China) 
** 11 Pro+
** 11 Air &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=REDMAGIC 11 Air – Snapdragon 8 Elite, Slim Transparent Gaming Smartphone, 7,000 mAh Battery |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-11-air |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 11 Pro Golden Saga (Limited Edition Bundle) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buy REDMAGIC 11 Pro Golden Saga Limited Edition Bundle– Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5, RedCore R4, 7,500 mAh, 80W Wireless Charging, Limited bundle |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-11-pro-golden-saga-limited-edition |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Redmagic 11S jerin
** 11S Pro
** 11S Pro (China) 
** 11S Pro+

==== Kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da allunan wasa ====

* A watan Agustan 2024, Redmagic ya gabatar da sabon kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, Redmagic Titan 16 Pro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vlad |title=Red Magic Titan 16 Pro laptop launches internationally |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/red_magic_titan_16_pro_laptop_launches_internationally-news-64190.php#:~:text=The%20international%20version%20is%20called,/%20%E2%82%AC1,759%20/%20Mex$35,999. |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da allon wasan Nova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jon Mundy |date=2024-10-31 |title=Nubia Red Magic Nova Tablet review: a rapid but somewhat unrefined gaming tablet |url=https://www.techradar.com/tablets/nubia-red-magic-nova-tablet-review |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An ƙaddamar da allon wasan Astra a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Justin |date=2025-06-12 |title=Redmagic officially launches its smaller gaming tablet in China |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2025/06/redmagic-officially-launches-its-smaller-gaming-tablet-in-china.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya Astra a matsayin mai fafatawa kai tsaye ga Lenovo Legion Tab, tare da farashin da ke farawa a kusa da $ 549 ko £ 439 don ƙananan samfuran. 
** Astra Golden Saga (Limited Edition Bundle) an ƙaddamar da shi a 2026 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buy REDMAGIC Astra Golden Saga Limited Edition - Snapdragon 8 Elite, Dual-Layer Gold Vapor Chambers, 24GB+1TB Gaming Phone Bundle |url=https://global.redmagic.gg/pages/redmagic-astra-golden-saga-limited-edition |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=REDMAGIC (Global) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dao ===

* Dao 165w GaN
* Dao 80w mara waya tsaye
* Dao 80w GaN
* Cube na makamashi na Dao 3-in-1 65w GaN
* Dao vita ikon 22.5w
* Dao TWS (Cyberbuds) 

== Karɓar baƙi ==
An lura da samfuran Redmagic saboda farashi mai gasa da sababbin abubuwan da suka shafi caca. Koyaya, sake dubawa sau da yawa suna lura da cinikayya a cikin abubuwan da ba na wasa ba, kamar aikin kyamara da sabuntawar software, idan aka kwatanta da manyan wayoyin salula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richard Priday |date=2023-01-16 |title=RedMagic 8 Pro review: The first great gaming phone of 2023 |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/reviews/redmagic-8-pro |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Tom's Guide |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin Kasuwanci mai iyaka:

Ba kamar Apple, Samsung, ko ma Lenovo ba, samfuran REDMAGIC suna da wuyar samu a Burtaniya kuma ana sayar da su ne kawai a shafukan yanar gizo kamar [[Amazon (kamfani)]] da CeX (Shagin lantarki na biyu na Burtaniya). Yawancin tallace-tallace sune shigo da kan layi, wanda ke rage ganuwa ga masu siyayya na yau da kullun. Wasu masu amfani sun ba da rahoton jinkiri da matsaloli tare da jigilar kaya yayin yin odar samfuran REDMAGIC ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Burtaniya, musamman idan aka kwatanta da manyan 'yan kasuwa kamar [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] da CEX. Akwai rahotanni na labarai game da sayar da kayayyaki da matsalolin samuwa a Turai da sauran yankuna, amma waɗannan maganganun masu amfani ne kuma ba ƙididdigar tallace-tallace ba.

Redmagic 10 Pro, musamman, ya jawo hankali ga aikin wasansa na hannu a farashi mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da masu fafatawa, kodayake dandalin bita na samfurin Wired ya yi gargadi cewa &quot;masu son ya kamata su dubi wani wuri&quot;. &quot;Da ka yi la'akari da babban, ƙirar kusurwa, wanda ba shi da kyau sosai, za ka iya yin watsi da software mai saurin gudu, aikin kyamara mara daidaituwa, ko rashin caji mara waya, &quot;in ji bita.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Fasahar Nubia
* Kamfanin ZTE

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>rlv6oai19t6ah96kno0vqtjrgtaf67a</sha1>
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    <title>Boin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:15:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270039362|Boin]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963579</origin>
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      <text bytes="317" sha1="8z135l8c5lagraf3qqm3ys9jl0drzet" xml:space="preserve">'''Boin''' shine sunan ƙarshe da mutanen da ke ƙasa ke rabawa::

* Bruno Boin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
* Jean Boin (1949-2020), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa
* Victor Boin (1886-1974), ɗan wasan ruwa na Belgium, ɗan wasan polo na ruwa, kuma mai tsere da takobi</text>
      <sha1>8z135l8c5lagraf3qqm3ys9jl0drzet</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963581</id>
      <parentid>963579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:16:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
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      <text bytes="327" sha1="qh726l5sr5pr9xqfoizp6466p1njr68" xml:space="preserve">{{databo}}'''Boin''' shine sunan ƙarshe da mutanen da ke ƙasa ke rabawa::

* Bruno Boin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
* Jean Boin (1949-2020), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa
* Victor Boin (1886-1974), ɗan wasan ruwa na Belgium, ɗan wasan polo na ruwa, kuma mai tsere da takobi</text>
      <sha1>qh726l5sr5pr9xqfoizp6466p1njr68</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>963582</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>22698</id>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>963582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="317" sha1="8z135l8c5lagraf3qqm3ys9jl0drzet" xml:space="preserve">'''Boin''' shine sunan ƙarshe da mutanen da ke ƙasa ke rabawa::

* Bruno Boin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka
* Jean Boin (1949-2020), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa
* Victor Boin (1886-1974), ɗan wasan ruwa na Belgium, ɗan wasan polo na ruwa, kuma mai tsere da takobi</text>
      <sha1>8z135l8c5lagraf3qqm3ys9jl0drzet</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aanatareh</title>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963583</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aanatareh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aanatareh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8veyowmni7t7ot4s7wepyonxgd0korb</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:GroẞesEszett</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963584</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="7af9o6d9xlxak5h3h4uwugsfuxbatz9" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, GroẞesEszett! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/GroẞesEszett|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7af9o6d9xlxak5h3h4uwugsfuxbatz9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aisha abubakar Musa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963585</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="773cif0qmwn90mjt2dma8wd15d158a3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aisha abubakar Musa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aisha abubakar Musa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>773cif0qmwn90mjt2dma8wd15d158a3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aabdussamad Yusuf</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="rfufce0snfo5utenh114hi33qxi08fk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aabdussamad Yusuf! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aabdussamad Yusuf|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rfufce0snfo5utenh114hi33qxi08fk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tomtom1278</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963588</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="pon4z5blxt4rt6i44krq5z6x4fvr9wh" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tomtom1278! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tomtom1278|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pon4z5blxt4rt6i44krq5z6x4fvr9wh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lowemt</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963589</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="d473k82ff975nl3q61js87wvlnau6s3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lowemt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lowemt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d473k82ff975nl3q61js87wvlnau6s3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:VasileArsenie</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963590</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="6ugrxv4jj9rjuet5v6vwdk1l2x02w8w" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, VasileArsenie! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/VasileArsenie|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6ugrxv4jj9rjuet5v6vwdk1l2x02w8w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kurslash</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963591</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="tbp60hvn7rfrpc15nnbigr7vjjmhvc4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kurslash! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kurslash|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tbp60hvn7rfrpc15nnbigr7vjjmhvc4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Umar aliy</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963592</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="98e5s4iski5iu3s75hgvw1fi9a0txms" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar aliy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar aliy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>98e5s4iski5iu3s75hgvw1fi9a0txms</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ZenZephyr17</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963593</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="bpak3elziiqqp8a94tzpa55w0l2mmu5" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZenZephyr17! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZenZephyr17|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bpak3elziiqqp8a94tzpa55w0l2mmu5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Whonting</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963594</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="lxswd2qor01m7cf2s7wni1gwzhg9h73" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Whonting! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Whonting|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lxswd2qor01m7cf2s7wni1gwzhg9h73</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:IgboRefBot</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963595</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="cqamxgnf2u6vrdk4dcfowptwfousl5x" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IgboRefBot! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IgboRefBot|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cqamxgnf2u6vrdk4dcfowptwfousl5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Zainab Muazu yau</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="4ao78v2b70wrcb14f4so48d34mcwuvg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab Muazu yau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab Muazu yau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4ao78v2b70wrcb14f4so48d34mcwuvg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dilshan.rehman33</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963597</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="l61smd4fqyx3a3licnnkj6yzhph5ptc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dilshan.rehman33! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dilshan.rehman33|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l61smd4fqyx3a3licnnkj6yzhph5ptc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bewjskao7689</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="a9j1vzjuka5vklblb6jotl6l8csa96u" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bewjskao7689! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bewjskao7689|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a9j1vzjuka5vklblb6jotl6l8csa96u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Themanwhoeatsbricks</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="5a9xuf8wcrov6qjzla5j84005xj1v96" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Themanwhoeatsbricks! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Themanwhoeatsbricks|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5a9xuf8wcrov6qjzla5j84005xj1v96</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kingabktg</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963600</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="skpei083xaihfda1vq0kor83zf7ryzq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kingabktg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kingabktg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>skpei083xaihfda1vq0kor83zf7ryzq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MAYAJ7</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963601</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="1vic69sjfx2nzoi8wwxg4ksmfw8mnei" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MAYAJ7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MAYAJ7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1vic69sjfx2nzoi8wwxg4ksmfw8mnei</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rafiqueahmed33</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963602</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="8cus82rhyevlm1spoh76w1lcm1a7pai" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rafiqueahmed33! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rafiqueahmed33|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8cus82rhyevlm1spoh76w1lcm1a7pai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Goydbjuy6749678</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="mstvqvzpeuw5xwe2ii5rpdnhw8ibatu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Goydbjuy6749678! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Goydbjuy6749678|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mstvqvzpeuw5xwe2ii5rpdnhw8ibatu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Jrlavender</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963604</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="a12dh0onbn65yfi5xcnf727285t9k2n" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jrlavender! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jrlavender|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a12dh0onbn65yfi5xcnf727285t9k2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Zita Zage (WMDE)</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963606</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:26:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="dqc9w58nl5wcc9o5s21u462f5d4zrt7" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zita Zage (WMDE)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zita Zage (WMDE)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dqc9w58nl5wcc9o5s21u462f5d4zrt7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Samuel210625</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="p4vat439pns4vzvqijlmmxnu7uw2xsf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Samuel210625! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Samuel210625|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p4vat439pns4vzvqijlmmxnu7uw2xsf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Xan Tumonea</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963608</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:27:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="em3katwz7i4omv57juuy2fmqmfi3lwa" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xan Tumonea! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xan Tumonea|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>em3katwz7i4omv57juuy2fmqmfi3lwa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kokofaye</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:27:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="oriumj35k5u3glc0qxhhoo5lky9vq90" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kokofaye! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kokofaye|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>oriumj35k5u3glc0qxhhoo5lky9vq90</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Helmuth Furch</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963611</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="99w93ogr43h8qmlb6dhok503hwf7c13" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Helmuth Furch! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Helmuth Furch|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>99w93ogr43h8qmlb6dhok503hwf7c13</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:DaSoupCook</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963612</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:27:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="murcqe88fksenrah4pkqrcdoavlc7qn" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DaSoupCook! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DaSoupCook|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>murcqe88fksenrah4pkqrcdoavlc7qn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:نمیدونم والا</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963613</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1218" sha1="d4xza9zx4w7bgtxr53qd6a32myf6tvi" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, نمیدونم والا! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/نمیدونم والا|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d4xza9zx4w7bgtxr53qd6a32myf6tvi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Masoyin AhlulBaiti</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963614</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1208" sha1="pwflvu8auopwgdu2fwnercjnnh1h9gr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Masoyin AhlulBaiti! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Masoyin AhlulBaiti|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pwflvu8auopwgdu2fwnercjnnh1h9gr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Neudabei</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963615</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="jkhhkd8veg32up08rijvb6mlw3pktvm" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Neudabei! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Neudabei|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jkhhkd8veg32up08rijvb6mlw3pktvm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Musaado</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963616</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="2e1vnindz17rmr0mr54k5ydaiq6xzp0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musaado! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musaado|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2e1vnindz17rmr0mr54k5ydaiq6xzp0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Makitaro</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963617</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="jjkusmhaevp9a51gek42rfm2gaz7tmp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Makitaro! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Makitaro|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jjkusmhaevp9a51gek42rfm2gaz7tmp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:AriyaNavid</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963618</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="ffgb3fvziy5p6l8r8jdm4wgd95223jv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AriyaNavid! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AriyaNavid|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ffgb3fvziy5p6l8r8jdm4wgd95223jv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ausfootballfan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963619</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:29:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ausfootballfan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ausfootballfan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c6c1gmk1mkg7v63acv9c2ncd2aznifo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Auror Andrachome</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963620</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:29:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="hus0rf2xnzhqklrmpu15s72xqwae8ri" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Auror Andrachome! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Auror Andrachome|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hus0rf2xnzhqklrmpu15s72xqwae8ri</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:NickelTonoto24</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963621</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:29:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>963621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="k0hkc5grxkn3j2r4i0zqhnc6x880nug" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NickelTonoto24! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NickelTonoto24|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>k0hkc5grxkn3j2r4i0zqhnc6x880nug</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IGH@</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963645</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369873787|IGH@]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7615" sha1="f6vuo251pdd161ua5omae4romw8y3yv" xml:space="preserve">
Immunoglobulin heavy locus, wanda aka fi sani da '''IGH@''', yanki ne a kan chromosome 14 na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi sassan kwayar halitta da yawa don manyan sarƙoƙi na rigakafin mutum (ko immunoglobulins). Alamar @ tana nuna sunanta a matsayin tarin kwayoyin halitta: IGH@ tarin sassan kwayoyin halitta ne da yawa.

Immunoglobulins sun gane antigens na kasashen waje kuma suna fara amsawar rigakafi kamar phagocytosis da tsarin kari. Kowace kwayar cutar immunoglobulin ta ƙunshi sarƙoƙi masu nauyi guda biyu da sarƙoƙe masu haske guda biyu. Wannan yankin yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na babban sarkar. Locus ya haɗa da V (mai canji), D (bambanci), J (haɗewa), da C (ko da yaushe). &lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: IGH immunoglobulin heavy locus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=3492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
A&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt; shirya babban sarkar sarkar (''x''-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;164&quot; href=&quot;./IGH@&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;IGH@) a cikin hanyar Vn-Dx-Jy-C&lt;sub&gt;''z''&lt;/sub&gt;, tare da wasu sassan da za a iya canzawa, bambancin, haɗuwa, &lt;sub&gt;''da kuma''&lt;/sub&gt; Constant don &quot;zaɓi&quot; daga. Saboda babban taro da ake buƙata, babu wani daga cikin ɓangarorin da aka ambata na IGH@ locus &quot;kwayar halitta mai ƙididdigar furotin&quot; a cikin ma'anar gargajiya.

An shirya sassan V, D, da J a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da V (D) J, tare da jerin siginar sake haɗuwa (RSS) tsakanin su don haifar da haɗuwa da aka nufa na ɗayan V, D. A wasu kalmomi, su ne kawai ƙananan exons kewaye da RSS.

Sassan C kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa da aka shirya a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da sauya aji, yana mai da su &quot;kamar kwayar halitta&quot;. 
Kowane ɓangaren C ya ƙunshi: &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen K, Cerutti A |date=September 2010 |title=New insights into the enigma of immunoglobulin D |journal=Immunological Reviews |volume=237 |issue=1 |pages=160–179 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00929.x |pmc=3048779 |pmid=20727035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tsarin nucleotide mai kiyayewa wanda ake kira yankin canji (S), wanda aka samo a duk sarkar H (watau S&lt;sub&gt;μ&lt;/sub&gt;, S&lt;sub&gt;γ3&lt;/sub&gt;, da dai sauransu) sai dai sarkar IgD.
* Yawancin C (na yau da kullun), wanda ke ƙunshe da yankin immunoglobulin-fold, sai dai a cikin 'yan codons C2 na dabbobi masu shayarwa inda yake ƙunshe &quot;hinge&quot; mai sauƙi wanda aka samo daga yankin mai girma.
* Littafin poly-A.
* Ɗaya ko fiye m (membrane) exons, wanda ke ƙunshe da Yankin transmembrane da aka samu a kan B cell mai karɓar (BCR) na maganin rigakafi.
* Wani sashi na poly-A, bayan haka wani sashi ya fara.

Codon na tsayawa don mRNA na ƙarshe yana cikin exon na ƙarshe na ɓangaren C. Ko yana faruwa a gaban yankunan transmembrane shine batun madadin splicing. Wannan yana ƙayyade ko an yi BCR mai ɗaure ko rigakafin rigakafi mai iyo kyauta.

=== Pseudogenes ===
Za'a iya ɗaukar ɓangaren V / D / J a matsayin pseudogene idan ya ƙunshi maye gurbi a cikin RSS (yana sa ba za a iya haɗa shi ba) ko maye gurbi wanda ke hana shi samar da maganin rigakafi mai aiki. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, ya bambanta da pseudogene na gargajiya a cikin cewa an bayyana samfurin furotin kuma an yi shi, amma sakamakon asalin sel na B da sauri ya mutu a cikin tsarin zaɓe.

Har ila yau akwai V / D / J &quot;orphon&quot; pseudogenes a waje da IGH@ locus, a wannan yanayin wurin su yana hana shigar da su cikin mRNAs ta hanyar tsarin sake haɗuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene group {{!}} HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee |url=https://www.genenames.org/data/genegroup/#!/group/350 |website=www.genenames.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai akalla C pseudogenes guda biyu a cikin yawancin mutane: IGHGP, IGHEP1.

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin Ci gaban tantanin halitta na B, sake haɗuwa da V (D) J a matakin DNA ya haɗu da ɓangaren D guda ɗaya tare da ɓangaren J; an haɗa D-J exon na wannan yankin D-J da aka sake tsarawa zuwa ɓangaren V. Yankin da aka sake tsarawa na V-D-J wanda ke dauke da V-D -J exon da aka haɗa sannan aka haɗa shi a matakin RNA zuwa yankin IGHM; wannan rubutun yana ƙunshe da sarkar mu mai nauyi. Daga baya a cikin ci gaba ƙwayoyin B suna samar da V-D-J-Cmu-Cdelta pre-messenger RNA, wanda aka haɗa shi a madadin don yin amfani da mu ko delta mai nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin B masu girma a cikin lymph nodes suna fuskantar sauyawa, don haka ana kawo ɓangaren kwayar halitta na V-D-J kusa da ɗaya daga cikin sassan kwayar halitta ta IGHG, IGHA, ko IGHE kuma kowane tantanin halitta yana nuna ko dai gamma, alpha, ko epsilon mai nauyi. Kyakkyawan haɗuwa da ɓangarorin V daban-daban tare da ɓangarori na J da yawa suna ba da ƙwarewar antigen mai yawa. Ana samun ƙarin bambancin ta hanyar bambancin junctional, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar nucleotides ta hanyar terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, da kuma ta hanyar somatic hypermutation, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin balaga na B cell a cikin spleen da lymph nodes. Yawancin sassan V, D, J, da C an san su da rashin iya shigar da furotin kuma ana ɗaukar su sassan kwayar halitta na pseudogenous (sau da yawa ana kiransu kawai pseudogenes). 

== Suna ==
Alamomin sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin masu canzawa (V) suna farawa da IGHV kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu ko uku da aka raba ta da dashes. Misalai:

: IGHV1-2, IGHV1-3, …, IGHV1-69-2, IGHV2-5, …, IGHV7-4-1

Alamomin bambancin (D) sassan kwayoyin halittar immunoglobulin suna farawa da IGHD kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu da aka raba ta hanyar dashes. Misalai:

: IGHD1-1, IGHD1-7, …, IGHD7-27

Alamomin shiga sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin (J):

: IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ6

Ƙungiyoyin da waɗannan sassan suka samar za a iya kiransu IGHV@, IGHD@, da IGHJ@. @ wajibi ne, musamman ma a yanayin sassan D, domin in ba haka ba za a rikita shi da yankin da ke da daidaiton delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN DIVERSITY GENE CLUSTER; IGHD@ |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/146910?search=IGHD&amp;highlight=ighd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Constant segments ===
Sassan da ba su da iyaka kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa kuma galibi ana kiransu da &quot;kwayoyin halitta&quot;. A cikin tsari na 5' zuwa 3', na ɗan adam sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene Family: Immunoglobulin heavy locus at 14q32.33 (IGH) |url=https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001209/https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-21 |publisher=HGNC: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# IGHM &amp;#x3BC; - IgM
# IGHD &amp;#x3B4; IgD
# IGHG3 γ &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG 3
# IGHG1 γ &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG1
# IGHA1 α &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA 1
# IGHG2 γ &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG2
# IGHG4 γ &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG4
# IGHE ε - IgE
# IGHA2 α &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA2

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
A cikin ƙwayoyin B-cell neoplasms kamar cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun, maye gurbi na IGHV yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen amsawa ga magani da tsawon rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forconi F, Sozzi E, Cencini E, etal |date=November 2009 |title=Hairy cell leukemias with unmutated IGHV genes define the minor subset refractory to single agent cladribine and with more aggressive behavior |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/114/21/4696 |journal=Blood |volume=114 |issue=21 |pages=4696–4702 |doi=10.1182/blood-2009-03-212449 |pmid=19667403 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

(Duba kuma shafukan don kwayoyin halittar yanki mai dorewa don ƙarin bayani.)

== Duba kuma ==

* IGHV@

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>47435</id>
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      <text bytes="7626" sha1="s23xheontvv79aog3z2ofyco6fvjor9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Immunoglobulin heavy locus, wanda aka fi sani da '''IGH@''', yanki ne a kan chromosome 14 na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi sassan kwayar halitta da yawa don manyan sarƙoƙi na rigakafin mutum (ko immunoglobulins). Alamar @ tana nuna sunanta a matsayin tarin kwayoyin halitta: IGH@ tarin sassan kwayoyin halitta ne da yawa.

Immunoglobulins sun gane antigens na kasashen waje kuma suna fara amsawar rigakafi kamar phagocytosis da tsarin kari. Kowace kwayar cutar immunoglobulin ta ƙunshi sarƙoƙi masu nauyi guda biyu da sarƙoƙe masu haske guda biyu. Wannan yankin yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na babban sarkar. Locus ya haɗa da V (mai canji), D (bambanci), J (haɗewa), da C (ko da yaushe). &lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: IGH immunoglobulin heavy locus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=3492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
A&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt; shirya babban sarkar sarkar (''x''-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;164&quot; href=&quot;./IGH@&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;IGH@) a cikin hanyar Vn-Dx-Jy-C&lt;sub&gt;''z''&lt;/sub&gt;, tare da wasu sassan da za a iya canzawa, bambancin, haɗuwa, &lt;sub&gt;''da kuma''&lt;/sub&gt; Constant don &quot;zaɓi&quot; daga. Saboda babban taro da ake buƙata, babu wani daga cikin ɓangarorin da aka ambata na IGH@ locus &quot;kwayar halitta mai ƙididdigar furotin&quot; a cikin ma'anar gargajiya.

An shirya sassan V, D, da J a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da V (D) J, tare da jerin siginar sake haɗuwa (RSS) tsakanin su don haifar da haɗuwa da aka nufa na ɗayan V, D. A wasu kalmomi, su ne kawai ƙananan exons kewaye da RSS.

Sassan C kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa da aka shirya a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da sauya aji, yana mai da su &quot;kamar kwayar halitta&quot;. 
Kowane ɓangaren C ya ƙunshi: &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen K, Cerutti A |date=September 2010 |title=New insights into the enigma of immunoglobulin D |journal=Immunological Reviews |volume=237 |issue=1 |pages=160–179 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00929.x |pmc=3048779 |pmid=20727035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tsarin nucleotide mai kiyayewa wanda ake kira yankin canji (S), wanda aka samo a duk sarkar H (watau S&lt;sub&gt;μ&lt;/sub&gt;, S&lt;sub&gt;γ3&lt;/sub&gt;, da dai sauransu) sai dai sarkar IgD.
* Yawancin C (na yau da kullun), wanda ke ƙunshe da yankin immunoglobulin-fold, sai dai a cikin 'yan codons C2 na dabbobi masu shayarwa inda yake ƙunshe &quot;hinge&quot; mai sauƙi wanda aka samo daga yankin mai girma.
* Littafin poly-A.
* Ɗaya ko fiye m (membrane) exons, wanda ke ƙunshe da Yankin transmembrane da aka samu a kan B cell mai karɓar (BCR) na maganin rigakafi.
* Wani sashi na poly-A, bayan haka wani sashi ya fara.

Codon na tsayawa don mRNA na ƙarshe yana cikin exon na ƙarshe na ɓangaren C. Ko yana faruwa a gaban yankunan transmembrane shine batun madadin splicing. Wannan yana ƙayyade ko an yi BCR mai ɗaure ko rigakafin rigakafi mai iyo kyauta.

=== Pseudogenes ===
Za'a iya ɗaukar ɓangaren V / D / J a matsayin pseudogene idan ya ƙunshi maye gurbi a cikin RSS (yana sa ba za a iya haɗa shi ba) ko maye gurbi wanda ke hana shi samar da maganin rigakafi mai aiki. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, ya bambanta da pseudogene na gargajiya a cikin cewa an bayyana samfurin furotin kuma an yi shi, amma sakamakon asalin sel na B da sauri ya mutu a cikin tsarin zaɓe.

Har ila yau akwai V / D / J &quot;orphon&quot; pseudogenes a waje da IGH@ locus, a wannan yanayin wurin su yana hana shigar da su cikin mRNAs ta hanyar tsarin sake haɗuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene group {{!}} HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee |url=https://www.genenames.org/data/genegroup/#!/group/350 |website=www.genenames.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai akalla C pseudogenes guda biyu a cikin yawancin mutane: IGHGP, IGHEP1.

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin Ci gaban tantanin halitta na B, sake haɗuwa da V (D) J a matakin DNA ya haɗu da ɓangaren D guda ɗaya tare da ɓangaren J; an haɗa D-J exon na wannan yankin D-J da aka sake tsarawa zuwa ɓangaren V. Yankin da aka sake tsarawa na V-D-J wanda ke dauke da V-D -J exon da aka haɗa sannan aka haɗa shi a matakin RNA zuwa yankin IGHM; wannan rubutun yana ƙunshe da sarkar mu mai nauyi. Daga baya a cikin ci gaba ƙwayoyin B suna samar da V-D-J-Cmu-Cdelta pre-messenger RNA, wanda aka haɗa shi a madadin don yin amfani da mu ko delta mai nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin B masu girma a cikin lymph nodes suna fuskantar sauyawa, don haka ana kawo ɓangaren kwayar halitta na V-D-J kusa da ɗaya daga cikin sassan kwayar halitta ta IGHG, IGHA, ko IGHE kuma kowane tantanin halitta yana nuna ko dai gamma, alpha, ko epsilon mai nauyi. Kyakkyawan haɗuwa da ɓangarorin V daban-daban tare da ɓangarori na J da yawa suna ba da ƙwarewar antigen mai yawa. Ana samun ƙarin bambancin ta hanyar bambancin junctional, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar nucleotides ta hanyar terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, da kuma ta hanyar somatic hypermutation, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin balaga na B cell a cikin spleen da lymph nodes. Yawancin sassan V, D, J, da C an san su da rashin iya shigar da furotin kuma ana ɗaukar su sassan kwayar halitta na pseudogenous (sau da yawa ana kiransu kawai pseudogenes). 

== Suna ==
Alamomin sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin masu canzawa (V) suna farawa da IGHV kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu ko uku da aka raba ta da dashes. Misalai:

: IGHV1-2, IGHV1-3, …, IGHV1-69-2, IGHV2-5, …, IGHV7-4-1

Alamomin bambancin (D) sassan kwayoyin halittar immunoglobulin suna farawa da IGHD kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu da aka raba ta hanyar dashes. Misalai:

: IGHD1-1, IGHD1-7, …, IGHD7-27

Alamomin shiga sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin (J):

: IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ6

Ƙungiyoyin da waɗannan sassan suka samar za a iya kiransu IGHV@, IGHD@, da IGHJ@. @ wajibi ne, musamman ma a yanayin sassan D, domin in ba haka ba za a rikita shi da yankin da ke da daidaiton delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN DIVERSITY GENE CLUSTER; IGHD@ |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/146910?search=IGHD&amp;highlight=ighd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Constant segments ===
Sassan da ba su da iyaka kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa kuma galibi ana kiransu da &quot;kwayoyin halitta&quot;. A cikin tsari na 5' zuwa 3', na ɗan adam sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene Family: Immunoglobulin heavy locus at 14q32.33 (IGH) |url=https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001209/https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-21 |publisher=HGNC: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# IGHM &amp;#x3BC; - IgM
# IGHD &amp;#x3B4; IgD
# IGHG3 γ &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG 3
# IGHG1 γ &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG1
# IGHA1 α &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA 1
# IGHG2 γ &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG2
# IGHG4 γ &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG4
# IGHE ε - IgE
# IGHA2 α &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA2

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
A cikin ƙwayoyin B-cell neoplasms kamar cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun, maye gurbi na IGHV yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen amsawa ga magani da tsawon rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forconi F, Sozzi E, Cencini E, etal |date=November 2009 |title=Hairy cell leukemias with unmutated IGHV genes define the minor subset refractory to single agent cladribine and with more aggressive behavior |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/114/21/4696 |journal=Blood |volume=114 |issue=21 |pages=4696–4702 |doi=10.1182/blood-2009-03-212449 |pmid=19667403 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

(Duba kuma shafukan don kwayoyin halittar yanki mai dorewa don ƙarin bayani.)

== Duba kuma ==

* IGHV@

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
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      <comment>/* Ayyuka */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7645" sha1="ifj7401cnbvhfp23d41l7phcixjfvo3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Immunoglobulin heavy locus, wanda aka fi sani da '''IGH@''', yanki ne a kan chromosome 14 na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi sassan kwayar halitta da yawa don manyan sarƙoƙi na rigakafin mutum (ko immunoglobulins). Alamar @ tana nuna sunanta a matsayin tarin kwayoyin halitta: IGH@ tarin sassan kwayoyin halitta ne da yawa.

Immunoglobulins sun gane antigens na kasashen waje kuma suna fara amsawar rigakafi kamar phagocytosis da tsarin kari. Kowace kwayar cutar immunoglobulin ta ƙunshi sarƙoƙi masu nauyi guda biyu da sarƙoƙe masu haske guda biyu. Wannan yankin yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta na babban sarkar. Locus ya haɗa da V (mai canji), D (bambanci), J (haɗewa), da C (ko da yaushe). &lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: IGH immunoglobulin heavy locus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=3492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
A&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt; shirya babban sarkar sarkar (''x''-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;164&quot; href=&quot;./IGH@&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;IGH@) a cikin hanyar Vn-Dx-Jy-C&lt;sub&gt;''z''&lt;/sub&gt;, tare da wasu sassan da za a iya canzawa, bambancin, haɗuwa, &lt;sub&gt;''da kuma''&lt;/sub&gt; Constant don &quot;zaɓi&quot; daga. Saboda babban taro da ake buƙata, babu wani daga cikin ɓangarorin da aka ambata na IGH@ locus &quot;kwayar halitta mai ƙididdigar furotin&quot; a cikin ma'anar gargajiya.

An shirya sassan V, D, da J a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da V (D) J, tare da jerin siginar sake haɗuwa (RSS) tsakanin su don haifar da haɗuwa da aka nufa na ɗayan V, D. A wasu kalmomi, su ne kawai ƙananan exons kewaye da RSS.

Sassan C kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa da aka shirya a hanyar da ta dace da sake haɗuwa da sauya aji, yana mai da su &quot;kamar kwayar halitta&quot;. 
Kowane ɓangaren C ya ƙunshi: &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen K, Cerutti A |date=September 2010 |title=New insights into the enigma of immunoglobulin D |journal=Immunological Reviews |volume=237 |issue=1 |pages=160–179 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00929.x |pmc=3048779 |pmid=20727035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tsarin nucleotide mai kiyayewa wanda ake kira yankin canji (S), wanda aka samo a duk sarkar H (watau S&lt;sub&gt;μ&lt;/sub&gt;, S&lt;sub&gt;γ3&lt;/sub&gt;, da dai sauransu) sai dai sarkar IgD.
* Yawancin C (na yau da kullun), wanda ke ƙunshe da yankin immunoglobulin-fold, sai dai a cikin 'yan codons C2 na dabbobi masu shayarwa inda yake ƙunshe &quot;hinge&quot; mai sauƙi wanda aka samo daga yankin mai girma.
* Littafin poly-A.
* Ɗaya ko fiye m (membrane) exons, wanda ke ƙunshe da Yankin transmembrane da aka samu a kan B cell mai karɓar (BCR) na maganin rigakafi.
* Wani sashi na poly-A, bayan haka wani sashi ya fara.

Codon na tsayawa don mRNA na ƙarshe yana cikin exon na ƙarshe na ɓangaren C. Ko yana faruwa a gaban yankunan transmembrane shine batun madadin splicing. Wannan yana ƙayyade ko an yi BCR mai ɗaure ko rigakafin rigakafi mai iyo kyauta.

=== Pseudogenes ===
Za'a iya ɗaukar ɓangaren V / D / J a matsayin pseudogene idan ya ƙunshi maye gurbi a cikin RSS (yana sa ba za a iya haɗa shi ba) ko maye gurbi wanda ke hana shi samar da maganin rigakafi mai aiki. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, ya bambanta da pseudogene na gargajiya a cikin cewa an bayyana samfurin furotin kuma an yi shi, amma sakamakon asalin sel na B da sauri ya mutu a cikin tsarin zaɓe.

Har ila yau akwai V / D / J &quot;orphon&quot; pseudogenes a waje da IGH@ locus, a wannan yanayin wurin su yana hana shigar da su cikin mRNAs ta hanyar tsarin sake haɗuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene group {{!}} HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee |url=https://www.genenames.org/data/genegroup/#!/group/350 |website=www.genenames.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai akalla C pseudogenes guda biyu a cikin yawancin mutane: IGHGP, IGHEP1.

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin Ci gaban tantanin halitta na B, sake haɗuwa da V (D) J a matakin DNA ya haɗu da ɓangaren D guda ɗaya tare da ɓangaren J; an haɗa D-J exon na wannan yankin D-J da aka sake tsarawa zuwa ɓangaren V. Yankin da aka sake tsarawa na V-D-J wanda ke dauke da V-D -J exon da aka haɗa sannan aka haɗa shi a matakin RNA zuwa yankin IGHM; wannan rubutun yana ƙunshe da sarkar mu mai nauyi. Daga baya a cikin ci gaba ƙwayoyin B suna samar da V-D-J-Cmu-Cdelta pre-messenger RNA, wanda aka haɗa shi a madadin don yin amfani da mu ko delta mai nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin B masu girma a cikin lymph nodes suna fuskantar sauyawa, don haka ana kawo ɓangaren kwayar halitta na V-D-J kusa da ɗaya daga cikin sassan kwayar halitta ta IGHG, IGHA, ko IGHE kuma kowane tantanin halitta yana nuna ko dai gamma, alpha, ko epsilon mai nauyi. Kyakkyawan haɗuwa da ɓangarorin V daban-daban tare da ɓangarori na J da yawa suna ba da ƙwarewar antigen mai yawa. Ana samun ƙarin bambancin ta hanyar bambancin junctional, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar nucleotides ta hanyar terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, da kuma ta hanyar somatic hypermutation, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin balaga na B cell a cikin spleen da lymph nodes. Yawancin sassan V, D, J, da C an san su da rashin iya shigar da furotin kuma ana ɗaukar su sassan kwayar halitta na pseudogenous (sau da yawa ana kiransu kawai pseudogenes).&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;/&gt;

== Suna ==
Alamomin sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin masu canzawa (V) suna farawa da IGHV kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu ko uku da aka raba ta da dashes. Misalai:

: IGHV1-2, IGHV1-3, …, IGHV1-69-2, IGHV2-5, …, IGHV7-4-1

Alamomin bambancin (D) sassan kwayoyin halittar immunoglobulin suna farawa da IGHD kuma sun haɗa da lambobi biyu da aka raba ta hanyar dashes. Misalai:

: IGHD1-1, IGHD1-7, …, IGHD7-27

Alamomin shiga sassan kwayar halittar immunoglobulin (J):

: IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ6

Ƙungiyoyin da waɗannan sassan suka samar za a iya kiransu IGHV@, IGHD@, da IGHJ@. @ wajibi ne, musamman ma a yanayin sassan D, domin in ba haka ba za a rikita shi da yankin da ke da daidaiton delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN DIVERSITY GENE CLUSTER; IGHD@ |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/146910?search=IGHD&amp;highlight=ighd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Constant segments ===
Sassan da ba su da iyaka kowannensu ya ƙunshi exons da yawa kuma galibi ana kiransu da &quot;kwayoyin halitta&quot;. A cikin tsari na 5' zuwa 3', na ɗan adam sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gene Family: Immunoglobulin heavy locus at 14q32.33 (IGH) |url=https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001209/https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/349 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-21 |publisher=HGNC: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# IGHM &amp;#x3BC; - IgM
# IGHD &amp;#x3B4; IgD
# IGHG3 γ &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG 3
# IGHG1 γ &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG1
# IGHA1 α &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA 1
# IGHG2 γ &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG2
# IGHG4 γ &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; - IgG4
# IGHE ε - IgE
# IGHA2 α &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; - IgA2

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
A cikin ƙwayoyin B-cell neoplasms kamar cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun, maye gurbi na IGHV yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen amsawa ga magani da tsawon rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forconi F, Sozzi E, Cencini E, etal |date=November 2009 |title=Hairy cell leukemias with unmutated IGHV genes define the minor subset refractory to single agent cladribine and with more aggressive behavior |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/114/21/4696 |journal=Blood |volume=114 |issue=21 |pages=4696–4702 |doi=10.1182/blood-2009-03-212449 |pmid=19667403 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

(Duba kuma shafukan don kwayoyin halittar yanki mai dorewa don ƙarin bayani.)

== Duba kuma ==

* IGHV@

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Labarin New York Amsterdam</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376220667|New York Amsterdam News]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox newspaper/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Jaridar '''''Amsterdam News''''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''''New York Amsterdam News''''' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam News {{!}} American newspaper |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; jarida ce ta mako-mako mallakar Baƙar fata da ke hidimar [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin jaridu da aka yi wa ' [[Afirkawan Amurka|yan Afirka-Amurkawa]] a Amurka kuma ta buga ginshiƙai ta alkaluma kamar [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]], Roy Wilkins, da Adam Clayton Powell Jr., kuma ita ce ta farko da ta gane kuma ta buga [[Malcolm X|Malcolm X.]] Daga 1916 zuwa 1938, jaridar ta yi aiki daga ginin New York Amsterdam News Building da ke kan titin Seventh a Harlem . Ginin wani wuri ne na ƙasa .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ''Amsterdam News'' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1909,  ta hannun James Henry Anderson a unguwar San Juan Hill da ke Upper Manhattan . Jaridar ta samo sunan ta ne daga Amsterdam Avenue, wurin da gidan Anderson ya fara buga jaridar. 

Zuba jari na dala 10 na Amurka a shekarar 1909 ( equivalent to $358 a shekarar 2025 ) ya mayar da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci na Baƙar fata mallakar kuma ke gudanar da su a New York, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wallafe-wallafen ƙabilu a ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-02-16 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa James Henry Anderson ya buga kwafin farko: &quot;...da mafarki a zuciyarsa, dala 10 a aljihunsa, takardu shida da fensir biyu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;AmNews1966&quot; /&gt;

Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridu kusan 50 mallakar baƙar fata a Amurka a lokacin da aka kafa ta. An sayar da shi akan senti 2 a kowace kwafi ( equivalent to $1 a shekarar 2025 ) daga gidan Anderson da ke lamba 132 West 65th Street, a sashen San Juan Hill na Manhattan's Upper West Side. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Da yaɗuwar baƙar fata zuwa Harlem da kuma ƙaruwar nasarar jaridar, Anderson ya ƙaura da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa 17 West 135th Street a shekarar 1910. A shekarar 1916, ta koma 2293 Seventh Avenue, kuma a shekarar 1938, ta sake komawa, zuwa 2271 Seventh Avenue. A farkon shekarun 1940, jaridar ta koma hedikwatarta ta yanzu da ke 2340 Eighth Avenue (wanda kuma aka sani da Frederick Douglass Boulevard a Harlem).  

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Edward Warren, ɗaya daga cikin mawallafan farko, Anderson ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a cikin jaridar. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1935, ma'aikatan edita na jaridar suka shiga yajin aiki. Wannan ne karo na farko da ma'aikatan wata jarida mallakar baƙar fata suka shiga yajin aiki, wanda hakan ya sa ''Amsterdam News'' ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da aka haɗa. Yajin aikin ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1935, lokacin da mai karɓar fatarar jaridar Laurence H. Axman, shugaban ƙungiyar jaridu Carl Randau, da 'yan kasuwa Dr. CB Powell da Dr. Phillip MH Savory suka cimma yarjejeniya wadda ta sa ma'aikatan da aka kulle suka sami ƙarin albashi na kashi 10%, aikin sa'o'i 40 na sa'o'i biyar, hutun shekara-shekara na makonni biyu, sanarwar korar ma'aikata na tsawon watanni uku waɗanda suka yi aiki sama da shekaru 10, kafa shagon ƙungiyoyi, da kuma korar ma'aikatan da suka karya yajin aikin.  Powell da Savory sun karɓe takardar bayan shari'ar fatarar kuɗi daga manyan masu ba da bashi guda uku na jaridar.  Dr. Powell ya ɗauki nauyin buga littattafai. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/about/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Info |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86058069/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=Library of Congress: Chronicling America}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shugabancin Powell, ''Amsterdam News'' ba wai kawai ta ɗauki labaran gida ba ne, har ma da labaran ƙasa. Yawancin ƙarfin jaridar ya dogara ne akan yadda take tsara ci gaba da kuma cimma burin Baƙar fata. Sakamakon haka, jaridar tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridun baƙar fata da aka fi ambato a duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}}

Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' ita ce jarida ta biyu baƙar fata, bayan ''Chicago Defender'', da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Kula da Sauye-sauyen Kuɗi (ABC) a watan Oktoban 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1936, ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da ƙungiyar jaridu ta New York ta haɗa kai a dukkan sassanta.  Zuwa shekarar 1961, jaridar ''New York Amsterdam News'' ta zama babbar jaridar al'umma ta mako-mako a ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1971, Dr. CB Powell ya sanar da yin ritayarsa kuma ya sayar da ''Amsterdam News'' ga AmNews Corporation, wanda shi ne mamallakinsa na yanzu. Tsawon shekaru, manyan mutane da yawa a fannin aikin jarida sun kasance editocin jaridar, ciki har da T. Thomas Fortune, George W. Harris, Obie McCollum, John Lewis Clarke, Earl Brown, Dan Burley, Julius J. Adams, Thomas Watkins, SW Garlington, Stanley Ross, TJ Sellers, Dr. G. James Fleming, James L. Hicks, Jesse H. Walker, da Bryant Rollins. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot; /&gt;

Duk da cewa ''Amsterdam News'' ta mayar da hankali ne kan baƙar fata, amma ta san cewa tana yi wa al'umma mai launin fata daban-daban hidima kuma ta san sauran kabilu. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1963, ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta yaba wa ''Amsterdam News'' da ya haifar da wani gagarumin yaki da miyagun ayyuka da sauran munanan ayyuka a ƙauyen Harlem:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The Amsterdam News koyaushe yana da iko mai yawa a Harlem da sauran al'ummomin baƙar fata. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1979, jaridar ta fara wani shafi na bitar zane-zane wanda Gylbert Coker ya rubuta domin ya yi bayani game da nune-nunen zane-zane na 'yan Afirka da kuma masu zane-zane 'yan Afirka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1982, Wilbert A. Tatum, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na AmNews Corporation kuma babban editan jaridar, ya zama mai wallafawa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tatum, ''Amsterdam News'' ta faɗaɗa hangen nesanta na edita, musamman a harkokin ƙasashen duniya. Wannan faɗaɗar himma ta haifar da sha'awa da kuma sha'awar masu karatu daga dukkan sassa na al'ummomin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A watan Yulin 1996, Tatum ya sayi mai saka hannun jari na ƙarshe, inda ya sanya makomar takardar a hannun dangin Tatum. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1997, Tatum ya sauka daga mukamin mawallafi kuma babban edita, sannan ya mika wutar ga 'yarsa, Elinor Ruth Tatum, wacce a lokacin tana da shekaru 26 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan masu buga jaridu a Amurka. 

Jaridar ta ƙaddamar da wani gidan yanar gizo mai haɗin gwiwa da bugu na kan layi, amsterdamnews.com, a cikin 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-09-17 |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/ |access-date=2026-09-22 |website=New York Amsterdam News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zagayawa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A watan Oktoban 1930, ta zama jarida ta biyu ta Baƙar fata da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Watsa Labarai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United States Department of the Interior |first=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001247_text}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take da ƙarfi a shekarun 1940, jarida tana da yawo da mutane 100,000 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridu huɗu na Afirka-Amurkawa a Amurka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, tana rarraba kusan kwafi 22,000 na jaridar a kowane mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=listing |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-AMNEWS-MEDIA-KIT-1.pdf |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.amsterdamnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
A shekarar 1979, jaridar ta sauya daga tsarin watsa labarai zuwa tsarin labarai .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}

== Ayyuka ==
Editan jaridar kuma mai wallafa ta ita ce Elinor Tatum, 'yar Wilbert &quot;Bill&quot; Tatum (1933—2009), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar, mai wallafa ta, shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jaridun Afirka na Amurka
* Jerin jaridu da mujallu na birnin New York
* Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai a Birnin New York

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.amsterdamnews.com amsterdamnews.com], shafin yanar gizon jaridar
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090924/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/467/The_Amsterdam_News_founded Labarin ''Amsterdam News'' a cikin rajistar 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa]
{{African American press}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Portal bar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T23:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>963652</origin>
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      <text bytes="9142" sha1="eaqvqtnvmm1uw8jxu9qxsn4yjlq5xsg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

 
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox newspaper/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Jaridar '''''Amsterdam News''''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''''New York Amsterdam News''''' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam News {{!}} American newspaper |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; jarida ce ta mako-mako mallakar Baƙar fata da ke hidimar [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin jaridu da aka yi wa ' [[Afirkawan Amurka|yan Afirka-Amurkawa]] a Amurka kuma ta buga ginshiƙai ta alkaluma kamar [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]], Roy Wilkins, da Adam Clayton Powell Jr., kuma ita ce ta farko da ta gane kuma ta buga [[Malcolm X|Malcolm X.]] Daga 1916 zuwa 1938, jaridar ta yi aiki daga ginin New York Amsterdam News Building da ke kan titin Seventh a Harlem . Ginin wani wuri ne na ƙasa .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ''Amsterdam News'' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1909,  ta hannun James Henry Anderson a unguwar San Juan Hill da ke Upper Manhattan . Jaridar ta samo sunan ta ne daga Amsterdam Avenue, wurin da gidan Anderson ya fara buga jaridar. 

Zuba jari na dala 10 na Amurka a shekarar 1909 ( equivalent to $358 a shekarar 2025 ) ya mayar da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci na Baƙar fata mallakar kuma ke gudanar da su a New York, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wallafe-wallafen ƙabilu a ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-02-16 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa James Henry Anderson ya buga kwafin farko: &quot;...da mafarki a zuciyarsa, dala 10 a aljihunsa, takardu shida da fensir biyu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;AmNews1966&quot; /&gt;

Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridu kusan 50 mallakar baƙar fata a Amurka a lokacin da aka kafa ta. An sayar da shi akan senti 2 a kowace kwafi ( equivalent to $1 a shekarar 2025 ) daga gidan Anderson da ke lamba 132 West 65th Street, a sashen San Juan Hill na Manhattan's Upper West Side. &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Da yaɗuwar baƙar fata zuwa Harlem da kuma ƙaruwar nasarar jaridar, Anderson ya ƙaura da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa 17 West 135th Street a shekarar 1910. A shekarar 1916, ta koma 2293 Seventh Avenue, kuma a shekarar 1938, ta sake komawa, zuwa 2271 Seventh Avenue. A farkon shekarun 1940, jaridar ta koma hedikwatarta ta yanzu da ke 2340 Eighth Avenue (wanda kuma aka sani da Frederick Douglass Boulevard a Harlem).  

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Edward Warren, ɗaya daga cikin mawallafan farko, Anderson ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a cikin jaridar. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1935, ma'aikatan edita na jaridar suka shiga yajin aiki. Wannan ne karo na farko da ma'aikatan wata jarida mallakar baƙar fata suka shiga yajin aiki, wanda hakan ya sa ''Amsterdam News'' ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da aka haɗa. Yajin aikin ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1935, lokacin da mai karɓar fatarar jaridar Laurence H. Axman, shugaban ƙungiyar jaridu Carl Randau, da 'yan kasuwa Dr. CB Powell da Dr. Phillip MH Savory suka cimma yarjejeniya wadda ta sa ma'aikatan da aka kulle suka sami ƙarin albashi na kashi 10%, aikin sa'o'i 40 na sa'o'i biyar, hutun shekara-shekara na makonni biyu, sanarwar korar ma'aikata na tsawon watanni uku waɗanda suka yi aiki sama da shekaru 10, kafa shagon ƙungiyoyi, da kuma korar ma'aikatan da suka karya yajin aikin.  Powell da Savory sun karɓe takardar bayan shari'ar fatarar kuɗi daga manyan masu ba da bashi guda uku na jaridar.  Dr. Powell ya ɗauki nauyin buga littattafai. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/about/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Info |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86058069/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=Library of Congress: Chronicling America}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shugabancin Powell, ''Amsterdam News'' ba wai kawai ta ɗauki labaran gida ba ne, har ma da labaran ƙasa. Yawancin ƙarfin jaridar ya dogara ne akan yadda take tsara ci gaba da kuma cimma burin Baƙar fata. Sakamakon haka, jaridar tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridun baƙar fata da aka fi ambato a duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}}

Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' ita ce jarida ta biyu baƙar fata, bayan ''Chicago Defender'', da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Kula da Sauye-sauyen Kuɗi (ABC) a watan Oktoban 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1936, ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da ƙungiyar jaridu ta New York ta haɗa kai a dukkan sassanta.  Zuwa shekarar 1961, jaridar ''New York Amsterdam News'' ta zama babbar jaridar al'umma ta mako-mako a ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1971, Dr. CB Powell ya sanar da yin ritayarsa kuma ya sayar da ''Amsterdam News'' ga AmNews Corporation, wanda shi ne mamallakinsa na yanzu. Tsawon shekaru, manyan mutane da yawa a fannin aikin jarida sun kasance editocin jaridar, ciki har da T. Thomas Fortune, George W. Harris, Obie McCollum, John Lewis Clarke, Earl Brown, Dan Burley, Julius J. Adams, Thomas Watkins, SW Garlington, Stanley Ross, TJ Sellers, Dr. G. James Fleming, James L. Hicks, Jesse H. Walker, da Bryant Rollins. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutUs&quot; /&gt;

Duk da cewa ''Amsterdam News'' ta mayar da hankali ne kan baƙar fata, amma ta san cewa tana yi wa al'umma mai launin fata daban-daban hidima kuma ta san sauran kabilu. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1963, ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta yaba wa ''Amsterdam News'' da ya haifar da wani gagarumin yaki da miyagun ayyuka da sauran munanan ayyuka a ƙauyen Harlem:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The Amsterdam News koyaushe yana da iko mai yawa a Harlem da sauran al'ummomin baƙar fata. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1979, jaridar ta fara wani shafi na bitar zane-zane wanda Gylbert Coker ya rubuta domin ya yi bayani game da nune-nunen zane-zane na 'yan Afirka da kuma masu zane-zane 'yan Afirka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1982, Wilbert A. Tatum, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na AmNews Corporation kuma babban editan jaridar, ya zama mai wallafawa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tatum, ''Amsterdam News'' ta faɗaɗa hangen nesanta na edita, musamman a harkokin ƙasashen duniya. Wannan faɗaɗar himma ta haifar da sha'awa da kuma sha'awar masu karatu daga dukkan sassa na al'ummomin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}

A watan Yulin 1996, Tatum ya sayi mai saka hannun jari na ƙarshe, inda ya sanya makomar takardar a hannun dangin Tatum. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1997, Tatum ya sauka daga mukamin mawallafi kuma babban edita, sannan ya mika wutar ga 'yarsa, Elinor Ruth Tatum, wacce a lokacin tana da shekaru 26 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan masu buga jaridu a Amurka. 

Jaridar ta ƙaddamar da wani gidan yanar gizo mai haɗin gwiwa da bugu na kan layi, amsterdamnews.com, a cikin 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-09-17 |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/ |access-date=2026-09-22 |website=New York Amsterdam News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zagayawa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A watan Oktoban 1930, ta zama jarida ta biyu ta Baƙar fata da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Watsa Labarai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United States Department of the Interior |first=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001247_text}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da take da ƙarfi a shekarun 1940, jarida tana da yawo da mutane 100,000 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridu huɗu na Afirka-Amurkawa a Amurka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, tana rarraba kusan kwafi 22,000 na jaridar a kowane mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=listing |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-AMNEWS-MEDIA-KIT-1.pdf |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.amsterdamnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
A shekarar 1979, jaridar ta sauya daga tsarin watsa labarai zuwa tsarin labarai .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}

== Ayyuka ==
Editan jaridar kuma mai wallafa ta ita ce Elinor Tatum, 'yar Wilbert &quot;Bill&quot; Tatum (1933—2009), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar, mai wallafa ta, shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jaridun Afirka na Amurka
* Jerin jaridu da mujallu na birnin New York
* Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai a Birnin New York

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.amsterdamnews.com amsterdamnews.com], shafin yanar gizon jaridar
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090924/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/467/The_Amsterdam_News_founded Labarin ''Amsterdam News'' a cikin rajistar 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa]
{{African American press}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Portal bar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bankin ƙauye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>963683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T04:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371896137|Village banking]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Bankin ƙauye''' wata hanya ce ta adana kuɗi da kuma bayar da kuɗi ta hanyar da ake gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi a cikin gida a cikin bankin al'umma maimakon a cikin bankin kasuwanci mai tsakiya. Bankin ƙauye ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al'adu kuma kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi don amfani da ƙananan cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. Grameen Bank ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin banki na farko na ƙauye sannan daga baya ƙungiyoyi kamar wanda ya kafa FINCA International John Hatch suka ƙirƙiro su. Daga cikin hukumomin da ba na riba ba da ke Amurka akwai aƙalla cibiyoyin kuɗi na ƙananan kamfanoni 31 (MFIs) waɗanda suka haɗa kai suka ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye sama da 800 a aƙalla ƙasashe 90. Kuma a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa akwai MFIs na ƙasashen da ke karɓar baƙi - wani lokacin da dama - waɗanda suma masu aikin banki ne na ƙauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;A Brief Primer on FINCA&quot;, a lecture by John Hatch at the University of Berkeley's Haas School of Business, July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610061801/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |archive-date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2007-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Za'a iya ganin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya (misali Laos), inda digitization ke tafiya da sauri don isa yankunan karkara tare da mafita a kan layi da na waje. 
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages start digital, modern Village Banks |url=https://la.usembassy.gov/villages-in-kasi-and-vang-vieng-districts-start-digital-modern-village-banks/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=US Embassy in Laos |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Bankin ƙauye ƙungiya ce ta tallafin kai (wani lokacin ba bisa ka'ida ba) ta mambobi 20 zuwa 30, galibi mata shugabannin gidaje ko kuma a matsayin asusun haɗin gwiwa na kowane gida. A cewar wasu kafofin, a cikin bankin ƙauye na yau da kullun, kusan kashi 50% na sabbin mambobi za a iya rarraba su a matsayin matalauta sosai - wakiltar iyalai da ke da kuɗin yau da kullun (DPCE) na ƙasa da US $ 1, yayin da sauran suna da matsakaici (DPCE = $ 1-2 / rana) ko marasa talauci (DPCE &gt; $ 2).  Abokan ciniki na bankin ƙauyen suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a mako ko wata don amfani da kansu daga rance na aiki, wuri mai aminci don saka kuɗi, musayar ƙwarewa, horar da ƙwarewa، mai ba da shawara, da kuma motsa juna. Kudin bashi yawanci yana farawa a $ 50- $ 100 kuma ana danganta su da tanadi don haka yawan abokin ciniki ya adana yawan abin da zai iya aro. Lokacin rance na yau da kullun shine watanni huɗu kuma ana biyan shi a cikin kashi 16 na mako-mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen shekara ta 2006, kashi 95% na abokan ciniki da aka rufe ta hanyar samfurin samfurin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 71 da cibiyoyin da ke ba da rancen banki na ƙauye mata ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin rage buƙatar jinginar gida (wani cikas ga karɓar lamunin banki), wasu bankunan ƙauye suna dogara ne akan wani nau'in hanyar bayar da lamuni na haɗin kai. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin garantin haɗin gwiwa, inda kowane memba na bankin ƙauye ke tabbatar da lamunin kowane memba. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da yanayi na matsin lamba na zamantakewa a cikin bankin ƙauye, inda farashin kunya na zamantakewa ke motsa membobin banki su biya bashin su gaba ɗaya. Haɗin garantin haɗin gwiwa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa yana sa har ma da talakawa su sami lamuni. Wannan hanyar ta tabbatar da tasiri sosai ga FINCA, tana samar da ƙimar biyan kuɗi sama da kashi 97% a cikin hanyar sadarwarta ta duniya. Bankunan ƙauye ƙungiyoyi ne masu dimokuraɗiyya sosai, masu gudanar da kansu, ƙungiyoyi na asali. Suna zaɓar shugabanninsu, suna zaɓar membobinsu, suna ƙirƙirar dokokin kansu, suna yin lissafin kansu, suna sarrafa duk kuɗi, suna rarrabawa da ajiye duk kuɗi, suna warware matsalolin lamuni, kuma suna ɗaukar tarar kansu ga membobin da suka zo a makare, ba su halarci taro ba, ko kuma suka faɗi a baya a cikin biyan kuɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; 

Akwai wasu bege a farkon shekarun ci gaban bankin ƙauye cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka za su iya zama masu zaman kansu da kuma tallafawa kansu, amma wannan bege daga baya an watsar da shi. Yawancin bankunan ƙauyuka da ke aiki a yau suna kula da kai tsaye ta ma'aikatan wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ko cibiyar microfinance, daga inda suke karɓar yawancin kuɗin rance.

== Tushen kudade ==
Kudin banki na ƙauye yawanci suna amfani da ƙimar riba ta kasuwa. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 game da cibiyoyin microfinance 71 da ke cikin banki na ƙauye sun sami matsakaicin amfanin fayil na 27.7%, bayan daidaitawa don hauhawar farashi na gida. Bankin ƙauyen da kansa yawanci zai nuna wannan adadin lokacin da yake ba da rance ga kowane memba. Wadannan kudaden galibi suna da ƙarancin waɗanda masu ba da rance na gida ke caji a ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su da yawa ta wasu ƙa'idodi. 
Akwai manyan samfuran daban-daban guda uku don samar da kudade: 1. FINCA ce ke ba da babban kuɗin rance tare da biyan kuɗi na mako-mako wanda duk membobin suka tabbatar - watau, sauran membobin ƙungiyar dole ne su rufe raguwar memba ɗaya. Wannan nau'in alhakin hadin gwiwa na karamin bashi yana da rikici, tare da [[Muhammad Yunus]] (alal misali) ya ƙi tsarin alhakin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa ta Bankin Grameen. 
2. An tashe babban birnin kai tsaye daga al'ummar yankin. Musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu al'adun &quot;ceton&quot; (misali Laos) ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin babban abin koyi mai nasara. 
3. Injin babban birnin daga mai ba da gudummawa, NGO ko aikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu hanya ce ta uku don tabbatar da kudade na farko na bankin ƙauye.

== Hanyar Duniya ga Bankin Ƙauye ==
Sau da yawa ana kafa Bankin ƙauye a yankunan karkara tare da iyakantaccen damar samun kuɗi. Yawancin shirye-shiryen an kafa su ne a Kudancin Amurka, Sub-Saharan da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wata takarda ta [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] daga 1991 ta kwatanta bankin ƙauyen da aka kusanci a ƙasashe biyar: Thailand, Costa Rica, Arewacin Mexico, El Salvador da Guatemala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking - A Cross-country study of a COmmunity-based lending methodology |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026144117/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID from 1991 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani takarda na USAID daga 1996 ya tattauna canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin zuwa ƙarin tsari. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MBP Village Banking Research Agenda |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225005112/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Alliance Foundation&quot; ya ambaci a shafin yanar gizon su, cewa shirin su ya buɗe bankunan ƙauyuka 25 a nahiyoyi 3 (Guatemala, Mexico, Indiya da Philippines). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alliance Foundation supports the Village Bank Program |url=https://apwfoundation.org/village-bank-program/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Alliance Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== FINCA / Kudancin Amurka ==
Ya zuwa 2020, FINCA International ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da su 20 a duk duniya sun yi aiki da mutane sama da 10,000, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why FINCA |url=https://finca.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da farko ma'aikatan gida ciki har da jami'an bashi da masu sa ido. Kowane jami'in bashi yana halartar taron mako-mako na kowane banki na ƙauyen 10-15 don horar da kwamitin shugabancinsa da kuma saka idanu kan ayyukan bankin. Baya ga motsawa da ilimin manya, jami'in bashi yana kula da halartar abokin ciniki, yana sa ido kan daidaito na lissafin kuɗi, yana bincika daidaito na rancen mako na yanzu da tarin ajiya, da kuma bincika lokacin da karɓar ajiya na taron da ya gabata. Hakanan, kowane bankin ƙauye ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun jami'an - shugaban (wanda ke jagorantar tsarin yanke shawara na dimokuradiyya na bankin), sakatare (wanda ke halarta kuma yana riƙe da minti) da kuma mai ba da kuɗi (wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da duk ma'amaloli na kuɗi daidai). A ƙarshe, kowane banki na ƙauye yana da nasa fasfo, kuma ma'aunin da ta yi na biyan bashin bashi da ajiyar kuɗi dole ne koyaushe su kasance daidai da waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin rikodin mai ba da kuɗi ga kowane abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt;

== Bankin ƙauye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ==
ILO da GIZ sun gudanar da shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye masu nasara (musamman a Lao PDR) na kimanin shekaru 20 kuma sun ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin bankin ƙauyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microfinance in Rural Areas- Access to Finance for the Poor (AFP) |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2021-en-microfinance-in-rural-areas.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking in Lao PDR |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_159170.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ILO |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kirkiro dandamali na dijital don haɗa kai da tsara bankunan ƙauyen a Lao PDR. A zamanin yau yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don hana talauci da kuma sauƙaƙe gidaje daga talauci. 
[3]
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot; /&gt;A Bali, Indonesia, akwai abin da ake kira LPDs - cibiyoyin bashi na ƙauye da aka kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The role of village credit institutions (LPD) to realize the economic empowerment |url=https://www.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n05/a20v41n05p07.pdf |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan LPDs an ambaci su kuma a cikin wata kasida a kan ƙofar bincike daga Mayu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coso based control, Sustainability of People's Credit Institutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380770649_Coso-Based_Control_With_The_Belief_in_Karmaphala_In_The_Business_Sustainability_of_People's_Credit_Institutions_LPD |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman Abubuwan Nasara na Bankin Kauye ==
Bankin ƙauye, wanda kuma ake kira banki na al'umma, ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai ko ƙananan banki don gina ma'aikata a kan matakan ƙauyuka. Ilimin kudi da horar da gudanar da kudi shine mahimmin abu don gina bankin ƙauye mai ɗorewa. Bugu da ƙari, bankin ƙauyen yana buƙatar a kafa shi a cikin al'umma don samun tallafi na ci gaba. Dandalin dijital da tsarin dama na littattafan banki na ƙauye, bayanan abokin ciniki da hanyoyin zasu tabbatar da daidaitattun tsari, wanda mutane a yankunan karkara zasu iya bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Access to Finance Project in Laos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_94q4TptmCA |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Youtube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kalubale shi ne a tsawon lokaci cewa bankunan ƙauyen za su sami adadi da yawa a tsawon lokaci fiye da rance. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage talauci kuma a lokaci guda yana da haɗari ga riba-karen kuɗin shiga na bankin ƙauyen. Yana da mahimmanci a kafa kasuwar kuɗi banki tsakanin ƙauyuka, don haka musayar ruwa zai yiwu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* CVECA
* farashi mai laushi (finance) 
* John Hatch
* karamin bashi
* karamin kudi
* ROSCA
* Kamfen ɗin Taron Kudin Ƙananan Kudin
* Kungiyar taimakon kai
* rance na hadin kai

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Bankin ƙauye''' wata hanya ce ta adana kuɗi da kuma bayar da kuɗi ta hanyar da ake gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi a cikin gida a cikin bankin al'umma maimakon a cikin bankin kasuwanci mai tsakiya. Bankin ƙauye ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al'adu kuma kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi don amfani da ƙananan cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. Grameen Bank ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin banki na farko na ƙauye sannan daga baya ƙungiyoyi kamar wanda ya kafa FINCA International John Hatch suka ƙirƙiro su. Daga cikin hukumomin da ba na riba ba da ke Amurka akwai aƙalla cibiyoyin kuɗi na ƙananan kamfanoni 31 (MFIs) waɗanda suka haɗa kai suka ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye sama da 800 a aƙalla ƙasashe 90. Kuma a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa akwai MFIs na ƙasashen da ke karɓar baƙi - wani lokacin da dama - waɗanda suma masu aikin banki ne na ƙauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;A Brief Primer on FINCA&quot;, a lecture by John Hatch at the University of Berkeley's Haas School of Business, July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610061801/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |archive-date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2007-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Za'a iya ganin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya (misali Laos), inda digitization ke tafiya da sauri don isa yankunan karkara tare da mafita a kan layi da na waje. 
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages start digital, modern Village Banks |url=https://la.usembassy.gov/villages-in-kasi-and-vang-vieng-districts-start-digital-modern-village-banks/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=US Embassy in Laos |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Bankin ƙauye ƙungiya ce ta tallafin kai (wani lokacin ba bisa ka'ida ba) ta mambobi 20 zuwa 30, galibi mata shugabannin gidaje ko kuma a matsayin asusun haɗin gwiwa na kowane gida. A cewar wasu kafofin, a cikin bankin ƙauye na yau da kullun, kusan kashi 50% na sabbin mambobi za a iya rarraba su a matsayin matalauta sosai - wakiltar iyalai da ke da kuɗin yau da kullun (DPCE) na ƙasa da US $ 1, yayin da sauran suna da matsakaici (DPCE = $ 1-2 / rana) ko marasa talauci (DPCE &gt; $ 2).  Abokan ciniki na bankin ƙauyen suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a mako ko wata don amfani da kansu daga rance na aiki, wuri mai aminci don saka kuɗi, musayar ƙwarewa, horar da ƙwarewa، mai ba da shawara, da kuma motsa juna. Kudin bashi yawanci yana farawa a $ 50- $ 100 kuma ana danganta su da tanadi don haka yawan abokin ciniki ya adana yawan abin da zai iya aro. Lokacin rance na yau da kullun shine watanni huɗu kuma ana biyan shi a cikin kashi 16 na mako-mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen shekara ta 2006, kashi 95% na abokan ciniki da aka rufe ta hanyar samfurin samfurin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 71 da cibiyoyin da ke ba da rancen banki na ƙauye mata ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin rage buƙatar jinginar gida (wani cikas ga karɓar lamunin banki), wasu bankunan ƙauye suna dogara ne akan wani nau'in hanyar bayar da lamuni na haɗin kai. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin garantin haɗin gwiwa, inda kowane memba na bankin ƙauye ke tabbatar da lamunin kowane memba. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da yanayi na matsin lamba na zamantakewa a cikin bankin ƙauye, inda farashin kunya na zamantakewa ke motsa membobin banki su biya bashin su gaba ɗaya. Haɗin garantin haɗin gwiwa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa yana sa har ma da talakawa su sami lamuni. Wannan hanyar ta tabbatar da tasiri sosai ga FINCA, tana samar da ƙimar biyan kuɗi sama da kashi 97% a cikin hanyar sadarwarta ta duniya. Bankunan ƙauye ƙungiyoyi ne masu dimokuraɗiyya sosai, masu gudanar da kansu, ƙungiyoyi na asali. Suna zaɓar shugabanninsu, suna zaɓar membobinsu, suna ƙirƙirar dokokin kansu, suna yin lissafin kansu, suna sarrafa duk kuɗi, suna rarrabawa da ajiye duk kuɗi, suna warware matsalolin lamuni, kuma suna ɗaukar tarar kansu ga membobin da suka zo a makare, ba su halarci taro ba, ko kuma suka faɗi a baya a cikin biyan kuɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; 

Akwai wasu bege a farkon shekarun ci gaban bankin ƙauye cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka za su iya zama masu zaman kansu da kuma tallafawa kansu, amma wannan bege daga baya an watsar da shi. Yawancin bankunan ƙauyuka da ke aiki a yau suna kula da kai tsaye ta ma'aikatan wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ko cibiyar microfinance, daga inda suke karɓar yawancin kuɗin rance.

== Tushen kudade ==
Kudin banki na ƙauye yawanci suna amfani da ƙimar riba ta kasuwa. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 game da cibiyoyin microfinance 71 da ke cikin banki na ƙauye sun sami matsakaicin amfanin fayil na 27.7%, bayan daidaitawa don hauhawar farashi na gida. Bankin ƙauyen da kansa yawanci zai nuna wannan adadin lokacin da yake ba da rance ga kowane memba. Wadannan kudaden galibi suna da ƙarancin waɗanda masu ba da rance na gida ke caji a ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su da yawa ta wasu ƙa'idodi. 
Akwai manyan samfuran daban-daban guda uku don samar da kudade: 1. FINCA ce ke ba da babban kuɗin rance tare da biyan kuɗi na mako-mako wanda duk membobin suka tabbatar - watau, sauran membobin ƙungiyar dole ne su rufe raguwar memba ɗaya. Wannan nau'in alhakin hadin gwiwa na karamin bashi yana da rikici, tare da [[Muhammad Yunus]] (alal misali) ya ƙi tsarin alhakin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa ta Bankin Grameen. 
2. An tashe babban birnin kai tsaye daga al'ummar yankin. Musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu al'adun &quot;ceton&quot; (misali Laos) ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin babban abin koyi mai nasara. 
3. Injin babban birnin daga mai ba da gudummawa, NGO ko aikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu hanya ce ta uku don tabbatar da kudade na farko na bankin ƙauye.

== Hanyar Duniya ga Bankin Ƙauye ==
Sau da yawa ana kafa Bankin ƙauye a yankunan karkara tare da iyakantaccen damar samun kuɗi. Yawancin shirye-shiryen an kafa su ne a Kudancin Amurka, Sub-Saharan da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wata takarda ta [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] daga 1991 ta kwatanta bankin ƙauyen da aka kusanci a ƙasashe biyar: Thailand, Costa Rica, Arewacin Mexico, El Salvador da Guatemala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking - A Cross-country study of a COmmunity-based lending methodology |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026144117/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID from 1991 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani takarda na USAID daga 1996 ya tattauna canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin zuwa ƙarin tsari. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MBP Village Banking Research Agenda |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225005112/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Alliance Foundation&quot; ya ambaci a shafin yanar gizon su, cewa shirin su ya buɗe bankunan ƙauyuka 25 a nahiyoyi 3 (Guatemala, Mexico, Indiya da Philippines). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alliance Foundation supports the Village Bank Program |url=https://apwfoundation.org/village-bank-program/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Alliance Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== FINCA / Kudancin Amurka ==
Ya zuwa 2020, FINCA International ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da su 20 a duk duniya sun yi aiki da mutane sama da 10,000, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why FINCA |url=https://finca.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da farko ma'aikatan gida ciki har da jami'an bashi da masu sa ido. Kowane jami'in bashi yana halartar taron mako-mako na kowane banki na ƙauyen 10-15 don horar da kwamitin shugabancinsa da kuma saka idanu kan ayyukan bankin. Baya ga motsawa da ilimin manya, jami'in bashi yana kula da halartar abokin ciniki, yana sa ido kan daidaito na lissafin kuɗi, yana bincika daidaito na rancen mako na yanzu da tarin ajiya, da kuma bincika lokacin da karɓar ajiya na taron da ya gabata. Hakanan, kowane bankin ƙauye ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun jami'an - shugaban (wanda ke jagorantar tsarin yanke shawara na dimokuradiyya na bankin), sakatare (wanda ke halarta kuma yana riƙe da minti) da kuma mai ba da kuɗi (wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da duk ma'amaloli na kuɗi daidai). A ƙarshe, kowane banki na ƙauye yana da nasa fasfo, kuma ma'aunin da ta yi na biyan bashin bashi da ajiyar kuɗi dole ne koyaushe su kasance daidai da waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin rikodin mai ba da kuɗi ga kowane abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt;

== Bankin ƙauye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ==
ILO da GIZ sun gudanar da shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye masu nasara (musamman a Lao PDR) na kimanin shekaru 20 kuma sun ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin bankin ƙauyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microfinance in Rural Areas- Access to Finance for the Poor (AFP) |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2021-en-microfinance-in-rural-areas.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking in Lao PDR |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_159170.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ILO |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kirkiro dandamali na dijital don haɗa kai da tsara bankunan ƙauyen a Lao PDR. A zamanin yau yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don hana talauci da kuma sauƙaƙe gidaje daga talauci. 
[3]
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot; /&gt;A Bali, Indonesia, akwai abin da ake kira LPDs - cibiyoyin bashi na ƙauye da aka kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The role of village credit institutions (LPD) to realize the economic empowerment |url=https://www.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n05/a20v41n05p07.pdf |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan LPDs an ambaci su kuma a cikin wata kasida a kan ƙofar bincike daga Mayu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coso based control, Sustainability of People's Credit Institutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380770649_Coso-Based_Control_With_The_Belief_in_Karmaphala_In_The_Business_Sustainability_of_People's_Credit_Institutions_LPD |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman Abubuwan Nasara na Bankin Kauye ==
Bankin ƙauye, wanda kuma ake kira banki na al'umma, ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai ko ƙananan banki don gina ma'aikata a kan matakan ƙauyuka. Ilimin kudi da horar da gudanar da kudi shine mahimmin abu don gina bankin ƙauye mai ɗorewa. Bugu da ƙari, bankin ƙauyen yana buƙatar a kafa shi a cikin al'umma don samun tallafi na ci gaba. Dandalin dijital da tsarin dama na littattafan banki na ƙauye, bayanan abokin ciniki da hanyoyin zasu tabbatar da daidaitattun tsari, wanda mutane a yankunan karkara zasu iya bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Access to Finance Project in Laos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_94q4TptmCA |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Youtube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kalubale shi ne a tsawon lokaci cewa bankunan ƙauyen za su sami adadi da yawa a tsawon lokaci fiye da rance. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage talauci kuma a lokaci guda yana da haɗari ga riba-karen kuɗin shiga na bankin ƙauyen. Yana da mahimmanci a kafa kasuwar kuɗi banki tsakanin ƙauyuka, don haka musayar ruwa zai yiwu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* CVECA
* farashi mai laushi (finance) 
* John Hatch
* karamin bashi
* karamin kudi
* ROSCA
* Kamfen ɗin Taron Kudin Ƙananan Kudin
* Kungiyar taimakon kai
* rance na hadin kai

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>963685</origin>
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      <text bytes="12142" sha1="07n79tptwljq2alxaxb4q7e8y945ja7" xml:space="preserve">'''Bankin ƙauye''' wata hanya ce ta adana kuɗi da kuma bayar da kuɗi ta hanyar da ake gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi a cikin gida a cikin bankin al'umma maimakon a cikin bankin kasuwanci mai tsakiya. Bankin ƙauye ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al'adu kuma kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi don amfani da ƙananan cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. Grameen Bank ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin banki na farko na ƙauye sannan daga baya ƙungiyoyi kamar wanda ya kafa FINCA International John Hatch suka ƙirƙiro su. Daga cikin hukumomin da ba na riba ba da ke Amurka akwai aƙalla cibiyoyin kuɗi na ƙananan kamfanoni 31 (MFIs) waɗanda suka haɗa kai suka ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye sama da 800 a aƙalla ƙasashe 90. Kuma a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa akwai MFIs na ƙasashen da ke karɓar baƙi - wani lokacin da dama - waɗanda suma masu aikin banki ne na ƙauye.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;A Brief Primer on FINCA&quot;, a lecture by John Hatch at the University of Berkeley's Haas School of Business, July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610061801/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |archive-date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2007-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Za'a iya ganin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya (misali Laos), inda digitization ke tafiya da sauri don isa yankunan karkara tare da mafita a kan layi da na waje. 
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages start digital, modern Village Banks |url=https://la.usembassy.gov/villages-in-kasi-and-vang-vieng-districts-start-digital-modern-village-banks/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=US Embassy in Laos |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Bankin ƙauye ƙungiya ce ta tallafin kai (wani lokacin ba bisa ka'ida ba) ta mambobi 20 zuwa 30, galibi mata shugabannin gidaje ko kuma a matsayin asusun haɗin gwiwa na kowane gida. A cewar wasu kafofin, a cikin bankin ƙauye na yau da kullun, kusan kashi 50% na sabbin mambobi za a iya rarraba su a matsayin matalauta sosai - wakiltar iyalai da ke da kuɗin yau da kullun (DPCE) na ƙasa da US $ 1, yayin da sauran suna da matsakaici (DPCE = $ 1-2 / rana) ko marasa talauci (DPCE &gt; $ 2).  Abokan ciniki na bankin ƙauyen suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a mako ko wata don amfani da kansu daga rance na aiki, wuri mai aminci don saka kuɗi, musayar ƙwarewa, horar da ƙwarewa، mai ba da shawara, da kuma motsa juna. Kudin bashi yawanci yana farawa a $ 50- $ 100 kuma ana danganta su da tanadi don haka yawan abokin ciniki ya adana yawan abin da zai iya aro. Lokacin rance na yau da kullun shine watanni huɗu kuma ana biyan shi a cikin kashi 16 na mako-mako.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshen shekara ta 2006, kashi 95% na abokan ciniki da aka rufe ta hanyar samfurin samfurin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 71 da cibiyoyin da ke ba da rancen banki na ƙauye mata ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin rage buƙatar jinginar gida (wani cikas ga karɓar lamunin banki), wasu bankunan ƙauye suna dogara ne akan wani nau'in hanyar bayar da lamuni na haɗin kai. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin garantin haɗin gwiwa, inda kowane memba na bankin ƙauye ke tabbatar da lamunin kowane memba. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da yanayi na matsin lamba na zamantakewa a cikin bankin ƙauye, inda farashin kunya na zamantakewa ke motsa membobin banki su biya bashin su gaba ɗaya. Haɗin garantin haɗin gwiwa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa yana sa har ma da talakawa su sami lamuni. Wannan hanyar ta tabbatar da tasiri sosai ga FINCA, tana samar da ƙimar biyan kuɗi sama da kashi 97% a cikin hanyar sadarwarta ta duniya. Bankunan ƙauye ƙungiyoyi ne masu dimokuraɗiyya sosai, masu gudanar da kansu, ƙungiyoyi na asali. Suna zaɓar shugabanninsu, suna zaɓar membobinsu, suna ƙirƙirar dokokin kansu, suna yin lissafin kansu, suna sarrafa duk kuɗi, suna rarrabawa da ajiye duk kuɗi, suna warware matsalolin lamuni, kuma suna ɗaukar tarar kansu ga membobin da suka zo a makare, ba su halarci taro ba, ko kuma suka faɗi a baya a cikin biyan kuɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; 

Akwai wasu bege a farkon shekarun ci gaban bankin ƙauye cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka za su iya zama masu zaman kansu da kuma tallafawa kansu, amma wannan bege daga baya an watsar da shi. Yawancin bankunan ƙauyuka da ke aiki a yau suna kula da kai tsaye ta ma'aikatan wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ko cibiyar microfinance, daga inda suke karɓar yawancin kuɗin rance.

== Tushen kudade ==
Kudin banki na ƙauye yawanci suna amfani da ƙimar riba ta kasuwa. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 game da cibiyoyin microfinance 71 da ke cikin banki na ƙauye sun sami matsakaicin amfanin fayil na 27.7%, bayan daidaitawa don hauhawar farashi na gida. Bankin ƙauyen da kansa yawanci zai nuna wannan adadin lokacin da yake ba da rance ga kowane memba. Wadannan kudaden galibi suna da ƙarancin waɗanda masu ba da rance na gida ke caji a ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su da yawa ta wasu ƙa'idodi. 
Akwai manyan samfuran daban-daban guda uku don samar da kudade: 1. FINCA ce ke ba da babban kuɗin rance tare da biyan kuɗi na mako-mako wanda duk membobin suka tabbatar - watau, sauran membobin ƙungiyar dole ne su rufe raguwar memba ɗaya. Wannan nau'in alhakin hadin gwiwa na karamin bashi yana da rikici, tare da [[Muhammad Yunus]] (alal misali) ya ƙi tsarin alhakin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa ta Bankin Grameen. 
2. An tashe babban birnin kai tsaye daga al'ummar yankin. Musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu al'adun &quot;ceton&quot; (misali Laos) ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin babban abin koyi mai nasara. 
3. Injin babban birnin daga mai ba da gudummawa, NGO ko aikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu hanya ce ta uku don tabbatar da kudade na farko na bankin ƙauye.

== Hanyar Duniya ga Bankin Ƙauye ==
Sau da yawa ana kafa Bankin ƙauye a yankunan karkara tare da iyakantaccen damar samun kuɗi. Yawancin shirye-shiryen an kafa su ne a Kudancin Amurka, Sub-Saharan da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wata takarda ta [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] daga 1991 ta kwatanta bankin ƙauyen da aka kusanci a ƙasashe biyar: Thailand, Costa Rica, Arewacin Mexico, El Salvador da Guatemala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking - A Cross-country study of a COmmunity-based lending methodology |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026144117/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID from 1991 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani takarda na USAID daga 1996 ya tattauna canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin zuwa ƙarin tsari. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MBP Village Banking Research Agenda |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225005112/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Alliance Foundation&quot; ya ambaci a shafin yanar gizon su, cewa shirin su ya buɗe bankunan ƙauyuka 25 a nahiyoyi 3 (Guatemala, Mexico, Indiya da Philippines). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alliance Foundation supports the Village Bank Program |url=https://apwfoundation.org/village-bank-program/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Alliance Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== FINCA / Kudancin Amurka ==
Ya zuwa 2020, FINCA International ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da su 20 a duk duniya sun yi aiki da mutane sama da 10,000, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why FINCA |url=https://finca.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da farko ma'aikatan gida ciki har da jami'an bashi da masu sa ido. Kowane jami'in bashi yana halartar taron mako-mako na kowane banki na ƙauyen 10-15 don horar da kwamitin shugabancinsa da kuma saka idanu kan ayyukan bankin. Baya ga motsawa da ilimin manya, jami'in bashi yana kula da halartar abokin ciniki, yana sa ido kan daidaito na lissafin kuɗi, yana bincika daidaito na rancen mako na yanzu da tarin ajiya, da kuma bincika lokacin da karɓar ajiya na taron da ya gabata. Hakanan, kowane bankin ƙauye ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun jami'an - shugaban (wanda ke jagorantar tsarin yanke shawara na dimokuradiyya na bankin), sakatare (wanda ke halarta kuma yana riƙe da minti) da kuma mai ba da kuɗi (wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da duk ma'amaloli na kuɗi daidai). A ƙarshe, kowane banki na ƙauye yana da nasa fasfo, kuma ma'aunin da ta yi na biyan bashin bashi da ajiyar kuɗi dole ne koyaushe su kasance daidai da waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin rikodin mai ba da kuɗi ga kowane abokin ciniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt;

== Bankin ƙauye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ==
ILO da GIZ sun gudanar da shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye masu nasara (musamman a Lao PDR) na kimanin shekaru 20 kuma sun ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin bankin ƙauyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microfinance in Rural Areas- Access to Finance for the Poor (AFP) |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2021-en-microfinance-in-rural-areas.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Banking in Lao PDR |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_159170.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ILO |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kirkiro dandamali na dijital don haɗa kai da tsara bankunan ƙauyen a Lao PDR. A zamanin yau yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don hana talauci da kuma sauƙaƙe gidaje daga talauci. 
[3]
&lt;ref name=&quot;la.usembassy.gov&quot; /&gt;A Bali, Indonesia, akwai abin da ake kira LPDs - cibiyoyin bashi na ƙauye da aka kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The role of village credit institutions (LPD) to realize the economic empowerment |url=https://www.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n05/a20v41n05p07.pdf |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan LPDs an ambaci su kuma a cikin wata kasida a kan ƙofar bincike daga Mayu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coso based control, Sustainability of People's Credit Institutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380770649_Coso-Based_Control_With_The_Belief_in_Karmaphala_In_The_Business_Sustainability_of_People's_Credit_Institutions_LPD |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman Abubuwan Nasara na Bankin Kauye ==
Bankin ƙauye, wanda kuma ake kira banki na al'umma, ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai ko ƙananan banki don gina ma'aikata a kan matakan ƙauyuka. Ilimin kudi da horar da gudanar da kudi shine mahimmin abu don gina bankin ƙauye mai ɗorewa. Bugu da ƙari, bankin ƙauyen yana buƙatar a kafa shi a cikin al'umma don samun tallafi na ci gaba. Dandalin dijital da tsarin dama na littattafan banki na ƙauye, bayanan abokin ciniki da hanyoyin zasu tabbatar da daidaitattun tsari, wanda mutane a yankunan karkara zasu iya bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Access to Finance Project in Laos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_94q4TptmCA |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Youtube |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kalubale shi ne a tsawon lokaci cewa bankunan ƙauyen za su sami adadi da yawa a tsawon lokaci fiye da rance. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage talauci kuma a lokaci guda yana da haɗari ga riba-karen kuɗin shiga na bankin ƙauyen. Yana da mahimmanci a kafa kasuwar kuɗi banki tsakanin ƙauyuka, don haka musayar ruwa zai yiwu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* CVECA
* farashi mai laushi (finance) 
* John Hatch
* karamin bashi
* karamin kudi
* ROSCA
* Kamfen ɗin Taron Kudin Ƙananan Kudin
* Kungiyar taimakon kai
* rance na hadin kai

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin balanga</title>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:   '''Tafkin Balanga''' ko '''Balanga Dam''' babban madatsar ruwa ne da ke [[Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Dam ɗin yana ƙarƙashin Balanga Local Government Area, kuma yana cikin yankin Upper Benue River Basin. Kundin bayanan madatsun ruwa na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ya nuna cewa Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ita ce mai mallakar dam ɗin, yayin da Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta jihar ke kula da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federa...</comment>
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'''Tafkin Balanga''' ko '''Balanga Dam''' babban madatsar ruwa ne da ke [[Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Dam ɗin yana ƙarƙashin Balanga Local Government Area, kuma yana cikin yankin Upper Benue River Basin. Kundin bayanan madatsun ruwa na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ya nuna cewa Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ita ce mai mallakar dam ɗin, yayin da Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta jihar ke kula da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da gina dam ==

An fara aikin gina Balanga Dam a shekarar 1982, kuma kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ya nuna cewa an kammala shi a shekarar 1985. An tsara dam ɗin ne domin amfani da ruwa ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da samar da ruwa, ban ruwa, samar da wutar lantarki, kiwo da kamun kifi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotannin jaridu sun nuna cewa dam ɗin ya kasance muhimmin ginshiƙi ga noma musamman noman rani a yankin Balanga. A shekarun da tsarin ban ruwan yake aiki sosai, manoma daga Balanga da wasu ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da dam ɗin sun dogara da ruwa wajen noma, musamman shinkafa, tare da samar da aikin yi ga manoma da ma'aikatan gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri da yanayin dam ==

Balanga Dam yana kan kogin Balanga, wanda yake cikin tsarin kogunan Upper Benue. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa sun sanya wurin dam ɗin a kusan 9.922506°N da 11.600942°E, a tsayin kusan mita 335 sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dam ɗin yana da tsayin kusan mita 45 da tsawon crest na mita 320. An kuma bayyana shi a kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa a matsayin dam ɗin rockfill, tare da tafkin da yake bayan dam ɗin wanda ke da yankin kusan kilomita murabba'i 7.6 da ƙarfin ɗaukar ruwa kusan cubic metres 72.6 miliyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfanin tafkin ==

Babban amfani da Balanga Dam ya haɗa da samar da ruwa da ban ruwa. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cewa dam ɗin na da muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa noman rani, yayin da rahoton ''Punch'' ya bayyana cewa an tsara amfani da kusan hekta 4,000 na ƙasa a yankin Balanga Dam domin noman rani a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe set for large-scale irrigation farming |work=Punch Newspapers |date=17 January 2020 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-set-for-large-scale-irrigation-farming/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noman rani da ake gudanarwa ta hanyar tsarin ban ruwan dam ɗin ya kasance wata babbar hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ga al'ummomin yankin. A shekarar 2024, manoman da suka yi magana da ''Trust Radio'' sun bayyana cewa rufe tsarin ban ruwan ya jefa manoma da ma'aikatan gona da dama cikin matsalar rashin aikin yi da raguwar hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamun kifi ==

Kamun kifi na daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara dam ɗin domin tallafawa. Kundin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ya jera ''fishing'' a cikin manufofin Balanga Dam, tare da ban ruwa, samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin tsarin ban ruwa ==

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tsarin ban ruwan Balanga Dam ya fuskanci matsaloli. A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar manoman rani ta Balanga ta shaida cewa hanyoyin ruwa na dam ɗin sun cika da laka kuma wasu muhimman kayan aikin ban ruwa sun lalace, lamarin da ya hana manoma samun ruwa zuwa gonakinsu yadda ya kamata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Rabi'u Sani |title=Gombe farmers seek rehabilitation of Balanga dam |work=News Agency of Nigeria |date=24 January 2023 |url=https://nannews.ng/gombe-farmers-seek-rehabilitation-of-balanga-dam/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ''Trust Radio'' na shekarar 2024 ya kuma bayyana cewa gwamnatin jihar ta dakatar da aikin ban ruwa a dam ɗin tun daga shekarar 2019 saboda wasu matsalolin tsaro da kuma matsalar rashin kai ruwa zuwa cibiyar ban ruwa. Rahoton ya ce wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwa da hanyoyin ban ruwan sun lalace saboda tsawon lokacin da ba a yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kokarin farfado da dam ==

Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta yi kokarin farfado da Balanga Dam da tsarin ban ruwansa. A shekarar 2024, ''Nigerian Tribune'' ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin jihar ta shiga haɗin gwiwa da abokan hulɗar ci gaba domin farfado da dam ɗin da kuma mayar da shi wajen tallafa wa noman rani da samar da ababen more rayuwa ga al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Michael |first=Ishola |title=Gombe govt, development partners synergise to revive Balanga dam |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=18 August 2024 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gombe-govt-development-partners-synergise-to-revive-balanga-dam/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa an gyara wani ɓangare na magudanan ban ruwan Balanga Dam, kuma ana sa ran fadada hanyoyin ban ruwan zai ƙara yawan filayen da za a iya noma a duk shekara. Rahoton ''The Sun'' ya ce yankin da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin ban ruwan na da damar tallafa wa fiye da eka 11,000 na noman shekara-shekara idan aka kammala sauran ayyukan hanyoyin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ACReSAL drills 250 boreholes to boost irrigation farming in Gombe |work=The Sun Nigeria |url=https://thesun.ng/acresal-drills-250-boreholes-to-boost-irrigation-farming-in-gombe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da wutar lantarki ==

Samar da wutar lantarki na daga cikin manufofin asali na Balanga Dam. Bayan dogon lokaci da aka fi amfani da dam ɗin wajen ban ruwa, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na ƙara amfani da dam ɗin wajen samar da ƙananan wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=EU, UNIDO Funded Dam Rehabilitation To Generate 320kilowatt Of Hydropower For Gombe |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=9 December 2025 |url=https://independent.ng/eu-unido-funded-dam-rehabilitation-to-generate-320kilowatt-of-hydropower-for-gombe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin ƙananan wutar lantarki da ake ginawa a Balanga Dam an tsara shi ne domin samar da kusan kilowatt 320 na wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Haka kuma, an haɗa tsarin da wani bangare na hasken rana mai ƙarfin kilowatt 300, wanda zai kai jimillar ƙarfin samar da makamashin lantarki zuwa kusan kilowatt 620.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=EU’s hydro power project to deliver 620kw |work=The Nation Newspaper |date=11 December 2025 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/eus-hydro-power-project-to-deliver-620kw/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 2026, ''The Sun'' ta ruwaito cewa aikin Balanga Small Hydropower Project ya kai kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na kammalawa, yayin da gwamnatin jihar ta sake jaddada muhimmancin aikin wajen inganta samar da makamashi da tsaron ruwa a jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FG, partners move to unlock 3,500MW small hydropower potential |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=25 August 2026 |url=https://thesun.ng/fg-partners-move-to-unlock-3500mw-small-hydropower-potential/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noman rani da samar da abinci ==

Balanga Dam na da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da damar noman rani a kudancin Jihar Gombe. A lokacin da tsarin ban ruwan yake aiki, manoma suna amfani da ruwa wajen noma a lokacin da damina ta ƙare, abin da ke ba su damar samar da amfanin gona a wasu lokutan shekara da ba za a iya dogaro da ruwan sama kawai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe set for large-scale irrigation farming |work=Punch Newspapers |date=17 January 2020 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-set-for-large-scale-irrigation-farming/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotannin manoma sun nuna cewa noman rani a yankin Balanga ya kasance tushen aikin yi ga matasa da sauran ma'aikatan gona. Saboda haka, matsalolin da suka shafi hanyoyin ban ruwa sun shafi ba kawai samar da amfanin gona ba, har ma da tattalin arzikin iyalan da suka dogara da noma a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe farmers seek rehabilitation of Balanga dam |work=News Agency of Nigeria |date=24 January 2023 |url=https://nannews.ng/gombe-farmers-seek-rehabilitation-of-balanga-dam/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki ==

Muhimmancin Balanga Dam ya haɗa da noma, kamun kifi, samar da ruwa, aikin yi da kuma samar da makamashi. Lokacin da dam ɗin da tsarin ban ruwan suke aiki, manoma da ma'aikatan gona daga Balanga da sauran yankunan da ke kewaye suna samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki da suka dogara da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How closure of Balanga Dam impoverished farmers |work=Trust Radio |date=16 June 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-closure-of-balanga-dam-impoverished-farmers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon shirin haɗa wutar lantarki da aikin gona ya ƙara faɗaɗa muhimmancin dam ɗin. Rahotannin ''The Guardian'' da ''The Sun'' sun bayyana cewa aikin makamashi yana da alaƙa da samar da wutar lantarki ga al'umma da kuma tallafa wa ayyukan sarrafa amfanin gona da noman rani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Agbajileke |first=Owede |title=EU commits to sustainable devt in Nigeria with Balanga project |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 December 2025 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/eu-commits-to-sustainable-devt-in-nigeria-with-balanga-project/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin Balanga Dam a ci gaban yankin ==

Balanga Dam na daga cikin muhimman ababen more rayuwa na ruwa a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Tsarinsa ya haɗa amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, samar da ruwa, kamun kifi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki, yayin da sabbin ayyukan gyara da makamashi ke ƙoƙarin dawo da dam ɗin cikin cikakken amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Permanent Assets: Dams |publisher=Federal Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://dams.ng/permanent_assets/dams.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, makomar Balanga Dam tana da alaƙa da kammala ayyukan gyaran hanyoyin ban ruwa da kuma shirin ƙananan wutar lantarki. Idan aka kammala waɗannan ayyuka yadda aka tsara, dam ɗin zai iya ƙara tallafawa noman shekara-shekara, samar da aikin yi, samar da makamashi da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FG, partners move to unlock 3,500MW small hydropower potential |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=25 August 2026 |url=https://thesun.ng/fg-partners-move-to-unlock-3500mw-small-hydropower-potential/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Balanga]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Kogin Gongola]]
* [[Dadin Kowa Dam]]
* [[Noman rani]]
* [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Madatsun ruwa a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Madatsun ruwa a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Balanga]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Noma a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Koguna da tafkuna a Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gandun Dajin Kanawa.</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:   '''Gandun Dajin Kanawa''' (Kanawa Forest Reserve}}) wani gandun daji ne da aka ware domin kare albarkatun gandun daji da halittu a [[Yamaltu/Deba]] Local Government Area ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Sudan Savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa gandun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye nau'o'in tsirrai da samar da ayyukan muhalli ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohamm...</comment>
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'''Gandun Dajin Kanawa''' (Kanawa Forest Reserve}}) wani gandun daji ne da aka ware domin kare albarkatun gandun daji da halittu a [[Yamaltu/Deba]] Local Government Area ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Sudan Savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa gandun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye nau'o'in tsirrai da samar da ayyukan muhalli ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri da yanayin ƙasa ==

Gandun Dajin Kanawa yana cikin Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area ta Jihar Gombe. Wani bincike kan gandun ya sanya shi tsakanin kusan latitude 10°16′ zuwa 10°18′ arewa da longitude 11°18′10″ zuwa 11°22′09″ gabas, tare da tsayin ƙasa tsakanin mita 336 zuwa 390 sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Sawa |first2=F. B. J. |last3=Gani |first3=A. M. |last4=Zhigila |first4=Daniel A. |title=An Assessment of the Shrub Species of Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284722985_An_Assessment_of_the_Shrub_Species_of_Kanawa_Forest_Reserve_KFR_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gandun yana da yanayin ƙasa mai tudu da kwaruruka, tare da ƙananan magudanan ruwa masu zurfin siffar harafin V a wasu wurare. Binciken muhalli ya kuma bayyana nau'o'in ƙasa da suka haɗa da loamy sand, sandy da sandy-loam soils, waɗanda ke tallafa wa nau'o'in ciyayi daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Sawa |first2=F. B. J. |last3=Gani |first3=A. M. |last4=Zhigila |first4=Daniel A. |title=An Assessment of the Shrub Species of Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284722985_An_Assessment_of_the_Shrub_Species_of_Kanawa_Forest_Reserve_KFR_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

An kafa Kanawa Forest a matsayin ƙaramin gandun dasa na Hukumar Native Authority a tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1945. Bayan haka, an ayyana yankin a hukumance a matsayin gandun daji mai kariya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1953 ta hanyar sanarwar Native Authority Notice No. 15 ƙarƙashin dokokin gandun daji na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Sawa |first2=F. B. J. |last3=Gani |first3=A. M. |last4=Zhigila |first4=Daniel A. |title=An Assessment of the Shrub Species of Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284722985_An_Assessment_of_the_Shrub_Species_of_Kanawa_Forest_Reserve_KFR_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin gandun ya haɗa da shukar itatuwa da aka kafa domin samar da itatuwan dasa wa a garuruwa, ƙauyuka da gefen hanyoyi. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa akwai gandun shuka kusa da Poli Stream wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da itatuwa ga sassan tsohuwar Gombe Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Sawa |first2=F. B. J. |last3=Gani |first3=A. M. |last4=Zhigila |first4=Daniel A. |title=An Assessment of the Shrub Species of Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284722985_An_Assessment_of_the_Shrub_Species_of_Kanawa_Forest_Reserve_KFR_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girman gandun ==

Wani binciken da ya duba matsayin gandunan daji a Jihar Gombe ya bayyana cewa Kanawa Forest Reserve yana da fadin kusan kilomita murabba'i 5.13. Wannan bayanin ya bambanta da wasu tsoffin bayanan bincike da suka yi amfani da ma'aunin hekta wajen bayyana wani ɓangare na yankin, saboda haka ya fi dacewa a nuna girman da aka bayar a cikin binciken na gandunan jihar tare da bayyana cewa ma'aunin yankin ya bambanta tsakanin tushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsirrai ==

Gandun Dajin Kanawa yana da nau'o'in ciyayi daban-daban saboda bambancin yanayin ƙasa da danshi. Binciken shekarar 2025 ya gano nau'o'in ciyayi guda shida, ciki har da lowland rainforest, grassland/thorny vegetation da wasu nau'o'in ciyayi da ke da alaƙa da wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A binciken shekarar 2025, lowland rainforest ta kasance nau'in ciyayi mafi yawan rufe fili, inda ta kai kusan kashi 36.02 cikin 100 na murfin ciyayi da aka tantance a shekarar 2020. Grassland/thorny vegetation kuwa ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta, inda ta kai kusan kashi 3.48 cikin 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na farko kan tsirran gandun ya nuna cewa ciyawar Kanawa tana da cakudadden yanayi, wanda ya haɗa da Sudan Savanna a wuraren tudu, ciyawar da ke kusa da ruwa, wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa, lowland rainforest kusa da Poli Stream, da kuma ciyawar ƙaya a wuraren da suka fi bushewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Sawa |first2=F. B. J. |last3=Gani |first3=A. M. |last4=Zhigila |first4=Daniel A. |title=An Assessment of the Shrub Species of Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284722985_An_Assessment_of_the_Shrub_Species_of_Kanawa_Forest_Reserve_KFR_in_Gombe_State_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in tsirrai ==

Binciken da aka gudanar a Kanawa ya gano nau'o'in tsirrai masu yawa, ciki har da bishiyoyi, shrubs, herbs da climbers. Wani bincike da aka gabatar a Gombe State University ya bayyana cewa binciken da aka gudanar a gandun tsakanin 2009 da 2011 ya gano nau'in tsirrai 97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=6th Inaugural Lecture |publisher=Gombe State University |date=7 March 2024 |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/6th-Inaugural-Lecture.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin tsirran da aka rubuta a sabon binciken akwai wasu nau'o'in da ake amfani da su wajen magungunan gargajiya, ciki har da ''Azadirachta indica'' da ''Guiera senegalensis''. Binciken ya danganta wasu daga cikin waɗannan tsirrai da sanannun abubuwan antibacterial, antifungal da antioxidant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halittun da ke cikin gandun ==

Kanawa Forest Reserve yana samar da muhalli ga nau'o'in halittu daban-daban. Binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa bambancin ciyayi a gandun yana da alaƙa da bambancin halittu, musamman a wuraren da tasirin ayyukan ɗan Adam ya fi ƙanƙanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike kan darajar albarkatun gandun ya kuma ƙididdige kasancewar bishiyoyi, shrubs, ƙwari, ƙananan dabbobi da dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin yankin da aka bincika. Wannan yana nuna cewa gandun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da muhalli ga nau'o'in halittu daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last=Daniel |first=Isa'ac |title=Economic Valuation of Kanawa Forest Reserve in Gombe State, Nigeria |institution=Modibbo Adama University, Yola |year=2023 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1036098976/Daniel-Chapter1-6-Corected-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin muhalli ==

Kanawa Forest Reserve yana samar da ayyukan muhalli da suka haɗa da kiyaye halittu, adana carbon, daidaita ruwa da kare ƙasa. Binciken shekarar 2025 ya bayyana cewa waɗannan ayyukan muhalli suna daga cikin dalilan da ya sa kare gandun yake da muhimmanci ga yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishiyoyi da ciyayi suna taimakawa wajen rage zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar rufe saman ƙasa da kuma rage ƙarfin ruwan sama da iska. Kare gandun daga sare itatuwa da faɗaɗa gonaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba saboda haka yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsarin muhalli na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfanin tattalin arziki ==

Al'ummomin da ke kusa da Kanawa Forest Reserve suna amfani da albarkatun gandun wajen samun abin dogaro. Binciken shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa noma yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki na mutanen da aka bincika, inda kashi 54 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka yi binciken suka dogara da aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Albarkatun gandun na iya samar da kayan itace, magungunan gargajiya da sauran albarkatun da al'umma ke amfani da su. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar daidaita amfani da albarkatun gandun da bukatar kiyaye shi domin kada yawan amfani ya rage yawan ciyayi da nau'o'in halittu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last=Daniel |first=Isa'ac |title=Economic Valuation of Kanawa Forest Reserve in Gombe State, Nigeria |institution=Modibbo Adama University, Yola |year=2023 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1036098976/Daniel-Chapter1-6-Corected-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barazana ga gandun ==

Kanawa Forest Reserve ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga ayyukan ɗan Adam. Binciken da aka yi kan ciyayi da muhalli ya nuna cewa sauye-sauyen da ayyukan ɗan Adam suka haifar sun shafi tsarin ciyayi na gandun, kuma kare wuraren da ba su da yawan matsala yana taimakawa wajen farfaɗowar halittu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faɗaɗa gonaki, kiwo, sare itatuwa da farauta ba tare da cikakken tsarin kula da gandun ba na daga cikin matsalolin da aka bayyana a binciken tattalin arziki da muhalli na Kanawa. Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar ƙarfafa dokokin kiyaye gandun da hana faɗaɗa filayen noma da kiwo cikin wuraren da aka ware.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last=Daniel |first=Isa'ac |title=Economic Valuation of Kanawa Forest Reserve in Gombe State, Nigeria |institution=Modibbo Adama University, Yola |year=2023 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1036098976/Daniel-Chapter1-6-Corected-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyaye gandun ==

Binciken shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa matakan kiyayewa kamar shinge da takaita shiga wasu sassan gandun sun taimaka wajen farfaɗowar ciyayi da inganta daidaiton muhalli a wuraren da aka kare. Masu binciken sun jaddada muhimmancin ci gaba da sa ido da haɗa al'ummomin yankin cikin shirye-shiryen kiyayewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, shirin Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) ya nuna wani shiri na '''mayar da Kanawa Forest zuwa Zoological and Botanical Garden'''. Wannan shirin yana nuna ƙoƙarin ƙara amfani da gandun wajen kiyaye halittu da kuma ilimin muhalli, kodayake kalmar ''proposed upgrade'' a bayanin ACReSAL tana nuna cewa shirin yana cikin matakin shawara/ci gaba, ba wai an kammala sauya matsayin gandun ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Proposed Upgrade of Kanawa Forest to Zoological and Botanical Garden, Gombe State |publisher=Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) |year=2025 |url=https://acresal.gov.ng/gallery_activity/special-ecosystems/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro da kariyar gandun ==

A watan Mayu 2026, Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps ta ƙaddamar da sabon sansanin Agro Rangers a Kanawa Forest Reserve. Rahoton ''Punch'' ya ce an gina sansanin ne domin ƙarfafa kariyar kadarorin noma da gandun daji da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi manoma da makiyaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=NSCDC unveils Agro Rangers base to secure Gombe’s agricultural assets |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 May 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/nscdc-unveils-agro-rangers-base-to-secure-gombes-agricultural-assets/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sansanin Agro Rangers yana da wuraren zama, tsarin hasken rana da rijiyar burtsatse mai amfani da mota. Rahoton ya ce Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta gina wurin tare da tallafin ACReSAL, kuma aikin yana cikin matakan ƙarfafa tsaro da kariyar kadarorin noma da gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=NSCDC unveils Agro Rangers base to secure Gombe’s agricultural assets |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 May 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/nscdc-unveils-agro-rangers-base-to-secure-gombes-agricultural-assets/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin Kanawa ga Jihar Gombe ==

Kanawa Forest Reserve yana daga cikin gandunan daji masu muhimmanci a Jihar Gombe saboda bambancin tsirrai, ayyukan muhalli da kuma dangantakarsa da rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Binciken gandunan jihar ya haɗa Kanawa da Wawa Zange da Lembi a cikin gandunan daji da aka ware domin kiyaye albarkatun ciyayi da halittu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muhimmancin gandun ya ƙaru saboda sabon bincike ya nuna cewa akwai bambancin ciyayi da nau'o'in tsirrai masu amfani, yayin da sabbin shirye-shiryen gwamnati da ACReSAL suke mayar da hankali kan farfaɗo da gandun da kuma ƙara amfani da shi wajen ilimin muhalli da kiyaye halittu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Halima Mohammed |last2=Ali |first2=Murma Mari |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=87–95 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/view/18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Yamaltu/Deba]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gandunan daji a Najeriya]]
* [[Wawa-Zange Forest Reserve]]
* [[Lembi Forest Reserve]]
* [[Kiyaye muhalli]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gandunan daji a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Gandunan daji a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Yamaltu/Deba]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Kiyaye muhalli a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tushen tarihi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335487480|Historical source]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tushen tarihi''' ya ƙunshi &quot;kowane irin shaidar da mutane suka bari daga ayyukansu na baya - wanda aka rubuta da kalmar magana, siffar wuri mai faɗi da kayan tarihi, zane-zane masu kyau da kuma daukar hoto da fim. &quot;

Duk da yake kewayon tushen tarihi ya fadada ya hada da tushen da yawa wadanda ba na takardun ba, duk da haka &quot;bincike na tarihi kusan koyaushe ya dogara ne akan abin da masanin tarihi zai iya karantawa a cikin takardu ko jin daga masu ba da labari&quot;.

Tushen tarihi yawanci ana raba su zuwa na farko da na biyu, kodayake wasu masana tarihi suna magana ne game da tushe na uku.

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Tushen farko ===
A cikin nazarin [[Tarihi]] a matsayin horo na ilimi, &quot;mahimmanci&quot; (wanda ake kira &quot;mahimma na asali&quot;) shine labarin farko na abubuwan da suka faru ta wani wanda ya rayu ta hanyar su. &quot;An yi manyan tushe a lokacin tarihin da ake bincike. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Primary and secondary sources explained |url=https://www.historyskills.com/source-criticism/analysis/source-kind-and-type/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tushen na biyu ===
A cikin ilimi, '''tushe na biyu'''  takarda ne ko rikodin da ke danganta ko tattauna bayanan da aka gabatar a wasu wurare.

Tushen na biyu shine wanda ke ba da bayani game da tushen farko. A cikin tushen na biyu, an zaɓi bayanin asali, an gyara shi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tsarin da ya dace. Tushen na biyu sun haɗa da ƙaddamarwa, bincike, fassara, ko kimantawa na asalin bayanin.

=== Tushen na uku ===
Tushen na uku shine index ko karfafa rubutu na tushen farko da na biyu da aka riga aka buga [1] wanda ba ya samar da ƙarin fassarori ko nazarin tushen.[2][3] Ana iya amfani da wasu tushe na uku a matsayin taimako don samun mahimman tushe, mahimman kalmomi, ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma kafa kimiyya ta al'ada akan batun.[4] Cikakken ma'anar tertiary ya bambanta da fannin ilimi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihi

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/prospective-undergrads/virtual-classroom/historical-sources-what Menene Tushen Tarihi? - Jami'ar Cambridge Faculty of History]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tushen tarihi''' ya ƙunshi &quot;kowane irin shaidar da mutane suka bari daga ayyukansu na baya - wanda aka rubuta da kalmar magana, siffar wuri mai faɗi da kayan tarihi, zane-zane masu kyau da kuma daukar hoto da fim. &quot;

Duk da yake kewayon tushen tarihi ya fadada ya hada da tushen da yawa wadanda ba na takardun ba, duk da haka &quot;bincike na tarihi kusan koyaushe ya dogara ne akan abin da masanin tarihi zai iya karantawa a cikin takardu ko jin daga masu ba da labari&quot;.

Tushen tarihi yawanci ana raba su zuwa na farko da na biyu, kodayake wasu masana tarihi suna magana ne game da tushe na uku.

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Tushen farko ===
A cikin nazarin [[Tarihi]] a matsayin horo na ilimi, &quot;mahimmanci&quot; (wanda ake kira &quot;mahimma na asali&quot;) shine labarin farko na abubuwan da suka faru ta wani wanda ya rayu ta hanyar su. &quot;An yi manyan tushe a lokacin tarihin da ake bincike. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Primary and secondary sources explained |url=https://www.historyskills.com/source-criticism/analysis/source-kind-and-type/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tushen na biyu ===
A cikin ilimi, '''tushe na biyu'''  takarda ne ko rikodin da ke danganta ko tattauna bayanan da aka gabatar a wasu wurare.

Tushen na biyu shine wanda ke ba da bayani game da tushen farko. A cikin tushen na biyu, an zaɓi bayanin asali, an gyara shi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tsarin da ya dace. Tushen na biyu sun haɗa da ƙaddamarwa, bincike, fassara, ko kimantawa na asalin bayanin.

=== Tushen na uku ===
Tushen na uku shine index ko karfafa rubutu na tushen farko da na biyu da aka riga aka buga [1] wanda ba ya samar da ƙarin fassarori ko nazarin tushen.[2][3] Ana iya amfani da wasu tushe na uku a matsayin taimako don samun mahimman tushe, mahimman kalmomi, ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma kafa kimiyya ta al'ada akan batun.[4] Cikakken ma'anar tertiary ya bambanta da fannin ilimi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Tarihi

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/prospective-undergrads/virtual-classroom/historical-sources-what Menene Tushen Tarihi? - Jami'ar Cambridge Faculty of History]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tarihin Ƙungiyar Al'ummai</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335220163|League of Nations archives]]&quot;</comment>
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Tarihin League of Nations tarin tarihin tarihi ne da takardun hukuma na League of Nations . An tattara tarin a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva (UNOG), inda Sashen Tunawa na Ƙungiya (IMS) na Laburaren Majalisar Dinkinobho da Tarihin Geneva ke sarrafa shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Mandate of the Institutional Memory Section |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/knowledge/archives?OpenDocument |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=United Nations Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi kusan shafuka miliyan 15 na abun ciki kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kilomita 3 na layi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digitization Programmes: Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives (LONTAD) Project |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/knowledge/archives/digitization-projects?OpenDocument |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=United Nations Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kaddamar da aikin digitize ɗakunan ajiya a cikin 2017 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 2022. [[UNESCO]] ta amince da muhimmancin tarihin tarihin League of Nations, tare da rubutun sa a kan Memory of the World Register a cikin 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memory of the World Register |url=https://en.unesco.org/programme/mow/register |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da fa'ida ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00678,_Genf.-_Haus_des_Völkerbundrates.jpg|alt=|thumb|Registry tana da alhakin yin rajista da sarrafa kayan tarihi a hedkwatar League of Nations. Hoton shi ne Palais Wilson, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Hedikwatar daga 1920-1936.]]
A duk lokacin da yake wanzuwarsa (10 Janairu 1920 - 18 Afrilu 1946), Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta kirkiro kuma ta adana rubuce-rubuce; duk da haka, ɗakunan ajiyarta sun haɗu da kafawa da rushewa, tun daga tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Versailles a 1919, kuma sun faɗaɗa ta hanyar kawar da Ƙungiyar bayan rufe ta a 1946. Gabaɗaya, Ƙungiyar ta adana rubuce-rubuce ne kawai a matsayin sakamako na ayyukanta (watau, ba tare da niyyar adana tarihinta ba). Tun daga Taron 1919, Sakatariyar Kungiyar ta haɓaka Registry, wanda ke da alhakin buɗe fayiloli da adana rajista game da gudanarwa da ayyukan hukuma na Kungiyar, musamman kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin aikin Majalisar da Majalisar da Kwamitin da ke da alaƙa da su, kwamitocin da tarurruka. 

A shekara ta 1946, sabuwar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta karɓi bayanan League da takardun rajista. A lokacin, ba a dauki waɗannan a matsayin ajiya a ainihin ma'anar kalmar ba, kuma samun dama yana da iyaka sosai. Ba sai a 1956, a lokacin sake tsara su a karkashin Laburaren UNOG ba ne aka amince da su a hukumance a matsayin masu rabuwa da gwamnatin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Koyaya, samun dama har yanzu yana da iyaka sosai, an ba masu bincike ne kawai a kan tsarin &quot;daraja&quot; mai tsauri.

A cikin 1965, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ya ba da shawarar tallafawa aikin don buɗe kayan League ga masu bincike. An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1966 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1969. Babban abin da za a iya bayarwa shi ne kirkirar taimakon ganowa na farko, Répertoire Général (wanda za'a iya samunsa a cikin Lines na waje), wanda ya dace da canjin bayanan League da takardu a cikin ajiyar da ta dace.[1] Samun damar shiga cikin ɗakunan ajiya an ci gaba da bayyana shi ta hanyar dokokin hukuma da aka kafa a cikin takarda mai shafi biyu mai taken &quot;Hanyar shiga cikin ɗabi'ar League of Nations,&quot; wanda aka buga a cikin sanarwar Sakatare Janar a cikin 1969. [2]

== Tsarinsa ==
Tarihin League of Nations tarin tarihi ne na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva .  An shirya shi bisa ga sassan gudanarwa da suka wanzu a lokacin League of Nations, kamar Sashen Mandates, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da yankuna a ƙarƙashin tsarin umarni kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta kirkira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:1927_British_issued_Nansen_identity_certificate.jpg|thumb|The League of Nations archives 'Nansen Fonds ne hybrid na kungiyar ajiyar sakatariyar da kuma External Fonds. An sanya masa suna ne don Fridtjof Nansen, wanda a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Kungiyar Kasashe ya kirkiro Fasfo na Nansen (wanda aka nuna). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=The Little-Known Passport That Protected 450,000 Refugees |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nansen-passport-refugees |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Atlas Obscura}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
An raba tarihin zuwa manyan sassa biyu: Ƙungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar da kuma External Fonds. Nansen Fonds (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Refugees mixed archive group&quot;) shine kawai ɓangaren da ake la'akari da shi a matsayin haɗin waɗannan ɓangarorin biyu.

=== Kungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar ===
Kungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi bayanan da aka samar ko karɓa a hedkwatar League of Nations a Geneva. Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da Registry ya kafa, ko fayilolin waɗanda wasu sassan League suka samar. Wadannan an san su da fayilolin rajista da fayil ɗin sashi, bi da bi.

==== Rubuce-rubucen ====
Registry shine babban aikin Sakatariyar wanda ya tsara kuma ya aiwatar da mafi yawan bayanan League of Nations bisa ga ka'idojin hukuma. Ana shirya fayilolin rajista a cikin lokuta daban-daban guda uku: 1919-1927, 1928-1932, da 1933-1946. 

==== Fayilolin sashi ====
An kirkiro fayilolin sashi da gangan kuma an haɓaka su kyauta ta takamaiman sassan (misali, Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Kudi, Sashen Mandates, da sauransu). Saboda haka, ba su da &quot;tarihin hukuma na gaskiya&quot;.Saboda rabuwa da su daga Registry, an shirya fayilolin sashi ta sashi. Sabili da haka, fayilolin Sashe ba su da tsari fiye da fayilolin Registry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Asusun waje ===
External Fonds ƙungiyoyin ajiya ne na asalin waje, ma'ana an tattara su a waje da Sakatariyar. An bayyana su kuma suna sarrafa su ta hanyar takamaiman cibiyoyin da suka kirkiresu. Misalan sun haɗa da Hukumar Gudanar da Saar Basin da kuma tarihin Ofishin Berlin na League.

=== Tarin abubuwa ===
Baya ga manyan bangarorin biyu, tarihin League sun ƙunshi &quot;Tarinni,&quot; waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne na kayan da aka taru da kansu daga gwamnatin League. Babban rukuni na wannan nau'in an san shi da tarin &quot;documents&quot; na League.

== Tarihin da aka lalata ko ya ɓace ==
An lalata wasu sassan tarihin League of Nations a lokuta daban-daban saboda dalilai daban-daban. Fayilolin sassan, alal misali, ba lallai ba ne a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin Registry, kuma wannan sau da yawa yakan haifar da sassan da ke lalata bayanan don kare sauƙin gudanarwa. A wasu lokuta, lalacewa shine sakamakon halin da ake ciki a lokacin yaƙi. Mafi munin asarar sune na wasu fayilolin sashe na baya, da takardun Sakatare-Janar guda biyu na farko.

Yawancin Fonds na waje sun ɓace, sun fuskanci lalacewar lokacin yaƙi, da / ko lalacewar tsari. Har zuwa yau ba a san ainihin adadin bayanan da suka ɓace ba.

== Shirin dijital ==
A cikin 2017, ɗakin karatu na UNOG ya ƙaddamar da Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD), tare da niyyar adanawa, ƙididdiga, da kuma samar da damar kan layi ga ɗakunan ajiyar League of Nations. Babban manufarta ita ce inganta damar yin amfani da kayan tarihi ga masu bincike, cibiyoyin ilimi, da kuma jama'a gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kammala aikin ne a watan Oktoba 2022 kuma duk tarihin League yanzu yana samuwa a fili ta hanyar dandalin sadaukar da kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Archives Geneva - UN Archives Geneva |url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=archives.ungeneva.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Laburaren Ham Dagmarskjöld
* Majalisar Duniya kan Tarihi
* Laburaren Digital na Duniya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Tarihin League of Nations tarin tarihin tarihi ne da takardun hukuma na League of Nations . An tattara tarin a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva (UNOG), inda Sashen Tunawa na Ƙungiya (IMS) na Laburaren Majalisar Dinkinobho da Tarihin Geneva ke sarrafa shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Mandate of the Institutional Memory Section |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/knowledge/archives?OpenDocument |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=United Nations Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi kusan shafuka miliyan 15 na abun ciki kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kilomita 3 na layi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digitization Programmes: Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives (LONTAD) Project |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/knowledge/archives/digitization-projects?OpenDocument |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=United Nations Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kaddamar da aikin digitize ɗakunan ajiya a cikin 2017 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 2022. [[UNESCO]] ta amince da muhimmancin tarihin tarihin League of Nations, tare da rubutun sa a kan Memory of the World Register a cikin 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memory of the World Register |url=https://en.unesco.org/programme/mow/register |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da fa'ida ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00678,_Genf.-_Haus_des_Völkerbundrates.jpg|alt=|thumb|Registry tana da alhakin yin rajista da sarrafa kayan tarihi a hedkwatar League of Nations. Hoton shi ne Palais Wilson, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Hedikwatar daga 1920-1936.]]
A duk lokacin da yake wanzuwarsa (10 Janairu 1920 - 18 Afrilu 1946), Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta kirkiro kuma ta adana rubuce-rubuce; duk da haka, ɗakunan ajiyarta sun haɗu da kafawa da rushewa, tun daga tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Versailles a 1919, kuma sun faɗaɗa ta hanyar kawar da Ƙungiyar bayan rufe ta a 1946. Gabaɗaya, Ƙungiyar ta adana rubuce-rubuce ne kawai a matsayin sakamako na ayyukanta (watau, ba tare da niyyar adana tarihinta ba). Tun daga Taron 1919, Sakatariyar Kungiyar ta haɓaka Registry, wanda ke da alhakin buɗe fayiloli da adana rajista game da gudanarwa da ayyukan hukuma na Kungiyar, musamman kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin aikin Majalisar da Majalisar da Kwamitin da ke da alaƙa da su, kwamitocin da tarurruka. 

A shekara ta 1946, sabuwar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta karɓi bayanan League da takardun rajista. A lokacin, ba a dauki waɗannan a matsayin ajiya a ainihin ma'anar kalmar ba, kuma samun dama yana da iyaka sosai. Ba sai a 1956, a lokacin sake tsara su a karkashin Laburaren UNOG ba ne aka amince da su a hukumance a matsayin masu rabuwa da gwamnatin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Koyaya, samun dama har yanzu yana da iyaka sosai, an ba masu bincike ne kawai a kan tsarin &quot;daraja&quot; mai tsauri.

A cikin 1965, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ya ba da shawarar tallafawa aikin don buɗe kayan League ga masu bincike. An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1966 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1969. Babban abin da za a iya bayarwa shi ne kirkirar taimakon ganowa na farko, Répertoire Général (wanda za'a iya samunsa a cikin Lines na waje), wanda ya dace da canjin bayanan League da takardu a cikin ajiyar da ta dace.[1] Samun damar shiga cikin ɗakunan ajiya an ci gaba da bayyana shi ta hanyar dokokin hukuma da aka kafa a cikin takarda mai shafi biyu mai taken &quot;Hanyar shiga cikin ɗabi'ar League of Nations,&quot; wanda aka buga a cikin sanarwar Sakatare Janar a cikin 1969. [2]

== Tsarinsa ==
Tarihin League of Nations tarin tarihi ne na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva .  An shirya shi bisa ga sassan gudanarwa da suka wanzu a lokacin League of Nations, kamar Sashen Mandates, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gudanar da yankuna a ƙarƙashin tsarin umarni kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta kirkira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:1927_British_issued_Nansen_identity_certificate.jpg|thumb|The League of Nations archives 'Nansen Fonds ne hybrid na kungiyar ajiyar sakatariyar da kuma External Fonds. An sanya masa suna ne don Fridtjof Nansen, wanda a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Kungiyar Kasashe ya kirkiro Fasfo na Nansen (wanda aka nuna). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=The Little-Known Passport That Protected 450,000 Refugees |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nansen-passport-refugees |access-date=16 January 2020 |website=Atlas Obscura}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
An raba tarihin zuwa manyan sassa biyu: Ƙungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar da kuma External Fonds. Nansen Fonds (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Refugees mixed archive group&quot;) shine kawai ɓangaren da ake la'akari da shi a matsayin haɗin waɗannan ɓangarorin biyu.

=== Kungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar ===
Kungiyar ajiyar Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi bayanan da aka samar ko karɓa a hedkwatar League of Nations a Geneva. Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da Registry ya kafa, ko fayilolin waɗanda wasu sassan League suka samar. Wadannan an san su da fayilolin rajista da fayil ɗin sashi, bi da bi.

==== Rubuce-rubucen ====
Registry shine babban aikin Sakatariyar wanda ya tsara kuma ya aiwatar da mafi yawan bayanan League of Nations bisa ga ka'idojin hukuma. Ana shirya fayilolin rajista a cikin lokuta daban-daban guda uku: 1919-1927, 1928-1932, da 1933-1946. 

==== Fayilolin sashi ====
An kirkiro fayilolin sashi da gangan kuma an haɓaka su kyauta ta takamaiman sassan (misali, Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Kudi, Sashen Mandates, da sauransu). Saboda haka, ba su da &quot;tarihin hukuma na gaskiya&quot;.Saboda rabuwa da su daga Registry, an shirya fayilolin sashi ta sashi. Sabili da haka, fayilolin Sashe ba su da tsari fiye da fayilolin Registry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Asusun waje ===
External Fonds ƙungiyoyin ajiya ne na asalin waje, ma'ana an tattara su a waje da Sakatariyar. An bayyana su kuma suna sarrafa su ta hanyar takamaiman cibiyoyin da suka kirkiresu. Misalan sun haɗa da Hukumar Gudanar da Saar Basin da kuma tarihin Ofishin Berlin na League.

=== Tarin abubuwa ===
Baya ga manyan bangarorin biyu, tarihin League sun ƙunshi &quot;Tarinni,&quot; waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne na kayan da aka taru da kansu daga gwamnatin League. Babban rukuni na wannan nau'in an san shi da tarin &quot;documents&quot; na League.

== Tarihin da aka lalata ko ya ɓace ==
An lalata wasu sassan tarihin League of Nations a lokuta daban-daban saboda dalilai daban-daban. Fayilolin sassan, alal misali, ba lallai ba ne a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin Registry, kuma wannan sau da yawa yakan haifar da sassan da ke lalata bayanan don kare sauƙin gudanarwa. A wasu lokuta, lalacewa shine sakamakon halin da ake ciki a lokacin yaƙi. Mafi munin asarar sune na wasu fayilolin sashe na baya, da takardun Sakatare-Janar guda biyu na farko.

Yawancin Fonds na waje sun ɓace, sun fuskanci lalacewar lokacin yaƙi, da / ko lalacewar tsari. Har zuwa yau ba a san ainihin adadin bayanan da suka ɓace ba.

== Shirin dijital ==
A cikin 2017, ɗakin karatu na UNOG ya ƙaddamar da Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD), tare da niyyar adanawa, ƙididdiga, da kuma samar da damar kan layi ga ɗakunan ajiyar League of Nations. Babban manufarta ita ce inganta damar yin amfani da kayan tarihi ga masu bincike, cibiyoyin ilimi, da kuma jama'a gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kammala aikin ne a watan Oktoba 2022 kuma duk tarihin League yanzu yana samuwa a fili ta hanyar dandalin sadaukar da kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Archives Geneva - UN Archives Geneva |url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=archives.ungeneva.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Laburaren Ham Dagmarskjöld
* Majalisar Duniya kan Tarihi
* Laburaren Digital na Duniya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Tushen farko</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369437404|Primary source]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Pompeii-couple.jpg|right|thumb|Wannan [[Painting|zane]]-zanen bango da aka samo a cikin birnin Romawa na Pompeii misali ne na tushen tushe na farko game da mutane a Pompeii a zamanin Roman (Hoton Terentius Neo).]]
[[File:Diario_de_Anne_Frank,_Iglesia_de_San_Nicolás,_Kiel,_Alemania,_2019-09-10,_DD_22.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin [[Anne Frank]] misali ne na tushen rubutu na farko, musamman don nazarin yakin duniya na biyu.]]
A cikin nazarin [[Tarihi]] a matsayin horo na ilimi, tushen farko (wanda ake kira '''asalin asali''') kayan tarihi ne, takarda, jarida, rubutun hannu, tarihin rayuwa, rikodin, ko duk wani tushen bayanai da aka kirkira a lokacin da ake binciken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=primary source |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primary%20source |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana aiki a matsayin tushen asali na bayanai game da batun. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan ma'anar a cikin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu da sauran fannoni na ilimi, kodayake fannoni daban-daban suna da ma'anoni daban-ара. 
A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], tushen farko na iya zama mutum mai ilimin kai tsaye game da halin da ake ciki, ko takardar da irin wannan mutumin ya rubuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace |first=Kristin |title=Journalism: Primary Sources |url=http://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&amp;p=1915752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181232/https://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&amp;p=1915752 |archive-date=Jan 18, 2018 |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Pepperdine University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An rarrabe tushe na farko daga tushe na biyu, wanda ke fassara, nazari, ko in ba haka ba yin sharhi game da tushe na asali. Gabaɗaya, asusun da aka rubuta bayan gaskiyar tare da fa'idar hangen nesa na biyu ne. Tushen na biyu na iya zama tushen farko dangane da yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, abin tunawa shine tushen farko lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin rayuwar marubucin ko dangantakar mutum, amma wannan rubutun ya zama tushen na biyu idan aka yi amfani dashi don bincika yanayin al'adu ko zamantakewa. Don haka, rukunin &quot;na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; suna da dangi kuma sun dogara da yanayin tarihi da manufar binciken. &quot;Na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin kalmomin dangi, tare da tushe da aka rarraba bisa ga takamaiman mahallin tarihi da abin da ake nazarin.{{Rp|118–246}}

== Tushen rarraba ==
Za'a iya la'akari da tushe da yawa ko dai na farko ko na biyu, dangane da mahallin da ake bincika su. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin tsakanin tushe ''na farko'' da na biyu yana da ra'ayi da mahallin, don haka ainihin ma'anoni suna da wuyar yin. Binciken littafi, lokacin da ya ƙunshi ra'ayin mai bita game da [[Littafi|littafin]] maimakon taƙaitaccen littafin, ya zama tushen farko.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Princeton |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VirginiaTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan wani rubutu na tarihi ya tattauna tsoffin takardu don samun sabon ƙarshen tarihi, ana ɗaukarsa tushen farko don sabon ƙarshe. Misalan da tushen zai iya zama na farko da na biyu sun haɗa da wani obituary  ko bincike na kundin mujallar da ke ƙidaya yawan labaran kan wani batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffin&quot; /&gt;

Ko ana ɗaukar tushen a matsayin na farko ko na biyu a cikin wani mahallin da aka ba shi na iya canzawa, dangane da halin yanzu na ilimi a cikin filin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Henige |first=David |year=1986 |title=Primary Source by Primary Source? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation |journal=Ethnohistory |publisher=Ethnohistory, Vol. 33, No. 3 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=292–312, at 292 |doi=10.2307/481816 |jstor=481816 |pmid=11616953 |quote=[T]he term 'primary' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process ''in the present state of our knowledge''. Indeed, in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative.…[H]istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as 'primary' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, idan takarda tana nufin abinda ke cikin [[wasika]] da ta gabata amma ba a gano ta ba, ana iya ɗaukar wannan takarda &quot;na farko&quot;, tunda abu ne mafi kusa da sanannen tushe; amma idan an sami wasikar daga baya, ana iya la'akari da ita &quot;na biyu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henige|1986}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasu lokuta, dalilin gano rubutu a matsayin &quot;mahimmanci&quot; na iya komawa daga gaskiyar cewa babu kwafin asalin asalin da ya wanzu, ko kuma shine mafi tsufa don bayanin da aka ambata.

== Muhimmancin rarraba tushen ==

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Donfelipe.jpg|right|thumb|360x360px|Daga wasika daga Philip II, Sarkin Spain, karni na 16]]
A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi, muhimmiyar manufa ta rarraba tushe ita ce ta tantance 'yancin kansu da amintacce. A cikin mahallin kamar rubuce-rubucen tarihi, kusan koyaushe yana da kyau a yi amfani da tushe na farko kuma &quot;idan babu wanda yake, kawai tare da taka tsantsan ne [[Author|marubucin]] zai iya ci gaba da amfani da tushu na biyu&quot;.Sreedharan ya yi imanin cewa tushe na farko suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da baya kuma suna &quot;magana da kansu&quot; a hanyoyin da ba za a iya kama su ba ta hanyar tace tushen na biyu.

=== Sauran fannoni ===
Kodayake ana amfani da kalmomin tushen farko da ''tushe na biyu'' sau da yawa yayin tattauna ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi Tarihin tarihi, ana iya amfani da shi ga wasu fannoni da yawa. Misali, ana iya amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin don gano tarihin ka'idodin kimiyya, abubuwan wallafe-wallafen, da sauran bayanan da aka ba da su daga marubuci zuwa wani.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, tushen farko, ko &quot;littattafai na farko&quot;, shine asalin wallafe-wallo na sabon bayanan masanin kimiyya, sakamakon, da ka'idoji.[1] A cikin Tarihin siyasa, tushe na farko takardu ne kamar rahotanni na hukuma, jawabai, litattafai, posters, ko wasiƙu daga mahalarta, dawowar zaben hukuma, da asusun shaidu. A cikin tarihin ra'ayoyi ko Tarihin ilimi, manyan tushe sune littattafai, litattafai, da wasiƙu da masu ilimi suka rubutun; waɗannan masu ilimi na iya haɗawa da masana tarihi waɗanda littattafansu da litattafan su ne tushen farko ga masanin tarihi na ilimi, kodayake su ne tushen tushe na biyu a cikin nasu fannoni. A cikin Tarihin addini, tushen farko shine matani na addini da bayanin bukukuwan addini da al'adu.[2]

Nazarin Tarihin al'adu na iya haɗawa da tushen almara kamar [[Ƙagaggen Labari|litattafai]] ko wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi tushe na farko sun haɗa da kayan tarihi kamar [[Hoto|hotuna]], labarai, tsabar kudi, zane-zane ko gine-gine da aka kirkira a lokacin. Masana tarihi na iya ɗaukar rahotanni da tambayoyi a cikin la'akari. Ana iya raba rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban zuwa nau'o'i uku: 

* '''Tushen Labari''' ko '''tushen wallafe-wallafen''' suna ba da labari ko saƙo. Ba'a iyakance su ga tushen almara ba (wanda zai iya zama tushen bayanai don halayen zamani) amma sun haɗa da littattafai, fina-finai, tarihin rayuwa, manyan ayyukan falsafa, da Ayyukan kimiyya.
* '''Tushen diflomasiyya''' sun haɗa da takardun shaida da sauran takardun shari'a waɗanda yawanci suna bin tsarin da aka saita.
* '''Takardun zamantakewa''' sune bayanan da kungiyoyi suka kirkira, kamar rajistar haihuwa da bayanan haraji.

A cikin tarihin tarihi, lokacin da nazarin tarihi ke ƙarƙashin binciken tarihi, tushen na biyu ya zama tushen farko. Don tarihin tarihin masanin tarihi, wallafe-wallafen masanin tarihi za su kasance tushen tushe. Ana iya ɗaukar fina-finai na takardun shaida a matsayin tushen na biyu ko tushen farko, dangane da yadda mai yin [[Documentary film|Fim din]] ke canza asalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cripps |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Cripps (film historian) |year=1995 |title=Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns |journal=American Historical Review |publisher=The American Historical Review, Vol. 100, No. 3 |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=741–764 |doi=10.2307/2168603 |jstor=2168603}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laburaren Kwalejin Lafayette yana ba da bayani game da tushe na farko a fannoni da yawa na binciken: &lt;blockquote&gt;Ma'anar tushen farko ya bambanta dangane da horo na ilimi da mahallin da aka yi amfani da shi.

* A cikin ilimin bil'adama, ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin wani abu da aka halicce ko dai a lokacin da ake nazarin ko kuma bayan haka ta mutane da ke tunani game da sa hannunsu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin.
* A cikin [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], za a fadada ma'anar tushen farko don haɗawa da Bayanan lambobi waɗanda aka tattara don nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, abubuwan da suka faru, da mahallinsu.
* A cikin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]], ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin rahoton binciken asali ko ra'ayoyi. Wadannan tushe galibi suna bayyana a cikin nau'ikan labaran bincike tare da sassan kan hanyoyin da sakamakon.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Neman tushe na farko ==
Kodayake yawancin mahimman bayanai sun kasance a hannun masu zaman kansu, wasu suna cikin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, ƙungiyoyin tarihi, da tarin na musamman. Wadannan na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri. Wasu suna da alaƙa da jami'o'i da kwalejoji, yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati ne. Kayan da suka shafi yanki ɗaya na iya kasancewa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wadannan na iya zama nesa da asalin asalin takardar. Misali, ɗakin karatu na Huntington a California yana da takardu da yawa daga Ƙasar Ingila. A wasu lokuta, ana tattara tushe na farko tare don bugawa, tsari da aka sani da gyaran takardu.

A Amurka, ana iya dawo da kwafin dijital na tushen farko daga wurare da yawa. [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]] yana kula da tarin dijital da yawa inda za'a iya dawo da su. Wasu misalai sune American Memory da Chronicling America . Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa tana da tarin dijital a cikin Digital Vaults. Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Amurka tana bincike a duk faɗin tarin tushen dijital na ɗakunan karatu da yawa, ɗakunan ajiya, da gidajen tarihi. Har ila yau, Tarihin Intanet yana da kayan tushe na farko a cikin tsari da yawa.

A cikin Burtaniya, Tarihin Kasa yana ba da bincike mai ƙarfi na nasa kundin da kuma wasu ɗakunan ajiya iri-iri da aka jera a kan Access to Archives index. Ana samun kwafin dijital na nau'ikan takardu daban-daban a National Archives (ciki har da wasiƙu) daga DocumentsOnline. Yawancin takardun da ke akwai suna da alaƙa da Ingila da Wales. Wasu kwafin dijital na tushe na farko suna samuwa daga National Archives of Scotland. Yawancin tarin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County an haɗa su a cikin Access to Archives, yayin da wasu suna da nasu kundin yanar gizo. Yawancin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County za su samar da kwafin dijital na takardu.

A wasu yankuna, Europeana ta tsara kayan dijital daga ko'ina cikin Turai yayin da World Digital Library da Flickr Commons suna da abubuwa daga ko'inaan duniya. Trove yana da tushe na farko daga Ostiraliya.

Yawancin kayan tushe na farko ba a ƙididdige su ba kuma ana iya wakiltar su ne kawai a kan layi tare da rikodin ko neman taimako. Dukkanin kayan da aka ƙididdige da waɗanda ba a ƙididdige su ba za a iya samun su ta hanyar kundin littattafai kamar WorldCat, kundin Library of Congress, kundin National Archives, da sauransu.

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Pompeii-couple.jpg|right|thumb|Wannan [[Painting|zane]]-zanen bango da aka samo a cikin birnin Romawa na Pompeii misali ne na tushen tushe na farko game da mutane a Pompeii a zamanin Roman (Hoton Terentius Neo).]]
[[File:Diario_de_Anne_Frank,_Iglesia_de_San_Nicolás,_Kiel,_Alemania,_2019-09-10,_DD_22.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin [[Anne Frank]] misali ne na tushen rubutu na farko, musamman don nazarin yakin duniya na biyu.]]{{Databox}}
A cikin nazarin [[Tarihi]] a matsayin horo na ilimi, tushen farko (wanda ake kira '''asalin asali''') kayan tarihi ne, takarda, jarida, rubutun hannu, tarihin rayuwa, rikodin, ko duk wani tushen bayanai da aka kirkira a lokacin da ake binciken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=primary source |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primary%20source |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana aiki a matsayin tushen asali na bayanai game da batun. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan ma'anar a cikin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu da sauran fannoni na ilimi, kodayake fannoni daban-daban suna da ma'anoni daban-ара. 
A cikin [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], tushen farko na iya zama mutum mai ilimin kai tsaye game da halin da ake ciki, ko takardar da irin wannan mutumin ya rubuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace |first=Kristin |title=Journalism: Primary Sources |url=http://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&amp;p=1915752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181232/https://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/c.php?g=287355&amp;p=1915752 |archive-date=Jan 18, 2018 |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Pepperdine University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An rarrabe tushe na farko daga tushe na biyu, wanda ke fassara, nazari, ko in ba haka ba yin sharhi game da tushe na asali. Gabaɗaya, asusun da aka rubuta bayan gaskiyar tare da fa'idar hangen nesa na biyu ne. Tushen na biyu na iya zama tushen farko dangane da yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, abin tunawa shine tushen farko lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin rayuwar marubucin ko dangantakar mutum, amma wannan rubutun ya zama tushen na biyu idan aka yi amfani dashi don bincika yanayin al'adu ko zamantakewa. Don haka, rukunin &quot;na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; suna da dangi kuma sun dogara da yanayin tarihi da manufar binciken. &quot;Na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin kalmomin dangi, tare da tushe da aka rarraba bisa ga takamaiman mahallin tarihi da abin da ake nazarin.{{Rp|118–246}}

== Tushen rarraba ==
Za'a iya la'akari da tushe da yawa ko dai na farko ko na biyu, dangane da mahallin da ake bincika su. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin tsakanin tushe ''na farko'' da na biyu yana da ra'ayi da mahallin, don haka ainihin ma'anoni suna da wuyar yin. Binciken littafi, lokacin da ya ƙunshi ra'ayin mai bita game da [[Littafi|littafin]] maimakon taƙaitaccen littafin, ya zama tushen farko.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Princeton |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VirginiaTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan wani rubutu na tarihi ya tattauna tsoffin takardu don samun sabon ƙarshen tarihi, ana ɗaukarsa tushen farko don sabon ƙarshe. Misalan da tushen zai iya zama na farko da na biyu sun haɗa da wani obituary  ko bincike na kundin mujallar da ke ƙidaya yawan labaran kan wani batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffin&quot; /&gt;

Ko ana ɗaukar tushen a matsayin na farko ko na biyu a cikin wani mahallin da aka ba shi na iya canzawa, dangane da halin yanzu na ilimi a cikin filin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Henige |first=David |year=1986 |title=Primary Source by Primary Source? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation |journal=Ethnohistory |publisher=Ethnohistory, Vol. 33, No. 3 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=292–312, at 292 |doi=10.2307/481816 |jstor=481816 |pmid=11616953 |quote=[T]he term 'primary' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process ''in the present state of our knowledge''. Indeed, in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative.…[H]istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as 'primary' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, idan takarda tana nufin abinda ke cikin [[wasika]] da ta gabata amma ba a gano ta ba, ana iya ɗaukar wannan takarda &quot;na farko&quot;, tunda abu ne mafi kusa da sanannen tushe; amma idan an sami wasikar daga baya, ana iya la'akari da ita &quot;na biyu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henige|1986}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasu lokuta, dalilin gano rubutu a matsayin &quot;mahimmanci&quot; na iya komawa daga gaskiyar cewa babu kwafin asalin asalin da ya wanzu, ko kuma shine mafi tsufa don bayanin da aka ambata.

== Muhimmancin rarraba tushen ==

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Donfelipe.jpg|right|thumb|360x360px|Daga wasika daga Philip II, Sarkin Spain, karni na 16]]
A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi, muhimmiyar manufa ta rarraba tushe ita ce ta tantance 'yancin kansu da amintacce. A cikin mahallin kamar rubuce-rubucen tarihi, kusan koyaushe yana da kyau a yi amfani da tushe na farko kuma &quot;idan babu wanda yake, kawai tare da taka tsantsan ne [[Author|marubucin]] zai iya ci gaba da amfani da tushu na biyu&quot;.Sreedharan ya yi imanin cewa tushe na farko suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da baya kuma suna &quot;magana da kansu&quot; a hanyoyin da ba za a iya kama su ba ta hanyar tace tushen na biyu.

=== Sauran fannoni ===
Kodayake ana amfani da kalmomin tushen farko da ''tushe na biyu'' sau da yawa yayin tattauna ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi Tarihin tarihi, ana iya amfani da shi ga wasu fannoni da yawa. Misali, ana iya amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin don gano tarihin ka'idodin kimiyya, abubuwan wallafe-wallafen, da sauran bayanan da aka ba da su daga marubuci zuwa wani.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, tushen farko, ko &quot;littattafai na farko&quot;, shine asalin wallafe-wallo na sabon bayanan masanin kimiyya, sakamakon, da ka'idoji.[1] A cikin Tarihin siyasa, tushe na farko takardu ne kamar rahotanni na hukuma, jawabai, litattafai, posters, ko wasiƙu daga mahalarta, dawowar zaben hukuma, da asusun shaidu. A cikin tarihin ra'ayoyi ko Tarihin ilimi, manyan tushe sune littattafai, litattafai, da wasiƙu da masu ilimi suka rubutun; waɗannan masu ilimi na iya haɗawa da masana tarihi waɗanda littattafansu da litattafan su ne tushen farko ga masanin tarihi na ilimi, kodayake su ne tushen tushe na biyu a cikin nasu fannoni. A cikin Tarihin addini, tushen farko shine matani na addini da bayanin bukukuwan addini da al'adu.[2]

Nazarin Tarihin al'adu na iya haɗawa da tushen almara kamar [[Ƙagaggen Labari|litattafai]] ko wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi tushe na farko sun haɗa da kayan tarihi kamar [[Hoto|hotuna]], labarai, tsabar kudi, zane-zane ko gine-gine da aka kirkira a lokacin. Masana tarihi na iya ɗaukar rahotanni da tambayoyi a cikin la'akari. Ana iya raba rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban zuwa nau'o'i uku: 

* '''Tushen Labari''' ko '''tushen wallafe-wallafen''' suna ba da labari ko saƙo. Ba'a iyakance su ga tushen almara ba (wanda zai iya zama tushen bayanai don halayen zamani) amma sun haɗa da littattafai, fina-finai, tarihin rayuwa, manyan ayyukan falsafa, da Ayyukan kimiyya.
* '''Tushen diflomasiyya''' sun haɗa da takardun shaida da sauran takardun shari'a waɗanda yawanci suna bin tsarin da aka saita.
* '''Takardun zamantakewa''' sune bayanan da kungiyoyi suka kirkira, kamar rajistar haihuwa da bayanan haraji.

A cikin tarihin tarihi, lokacin da nazarin tarihi ke ƙarƙashin binciken tarihi, tushen na biyu ya zama tushen farko. Don tarihin tarihin masanin tarihi, wallafe-wallafen masanin tarihi za su kasance tushen tushe. Ana iya ɗaukar fina-finai na takardun shaida a matsayin tushen na biyu ko tushen farko, dangane da yadda mai yin [[Documentary film|Fim din]] ke canza asalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cripps |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Cripps (film historian) |year=1995 |title=Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns |journal=American Historical Review |publisher=The American Historical Review, Vol. 100, No. 3 |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=741–764 |doi=10.2307/2168603 |jstor=2168603}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laburaren Kwalejin Lafayette yana ba da bayani game da tushe na farko a fannoni da yawa na binciken: &lt;blockquote&gt;Ma'anar tushen farko ya bambanta dangane da horo na ilimi da mahallin da aka yi amfani da shi.

* A cikin ilimin bil'adama, ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin wani abu da aka halicce ko dai a lokacin da ake nazarin ko kuma bayan haka ta mutane da ke tunani game da sa hannunsu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin.
* A cikin [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], za a fadada ma'anar tushen farko don haɗawa da Bayanan lambobi waɗanda aka tattara don nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, abubuwan da suka faru, da mahallinsu.
* A cikin [[Kimiyya ta halitta|kimiyyar halitta]], ana iya bayyana tushen farko a matsayin rahoton binciken asali ko ra'ayoyi. Wadannan tushe galibi suna bayyana a cikin nau'ikan labaran bincike tare da sassan kan hanyoyin da sakamakon.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Neman tushe na farko ==
Kodayake yawancin mahimman bayanai sun kasance a hannun masu zaman kansu, wasu suna cikin ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, ƙungiyoyin tarihi, da tarin na musamman. Wadannan na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri. Wasu suna da alaƙa da jami'o'i da kwalejoji, yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati ne. Kayan da suka shafi yanki ɗaya na iya kasancewa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wadannan na iya zama nesa da asalin asalin takardar. Misali, ɗakin karatu na Huntington a California yana da takardu da yawa daga Ƙasar Ingila. A wasu lokuta, ana tattara tushe na farko tare don bugawa, tsari da aka sani da gyaran takardu.

A Amurka, ana iya dawo da kwafin dijital na tushen farko daga wurare da yawa. [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]] yana kula da tarin dijital da yawa inda za'a iya dawo da su. Wasu misalai sune American Memory da Chronicling America . Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa tana da tarin dijital a cikin Digital Vaults. Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Amurka tana bincike a duk faɗin tarin tushen dijital na ɗakunan karatu da yawa, ɗakunan ajiya, da gidajen tarihi. Har ila yau, Tarihin Intanet yana da kayan tushe na farko a cikin tsari da yawa.

A cikin Burtaniya, Tarihin Kasa yana ba da bincike mai ƙarfi na nasa kundin da kuma wasu ɗakunan ajiya iri-iri da aka jera a kan Access to Archives index. Ana samun kwafin dijital na nau'ikan takardu daban-daban a National Archives (ciki har da wasiƙu) daga DocumentsOnline. Yawancin takardun da ke akwai suna da alaƙa da Ingila da Wales. Wasu kwafin dijital na tushe na farko suna samuwa daga National Archives of Scotland. Yawancin tarin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County an haɗa su a cikin Access to Archives, yayin da wasu suna da nasu kundin yanar gizo. Yawancin Ofisoshin Rubuce-rubuce na County za su samar da kwafin dijital na takardu.

A wasu yankuna, Europeana ta tsara kayan dijital daga ko'ina cikin Turai yayin da World Digital Library da Flickr Commons suna da abubuwa daga ko'inaan duniya. Trove yana da tushe na farko daga Ostiraliya.

Yawancin kayan tushe na farko ba a ƙididdige su ba kuma ana iya wakiltar su ne kawai a kan layi tare da rikodin ko neman taimako. Dukkanin kayan da aka ƙididdige da waɗanda ba a ƙididdige su ba za a iya samun su ta hanyar kundin littattafai kamar WorldCat, kundin Library of Congress, kundin National Archives, da sauransu.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Tushen na biyu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369439705|Secondary source]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin ilimi, '''tushe na biyu''' &lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Celina |title=Research Guides: JOUR 447: Sports, Protest and the Media: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary? |url=https://lib.guides.umd.edu/JOUR447/source-types |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=lib.guides.umd.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; takarda ne ko rikodin da ke danganta ko tattauna bayanan da aka gabatar a wasu wurare. Tushen na biyu ya bambanta da na farko, ko asali, tushen bayanin da ake tattaunawa. Babban tushe na iya zama mutumin da ke da masaniya kai tsaye game da halin da ake ciki ko kuma yana iya zama takarda da irin wannan mutumin ya kirkira. 

Tushen na biyu shine wanda ke ba da bayani game da tushen farko. A cikin tushen na biyu, an zaɓi bayanin asali, an gyara shi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tsarin da ya dace. Tushen na biyu sun haɗa da ƙaddamarwa, bincike, fassara, ko kimantawa na asalin bayanin. 

Mafi daidaitattun rarrabuwa ga kowane tushe da aka ba shi ba koyaushe a bayyane yake ba. &quot;Na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; kalmomi ne na dangi, kuma ana iya rarraba wasu tushe a matsayin na farko ko na biyu, dangane da yadda ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Primary and Secondary Sources |url=http://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708090540/http://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=library.ithaca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A third level, the ''tertiary source'', such as an [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedia]] or [[Ƙamus|dictionary]], resembles a secondary source in that it contains analysis, but a tertiary source has a different purpose: it aims to elaborate a broad introductory overview of the topic at hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba tushen ==
Yin bambance-bambance tsakanin Tushen alama ''na farko'' da na biyu (abubuwan da ake nufi don sadarwa da bayanai) yana da ra'ayi da mahallin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dalton |first=Margaret Steig |last2=Charnigo |first2=Laurie |date=September 2004 |title=Historians and Their Information Sources |url=https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/viewFile/15685/17131 |journal=College &amp; Research Libraries |page=416 n.3, 419 n.18}}&lt;/ref&gt; irin wannan cewa ainihin ma'anoni na iya zama da wahala a yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Delgadillo|Lynch|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma hakika ana iya rarraba tushe da yawa a matsayin na farko ko na biyu bisa ga mahallin da ake la'akari da su. Misali, idan a cikin nazarin da hankali wani rubutu na tarihi ya tattauna wasu tsoffin takardu har zuwa bayyana sabon ƙarshen tarihi, to ana iya ɗaukar wannan rubutun tarihi a matsayin tushen farko don sabon ƙarshe, amma har yanzu tushen ne na biyu game da tsoffin takardun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-23 |title=Important Sources of History (Primary and Secondary Sources) |url=http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/important-sources-of-history-primary-and-secondary-sources/626 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran misalai waɗanda za a iya ba da tushe duka matsayi na farko da na biyu za su haɗa da labarin mutuwa ko bincike na kundin da yawa na mujallar don ƙidaya mitar labarai a kan wani batu.

Bugu da ƙari, ko ana ɗaukar tushe a matsayin na farko ko na biyu a cikin wani mahallin da aka ba shi na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci, dangane da yanayin da ya gabata da na yanzu na ilimi a cikin fagen binciken. Misali, idan wani takarda yana nufin abinda ke cikin wasika da ta gabata amma ba a gano shi ba, ana iya ɗaukar wannan takarda &quot;na farko&quot;, saboda shine abu mafi kusa da aka sani ga tushen asali - amma idan an sami wasikar da ta ɓace daga baya, ana iya la'akari da wasu takardun &quot;na biyu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henige|1986}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kokarin tsarawa ko samfurin sadarwa na kimiyya da ilimi suna buƙatar ra'ayoyin firamare, sakandare da ƙarin &quot;matakan&quot; rarrabuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan samfurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da shi a matsayin Tsarin UNISIST na watsa bayanai. A cikin irin wannan samfurin, an bayyana ra'ayoyin rarraba tushen dangane da juna, kuma karɓar wata hanya ta bayyana ra'ayi don rarraba suna da alaƙa da amfani da samfurin yadda ya kamata.  (Lura: UNISIST shine Tsarin Bayanai na Kimiyya na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; samfurin tsarin zamantakewa ne don sadarwa tsakanin masu samar da ilimi, masu amfani da ilimi, da matsakancinsu. Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi cibiyoyi kamar ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu bugawa.) 

== Littattafan sakandare ==
Wasu Harsuna na zamani suna amfani da kalmomi fiye da ɗaya don kalmar Turanci &quot;source&quot;. Misali, [[Jamusanci]] yawanci yana amfani da ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Sekundärliteratur|Sekundärliteratur]]}}'' (&quot;littattafai na biyu&quot;) don tushe na biyu game da gaskiyar tarihi, yana barin ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Sekundärquelle|Sekundärquelle]]}}'' (&quot;tushen na biyu&quot;) zuwa Tarihin tarihi. Misali, wani littafi game da Goethe's Faust (misali, a kan haruffa ko abubuwan wasan) ana kiransa ''{{Lang|de|Sekundärliteratur}}'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gantert&quot;&gt;Klaus Gantert: ''Bibliothekarisches Grundwissen.'' 9. Auflage. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2016, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-032145-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;, {{Doi|10.1515/9783110321500}}, S.&amp;nbsp;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ''{{Lang|de|Sekundärquelle}}'' na iya zama tushe, watakila wasika, wanda ya nakalto daga ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Primärquelle|Primärquelle]]}}'' da ya ɓace (&quot;mahimmanci na farko&quot;) - ya ce rahoton minti wanda ba a san ya wanzu ba - irin wannan rahoton minti ba ya samuwa ga mai bincike kamar yadda ake nema ''{{Lang|de|Primärquelle}}''.

== Kimiyya, fasaha, da magani ==
Gabaɗaya, ana iya kiran tushen sakandare a cikin mahallin kimiyya a matsayin &quot;littattafai na biyu&quot;,  kuma ana iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Labaran bita ko meta-analysis.

Ana bayyana kayan tushe na farko a matsayin &quot;takardun bincike na asali da masana kimiyya suka rubuta wadanda suka gudanar da binciken&quot;.Misali na kayan tushe na farko shine Manufa, Hanyoyi, Sakamakon, sassan ƙarshe na takarda na bincike (a cikin salon IMRAD) a cikin mujallar kimiyya ta marubutan da suka gudanar da binciken. A wasu fannoni, tushen na biyu na iya haɗawa da taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen a cikin gabatarwar takarda ta kimiyya, bayanin abin da aka sani game da cuta ko magani a cikin babi a cikin littafin bincike, ko kira da aka rubuta don sake duba wallafe-wallocin da ke akwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrand2010&quot; /&gt; Binciken aikin da ya gabata a fagen a cikin tushen da aka sake dubawa na farko shine bayanan tushe na biyu. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan a yankunan da ba a buga cikakkun labaran bita ba.

Binciken littafi wanda ya ƙunshi hukuncin mai bita game da littafin shine tushen farko ga ra'ayin mai bita, kuma tushen na biyu don abubuwan da ke cikin littafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Princeton |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |access-date=September 22, 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VirginiaTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archive-date=September 10, 2011 |access-date=September 22, 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaitaccen littafin a cikin bita shine tushen biyu.

=== Laburaren karatu da kimiyyar bayanai ===
A cikin ɗakin karatu da kimiyyar bayanai, ana ɗaukar mahimman bayanai a matsayin waɗancan tushen da ke taƙaitawa ko ƙara sharhi ga mahimman bayanai cikin mahallin takamaiman bayani ko ra'ayi da ake nazarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot; /&gt;

=== Lissafi ===
Wani muhimmin amfani da tushe na biyu a fagen [[lissafi]] shine yin ra'ayoyin lissafi masu wahala da hujjoji daga tushe na farko da suka fi dacewa ga jama'a;  a wasu kimiyyar kimiyya ana sa ran tushen tertiary don cika rawar gabatarwa.

=== Humanities da tarihi ===
Tushen sakandare a cikin tarihi da bil'adama yawanci littattafai ne ko mujallu na ilimi, daga hangen nesa na mai fassara daga baya, musamman daga masanin daga baya. A cikin ilimin bil'adama, labarin da An sake dubawa koyaushe tushen na biyu ne. Bayyana tushen a matsayin na farko da na biyu ya fara fitowa a fagen Tarihin tarihi, yayin da masana tarihi suka yi ƙoƙari su gano da rarraba tushen rubutun tarihi. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi, muhimmiyar manufa ta rarraba tushe ita ce ƙayyade 'yancin kai da amintaccen tushe.[1] A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi na asali, masana tarihi sun dogara da tushe na farko, ana karanta su a cikin mahallin fassarorin ilimi.[2]

Biye da Tsarin Rankean wanda ƙwararrun Jamusanci suka kafa a ƙarni na 19, masana tarihi suna amfani da tarihin tushe na farko. Yawancin ayyukan bincike na digiri na farko sun dogara da kayan tushe na biyu, tare da watakila sassan tushe na farko.

==== Doka ====
A fagen shari'a, rarraba tushen yana da mahimmanci saboda rinjayar tushen yawanci ya dogara da tarihinsa. Tushen farko na iya haɗawa da shari'o'i, kundin tsarin mulki, [[Dokar|dokoki]], ka'idojin gudanarwa, da sauran hanyoyin da ke ɗaure ikon doka, yayin da tushen shari'a na biyu na iya haɗuwa da littattafai, bayanan kula da rahotanni, Labarai, da [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedias]]. Marubutan shari'a yawanci sun fi son ambaton tushe na farko saboda kawai tushe na asali ne masu iko da kuma na gaba, yayin da tushe na biyu kawai suna mai rinjaye a mafi kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bouchoux|2000}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bincike|Bincike na asali]]
* Tushen zargi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9839" sha1="mvj9x4mh28nif2pfzbfq39oelrg1dni" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

A cikin ilimi, '''tushe na biyu''' &lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Celina |title=Research Guides: JOUR 447: Sports, Protest and the Media: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary? |url=https://lib.guides.umd.edu/JOUR447/source-types |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=lib.guides.umd.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; takarda ne ko rikodin da ke danganta ko tattauna bayanan da aka gabatar a wasu wurare. Tushen na biyu ya bambanta da na farko, ko asali, tushen bayanin da ake tattaunawa. Babban tushe na iya zama mutumin da ke da masaniya kai tsaye game da halin da ake ciki ko kuma yana iya zama takarda da irin wannan mutumin ya kirkira. 

Tushen na biyu shine wanda ke ba da bayani game da tushen farko. A cikin tushen na biyu, an zaɓi bayanin asali, an gyara shi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tsarin da ya dace. Tushen na biyu sun haɗa da ƙaddamarwa, bincike, fassara, ko kimantawa na asalin bayanin. 

Mafi daidaitattun rarrabuwa ga kowane tushe da aka ba shi ba koyaushe a bayyane yake ba. &quot;Na farko&quot; da &quot;na biyu&quot; kalmomi ne na dangi, kuma ana iya rarraba wasu tushe a matsayin na farko ko na biyu, dangane da yadda ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Primary and Secondary Sources |url=http://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708090540/http://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=library.ithaca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A third level, the ''tertiary source'', such as an [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedia]] or [[Ƙamus|dictionary]], resembles a secondary source in that it contains analysis, but a tertiary source has a different purpose: it aims to elaborate a broad introductory overview of the topic at hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba tushen ==
Yin bambance-bambance tsakanin Tushen alama ''na farko'' da na biyu (abubuwan da ake nufi don sadarwa da bayanai) yana da ra'ayi da mahallin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dalton |first=Margaret Steig |last2=Charnigo |first2=Laurie |date=September 2004 |title=Historians and Their Information Sources |url=https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/viewFile/15685/17131 |journal=College &amp; Research Libraries |page=416 n.3, 419 n.18}}&lt;/ref&gt; irin wannan cewa ainihin ma'anoni na iya zama da wahala a yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Delgadillo|Lynch|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma hakika ana iya rarraba tushe da yawa a matsayin na farko ko na biyu bisa ga mahallin da ake la'akari da su. Misali, idan a cikin nazarin da hankali wani rubutu na tarihi ya tattauna wasu tsoffin takardu har zuwa bayyana sabon ƙarshen tarihi, to ana iya ɗaukar wannan rubutun tarihi a matsayin tushen farko don sabon ƙarshe, amma har yanzu tushen ne na biyu game da tsoffin takardun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-23 |title=Important Sources of History (Primary and Secondary Sources) |url=http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/important-sources-of-history-primary-and-secondary-sources/626 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran misalai waɗanda za a iya ba da tushe duka matsayi na farko da na biyu za su haɗa da labarin mutuwa ko bincike na kundin da yawa na mujallar don ƙidaya mitar labarai a kan wani batu.

Bugu da ƙari, ko ana ɗaukar tushe a matsayin na farko ko na biyu a cikin wani mahallin da aka ba shi na iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci, dangane da yanayin da ya gabata da na yanzu na ilimi a cikin fagen binciken. Misali, idan wani takarda yana nufin abinda ke cikin wasika da ta gabata amma ba a gano shi ba, ana iya ɗaukar wannan takarda &quot;na farko&quot;, saboda shine abu mafi kusa da aka sani ga tushen asali - amma idan an sami wasikar da ta ɓace daga baya, ana iya la'akari da wasu takardun &quot;na biyu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henige|1986}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kokarin tsarawa ko samfurin sadarwa na kimiyya da ilimi suna buƙatar ra'ayoyin firamare, sakandare da ƙarin &quot;matakan&quot; rarrabuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan samfurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da shi a matsayin Tsarin UNISIST na watsa bayanai. A cikin irin wannan samfurin, an bayyana ra'ayoyin rarraba tushen dangane da juna, kuma karɓar wata hanya ta bayyana ra'ayi don rarraba suna da alaƙa da amfani da samfurin yadda ya kamata.  (Lura: UNISIST shine Tsarin Bayanai na Kimiyya na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; samfurin tsarin zamantakewa ne don sadarwa tsakanin masu samar da ilimi, masu amfani da ilimi, da matsakancinsu. Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi cibiyoyi kamar ɗakunan karatu, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu bugawa.) 

== Littattafan sakandare ==
Wasu Harsuna na zamani suna amfani da kalmomi fiye da ɗaya don kalmar Turanci &quot;source&quot;. Misali, [[Jamusanci]] yawanci yana amfani da ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Sekundärliteratur|Sekundärliteratur]]}}'' (&quot;littattafai na biyu&quot;) don tushe na biyu game da gaskiyar tarihi, yana barin ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Sekundärquelle|Sekundärquelle]]}}'' (&quot;tushen na biyu&quot;) zuwa Tarihin tarihi. Misali, wani littafi game da Goethe's Faust (misali, a kan haruffa ko abubuwan wasan) ana kiransa ''{{Lang|de|Sekundärliteratur}}'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gantert&quot;&gt;Klaus Gantert: ''Bibliothekarisches Grundwissen.'' 9. Auflage. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2016, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-11-032145-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;, {{Doi|10.1515/9783110321500}}, S.&amp;nbsp;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ''{{Lang|de|Sekundärquelle}}'' na iya zama tushe, watakila wasika, wanda ya nakalto daga ''{{Lang|de|[[:de:Primärquelle|Primärquelle]]}}'' da ya ɓace (&quot;mahimmanci na farko&quot;) - ya ce rahoton minti wanda ba a san ya wanzu ba - irin wannan rahoton minti ba ya samuwa ga mai bincike kamar yadda ake nema ''{{Lang|de|Primärquelle}}''.

== Kimiyya, fasaha, da magani ==
Gabaɗaya, ana iya kiran tushen sakandare a cikin mahallin kimiyya a matsayin &quot;littattafai na biyu&quot;,  kuma ana iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Labaran bita ko meta-analysis.

Ana bayyana kayan tushe na farko a matsayin &quot;takardun bincike na asali da masana kimiyya suka rubuta wadanda suka gudanar da binciken&quot;.Misali na kayan tushe na farko shine Manufa, Hanyoyi, Sakamakon, sassan ƙarshe na takarda na bincike (a cikin salon IMRAD) a cikin mujallar kimiyya ta marubutan da suka gudanar da binciken. A wasu fannoni, tushen na biyu na iya haɗawa da taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen a cikin gabatarwar takarda ta kimiyya, bayanin abin da aka sani game da cuta ko magani a cikin babi a cikin littafin bincike, ko kira da aka rubuta don sake duba wallafe-wallocin da ke akwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrand2010&quot; /&gt; Binciken aikin da ya gabata a fagen a cikin tushen da aka sake dubawa na farko shine bayanan tushe na biyu. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan a yankunan da ba a buga cikakkun labaran bita ba.

Binciken littafi wanda ya ƙunshi hukuncin mai bita game da littafin shine tushen farko ga ra'ayin mai bita, kuma tushen na biyu don abubuwan da ke cikin littafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Princeton |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |access-date=September 22, 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VirginiaTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |year=2011 |title=Book reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archive-date=September 10, 2011 |access-date=September 22, 2011 |website=Scholarly definition document |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaitaccen littafin a cikin bita shine tushen biyu.

=== Laburaren karatu da kimiyyar bayanai ===
A cikin ɗakin karatu da kimiyyar bayanai, ana ɗaukar mahimman bayanai a matsayin waɗancan tushen da ke taƙaitawa ko ƙara sharhi ga mahimman bayanai cikin mahallin takamaiman bayani ko ra'ayi da ake nazarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UMD&quot; /&gt;

=== Lissafi ===
Wani muhimmin amfani da tushe na biyu a fagen [[lissafi]] shine yin ra'ayoyin lissafi masu wahala da hujjoji daga tushe na farko da suka fi dacewa ga jama'a;  a wasu kimiyyar kimiyya ana sa ran tushen tertiary don cika rawar gabatarwa.

=== Humanities da tarihi ===
Tushen sakandare a cikin tarihi da bil'adama yawanci littattafai ne ko mujallu na ilimi, daga hangen nesa na mai fassara daga baya, musamman daga masanin daga baya. A cikin ilimin bil'adama, labarin da An sake dubawa koyaushe tushen na biyu ne. Bayyana tushen a matsayin na farko da na biyu ya fara fitowa a fagen Tarihin tarihi, yayin da masana tarihi suka yi ƙoƙari su gano da rarraba tushen rubutun tarihi. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi, muhimmiyar manufa ta rarraba tushe ita ce ƙayyade 'yancin kai da amintaccen tushe.[1] A cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi na asali, masana tarihi sun dogara da tushe na farko, ana karanta su a cikin mahallin fassarorin ilimi.[2]

Biye da Tsarin Rankean wanda ƙwararrun Jamusanci suka kafa a ƙarni na 19, masana tarihi suna amfani da tarihin tushe na farko. Yawancin ayyukan bincike na digiri na farko sun dogara da kayan tushe na biyu, tare da watakila sassan tushe na farko.

==== Doka ====
A fagen shari'a, rarraba tushen yana da mahimmanci saboda rinjayar tushen yawanci ya dogara da tarihinsa. Tushen farko na iya haɗawa da shari'o'i, kundin tsarin mulki, [[Dokar|dokoki]], ka'idojin gudanarwa, da sauran hanyoyin da ke ɗaure ikon doka, yayin da tushen shari'a na biyu na iya haɗuwa da littattafai, bayanan kula da rahotanni, Labarai, da [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedias]]. Marubutan shari'a yawanci sun fi son ambaton tushe na farko saboda kawai tushe na asali ne masu iko da kuma na gaba, yayin da tushe na biyu kawai suna mai rinjaye a mafi kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bouchoux|2000}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Bincike|Bincike na asali]]
* Tushen zargi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>mvj9x4mh28nif2pfzbfq39oelrg1dni</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Yankin Muosuchan</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369588322|Muosuchan Range]]&quot;</comment>
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The Muosuchan Range ( Russian ; Yakut ) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Rasha . A fannin gudanarwa, yankin yana cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha, Tarayyar Rasha .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Yankin Muosuchan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan yankuna na tsarin Verkhoyansk Range kuma yana cikin sashin kudu maso yammacinsa.  Tana miƙewa daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas tsakanin [[Bygyn Range|tsaunukan Bygyn]] zuwa yamma da kuma [[Tagindzhin Range|tsaunukan Tagindzhin]] zuwa gabas, tana gudana a daidai lokacin da take tafiya a tsakanin tsaunukan biyu. Ƙarshen kudu maso gabas yana da iyaka da kwarurukan Munni (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Belyanka ) da [[Buruolakh]] (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Lyapiske ), wanda daga baya Munni Range ya miƙe gabas.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q-51_52 Chart (in Russian) |url=https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/q-51_52.jpg |access-date=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

River Lyapiske cuts across the range in its northwestern section and the Dyanyshka flows beyond the northern end. The highest point of the Muosuchan range is an unnamed {{Convert|1243|m|ft|-high}} peak. [[Lake Billyakh]] is located at the northwestern end of the range. Beyond it rises the [[Tekir Khaya]] (highest point {{Convert|926|m|ft}}), a smaller range flanking the Dyanyshka river further to the northwest.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin duwatsu da tuddai na Rasha

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://dbrsakha.ru/in-english/wetlands/ Taron Yankunan Ruwa da Ramsar]</text>
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      <text bytes="1505" sha1="1r9jyipcxmkqhsimo7ai5p8j1npksuo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
The Muosuchan Range ( Russian ; Yakut ) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Rasha . A fannin gudanarwa, yankin yana cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha, Tarayyar Rasha .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Yankin Muosuchan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan yankuna na tsarin Verkhoyansk Range kuma yana cikin sashin kudu maso yammacinsa.  Tana miƙewa daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas tsakanin [[Bygyn Range|tsaunukan Bygyn]] zuwa yamma da kuma [[Tagindzhin Range|tsaunukan Tagindzhin]] zuwa gabas, tana gudana a daidai lokacin da take tafiya a tsakanin tsaunukan biyu. Ƙarshen kudu maso gabas yana da iyaka da kwarurukan Munni (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Belyanka ) da [[Buruolakh]] (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Lyapiske ), wanda daga baya Munni Range ya miƙe gabas.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q-51_52 Chart (in Russian) |url=https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/q-51_52.jpg |access-date=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

River Lyapiske cuts across the range in its northwestern section and the Dyanyshka flows beyond the northern end. The highest point of the Muosuchan range is an unnamed {{Convert|1243|m|ft|-high}} peak. [[Lake Billyakh]] is located at the northwestern end of the range. Beyond it rises the [[Tekir Khaya]] (highest point {{Convert|926|m|ft}}), a smaller range flanking the Dyanyshka river further to the northwest.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin duwatsu da tuddai na Rasha

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://dbrsakha.ru/in-english/wetlands/ Taron Yankunan Ruwa da Ramsar]</text>
      <sha1>1r9jyipcxmkqhsimo7ai5p8j1npksuo</sha1>
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The''' Muosuchan Range''' ( Russian ;&lt;ref&gt;Аркадий Андреев, ''Горы Якутии'' (Arkady Andreyev, ''Mountains of Yakutia'') p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;  Yakut ) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Rasha . A fannin gudanarwa, yankin yana cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha, Tarayyar Rasha .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Yankin Muosuchan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan yankuna na tsarin Verkhoyansk Range kuma yana cikin sashin kudu maso yammacinsa.  Tana miƙewa daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas tsakanin [[Bygyn Range|tsaunukan Bygyn]] zuwa yamma da kuma [[Tagindzhin Range|tsaunukan Tagindzhin]] zuwa gabas, tana gudana a daidai lokacin da take tafiya a tsakanin tsaunukan biyu. Ƙarshen kudu maso gabas yana da iyaka da kwarurukan Munni (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Belyanka ) da [[Buruolakh]] (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Lyapiske ), wanda daga baya Munni Range ya miƙe gabas.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q-51_52 Chart (in Russian) |url=https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/q-51_52.jpg |access-date=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

River Lyapiske cuts across the range in its northwestern section and the Dyanyshka flows beyond the northern end. The highest point of the Muosuchan range is an unnamed {{Convert|1243|m|ft|-high}} peak. [[Lake Billyakh]] is located at the northwestern end of the range. Beyond it rises the [[Tekir Khaya]] (highest point {{Convert|926|m|ft}}), a smaller range flanking the Dyanyshka river further to the northwest.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin duwatsu da tuddai na Rasha

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://dbrsakha.ru/in-english/wetlands/ Taron Yankunan Ruwa da Ramsar]</text>
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The''' Muosuchan Range''' ( Russian ;&lt;ref&gt;Аркадий Андреев, ''Горы Якутии'' (Arkady Andreyev, ''Mountains of Yakutia'') p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;  Yakut ) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Rasha . A fannin gudanarwa, yankin yana cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha, Tarayyar Rasha .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Yankin Muosuchan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan yankuna na tsarin Verkhoyansk Range kuma yana cikin sashin kudu maso yammacinsa.  Tana miƙewa daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas tsakanin [[Bygyn Range|tsaunukan Bygyn]] zuwa yamma da kuma [[Tagindzhin Range|tsaunukan Tagindzhin]] zuwa gabas, tana gudana a daidai lokacin da take tafiya a tsakanin tsaunukan biyu. Ƙarshen kudu maso gabas yana da iyaka da kwarurukan Munni (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Belyanka ) da [[Buruolakh]] (wani ma'ajiyar ruwa na ( Lyapiske ), wanda daga baya Munni Range ya miƙe gabas.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q-51_52 Chart (in Russian) |url=https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/q-51_52.jpg |access-date=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

River Lyapiske cuts across the range in its northwestern section and the Dyanyshka flows beyond the northern end. The highest point of the Muosuchan range is an unnamed {{Convert|1243|m|ft|-high}} peak. [[Lake Billyakh]] is located at the northwestern end of the range. Beyond it rises the [[Tekir Khaya]] (highest point {{Convert|926|m|ft}}), a smaller range flanking the Dyanyshka river further to the northwest.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin duwatsu da tuddai na Rasha


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://dbrsakha.ru/in-english/wetlands/ Taron Yankunan Ruwa da Ramsar]
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Centrosaurus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341159086|Centrosaurus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Centrosaurus''''' / SEN -troh- SOR -əs ; lit.​​​​​SEN​lit. '   ) wani nau'in dinosaur ne na centrosaurine ceratopsid daga [[Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu|zamanin]] Campanian na marigayi Cretaceous na [[Kanada]] . An gano gawarsa a cikin Tsarin Dinosaur Park, tun daga shekaru miliyan 76.5 zuwa 75.5 da suka wuce. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABS09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arbour, V.M. |first=V. M. |author-link=Victoria Arbour |last2=Burns, M. E. |last3=Sissons, R. L. |year=2009 |title=A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1117–1135 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29.1117A |doi=10.1671/039.029.0405 |s2cid=85665879}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in kuma nau'in da kawai ake ganin yana da inganci a yau shine '''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' .

== Ganowa da kuma sanya suna ==
[[File:Centrosaurus.png|left|thumb|200x200px|Maido da rayuwa]]
An gano ragowar Centrosaurus na farko kuma masanin burbushin halittu Lawrence Lambe ne ya ba da suna a cikin Kogin Red Deer a Alberta. Sunan Centrosaurus yana nufin &quot;tsuntsu mai kaifi&quot; (daga Girkanci kentron, κέντρον, &quot;ma'ana&quot; da sauros, σαῦρος, &quot;tsuntsaye&quot;) kuma yana nufin, jerin ƙananan ƙaho da aka sanya a gefen murfin su, ba ƙaho na hanci ba (waɗanda ba a sani ba lokacin da aka sanya sunan dinosaur). Ba za a rikita jinsin ba tare da Stegosaur Kentrosaurus, wanda sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ɗaya.

Daga baya, an sami manyan ƙasusuwan ''Centrosaurus'' a cikin Dinosaur Provincial Park, kuma a Alberta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gadaje sun kai daruruwan mita kuma suna dauke da dubban mutane na kowane zamani da dukkan matakan kammala. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a bayyana yawan mutane da yawan mutane idan sun mutu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye kogi mai ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot;&gt;&quot;Centrosaurus.&quot; In: Dodson, Peter &amp; Britt, Brooks &amp; Carpenter, Kenneth &amp; Forster, Catherine A. &amp; Gillette, David D. &amp; Norell, Mark A. &amp; Olshevsky, George &amp; Parrish, J. Michael &amp; Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken dubban burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' kusa da garin [[Alberta]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hilda, Alberta&quot;&gt;Hilda, Alberta, an yi imanin cewa shine mafi girman gado na ƙasusuwan dinosaur da aka taɓa ganowa. Yankin yanzu an san shi da Hilda mega-bonebed.

Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin jinsuna har ma da samfurori na centrosaurines, an yi muhawara da yawa game da wane nau'o'i da jinsuna suna da inganci, musamman ko ''Centrosaurus'' da / ko ''Monoclonius'' suna da ingantattun jinsuna, ba za a iya ganewa ba, ko kuma yiwuwar membobin kishiyar jinsi. A cikin 1996, Peter Dodson ya sami isasshen bambanci tsakanin ''Centrosaurus'', ''Styracosaurus'', da ''Monoclonius'' don tabbatar da nau'o'i daban-daban kuma cewa ''Styracosaurus'' yayi kama da ''Centrosaurus'' fiye da ko dai yayi kama da ''Monoclonius''.
[[File:Annual_report_of_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_for_the_year_(1916)_(17810089074).jpg|left|thumb|Kashi na &quot;''Monoclonius nasicornus''&quot;]]
Dodson ya yi imanin cewa wani nau'in ''Monoclonius'', ''M. nasicornus'', na iya kasancewa ''Styracosaurus'' mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dodson1&quot;&gt;Dodson, P. (1996). ''The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. {{ISBN|0-691-02882-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An bi bincikensa a wani bangare, tare da wasu masu bincike ba su yarda da ''''Monoclonius'' nasicornus'' a matsayin mace ''Styracosaurus'' ko Monoclonium a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i ba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarar dimorphism na jima'i don ƙarin ceratopsian, ''Protoceratops'',  babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi don dimorphalism na jima'in a cikin kowane ceratopsid.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=P |title=Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in ''Protoceratops'' |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=50 |pages=929–940}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TML98&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lehman |first=T. M. |year=1998 |title=A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur ''Pentaceratops sternbergi'' from New Mexico |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=894–906 |bibcode=1998JPal...72..894L |doi=10.1017/S0022336000027220 |s2cid=132807103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SRT97&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=S. D. |last2=Ryan, M.J. |last3=Tanke, D.H. |year=1997 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=293–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran sun haɗa da ''C. nasicornus'' tare da ''C. apertus'', ko kuma sun dauke shi nau'in ''Centrosaurus'' daban: ''Centrosaurus nasicornus''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=L.S. |year=1930 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=133–159}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba da shawarar a matsayin kakannin kai tsaye na ''Styracosaurus albertensis'' .  Wani binciken 2014 na canje-canje yayin girma a cikin ''Centrosaurus'' ya kammala cewa ''C. nasicornus'' ƙarami ne na ''C. apertus'', wanda ke wakiltar matakin ci gaba na tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frederickson |first=J. A. |last2=Tumarkin-Deratzian |first2=A. R. |year=2014 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in ''Centrosaurus apertus'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |doi=10.7717/peerj.252 |pmc=3933270 |pmid=24688836 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in ''C. brinkmani'', wanda aka bayyana a shekara ta 2005, an tura shi zuwa sabon nau'in ''Coronosaurus'' a shekara ta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M. J. |last2=Evans |first2=D. C. |last3=Shepherd |first3=K. M. |last4=Sues |first4=H. |year=2012 |title=A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=10 |page=1251 |bibcode=2012CaJES..49.1251R |doi=10.1139/e2012-056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_Scale.svg|left|thumb|Kwatanta girman da mutum]]
''Centrosaurus'' manyan dinosaur ne, kodayake ba su da girma kamar wasu danginsu, sun kai tsawon mita 5-5.5 (16-18  da kuma 2-2.5 metric ton (2.2-2.8 gajeren ton) a cikin jiki da ke saman gaɓoɓin jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=Roger B. J. |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Carrano |first3=Matthew T. |last4=Mannion |first4=Philip D. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Corwin |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Evans |first7=David C. |date=2014-05-06 |title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=4011683 |pmid=24802911 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar sauran centrosaurines, ''Centrosaurus'' yana da babban ƙaho guda ɗaya a kan hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; Wadannan ƙahoni sun lankwasa gaba ko baya dangane da samfurin. An rage kayan ado na gashin kai yayin da dabbobi suka tsufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot; /&gt; Yankin ya kasance ɗan gajeren idan aka kwatanta da jimlar tsawon kwanyar kuma zai iya girma zuwa sama da rabin mita (68.8 cm) a cikin tsofaffi da manya mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

''Centrosaurus'' ya bambanta ta hanyar samun manyan ƙaho guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙugiya gaba a kan murfin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan ƙaho biyu a kan idanu. Farin ''Centrosaurus'' sun kasance matsakaici, tare da manyan fenestrae da ƙananan ƙaho a gefen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_parietal_hook_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg|thumb|Babban ƙugiya na tsinkaye na tsinkayen ''Centrosaurus''', wanda shine halayyar ganewar asali na wannan nau'in]]
[[File:Centrosaurus_skulls.png|thumb|Cikakken kwanyar da aka shirya a cikin tsari na ontogenetic]]
Halitta ta ''Centrosaurus'' ta ba da sunanta ga dangin Centrosaurinae. Iyalansa mafi kusa sun bayyana su ne ''Styracosaurus'' da ''Monoclonius'' . Ya yi kama da na ƙarshe na waɗannan cewa wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi la'akari da su don wakiltar dabba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; Sauran mambobi na Centrosaurinae sun hada da ''Pachyrhinosaurus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Dodson90&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |last2=A.P. Russell |year=2005 |title=A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1369–1387 |bibcode=2005CaJES..42.1369R |doi=10.1139/e05-029 |s2cid=128478038 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avaceratops, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan07&quot; /&gt; ''Einiosaurus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan07&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |year=2007 |title=A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=376–396 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130607301}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Albertaceratops'' &lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot; /&gt; da ''Achelousaurus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot; /&gt;

cladogram ɗin da aka gabatar a ƙasa yana wakiltar nazarin phylogenetic na Chiba et al. (2017): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kentaro Chiba |last2=Michael J. Ryan |last3=Federico Fanti |last4=Mark A. Loewen |last5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of ''Medusaceratops lokii'' (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=272–288 |bibcode=2018JPal...92..272C |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 |s2cid=134031275}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Diabloceratops eatoni]]''
      |2=''[[Machairoceratops cronusi]]'' }}
   |2={{clade
      |label1 =[[Nasutoceratopsini]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Avaceratops lammersi]]'' (ANSP 15800)
         |2=MOR 692
         |3=CMN 8804
         |4=''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]''
         |5=Malta new taxon }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Xenoceratops foremostensis]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Sinoceratops zhuchengensis]]''
               |2=''[[Wendiceratops pinhornensis]]'' }}
            |2=''[[Albertaceratops nesmoi]]''
            |3=''[[Medusaceratops lokii]]''
            |label4=[[Eucentrosaura]]
            |4={{clade
               |label1 =[[Centrosaurini]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Rubeosaurus ovatus]]''
                     |2=''[[Styracosaurus albertensis]]'' }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Coronosaurus brinkmani]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |2=''[[Spinops sternbergorum]]''
                        |1='''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' }} }} }}
               |label2 =[[Pachyrhinosaurini]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Einiosaurus procurvicornis]]''
                  |label2 =[[Pachyrostra]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Achelousaurus horneri]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis]]''
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
                           |2=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%|label1=[[Centrosaurinae]]}}

== Paleobiology ==
[[File:Centrosaurus.JPG|left|thumb|Hotunan AMNH 5427, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria[[Gidajen tarihi na Victoria|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria]]]]
Kamar sauran ceratopsids, an daidaita jawunan ''Centrosaurus'' don shear ta hanyar kayan tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Binciken manyan gadoji na ''Centrosaurus'' a Kanada ya nuna cewa dabbobi ne masu zaman kansu kuma suna iya tafiya a cikin manyan garken.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; An san gado na ƙashi wanda ya ƙunshi ''Centrosaurus'' da ''Styracosaurus'' daga Tsarin Dinosaur Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu Alberta. Wataƙila mutuwar jama'a ta samo asali ne daga dabbobi marasa makiyaya da suka taru a kusa da rami a lokacin fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;RR90&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=R. R. |year=1990 |title=Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality |journal=PALAIOS |publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=394–41 |bibcode=1990Palai...5..394R |doi=10.2307/3514834 |jstor=3514834}}&lt;/ref&gt; An samo ''Centrosaurus'' a ƙasa a cikin tsari fiye da ''Styracosaurus'', yana nuna cewa ''Styracosaurus'' ya maye gurbin ''Centrosaurus'' yayin da yanayin ya canza a tsawon lokaci.
[[File:Centrosaurus_herd.jpg|thumb|Maido da garken da ke yin iyo, kamar yadda mega-bonebeds suka yi la'akarimega-ƙashin ƙasusuwa]]
Babban murfin da ƙahonin hanci na ceratopsians suna daga cikin kayan ado na fuska na musamman na dukkan dinosaur. Ayyukansu sun kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da aka gano dinosaur na farko. Ka'idoji na yau da kullun game da aikin ceratopsian frills da ƙaho sun haɗa da kariya daga masu cin nama, yaƙi a cikin jinsin, da nuni na gani. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da raunin kwanyar ''Triceratops'' da ''Centrosaurus'' ya gano cewa raunin ƙashi a kan kwanyar ya fi haifar da yaƙi na intraspecific (yaƙi daga ƙaho zuwa ƙaho) maimakon hare-haren predatory. Yankin ''Centrosaurus'' sun yi tsayi sosai don amfani da su don kare kansu daga masu cin nama, kodayake mafi kauri, mai ƙarfi na ''Triceratops'' na iya samo asali don kare wuyansu. Ana iya amfani da murfin ''Centrosaurus'' &quot;don gane jinsuna da / ko wasu nau'ikan nuni na gani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkeetal2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farke |first=A.A. |last2=Wolff |first2=E.D.S. |last3=Tanke |first3=D.H. |author-link3=Darren Tanke |year=2009 |title=''Evidence of Combat in ''Triceratops |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4252F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 |pmc=2617760 |pmid=19172995 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin Paleopathology ===
Wani samfurin ''Centrosaurus apertus'' da aka gano daga Dinosaur Provincial Park a shekarar 1989 an gano yana da [[osteosarcoma]] mai rauni a cikin fibula na dama. Binciken raunin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a cikin ƙashi ya nuna cewa ciwon daji ya kai matakin tashin hankali. Ciwon daji zai haifar da mummunan rauni wanda zai sa ceratopsian ya fi fuskantar haɗari ga farauta. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yana cikin garken ya ba da damar ''Centrosaurus'' ya rayu fiye da yadda za a sa ran dabba da ta kamu da irin wannan mummunar cuta. An yi imanin cewa mutum da kansa ya mutu ne daga nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da gadon kasusuwa na ''Centrosaurus'' inda aka samo shi. Wannan samfurin ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan dinosaur da aka samu tare da ciwon daji mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ekhtiari |first=S. |last2=Chiba |first2=K. |last3=Popovic |first3=S. |last4=Crowther |first4=R. |last5=Wohl |first5=G. |last6=Wong |first6=A. K. O. |last7=Tanke |first7=D. H. |last8=Dufault |first8=D. M. |last9=Geen |first9=O. D. |last10=Parasu |first10=N. |last11=Crowther |first11=M. A. |last12=Evans |first12=D. C. |date=2020 |title=First case of osteosarcoma in a dinosaur: a multimodal diagnosis |journal=The Lancet Oncology |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1021−1022 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30171-6 |pmid=32758461 |s2cid=225473251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paleobiology ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_skin.jpg|thumb| Siffar fata ta AMNH 5427]]
Thomas M. Lehman ya lura cewa ba a sami burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' a wajen kudancin Alberta ba duk da cewa suna cikin dinosaurs na Judithian mafi yawa a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot; /&gt; Manyan tsuntsayen ciyawa kamar su ceratopsian da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin marigayi Cretaceous suna da &quot;ƙananan wurare masu faɗi&quot; duk da girman jikinsu da kuma yawan motsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot; /&gt; Wannan takaitaccen rarrabawa ya bambanta sosai da namun daji na zamani waɗanda manyan dabbobin da ke cin ciyawa ke rayuwa a cikinsu &quot;na yau da kullun ... sun mamaye kusan kowace nahiya.&quot;  Daga baya an bayyana sinadarin burbushin ''C. apertus'' daga sassan Tsarin Wurin Shakatawa na Dinosaur da ke Saskatchewan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demers-Potvin |first=A. V. |last2=Larsson |first2=H. C. E. |year=2024 |title=Occurrence of ''Centrosaurus apertus'' (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) in Saskatchewan, Canada, and expanded dinosaur diversity in the easternmost exposure of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1155 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2023-0125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsarin lokaci na binciken ceratopsian

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://dinosaurpictures.org/Centrosaurus-pictures ''Centrosaurus''] a Bayanan Hotunan Dinosaur
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050215224946/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/dinos/de_4/5a7939c.htm ''Centrosaurus'', daga Dinosaur Encyclopaedia a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Centrosaurus''''' / SEN -troh- SOR -əs ; lit.​​​​​SEN​lit. '   ) wani nau'in dinosaur ne na centrosaurine ceratopsid daga [[Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu|zamanin]] Campanian na marigayi Cretaceous na [[Kanada]] . An gano gawarsa a cikin Tsarin Dinosaur Park, tun daga shekaru miliyan 76.5 zuwa 75.5 da suka wuce. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABS09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arbour, V.M. |first=V. M. |author-link=Victoria Arbour |last2=Burns, M. E. |last3=Sissons, R. L. |year=2009 |title=A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1117–1135 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29.1117A |doi=10.1671/039.029.0405 |s2cid=85665879}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in kuma nau'in da kawai ake ganin yana da inganci a yau shine '''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' .

== Ganowa da kuma sanya suna ==
[[File:Centrosaurus.png|left|thumb|200x200px|Maido da rayuwa]]
An gano ragowar Centrosaurus na farko kuma masanin burbushin halittu Lawrence Lambe ne ya ba da suna a cikin Kogin Red Deer a Alberta. Sunan Centrosaurus yana nufin &quot;tsuntsu mai kaifi&quot; (daga Girkanci kentron, κέντρον, &quot;ma'ana&quot; da sauros, σαῦρος, &quot;tsuntsaye&quot;) kuma yana nufin, jerin ƙananan ƙaho da aka sanya a gefen murfin su, ba ƙaho na hanci ba (waɗanda ba a sani ba lokacin da aka sanya sunan dinosaur). Ba za a rikita jinsin ba tare da Stegosaur Kentrosaurus, wanda sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ɗaya.

Daga baya, an sami manyan ƙasusuwan ''Centrosaurus'' a cikin Dinosaur Provincial Park, kuma a Alberta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gadaje sun kai daruruwan mita kuma suna dauke da dubban mutane na kowane zamani da dukkan matakan kammala. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a bayyana yawan mutane da yawan mutane idan sun mutu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye kogi mai ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot;&gt;&quot;Centrosaurus.&quot; In: Dodson, Peter &amp; Britt, Brooks &amp; Carpenter, Kenneth &amp; Forster, Catherine A. &amp; Gillette, David D. &amp; Norell, Mark A. &amp; Olshevsky, George &amp; Parrish, J. Michael &amp; Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken dubban burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' kusa da garin [[Alberta]]&quot; id=&quot;mwQg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hilda, Alberta&quot;&gt;Hilda, Alberta, an yi imanin cewa shine mafi girman gado na ƙasusuwan dinosaur da aka taɓa ganowa. Yankin yanzu an san shi da Hilda mega-bonebed.

Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin jinsuna har ma da samfurori na centrosaurines, an yi muhawara da yawa game da wane nau'o'i da jinsuna suna da inganci, musamman ko ''Centrosaurus'' da / ko ''Monoclonius'' suna da ingantattun jinsuna, ba za a iya ganewa ba, ko kuma yiwuwar membobin kishiyar jinsi. A cikin 1996, Peter Dodson ya sami isasshen bambanci tsakanin ''Centrosaurus'', ''Styracosaurus'', da ''Monoclonius'' don tabbatar da nau'o'i daban-daban kuma cewa ''Styracosaurus'' yayi kama da ''Centrosaurus'' fiye da ko dai yayi kama da ''Monoclonius''.
[[File:Annual_report_of_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_for_the_year_(1916)_(17810089074).jpg|left|thumb|Kashi na &quot;''Monoclonius nasicornus''&quot;]]
Dodson ya yi imanin cewa wani nau'in ''Monoclonius'', ''M. nasicornus'', na iya kasancewa ''Styracosaurus'' mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dodson1&quot;&gt;Dodson, P. (1996). ''The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. {{ISBN|0-691-02882-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An bi bincikensa a wani bangare, tare da wasu masu bincike ba su yarda da ''''Monoclonius'' nasicornus'' a matsayin mace ''Styracosaurus'' ko Monoclonium a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i ba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarar dimorphism na jima'i don ƙarin ceratopsian, ''Protoceratops'',  babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi don dimorphalism na jima'in a cikin kowane ceratopsid.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=P |title=Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in ''Protoceratops'' |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=50 |pages=929–940}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TML98&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lehman |first=T. M. |year=1998 |title=A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur ''Pentaceratops sternbergi'' from New Mexico |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=894–906 |bibcode=1998JPal...72..894L |doi=10.1017/S0022336000027220 |s2cid=132807103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SRT97&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=S. D. |last2=Ryan, M.J. |last3=Tanke, D.H. |year=1997 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=293–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran sun haɗa da ''C. nasicornus'' tare da ''C. apertus'', ko kuma sun dauke shi nau'in ''Centrosaurus'' daban: ''Centrosaurus nasicornus''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=L.S. |year=1930 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=133–159}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba da shawarar a matsayin kakannin kai tsaye na ''Styracosaurus albertensis'' .  Wani binciken 2014 na canje-canje yayin girma a cikin ''Centrosaurus'' ya kammala cewa ''C. nasicornus'' ƙarami ne na ''C. apertus'', wanda ke wakiltar matakin ci gaba na tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frederickson |first=J. A. |last2=Tumarkin-Deratzian |first2=A. R. |year=2014 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in ''Centrosaurus apertus'' |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |doi=10.7717/peerj.252 |pmc=3933270 |pmid=24688836 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in ''C. brinkmani'', wanda aka bayyana a shekara ta 2005, an tura shi zuwa sabon nau'in ''Coronosaurus'' a shekara ta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M. J. |last2=Evans |first2=D. C. |last3=Shepherd |first3=K. M. |last4=Sues |first4=H. |year=2012 |title=A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=10 |page=1251 |bibcode=2012CaJES..49.1251R |doi=10.1139/e2012-056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_Scale.svg|left|thumb|Kwatanta girman da mutum]]
''Centrosaurus'' manyan dinosaur ne, kodayake ba su da girma kamar wasu danginsu, sun kai tsawon mita 5-5.5 (16-18  da kuma 2-2.5 metric ton (2.2-2.8 gajeren ton) a cikin jiki da ke saman gaɓoɓin jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=Roger B. J. |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Carrano |first3=Matthew T. |last4=Mannion |first4=Philip D. |last5=Sullivan |first5=Corwin |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Evans |first7=David C. |date=2014-05-06 |title=Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=4011683 |pmid=24802911 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar sauran centrosaurines, ''Centrosaurus'' yana da babban ƙaho guda ɗaya a kan hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; Wadannan ƙahoni sun lankwasa gaba ko baya dangane da samfurin. An rage kayan ado na gashin kai yayin da dabbobi suka tsufa.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot; /&gt; Yankin ya kasance ɗan gajeren idan aka kwatanta da jimlar tsawon kwanyar kuma zai iya girma zuwa sama da rabin mita (68.8 cm) a cikin tsofaffi da manya mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

''Centrosaurus'' ya bambanta ta hanyar samun manyan ƙaho guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙugiya gaba a kan murfin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan ƙaho biyu a kan idanu. Farin ''Centrosaurus'' sun kasance matsakaici, tare da manyan fenestrae da ƙananan ƙaho a gefen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_parietal_hook_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg|thumb|Babban ƙugiya na tsinkaye na tsinkayen ''Centrosaurus''', wanda shine halayyar ganewar asali na wannan nau'in]]
[[File:Centrosaurus_skulls.png|thumb|Cikakken kwanyar da aka shirya a cikin tsari na ontogenetic]]
Halitta ta ''Centrosaurus'' ta ba da sunanta ga dangin Centrosaurinae. Iyalansa mafi kusa sun bayyana su ne ''Styracosaurus'' da ''Monoclonius'' . Ya yi kama da na ƙarshe na waɗannan cewa wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi la'akari da su don wakiltar dabba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; Sauran mambobi na Centrosaurinae sun hada da ''Pachyrhinosaurus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Dodson90&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |last2=A.P. Russell |year=2005 |title=A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1369–1387 |bibcode=2005CaJES..42.1369R |doi=10.1139/e05-029 |s2cid=128478038 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avaceratops, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan07&quot; /&gt; ''Einiosaurus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan07&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=M.J. |year=2007 |title=A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=376–396 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130607301}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Albertaceratops'' &lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot; /&gt; da ''Achelousaurus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;RyanRussell05&quot; /&gt;

cladogram ɗin da aka gabatar a ƙasa yana wakiltar nazarin phylogenetic na Chiba et al. (2017): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kentaro Chiba |last2=Michael J. Ryan |last3=Federico Fanti |last4=Mark A. Loewen |last5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of ''Medusaceratops lokii'' (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=272–288 |bibcode=2018JPal...92..272C |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 |s2cid=134031275}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clade|{{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Diabloceratops eatoni]]''
      |2=''[[Machairoceratops cronusi]]'' }}
   |2={{clade
      |label1 =[[Nasutoceratopsini]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Avaceratops lammersi]]'' (ANSP 15800)
         |2=MOR 692
         |3=CMN 8804
         |4=''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]''
         |5=Malta new taxon }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Xenoceratops foremostensis]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Sinoceratops zhuchengensis]]''
               |2=''[[Wendiceratops pinhornensis]]'' }}
            |2=''[[Albertaceratops nesmoi]]''
            |3=''[[Medusaceratops lokii]]''
            |label4=[[Eucentrosaura]]
            |4={{clade
               |label1 =[[Centrosaurini]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Rubeosaurus ovatus]]''
                     |2=''[[Styracosaurus albertensis]]'' }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Coronosaurus brinkmani]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |2=''[[Spinops sternbergorum]]''
                        |1='''''Centrosaurus apertus''''' }} }} }}
               |label2 =[[Pachyrhinosaurini]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Einiosaurus procurvicornis]]''
                  |label2 =[[Pachyrostra]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Achelousaurus horneri]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis]]''
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai]]''
                           |2=''[[Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%|label1=[[Centrosaurinae]]}}

== Paleobiology ==
[[File:Centrosaurus.JPG|left|thumb|Hotunan AMNH 5427, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria[[Gidajen tarihi na Victoria|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria]]]]
Kamar sauran ceratopsids, an daidaita jawunan ''Centrosaurus'' don shear ta hanyar kayan tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Binciken manyan gadoji na ''Centrosaurus'' a Kanada ya nuna cewa dabbobi ne masu zaman kansu kuma suna iya tafiya a cikin manyan garken.&lt;ref name=&quot;ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus&quot; /&gt; An san gado na ƙashi wanda ya ƙunshi ''Centrosaurus'' da ''Styracosaurus'' daga Tsarin Dinosaur Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu Alberta. Wataƙila mutuwar jama'a ta samo asali ne daga dabbobi marasa makiyaya da suka taru a kusa da rami a lokacin fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;RR90&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=R. R. |year=1990 |title=Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality |journal=PALAIOS |publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=394–41 |bibcode=1990Palai...5..394R |doi=10.2307/3514834 |jstor=3514834}}&lt;/ref&gt; An samo ''Centrosaurus'' a ƙasa a cikin tsari fiye da ''Styracosaurus'', yana nuna cewa ''Styracosaurus'' ya maye gurbin ''Centrosaurus'' yayin da yanayin ya canza a tsawon lokaci.
[[File:Centrosaurus_herd.jpg|thumb|Maido da garken da ke yin iyo, kamar yadda mega-bonebeds suka yi la'akarimega-ƙashin ƙasusuwa]]
Babban murfin da ƙahonin hanci na ceratopsians suna daga cikin kayan ado na fuska na musamman na dukkan dinosaur. Ayyukansu sun kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da aka gano dinosaur na farko. Ka'idoji na yau da kullun game da aikin ceratopsian frills da ƙaho sun haɗa da kariya daga masu cin nama, yaƙi a cikin jinsin, da nuni na gani. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da raunin kwanyar ''Triceratops'' da ''Centrosaurus'' ya gano cewa raunin ƙashi a kan kwanyar ya fi haifar da yaƙi na intraspecific (yaƙi daga ƙaho zuwa ƙaho) maimakon hare-haren predatory. Yankin ''Centrosaurus'' sun yi tsayi sosai don amfani da su don kare kansu daga masu cin nama, kodayake mafi kauri, mai ƙarfi na ''Triceratops'' na iya samo asali don kare wuyansu. Ana iya amfani da murfin ''Centrosaurus'' &quot;don gane jinsuna da / ko wasu nau'ikan nuni na gani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farkeetal2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farke |first=A.A. |last2=Wolff |first2=E.D.S. |last3=Tanke |first3=D.H. |author-link3=Darren Tanke |year=2009 |title=''Evidence of Combat in ''Triceratops |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4252F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 |pmc=2617760 |pmid=19172995 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin Paleopathology ===
Wani samfurin ''Centrosaurus apertus'' da aka gano daga Dinosaur Provincial Park a shekarar 1989 an gano yana da [[osteosarcoma]] mai rauni a cikin fibula na dama. Binciken raunin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a cikin ƙashi ya nuna cewa ciwon daji ya kai matakin tashin hankali. Ciwon daji zai haifar da mummunan rauni wanda zai sa ceratopsian ya fi fuskantar haɗari ga farauta. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yana cikin garken ya ba da damar ''Centrosaurus'' ya rayu fiye da yadda za a sa ran dabba da ta kamu da irin wannan mummunar cuta. An yi imanin cewa mutum da kansa ya mutu ne daga nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da gadon kasusuwa na ''Centrosaurus'' inda aka samo shi. Wannan samfurin ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan dinosaur da aka samu tare da ciwon daji mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ekhtiari |first=S. |last2=Chiba |first2=K. |last3=Popovic |first3=S. |last4=Crowther |first4=R. |last5=Wohl |first5=G. |last6=Wong |first6=A. K. O. |last7=Tanke |first7=D. H. |last8=Dufault |first8=D. M. |last9=Geen |first9=O. D. |last10=Parasu |first10=N. |last11=Crowther |first11=M. A. |last12=Evans |first12=D. C. |date=2020 |title=First case of osteosarcoma in a dinosaur: a multimodal diagnosis |journal=The Lancet Oncology |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1021−1022 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30171-6 |pmid=32758461 |s2cid=225473251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paleobiology ==
[[File:Centrosaurus_skin.jpg|thumb| Siffar fata ta AMNH 5427]]
Thomas M. Lehman ya lura cewa ba a sami burbushin ''Centrosaurus'' a wajen kudancin Alberta ba duk da cewa suna cikin dinosaurs na Judithian mafi yawa a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot; /&gt; Manyan tsuntsayen ciyawa kamar su ceratopsian da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin marigayi Cretaceous suna da &quot;ƙananan wurare masu faɗi&quot; duk da girman jikinsu da kuma yawan motsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lehman&quot; /&gt; Wannan takaitaccen rarrabawa ya bambanta sosai da namun daji na zamani waɗanda manyan dabbobin da ke cin ciyawa ke rayuwa a cikinsu &quot;na yau da kullun ... sun mamaye kusan kowace nahiya.&quot;  Daga baya an bayyana sinadarin burbushin ''C. apertus'' daga sassan Tsarin Wurin Shakatawa na Dinosaur da ke Saskatchewan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demers-Potvin |first=A. V. |last2=Larsson |first2=H. C. E. |year=2024 |title=Occurrence of ''Centrosaurus apertus'' (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) in Saskatchewan, Canada, and expanded dinosaur diversity in the easternmost exposure of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1155 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2023-0125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsarin lokaci na binciken ceratopsian


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://dinosaurpictures.org/Centrosaurus-pictures ''Centrosaurus''] a Bayanan Hotunan Dinosaur
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050215224946/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/dinos/de_4/5a7939c.htm ''Centrosaurus'', daga Dinosaur Encyclopaedia a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372242321|Susan Brown (mathematician)]]&quot;</comment>
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Susan North Brown (22 Disamba 1937 - 11 Agusta 2017) farfesa ce a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma babbar mai bincike a fannin makanikan ruwa. 

== Bayani da aiki ==
Yana da wuya a iya tantance ainihin lokacin da Susan Brown ta yi aiki, amma wata wasiƙar labarai da Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki na UCL ya buga jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarta ta bayar da tsarin nasarorin da ta samu a aikinta kuma ta nuna yadda abokan aiki da ɗalibai suka ɗauke ta da muhimmanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Professor Susan Brown |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 |website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Oxford tsawon shekaru biyu, a fannin nazarin sinadaran ruwa - sannan ta koma Jami'ar Durham don kammala digirinta na DPhil a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin ta yi Lakcoci na wucin gadi a Durham da Newcastle kuma a shekarar 1964 ta fara Lakcoci wanda ya fara daɗe tana hulɗa da UCL . Daga karatunta ta ci gaba zuwa matsayin Karatu a shekarar 1971 kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 1986. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 Jaridar sashen da aka ambata a baya] wadda ta yi bayani game da nasarorin da ta samu bayan rasuwarta ta bayyana imanin cewa Brown ita ce mace ta farko a Burtaniya da aka naɗa a matsayin farfesa a fannin Lissafi, amma an ɗaukaka Joan E. Walsh zuwa farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=UCL Women in Mathematics |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516093028/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-date=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sashen Brown ya bayyana ta a matsayin wata malamar makaranta mai hazaka kuma wacce take da suna a duniya saboda bincikenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; Ta yi haɗin gwiwa mai amfani a fannin samar da wutar lantarki tare da abokin aikin UCL Keith Stewartson —wanda shi ma ya isa UCL a shekarar 1964. Da yake ambato daga wasiƙar labarai ta sashen da aka ambata a baya, &quot;Sun buga takardu 29 tare kuma sun jagoranci ci gaban farko na ka'idar 'sau uku-beck', wanda, bi da bi, ya ba da damar warware tambayoyi masu daɗewa a cikin kwararar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ya magance muhimman aikace-aikacen iska mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa. Wani yanki da Brown ya shahara musamman shine jerin tattaunawa kan mahimman matakai, musamman tasirin danko da rashin layi da aikace-aikacen ga kwararar ƙasa kamar jiragen sama na yanayi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot; /&gt; Google- [https://scholar.google.com/ Scholar] ya lissafa takardu da dama na &quot;SN Brown, K Stewartson&quot; kuma an lissafa da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙasa.

== Mutuwa ==
Brown ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, yana da shekaru 79, a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan North Brown's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=susan-north-brown&amp;pid=186452746 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |author-link2=Keith Stewartson |year=1969 |title=Laminar Separation |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |bibcode=1969AnRFM...1...45B |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000401}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=L. M. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |last3=Stuart |first3=J. T. |author-link3=J. T. Stuart |last4=Brown |first4=S. N. |year=1972 |title=A nonlinear instability burst in plane parallel flow |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=705 |bibcode=1972JFM....51..705H |doi=10.1017/S0022112072001326 |s2cid=122808105}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=On finite amplitude Benard convection in a cylindrical container |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A |volume=360 |issue=1703 |pages=455–469 |bibcode=1978RSPSA.360..455B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1978.0079 |s2cid=122462197}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=The evolution of the critical layer of a rossby wave. Part II |journal=Geophysical &amp; Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=1978GApFD..10....1B |doi=10.1080/03091927808242627}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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Susan North Brown (22 Disamba 1937 - 11 Agusta 2017) farfesa ce a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017|title=Professor Susan Brown|date=8 September 2017|website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babbar mai bincike a fannin makanikan ruwa. 

== Bayani da aiki ==
Yana da wuya a iya tantance ainihin lokacin da Susan Brown ta yi aiki, amma wata wasiƙar labarai da Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki na UCL ya buga jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarta ta bayar da tsarin nasarorin da ta samu a aikinta kuma ta nuna yadda abokan aiki da ɗalibai suka ɗauke ta da muhimmanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Professor Susan Brown |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 |website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Oxford tsawon shekaru biyu, a fannin nazarin sinadaran ruwa - sannan ta koma Jami'ar Durham don kammala digirinta na DPhil a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin ta yi Lakcoci na wucin gadi a Durham da Newcastle kuma a shekarar 1964 ta fara Lakcoci wanda ya fara daɗe tana hulɗa da UCL . Daga karatunta ta ci gaba zuwa matsayin Karatu a shekarar 1971 kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 1986. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 Jaridar sashen da aka ambata a baya] wadda ta yi bayani game da nasarorin da ta samu bayan rasuwarta ta bayyana imanin cewa Brown ita ce mace ta farko a Burtaniya da aka naɗa a matsayin farfesa a fannin Lissafi, amma an ɗaukaka Joan E. Walsh zuwa farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=UCL Women in Mathematics |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516093028/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-date=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sashen Brown ya bayyana ta a matsayin wata malamar makaranta mai hazaka kuma wacce take da suna a duniya saboda bincikenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; Ta yi haɗin gwiwa mai amfani a fannin samar da wutar lantarki tare da abokin aikin UCL Keith Stewartson —wanda shi ma ya isa UCL a shekarar 1964. Da yake ambato daga wasiƙar labarai ta sashen da aka ambata a baya, &quot;Sun buga takardu 29 tare kuma sun jagoranci ci gaban farko na ka'idar 'sau uku-beck', wanda, bi da bi, ya ba da damar warware tambayoyi masu daɗewa a cikin kwararar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ya magance muhimman aikace-aikacen iska mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa. Wani yanki da Brown ya shahara musamman shine jerin tattaunawa kan mahimman matakai, musamman tasirin danko da rashin layi da aikace-aikacen ga kwararar ƙasa kamar jiragen sama na yanayi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot; /&gt; Google- [https://scholar.google.com/ Scholar] ya lissafa takardu da dama na &quot;SN Brown, K Stewartson&quot; kuma an lissafa da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙasa.

== Mutuwa ==
Brown ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, yana da shekaru 79, a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan North Brown's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=susan-north-brown&amp;pid=186452746 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |author-link2=Keith Stewartson |year=1969 |title=Laminar Separation |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |bibcode=1969AnRFM...1...45B |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000401}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=L. M. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |last3=Stuart |first3=J. T. |author-link3=J. T. Stuart |last4=Brown |first4=S. N. |year=1972 |title=A nonlinear instability burst in plane parallel flow |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=705 |bibcode=1972JFM....51..705H |doi=10.1017/S0022112072001326 |s2cid=122808105}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=On finite amplitude Benard convection in a cylindrical container |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A |volume=360 |issue=1703 |pages=455–469 |bibcode=1978RSPSA.360..455B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1978.0079 |s2cid=122462197}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=The evolution of the critical layer of a rossby wave. Part II |journal=Geophysical &amp; Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=1978GApFD..10....1B |doi=10.1080/03091927808242627}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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Susan North Brown (22 Disamba 1937 - 11 Agusta 2017) farfesa ce a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017|title=Professor Susan Brown|date=8 September 2017|website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babbar mai bincike a fannin makanikan ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/research/fluid-mechanics| website=UCL| title=Fluid Mechanics| date=24 May 2018|publisher=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani da aiki ==
Yana da wuya a iya tantance ainihin lokacin da Susan Brown ta yi aiki, amma wata wasiƙar labarai da Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki na UCL ya buga jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarta ta bayar da tsarin nasarorin da ta samu a aikinta kuma ta nuna yadda abokan aiki da ɗalibai suka ɗauke ta da muhimmanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Professor Susan Brown |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 |website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Oxford tsawon shekaru biyu, a fannin nazarin sinadaran ruwa - sannan ta koma Jami'ar Durham don kammala digirinta na DPhil a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin ta yi Lakcoci na wucin gadi a Durham da Newcastle kuma a shekarar 1964 ta fara Lakcoci wanda ya fara daɗe tana hulɗa da UCL . Daga karatunta ta ci gaba zuwa matsayin Karatu a shekarar 1971 kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 1986. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 Jaridar sashen da aka ambata a baya] wadda ta yi bayani game da nasarorin da ta samu bayan rasuwarta ta bayyana imanin cewa Brown ita ce mace ta farko a Burtaniya da aka naɗa a matsayin farfesa a fannin Lissafi, amma an ɗaukaka Joan E. Walsh zuwa farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=UCL Women in Mathematics |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516093028/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-date=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sashen Brown ya bayyana ta a matsayin wata malamar makaranta mai hazaka kuma wacce take da suna a duniya saboda bincikenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; Ta yi haɗin gwiwa mai amfani a fannin samar da wutar lantarki tare da abokin aikin UCL Keith Stewartson —wanda shi ma ya isa UCL a shekarar 1964. Da yake ambato daga wasiƙar labarai ta sashen da aka ambata a baya, &quot;Sun buga takardu 29 tare kuma sun jagoranci ci gaban farko na ka'idar 'sau uku-beck', wanda, bi da bi, ya ba da damar warware tambayoyi masu daɗewa a cikin kwararar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ya magance muhimman aikace-aikacen iska mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa. Wani yanki da Brown ya shahara musamman shine jerin tattaunawa kan mahimman matakai, musamman tasirin danko da rashin layi da aikace-aikacen ga kwararar ƙasa kamar jiragen sama na yanayi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot; /&gt; Google- [https://scholar.google.com/ Scholar] ya lissafa takardu da dama na &quot;SN Brown, K Stewartson&quot; kuma an lissafa da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙasa.

== Mutuwa ==
Brown ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, yana da shekaru 79, a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan North Brown's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=susan-north-brown&amp;pid=186452746 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |author-link2=Keith Stewartson |year=1969 |title=Laminar Separation |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |bibcode=1969AnRFM...1...45B |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000401}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=L. M. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |last3=Stuart |first3=J. T. |author-link3=J. T. Stuart |last4=Brown |first4=S. N. |year=1972 |title=A nonlinear instability burst in plane parallel flow |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=705 |bibcode=1972JFM....51..705H |doi=10.1017/S0022112072001326 |s2cid=122808105}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=On finite amplitude Benard convection in a cylindrical container |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A |volume=360 |issue=1703 |pages=455–469 |bibcode=1978RSPSA.360..455B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1978.0079 |s2cid=122462197}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=The evolution of the critical layer of a rossby wave. Part II |journal=Geophysical &amp; Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=1978GApFD..10....1B |doi=10.1080/03091927808242627}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
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Susan North Brown (22 Disamba 1937 - 11 Agusta 2017) farfesa ce a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017|title=Professor Susan Brown|date=8 September 2017|website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babbar mai bincike a fannin makanikan ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/research/fluid-mechanics| website=UCL| title=Fluid Mechanics| date=24 May 2018|publisher=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani da aiki ==
Yana da wuya a iya tantance ainihin lokacin da Susan Brown ta yi aiki, amma wata wasiƙar labarai da Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki na UCL ya buga jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarta ta bayar da tsarin nasarorin da ta samu a aikinta kuma ta nuna yadda abokan aiki da ɗalibai suka ɗauke ta da muhimmanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Professor Susan Brown |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 |website=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Oxford tsawon shekaru biyu, a fannin nazarin sinadaran ruwa - sannan ta koma Jami'ar Durham don kammala digirinta na DPhil a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin ta yi Lakcoci na wucin gadi a Durham da Newcastle kuma a shekarar 1964 ta fara Lakcoci wanda ya fara daɗe tana hulɗa da UCL . Daga karatunta ta ci gaba zuwa matsayin Karatu a shekarar 1971 kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 1986. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/news/2017/sep/dept-news-september-2017 Jaridar sashen da aka ambata a baya] wadda ta yi bayani game da nasarorin da ta samu bayan rasuwarta ta bayyana imanin cewa Brown ita ce mace ta farko a Burtaniya da aka naɗa a matsayin farfesa a fannin Lissafi, amma an ɗaukaka Joan E. Walsh zuwa farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=UCL Women in Mathematics |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516093028/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/maths/women-in-mathematics |archive-date=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Sashen Brown ya bayyana ta a matsayin wata malamar makaranta mai hazaka kuma wacce take da suna a duniya saboda bincikenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; Ta yi haɗin gwiwa mai amfani a fannin samar da wutar lantarki tare da abokin aikin UCL Keith Stewartson —wanda shi ma ya isa UCL a shekarar 1964. Da yake ambato daga wasiƙar labarai ta sashen da aka ambata a baya, &quot;Sun buga takardu 29 tare kuma sun jagoranci ci gaban farko na ka'idar 'sau uku-beck', wanda, bi da bi, ya ba da damar warware tambayoyi masu daɗewa a cikin kwararar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ya magance muhimman aikace-aikacen iska mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa. Wani yanki da Brown ya shahara musamman shine jerin tattaunawa kan mahimman matakai, musamman tasirin danko da rashin layi da aikace-aikacen ga kwararar ƙasa kamar jiragen sama na yanayi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLNewsletter&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCLWomenInMathematics&quot; /&gt; Google- [https://scholar.google.com/ Scholar] ya lissafa takardu da dama na &quot;SN Brown, K Stewartson&quot; kuma an lissafa da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙasa.

== Mutuwa ==
Brown ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, yana da shekaru 79, a [[Landan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan North Brown's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=susan-north-brown&amp;pid=186452746 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |author-link2=Keith Stewartson |year=1969 |title=Laminar Separation |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |bibcode=1969AnRFM...1...45B |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000401}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=L. M. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |last3=Stuart |first3=J. T. |author-link3=J. T. Stuart |last4=Brown |first4=S. N. |year=1972 |title=A nonlinear instability burst in plane parallel flow |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=705 |bibcode=1972JFM....51..705H |doi=10.1017/S0022112072001326 |s2cid=122808105}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=On finite amplitude Benard convection in a cylindrical container |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A |volume=360 |issue=1703 |pages=455–469 |bibcode=1978RSPSA.360..455B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1978.0079 |s2cid=122462197}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=S. N. |last2=Stewartson |first2=K. |year=1978 |title=The evolution of the critical layer of a rossby wave. Part II |journal=Geophysical &amp; Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=1978GApFD..10....1B |doi=10.1080/03091927808242627}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>gqdkccg930crkzcaxvcfug5xod7pr3s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nick Sun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>963797</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:22:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367004670|Nick Sun]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nick Sun''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya. Ya fito ne daga Nepalese, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya zaɓi ya guje wa nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin aikinsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana son salon da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;marasa hankali&quot;,  &quot;mai cin zarafi&quot;  &quot;mai lalata kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun: Sacrificial Clown – The Groggy Squirrel |url=http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721031820/http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=The Groggy Squirrel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Sun ta lashe Raw Comedy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Raw Comedy Past Winners |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102085406/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar kasa don sabon baiwar ban dariya da aka gudanar da bikin Melbourne International Comedy Festival. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma ci gaba da lashe gasar So You Think You're Funny, wanda aka gudanar a Gilded Balloon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Edinburgh Festival Fringe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy – Edinburgh – So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2004/news/2004/08/27/13970.shtml |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963798</id>
      <parentid>963797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367004670|Nick Sun]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963798</origin>
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'''Nick Sun''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya. Ya fito ne daga Nepalese, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya zaɓi ya guje wa nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin aikinsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana son salon da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;marasa hankali&quot;,  &quot;mai cin zarafi&quot;  &quot;mai lalata kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun: Sacrificial Clown – The Groggy Squirrel |url=http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721031820/http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=The Groggy Squirrel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Sun ta lashe Raw Comedy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Raw Comedy Past Winners |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102085406/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar kasa don sabon baiwar ban dariya da aka gudanar da bikin Melbourne International Comedy Festival. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma ci gaba da lashe gasar So You Think You're Funny, wanda aka gudanar a Gilded Balloon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Edinburgh Festival Fringe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy – Edinburgh – So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2004/news/2004/08/27/13970.shtml |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da bayyanarsa a manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Ostiraliya, Sun yana bayyana a kai a kai a bikin Cracker Comedy, bikin Melbourne International Comedy, Adelaide Fringe Festival, da Edinburgh Festival Fringe . A shekara ta 2006, ya yi aiki a bikin gayyata kawai kawai don dariya a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963799</id>
      <parentid>963798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:22:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367004670|Nick Sun]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963799</origin>
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'''Nick Sun''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya. Ya fito ne daga Nepalese, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya zaɓi ya guje wa nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin aikinsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana son salon da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;marasa hankali&quot;,  &quot;mai cin zarafi&quot;  &quot;mai lalata kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun: Sacrificial Clown – The Groggy Squirrel |url=http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721031820/http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=The Groggy Squirrel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Sun ta lashe Raw Comedy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Raw Comedy Past Winners |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102085406/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar kasa don sabon baiwar ban dariya da aka gudanar da bikin Melbourne International Comedy Festival. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma ci gaba da lashe gasar So You Think You're Funny, wanda aka gudanar a Gilded Balloon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Edinburgh Festival Fringe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy – Edinburgh – So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2004/news/2004/08/27/13970.shtml |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da bayyanarsa a manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Ostiraliya, Sun yana bayyana a kai a kai a bikin Cracker Comedy, bikin Melbourne International Comedy, Adelaide Fringe Festival, da Edinburgh Festival Fringe . A shekara ta 2006, ya yi aiki a bikin gayyata kawai kawai don dariya a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada.

Sun ta 2006 Melbourne International Comedy Festival show &quot;Jinin a kan Yolks a cikin Key of Owls&quot; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Darakta ta Daraktocin Darakta Susan Provan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Comedy Festival Awards |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230114107/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-date=30 December 2007 |access-date=2008-01-30 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963800</id>
      <parentid>963799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367004670|Nick Sun]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>963800</origin>
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'''Nick Sun''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya. Ya fito ne daga Nepalese, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya zaɓi ya guje wa nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin aikinsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana son salon da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;marasa hankali&quot;,  &quot;mai cin zarafi&quot;  &quot;mai lalata kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun: Sacrificial Clown – The Groggy Squirrel |url=http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721031820/http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=The Groggy Squirrel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Sun ta lashe Raw Comedy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Raw Comedy Past Winners |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102085406/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar kasa don sabon baiwar ban dariya da aka gudanar da bikin Melbourne International Comedy Festival. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma ci gaba da lashe gasar So You Think You're Funny, wanda aka gudanar a Gilded Balloon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Edinburgh Festival Fringe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy – Edinburgh – So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2004/news/2004/08/27/13970.shtml |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da bayyanarsa a manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Ostiraliya, Sun yana bayyana a kai a kai a bikin Cracker Comedy, bikin Melbourne International Comedy, Adelaide Fringe Festival, da Edinburgh Festival Fringe . A shekara ta 2006, ya yi aiki a bikin gayyata kawai kawai don dariya a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada.

Sun ta 2006 Melbourne International Comedy Festival show &quot;Jinin a kan Yolks a cikin Key of Owls&quot; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Darakta ta Daraktocin Darakta Susan Provan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Comedy Festival Awards |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230114107/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-date=30 December 2007 |access-date=2008-01-30 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>963801</id>
      <parentid>963800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
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      <origin>963801</origin>
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      <text bytes="2924" sha1="823ycs0yv3l2u4bob1mbfwierilp6zx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nick Sun''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya. Ya fito ne daga Nepalese, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya zaɓi ya guje wa nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin aikinsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun's review : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/n/13/nick_sun/review/ |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana son salon da aka bayyana a matsayin &quot;marasa hankali&quot;,  &quot;mai cin zarafi&quot;  &quot;mai lalata kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nick Sun: Sacrificial Clown – The Groggy Squirrel |url=http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721031820/http://www.thegroggysquirrel.com/articles/2007/04/05/2007-melbourne-comedy-festival-reviews/nick-sun-sacrificial-clown/ |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-04-18 |publisher=The Groggy Squirrel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Sun ta lashe Raw Comedy, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Raw Comedy Past Winners |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102085406/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/raw/gigs/pastwinners/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasar kasa don sabon baiwar ban dariya da aka gudanar da bikin Melbourne International Comedy Festival. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma ci gaba da lashe gasar So You Think You're Funny, wanda aka gudanar a Gilded Balloon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Edinburgh Festival Fringe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy – Edinburgh – So You Think You're Funny? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/edinburgh2004/news/2004/08/27/13970.shtml |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da bayyanarsa a manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na Ostiraliya, Sun yana bayyana a kai a kai a bikin Cracker Comedy, bikin Melbourne International Comedy, Adelaide Fringe Festival, da Edinburgh Festival Fringe . A shekara ta 2006, ya yi aiki a bikin gayyata kawai kawai don dariya a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada.

Sun ta 2006 Melbourne International Comedy Festival show &quot;Jinin a kan Yolks a cikin Key of Owls&quot; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Darakta ta Daraktocin Darakta Susan Provan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne International Comedy Festival – Comedy Festival Awards |url=http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230114107/http://www.comedyfestival.com.au/about/awards/ |archive-date=30 December 2007 |access-date=2008-01-30 |publisher=Melbourne International Comedy Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yankin murabba'in kilomita</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:27:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358180923|Square mile]]&quot;</comment>
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Square mile (abbreviated as sq mi kuma wani lokacin as '''mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''')  ne na mulkin mallaka da na Amurka na auna don Yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'i [[mil]] daidai yake da yankin murabba'i tare da kowane gefe yana auna tsawon mil ɗaya.

== Daidai ==
[[File:Comparison_of_units_of_area.png|thumb|Yankin yanki daban-daban, tare da murabba'in mil ana wakilta shi azaman murabba'i mai launin rawaya]]
Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'in mil daidai yake da:

* kimanin murabba'in inci biliyan huɗu 
* kusan murabba'in ƙafa miliyan 27.9murabba'in ƙafafu
* Kusan murabba'in yadudduka miliyan 3.1yadudduka masu murabba'i
* Gidaje 2,560Roods
* 640 kadada

Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'in mil daidai yake da:

* Kusan murabba'in mita miliyan 2.59
* kusan murabba'in centimeters biliyan 25.9
* Kusan murabba'in millimita tiriliyan 2.59murabba'in millimeters

== Irin wannan suna raka'a ==

=== Yankin Miles ===
'''Kada a rikita “square miles” (murabba’in mil) da “miles square” (mil murabba’i).'''

“Square miles” na nufin '''yankin fili da ake auna shi da murabba’in mil''', yayin da “miles square” ke nufin '''wani fili mai siffar murabba’i wanda kowane gefensa yake da tsawon adadin mil ɗin da aka bayar'''.

Misali, fili mai '''miles square 20''' yana nufin cewa kowane gefe yana da tsawon '''mil 20''':2'''0 mil × 20 mil = 400 mi²''' Saboda haka, yankin filin zai kasance '''murabba’in mil 400 (400 mi²)'''.Haka kuma, fili mai siffar rectangle mai girman '''mil 10 × mil 40''' yana da yankin:'''10 mil × 40 mil = 400 mi²'''Amma wannan filin '''ba “20 miles square” ba ne''', domin ba murabba’i ba ne kuma gefunansa ba su kai mil 20 ba.

=== Sashe ===
A cikin Tsarin Binciken Yankin Jama'a na Amurka, &quot;milli murabba'i&quot; ma'anar ma'ana ce ta sashi.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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Square mile (abbreviated as sq mi kuma wani lokacin as '''mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''')  ne na mulkin mallaka da na Amurka na auna don Yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'i [[mil]] daidai yake da yankin murabba'i tare da kowane gefe yana auna tsawon mil ɗaya.

== Daidai ==
[[File:Comparison_of_units_of_area.png|thumb|Yankin yanki daban-daban, tare da murabba'in mil ana wakilta shi azaman murabba'i mai launin rawaya]]
Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'in mil daidai yake da:

* kimanin murabba'in inci biliyan huɗu 
* kusan murabba'in ƙafa miliyan 27.9murabba'in ƙafafu
* Kusan murabba'in yadudduka miliyan 3.1yadudduka masu murabba'i
* Gidaje 2,560Roods
* 640 kadada

Ɗaya daga cikin murabba'in mil daidai yake da:

* Kusan murabba'in mita miliyan 2.59
* kusan murabba'in centimeters biliyan 25.9
* Kusan murabba'in millimita tiriliyan 2.59murabba'in millimeters

== Irin wannan suna raka'a ==

=== Yankin Miles ===
'''Kada a rikita “square miles” (murabba’in mil) da “miles square” (mil murabba’i).'''

“Square miles” na nufin '''yankin fili da ake auna shi da murabba’in mil''', yayin da “miles square” ke nufin '''wani fili mai siffar murabba’i wanda kowane gefensa yake da tsawon adadin mil ɗin da aka bayar'''.

Misali, fili mai '''miles square 20''' yana nufin cewa kowane gefe yana da tsawon '''mil 20''':2'''0 mil × 20 mil = 400 mi²''' Saboda haka, yankin filin zai kasance '''murabba’in mil 400 (400 mi²)'''.Haka kuma, fili mai siffar rectangle mai girman '''mil 10 × mil 40''' yana da yankin:'''10 mil × 40 mil = 400 mi²'''Amma wannan filin '''ba “20 miles square” ba ne''', domin ba murabba’i ba ne kuma gefunansa ba su kai mil 20 ba.

=== Sashe ===
A cikin Tsarin Binciken Yankin Jama'a na Amurka, &quot;milli murabba'i&quot; ma'anar ma'ana ce ta sashi

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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  <page>
    <title>Pyrrhocoridae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331180735|Pyrrhocoridae]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox|name=Red bugs, cotton stainers|image=Pyrrhocoris_apterus_group.jpg|taxon=Pyrrhocoridae|authority=[[Franz Xaver Fieber|Fieber]], 1860|subdivision=See text}}

'''Pyrrhocoridae''' iyali ne na kwari tare da fiye da nau'in 300 a duk duniya. Da yawa suna da ja a launi kuma an san su da '''jan kwari''', kuma wasu nau'o'in ana kiransu masu lalata [[auduga]] saboda ayyukansu na ciyarwa suna barin launin rawaya-launin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a kan amfanin auduga. Wani nau'in da aka saba da shi a wasu sassan Turai shine firebug, kuma sunan jinsinsa ''Pyrrhocoris'' da sunan iyali sun samo asali ne daga asalin Girkanci don wuta &quot;pyrrho-&quot; da kwari &quot;coris&quot;. Membobin wannan iyali galibi suna rikicewa, amma ana iya raba su da sauri daga, Lygaeidae ta hanyar rashin ocelli (idanu masu sauƙi) a saman kai.

== Bayyanawa ==
Membrane na fuka-fuki yana da sel ɗaya ko biyu daga abin da kusan 7-8 rassan rassan suka fito wanda zai iya samun rassan da suka haɗu tare (anastomose) yayin da manyan jijiyoyin suka kai gefen fuka-fukai. Suna da sassan tarsal guda uku. Suna iya zama da wahala sosai a raba su daga wasu mambobi na iyalin Largidae,(((The membrane of the forewing has one or two cells from which about 7-8 branching veins emerge that may have branches that fuse together ([[:en:Anastomosis|anastomose]]) while the main veins reach the margins of the wing. They have three tarsal segments. They can be very difficult to separate from some members of the family [[:en:Largidae|Largidae]], which also share some of these characters and belong to the same superfamily. Largids tend to have the edge of the pronotum (the top of the first thoracic segment) rounded, but the taxonomic feature for separating them is the found only in females. Female largids have the sixth visible (actually the seventh) abdominal segment appearing))) waɗanda kuma suna da wasu daga cikin waɗannan haruffa kuma suna cikin wannan superfamily. Largids suna da gefen pronotum (a saman ɓangaren kirji na farko) a zagaye, amma fasalin lissafi don raba su shine wanda ake samu kawai a cikin mata. Female largids suna da sashi na shida da ake gani (a zahiri na bakwai) na ciki wanda ya bayyana a raba shi a tsakiya, yayin da ba a raba shi ba a cikin pyrrhocorids mata. Wasu kwari a cikin iyalin Rhopalidae suna da irin wannan launuka (misali, ''Corizus hyoscyami'') amma suna da ocelli, kamar yadda lygaeids ke yi.

Scutellum karami ne kuma yana da kusurwa uku. Antennae sun kunshi sassa huɗu, tare da ɓangaren na biyu ya fi na uku tsayi. Yankin baki mai kama da bakinsa, ko rostrum, yana da sassa huɗu, kuma ƙarshen ya kai akalla tushe na tsakiya na kafafu biyu. Wasu nau'o'in suna da fuka-fuki don a iya ganin ciki daga sama. Ƙarin fasalulluka masu rarrabewa waɗanda yawanci ana iya gani ne kawai a ƙarƙashin microscope, sun haɗa da ƙarancin  ƙanshin da ke buɗewa a tsakiyar ɓangaren kirji. Akwai gashi uku ko trichobothria a cikin sassan ciki 3 zuwa 6 da irin waɗannan gashi biyu a cikin sashi na bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun nau'in ''[[Myrmoplasta]]'' a yankunan Afirka da Gabas kuma yana da ɗan ban mamaki wajen samun fuka-fuki da yawa kuma yana bayyana kamar tururuwa ko myrmecomorphic. Maza da mata sun bambanta a cikin yanayin ƙafafunsu na gaba, kodayake ana samun irin wannan dimorphism na jima'i a cikin wasu nau'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stehlik, Jaroslav L. |year=2007 |title=On the Afrotropical species of ''Myrmoplasta'' (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/2390336/on-the-afrotropical-species-of-myrmoplasta-acta-entomologica- |journal=Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae |volume=47 |pages=93–108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abinci ==
Yawancin jinsuna suna cin abinci a kan tsaba ko 'ya'yan itace musamman na tsire-tsire na Malvales amma wasu suna cin abinci akan tarkace mai lalacewa ciki har da matattu dabbobi. Wasu 'yan jinsuna masu cin nama ne; ''Raxa nishidai'' mai cin nama ne na wani pyrrhocorid, ''[[Melamphaus faber]]'', yayin da ''Antilochus coquebertii'' ke cin wasu kwari ciki har da ''Dysdercus cingulatus'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaefer, Carl W. |year=1999 |title=Review of ''Raxa'' (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |doi=10.1093/aesa/92.1.14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu sune manyan cututtukan amfanin gona. Ɗaya daga cikin jinsuna, ''Dysdercus suturellus'', sananne ne a yankunan kudancin auduga na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] yayin da ''Dysdercus cingulatus'' ke faruwa a kan auduga a wurare masu zafi na Asiya. Suna lalata burbushin auduga ta hanyar shafawa da kuma yanke fiber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=L. Mata |last2=J.M. Grosso-Silva |last3=M. Goula |year=2013 |title=Pyrrhocoridae from the Iberian Peninsula (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |url=http://www.valongoambiental.com/files/Mata_et_al_2013_Pyrrhocoridae_from_the_Iberian_Peninsula.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Heteropterus Revista de Entomología |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=175–189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224804/http://www.valongoambiental.com/files/Mata_et_al_2013_Pyrrhocoridae_from_the_Iberian_Peninsula.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2014-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
[[File:Antilochus_coquebertii_(Fabricius,_1803)_(20030092419).jpg|right|thumb|''Antilochus coquebertii'']]
[[File:Dysdercus_cingulatus,_mating.jpg|right|thumb|''Dysdercus cingulatus'', Indiya]]
[[File:Melamphaus_faber_(Fabricius,_1787)_23_mm_Pyrrhocoridae_(16217558036).jpg|right|thumb|''Melamphaus faber'']]
[[File:Probergrothius_nigricornis_(Stal,1861)_Kapok_Bug_Pyrrhocoridae_(16057326589).jpg|right|thumb|''Probergrothius nigricornis'']]
Halitta a cikin wannan iyali sun haɗa da:
 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox|name=Red bugs, cotton stainers|image=Pyrrhocoris_apterus_group.jpg|taxon=Pyrrhocoridae|authority=[[Franz Xaver Fieber|Fieber]], 1860|subdivision=See text}}

'''Pyrrhocoridae''' iyali ne na kwari tare da fiye da nau'in 300 a duk duniya. Da yawa suna da ja a launi kuma an san su da '''jan kwari''', kuma wasu nau'o'in ana kiransu masu lalata [[auduga]] saboda ayyukansu na ciyarwa suna barin launin rawaya-launin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a kan amfanin auduga. Wani nau'in da aka saba da shi a wasu sassan Turai shine firebug, kuma sunan jinsinsa ''Pyrrhocoris'' da sunan iyali sun samo asali ne daga asalin Girkanci don wuta &quot;pyrrho-&quot; da kwari &quot;coris&quot;. Membobin wannan iyali galibi suna rikicewa, amma ana iya raba su da sauri daga, Lygaeidae ta hanyar rashin ocelli (idanu masu sauƙi) a saman kai.

== Bayyanawa ==
Membrane na fuka-fuki yana da sel ɗaya ko biyu daga abin da kusan 7-8 rassan rassan suka fito wanda zai iya samun rassan da suka haɗu tare (anastomose) yayin da manyan jijiyoyin suka kai gefen fuka-fukai. Suna da sassan tarsal guda uku. Suna iya zama da wahala sosai a raba su daga wasu mambobi na iyalin Largidae, waɗanda kuma suna da wasu daga cikin waɗannan haruffa kuma suna cikin wannan superfamily. Largids suna da gefen pronotum (a saman ɓangaren kirji na farko) a zagaye, amma fasalin lissafi don raba su shine wanda ake samu kawai a cikin mata. Female largids suna da sashi na shida da ake gani (a zahiri na bakwai) na ciki wanda ya bayyana a raba shi a tsakiya, yayin da ba a raba shi ba a cikin pyrrhocorids mata. Wasu kwari a cikin iyalin Rhopalidae suna da irin wannan launuka (misali, ''Corizus hyoscyami'') amma suna da ocelli, kamar yadda lygaeids ke yi.

Scutellum karami ne kuma yana da kusurwa uku. Antennae sun kunshi sassa huɗu, tare da ɓangaren na biyu ya fi na uku tsayi. Yankin baki mai kama da bakinsa, ko rostrum, yana da sassa huɗu, kuma ƙarshen ya kai akalla tushe na tsakiya na kafafu biyu. Wasu nau'o'in suna da fuka-fuki don a iya ganin ciki daga sama. Ƙarin fasalulluka masu rarrabewa waɗanda yawanci ana iya gani ne kawai a ƙarƙashin microscope, sun haɗa da ƙarancin  ƙanshin da ke buɗewa a tsakiyar ɓangaren kirji. Akwai gashi uku ko trichobothria a cikin sassan ciki 3 zuwa 6 da irin waɗannan gashi biyu a cikin sashi na bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun nau'in ''[[Myrmoplasta]]'' a yankunan Afirka da Gabas kuma yana da ɗan ban mamaki wajen samun fuka-fuki da yawa kuma yana bayyana kamar tururuwa ko myrmecomorphic. Maza da mata sun bambanta a cikin yanayin ƙafafunsu na gaba, kodayake ana samun irin wannan dimorphism na jima'i a cikin wasu nau'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stehlik, Jaroslav L. |year=2007 |title=On the Afrotropical species of ''Myrmoplasta'' (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/2390336/on-the-afrotropical-species-of-myrmoplasta-acta-entomologica- |journal=Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae |volume=47 |pages=93–108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abinci ==
Yawancin jinsuna suna cin abinci a kan tsaba ko 'ya'yan itace musamman na tsire-tsire na Malvales amma wasu suna cin abinci akan tarkace mai lalacewa ciki har da matattu dabbobi. Wasu 'yan jinsuna masu cin nama ne; ''Raxa nishidai'' mai cin nama ne na wani pyrrhocorid, ''[[Melamphaus faber]]'', yayin da ''Antilochus coquebertii'' ke cin wasu kwari ciki har da ''Dysdercus cingulatus'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaefer, Carl W. |year=1999 |title=Review of ''Raxa'' (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |doi=10.1093/aesa/92.1.14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu sune manyan cututtukan amfanin gona. Ɗaya daga cikin jinsuna, ''Dysdercus suturellus'', sananne ne a yankunan kudancin auduga na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] yayin da ''Dysdercus cingulatus'' ke faruwa a kan auduga a wurare masu zafi na Asiya. Suna lalata burbushin auduga ta hanyar shafawa da kuma yanke fiber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=L. Mata |last2=J.M. Grosso-Silva |last3=M. Goula |year=2013 |title=Pyrrhocoridae from the Iberian Peninsula (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |url=http://www.valongoambiental.com/files/Mata_et_al_2013_Pyrrhocoridae_from_the_Iberian_Peninsula.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Heteropterus Revista de Entomología |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=175–189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224804/http://www.valongoambiental.com/files/Mata_et_al_2013_Pyrrhocoridae_from_the_Iberian_Peninsula.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2014-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
[[File:Antilochus_coquebertii_(Fabricius,_1803)_(20030092419).jpg|right|thumb|''Antilochus coquebertii'']]
[[File:Dysdercus_cingulatus,_mating.jpg|right|thumb|''Dysdercus cingulatus'', Indiya]]
[[File:Melamphaus_faber_(Fabricius,_1787)_23_mm_Pyrrhocoridae_(16217558036).jpg|right|thumb|''Melamphaus faber'']]
[[File:Probergrothius_nigricornis_(Stal,1861)_Kapok_Bug_Pyrrhocoridae_(16057326589).jpg|right|thumb|''Probergrothius nigricornis'']]
Halitta a cikin wannan iyali sun haɗa da:
 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alpheus (allahn)</title>
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        <id>48635</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377071642|Alpheus (deity)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3639" sha1="mmw2mioygnz9wej82c3m1jn17azfz9p" xml:space="preserve">A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, '''Alpheus''' ko '''Alpheios''' (/ælˈfiːəs/; Tsohon Helenanci, lit. 'fararen') shi ne allahn kogi wanda ya ƙunshi kogi mai wannan sunan.

== Iyali ==
Kamar yawancin alloli na kogi, Alpheus ɗan Titans Oceanus ne da 'yar'uwarsa Tethys. Telegone, 'yar Pharis, ta haifi ɗan Alpheus, sarki Orsilochus .  Ta hanyar Orsilochus, Alpheus ya zama kakan Diocles, kuma kakan sojoji biyu, Krethon da Orsilochu, waɗanda Aeneas ya kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan .  An kuma kira Alpheus mahaifin Melantheia wanda Poseidon ya zama mahaifiyar Eirene. A cikin bayanan da suka biyo baya, Alpheus ('''Alphionis''') shi ne mahaifin Phoenissa, mai yiwuwa mahaifiyar Endymion ta Zeus.

== Labaran Tarihi ==
A cewar Pausanias, Alpheus mai farauta ne mai sha'awar kuma ya ƙaunaci yarinya Arethusa, amma ta gudu daga gare shi zuwa tsibirin Ortygia kusa da Syracuse, kuma ta canza kanta zuwa rijiyar, bayan haka Alpheus ya zama kogi, wanda ke gudana daga Peloponnese a ƙarƙashin teku zuwa Ortygia, a can ya haɗa ruwansa da na rijiyar Arethusa. Rijiyar Arethusa alama ce ta Syracuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot;&gt;Roman, L., &amp; Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin ya ba da labari daban-daban daga marubucin Roman Ovid: Arethusa, kyakkyawar yarinya, sau ɗaya yayin da take wanka a cikin kogin Alpheus a Arcadia, allahn kogin ya yi mamakin kuma ya bi ta; amma allahiya Artemis ta ji tausayinta kuma ta canza ta cikin rijiyar, wacce ke gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa tsibirin Ortygia. Alpheus ya ɗauki nau'in ruwa yana tsalle cikin rafin, amma ƙasa ta buɗe kuma rafin ya tashi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa don bayyana a cikin bay kusa da Syracuse, kusa da tsibirin Ortygia, wuri mai tsarki ga Artemis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot; /&gt;

A cewar wasu hadisai, Artemis kanta ita ce abin ƙaunar Alpheus. Da zarar, an ce, lokacin da ya bi ta sai ta gudu zuwa Letrini a Elis, kuma a nan ta rufe fuskarta da na sahabbansa (nymphs) da laka, don Alpheus ba zai iya ganowa ko rarrabe ta ba, kuma an tilasta masa dawowa. Wannan ya haifar da gina haikalin Artemis Alphaea a Letrini . A cewar wani juyi, allahiya ta gudu zuwa Ortygia, inda take da haikalin da ake kira Alphaea. Wani nuni ga ƙaunar Alpheius ga Artemis ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa a Olympia alloli biyu suna da bagade ɗaya.

A cikin waɗannan labaran labaran biyu ko fiye da haka suna da alaƙa da juna, amma mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga sanannen imani cewa akwai sadarwa ta ƙasa tsakanin kogin Alpheios da rijiyar Arethusa. An yi imanin cewa kofin da aka jefa a cikin Alpheus zai sake bayyana a cikin rijiyar Arethusa a Ortygia .  Plutarch ya ba da asusun da ba shi da alaƙa da waɗanda aka ambata a sama. A cewarsa, Alpheus ɗan Helios ne, kuma ya kashe ɗan'uwansa Cercaphus a cikin gasa. Da yake damuwa da rashin bege da Erinyes ya tsallake cikin kogin Nyctimus wanda daga baya ya sami sunan Alpheus .

Alpheus kuma shi ne kogin da Heracles, a cikin kashi na biyar na aikinsa, ya sake shi don tsaftace datti daga Augean Stables a rana ɗaya, aikin da aka ɗauka ba zai yiwu ba.

== Bayanan Romawa ==
Alpheus sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Antinous, mai ƙaunar Sarkin sarakuna [[Hadrian]] na Roma. Antinous matashi ne na Girka wanda ya nitse a [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Bayan an yi masa allahntaka, tsabar kudi na wannan lokacin sun nuna shi a matsayin Alpheios ko Hadrian tare da Alpheius . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RPC III, 309 |url=https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/309 |website=Roman Provincial Coinage online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
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A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, '''Alpheus''' ko '''Alpheios''' (/ælˈfiːəs/; Tsohon Helenanci, lit. 'fararen') shi ne allahn kogi wanda ya ƙunshi kogi mai wannan sunan.

== Iyali ==
Kamar yawancin alloli na kogi, Alpheus ɗan Titans Oceanus ne da 'yar'uwarsa Tethys. Telegone, 'yar Pharis, ta haifi ɗan Alpheus, sarki Orsilochus .  Ta hanyar Orsilochus, Alpheus ya zama kakan Diocles, kuma kakan sojoji biyu, Krethon da Orsilochu, waɗanda Aeneas ya kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan .  An kuma kira Alpheus mahaifin Melantheia wanda Poseidon ya zama mahaifiyar Eirene. A cikin bayanan da suka biyo baya, Alpheus ('''Alphionis''') shi ne mahaifin Phoenissa, mai yiwuwa mahaifiyar Endymion ta Zeus.

== Labaran Tarihi ==
A cewar Pausanias, Alpheus mai farauta ne mai sha'awar kuma ya ƙaunaci yarinya Arethusa, amma ta gudu daga gare shi zuwa tsibirin Ortygia kusa da Syracuse, kuma ta canza kanta zuwa rijiyar, bayan haka Alpheus ya zama kogi, wanda ke gudana daga Peloponnese a ƙarƙashin teku zuwa Ortygia, a can ya haɗa ruwansa da na rijiyar Arethusa. Rijiyar Arethusa alama ce ta Syracuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot;&gt;Roman, L., &amp; Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin ya ba da labari daban-daban daga marubucin Roman Ovid: Arethusa, kyakkyawar yarinya, sau ɗaya yayin da take wanka a cikin kogin Alpheus a Arcadia, allahn kogin ya yi mamakin kuma ya bi ta; amma allahiya Artemis ta ji tausayinta kuma ta canza ta cikin rijiyar, wacce ke gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa tsibirin Ortygia. Alpheus ya ɗauki nau'in ruwa yana tsalle cikin rafin, amma ƙasa ta buɗe kuma rafin ya tashi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa don bayyana a cikin bay kusa da Syracuse, kusa da tsibirin Ortygia, wuri mai tsarki ga Artemis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot; /&gt;

A cewar wasu hadisai, Artemis kanta ita ce abin ƙaunar Alpheus. Da zarar, an ce, lokacin da ya bi ta sai ta gudu zuwa Letrini a Elis, kuma a nan ta rufe fuskarta da na sahabbansa (nymphs) da laka, don Alpheus ba zai iya ganowa ko rarrabe ta ba, kuma an tilasta masa dawowa. Wannan ya haifar da gina haikalin Artemis Alphaea a Letrini . A cewar wani juyi, allahiya ta gudu zuwa Ortygia, inda take da haikalin da ake kira Alphaea. Wani nuni ga ƙaunar Alpheius ga Artemis ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa a Olympia alloli biyu suna da bagade ɗaya.

A cikin waɗannan labaran labaran biyu ko fiye da haka suna da alaƙa da juna, amma mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga sanannen imani cewa akwai sadarwa ta ƙasa tsakanin kogin Alpheios da rijiyar Arethusa. An yi imanin cewa kofin da aka jefa a cikin Alpheus zai sake bayyana a cikin rijiyar Arethusa a Ortygia .  Plutarch ya ba da asusun da ba shi da alaƙa da waɗanda aka ambata a sama. A cewarsa, Alpheus ɗan Helios ne, kuma ya kashe ɗan'uwansa Cercaphus a cikin gasa. Da yake damuwa da rashin bege da Erinyes ya tsallake cikin kogin Nyctimus wanda daga baya ya sami sunan Alpheus .

Alpheus kuma shi ne kogin da Heracles, a cikin kashi na biyar na aikinsa, ya sake shi don tsaftace datti daga Augean Stables a rana ɗaya, aikin da aka ɗauka ba zai yiwu ba.

== Bayanan Romawa ==
Alpheus sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Antinous, mai ƙaunar Sarkin sarakuna [[Hadrian]] na Roma. Antinous matashi ne na Girka wanda ya nitse a [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Bayan an yi masa allahntaka, tsabar kudi na wannan lokacin sun nuna shi a matsayin Alpheios ko Hadrian tare da Alpheius . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RPC III, 309 |url=https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/309 |website=Roman Provincial Coinage online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963812</id>
      <parentid>963811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3630" sha1="ruzbebzpwcbgykdzsj7ih7ffzsa6t5x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, '''Alpheus''' ko '''Alpheios''' Tsohon Helenanci, lit. fararen  shi ne allahn kogi wanda ya ƙunshi kogi mai wannan sunan.

== Iyali ==
Kamar yawancin alloli na kogi, Alpheus ɗan Titans Oceanus ne da 'yar'uwarsa Tethys. Telegone, 'yar Pharis, ta haifi ɗan Alpheus, sarki Orsilochus .  Ta hanyar Orsilochus, Alpheus ya zama kakan Diocles, kuma kakan sojoji biyu, Krethon da Orsilochu, waɗanda Aeneas ya kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan .  An kuma kira Alpheus mahaifin Melantheia wanda Poseidon ya zama mahaifiyar Eirene. A cikin bayanan da suka biyo baya, Alpheus '''Alphionis''' shi ne mahaifin Phoenissa, mai yiwuwa mahaifiyar Endymion ta Zeus.

== Labaran Tarihi ==
A cewar Pausanias, Alpheus mai farauta ne mai sha'awar kuma ya ƙaunaci yarinya Arethusa, amma ta gudu daga gare shi zuwa tsibirin Ortygia kusa da Syracuse, kuma ta canza kanta zuwa rijiyar, bayan haka Alpheus ya zama kogi, wanda ke gudana daga Peloponnese a ƙarƙashin teku zuwa Ortygia, a can ya haɗa ruwansa da na rijiyar Arethusa. Rijiyar Arethusa alama ce ta Syracuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot;&gt;Roman, L., &amp; Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin ya ba da labari daban-daban daga marubucin Roman Ovid: Arethusa, kyakkyawar yarinya, sau ɗaya yayin da take wanka a cikin kogin Alpheus a Arcadia, allahn kogin ya yi mamakin kuma ya bi ta; amma allahiya Artemis ta ji tausayinta kuma ta canza ta cikin rijiyar, wacce ke gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa tsibirin Ortygia. Alpheus ya ɗauki nau'in ruwa yana tsalle cikin rafin, amma ƙasa ta buɗe kuma rafin ya tashi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa don bayyana a cikin bay kusa da Syracuse, kusa da tsibirin Ortygia, wuri mai tsarki ga Artemis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman, L. 2010&quot; /&gt;

A cewar wasu hadisai, Artemis kanta ita ce abin ƙaunar Alpheus. Da zarar, an ce, lokacin da ya bi ta sai ta gudu zuwa Letrini a Elis, kuma a nan ta rufe fuskarta da na sahabbansa (nymphs) da laka, don Alpheus ba zai iya ganowa ko rarrabe ta ba, kuma an tilasta masa dawowa. Wannan ya haifar da gina haikalin Artemis Alphaea a Letrini . A cewar wani juyi, allahiya ta gudu zuwa Ortygia, inda take da haikalin da ake kira Alphaea. Wani nuni ga ƙaunar Alpheius ga Artemis ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa a Olympia alloli biyu suna da bagade ɗaya.

A cikin waɗannan labaran labaran biyu ko fiye da haka suna da alaƙa da juna, amma mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga sanannen imani cewa akwai sadarwa ta ƙasa tsakanin kogin Alpheios da rijiyar Arethusa. An yi imanin cewa kofin da aka jefa a cikin Alpheus zai sake bayyana a cikin rijiyar Arethusa a Ortygia .  Plutarch ya ba da asusun da ba shi da alaƙa da waɗanda aka ambata a sama. A cewarsa, Alpheus ɗan Helios ne, kuma ya kashe ɗan'uwansa Cercaphus a cikin gasa. Da yake damuwa da rashin bege da Erinyes ya tsallake cikin kogin Nyctimus wanda daga baya ya sami sunan Alpheus .

Alpheus kuma shi ne kogin da Heracles, a cikin kashi na biyar na aikinsa, ya sake shi don tsaftace datti daga Augean Stables a rana ɗaya, aikin da aka ɗauka ba zai yiwu ba.

== Bayanan Romawa ==
Alpheus sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Antinous, mai ƙaunar Sarkin sarakuna [[Hadrian]] na Roma. Antinous matashi ne na Girka wanda ya nitse a [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Bayan an yi masa allahntaka, tsabar kudi na wannan lokacin sun nuna shi a matsayin Alpheios ko Hadrian tare da Alpheius . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RPC III, 309 |url=https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/3/309 |website=Roman Provincial Coinage online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ruzbebzpwcbgykdzsj7ih7ffzsa6t5x</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Sugut</title>
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      <id>963813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361819871|Sugut River]]&quot;</comment>
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The '''Sugut River''' (Malay: Sungai Sugut, Kadazan Dusun: Bawang Sugut) is a river located in the northeastern part of Sabah, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], between the tripoint of the West Coast, Sandakan as well as a portion of the Kudat division (Kota Marudu district). It has a total length of {{Convert|178|km|mile}} from its headwaters in the mountains of northwest Sabah to its outlet at the Sulu Sea, northeastern of Beluran town. Its source is originated from the mountains in the eastern slopes of Mount Kinabalu National Park in Ranau District, which forms part of the [[Dutsen Kinabalu|Mount Kinabalu]] river system.

== Kokarin kiyayewa ==
Wasu daga cikin siffofi na musamman na yanayin Kogin Sugut sun haɗa da gandun daji mai bushe a kan tuddai na sandstone, gandun daji na kogi da tabkuna na oxbow, inda ya zama wurin haifuwa na halitta don yalwar namun daji, gami da macaques, mousedeer, muntjac, Orangutan, proboscis monkeys, Sambar deer, langurs na azurfa, sun bear, [[Aladu|alade]] na daji da kuma nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] iri-iri, gami na nau'ikan Kifi na ruwa mai laushi. Trusan Sugut na bakin kogin yana daga cikin Yankin Kare Sugut (SCA), wanda aka fara buga shi a matsayin gandun daji na kasuwanci na Class II kuma daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin Forest na Tsaro na Class I a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2014 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sugut Conservation Area [Introduction] |url=http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724070805/http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trusan Sugut (Protection) Forest Reserve |url=https://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/PDF/Sugut-FMP.2016-26.pdf |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) yana yin rikodin muhimmancin hanyar ruwa ga mazauna ƙauyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye yanayin halittu na shekaru uku na WWF . 

== Abubuwan da ke ciki ==
Kogin yana gudana daga tsarin [[Dutsen Kinabalu]] ta hanyar fili mai zurfi kafin ya isa Tekun Sulu. A gefen kogin kuma akwai wurin ajiyar gandun daji na Trusan Sugut .&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963814</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
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The '''Sugut River''' (Malay: Sungai Sugut, Kadazan Dusun: Bawang Sugut) is a river located in the northeastern part of Sabah, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], between the tripoint of the West Coast, Sandakan as well as a portion of the Kudat division (Kota Marudu district). It has a total length of {{Convert|178|km|mile}} from its headwaters in the mountains of northwest Sabah to its outlet at the Sulu Sea, northeastern of Beluran town. Its source is originated from the mountains in the eastern slopes of Mount Kinabalu National Park in Ranau District, which forms part of the [[Dutsen Kinabalu|Mount Kinabalu]] river system.

== Kokarin kiyayewa ==
Wasu daga cikin siffofi na musamman na yanayin Kogin Sugut sun haɗa da gandun daji mai bushe a kan tuddai na sandstone, gandun daji na kogi da tabkuna na oxbow, inda ya zama wurin haifuwa na halitta don yalwar namun daji, gami da macaques, mousedeer, muntjac, Orangutan, proboscis monkeys, Sambar deer, langurs na azurfa, sun bear, [[Aladu|alade]] na daji da kuma nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] iri-iri, gami na nau'ikan Kifi na ruwa mai laushi. Trusan Sugut na bakin kogin yana daga cikin Yankin Kare Sugut (SCA), wanda aka fara buga shi a matsayin gandun daji na kasuwanci na Class II kuma daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin Forest na Tsaro na Class I a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2014 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sugut Conservation Area [Introduction] |url=http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724070805/http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trusan Sugut (Protection) Forest Reserve |url=https://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/PDF/Sugut-FMP.2016-26.pdf |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) yana yin rikodin muhimmancin hanyar ruwa ga mazauna ƙauyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye yanayin halittu na shekaru uku na WWF . 

== Abubuwan da ke ciki ==
Kogin yana gudana daga tsarin [[Dutsen Kinabalu]] ta hanyar fili mai zurfi kafin ya isa Tekun Sulu. A gefen kogin kuma akwai wurin ajiyar gandun daji na Trusan Sugut .&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>963815</id>
      <parentid>963814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>963815</origin>
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      <text bytes="2373" sha1="73eds8bwt5khergqj8wpfft8oj6qmvx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
The '''Sugut River''' (Malay: Sungai Sugut, Kadazan Dusun: Bawang Sugut) is a river located in the northeastern part of Sabah, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], between the tripoint of the West Coast, Sandakan as well as a portion of the Kudat division (Kota Marudu district). It has a total length of {{Convert|178|km|mile}} from its headwaters in the mountains of northwest Sabah to its outlet at the Sulu Sea, northeastern of Beluran town. Its source is originated from the mountains in the eastern slopes of Mount Kinabalu National Park in Ranau District, which forms part of the [[Dutsen Kinabalu|Mount Kinabalu]] river system.

== Kokarin kiyayewa ==
Wasu daga cikin siffofi na musamman na yanayin Kogin Sugut sun haɗa da gandun daji mai bushe a kan tuddai na sandstone, gandun daji na kogi da tabkuna na oxbow, inda ya zama wurin haifuwa na halitta don yalwar namun daji, gami da macaques, mousedeer, muntjac, Orangutan, proboscis monkeys, Sambar deer, langurs na azurfa, sun bear, [[Aladu|alade]] na daji da kuma nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] iri-iri, gami na nau'ikan Kifi na ruwa mai laushi. Trusan Sugut na bakin kogin yana daga cikin Yankin Kare Sugut (SCA), wanda aka fara buga shi a matsayin gandun daji na kasuwanci na Class II kuma daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin Forest na Tsaro na Class I a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 2014 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sugut Conservation Area [Introduction] |url=http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724070805/http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trusan Sugut (Protection) Forest Reserve |url=https://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/sugut/PDF/Sugut-FMP.2016-26.pdf |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) yana yin rikodin muhimmancin hanyar ruwa ga mazauna ƙauyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye yanayin halittu na shekaru uku na WWF . 

== Abubuwan da ke ciki ==
Kogin yana gudana daga tsarin [[Dutsen Kinabalu]] ta hanyar fili mai zurfi kafin ya isa Tekun Sulu. A gefen kogin kuma akwai wurin ajiyar gandun daji na Trusan Sugut .&lt;ref name=&quot;Trusan Sugut Forest Reserve&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>73eds8bwt5khergqj8wpfft8oj6qmvx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chidi Kwubiri</title>
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      <id>963817</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>9880</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376033952|Chidi Kwubiri]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Chidi_Kwubiri.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Chidi Kwubiri]]
'''Chidi Kwubiri''' (* 1966 - 26 Disamba 2025 a [[Umuahia]], [[Najeriya]]) ta kasance mai zane-zane [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na kasar Najeriya]]-da Jamusanci.

Chidi Kwubiri ta fara zama dalibi a shekarar 1993 kuma jim kadan bayan haka dalibi na yau da kullun (zane) a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a karkashin Michael Buthe . Bayan rasuwar Buthe a gwagwalada shekara ta 1994, ya canza zuwa babban aji na A. R. Penck kuma ya bar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf a shekara ta 2002 a gwagwalada matsayin babban ɗalibin A. R, Penck.

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Kwubiri ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a gwagwalada Pulheim kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]], inda yake da ɗakinsa a [https://www.walzwerk.de/ WALZWERK], wani masana'antu na tarihi. Chidi Kwubiri tana da nune-nunen solo da rukuni da yawa a gwagwalada Turai, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Amurka. A cikin 2016 ya tsara murfin MISEREOR, wanda ke da al'adar sama da shekaru 40, don Kamfen na MISEREON Lenten na gwagwlada duniya na 2017/2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2016 |title=MISEREOR-Hungertuch Künstler Chidi Kwubiri: Kunst ist mir angeboren |url=https://blog.misereor.de/2016/09/13/misereor-hungertuch-kuenstler-chidi-kwubiri-kunst-ist-mir-angeboren/ |access-date=25 March 2017 |publisher=Misereor |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=MISEREOR Lenten Campaign. MISEREOR Lenten Veil 'I am, because you are' 2017/2018 (by Chidi Kwubiri) |publisher=Misereor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
2020:

* &quot;blue yana da zafi kuma ja yana da sanyi&quot;, Klasse AR Penck, Galerie Frank Schlag, Essen, Jamus &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RÖMER + RÖMER |url=https://roemerandroemer.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2019:

* 12th Florence Biennale, Italiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Participating Artists 2019 |url=https://www.florencebiennale.org/en/artists-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;tafiye zuwa cikin zamani na AFRICAN ART&quot;, Belvedere Art Space, Beirut, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belvedere |url=http://www.belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724014433/http://belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=www.belvedereartspace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Scattering The Lines - Connecting The Dots&quot;, Cartoon Art Gallery, Dubai, U.A.E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Report |title=No plans for today? Choose from these 10 events in UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/20190119/no-plans-for-today-choose-from-these-10-events-in-uae- |website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018:

* Ambassador mai kyau MISEREOR 2017/2018 &quot;Ni ne, saboda kai ne&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neues MISEREOR-Hungertuch: &quot;Ich bin, weil du bist&quot; &amp;#124; MISEREOR |url=https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923072414/https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Maganar motsin rai&quot;, Gallery 1957, Accra/Ghana (s) 
* An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin &quot;Aikin Tarihi na Trier/Jamus&quot;

2017:

* Gidan zane-zane, Legas / Najeriya (kuma 2008 - 2016) 

2015:

* 56th Venice Biennale - jingina &quot;italia docet&quot; / Italiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Italia Docet Laboratorium - Collateral Event of the 56 International Art Exhibition - la Biennale di Venezia - Exhibition at Venice Biennale in Venice |url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/italia-docet-laboratorium-collateral-event-of-the-56-international-art-exhibition-la-biennale-di-venezia |website=ArtRabbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014:

* Casablanca Biennale / Morocco &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806064521/https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013:

* zama Ifitry / Morocco
* &quot;mahaifiyar harshe&quot;, masallacin haikalin, Legas/Nijeriya (s) 

2012:

* tashar jirgin sama, Miami/Amurka

2010:

* &quot;Jigon Afirka&quot;: Phillips na Pury, Birnin New York, Amurka

2009/10:

* &quot;whip not child&quot;: art project against violence on kids (initiator) in co-operation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and Goethe Institute, Nigeria/Germany

2009:

* Gidan baje kolin OPERA, Paris, Faransa

2008:

* &quot;Tunanin&quot;, Gidan sa hannu, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya
* Millenia Fine Art, Orlando, Florida, Amurka

2007:

* Cibiyar Goethe, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus
* Sabon Rathaus. [[Hanover|Hannover]], Jamus
* &quot;Zwei Schritte Voraus&quot; (matakai biyu a gaba), [[Berlin]]
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Jamus

2006:

* Cibiyar Kasuwancin Duniya, [[Las Vegas]], Amurka
* Kungiyar Fasaha ta gani (AVA), Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu
* Gidan baje kolin ACHT P! PRAVATO, Bonn, Jamus (kuma a cikin 1998) 
* Gallery OTT, Düsseldorf, Jamus (s), (kuma a cikin 2003, 2002 da 1997) 

2005:

* &quot;komawa ga tushen&quot;, Cibiyar Goethe. Legas, Najeriya
* Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa &quot;Palm Beach Contemporary&quot;, Palm Beach, Florida, Amurka
* Kunsttage Rhein-Erft, Brauweiler Abbey, Jamus (kuma a cikin 2002 da 2001) 

2004:

* &quot;The Internationals&quot;, Millenia Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka
* Kunstverein Erftstadt, Altes Stadthaus, Erftstadt-Lechenich, Jamus
* Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Tivat, Montenegro
* Biennial na biyu na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa na Graphic a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], Rasha
* Holland Art Fair, The [[Hague]], Netherlands

2003:

* Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa &quot;LINEART&quot; (Gallery DE OPSTEKER), Ghent, Belgium
* &quot;Da nisa daga daji&quot;, Gallery De Opsteker, [[Amsterdam]] da Durgerdam, Netherlands

2001:

* ''Masu zane-zane daga Jamus'', Church Street Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka
* Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Jamus

2000:

* Aikin zane-zane na waje, Skulpturenmeile, [[Steinhagen, North Rhein-Westphalia|Steinhagen]], Jamus
* [[World Heritage Centre|Hedikwatar UNESCO]], Paris, Faransa

1999:

* Bankin Koelner (masu zane-zane biyu), Cologne, Jamus
* Jakobskirche (Cocin St Jacob), Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus
* Gidauniyar Dokta Georg Haar, Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus

1998:

* aikin &quot;ConverArt&quot;, BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion) 
* Westfälisches Landesmuseum, Münster, Jamus
* &quot;art mai yawa&quot;, Düsseldorf, Jamus
* Gidan Xenios, Frankfurt/Main, Jamus

1993:

* Hedwig da Robert Samuel Foundation, Düsseldorf, Jamus; Kyaututtuka na tallafi na fasaha (zaɓin) 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>963818</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:24:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>9880</id>
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[[File:Chidi_Kwubiri.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Chidi Kwubiri]]
'''Chidi Kwubiri''' (* 1966 - 26 Disamba 2025 a [[Umuahia]], [[Najeriya]]) ta kasance mai zane-zane [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na kasar Najeriya]]-da Jamusanci.

Chidi Kwubiri ta fara zama dalibi a shekarar 1993 kuma jim kadan bayan haka dalibi na yau da kullun (zane) a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a karkashin Michael Buthe . Bayan rasuwar Buthe a  shekara ta 1994, ya canza zuwa babban aji na A. R. Penck kuma ya bar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf a shekara ta 2002 a  matsayin babban ɗalibin A. R, Penck.

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Kwubiri ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a  Pulheim kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]], inda yake da ɗakinsa a [https://www.walzwerk.de/ WALZWERK], wani masana'antu na tarihi. Chidi Kwubiri tana da nune-nunen solo da rukuni da yawa a  Turai, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Amurka. A cikin 2016 ya tsara murfin MISEREOR, wanda ke da al'adar sama da shekaru 40, don Kamfen na MISEREON Lenten na  duniya na 2017/2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2016 |title=MISEREOR-Hungertuch Künstler Chidi Kwubiri: Kunst ist mir angeboren |url=https://blog.misereor.de/2016/09/13/misereor-hungertuch-kuenstler-chidi-kwubiri-kunst-ist-mir-angeboren/ |access-date=25 March 2017 |publisher=Misereor |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=MISEREOR Lenten Campaign. MISEREOR Lenten Veil 'I am, because you are' 2017/2018 (by Chidi Kwubiri) |publisher=Misereor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nuni ==
2020:

* &quot;blue yana da zafi kuma ja yana da sanyi&quot;, Klasse AR Penck, Galerie Frank Schlag, Essen, Jamus &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RÖMER + RÖMER |url=https://roemerandroemer.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2019:

* 12th Florence Biennale, Italiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Participating Artists 2019 |url=https://www.florencebiennale.org/en/artists-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;tafiye zuwa cikin zamani na AFRICAN ART&quot;, Belvedere Art Space, Beirut, Lebanon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belvedere |url=http://www.belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724014433/http://belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=www.belvedereartspace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Scattering The Lines - Connecting The Dots&quot;, Cartoon Art Gallery, Dubai, U.A.E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Report |title=No plans for today? Choose from these 10 events in UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/20190119/no-plans-for-today-choose-from-these-10-events-in-uae- |website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018:

* Ambassador mai kyau MISEREOR 2017/2018 &quot;Ni ne, saboda kai ne&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Neues MISEREOR-Hungertuch: &quot;Ich bin, weil du bist&quot; &amp;#124; MISEREOR |url=https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923072414/https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Maganar motsin rai&quot;, Gallery 1957, Accra/Ghana (s) 
* An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin &quot;Aikin Tarihi na Trier/Jamus&quot;

2017:

* Gidan zane-zane, Legas / Najeriya (kuma 2008 - 2016) 

2015:

* 56th Venice Biennale - jingina &quot;italia docet&quot; / Italiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Italia Docet Laboratorium - Collateral Event of the 56 International Art Exhibition - la Biennale di Venezia - Exhibition at Venice Biennale in Venice |url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/italia-docet-laboratorium-collateral-event-of-the-56-international-art-exhibition-la-biennale-di-venezia |website=ArtRabbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014:

* Casablanca Biennale / Morocco &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806064521/https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013:

* zama Ifitry / Morocco
* &quot;mahaifiyar harshe&quot;, masallacin haikalin, Legas/Nijeriya (s) 

2012:

* tashar jirgin sama, Miami/Amurka

2010:

* &quot;Jigon Afirka&quot;: Phillips na Pury, Birnin New York, Amurka

2009/10:

* &quot;whip not child&quot;: art project against violence on kids (initiator) in co-operation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and Goethe Institute, Nigeria/Germany

2009:

* Gidan baje kolin OPERA, Paris, Faransa

2008:

* &quot;Tunanin&quot;, Gidan sa hannu, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya
* Millenia Fine Art, Orlando, Florida, Amurka

2007:

* Cibiyar Goethe, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus
* Sabon Rathaus. [[Hanover|Hannover]], Jamus
* &quot;Zwei Schritte Voraus&quot; (matakai biyu a gaba), [[Berlin]]
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Jamus

2006:

* Cibiyar Kasuwancin Duniya, [[Las Vegas]], Amurka
* Kungiyar Fasaha ta gani (AVA), Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu
* Gidan baje kolin ACHT P! PRAVATO, Bonn, Jamus (kuma a cikin 1998) 
* Gallery OTT, Düsseldorf, Jamus (s), (kuma a cikin 2003, 2002 da 1997) 

2005:

* &quot;komawa ga tushen&quot;, Cibiyar Goethe. Legas, Najeriya
* Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa &quot;Palm Beach Contemporary&quot;, Palm Beach, Florida, Amurka
* Kunsttage Rhein-Erft, Brauweiler Abbey, Jamus (kuma a cikin 2002 da 2001) 

2004:

* &quot;The Internationals&quot;, Millenia Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka
* Kunstverein Erftstadt, Altes Stadthaus, Erftstadt-Lechenich, Jamus
* Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Tivat, Montenegro
* Biennial na biyu na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa na Graphic a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], Rasha
* Holland Art Fair, The [[Hague]], Netherlands

2003:

* Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa &quot;LINEART&quot; (Gallery DE OPSTEKER), Ghent, Belgium
* &quot;Da nisa daga daji&quot;, Gallery De Opsteker, [[Amsterdam]] da Durgerdam, Netherlands

2001:

* ''Masu zane-zane daga Jamus'', Church Street Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka
* Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Jamus

2000:

* Aikin zane-zane na waje, Skulpturenmeile, [[Steinhagen, North Rhein-Westphalia|Steinhagen]], Jamus
* [[World Heritage Centre|Hedikwatar UNESCO]], Paris, Faransa

1999:

* Bankin Koelner (masu zane-zane biyu), Cologne, Jamus
* Jakobskirche (Cocin St Jacob), Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus
* Gidauniyar Dokta Georg Haar, Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus

1998:

* aikin &quot;ConverArt&quot;, BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion) 
* Westfälisches Landesmuseum, Münster, Jamus
* &quot;art mai yawa&quot;, Düsseldorf, Jamus
* Gidan Xenios, Frankfurt/Main, Jamus

1993:

* Hedwig da Robert Samuel Foundation, Düsseldorf, Jamus; Kyaututtuka na tallafi na fasaha (zaɓin) 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>haf4ruqckiov1o0x8pu1vpgtk4us3ny</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisan Anwar Sadat</title>
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        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="2070" sha1="n18thxs57kiqjp6v2um6xpbwq42hwco" xml:space="preserve">==Kisan Anwar Sadat==

Kisan Anwar Sadat ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1981, lokacin da aka kashe shugaban Masar, Anwar Sadat, yayin da yake halartar faretin sojoji a birnin Alkahira. Sadat ya kasance shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1981.

A ranar kisan, Sadat yana halartar faretin sojoji da ake gudanarwa domin tunawa da nasarar Masar a Yaƙin Oktoba na 1973, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Yom Kippur. Ana watsa faretin kai tsaye ta talabijin.

A lokacin faretin, wasu jami'an sojoji da ke cikin tawagar faretin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khalid al-Islambouli, suka fito daga wata motar sojoji. Sun jefa gurneti sannan suka yi harbi kan dandamalin da shugaban ƙasar yake tsaye. Sadat ya samu raunuka masu tsanani kuma ya mutu daga baya a wannan rana.

Harin ya kuma kashe wasu mutane da dama tare da raunata wasu. Masu kai harin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama, ciki har da Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

==Dalilan kisan==

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka jawo adawar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da Sadat shi ne manufofinsa na samar da zaman lafiya da Isra'ila. A shekarar 1978, Sadat ya shiga yarjejeniyar Camp David Accords tare da Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter.

A shekarar 1979, Masar da Isra'ila suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Wannan mataki ya jawo adawa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da kuma wasu ƙasashen Larabawa.

==Bayan kisan==

Bayan mutuwar Sadat, mataimakinsa Hosni Mubarak ya zama shugaban Masar. Mubarak ya ci gaba da mulkin ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 2011.

An kama Khalid al-Islambouli da sauran waɗanda aka zarga da hannu a kisan, aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu. An yanke wa wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka samu da hannu a harin hukuncin kisa, kuma an kashe su a shekarar 1982.

==Manazarta==

* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Anwar Sadat”.
* U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, “The Camp David Accords, 1978”.
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Hosni Mubarak”.</text>
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      <text bytes="2152" sha1="nmig7k4ysejogbkl1znvf8qs379wxvr" xml:space="preserve">==Kisan Anwar Sadat==[[File:Kisan Anwar Sadat.jpg|thumb|Lokacin da aka harbi Anwar Sadat akan mumbari]]

Kisan Anwar Sadat ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1981, lokacin da aka kashe shugaban Masar, Anwar Sadat, yayin da yake halartar faretin sojoji a birnin Alkahira. Sadat ya kasance shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1981.

A ranar kisan, Sadat yana halartar faretin sojoji da ake gudanarwa domin tunawa da nasarar Masar a Yaƙin Oktoba na 1973, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Yom Kippur. Ana watsa faretin kai tsaye ta talabijin.

A lokacin faretin, wasu jami'an sojoji da ke cikin tawagar faretin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khalid al-Islambouli, suka fito daga wata motar sojoji. Sun jefa gurneti sannan suka yi harbi kan dandamalin da shugaban ƙasar yake tsaye. Sadat ya samu raunuka masu tsanani kuma ya mutu daga baya a wannan rana.

Harin ya kuma kashe wasu mutane da dama tare da raunata wasu. Masu kai harin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama, ciki har da Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

==Dalilan kisan==

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka jawo adawar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da Sadat shi ne manufofinsa na samar da zaman lafiya da Isra'ila. A shekarar 1978, Sadat ya shiga yarjejeniyar Camp David Accords tare da Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter.

A shekarar 1979, Masar da Isra'ila suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Wannan mataki ya jawo adawa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da kuma wasu ƙasashen Larabawa.

==Bayan kisan==

Bayan mutuwar Sadat, mataimakinsa Hosni Mubarak ya zama shugaban Masar. Mubarak ya ci gaba da mulkin ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 2011.

An kama Khalid al-Islambouli da sauran waɗanda aka zarga da hannu a kisan, aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu. An yanke wa wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka samu da hannu a harin hukuncin kisa, kuma an kashe su a shekarar 1982.

==Manazarta==

* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Anwar Sadat”.
* U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, “The Camp David Accords, 1978”.
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Hosni Mubarak”.</text>
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      <text bytes="2148" sha1="ajxjh8wehthbtf5ox2g0hsk127aydxy" xml:space="preserve">Kisan Anwar Sadat[[File:Kisan Anwar Sadat.jpg|thumb|Lokacin da aka harbi Anwar Sadat akan mumbari]]

Kisan Anwar Sadat ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1981, lokacin da aka kashe shugaban Masar, Anwar Sadat, yayin da yake halartar faretin sojoji a birnin Alkahira. Sadat ya kasance shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1981.

A ranar kisan, Sadat yana halartar faretin sojoji da ake gudanarwa domin tunawa da nasarar Masar a Yaƙin Oktoba na 1973, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Yom Kippur. Ana watsa faretin kai tsaye ta talabijin.

A lokacin faretin, wasu jami'an sojoji da ke cikin tawagar faretin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khalid al-Islambouli, suka fito daga wata motar sojoji. Sun jefa gurneti sannan suka yi harbi kan dandamalin da shugaban ƙasar yake tsaye. Sadat ya samu raunuka masu tsanani kuma ya mutu daga baya a wannan rana.

Harin ya kuma kashe wasu mutane da dama tare da raunata wasu. Masu kai harin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama, ciki har da Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

==Dalilan kisan==

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka jawo adawar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da Sadat shi ne manufofinsa na samar da zaman lafiya da Isra'ila. A shekarar 1978, Sadat ya shiga yarjejeniyar Camp David Accords tare da Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter.

A shekarar 1979, Masar da Isra'ila suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Wannan mataki ya jawo adawa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da kuma wasu ƙasashen Larabawa.

==Bayan kisan==

Bayan mutuwar Sadat, mataimakinsa Hosni Mubarak ya zama shugaban Masar. Mubarak ya ci gaba da mulkin ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 2011.

An kama Khalid al-Islambouli da sauran waɗanda aka zarga da hannu a kisan, aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu. An yanke wa wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka samu da hannu a harin hukuncin kisa, kuma an kashe su a shekarar 1982.

==Manazarta==

* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Anwar Sadat”.
* U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, “The Camp David Accords, 1978”.
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Hosni Mubarak”.</text>
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